vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Policemen '' to refer the `` Big Four '' Allied powers of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China . The `` Big Three '' of Roosevelt , Churchill , and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , together with Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West ; Soviet troops fought on the Eastern front ; and Chinese , British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific . The United States also continued to send aid via the Lend - Lease program to the Soviet Union and other countries . The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high - profile conferences as well as contact through diplomatic and military channels . Beginning in May 1942 , the Soviets urged an Anglo - American invasion of German - occupied France in order to divert troops from the Eastern front . Concerned that their forces were not yet ready for an invasion of France , Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa , known as Operation Torch .
Vietnam War
Daniel Ellsberg contends that U.S. participation in Vietnam had begun in 1945 when it gave support to a French effort to reconquer its colony in Vietnam , a nation which had just declared independence in August 1945 .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , they headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
It was planned that the period 1935 -- 1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence , a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime . Instead there was war with Japan .
Causes of World War II
After World War I there were many events that would take place to lead up to World War II , these events would be the reasoning that the second World War would even take place . Some long - term causes of World War II are found in the conditions preceding World War I and seen as common for both World Wars . Supporters of this view paraphrase Carl von Clausewitz : World War II was a continuation of World War I by the same means . In fact , World Wars had been expected before Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power and Japan invaded China .
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
Perhaps one of the most significant moments in American economic involvement in the Middle East came in 1933 with Ibn Saud , founder and king of the new Saudi Arabian kingdom awarded concessions to the American company , Standard Oil of California . While the British had been the main western power involved in the Middle East up until this point , this momentous decision signified the main turning point in American relations with Saudi Arabia and later with more Middle Eastern nations . Standard Oil of California ended up becoming the Arabian - American Oil Company ( ARAMCO ) after it merged with Texaco and Socony . Thus , the interests of the United States were intertwined with the interests of the Saudi Arabian monarchy . Saudi Arabia needed the technology and expertise of the Americans and the Americans needed oil in order to maintain their state of power in the world as well as compete with the USSR during the Cold War . ARAMCO , unlike its British predecessor , offered the Saudi Arabians 50 % of profits from oil , keeping both parties satisfied . Building off of this mutually beneficial economic relationship , a political and military association began to form . This is reflected with the building of an American airbase in Dhahran in eastern Saudi Arabia and by the continuing alliance between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia .
Vietnam War
By 1964 there were already 23,000 U.S. troops involved , but this escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft . This was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to increase U.S. military presence , deploying for the first time ground combat units and increasing troop levels to 184,000 . Every year onward there was significant build - up despite little progress , with Robert McNamara , one of the principle architects of the war begin to express doubts of victory by the end of 1966 . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large - scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam . Following the Tết Offensive , U.S. forces begun withdrawal under the Vietnamization phase , while Army of the Republic of Vietnam unconventional and conventional capabilities increased following a period of neglect and became modeled on heavy fire - power focused doctrines modeled after US forces . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North Vietnam as supply routes and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces .
Apartheid
In July 1979 , the Nigerian government claimed that the Shell - BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ) was selling Nigerian oil to South Africa , although there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales . The alleged sanctions - breaking was used to justify the seizure of some of BP 's assets in Nigeria including their stake in SPDC , although it appears the real reasons were economic nationalism and domestic politics ahead of the Nigerian elections . Many South Africans attended schools in Nigeria , and Nelson Mandela several times acknowledged the role of Nigeria in the struggle against apartheid .
World War II
In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success .
Australian Army during World War II
The Australian Army also contributed troops to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan . Volunteers for this force were recruited in late 1945 , with most being assigned to three new infantry battalions : the 65th Battalion was formed from volunteers from the 7th Division , the 66th Battalion by men from the 6th Division and the 67th from 9th Division personnel . These and other units were grouped at Morotai as the 34th Brigade in October 1945 . The brigade 's departure for Japan was delayed until February 1946 by inter-Allied negotiations , but it eventually took over responsibility for enforcing the terms of the Japanese surrender in Hiroshima Prefecture . The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st , 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment in 1949 , and the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade when it returned to Australia in December 1948 , forming the basis of the post-war Regular Army . From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under - strength battalion . Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations , although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsula following the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
On October 16 , 1941 , Konoe resigned and proposed Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni , who was also the choice of the army and navy , as his successor . Hirohito chose Hideki Tōjō instead , worried ( as he told Konoe ) about having the Imperial House being held responsible for a war against Western powers . Prince
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
By 1941 , U.S. signals intelligence , through the Army 's Signal Intelligence Service and the Office of Naval Intelligence 's OP - 20 - G , had intercepted and decrypted considerable Japanese diplomatic and naval cipher traffic , though nothing actually carrying significant information about Japanese military plans in 1940 - 41 . Decryption and distribution of this intelligence , including such decrypts as were available , was capricious and sporadic , some of which can be accounted for by lack of resources and manpower . At best , the information available to decision makers in Washington was fragmentary , contradictory , or poorly distributed , and was almost entirely raw , without supporting analysis . It was thus , incompletely understood . Nothing in it pointed directly to an attack at Pearl Harbor , and a lack of awareness of Imperial Navy capabilities led to a widespread underlying belief Pearl Harbor was not a possible attack target . Only one message from the Hawaiian Japanese consulate ( sent on 6 December ) , in a low level consular cipher , included mention of an attack at Pearl ; it was not decrypted until 8 December . While the Japanese Diplomatic codes ( Purple code ) could be read , the current version ( JN - 25C ) of the Japanese Naval code ( JN - 25 ) which had replaced JN - 25B on 4 December 1941 could not be read until May 1942 .
Foreign policy of the United States
In 1953 the CIA , working with the British government , initiated Operation Ajax against the Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran 's oil , threatening the interests of the Anglo - Persian Oil Company . This had the effect of restoring and strengthening the authoritarian monarchical reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In 1957 , the CIA and Israeli Mossad aided the Iranian government in establishing its intelligence service , SAVAK , later blamed for the torture and execution of the regime 's opponents .
Law of demand
When then we say that a person 's demand for anything increases , we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price , and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price .
Negative number
In general , the subtraction of a larger number from a smaller yields a negative result , with the magnitude of the result being the difference between the two numbers . For example ,
Negative number
Note that a negative number with greater magnitude is considered less . For example , even though ( positive ) 8 is greater than ( positive ) 5 , written
Trinity
Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy when he quotes Jesus as saying , `` The Father is greater than I '' , a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism . However , Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo argued this statement was to be understood as Jesus speaking in as to his human nature .
What's that got to do with the...?
`` What 's that got to do with the ... ? '' is an expression denoting an irrelevance or non sequitur in the current discussion .
Negative number
In the context of negative numbers , a number that is greater than zero is referred to as positive . Thus every real number other than zero is either positive or negative , while zero itself is not considered to have a sign . Positive numbers are sometimes written with a plus sign in front , e.g. + 3 denotes a positive three .
Limiting magnitude
In some cases , limiting magnitude refers to the upper threshold of detection . In more formal uses , limiting magnitude is specified along with the strength of the signal ( e.g. , `` 10th magnitude at 20 sigma '' ) . Sometimes limiting magnitude is qualified by the purpose of the instrument ( e.g. , `` 10th magnitude for photometry '' ) This statement recognizes that a photometric detector can detect light far fainter than it can reliably measure it .
Negative number
Negative numbers are usually written with a minus sign in front . For example , − 3 represents a negative quantity with a magnitude of three , and is pronounced `` minus three '' or `` negative three '' . To help tell the difference between a subtraction operation and a negative number , occasionally the negative sign is placed slightly higher than the minus sign ( as a superscript ) . Conversely , a number that is greater than zero is called positive ; zero is usually thought of as neither positive nor negative . The positivity of a number may be emphasized by placing a plus sign before it , e.g. + 3 . In general , the negativity or positivity of a number is referred to as its sign .
Logic
The second class of paradoxes involves redundant premises , falsely suggesting that we know the succedent because of the antecedent : thus `` if that man gets elected , granny will die '' is materially true since granny is mortal , regardless of the man 's election prospects . Such sentences violate the Gricean maxim of relevance , and can be modelled by logics that reject the principle of monotonicity of entailment , such as relevance logic .
Relative deprivation
Relative deprivation may be temporal ; that is , it can be experienced by people that experience expansion of rights or wealth , followed by stagnation or reversal of those gains . Such phenomena are also known as unfulfilled rising expectations .
Income inequality in the United States
However , several studies have indicated that higher income inequality corresponds with lower income mobility . In other words , income brackets tend to be increasingly `` sticky '' as income inequality increases . This is described by a concept called the Great Gatsby curve . In the words of journalist Timothy Noah , `` you ca n't really experience ever - growing income inequality without experiencing a decline in Horatio Alger - style upward mobility because ( to use a frequently - employed metaphor ) it 's harder to climb a ladder when the rungs are farther apart . ''
Major and minor
The other uses of major and minor , in general , refer to musical structures containing major thirds or minor thirds . A major scale is one whose third degree is a major third above the tonic , while a minor scale has a minor third degree . A major chord or major triad , similarly , contains a major third above the root , whereas a minor chord or minor triad contains a minor third above the root . In Western music , a minor chord , in comparison , `` sounds darker than a major chord '' .
Coal
Hilt 's law is a geological observation that ( within in a small area ) the deeper the coal is found , the higher its rank ( or grade ) . It applies if the thermal gradient is entirely vertical ; however , metamorphism may cause lateral changes of rank , irrespective of depth .
Postulates of special relativity
The second postulate can be used to imply a stronger version of itself , namely that the spacetime interval is invariant under changes of inertial reference frame . In the above notation , this means that
You Raise Me Up
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Standardized test
Norm - referenced score interpretations compare test - takers to a sample of peers . The goal is to rank students as being better or worse than other students . Norm - referenced test score interpretations are associated with traditional education . Students who perform better than others pass the test , and students who perform worse than others fail the test . Criterion - referenced score interpretations compare test - takers to a criterion ( a formal definition of content ) , regardless of the scores of other examinees . These may also be described as standards - based assessments , as they are aligned with the standards - based education reform movement . Criterion - referenced score interpretations are concerned solely with whether or not this particular student 's answer is correct and complete . Under criterion - referenced systems , it is possible for all students to pass the test , or for all students to fail the test .
Limiting magnitude
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Returns to scale
which is greater than or less than a F ( K , L ) ( \ displaystyle aF ( K , L ) ) as b+c is greater or less than one .
Utilitarianism
Others see negative utilitarianism as a branch within modern hedonistic utilitarianism , which assigns a higher weight to the avoidance of suffering than to the promotion of happiness . The moral weight of suffering can be increased by using a `` compassionate '' utilitarian metric , so that the result is the same as in prioritarianism .
Think globally, act locally
The phrase is an in - joke among mathematicians , as it is often used in situations where the global structure of an object ( e.g. , a manifold , a Diophantine equation , or a group ) can be inferred from the local structure . ( See Hasse principle for a detailed description of one such example . )
Negative number
The idea is that two debts can be combined into a single debt of greater magnitude .
What's that got to do with the...?
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You can't have your cake and eat it
In English , `` have '' can mean `` eat '' , as in `` Let 's have breakfast '' or `` I 'm having a sandwich '' . So the saying `` You ca n't have your cake and eat it too '' may mean that you ca n't eat the cake and then eat it again ; or less metaphorically , that what you want is unreasonable . This interpretation makes sense in both the `` have - eat '' and `` eat - have '' iterations of the idiom , and might explain why the earliest known iteration is `` have - eat '' .
You can't have your cake and eat it
You ca n't have your cake and eat it ( too ) is a popular English idiomatic proverb or figure of speech . The proverb literally means `` you can not simultaneously retain your cake and eat it '' . Once the cake is eaten , it is gone . It can be used to say that one can not or should not have or want more than one deserves or is reasonable , or that one can not or should not try to have two incompatible things . The proverb 's meaning is similar to the phrases `` you ca n't have it both ways '' and `` you ca n't have the best of both worlds . ''
Particle in a box
This product increases with increasing n , having a minimum value for n = 1 . The value of this product for n = 1 is about equal to 0.568 ħ ( \ displaystyle \ hbar ) which obeys the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , which states that the product will be greater than or equal to ħ / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ hbar / 2 )
Negative number
Numbers appearing farther to the right on this line are greater , while numbers appearing farther to the left are less . Thus zero appears in the middle , with the positive numbers to the right and the negative numbers to the left .
My Cup Runneth Over
`` My Cup Runneth Over '' is a quotation from the Hebrew Bible ( Psalm 23 : 5 ) and means `` I have more than enough for my needs '' though interpretations and usage may vary . Notably , it can be employed sarcastically to indicate that someone , e.g. one 's host , is being less than generous .
Glory (religion)
As stated above ( 24 , 12 ; 110 , 4 ; 112 , 2 ) , a sin is mortal through being contrary to charity . Now the sin of vainglory , considered in itself , does not seem to be contrary to charity as regards the love of one 's neighbor : yet as regards the love of God it may be contrary to charity in two ways . On one way , by reason of the matter about which one glories : for instance when one glories in something false that is opposed to the reverence we owe God , according to Ezekiel 28 : 2 , `` Thy heart is lifted up , and Thou hast said : I am God , '' and 1 Corinthians 4 : 7 , `` What hast thou that thou hast not received ? And if thou hast received , why dost thou glory , as if thou hadst not received it ? '' Or again when a man prefers to God the temporal good in which he glories : for this is forbidden ( Jeremiah 9 : 23 - 24 ) : `` Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom , and let not the strong man glory in his strength , and let not the rich man glory in his riches . But let him that glorieth glory in this , that he understandeth and knoweth Me . '' Or again when a man prefers the testimony of man to God 's ; thus it is written in reproval of certain people ( John 12 : 43 ) : `` For they loved the glory of men more than the glory of God . ''
Glory (religion)
I have glorified you on earth by finishing the work that you gave me to do . Now , Father , glorify me with that glory I had with you before ever the world existed .