vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Flowers for Algernon
Algernon is a laboratory mouse who has undergone surgery to increase his intelligence by artificial means . The story is told by a series of progress reports written by Charlie Gordon , the first human test subject for the surgery , and it touches upon many different ethical and moral themes such as the treatment of the mentally disabled .
Elk
During the fall , elk grow a thicker coat of hair , which helps to insulate them during the winter . Males , females and calves of Siberian and North American elk all grow thin neck manes ; female and young Manchurian and Alaskan wapitis do not . By early summer , the heavy winter coat has been shed , and elk are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies . All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails . They have different coloration based on the seasons and types of habitats , with gray or lighter coloration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish , darker coat in the summer . Subspecies living in arid climates tend to have lighter colored coats than do those living in forests . Most have lighter yellow - brown to orange - brown coats in contrast to dark brown hair on the head , neck , and legs during the summer . Forest - adapted Manchurian and Alaskan wapitis have darker reddish - brown coats with less contrast between the body coat and the rest of the body during the summer months . Calves are born spotted , as is common with many deer species , and they lose their spots by the end of summer . Adult Manchurian wapiti may retain a few orange spots on the back of their summer coats until they are older . This characteristic has also been observed in the forest - adapted European red deer .
House sparrow
The female has no black markings or grey crown . Its upperparts and head are brown with darker streaks around the mantle and a distinct pale supercilium . Its underparts are pale grey - brown . The female 's bill is brownish - grey and becomes darker in breeding plumage approaching the black of the male 's bill .
Philosophical skepticism
Some things give animals pleasure which give other animals pain . What is useful to one animal is harmful to another . Each human has a different assortment of preferences , abilities and interests . Each sense gives a different impression of the same object . There is no reason to think one is sane while others are insane -- the opposite could be true . Cultures disagree regarding beauty , truth , goodness , religion , life and justice . There is no consistency in perception . ( His examples were that the color purple will show different tints depending on the lighting , a person looks different between noon and sunset , and a very heavy rock on land is lighter when in water ) The senses can be shown to be deceptive . ( From a distance , the square tower looks round and the sun looks small ) Things that strengthen in moderation will weaken when taken in excess , like wine and food . When a thing is rare , it surprises people . When a thing is common , it does not surprise people . Inter-relations among things are of course relative , and by themselves are unknowable . ( e.g. to know ' parent ' you must know ' child , ' and to know ' child ' you must know ' parent . ' Neither can be known by itself . )
House sparrow
Juveniles are similar to the adult female , but deeper brown below and paler above , with paler and less defined supercilia . Juveniles have broader buff feather edges , and tend to have looser , scruffier plumage , like moulting adults . Juvenile males tend to have darker throats and white postoculars like adult males , while juvenile females tend to have white throats . However , juveniles can not be reliably sexed by plumage : some juvenile males lack any markings of the adult male , and some juvenile females have male features . The bills of young birds are light yellow to straw , paler than the female 's bill . Immature males have paler versions of the adult male 's markings , which can be very indistinct in fresh plumage . By their first breeding season , young birds generally are indistinguishable from other adults , though they may still be paler during their first year .
Hippocampus
The hippocampus , including the dentate gyrus , has the shape of a curved tube , which has been compared to a seahorse , and a ram 's horn ( Cornu Ammonis ) . Its abbreviation CA is used in naming the hippocampal subfields : CA1 , CA2 , CA3 , and CA4 . It can be distinguished as an area where the cortex narrows into a single layer of densely packed pyramidal neurons , which curl into a tight U shape . One edge of the `` U , '' -- CA4 , is embedded into the backward - facing , flexed dentate gyrus . The hippocampus is described as having an anterior and posterior part ( in primates ) or a ventral and dorsal part in other animals . Both parts are of similar composition but belong to different neural circuits . In the rat , the two hippocampi resemble a pair of bananas , joined at the stems by the commissure of fornix ( also called the hippocampal commissure ) . In primates , the part of the hippocampus at the bottom , near the base of the temporal lobe , is much broader than the part at the top . This means that in cross-section the hippocampus can show a number of different shapes , depending on the angle and location of the cut .
Polar bear
Polar bears are superbly insulated by up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) of adipose tissue , their hide and their fur ; they overheat at temperatures above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , and are nearly invisible under infrared photography . Polar bear fur consists of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs , which appear white to tan but are actually transparent . Two genes that are known to influence melanin production , LYST and AIM1 , are both mutated in polar bears , possibly leading to the absence on this pigment in their fur . The guard hair is 5 -- 15 cm ( 2 -- 6 in ) over most of the body . Polar bears gradually moult from May to August , but , unlike other Arctic mammals , they do not shed their coat for a darker shade to provide camouflage in summer conditions . The hollow guard hairs of a polar bear coat were once thought to act as fiber - optic tubes to conduct light to its black skin , where it could be absorbed ; however , this hypothesis was disproved by a study in 1998 .
Model (person)
Hands are the most in - demand body parts . Feet models are also in high demand , particularly those who fit sample size shoes . Models are also successful modelling other specific parts including abs , arms , back , bust or chest , legs , and lips . Some petite models ( females who are under 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) and do not qualify as fashion models ) have found success in women 's body part modelling .
Charlotte's Web
Wilbur is a rambunctious pig , the runt of his litter . He is often strongly emotional . Charlotte A. Cavatica , or simply Charlotte , is a spider who befriends Wilbur . In some passages , she is the heroine of the story . John Arable : Wilbur 's first owner . Fern Arable , John 's daughter , who adopts Wilbur when he 's a piglet , and later visits him . She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation . Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food . He serves as a somewhat caustic , self - serving comic relief to the plot . Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern and John 's son . Like Templeton , he is a source of comic relief . Homer Zuckerman is Fern 's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn . He has a wife , Edith , and an assistant named Lurvy . Other animals in Zuckerman 's barn , with whom Wilbur converses , are a disdainful lamb , a talkative goose , and an intelligent `` old sheep '' . Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern 's age , of whom Fern becomes fond . Dr. Dorian is the family physician / psychologist consulted by Fern 's mother and something of a wise old man character . Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur 's rival at the fair . Charlotte 's children are the 514 children of Charlotte . Although they were born at the barn , all but three of them go their own ways by ballooning .
Red fox
Colour variant Image Description Red The typical colouration . See Fur Grey The rump and spine is brown or grey with light yellowish bands on the guard hairs . The cross on the shoulders is brown , rusty brown or brownish - reddish . The limbs are brown Cross The fur has a darker colouration to the former . The rump and lower back are dark brown or dark grey , with varying degrees of silver on the guard hairs . The cross on the shoulders is black or brown , sometimes with light silvery fur . The feet and head are brown Blackish - brown The melanistic form of the Eurasian red fox . Has blackish - brown or black skin with a light - brownish tint . The skin usually has an admixture of various amounts of silver . Reddish hairs are either completely absent or in small quantities Silver The melanistic form of the North American red fox , but introduced to the Old World by the fur trade . Characterised by pure black colour with a variable admixture of silver ( covering 25 -- 100 % of the skin area ) Platinum Distinguished from the silver morph by its late pale , almost silver - white fur with a bluish cast Amber Samson Distinguished by its woolly pelt , which lacks guard hairs
Dodo
Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire , its closest relative , from pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness . The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight , and the pectoral region and the small wings were paedomorphic , meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features . The skull , trunk and pelvic limbs were peramorphic , meaning that they changed considerably with age . The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire , such as features of the skull , pelvis , and sternum , as well as their large size . It differed in other aspects , such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire , having a larger skull and beak , a rounded skull roof , and smaller orbits . The dodo 's neck and legs were proportionally shorter , and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire 's wrists .
House sparrow
The male is duller in fresh nonbreeding plumage , with whitish tips on many feathers . Wear and preening expose many of the bright brown and black markings , including most of the black throat and chest patch , called the `` bib '' or `` badge '' . The badge is variable in width and general size , and may signal social status or fitness . This hypothesis has led to a `` veritable ' cottage industry ' '' of studies , which have only conclusively shown that patches increase in size with age . The male 's bill is black in the breeding season and horn ( dark grey ) during the rest of the year . A
Primate
Primates show an evolutionary trend towards a reduced snout . Technically , Old World monkeys are distinguished from New World monkeys by the structure of the nose , and from apes by the arrangement of their teeth . In New World monkeys , the nostrils face sideways ; in Old World monkeys , they face downwards . Dental pattern in primates vary considerably ; although some have lost most of their incisors , all retain at least one lower incisor . In most strepsirrhines , the lower incisors and canines form a toothcomb , which is used in grooming and sometimes foraging , and the first lower premolar is shaped like a canine. Old World monkeys have eight premolars , compared with 12 in New World monkeys . The Old World species are divided into apes and monkeys depending on the number of cusps on their molars ; apes have five , Old World monkeys have four , although humans may have four or five . The main hominid molar cusp ( hypocone ) evolved in early primate history , while the cusp of the corresponding primitive lower molar ( paraconid ) was lost . Prosimians are distinguished by their immobilized upper lips , the moist tip of their noses and forward - facing lower front teeth . The
Kidney
Kidney Posterior View Anterior relation of Left Kidney Structure of a Kidney Kidney Anatomy Kidneys of a mammal after the technique of vinylite and corrosion . Kidney Cross Section
Common basilisk
The common basilisk can be distinguished from similar species within its range by its large size and the high fin - like crests down its back . Most are brown and cream in colour . Males also have high crests on their heads and tails . Both sexes are brown to olive , and have a white , cream or yellow stripe on the upper lip and a second stripe along either side of their bodies ; these stripes have higher contrast in juveniles and fade as the lizards age . Hatchlings weigh a mere 2 g and are 38 to 43 mm long . Adults can grow up to two and a half feet long . Females are generally 135 to 194 g , and weigh half as much as males . The tails of these lizards comprise 70 to 75 % of their total length : for example , on an 800 - mm - long ( 31.5 - in - long ) lizard , 600 mm of its length is tail .
Cadejo
The cadejo ranges in size according to different tales in various regions . It lurks in graveyards and dark alleys , waiting to attack a passing victim . It has a distinctive smell of concentrated urine and burning sulphur . It rattles with a jerking motion , contracting its pharynx . Its gaze freezes anyone who makes eye contact . It glitters in the pitch dark with skin and short hair , similar to that of a pig .
House sparrow
The plumage of the house sparrow is mostly different shades of grey and brown . The sexes exhibit strong dimorphism : the female is mostly buffish above and below , while the male has boldly coloured head markings , a reddish back , and grey underparts . The male has a dark grey crown from the top of its bill to its back , and chestnut brown flanking its crown on the sides of its head . It has black around its bill , on its throat , and on the spaces between its bill and eyes ( lores ) . It has a small white stripe between the lores and crown and small white spots immediately behind the eyes ( postoculars ) , with black patches below and above them . The underparts are pale grey or white , as are the cheeks , ear coverts , and stripes at the base of the head . The upper back and mantle are a warm brown , with broad black streaks , while the lower back , rump and uppertail coverts are greyish brown . Plumage
Platypus
The unusual appearance of this egg - laying , duck - billed , beaver - tailed , otter - footed mammal baffled European naturalists when they first encountered it , with some considering it an elaborate hoax . It is one of the few species of venomous mammals : the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom capable of causing severe pain to humans . The unique features of the platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology and a recognisable and iconic symbol of Australia ; it has appeared as a mascot at national events and features on the reverse of the Australian twenty - cent coin . The platypus is the animal emblem of the state of New South Wales .
Dodo
The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons , especially in being more robust , the bill having a hooked tip , and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws . The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium , which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon relatives . The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak , and they contained no bony septum . The cranium ( excluding the beak ) was wider than it was long , and the frontal bone formed a dome - shape , with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets . The skull sloped downwards at the back . The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull . The sclerotic rings inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles ( small bones ) , similar to the amount in other pigeons . The mandible was slightly curved , and each half had a single fenestra ( opening ) , as in other pigeons . Right
The Muppet Movie
Before this , no film had a hand puppet act with its entire body appearing on - screen . That is , hand puppets were only seen from the waist up , and it became a major plot point to show Kermit with legs . To have Kermit ride a bicycle in a full - body shot , a Kermit puppet with legs was posed onto the seat and his legs and arms were attached to the pedals and handlebars . An overhead crane with a marionette system held the bicycle through strong strings invisible to the camera , guiding the bicycle forward . The crane and system was out of the camera 's frame of vision .
Red panda
Styan 's red panda is supposedly larger and darker in color than the Western member of the species , but with considerable variation in both subspecies , and some individuals may be brown or yellowish brown rather than red .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Rich chestnut markings on a white pearly coat Black - and - tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Front and top view of Blenheim Spot Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in the window Portrait of a young female Two Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Boxer (dog)
Boxer brindle fawn boxer , uncropped and undocked Other names German Boxer Deutscher Boxer Origin Germany ( hide ) Traits Weight Male 55 -- 71 lb ( 25 -- 32 kg ) Female 55 -- 71 lb ( 25 -- 32 kg ) Height Male 22 -- 25 in ( 56 -- 64 cm ) Female 21 -- 24 in ( 53 -- 61 cm ) Coat short , shiny , smooth , close - lying Color fawn or brindle , black mask , with or without white markings , and white Litter size average 6 -- 8 Life span average 9 -- 15 years ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 2 , Section 2.1 Molossian : Mastiff type # 144 standard AKC Working standard ANKC Group 6 ( Utility ) standard CKC Group 3 -- Working standard KC ( UK ) Working standard NZKC Utility standard UKC Guardian Dog standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris )
Thermoregulation
In essence , the temperature curve of diurnal birds is similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals , except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning . Also , the curves obtained from rabbits , guinea pigs , and dogs were quite similar to those from man . These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms .
Polar bear
Compared with its closest relative , the brown bear , the polar bear has a more elongated body build and a longer skull and nose . As predicted by Allen 's rule for a northerly animal , the legs are stocky and the ears and tail are small . However , the feet are very large to distribute load when walking on snow or thin ice and to provide propulsion when swimming ; they may measure 30 cm ( 12 in ) across in an adult . The pads of the paws are covered with small , soft papillae ( dermal bumps ) , which provide traction on the ice . The polar bear 's claws are short and stocky compared to those of the brown bear , perhaps to serve the former 's need to grip heavy prey and ice . The claws are deeply scooped on the underside to assist in digging in the ice of the natural habitat . Research of injury patterns in polar bear forelimbs found injuries to the right forelimb to be more frequent than those to the left , suggesting , perhaps , right - handedness . Unlike the brown bear , polar bears in captivity are rarely overweight or particularly large , possibly as a reaction to the warm conditions of most zoos .
Nervous system
The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other . All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Ediacaran period , 550 -- 600 million years ago . The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a `` ganglion '' ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the `` brain '' . Area
Polar bear
The white coat usually yellows with age . When kept in captivity in warm , humid conditions , the fur may turn a pale shade of green due to algae growing inside the guard hairs . Males have significantly longer hairs on their forelegs , which increase in length until the bear reaches 14 years of age . The male 's ornamental foreleg hair is thought to attract females , serving a similar function to the lion 's mane .
Kidney
Kidneys of various animals show evidence of evolutionary adaptation and have long been studied in ecophysiology and comparative physiology . Kidney morphology , often indexed as the relative medullary thickness , is associated with habitat aridity among species of mammals , and diet ( e.g. , carnivores have only long loops of Henle ) .
Femur
Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals , including some primates .
Ear
Pointy ears are a characteristic of some creatures in folklore such as the French croquemitaine , Brazilian curupira or Japanese earth spider . It has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of Ancient Greece and medieval Europe . Pointy ears are a common characteristic of many creatures in the fantasy genre , including elves , faeries , pixies , hobbits , or orcs . They are a characteristic of creatures in the horror genre , such as vampires . Pointy ears are also found in the science fiction genre ; for example among the Vulcan and Romulan races of the Star Trek universe and the Nightcrawler character from the X-Men universe .
Rabbit
With its reputation as a prolific breeder , the rabbit juxtaposes sexuality with innocence , as in the Playboy Bunny . The rabbit ( as a swift prey animal ) is also known for its speed , agility , and endurance , symbolized ( for example ) by the marketing icon the `` Energizer Bunny '' ( known in Europe and Australia as the `` Duracell Bunny '' ) .
Evidence of common descent
Comparative study of the anatomy of groups of animals or plants reveals that certain structural features are basically similar . For example , the basic structure of all flowers consists of sepals , petals , stigma , style and ovary ; yet the size , colour , number of parts and specific structure are different for each individual species . The neural anatomy of fossilized remains may also be compared using advanced imaging techniques .
Red fox
Red foxes are the largest species of the genus Vulpes . However , relative to dimensions , red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus Canis . Their limb bones , for example , weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs . They display significant individual , sexual , age and geographical variation in size . On average , adults measure 35 -- 50 cm ( 14 -- 20 in ) high at the shoulder and 45 -- 90 cm ( 18 -- 35 in ) in body length with tails measuring 30 -- 55.5 cm ( 11.8 -- 21.9 in ) . The ears measure 7.7 -- 12.5 cm ( 3 -- 5 in ) and the hind feet 12 -- 18.5 cm ( 5 -- 7 in ) . Weights range from 2.2 -- 14 kg ( 5 -- 31 lb ) , with vixens typically weighing 15 -- 20 % less than males . Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129 -- 167 mm ( 5.1 -- 6.6 in ) , while those of vixens measure 128 -- 159 mm ( 5.0 -- 6.3 in ) . The forefoot print measures 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) in length and 45 mm ( 1.8 in ) in width , while the hind foot print measures 55 mm ( 2.2 in ) long and 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) wide . They trot at a speed of 6 -- 13 km / h ( 4 -- 8 mph ) , and have a maximum running speed of 50 km / h ( 30 mph ) . They have a stride of 25 -- 35 cm ( 9.8 -- 13.8 in ) when walking at a normal pace . North American red foxes are generally lightly built , with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism . British red foxes are heavily built , but short , while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations . The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 17.2 kg ( 38 lb ) , 1.4 - metre ( 4 ft 7 in ) long male , killed in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , in early 2012 .