vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Southern United States
College baseball appears to be more well attended in the Southern U.S. than elsewhere , as teams like Arkansas , LSU , Virginia , Mississippi State , Ole Miss , South Carolina , and Texas are commonly at the top of the NCAA 's attendance . The South generally produces very successful collegiate baseball teams as well , with Virginia , Vanderbilt , LSU , and South Carolina winning recent College World Series Titles .
Southern United States
The Southern states are commonly associated with stock car racing and its most prominent competition NASCAR , which is based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The sport was developed in the Deep South in the early 20th century , with stock car racing 's historic mecca being Daytona Beach , Florida , where cars initially raced on the wide , flat beachfront before the construction of Daytona International Speedway . Though the sport has attained a following throughout the United States , a majority of NASCAR races continue to take place at Southern tracks .
German Shepherd
Popularity increased again after the German Shepherd Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows , only to suffer another decline at the conclusion of World War II , due to anti-German sentiment . Popularity increased gradually until 1993 , when they became the third most popular breed in the United States . As of 2016 , the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US . Additionally , the breed is typically among the most popular in other registries . The German Shepherd Dog 's physique is very well suited to competing in shows and competitions , such as agility trials .
Jai alai
In the United States , jai alai enjoyed some popularity as a gambling alternative to horse racing , greyhound racing , and harness racing , and remains popular in Florida , where the game is used as a basis for Parimutuel betting at six frontons throughout the state : Dania Beach , Fort Pierce , Jasper , Casselberry , Miami , and Reddick . There also are plans for a fronton in Plano , Texas .
Philadelphia Eagles
Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffrey began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 .
Foreign policy of the United States
A global survey done by Pewglobal indicated that at ( as of 2014 ) least 33 surveyed countries have a positive view ( 50 % or above ) of the United States . With the top ten most positive countries being Philippines ( 92 % ) , Israel ( 84 % ) , South Korea ( 82 % ) , Kenya ( 80 % ) , El Salvador ( 80 % ) , Italy ( 78 % ) , Ghana ( 77 % ) , Vietnam ( 76 % ) , Bangladesh ( 76 % ) , and Tanzania ( 75 % ) . While 10 surveyed countries have the most negative view ( Below 50 % ) of the United States . With the countries being Egypt ( 10 % ) , Jordan ( 12 % ) , Pakistan ( 14 % ) , Turkey ( 19 % ) , Russia ( 23 % ) , Palestinian Territories ( 30 % ) , Greece ( 34 % ) , Argentina ( 36 % ) , Lebanon ( 41 % ) , Tunisia ( 42 % ) . Americans ' own view of the United States was viewed at 84 % . International opinion about the US has often changed with different executive administrations . For example in 2009 , the French public favored the United States when President Barack Obama ( 75 % favorable ) replaced President George W. Bush ( 42 % ) . After President Donald Trump took the helm in 2017 , French public opinion about the US fell from 63 % to 46 % . These trends were also seen in other European countries .
Football
Over time , the RFU form of rugby , played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB , became known as rugby union .
Samoa
Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team , nicknamed the Manu Samoa , is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations . Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991 , and made the quarter finals in 1991 , 1995 and the second round of the 1999 World Cup . At the 2003 world cup , Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions , England . Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations . The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union , who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance , and thus , also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team .
Football player
Lists of association football players List of American football players List of footballers ( Gaelic football ) Category : Lists of rugby league footballers
Republic of Ireland
The Irish Rugby Football Union is the governing body of rugby union , which is played at local and international levels on an all - Ireland basis , and has produced players such as Brian O'Driscoll and Ronan O'Gara , who were on the team that won the Grand Slam in 2009 .
American football
A 2018 study performed by the VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University 's school of medicine found that tackle football before age 12 was correlated with earlier onset of symptoms of CTE , but not with symptom severity . More specifically , each year a player played tackle football under age 12 predicted earlier onset of cognitive , behavioral , and mood problems by an average of two and a half years .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island is home to one top level non-minor league team , the Rhode Island Rebellion rugby league team , a semi-professional rugby league team that competes in the USA Rugby League , the Top Competition in the United States for the Sport of Rugby League . The Rebellion play their home games at Classical High School in Providence . Collegiate
Replay review in gridiron football
The Canadian Football League board of governors approved the use of instant replay starting in 2006 . When implemented , the CFL system appeared to be modeled largely on the NFL 's , although some differences had been incorporated to accommodate differences between the two codes .
Football
The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki - o - rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones , and score points by touching the ' pou ' ( boundary markers ) and hitting a central ' tupu ' or target .
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Through 2017 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League and Arena Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls .
Replay review in gridiron football
There is not currently an instant replay equipment standard , each conference must choose ( and purchase ) its own equipment . Therefore , systems are quite disparate : they can be as complex as the high - tech custom systems similar as those used in the NFL to as simple as several large screens hooked to a digital video recorder using the direct - to - air feed of the broadcasting entity televising the game or a venue 's internal coverage unit . Television coverage of NCAA games varies widely depending on the athletic conference , with most lower - level games not televised at all and many middle - level games only covered through rudimentary local or Internet broadcasts ; the quality of replay camera angles thus varies accordingly .
State of Origin series
Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia , the sport 's two major states , New South Wales and Queensland , have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s . The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons , reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys . These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold . The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League . The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '' , due to a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such .
Samoa
Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia . Samoa reached the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup , the team comprising players from the NRL and Super League plus domestic players . Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain , including Francis Meli , Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town , Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club . Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team . The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012 .
American Sign Language
Although the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia share English as a common oral and written language , ASL is not mutually intelligible with British Sign Language ( BSL ) or Auslan . All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English , but this alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension . It has been found that a relatively high percentage ( 37 -- 44 % ) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan , which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same language family . However , this does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan , and it is likely that this resemblance is due to the higher degree of iconicity in sign languages in general , as well as contact with English .
Monday Night Football
ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme .
History of the Buffalo Bills
After Buffalo hosted two NFL games in 1938 ( a practice that would become a semi-regular occurrence in the city until the current team 's arrival ) , the third American Football League installed the Buffalo Indians in the city ; the Indians played two years before the league suspended and ultimately folded due to World War II . After the war , when the All - America Football Conference formed , Buffalo was again selected for a team ; originally known as the Buffalo Bisons , the same name as a baseball team and ( at the time ) a hockey team in the area , the team sought a new identity and named itself the `` Buffalo Bills '' in 1947 . When the AAFC merged with the NFL in 1950 , the AAFC Bills were merged into the Cleveland Browns . Though there was no connection between the AAFC team and the current team , the Bills name proved popular enough that it was used as the namesake for the future American Football League team that would form in 1959 .
NFL Kickoff Game
2006 : With the change in television contracts , the Kickoff Game was moved to NBC , who held the rights to Sunday Night Football . The game opposite the first weekend of World Series games was once again removed to compensate . ( The Monday night game at the end of the season , however , was not revived . Instead , after an impromptu experiment in 2005 , a Monday night doubleheader was scheduled for the same weekend as the kickoff game . )
American football rules
The offensive team may attempt to kick the ball through the goalposts , in the same manner that a field goal is kicked . If successful , the team is awarded one point , referred to as an extra point . This option is almost always chosen , because a two - point conversion attempt is much riskier . Since the extra point is almost always successful ( especially in NFL play ) , sportscasters will often refer to a team up or trailing by seven ( not six ) points as being `` up / trailing by a touchdown '' . The offensive team may attempt to advance the ball via run or pass into the end zone , much like a touchdown on the extra-point attempt , except that it receives two points . This is called a two - point conversion . The success rate for two - point conversions is about 48 percent in the NFL , making the two - point conversion attempt a risky tactic ; thus it is usually attempted only when two points will help the team but one point will not . For example , suppose that it is late in the game with a score of 21 -- 10 and the losing team scores a touchdown , making the score 21 -- 16 . The scoring team will usually attempt the two - point conversion , because if successful , a three - point deficit later could be matched with one field goal ; failure to convert would result in a five - point deficit that could be surmounted with another touchdown -- a situation no worse than the four - point deficit achieved with a kicked extra point . Another example would be if a team scores a late - game touchdown , and as a result is down by two points . A successful two - point conversion would tie the game , and likely force overtime . In very rare and risky instances , a trailing team who scored a touchdown , and as a result is down by 1 point , may attempt a two - point conversion to gamble on a win and avoid overtime ( or , under NCAA or NFHS rules , a subsequent overtime period ) . Two famous examples of this gamble were by Nebraska in the last minute of the 1984 Orange Bowl ( unsuccessful ) and by Boise State in the first overtime of the 2007 Fiesta Bowl ( successful ) . Note that under NCAA rules , teams are required to `` go for two '' starting with the third overtime procedure .
Oklahoma
Two private institutions in Tulsa , the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University ; are also Division I members . Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference , while Oral Roberts , which does not sponsor football , is a member of The Summit League . In addition , 12 of the state 's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences , and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA , mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference .
12th man (football)
The term has been used by various American football teams including the University of Minnesota , the University of Iowa , Baylor University , Dartmouth College , Simmons College , Texas A&M and the NFL 's Seattle Seahawks , Green Bay Packers , Buffalo Bills , Denver Broncos , Washington Redskins , Indianapolis Colts , Miami Dolphins , and Chicago Bears in marketing practices in reference to their supporters . The Bears currently use the phrase `` 4th Phase '' ( with the first three phases being offense , defense , and special teams ) , and the Seahawks currently use the phrase `` The 12s . ''
National Football League on television
When the AFL began holding annual Thanksgiving Day games , the league chose a different model , circulating the game among several cities . During the 1967 -- 69 seasons , two Thanksgiving AFL games were televised each year .
12th man (football)
Fans of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL are known as the 12th Man . The Colts created a Ring of Honor on September 23 , 1996 , after playing 13 seasons in Indianapolis , Indiana . In 2007 , the Colts inducted their 12th Man as the sixth entrant into the team 's Ring of Honor , then located on the interior facade of the RCA Dome . The Ring of Honor currently encircles Lucas Oil Stadium , the team 's home venue . The organization also designates a `` 12th Man Fan of the Game '' . On November 12 , 2015 , Texas A&M announced the filing of a lawsuit against the Colts based on the team 's usage of the term . On February 17 , 2016 , the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase .
12th man (football)
On November 12 , 2015 , Texas A&M filed suit against the Indianapolis Colts after repeated cease and desist requests were ignored by the NFL club . On February 17 , 2016 , the lawsuit was settled with the Colts agreeing to remove the phrase from their Ring of Honor and to immediately cease all other uses of the trademarked phrase .
Houston Astros
Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 .
Penobscot River
The Penobscot River / pəˈnɒbskət / is a 109 - mile - long ( 175 km ) river in the U.S. state of Maine . Including the river 's West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscot 's length to 264 miles ( 425 km ) , making it the second longest river system in Maine and the longest entirely in the state . Its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles ( 22,300 km ) .
Penobscot River
It arises from four branches in several lakes in north - central Maine , which flow generally east . After the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway ( 45 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 68 ° 31 ′ 52 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 45.604 ° N 68.531 ° W ﻿ / 45.604 ; - 68.531 ﻿ ( Penobscot River source ) ) , the Penobscot flows 109 miles ( 175 km ) south , past the city of Bangor , where it becomes navigable . Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream . It empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay . It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island .
Penobscot River
The Penobscot River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast . Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Bangor . The cities of Rockland , Belfast , Brewer and Bangor , and the towns of Rockport , Camden , Northport , Searsport , Stockton Springs , Castine , Bucksport , Frankfort , Winterport , Orrington , and Hampden developed adjacent to the Penobscot River estuary . The river upstream of Bangor became an important transportation corridor for log driving to bring wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built to use water power where the city of Howland and the towns of Veazie , Orono , Old Town , Milford , Passadumkeag , West Enfield , Lincoln , Winn , Mattawamkeag , Medway , and Millinocket developed .
Penobscot River
Penobscot River The Penobscot River watershed Country United States Physical characteristics Main source Maine River mouth Penobscot Bay sea level 44 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 50 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.44 ° N 68.83 ° W ﻿ / 44.44 ; - 68.83 Coordinates : 44 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 50 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.44 ° N 68.83 ° W ﻿ / 44.44 ; - 68.83 Length 109 miles ( 175 km ) Discharge Average rate : 12,080 cu ft / s ( 342 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 8,610 sq mi ( 22,300 km ) Tributaries Left : East Branch Penobscot River , Mattawamkeag River Right : West Branch Penobscot River , Piscataquis River Panorama
Penobscot River
The first European known to have explored the river was the Portuguese Estêvão Gomes in 1524 , followed by the Frenchman Samuel de Champlain in 1605 . A few years later French Jesuit priests came among the Penobscot people as missionaries and converted them to Catholicism . The French settlement of Pentagouet , now Castine , was founded at the point where the river becomes Penobscot Bay , and the Penobscot people made a permanent settlement at Indian Old Town , Maine on an island above the head of navigation , around the Catholic mission . Throughout the first half of the 17th centuries , these were likely the only permanent settlements on the river , although the Penobscots considered the entire river and bay their hunting ground and maintained other seasonal villages along its banks .
Penobscot River
In 1931 the Waldo - Hancock Bridge was opened to carry US Route 1 across the river at the Penobscot Narrows between Prospect , in Waldo County , and Verona Island just below Bucksport . That bridge was closed and replaced in 2006 by the Penobscot Narrows Bridge , a 2,120 foot long , $85,000,000 structure with 135 feet between the water and the bridge 's deck , and the original bridge was subsequently demolished in 2013 . The new bridge also features an observatory open to the public located 420 feet above the surface of the river in the support tower on the Waldo County side . It is the only bridge observatory in the United States , and only one of four bridge observatories in the world . The two 447 foot tall granite towers of the bridge are patterned after the Washington Monument which had been largely built with granite quarried from nearby Mt . Waldo .
Penobscot River
Angling , especially fly fishing , has always been popular on the river . The West Branch is known as a world class landlocked salmon river , while the East Branch is known for its smallmouth bass fishery . In 2008 , the Atlantic Salmon Commission opened the main stem of the river to catch and release fly fishing for Atlantic salmon .
Androscoggin River
The Androscoggin begins in Errol , New Hampshire , where the Magalloway River joins the outlet of Umbagog Lake . The river flows generally south but with numerous bends past the towns of Errol and Milan and the city of Berlin before turning east at the town of Gorham , New Hampshire , to cut across the northern end of the White Mountains and enter Maine . Continuing east , the river passes the towns of Bethel , Rumford , and Dixfield before turning south at the town of Livermore Falls and leaving the mountains behind . The river passes through the twin cities of Lewiston and Auburn , turns southeast , passes the community of Lisbon Falls and reaches tidewater just below the final falls in the town of Brunswick . Merrymeeting Bay is a 10 - mile - long ( 16 km ) freshwater estuary where the Androscoggin meets the Kennebec River nearly 20 miles ( 32 km ) inland from the Atlantic Ocean .