vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Novel
The ancient romancers most commonly wrote fiction about the remote past with little attention to historical reality . Walter Scott 's historical novel Waverley ( 1814 ) broke with this earlier tradition of historical romance , and he was `` the inventor of the true historical novel '' . At the same time he was a romantic and was influenced by gothic romance . He had collaborated `` with the most famous of the Gothic novelists ' Monk ' Lewis '' on Tales of Wonder in 1801 . With his Waverley novels Scott `` hoped to do for the Scottish border '' what Goethe and other German poets `` had done for the Middle Ages , `` and make its past live again in modern romance '' . Scott 's novels `` are in the mode he himself defined as romance , ' the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents ' '' . He used his imagination to re-evaluate history by rendering things , incidents and protagonists in the way only the novelist could do . His work remained historical fiction , yet it questioned existing historical perceptions . The use of historical research was an important tool : Scott , the novelist , resorted to documentary sources as any historian would have done , but as a romantic artist he gave his subject a deeper imaginative and emotional significance . By combining research with `` marvelous and uncommon incidents '' , Scott attracted a far wider market than any historian could , and he became the most famous novelist of his generation , throughout Europe .
Windsor Castle
The new castle was used to hold French prisoners taken in at Poitiers in 1357 , including John II , who was held for a considerable ransom . Later in the century , the castle also found favour with Richard II . Richard conducted restoration work on St George 's Chapel , the work being carried out by Geoffrey Chaucer , who served as a diplomat and Clerk of The King 's Works .
Hundred Years' War
In 1389 , Richard 's uncle and supporter , John of Gaunt , returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397 , when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant . In 1399 , after John of Gaunt died , Richard II disinherited Gaunt 's son , the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke . Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters and deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV .
Richard III (play)
Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York ; And all the clouds that lour 'd upon our house In the deep bosom of the ocean buried .
Tower of London
Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII .
Richard III (play)
In V for Vendetta when V confronts father Lilliman , he quotes the line `` And thus I clothe my naked villany in old odd ends stol'n forth of holy writ , and seem a saint when most I play the devil . ''
Tudor rose
When Henry VII took the crown of England from Richard III in battle ( 1485 ) , he brought the end of the retrospectively dubbed `` Wars of the Roses '' between the House of Lancaster ( one monarch of which had sometimes used the badge of a red or gold rose ) and the House of York ( which had lately used a white - rose badge ) . Henry 's father was Edmund Tudor from the House of Richmond ( maternally ) , and his mother was Margaret Beaufort from the House of Lancaster ; in January 1486 he married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together . ( In battle , Richard III fought under the banner of the boar , and Henry under the banner of the dragon of his native Wales . ) The white rose versus red rose juxtaposition was Henry 's invention . The historian Thomas Penn writes :
History of Manila
This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : History of Manila . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Richard III (play)
In CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Season 3 , Episode 21 , Forever , When a horse trainer gets killed in the scene of the crime , Grissom quotes this particular line . Other
Hundred Years' War
It was usual to appoint a regent in the case of a child monarch , but no regent was appointed for Richard II , who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377 . However , between 1377 and 1380 , actual power was in the hands of a series of councils . The political community preferred this to a regency led by the king 's uncle , John of Gaunt , although Gaunt remained highly influential .
Elizabethan government
Faction pre-Armada is harder to analyze . The traditional view put forward by Read and Neale , suggests that William Cecil ( later Lord Burghley ) was continually in faction against Robert Dudley , over issues such as marriage and most importantly intervention in the Netherlands . Revisionist historian Adams defines faction as `` one group of people employed in direct opposition to another . '' It is on this premise that historians such as John Guy argue there was no true faction in the Council at this stage , disagreements were primarily over individual opinions , and judgements over how to proceed ; all councilors , after the removal of conservative Norfolk , were agreed that Elizabeth should look to further and protect the Protestant cause . Leicester and Walsingham saw intervention in the Netherlands as the best way to achieve this , whilst Cecil was more moderate .
Norman conquest of England
William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford , Berkshire ; while there he received the submission of Stigand . He then travelled north - east along the Chilterns , before advancing towards London from the north - west , fighting further engagements against forces from the city . Having failed to muster an effective military response , Edgar 's leading supporters lost their nerve , and the English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire . William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066 , in Westminster Abbey . The new king attempted to conciliate the remaining English nobility by confirming Morcar , Edwin and Waltheof , the Earl of Northumbria , in their lands as well as giving some land to Edgar the Ætheling . William remained in England until March 1067 , when he returned to Normandy with English prisoners , including Stigand , Morcar , Edwin , Edgar the Ætheling , and Waltheof .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Scholars have frequently noted the parallels between the three hunting scenes and the three seduction scenes in Gawain . They are generally agreed that the fox chase has significant parallels to the third seduction scene , in which Gawain accepts the girdle from Bertilak 's wife . Gawain , like the fox , fears for his life and is looking for a way to avoid death from the Green Knight 's axe . Like his counterpart , he resorts to trickery in order to save his skin . The fox uses tactics so unlike the first two animals , and so unexpectedly , that Bertilak has the hardest time hunting it . Similarly , Gawain finds the Lady 's advances in the third seduction scene more unpredictable and challenging to resist than her previous attempts . She changes her evasive language , typical of courtly love relationships , to a more assertive style . Her dress , relatively modest in earlier scenes , is suddenly voluptuous and revealing .
Richard III (play)
The phrase `` Winter of Discontent '' is an expression , popularised by the British media , referring to the winter of 1978 -- 79 in the United Kingdom , during which there were widespread strikes by local authority trade unions demanding larger pay rises for their members . ``
History of the Isle of Wight
In 1013 Sweyn began a more concerted invasion , and Ethelred was forced to flee to the island : `` And then at midwinter the King turned from the fleet to the Isle of Wight , and was there for the season ; and after the season turned across the sea to Richard ( of Normandy ) , and was there until the happy event of Swein 's death occurred . '' .
Pomp and Circumstance Marches
The title is taken from Act III , Scene 3 of Shakespeare 's Othello :
Kingdom of England
Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066 -- 1154 , Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 , Tudor 1485 -- 1603 and Stuart 1603 -- 1714 ( interrupted by the Interregnum ( England ) of 1649 -- 1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154 -- 1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became `` more English in nature '' ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor .
Kingdom of England
Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of France . His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) , which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois . Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war , often involving privateers such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian Pero Niño . Though the English won numerous victories , they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons . England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 , retaining only a single town in France , Calais .
The Miller's Tale
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote during the reign of Richard II , who very much appreciated the arts and culture of the time . We see this in The Miller 's Tale when Chaucer describes what is in Nicholas ' bedroom .
The Passion of the Christ
Despite criticisms that Gibson deliberately added additional material to the historical accounts of first - century Judea and biblical accounts of Christ 's crucifixion , some scholars defend the film as not being primarily concerned with historical accuracy . Biblical scholar Mark Goodacre protested that he could not find one documented example of Gibson explicitly claiming the film to be historically accurate . Gibson has been quoted as saying : `` I think that my first duty is to be as faithful as possible in telling the story so that it does n't contradict the Scriptures . Now , so long as it did n't do that , I felt that I had a pretty wide berth for artistic interpretation , and to fill in some of the spaces with logic , with imagination , with various other readings . ''
Elizabethan government
Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans The Anarchy Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Economy in the Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period English Reformation Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period Union of the Crowns Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Union with Scotland Overseas possessions Maritime history Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England
Novel
Given these differences in opinion , what happened in the 18th century can best be described , not as the rise of the novel , but the rise of realism in fiction . Indeed , this is what Ian Watt sees as distinguishing the novel from earlier prose narratives . Laurence
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
In 1992 Simon Corble created an adaptation with medieval songs and music for The Midsommer Actors ' Company . performed as walkabout productions in the summer 1992 at Thurstaston Common and Beeston Castle and in August 1995 at Brimham Rocks , North Yorkshire . Corble later wrote a substantially revised version which was produced indoors at the O'Reilly Theatre , Oxford in February 2014 .
Battle of Towton
The victors of Wakefield were joined by Margaret 's army and they marched south , plundering settlements in their wake . They liberated Henry after defeating the Yorkist army of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick , in the Second Battle of St Albans , and continued pillaging on their way to London . As a result , the city of London refused to open its gates to Henry and Margaret for fear of being looted . The Lancastrian army was short on supplies and had no adequate means to replenish them . When Margaret learned that Richard of York 's eldest son Edward , Earl of March and his army had won the Battle of Mortimer 's Cross in Herefordshire and were marching towards London , she withdrew the Lancastrians to the city of York . Warwick and the remnants of his army marched from St Albans to join Edward 's men and the Yorkists were welcomed into London . Having lost custody of Henry , the Yorkists needed a justification to continue taking up arms against the king and his Lancastrian followers . On 4 March , Warwick proclaimed the young Yorkist leader as King Edward IV . The proclamation gained greater acceptance than Richard of York 's earlier claim , as several nobles previously opposed to letting Edward 's father ascend the throne viewed the Lancastrian actions as a betrayal of the legally established Accord .
Historian
Justice Gray leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses , Richard J. Evans , who compared illegitimate distortion of the historical record practice by holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies .
Historian
Schneider proposes that by testing an historian against the criteria of the `` objective historian '' then , even if an historian holds specific political views ( and she gives an example of a well - qualified historian 's testimony that was disregarded by a United States court because he was a member of a feminist group ) , providing the historian uses the `` objective historian '' standards , he or she is a `` conscientious historian '' . It was Irving 's failure as an `` objective historian '' not his right wing views that caused him to lose his libel case , as a `` conscientious historian '' would not have `` deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence '' to support his political views .
Battle of Towton
The Battle of Towton was fought during the English Wars of the Roses on 29 March 1461 , near the village of Towton in Yorkshire . It brought about a change of monarchs in England , with the victor , the Yorkist Edward , Duke of York -- who became King Edward IV ( 1461 -- 1483 ) having displaced the Lancastrian King Henry VI ( 1422 -- 1461 ) as king , and thus drove the head of the Lancastrians and his key supporters out of the country .
St Paul's Cathedral
The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Paul 's Cathedral . Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire , and Camden 's hypothesis is no longer accepted by modern archaeologists .
Norman conquest of England
At the same time resistance flared up again in western Mercia , where the forces of Eadric the Wild , together with his Welsh allies and further rebel forces from Cheshire and Shropshire , attacked the castle at Shrewsbury . In the south - west , rebels from Devon and Cornwall attacked the Norman garrison at Exeter , but were repulsed by the defenders and scattered by a Norman relief force under Count Brian . Other rebels from Dorset , Somerset and neighbouring areas besieged Montacute Castle but were defeated by a Norman army gathered from London , Winchester and Salisbury under Geoffrey of Coutances . Meanwhile , William attacked the Danes , who had moored for the winter south of the Humber in Lincolnshire , and drove them back to the north bank . Leaving Robert of Mortain in charge of Lincolnshire , he turned west and defeated the Mercian rebels in battle at Stafford . When the Danes attempted to return to Lincolnshire , the Norman forces there again drove them back across the Humber . William advanced into Northumbria , defeating an attempt to block his crossing of the swollen River Aire at Pontefract . The Danes fled at his approach , and he occupied York . He bought off the Danes , who agreed to leave England in the spring , and during the winter of 1069 -- 70 his forces systematically devastated Northumbria in the Harrying of the North , subduing all resistance . As a symbol of his renewed authority over the north , William ceremonially wore his crown at York on Christmas Day 1069 .
Theses on the Philosophy of History
One interpretation of Benjamin in Thesis I is that Benjamin is suggesting that despite Karl Marx 's claims to scientific objectivity , historical materialism is actually a quasi-religious fraud . Benjamin uses The Turk , a famous chess - playing device of the 18th century , as an analogy for historical materialism . Presented as an automaton that could defeat skilled chess players , The Turk actually concealed a human ( allegedly a dwarf ) who controlled the machine . He wrote :
The Man in the High Castle
In The Religion of Science Fiction , Frederick A. Kreuziger explores the theory of history implied by Dick 's creation of the two alternative realities :
Battle of Towton
A newsletter dated 4 April 1461 reported a widely circulated figure of 28,000 casualties in the battle , which Charles Ross and other historians believe was exaggerated . The number was taken from the heralds ' estimate of the dead and appeared in letters from Edward and the Bishop of Salisbury , Richard Beauchamp . Other contemporary sources gave higher numbers , ranging from 30,000 to 38,000 ; Hall quoted an exact figure of 36,776 . An exception was the Annales rerum anglicarum , which stated the Lancastrians had 9,000 casualties -- an estimate Ross found to be more believable . The Lancastrian nobility had heavy losses . Trollope and Northumberland fell in battle , and Lord Dacre was said to have been killed by an archer who was perched in a `` bur tree '' ( a local term for an elder ) . Conversely , the Yorkists lost only one notable member of the gentry -- Horne -- at Towton .
Elizabethan government
Elizabethan government concerning foreign policy is often accused of being affected by factionalism . This appears true in the later secion of her reign , post-Armada , when factions led by the Earl of Essex , and the Cecils , argued over which way the war against Spain should proceed . Essex , keen for glory and prestige , favored an expensive land based military strategy , whilst the Cecil faction advocated a cheaper moderate naval strategy . Due to the conflicting factions no policy was explicitly followed and each side frequently tried to undermine the others , resulting in a confused foreign policy .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
During the 12th century the Norman kings attempted to formalise the feudal governance system initially created after the invasion . After the invasion the king had enjoyed a combination of income from his own demesne lands , the Anglo - Saxon geld tax and fines . Successive kings found that they needed additional revenues , especially in order to pay for mercenary forces . One way of doing this was to exploit the feudal system , and kings adopted the French feudal aid model , a levy of money imposed on feudal subordinates when necessary ; another method was to exploit the scutage system , in which feudal military service could be transmuted to a cash payment to the king . Taxation was also an option , although the old geld tax was increasingly ineffective due to a growing number of exemptions . Instead , a succession of kings created alternative land taxes , such as the tallage and carucage taxes . These were increasingly unpopular and , along with the feudal charges , were condemned and constrained in the Magna Carta of 1215 . As part of the formalisation of the royal finances , Henry I created the Chancellor of the Exchequer , a post which would lead to the maintenance of the Pipe rolls , a set of royal financial records of lasting significance to historians in tracking both royal finances and medieval prices .
Game of Thrones
Tom Holland of The Guardian believes that the novels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings , characters , and plot on events in European history . Most of Westeros is reminiscent of high medieval Europe , from lands and cultures , to the palace intrigue , feudal system , castles , and knightly tournaments . A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 85 ) between the houses of Lancaster and York , reflected in Martin 's houses of Lannister and Stark . The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella , the `` she - wolf of France '' ( 1295 -- 1358 ) ; Isabella and her family ( particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon 's historical - novel series , The Accursed Kings ) were also a main inspiration for Martin .
Battle of Towton
The Queen of England , Margaret of Anjou , refused to accept an arrangement that deprived her son -- Edward of Westminster -- of his birthright . She had fled to Scotland after the Yorkist victory at Northampton ; there she began raising an army , promising her followers the freedom to plunder on the march south through England . Her Lancastrian supporters also mustered in the north of England , preparing for her arrival . York marched with his army to meet this threat , but he was lured into a trap at Wakefield and killed . The duke and his second son Edmund , Earl of Rutland , were decapitated by the Lancastrians and their heads were impaled on spikes atop the Micklegate Bar , a gatehouse of the city of York . The leadership of the House of York passed onto the duke 's heir , Edward . The