vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Philippines
The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain . Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos , during his expedition in 1542 , named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the then - Prince of Asturias . Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago . Before that became commonplace , other names such as Islas del Poniente ( Islands of the West ) and Magellan 's name for the islands San Lázaro were also used by the Spanish to refer to the islands .
Name of France
The name France comes from Latin Francia ( `` land of the Franks '' ) .
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine ( ACh ) was first identified in 1915 by Henry Hallett Dale for its actions on heart tissue . It was confirmed as a neurotransmitter by Otto Loewi , who initially gave it the name Vagusstoff because it was released from the vagus nerve . Both received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work . Acetylcholine was also the first neurotransmitter to be identified .
Dodo
The dodo 's significance as one of the best - known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object , as in the expression `` dead as a dodo , '' which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete . Similarly , the phrase `` to go the way of the dodo '' means to become extinct or obsolete , to fall out of common usage or practice , or to become a thing of the past . `` Dodo '' is also a slang term for a stupid , dull - witted person , as it was supposedly stupid and easily caught .
Bothrops asper
The name fer - de-lance is commonly used in North America to refer to this species , as well as to B. atrox , although B. atrox is more commonly referred to as the `` lancehead '' in North America . The name fer - de-lance is not used in the countries inhabited by this species . The name terciopelo means velvet in Spanish .
Branches of science
Zoology , occasionally spelled zoölogy , is the branch of science that relates to the animal kingdom , including the structure , embryology , evolution , classification , habits , and distribution of all animals , both living and extinct . The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον ( zōon , `` animal '' ) + λόγος ( logos , `` knowledge '' ) . Some branches of zoology include : anthrozoology , arachnology , archaeozoology , cetology , embryology , entomology , helminthology , herpetology , histology , ichthyology , malacology , mammalogy , morphology , nematology , ornithology , palaeozoology , pathology , primatology , protozoology , taxonomy , and zoogeography . Human
Nominative determinism
By the beginning of the 20th century , Smith and Taylor were two of the three most frequently occurring English surnames ; both were occupational , though few smiths and tailors remained . When a correspondence between a name and an occupation did occur , it became worthy of note . In an 1888 issue of the Kentish Note Book magazine a list appeared with `` several carriers by the name of Carter ; a hosier named Hosegood ; an auctioneer named Sales ; and a draper named Cuff '' . Since then , a variety of terms for the concept of a close relationship between name and occupation have emerged . The term aptronym is thought to have been coined in the early 20th century by the American newspaper columnist Franklin P. Adams . Linguist Frank Nuessel coined aptonym , without an `` r '' , in 1992 . Other synonyms include euonym , Perfect Fit Last Name ( PFLN ) , and namephreak . In literary science a name that particularly suits a character is called a charactonym . Notable authors who frequently used charactonyms as a stylistic technique include Charles Dickens ( e.g. , Mr. Gradgrind , the tyrannical schoolmaster ) and William Shakespeare ( e.g. , the lost baby Perdita in The Winter 's Tale ) . Unlike nominative determinism , the concept of aptronym and its synonyms do not say anything about causality , i.e. why the name has come to fit .
Ancient Egypt
The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order ; thus humans , animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole . Animals , both domesticated and wild , were therefore a critical source of spirituality , companionship , and sustenance to the ancient Egyptians . Cattle were the most important livestock ; the administration collected taxes on livestock in regular censuses , and the size of a herd reflected the prestige and importance of the estate or temple that owned them . In addition to cattle , the ancient Egyptians kept sheep , goats , and pigs . Poultry , such as ducks , geese , and pigeons , were captured in nets and bred on farms , where they were force - fed with dough to fatten them . The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish . Bees were also domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom , and provided both honey and wax .
French name
During the Ancien Régime , a female commoner was always addressed as mademoiselle , even when married , madame being limited to women of the high nobility , even if they were not married . This practice ceased after the French Revolution .
Prairie dog
In companies that use large numbers of cubicles in a common space , employees sometimes use the term `` prairie dogging '' to refer to the action of several people simultaneously looking over the walls of their cubicles in response to a noise or other distraction . This action is thought to resemble the startled response of a group of prairie dogs .
Pluto (mythology)
As Pluto gained importance as an embodiment of agricultural wealth within the Eleusinian Mysteries , from the 5th century BC onward the name Hades was increasingly reserved for the underworld as a place . Neither Hades nor Pluto was one of the traditional Twelve Olympians , and Hades seems to have received limited cult , perhaps only at Elis , where the temple was opened once a year . During the time of Plato , the Athenians periodically honored the god called Plouton with the `` strewing of a couch '' ( tên klinên strôsai ) . At Eleusis , Plouton had his own priestess . Pluto was worshipped with Persephone as a divine couple at Knidos , Ephesos , Mytilene , and Sparta as well as at Eleusis , where they were known simply as God ( Theos ) and Goddess ( Thea ) .
Pluto (mythology)
To Plato , the god of the underworld was `` an agent in ( the ) beneficent cycle of death and rebirth '' meriting worship under the name of Plouton , a giver of spiritual wealth . In the dialogue Cratylus , Plato has Socrates explain the etymology of Plouton , saying that Pluto gives wealth ( ploutos ) , and his name means `` giver of wealth , which comes out of the earth beneath '' . Because the name Hades is taken to mean `` the invisible '' , people fear what they can not see ; although they are in error about the nature of this deity 's power , Socrates says , `` the office and name of the God really correspond '' :
Red panda
The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi . Pandas were presented to her family as a gift , and they were then housed in `` a special tree house '' .
Magic in Harry Potter
Each Animagus has a specific animal form , and can not transform into any other animal . The animal can not be chosen : it is uniquely suited to that individual 's personality , and in most cases the Animagus will change into the same animal used in the person 's Patronus Charm .
Prairie dog
On 8 September 2008 , the FDA and CDC rescinded the ban , making it once again legal to capture , sell , and transport prairie dogs . Although the federal ban has been lifted , several states still have in place their own ban on prairie dogs .
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs that were in captivity at the time of the ban in 2003 were allowed to be kept under a grandfather clause , but were not to be bought , traded , or sold , and transport was permitted only to and from a veterinarian under quarantine procedures .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
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List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
Porcupine can play the flute and has a passion for cooking but can not see without her glasses . She is a close friend with Turtle , who is the only character who can hug her because of her sharp quills . They were pen pals before he came to the forest .
Positron emission tomography
In 2018 the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine became the first veterinary center to employ a small clinical PET - scanner as a pet - PET scan , for clinical ( rather than research ) animal diagnosis . Because of cost as well as the marginal utility of detecting cancer metastases in companion animals ( the primary use of this modality ) , veterinary PET scanning is expected to be rarely available in the immediate future .
Prairie dog
They can be difficult pets to care for , requiring regular attention and a very specific diet of grasses and hay . Each year , they go into a period called rut that can last for several months , in which their personalities can drastically change , often becoming defensive or even aggressive . Despite their needs , prairie dogs are very social animals and come to seem as though they treat humans as members of their colony , answering barks and chirps , and even coming when called by name .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
The breed is highly affectionate , playful , extremely patient and eager to please . As such , dogs of the breed are good with children and other dogs . Cavaliers are not shy about socialising with much larger dogs . They will adapt quickly to almost any environment , family , and location and suit city and country life . Their ability to bond with larger and smaller dogs makes them ideal in houses with more than one breed of dog as long as the other dog is trained . Cavaliers rank 44th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , being of average intelligence in working or obedience . Cavaliers are naturally curious and playful , but also enjoy simply cuddling up on a cushion or lap , making them excellent companion or lap dogs for medical patients and the elderly .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
The UK Parliament website states : `` Contrary to popular rumour , there is no Act of Parliament referring to King Charles spaniels being allowed anywhere in the Palace of Westminster . We are often asked this question and have thoroughly researched it . '' Similarly , there is no proof of any such law covering the wider UK . A spokesman for the Kennel Club said : `` This law has been quoted from time to time . It is alleged in books that King Charles made this decree but our research has n't tracked it down . ''
Prairie dog
The European Union has not lifted its ban on imports from the U.S. of animals captured in the wild . Major European Prairie Dog Associations , such as the Italian Associazione Italiana Cani della Prateria ( AICDP ) , remain against import from the United States , due to the high death rate of wild captures . Several zoos in Europe have stable prairie dog colonies that generate enough surplus pups to saturate the EU internal demand , and several associations help owners to give adoption to captive - born animals .
Prairie dog
All Cynomys species are classed as a `` prohibited new organism '' under New Zealand 's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 , preventing it from being imported into the country .
Feral pig
To control feral pig numbers , American hunters have taken to trapping and / or killing as many individuals as they can . Some , in Texas , have even turned the trapping and killing of razorbacks into small businesses . Legal restrictions on methods of hunting are lax , as most state departments of wildlife openly acknowledge feral pigs as an ecological threat and some classify them as vermin . For example , the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources considers them unprotected wild animals with no closed season or harvest limit , and promotes their aggressive removal .
Primate
Primates are used as model organisms in laboratories and have been used in space missions . They serve as service animals for disabled humans . Capuchin monkeys can be trained to assist quadriplegic humans ; their intelligence , memory , and manual dexterity make them ideal helpers .
Royal corgis
Elizabeth II 's mother , at that time Queen Elizabeth , introduced a disciplined regimen for the dogs ; each was to have its own wicker basket , raised above the floor to avoid drafts . Meals were served for each dog in its own dish , the diet approved by veterinary experts with no tidbits from the royal table . A proprietary brand of meat dog biscuits was served in the morning , while the late afternoon meal consisted of dog meal with gravy . Extra biscuits were handed out for celebrations and rewards .
Red fox
In their unmodified wild state , red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets . Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well - meaning people during the spring period , though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young . Actual orphans are rare , and the ones that are adopted are likely kits that simply strayed from their den site . Kits require almost constant supervision ; when still suckling , they require milk at four - hour intervals day and night . Once weaned , they may become destructive to leather objects , furniture and electric cables . Though generally friendly toward people when young , captive red foxes become fearful of humans , save for their handlers , once they reach 10 weeks of age . They maintain their wild counterpart 's strong instinct of concealment , and may pose a threat to domestic birds , even when well fed . Although suspicious of strangers , they can form bonds with cats and dogs , even ones bred for fox hunting . Tame foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds .
Cross River gorilla
Another threat to the Cross River gorilla is the harmful gorilla pet trade . To date , there is only one recorded Cross River gorilla in captivity , held at the Limbe Wildlife Center . Although is seems like a small number amount of gorillas in captivity , the pet trade has posed a large threat to other species of gorillas in the past , and will likely endanger the Cross River gorilla . Since baby gorillas make preferable pets , hunters will often kill the adults protecting the baby .
APA Ethics Code
Currently , the APA enforces ethical standards to protect nonhuman animal subjects from unnecessary harm during the research process . Some of the requirements for using nonhuman animals in research include : proper justification of the research , maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals , minimizing discomfort and stress whenever possible , and preference of noninvasive measures .
Obligate nasal breathing
Many other mammals , such as cats , dogs , and adult humans , have the ability to breathe indefinitely through either the oral or nasal cavity .
Border Collie
Away from breed standards , short haired Border collie variants are also found , offering householders a less demanding task clearing year - round shed hair . Crossing collies with German shepherd dogs produces a strong intelligent hybrid of intermediate size , popularly named a `` shollie '' , used as a working dog with livestock and as an animal companion .
Utilitarianism
Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals , for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast 's pleasures ; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool , no instructed person would be an ignoramus , no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base , even though they should be persuaded that the fool , the dunce , or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs ... A being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy , is capable probably of more acute suffering , and certainly accessible to it at more points , than one of an inferior type ; but in spite of these liabilities , he can never really wish to sink into what he feels to be a lower grade of existence ... It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied ; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied . And if the fool , or the pig , are of a different opinion , it is because they only know their own side of the question ...
Police dog
It is a felony to assault or kill a federal law enforcement animal , and it is a crime in most states to assault or kill a police animal . Yet despite common belief , police dogs are not treated as police officers for the purpose of the law , and attacking a police dog is not punishable in the same manner as attacking a police officer . Though many police departments formally swear dogs in as police officers , this swearing - in is purely honorary , and carries no legal significance .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
Turtle has been Porcupine 's friend and pen pal since before he came to live in the forest . He lives a slow and easy life , moves slowly , and speaks with a southeastern United States accent . Turtle enjoys quiet activities like bird watching or playing checkers with his friends . Because of his shell , he is the only character who can hug Porcupine .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
They have an instinct to chase most things that move including vehicles on busy streets , and so most Cavaliers will never become `` street-wise '' . As they tend to regard all strangers as friends , members of the breed will usually not make good guard dogs . Spaniels have a strong hunting instinct and may endanger birds and small animals . However , owners have reported that through training their Cavaliers live happily with a variety of small animals including hamsters and gerbils .
Ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden , and they were responsible for plowing the fields and trampling seed into the soil . The slaughter of a fattened ox was also a central part of an offering ritual . Horses were introduced by the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period . Camels , although known from the New Kingdom , were not used as beasts of burden until the Late Period . There is also evidence to suggest that elephants were briefly utilized in the Late Period but largely abandoned due to lack of grazing land . Dogs , cats , and monkeys were common family pets , while more exotic pets imported from the heart of Africa , such as Sub-Saharan African lions , were reserved for royalty . Herodotus observed that the Egyptians were the only people to keep their animals with them in their houses . During the Predynastic and Late periods , the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular , such as the cat goddess Bastet and the ibis god Thoth , and these animals were bred in large numbers on farms for the purpose of ritual sacrifice .
Lead poisoning
Farm animals such as cows and horses as well as pet animals are also susceptible to the effects of lead toxicity . Sources of lead exposure in pets can be the same as those that present health threats to humans sharing the environment , such as paint and blinds , and there is sometimes lead in toys made for pets . Lead poisoning in a pet dog may indicate that children in the same household are at increased risk for elevated lead levels .
Positron emission tomography
PET is also used in pre-clinical studies using animals , where it allows repeated investigations into the same subjects . This is particularly valuable in cancer research , as it results in an increase in the statistical quality of the data ( subjects can act as their own control ) and substantially reduces the numbers of animals required for a given study .
Mars, Incorporated
In 2007 , Mars came under criticism by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) for funding laboratory experiments on mice , rats , guinea pigs and rabbits which the group alleges are inhumane and in violation of the company 's own policies prohibiting experiments on animals .
Koko (gorilla)
Koko is one of the few non-humans known to keep a pet . Researchers at The Gorilla Foundation said that Koko asked for a cat for Christmas in 1983 . Ron Cohn , a biologist with the foundation , explained to the Los Angeles Times that when she was given a lifelike stuffed animal , she was less than satisfied . She did not play with it and continued to sign `` sad . '' So on her birthday in July 1984 , she was able to choose a kitten from a litter of abandoned kittens . Koko selected a gray male Manx and named him `` All Ball '' . Penny Patterson , who had custody of Koko and who had organized The Gorilla Foundation , wrote that Koko cared for the kitten as if it were a baby gorilla . Researchers said that she tried to nurse All Ball and was very gentle and loving . They believed that Koko 's nurturing of the kitten and the skills she gained through playing with dolls would be helpful in Koko 's learning how to nurture an offspring .
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals . Methods to administer CO include placing animals directly into a closed , prefilled chamber containing CO , or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of CO . In 2013 , the American Veterinary Medical Association issued new guidelines for carbon dioxide induction , stating that a displacement rate of 10 % to 30 % of the gas chamber volume per minute is optimal for the humane euthanization of small rodents .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
Auf Wiedersehen , Pet was created by Franc Roddam after an idea from Mick Connell , a bricklayer from Stockton - on - Tees , and written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais , who also wrote The Likely Lads , Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads ? and Porridge . The series were broadcast on ITV in 1983 -- 84 and 1986 . A successful revival of the show saw two series and a Christmas special on BBC One in 2002 and 2004 .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
An urban legend claims that Charles II issued a special decree granting King Charles Spaniels permission to enter any establishment in the UK , overriding `` no dog except guide dogs '' rules . A variant of this myth relates specifically to the Houses of Parliament . This myth is sometimes instead applied to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel .
Boxer (dog)
Boxers were originally a docked and cropped breed , and this is still done in some countries . However , due to pressure from veterinary associations , animal rights groups , and the general public , both cropping of the ears and docking of the tail have been prohibited in many countries around the world . A line of naturally short - tailed ( bobtail ) Boxers was developed in the United Kingdom in anticipation of a tail docking ban there ; after several generations of controlled breeding , these dogs were accepted in the Kennel Club ( UK ) registry in 1998 , and today representatives of the bobtail line can be found in many countries around the world . However , in 2008 the FCI added a `` naturally stumpy tail '' as a disqualifying fault in their breed standard , meaning those Boxers born with a bobtail can no longer be shown in FCI member countries . In the United States and Canada as of 2012 , cropped ears are still more common in show dogs , even though the practice of cosmetic cropping is currently opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association . In March 2005 the AKC breed standard was changed to include a description of the uncropped ear , but to severely penalize an undocked tail . The tail of a boxer is typically docked before the cartilage is fully formed , between 3 -- 5 days old . This procedure does not require any anesthesia or sutures when performed at this young age .