vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jury trial
There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts , but in practice , almost every state except Louisiana , which has a civil law legal tradition , permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court . The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states , except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right , of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part .
Separation of church and state in the United States
In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . ''
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Incorporation applies both procedurally and substantively to the guarantees of the states . Thus , procedurally , only a jury can convict a defendant of a serious crime , since the Sixth Amendment jury - trial right has been incorporated against the states ; substantively , for example , states must recognize the First Amendment prohibition against a state - established religion , regardless of whether state laws and constitutions offer such a prohibition . The Supreme Court has declined , however , to apply new procedural constitutional rights retroactively against the states in criminal cases ( Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 ( 1989 ) ) with limited exceptions , and it has waived constitutional requirements if the states can prove that a constitutional violation was `` harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language .
Freedom of religion in the United States
Several private organizations , the most notable being the Boy Scouts of America , do not allow atheist members . However , this policy has come under fire by organizations who assert that the Boy Scouts of America do benefit from taxpayer money and thus can not be called a truly private organization , and thus must admit atheists , and others currently barred from membership . An organization called Scouting for All , founded by Eagle Scout Steven Cozza , is at the forefront of the movement . Court
Cousin marriage
States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives , which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half - cousins , double cousins , infertile , over 65 , or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture , adoption status , in - law , whether or not genetic counselling is required , and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed .
Freedom of religion in the United States
`` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction there of , are citizens of the United States and of the State where in they reside . No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . ''
Elections in the United States
State law and state constitutions , controlled by state legislatures regulate elections at state level and local level . Various officials at state level are elected . Since the separation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government , state legislatures and the executive ( the governor ) are elected separately . Governors and lieutenant governor are elected in all states , in some states on a joint ticket and in some states separately , some separately in different electoral cycles . The governors of the territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected . In some states , executive positions such as Attorney General and Secretary of State are also elected offices . All members of state legislatures and territorial jurisdiction legislatures are elected . In some states , members of the state supreme court and other members of the state judiciary are elected . Proposals to amend the state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states .
Freedom of religion in the United States
In Widmar v. Vincent , 454 U.S. 263 ( 1981 ) , the Court ruled that a Missouri law prohibiting religious groups from using state university grounds and buildings for religious worship was unconstitutional . As a result , Congress decided in 1984 that this should apply to secondary and primary schools as well , passing the Equal Access Act , which prevents public schools from discriminating against students based on `` religious , political , philosophical or other content of the speech at such meetings '' . In Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens , 496 U.S. 226 , 236 ( 1990 ) , the Court upheld this law when it ruled that a school board 's refusal to allow a Christian Bible club to meet in a public high school classroom violated the act . In Good News Club v. Milford Central School , 533 U.S. 98 ( 2001 ) , the Court ruled that religious groups must be allowed to use public schools after hours if the same access is granted to other community groups . In Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia , 515 U.S. 819 ( 1995 ) , the Supreme Court found that the University of Virginia was unconstitutionally withholding funds from a religious student magazine .
Separation of church and state in the United States
For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides :
Constitution of India
In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today .
Gun laws in California
On February 13 , 2014 , a three - judge panel of a federal appeals court , in the case of Peruta v. San Diego , ruled that California 's may - issue concealed carry rules as implemented by the County of San Diego , in combination with its ban on open carry in most areas of the state , violate the Second Amendment , because they together deny law - abiding citizens the right to bear arms in public for the lawful purpose of self - defense .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time .
Voting rights in the United States
In 1999 , the Attorney General of the State of New York ran a check of polling places around the state to see if they were accessible to voters with disabilities and found many problems . A study of three upstate counties of New York found fewer than 10 percent of polling places fully compliant with state and federal laws .
List of smoking bans in the United States
In Connecticut , Oregon , Montana , Utah , and Wisconsin , the state law preempts local governments from enacting stricter smoking bans than the state , though some cities and / or counties in some of those states have enacted local versions of the state 's smoking ban . In the other 23 states with a statewide general smoking ban , some cities and / or counties have enacted stricter local smoking bans to varying degrees . In California , Connecticut , Delaware , Hawaii , Maine , New Jersey , North Dakota , Oregon , Utah , and Vermont , usage of e-cigarettes is prohibited indoors . The strictest smoking ban in the United States is in Calabasas , California , where smoking anywhere a non-smoker could congregate , including public sidewalks and apartment complexes , is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of at least $250 .
Gun laws in Georgia
Georgia reciprocates in recognizing firearms licenses with the following states : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming .
List of multilingual countries and regions
In the United States , at the federal level , there is no official language , although there have been efforts to make English the official language . Use of several languages in electoral process under certain circumstances is provided for by federal law , including Spanish in the whole states of Florida , California and Texas . The US state of California has Dymally - Alatorre Bilingual Services Act requiring state and local agencies serving a `` substantial number of non-English speaking people '' to employ a `` qualified bilingual staff '' and to translate certain documents into clients ' languages . The US state of New Mexico provides certain guarantees for the use of Spanish , alongside English , in its constitution and electoral laws . Its state laws also provide for using Spanish and Native American languages in education The US state of New York provides translation of vital documents and interpretation into six languages alongside English . The US state of Texas provides in its law for translating to Spanish certain information on agency websites The US state of Louisiana has mandated the Louisiana French Language Services Program and the Department of Culture , Recreation and Tourism to work on providing state government services in French , to the extent practicable It also expressly allows the use of French in legal process and publishing official documents . The Saint John River valley in the US state of Maine and some areas in Vermont are unofficially bilingual ( de facto ) in English and French . The US state of Hawaii is officially bilingual in English and Hawaiian . The US state of Alaska officially recognizes English and the following twenty Alaska Native languages : Inupiaq , Siberian Yupik , Central Alaskan Yup'ik , Alutiiq , Unanga , Dena'ina , Deg Xinag , Holikachuk , Koyukon , Upper Kuskokwim , Gwich'in , Tanana , Upper Tanana , Tanacross , Hän , Ahtna , Eyak , Tlingit , Haida , Tsimshian languages . Three US territories are also bilingual : American Samoa ( Samoan and English ) , and Puerto Rico ( Spanish and English ) . Guam Code provides for bilingual education ( English and Chamorro ) . One US territory is trilingual : Northern Marianas Islands ( English , Chamorro , and Carolinian ) .
Separation of church and state in the United States
When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education )
Social media
Many Western European countries have already implemented laws that restrict the regulation of social media in the workplace . States including Arkansas , California , Colorado , Illinois , Maryland , Michigan , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , Utah , Washington , and Wisconsin have passed legislation that protects potential employees and current employees from employers that demand them to give forth their username or password for a social media account . Laws that forbid employers from disciplining an employee based on activity off the job on social media sites have also been put into act in states including California , Colorado , Connecticut , North Dakota , and New York . Several states have similar laws that protect students in colleges and universities from having to grant access to their social media accounts . Eight states have passed the law that prohibits post secondary institutions from demanding social media login information from any prospective or current students and privacy legislation has been introduced or is pending in at least 36 states as of July 2013 . As of May 2014 , legislation has been introduced and is in the process of pending in at least 28 states and has been enacted in Maine and Wisconsin . In addition , the National Labor Relations Board has been devoting a lot of their attention to attacking employer policies regarding social media that can discipline employees who seek to speak and post freely on social media sites .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Out - of - state permits recognized ? N / A Partial New Mexico recognizes permits from states with reciprocity agreements ( currently 24 states ) . Duty to Inform ? No * No * * Although not mandated by state law , it is customary in New Mexico to inform law enforcement officials when transporting firearms . Those who are carrying a loaded pistol or revolver concealed while on foot must carry their CHL with them and present it upon demand by law enforcement . Concealed Carry on College Campuses ? No No NMSA 29 - 19 - 8 NMSA 30 - 7 - 2.4 Firearms and ammunition may be stored in a locked vehicle while parked on campus , and may be carried while driving in a vehicle on campus , but may not be carried on foot while on campus property . Exceptions exist for university - sponsored shooting events and ROTC programs . NFA weapons restricted ? No No State pre-emption of local ordinances ? Yes * Yes * NMSA 29 - 19 - 10 * As stated in Article 2 , Section 6 of the New Mexico Constitution . * Tribal laws on Native American reservations not pre-empted . Some tribes recognize New Mexico firearms laws , while others do not and have far more restrictive firearms policies . Additionally , some local jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 New Mexico 's self - defense statute ( NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 ) is vaguely worded and does not specifically address Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground situations . However , Castle Doctrine has been established on a limited basis by a 1946 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling , which states that when a person reasonably feels `` threatened with an attack need not retreat . In the exercise of his right of self defense , he may stand his ground and defend himself . '' Currently , the courts have limited the scope of Castle Doctrine / Stand Your Ground to self - defense situations occurring inside the defender 's home , and neither law nor court precedence provides the defender immunity from lawsuits by the aggressor arising from the use of lethal force in self - defense . Additionally , judicial precedence in New Mexico has established that the use of lethal force is not justifiable in defense of one 's property alone . Duty to Retreat ?
Freedom of religion in the United States
Many states have freedom of religion established in their constitution , though the exact legal consequences of this right vary for historical and cultural reasons . Most states interpret `` freedom of religion '' as including the freedom of long - established religious communities to remain intact and not be destroyed . By extension , democracies interpret `` freedom of religion '' as the right of each individual to freely choose to convert from one religion to another , mix religions , or abandon religion altogether .
Chinese marriage
Although modern Chinese law explicitly prohibits polygamy , there has been a recent surge of polygamy in mainland China . Since the opening of China 's borders in the 1970s , businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan started setting up `` secondary wives '' ( 二奶 , er nai ) in the Mainland . Since then the practice has spread to local affluent men . Someone considered as 二奶 would receive more privileges than another woman regarded as 小三 ( xiao san ) , a term reserved for a mere mistress rather than a role more akin to second wife or concubine . Although this practice is condemned throughout society many men still have 二奶 and 小三 , which can cause conflict and trauma , just as it would in western countries .
United States
Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms .
Republican Party (United States)
A 2013 poll found that 61 % of Republicans support laws protecting gay and lesbian people against employment discrimination and a 2007 poll showed 60 % of Republicans supported expanding federal hate crime laws to include sexual orientation and gender identity . Puerto
Languages with official status in India
The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration , and in general , neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right . However , every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state , regardless of its official status .
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party supports equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex , age , race , ethnicity , sexual orientation , gender identity , religion , creed , or national origin . Many Democrats support affirmative action programs to further this goal . Democrats also strongly support the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability . As such , the Democrats pushed as well the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 , a legal expansion that became law . Voting
List of smoking bans in the United States
Statewide smoking ban : Effective January 1 , 2007 , as passed in March 2006 ( amended in 2012 ) , Utah 's 1995 Indoor Clean Air Act was expanded to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Utah , including bars and restaurants ( bars and private clubs were exempt until January 1 , 2009 ) , exempting only ( 1 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 2 ) areas of owner - operated businesses with no employees besides the owner , and ( 3 ) American Indian religious and cultural ceremonies . Since the state law supersedes any ordinances passed by political subdivisions of the state ( i.e. , cities , counties , school districts , agencies , etc . ) , such political subdivisions are preempted from regulating indoor smoking any more or less stringently than the Act . Utah is one of the few states with a statewide smoking ban that does not exempt tobacconists . Local outdoor smoking bans : Notwithstanding the preemption against political subdivisions modifying the restrictions on indoor smoking , the Act expressly allows such political subdivisions to regulate `` smoking in outdoor places of public access which are owned or operated by '' ( emphasis added ) a political subdivision ( specifically including state institutions of public or higher education ) . Accordingly , some political subdivisions have enacted local ordinances prohibiting smoking in certain outdoor areas such as schools , parks , and public transit facilities .
Fundamental rights in India
All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission .