vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
North Africa
The Atlas Mountains extend across much of Morocco , northern Algeria and Tunisia , are part of the fold mountain system that also runs through much of Southern Europe . They recede to the south and east , becoming a steppe landscape before meeting the Sahara desert , which covers more than 75 percent of the region . The sediments of the Sahara overlie an ancient plateau of crystalline rock , some of which is more than four billion years old . North
Elk
The Rocky Mountain elk subspecies has been reintroduced by hunter - conservation organizations in the Appalachian region of the eastern U.S. , where the now extinct eastern elk once lived . After elk were reintroduced in the states of Kentucky , North Carolina and Tennessee , they migrated into the neighboring states of Virginia and West Virginia , and have established permanent populations there . In 2017 , a male elk , likely from the Smoky Mountains population , was sighted in South Carolina for the first time in nearly 300 years . Elk have also been reintroduced to a number of other states , including Pennsylvania , Michigan , Wisconsin , Missouri and Etolin and Afognak Islands in Alaska . Reintroduction of the elk into Ontario began in the early 20th century , and is ongoing with limited success . As of 1989 , population figures for the Rocky Mountain subspecies were 782,500 , and estimated numbers for all North American subspecies exceeded 1 million . Prior to the European colonization of North America , there were an estimated 10 million elk on the continent .
Lake District
As the highest ground in England , Scafell Pike naturally has a very extensive view on a clear day , ranging from the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland to Snowdonia in Wales . The Lake District takes the form of a roughly circular upland massif deeply dissected by a broadly radial pattern of major valleys whose character is largely the product of repeated glaciations over the last 2 million years . Most of these valleys display the U-shaped cross-section characteristic of glacial origin , and often contain elongate lakes occupying sizeable bedrock hollows , often with tracts of relatively flat ground at their heads . Smaller lakes known as tarns occupy glacial cirques at higher elevations . It is the abundance of both which has led to the area becoming known as the Lake District .
Zimbabwe
The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique . The highest peak in Zimbabwe , Mount Nyangani at 2,593 m ( 8,507 ft ) is located here as well as the Bvumba Mountains and the Nyanga National Park . World 's View is in these mountains and it is from here that places as far away as 60 -- 70 km ( 37 -- 43 mi ) are visible and , on clear days , the town of Rusape can be seen .
Tar Heel
The following legends and anecdotes have arisen trying to explain the history of the term Tar Heel .
Matterhorn
Most of the base of the mountain lies in the Tsaté nappe , a remnant of the Piedmont - Liguria oceanic crust ( ophiolites ) and its sedimentary rocks . Up to 3,400 metres the mountain is composed of successive layers of ophiolites and sedimentary rocks . From 3,400 metres to the top , the rocks are gneisses from the Dent Blanche nappe ( Austroalpine nappes ) . They are divided into the Arolla series ( below 4,200 m ) and the Valpelline zone ( the summit ) . Other mountains in the region ( Weisshorn , Zinalrothorn , Dent Blanche , Mont Collon ) also belong to the Dent Blanche nappe .
Great Lakes region
The arrangement of the Great Lakes closely matches the course of the lowlands worn on the two belts of weaker strata on either side of the Niagara escarpment . Lake Ontario , Georgian Bay and Green Bay occupy depressions in the lowland on the inner side of the escarpment . Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan lie in depressions in the lowland on the outer side . When the two lowlands are traced eastward , they become confluent after the Niagara limestone has faded away in central New York , and the single lowland is continued under the name of the Mohawk Valley . This is an east - west longitudinal depression that has been eroded on a belt of relatively weak strata between the resistant crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks on the north and the northern escarpment of the Appalachian plateau ( Catskills - Helderbergs ) on the south . Early in U.S. history , this provided a vital economic route between the Atlantic seaports and the U.S. interior .
Matterhorn
The Matterhorn is an isolated mountain . Because of its position on the main Alpine watershed and its great height , the Matterhorn is exposed to rapid weather changes . In addition , the steep faces of the mountain and its isolated location make it prone to banner clouds formation , with the air flowing around the mountain producing condensation of the air on the lee side and also creating vortices .
Black Hills
As with the geology , the biology of the Black Hills is complex . Most of the Hills are a fire - climax ponderosa pine forest , with Black Hills spruce ( Picea glauca var . densata ) occurring in cool moist valleys of the Northern Hills . Oddly , this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains , which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills . Large open parks ( mountain meadows ) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills ( especially the western portion ) , and the southern edge of the Hills , due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations , are covered by a dry pine savannah , with stands of mountain mahogany and Rocky Mountain juniper .
Cherokee
Pre-contact Cherokee are considered to be part of the later Pisgah Phase of Southern Appalachia , which lasted from circa 1000 to 1500 . Despite the consensus among most specialists in Southeast archeology and anthropology , some scholars contend that ancestors of the Cherokee people lived in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee for a far longer period of time . During the late Archaic and Woodland Period , Indians in the region began to cultivate plants such as marsh elder , lambsquarters , pigweed , sunflowers , and some native squash . People created new art forms such as shell gorgets , adopted new technologies , and developed an elaborate cycle of religious ceremonies .
Stone Mountain
Cherokee Trail : A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) National Recreation Trail , the Cherokee Trail loops around the mountain base , with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain ( crosses Walk Up Trail ) . It passes primarily through an oak - hickory forest , but views of the lakes , streams , and mountain are common .
Tar Heel
In the third volume of Walter Clark 's Histories of the Several Regiments from North Carolina in the Great War , the author explains that the nickname came about when North Carolina troops held their ground during a battle in Virginia during the American Civil War while other supporting troops retreated . After the battle , supporting troops asked the victorious North Carolinians : `` Any more tar down in the Old North State , boys ? '' and they replied : `` No , not a bit ; old Jeff 's bought it all up . '' The supporting troops continued : `` Is that so ? What is he going to do with it ? '' The North Carolinian troops ' response : `` He is going to put it on you'ns ' heels to make you stick better in the next fight . ''
Stone Mountain
The Antebellum Plantation is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia , including three plantation manor - houses dating from 1794 , 1850 , and 1845 ; two slave cabins ; a barn ; and other outbuildings . The Plantation Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep , goats , and pigs that guests can pet .
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains contain several sedimentary basins that are rich in coalbed methane . Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal , either through bacterial action , or through exposure to high temperature . Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the United States . The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming . These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas . Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed , and separating the gas from the water ; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas ( so - called hydraulic fracturing ) .
Colonial history of the United States
North Carolina had the smallest upper - class . The richest 10 percent owned about 40 percent of all land , compared to 50 to 60 percent in neighboring Virginia and South Carolina . There were no cities of any size and very few towns , so there was scarcely an urban middle class at all . Heavily rural North Carolina was dominated by subsistence farmers with small operations . In addition , one fourth of the whites had no land at all . Georgia
Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House
In Rocky Mount , North Carolina , the dream house that was built still stands at 1515 Lafayette Avenue . Greensboro 's dream house was built in the Starmount Forest community .
Boreal forest of Canada
Canada 's boreal region can be divided into eight ecozones . These eight can be divided into two main groups . The northern regions of the boreal forest consists of four eco-zones -- Taiga Cordillera , Taiga Plains , Taiga Shield and Hudson Plains -- that are the most thinly treed areas where the growing season and average tree size progressively shrinks until the edge of the Arctic tundra is reached . The southern tier of the boreal meanwhile consists of three other ecozones that form the largely uninterrupted or continuous forest in stretching as far south as Lake Superior in Ontario ( as the Central Canadian Shield forests ecoregion ) and the Manitoba - North Dakota border . These three southern zones are the Boreal Shield , at 1,630,000 square kilometres the largest of the eight zones , the Boreal Plains and Boreal Cordillera . A typical ecoregion of this southern tier would be the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador . Finally the eighth zone is the balsam fir Abies balsamea forest that covers the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in eastern Quebec ( especially the Gaspé Peninsula ) , on the island of Newfoundland , in the highlands of New Brunswick , and the Cape Breton Highlands on Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia . Within the boreal region , there are about 1,890,000 square kilometres that are between 80 % to 100 % forested and another 650,000 square kilometres with 60 % to 80 % forest cover .
Cranberry
Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Oxycoccus erythrocarpus ( southern mountain cranberry ) native to southeastern North America at high altitudes in the southern Appalachian Mountains , and also in eastern Asia . Vaccinium
Great Lakes region
Few better illustrations of this type of forms are to be found than that presented in the district of the Great Lakes . The chief upland belt or escarpment is formed by the firm Niagara limestone / dolostone , which takes its name from the gorge and falls cut through the upland by the Niagara River . As in all such forms , the Niagara Escarpment has a relatively strong slope or infacing escarpment on the side towards the upland , and a long gentle slope on the other side . Its relief is seldom more than 200 or 300 feet ( 91 m ) and is generally small . Its continuity and its contrast with the associated lowlands on the underlying and overlying weak strata suffice to make it an important feature . The escarpment would lie straight east - west if the slant of the strata were uniformly to the south . However , the strata are somewhat warped and so the escarpment 's course is strongly convex to the north in the middle , gently convex to the south at either end .
Fynbos
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Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny , in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate . The angle of subduction was shallow , resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America . Since then , further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys . At the end of the last ice age , humans started to inhabit the mountain range . After Europeans , such as Sir Alexander Mackenzie , and Americans , such as the Lewis and Clark expedition , started to explore the range , minerals and furs drove the initial economic exploitation of the mountains , although the range itself never became densely populated .
Cherokee
King George III 's Royal Proclamation of 1763 forbade British settlements west of the Appalachian crest , as his government tried to afford some protection from colonial encroachment to the Cherokee and other tribes . The Crown found the ruling difficult to enforce with colonists .
Rocky Mountains
The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces . The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent . There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite , dating back to 1.7 billion years ago . During the Paleozoic , western North America lay underneath a shallow sea , which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite .
Atlas Mountains
Middle Atlas , High Atlas and Anti-Atlas ( Morocco ) . Tell Atlas ( Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia ) . Aurès Mountains ( Algeria , Tunisia ) . Saharan Atlas ( Algeria ) .
Fynbos
The Montane Fynbos and Renosterveld is the area above 300 m , a total of 45,000 km of the Cape Fold Mountains . The same level of floral variety , including all three characteristic fynbos families , is found there , but ericas predominate . Because the higher and wetter areas are more protected and contain important water sources , the original flora is more intact than in the lowlands ; but agriculture and global warming are stll threats . The region includes the mountains in the west from the Cape Peninsula to the Kouebokkeveld Mountains , the south coast hinterland from Elgin to Port Elizabeth , the mountains north of the Little Karoo from Laingsburg to Willowmore , and the inselberg hills within the Little Karoo . About half of these areas are originally fynbos , and about half are renosterveld .
Atlas Mountains
The Tell Atlas is a mountain chain over 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) in length , belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges and stretching from Morocco , through Algeria to Tunisia . It parallels the Mediterranean coast . Together with the Saharan Atlas to the south it forms the northernmost of two more or less parallel ranges which gradually approach one another towards the east , merging in Eastern Algeria . At the western ends at the Middle Atlas range in Morocco . The area immediately to the south of this range is the high plateau of the Hautes Plaines , with lakes in the wet season and salt flats in the dry .
Atlas Mountains
The Middle Atlas is a portion of the Atlas mountain range lying completely in Morocco . The Middle Atlas is the westernmost of three Atlas Mountains chains that define a large , plateaued basin extending eastward . South of the Middle Atlas and separated by the Moulouya and Oum Er - Rbia rivers , the High Atlas stretches for 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) with a succession of peaks among which ten reach above 4,000 metres ( 13,000 ft ) . North of the Middle Atlas and separated by the Sebou River , the Rif mountains are an extension of the Baetic Cordillera ( Baetic mountains , which include the Sierra Nevada ) in the south of Spain .
Ural Mountains
The Northern Ural consist of a series of parallel ridges up to 1,000 -- 1,200 m ( 3,300 -- 3,900 ft ) in height and longitudinal hollows . They are elongated from north to south and stretch for about 560 km ( 350 mi ) from the Usa River . Most of the tops are flattened , but those of the highest mountains , such as Telposiz , 1,617 m ( 5,305 ft ) and Konzhakovsky Stone , 1,569 m ( 5,148 ft ) have a dissected topography . Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stone on the mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas .
Colonial history of the United States
In the mid - to late - 18th century , large groups of Scots and Ulster - Scots ( later called the Scots - Irish ) immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont . They were the largest group of immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution . In a census taken in 2000 of Americans and their self - reported ancestries , areas where people reported ' American ' ancestry were the places where , historically , many Scottish , Scotch - Irish and English Borderer Protestants settled in America : the interior as well as some of the coastal areas of the South , and especially the Appalachian region . The population with some Scots and Scots - Irish ancestry may number 47 million , as most people have multiple heritages , some of which they may not know .
Rocky Mountains
Since the last great ice age , the Rocky Mountains were home first to indigenous peoples including the Apache , Arapaho , Bannock , Blackfoot , Cheyenne , Coeur d'Alene , Kalispel , Crow Nation , Flathead , Shoshone , Sioux , Ute , Kutenai ( Ktunaxa in Canada ) , Sekani , Dunne - za , and others . Paleo - Indians hunted the now - extinct mammoth and ancient bison ( an animal 20 % larger than modern bison ) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains . Like the modern tribes that followed them , Paleo - Indians probably migrated to the plains in fall and winter for bison and to the mountains in spring and summer for fish , deer , elk , roots , and berries . In Colorado , along the crest of the Continental Divide , rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,400 -- 5,800 years . A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indigenous people had significant effects on mammal populations by hunting and on vegetation patterns through deliberate burning .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
The Pennsylvania Turnpike incorporates several major bridges and tunnels along its route . Four tunnels cross central Pennsylvania 's Appalachian Mountains . The 6,070 - foot ( 1,850 m ) Allegheny Mountain Tunnel passes under Allegheny Mountain in Somerset County . The Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel runs beneath Tuscarora Mountain ( at the border of Huntingdon and Franklin Counties ) , and is 5,236 feet ( 1,596 m ) long . The Kittatinny Mountain and Blue Mountain Tunnels are adjacent to each other in Franklin County and are 4,727 feet ( 1,441 m ) and 4,339 feet ( 1,323 m ) long , respectively .
Territorial evolution of the United States
March 1780 North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland . Virginia 's survey reached to the Tennessee River , but North Carolina 's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap , and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart , this created a thin area claimed by both states . Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap , beyond that point North Carolina 's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption , and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded . While the border was intended to follow parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north , early surveying errors caused it to veer north of that , reaching a distance of seventeen miles off by the time it reached the Tennessee River . October 25 , 1780 The State of Massachusetts Bay enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . March 1 , 1781 The Articles of Confederation entered into force . no change to map April 4 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` East Union , '' consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont due to a concern that their state was focusing too much on its coastal region . Vermont never gained full control over the area . The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown , as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose ; the map uses the maximal interpretation . Disputes : June 16 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` West Union , '' consisting of some towns in New York , mainly to counterbalance Vermont 's attempt at eastward expansion . Vermont never gained full control over the area . ( The specific date this occurred is unclear ; sources suggest June 16 , June 26 , and July 18 ) . Disputes : February 22 , 1782 Vermont abandoned its attempts to annex the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York . Disputes : October 29 , 1782 The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims , which the state ceded on February 17 , 1780 . At its maximum interpretation , New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ; to the Illinois , Mississippi , and Tennessee Rivers ; and north along the Appalachian Mountains , ending at the border with Pennsylvania . It is unclear from where this claim came ; many sources state that New York had surrendered it , but very few elaborate on how it was obtained .
Atlas Mountains
The Atlas are rich in natural resources . There are deposits of iron ore , lead ore , copper , silver , mercury , rock salt , phosphate , marble , anthracite coal and natural gas among other resources . View
Libya
Slightly further to the south are the massifs of Arkenu , Uweinat and Kissu . These granite mountains are ancient , having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them . Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the Aïr Mountains . Eastern Uweinat ( the highest point in the Libyan Desert ) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west .
Tar Heel
The earliest surviving written use of the term can be found in the diary of 2nd Lieutenant Jackson B.A. Lowrance , who wrote the following on February 6 , 1863 while in Pender County , southeastern North Carolina : `` I know now what is meant by the Piney Woods of North Carolina and the idea occurs to me that it is no wonder we are called ' Tar Heels ' . '' After the Battle of Murfreesboro in Tennessee in early January 1863 , John S. Preston of Columbia , S.C. , the commanding general , rode along the fighting line commending his troops . Before the 60th Regiment from North Carolina , Preston praised them for advancing farther than he had anticipated , concluding with : `` This is your first battle of any consequence , I believe . Indeed , you Tar Heels have done well . '' An August 1869 article in Overland Monthly magazine recounted an anecdote regarding `` a brigade of North Carolinians , who , in one of the great battles ( Chancellorsville , if I remember correctly ) failed to hold a certain hill , and were laughed at by the Mississippians for having forgotten to tar their heels that morning . Hence originated their cant name ' Tarheels ' . '' In a letter dated 1864 ( in the North Carolina `` Tar Heel Collection '' ) , a Colonel Joseph Engelhard described the Battle of Ream 's Station in Virginia . In it , he states : `` It was a ' Tar Heel ' fight , and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God , which you know means something brilliant '' . North Carolina State Governor Vance said in one of his speeches to the troops : `` I do not know what to call you fellows . I can not say fellow soldiers , because I am not a soldier , nor fellow citizens , because we do not live in this state ; so I have concluded to call you fellows Tar Heels . '' A piece of sheet music , `` Wearin ' of the Grey '' , identified as `` Written by Tar Heel '' and published in Baltimore in 1866 , is probably the earliest printed use of Tar Heel .