vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Second Sino-Japanese War
In Japan , nowadays , the name `` Japan -- China War '' ( Japanese : 日 中 戦 爭 , Hepburn : Nitchū Sensō ) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity . When the invasion of China proper began in earnest in July 1937 near Beijing , the government of Japan used `` The North China Incident '' ( Japanese : 北 支 事變 / 華北 事變 , Hepburn : Hokushi Jihen / Kahoku Jihen ) , and with the outbreak of the Battle of Shanghai the following month , it was changed to `` The China Incident '' ( Japanese : 支那 事變 , Hepburn : Shina Jihen ) .
Bell pepper
China is the world 's largest producer of bell peppers , followed by Mexico , Turkey , Indonesia , and the United States .
Hōryū-ji
The Tamamushi Shrine is a common example of painting that derived from Baekje and provides important evidence for the Korean peninsula 's and the Chinese mainland 's strong cultural transfer to the Japanese islands . The shrine is named for the many wings of the tamamushi beetle that once adorned it but have since deteriorated . The paintings that cover building and dais are of Jataka tales , bodhisattvas , the Four Heavenly Kings , and other buddhist iconography . The front panels of the building show the Four Guardian Kings clad in armor with long flowing scarves . On the side doors are bodhisattvas holding lotus blossoms and forming a mudra . On the back is represented a sacred landscape with heights topped with pagodas . The dais shows on its front relics , seated monks making offerings , and apsara . On the back is depicted Mount Sumeru . The right side shows a scene from the Nirvana Sutra , where the Buddha offers his life in return for more of the sacred teachings , before being caught in his plummet by Indra . On the left panel of the dais is a scene from the Golden Light Sutra of a bodhisattva removing his upper garments before casting himself from a cliff to feed a hungry tigress and her cubs .
Qing dynasty
By the end of the 17th century , China was at its greatest height of confidence and political control since the Ming dynasty .
Migration in China
The Fifth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China in 2000 counted 42.4 million people living outside of their home provinces ( i.e. , outside of the province where they were legally domiciled ) . These would include e.g. migrant workers , students on campuses away from home , but not the military ( who , generally , are counted separately from the provinces ' and municipalities ' populations ) . The largest migrant population was found in Guangdong ( 15.0 mln ) . The rest of China 's southeastern seaboard attracted plenty of migrants as well ( Shanghai ( 3.1 mln ) , Jiangsu ( 2.5 mln ) , Zhejiang ( 2.0 mln ) , Fujian ( 2.1 mln ) ) ; Beijing had 2.5 million . The coastal Liaoning and Shandong , as well as the inland Yunnan and Xinjiang had over a million migrants each .
Chinese Buddhism
In China and countries with large Chinese populations such as Taiwan , Malaysia , and Singapore , Esoteric Buddhism is most commonly referred to as the Chinese term Mìzōng ( 密宗 ) , or `` Esoteric School . '' Traditions of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism are most commonly referred to as referred as Tángmì ( 唐 密 ) , `` Tang Dynasty Esoterica , '' or Hànchuán Mìzōng ( 漢 傳 密宗 ) , `` Han Transmission Esoteric School '' ( Hànmì 漢 密 for short ) , or Dōngmì ( 東 密 ) , `` Eastern Esoterica , '' separating itself from Tibetan and Newar traditions . These schools more or less share the same doctrines as Shingon , and in some cases , Chinese monks have traveled to Japan to train and to be given esoteric transmission at Mount Koya and Mount Hiei .
Tea culture
Teawares made with a special kind of purple clay ( Zisha ) from Yixing went on to develop during this period ( Ming Dynasty ) . The structure of purple clay made it advantageous material with tiny and high density , preferred for heat preservation and perviousness . Simplicity and rusticity dominated the idea of purple clay teaware decoration art . It became soon the most popular method of performing Chinese tea ceremony , which often combines literature , calligraphy , painting and seal cutting in Chinese culture .
Musical theatre
There are various Eastern traditions of theatre that include music , such as Chinese opera , Taiwanese opera , Noh and Musical theatre in India , including Sanskrit drama , Classical Indian dance and Yakshagana . India has , since the 20th century , produced numerous musical films , referred to as `` Bollywood '' musicals , and in Japan a series of musicals based on popular Anime and Manga comics has developed in recent decades . Shorter or simplified `` junior '' versions of many musicals are available for schools and youth groups , and very short works created or adapted for performance by children are sometimes called minimusicals .
Wicked (musical)
After its stop in Manila , the tour will head to Shanghai , Beijing , Guangzhou , and Istanbul . Further dates are unconfirmed .
Early world maps
Kunyu Wanguo Quantu ( Chinese : 坤 輿 萬國 全 圖 ; literally : `` A Map of the Myriad Countries of the World '' ; Italian : Carta Geografica Completa di tutti i Regni del Mondo , `` Complete Geographical Map of all the Kingdoms of the World '' ) , printed by Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci at the request by Wanli Emperor in 1602 , is the first known European - styled Chinese world map ( and the first Chinese map to show the Americas ) . The map is in Classical Chinese , with detailed annotations and descriptions of various regions of the world , a brief account of the discovery of the Americas , polar projections , scientific explanation of parallels and meridians , and proof that the sun is bigger than the moon . Following Chinese cartographical convention , Ricci placed China ( `` the Middle Kingdom '' ) at the centre of the world . This map is a significant mark of the expansion Chinese knowledge of the world , and an important example of cultural syncretism directly between Europe and China . It was also exported to Korea and Japan as well .
Indigo revolt
The play was the first play to be staged commercially in the National Theatre in Kolkata .
Written Chinese
Since at least the Han dynasty , such media have been used to create hanging scrolls and handscrolls .
Chinese Buddhism
Around the time of Kumārajīva , the four major Sanskrit āgamas were also translated into Chinese . Each of the āgamas was translated independently by a different Indian monk . These āgamas comprise the only other complete surviving Sūtra Piṭaka , which is generally comparable to the Pali Sutta Pitaka of Theravada Buddhism . The teachings of the Sūtra Piṭaka are usually considered to be one of the earliest teachings on Buddhism and a core text of the Early Buddhist Schools in China . Early
Three Witches
Throne of Blood , a Japanese version filmed in 1958 by Akira Kurosawa , replaces the Three Witches with the Forest Spirit , an old hag who sits at her spinning wheel , symbolically entrapping Macbeth 's equivalent , Washizu , in the web of his own ambition . She lives outside `` The Castle of the Spider 's Web '' , another reference to Macbeth 's entanglement in her trap . Behind her hut , Washizu finds piles of rotting bones . The hag , the spinning wheel , and the piles of bones are direct references to the Noh play Adachigahara ( also called Kurozuka ) , one of many artistic elements Kurosawa borrowed from Noh theatre for the film .
New Year
The Chinese New Year , also known as the Lunar New Year , occurs every year on the new moon of the first lunar month , about the beginning of spring ( Lichun ) . The exact date can fall any time between 21 January and 21 February ( inclusive ) of the Gregorian Calendar . Traditionally , years were marked by one of twelve Earthly Branches , represented by an animal , and one of ten Heavenly Stems , which correspond to the five elements . This combination cycles every 60 years . It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year . The Korean New Year is a Seollal , or Lunar New Year 's Day . Although January 1 is , in fact , the first day of the year , Seollal , the first day of the lunar calendar , is more meaningful for Koreans . Celebration of the Lunar New Year is believed to have started to let in good luck and ward off bad spirits all throughout the year . With the old year out and a new one in , people gather at home and sit around with their families and relatives , catching up on what they have been doing . The Vietnamese New Year is the Tết Nguyên Đán which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using the Lunar Calendar . The Tibetan New Year is Losar and falls between January and March .
Caesarean section
China has been cited as having the highest rates of C - sections in the world at 46 % as of 2008 .
Written Chinese
In modern times , the familiar Western layout , left - to - right horizontal Chinese , has become more popular . Similar to Latin - letter text , the horizontal rows are read from left to right , then top of the page to the bottom . This is used especially in the People 's Republic of China ( mainland China ) , where the government mandated left - to - right writing in 1955 . The government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) followed suit in 2004 for official documents . The use of punctuation has also become more common , whether the text is written in columns or rows . The punctuation marks are clearly influenced by their Western counterparts , although some marks are particular to Asian languages : for example , the double and single quotation marks ( 『 』 and 「 」 ) ; the hollow period dot ( . ) , which is otherwise used just like an ordinary period full - stop ; and a special kind of comma called an enumeration comma ( 、 ) , which is used to separate items in a list , as opposed to clauses in a sentence .
Minstrel show
Depictions of East Asians began during the California Gold Rush when minstrels encountered Chinese out West . Minstrels caricatured them by their strange language ( `` ching chang chung '' ) , odd eating habits ( dogs and cats ) , and propensity for wearing pigtails . Parodies of Japanese became popular when a Japanese acrobat troupe toured the U.S. beginning in 1865 . A run of Gilbert and Sullivan 's The Mikado in the mid-1880s inspired another wave of Asian characterizations .
Second Sino-Japanese War
In China , the war is most commonly known as the `` War of Resistance against Japan '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗日 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗日 戰爭 ) , and shortened to the `` Resistance against Japan '' ( Chinese : 抗日 ) or the `` War of Resistance '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗战 ; traditional Chinese : 抗戰 ) . It was also called the `` Eight Years ' War of Resistance '' ( simplified Chinese : 八 年 抗战 ; traditional Chinese : 八 年 抗戰 ) , but in 2017 the Chinese Ministry of Education issued a directive stating that textbooks were to refer to the war as the `` Fourteen Years ' War of Resistance '' ( simplified Chinese : 十 四 年 抗战 ; traditional Chinese : 十 四 年 抗戰 ) , reflecting a focus on the broader conflict with Japan going back to 1931 . It is also referred to as part of the `` Global Anti-Fascist War '' , which is how World War II is perceived by the Communist Party of China and the PRC government .
Prague
The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe , hosting many cultural events . Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre ( Národní Divadlo ) and the Estates Theatre ( Stavovské or Tylovo or Nosticovo divadlo ) , where the premières of Mozart 's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held . Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra . The Prague State Opera ( Státní opera ) performs at the Smetana Theatre .
Mr. Bean
Top Funny Comedian : The Movie is a 2017 spin - off of a Chinese variety show of the same name ; the plot involves a number of characters getting involved in a series of misadventures during a visit to Macau , as the same time as Mr. Bean , a supporting character in the film . One of the film 's stars , comedian Guo Degang , informed media outlet The Beijinger that due to Atkinson being unable to speak Mandarin , the cast used mainly body language to speak to each other , saying that `` with facial expressions and gestures we seemed to understand each other , ( it ) was really an interesting experience , which proves that comedy can cross boundaries . '' The film has only been released in Chinese territories , and has yet to receive an American or European release .
Berlin Wall
The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings .
Berlin Wall
Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 )
Berlin Wall
Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall .
Berlin Wall
On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate . A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate .
History of Germany (1945–90)
On 18 October , Erich Honecker was forced to resign as head of the SED and as head of state and was replaced by Egon Krenz . But the exodus continued unabated , and pressure for political reform mounted . On 4 November , a demonstration in East Berlin drew as many as 1 million East Germans . Finally , on 9 November 1989 , the Berlin Wall was opened , and East Germans were allowed to travel freely . Thousands poured through the wall into the western sectors of Berlin , and on 12 November , East Germany began dismantling it .
Berlin Wall
West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 .
Berlin Wall
In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it .
Berlin Wall
The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control .
Berlin Wall
On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that .
Berlin Wall
Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin .
Berlin Wall
The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union .
Berlin Wall
On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! '' ( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' .
Berlin Wall
On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . ''
Berlin Wall
On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular :
End of World War II in Europe
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany : Under the terms of this peace treaty , the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany , including Berlin . As a result , Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 . Under the terms of the Treaty , the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 ( articles 4 and 5 ) . In accordance with the Treaty , occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline . US
Berlin Wall
On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . ''
Berlin Wall
On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans . However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria .
Berlin Wall
The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Final Settlement Treaty ended Berlin 's special status as a separate area under Four Power control . Under the terms of the treaty between West and East Germany , Berlin became the capital of a unified Germany . The Bundestag voted in June 1991 to make Berlin the seat of government . The Government of Germany asked the Allies to maintain a military presence in Berlin until the complete withdrawal of the Western Group of Forces ( ex-Soviet ) from the territory of the former East Germany . The Russian withdrawal was completed 31 August 1994 . Ceremonies were held on 8 September 1994 , to mark the final departure of Western Allied troops from Berlin .
History of the United States (1945–64)
East Germany was the weak point in the Soviet empire , with refugees leaving for the West by the thousands every week . The Soviet solution came in 1961 , with the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing communism . This was a major propaganda setback for the USSR , but it did allow them to keep control of East Berlin .
Berlin Wall
Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Soviets had not agreed to the currency reform ; in March 1948 they withdrew from the four - power governing bodies , and in June 1948 they initiated the Berlin blockade , blocking all ground transport routes between Western Germany and West Berlin . The Western Allies replied with a continuous airlift of supplies to the western half of the city . The Soviets ended the blockade after 11 months .