vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thunderstorm
In the dissipation stage , the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft . If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development , this stage occurs rather quickly , approximately 20 -- 30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm . The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm , hit the ground and spread out . This phenomenon is known as a downburst . The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm , the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate . Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions , which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm , moist air , and kills the thunderstorm 's further growth . The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary . This can cause downbursts , a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through , as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs , resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes .
River Thames
Treated sewage from all the towns and villages in the Thames catchment flow into the Thames via sewage treatment plants . This includes all the sewage from Swindon , Oxford , Reading and Windsor .
Rainwater harvesting
The Southwest Center for the Study of Hospital and Healthcare Systems in cooperation with Rotary International is sponsoring a rainwater harvesting model program across the country . The first rainwater catchment system was installed at an elementary school in Lod , Israel . The project is looking to expand to Haifa in its third phase . The Southwest Center has also partnered with the Water Resources Action Project of Washington , DC , which currently has rainwater harvesting projects in the West Bank . Rainwater harvesting systems are being installed in local schools for the purpose of educating schoolchildren about water conservation principles and bridging divides between people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds , all while addressing the water scarcity issue that the Middle East faces .
Catawba River
In 2006 the river became the center of a water use controversy between the residents of the Catawba watershed and Cabarrus County , North Carolina . The cities of Concord and Kannapolis are expecting a daily shortfall of 22 million US gallons ( 83,000 m ) of water a day by 2035 and want to pump up to 36 million US gallons ( 140,000 m ) of water daily from the Catawba . The Concord / Kannapolis Interbasin Transfer ( IBT ) proposal calls for water to be permanently transferred from one river basin to another river basin . Such a transfer is unlike the more common water usage , in which municipalities within the Catawba basin pump water from the river and treat it for residential use . Much of that treated water eventually returns to the Catawba River .
Meander
A loop at the apex has an outer or concave bank and an inner or convex bank . The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline . If there is a flood plain , it extends beyond the meander belt . The meander is then said to be free -- it can be found anywhere in the flood plain . If there is no flood plain , the meanders are fixed .
Soil erosion
At extremely high flows , kolks , or vortices are formed by large volumes of rapidly rushing water . Kolks cause extreme local erosion , plucking bedrock and creating pothole - type geographical features called Rock - cut basins . Examples can be seen in the flood regions result from glacial Lake Missoula , which created the channeled scablands in the Columbia Basin region of eastern Washington .
Thunderstorm
In the mature stage of a thunderstorm , the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther . Often this ' cap ' is the tropopause . The air is instead forced to spread out , giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape . The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus . The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles . As these fall , they melt to become rain . If the updraft is strong enough , the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail . While updrafts are still present , the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it , creating downdrafts as well . The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds . During this stage , considerable internal turbulence can occur within , which manifests as strong winds , severe lightning , and even tornadoes .
Environmental impact of irrigation
Increased groundwater recharge stems from the unavoidable deep percolation losses occurring in the irrigation scheme . The lower the irrigation efficiency , the higher the losses . Although fairly high irrigation efficiencies of 70 % or more ( i.e. losses of 30 % or less ) can occur with sophisticated techniques like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation , or by well managed surface irrigation , in practice the losses are commonly in the order of 40 % to 60 % . This may cause the following issues :
Ganesh Chaturthi
Due to environmental concerns , a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home . After a few days , the clay is spread in the home garden . In some cities a public , eco-friendly process is used for the immersion .
Respiratory system
Water is drawn in through the mouth by closing the operculum ( gill cover ) , and enlarging the mouth cavity ( Fig. 23 ) . Simultaneously the gill chambers enlarge , producing a lower pressure there than in the mouth causing water to flow over the gills . The mouth cavity then contracts inducing the closure of the passive oral valves , thereby preventing the back - flow of water from the mouth ( Fig. 23 ) . The water in the mouth is , instead , forced over the gills , while the gill chambers contract emptying the water they contain through the opercular openings ( Fig. 23 ) . Back - flow into the gill chamber during the inhalatory phase is prevented by a membrane along the ventroposterior border of the operculum ( diagram on the left in Fig. 23 ) . Thus the mouth cavity and gill chambers act alternately as suction pump and pressure pump to maintain a steady flow of water over the gills in one direction . Since the blood in the lamellar capillaries flows in the opposite direction to that of the water , the consequent countercurrent flow of blood and water maintains steep concentration gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide along the entire length of each capillary ( lower diagram in Fig. 22 ) . Oxygen is therefore able to continually diffuse down its gradient into the blood , and the carbon dioxide down its gradient into the water . Although countercurrent exchange systems theoretically allow an almost complete transfer of a respiratory gas from one side of the exchanger to the other , in fish less than 80 % of the oxygen in the water flowing over the gills is generally transferred to the blood .
Godavari River
The river beyond , near the village Sonpeth , flows into Parbhani . Its course is relatively non-significant except for receiving two smaller streams -- Indrayani and Masuli -- merging at its left and right banks respectively . Within the last taluka of the district Parbhani , Purna , the river drains a major tributary of the same name : Purna
Hurricane Harvey
The geography of Houston places it in a low - lying part of the Gulf Coastal Plain , and its clay - based soils provide poor drainage . The climate of Houston brings very heavy rainfall , which together with tidal flood events means that there have been repeated floods in the city ever since its founding in 1836 , though the flood control district founded in 1947 , aided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , managed to prevent statewide flooding for over fifty years . More recently , residents died in `` historic flooding '' in May 2015 , and in the April 2016 `` tax day floods '' . There is a tendency for storms to move very slowly over the region , and drop huge amounts of rain over an extended period , as occurred during Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979 , and Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 .
Hurricane Katrina
Katrina spawned five tornadoes in Pennsylvania , though none resulted in significant damage . Up to 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain fell in western New York . Gusty winds also left approximately 4,500 people in Buffalo without electricity . The remnants of Katrina brought 3 to 6 in ( 76 to 152 mm ) of rain to portions of Massachusetts , causing flash flooding in Bristol and Plymouth counties . Several roads were closed due to floodwater inundation in Acushnet , Dartmouth , New Bedford , and Wareham , including Route 18 in New Bedford . Very minimal impact was reported in Rhode Island , with winds downing a tree and two electrical poles in the city of Warwick . In Vermont , 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) of rain in Chittenden County caused cars to hydroplane on Interstate 89 , resulting in many automobile accidents . The storm brought 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of precipitation to isolated areas of Maine and up to 9 in ( 230 mm ) near Patten . Several roads were inundated or washed out by overflowing brooks and streams , including sections of U.S. Route 1 and Maine routes 11 and 159 . Several structures and one parked vehicle were also affected by the waters . Wind gusts up to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) also impacted parts of Maine , felling trees and causing power outages in Bar Harbor , Blue Hill , Dover - Foxcroft , Sedgwick Ridge , and Sorrento .
Tropical cyclone
The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially , which can influence subsequent cyclone development . This cooling is primarily caused by wind - driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters . This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening . Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops ( this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes ) . Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean , by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage . All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days .
Geography of West Bengal
The Mayurakshi , Ajay , Damodar , Kangsabati , Rupnarayan and their tributaries which rise in the Western plateau and high lands flow eastwards through the different districts of West Bengal and joins the Bhagirathi on the right bank . The Mayurakshi , which is fed by tributaries Brahmani , Dwarka , Bakreshwar and Kopai joins the Bhagirathi near Kandi , Murshidabad , the Ajay , which rises in the hills of Bihar , joined by the Kunur , flows down the plateau fringe , marking the boundary between Bardhaman and Birbhum districts joins it near Katwa and Damodar , with its small meandering distributaries , small streams , Khari , Banka and Behula joins the Bhagirathi near Uluberia . The Damodar is known as the sorrow of Bengal , is now controlled by making the Damodar Valley Project . The Dwarakeswar and Shilabati rivers join to form Rupnarayan and the Kangsabati and Keleghai rivers join to form the Haldi . The Rupnarayan and Haldi fall into the Bhagirathi in the East Midnapure district . The Subarnarekha River after flowing for a short distance in West Bengal reenters into Orissa . These rivers carry with them plenty of water thus keeping the Bhagirathi river submerged with water throughout the year . The rivers along with water carry silt and sand eroded from the western plateaus and deposits them in the Bhagirathi and the rivers themselves . This silting is causing great inconvenience for the Kolkata Port and often result flooding in the years of heavy rain .
Nephron
Blood from the efferent arteriole , containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus , moves into the peritubular capillaries , tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules , where the tubular fluid flows . Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream .
Thunderstorm
The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth 's surface than stronger thunderstorms , as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall . Organized , long - lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector . If the gust front , or leading edge of the outflow boundary , races ahead of the thunderstorm , its motion will accelerate in tandem . This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation ( HP ) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation ( LP ) . When thunderstorms merge , which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other , the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell . The stronger the mean wind , the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion . On weather radar , storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
Dumping - This is done by simply opening the doors that close the hopper . Once opened the substance will simply drop to the seabed because of gravity . The hopper will never be completely empty because there will always be some residue and water left inside . Pressing - High pressure pumps will pump water inside the hopper to loosen or even liquefy the substance , which can then be pumped via long hoses over great distances ( f.i. ashore ) Rainbowing - This is the same principle as pressing , but instead of transporting the substance it will simply be blown away . This is often used to create land . Crane - It is always possible to discharge the load with a crane , but this will be a time consuming process .
River Thames
These deposits were brought in by the winds during the periglacial periods , suggesting that wide , flat marshes were then part of the landscape , which the new river Brent proceeded to cut down . The steepness of the valley sides is an indicator of the very much lower mean sea levels caused by the glaciation locking up so much water upon the land masses , thus causing the river water to flow rapidly seaward and so erode its bed quickly downwards .
Vasopressin
Increasing the water permeability of initial and cortical collecting tubules ( ICT & CCT ) , as well as outer and inner medullary collecting duct ( OMCD & IMCD ) in the kidney , thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine , i.e. , antidiuresis . This occurs through increased transcription and insertion of water channels ( Aquaporin - 2 ) into the apical membrane of collecting tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells . Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron , increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate ( forming urine ) back into the bloodstream . This effect is mediated by V2 receptors . Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells , by episodic release from intracellular stores . Vasopressin , acting through cAMP , also increases transcription of the aquaporin - 2 gene , thus increasing the total number of aquaporin - 2 molecules in collecting duct cells . Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters , which facilitates its reabsorption into the medullary interstitium as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the connecting tubule , cortical collecting duct , and outer medullary collecting duct . Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of henle . This adds to the countercurrent multiplication which aids in proper water reabsorption later in the distal tubule and collecting duct . Central
Hurricane Harvey
The floodwaters contain a number of hazards to the environment and human health . The Houston Health Department stated that `` millions of contaminants '' were present in floodwaters . These include E. coli and coliform bacteria ; measurements of colony - forming units showed the concentrations were so high that there were risks of contracting flesh - eating disease from the water .
Nephron
The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight ( descending ) portion . Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries , including approximately two - thirds of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes ( primarily glucose and amino acids ) .
River Thames
The growth of the population of London greatly increased the amount of waste that entered the river , including human excrement , animal waste from slaughter houses , and waste from manufacturing processes . According to historian Peter Ackroyd , `` a public lavatory on London Bridge showered its contents directly onto the river below , and latrines were built over all the tributaries that issued into the Thames . ''
Nephron
Unlike the descending limb , the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water , a critical feature of the countercurrent exchange mechanism employed by the loop . The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate , generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange . In passing through the ascending limb , the filtrate grows hypotonic since it has lost much of its sodium content . This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex .
Soil erosion
Urbanization has major effects on erosion processes -- first by denuding the land of vegetative cover , altering drainage patterns , and compacting the soil during construction ; and next by covering the land in an impermeable layer of asphalt or concrete that increases the amount of surface runoff and increases surface wind speeds . Much of the sediment carried in runoff from urban areas ( especially roads ) is highly contaminated with fuel , oil , and other chemicals . This increased runoff , in addition to eroding and degrading the land that it flows over , also causes major disruption to surrounding watersheds by altering the volume and rate of water that flows through them , and filling them with chemically polluted sedimentation . The increased flow of water through local waterways also causes a large increase in the rate of bank erosion .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Los Angeles , California -- By 2019 , the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power will build a plant to replenish their groundwater aquifer with purified water in order to deal with the shortage of rain and snow fall , restricted water imports and local groundwater contamination . San Diego , California ( San Diego County )
River Thames
In the late 1990s , the 7 - mile ( 11 km ) long Jubilee River was built as a wide `` naturalistic '' flood relief channel from Taplow to Eton to help reduce the flood risk in Maidenhead Windsor and Eton .
Thunderstorm
A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms include some of the most dangerous weather phenomena , including large hail , strong winds , and tornadoes . Some of the most persistent severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction . Warm
Geography of China
Inland drainage involving upland basins in the north and northeast accounts for 40 percent of the country 's total drainage area . Many rivers and streams flow into lakes or diminish in the desert . Some are used for irrigation .
Addicks Reservoir
During Hurricane Harvey , the level peaked at 109.1 feet on August 30 , 2017 ; this is the highest recorded level for Addicks Reservoir . Water retention at this level was 217,500 acre feet . Combined with the adjacent Barker Reservoir to the southwest , the total storage capacity is about 410,000 acre feet ( 510,000,000 m ; 510 GL ) .
Soil erosion
In an undisturbed forest , the mineral soil is protected by a layer of leaf litter and an humus that cover the forest floor . These two layers form a protective mat over the soil that absorbs the impact of rain drops . They are porous and highly permeable to rainfall , and allow rainwater to slow percolate into the soil below , instead of flowing over the surface as runoff . The roots of the trees and plants hold together soil particles , preventing them from being washed away . The vegetative cover acts to reduce the velocity of the raindrops that strike the foliage and stems before hitting the ground , reducing their kinetic energy . However it is the forest floor , more than the canopy , that prevents surface erosion . The terminal velocity of rain drops is reached in about 8 metres ( 26 feet ) . Because forest canopies are usually higher than this , rain drops can often regain terminal velocity even after striking the canopy . However , the intact forest floor , with its layers of leaf litter and organic matter , is still able to absorb the impact of the rainfall .
Tropical cyclone
Though a tropical cyclone typically moves from east to west in the tropics , its track may shift poleward and eastward either as it moves west of the subtropical ridge axis or else if it interacts with the mid-latitude flow , such as the jet stream or an extratropical cyclone . This motion , termed `` recurvature '' , commonly occurs near the western edge of the major ocean basins , where the jet stream typically has a poleward component and extratropical cyclones are common . An example of tropical cyclone recurvature was Typhoon Ioke in 2006 .
Amazon River
Only about ten percent of the Amazon 's water enters downstream of Óbidos , very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley . The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 square kilometres ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , and , below , only about 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) ( around 20 % ) , exclusive of the 1,400,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) of the Tocantins basin . The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta .
Mount St. Helens
Streams that originate on the volcano enter three main river systems : the Toutle River on the north and northwest , the Kalama River on the west , and the Lewis River on the south and east . The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow . The average annual rainfall is 140 inches ( 3,600 mm ) , and the snow pack on the mountain 's upper slopes can reach 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) . The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation . The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment , the Swift Reservoir , which is directly south of the volcano 's peak . April