vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American ginseng
The plant 's root and leaves were traditionally used for medicinal purposes by Native Americans . Since the 18th century , the roots have been collected by `` sang hunters '' and sold to Chinese or Hong Kong traders , who often pay high prices for particularly old wild roots . It is also known by its Chinese name huaqishen ( simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ; pinyin : huāqíshēn ; Cantonese Yale : fākèihsām ; literally : `` Flower Flag ginseng '' ) or xiyangshen ( simplified Chinese : 西洋参 ; traditional Chinese : 西洋參 ; pinyin : xīyángshēn ; Cantonese Yale : sāiyèuhngsām ; literally : `` west ocean ginseng '' ) .
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies `` hybrid '' because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities . Interior
Industrial Revolution
The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name . The
Industrial Revolution
The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew .
Blackstone River
In 1790 , Samuel Slater opened the first successful water powered cotton mill in America , Slater Mill , at Pawtucket Falls . This mill was powered by the waters of the Blackstone River . Many other mills appeared along the Blackstone River over time making it an important part of American industry . The industrialization also led to the river being identified by the end of the 20th century as the primary source of Narragansett Bay pollution .
Columbus, Georgia
The river served as Columbus 's connection to the world , particularly enabling it to ship its commodity cotton crops from the plantations to the international cotton market via New Orleans and ultimately Liverpool , England . The city 's commercial importance increased in the 1850s with the arrival of the railroad . In addition , textile mills were developed along the river , bringing industry to an area reliant upon agriculture . By 1860 , the city was one of the more important industrial centers of the South , earning it the nickname `` the Lowell of the South , '' referring to an important textile mill town in Massachusetts .
American ginseng
Most American ginseng is produced in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia and the American state of Wisconsin .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island was also heavily involved in the Industrial Revolution , which began in America in 1787 when Thomas Somers reproduced textile machine plans which he imported from England . He helped to produce the Beverly Cotton Manufactory , in which Moses Brown of Providence took an interest . Moses Brown teamed up with Samuel Slater and helped to create the second cotton mill in America , a water - powered textile mill . The Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into the cities , creating a permanently landless class who were therefore also voteless . By 1829 , 60 % of the state 's free white males were ineligible to vote . Several attempts were unsuccessfully made to address this problem , and a new state constitution was passed in 1843 allowing landless men to vote if they could pay a $1 poll tax . Abandoned
Colonial history of the United States
Some farmers obtained land grants to create farms in undeveloped land in Massachusetts and Connecticut or bought plots of land from speculators in New Hampshire and what later became Vermont . Other farmers became agricultural innovators . They planted nutritious English grass such as red clover and timothy - grass , which provided more feed for livestock , and potatoes , which provided a high production rate that was an advantage for small farms . Families increased their productivity by exchanging goods and labor with each other . They lent livestock and grazing land to one another and worked together to spin yarn , sew quilts , and shuck corn . Migration , agricultural innovation , and economic cooperation were creative measures that preserved New England 's yeoman society until the 19th century . Town
Industrial Revolution
The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest .
Industrial Revolution
Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century .
History of Mexico
Mexico had few factories by 1880 , but then industrialization took hold in the Northeast , especially in Monterrey . Factories produced machinery , textiles and beer , while smelters processed ores . Convenient rail links with the nearby US gave local entrepreneurs from seven wealthy merchant families a competitive advantage over more distant cities . New federal laws in 1884 and 1887 allowed corporations to be more flexible . By the 1920s , American Smelting and Refining Company ( ASARCO ) , an American firm controlled by the Guggenheim family , had invested over 20 million pesos and employed nearly 2,000 workers smelting copper and making wire to meet the demand for electrical wiring in the US and Mexico . Modernity
Industrial Revolution
The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world .
Incandescent light bulb
The Westlake machine , developed by Libbey Glass , was based on an adaptation of the Owens - Libbey bottle - blowing machine . Corning Glass Works soon began developing competing automated bulb - blowing machines , the first of which to be used in production was the E-Machine . Corning continued developing automated bulb - production machines , installing the Ribbon Machine in 1926 in its Wellsboro , Pennsylvania factory . The Ribbon Machine surpassed any previous attempts to automate bulb production and was used to produce incandescent bulbs into the 21st century . The inventor , William Woods , along with his colleague at Corning Glass Works , David E. Gray , had created a machine that by 1939 was turning out 1,000 bulbs per minute .
American ginseng
Ontario , Canada is the world 's largest producer of North American ginseng . Marathon County , Wisconsin , accounts for about 95 % of production in the United States .
History of agriculture
By 7,000 BC , sowing and harvesting reached the fertile soil of Mesopotamia , where Sumerians systematized it and scaled it up . By 8,000 BC , farming was entrenched on the banks of the River Nile . About this time , agriculture was developed independently in the Far East , probably in China , with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop . Maize was domesticated from the wild grass teosinte in West Mexico by 6,700 BC . The potato ( 8,000 BC ) , tomato , pepper ( 4,000 BC ) , squash ( 8,000 BC ) and several varieties of bean ( 8,000 BC onwards ) were domesticated in the New World . Agriculture was independently developed on the island of New Guinea . In Greece from c. 11,000 BC lentils , vetch , pistachios , and almonds were cultivated , while wild oats and wild barley appear in quantity from c. 7,000 BC alongside einkorn wheat , barley , sheep , goats and pigs , while emmer was used on Cyprus between 9,100 and 8,600 BC . Banana cultivation of Musa acuminata , including hybridization , dates back to 5,000 BC , and possibly to 8,000 BC , in Papua New Guinea . Bees were kept for honey in the Middle East around 7,000 BC . Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals between 6,000 and 4,500 BC . Céide Fields in Ireland , consisting of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls , date to 3,500 BC and are the oldest known field systems in the world . The horse was domesticated in the Pontic steppe around 4,000 BC . In Siberia , Cannabis was in use in China in Neolithic times and may have been domesticated there ; it was in use both as a fibre for ropemaking and as a medicine in Ancient Egypt by about 2,350 BC . Clay
American ginseng
Originally , American ginseng was imported into China via subtropical Guangzhou , the seaport next to Hong Kong .
Industrial Revolution
In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp .
Whiskey Rebellion
Older accounts of the Whiskey Rebellion portrayed it as being confined to western Pennsylvania , yet there was opposition to the whiskey tax in the western counties of every other state in Appalachia ( Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ) . The whiskey tax went uncollected throughout the frontier state of Kentucky , where no one could be convinced to enforce the law or prosecute evaders . In 1792 , Hamilton advocated military action to suppress violent resistance in western North Carolina , but Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued that there was insufficient evidence to legally justify such a reaction .
Tequila
Tequila was first produced in the 16th century near the location of the city of Tequila , which was not officially established until 1666 . A fermented beverage from the agave plant known as pulque was consumed in pre-Columbian central Mexico before European contact . When the Spanish conquistadors ran out of their own brandy , they began to distill agave to produce one of North America 's first indigenous distilled spirits .
Industrial Revolution
Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas .
Wales
Prior to the British Industrial Revolution , which saw a rapid economic expansion between 1750 and 1850 , there were signs of small - scale industries scattered throughout Wales . These ranged from industries connected to agriculture , such as milling and the manufacture of woollen textiles , through to mining and quarrying . Until the Industrial Revolution , Wales had always been reliant on its agricultural output for its wealth and employment and the earliest industrial businesses were small scale and localised in manner . The emerging industrial period commenced around the development of copper smelting in the Swansea area . With access to local coal deposits and a harbour that could take advantage of Cornwall 's copper mines and the copper deposits being extracted from the then - largest copper mine in the world at Parys Mountain on Anglesey , Swansea developed into the world 's major centre for non-ferrous metal smelting in the 19th century . The second metal industry to expand in Wales was iron smelting , and iron manufacturing became prevalent in both the north and the south of the country . In the north of Wales , John Wilkinson 's Ironworks at Bersham was a significant industry , while in the south , a second world centre of metallurgy was founded in Merthyr Tydfil , where the four ironworks of Dowlais , Cyfarthfa , Plymouth and Penydarren became the most significant hub of iron manufacture in Wales . In the 1820s , south Wales alone accounted for 40 % of all pig iron manufactured in Britain . Penrhyn
Child labour
In December 2009 , campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children . Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation ( EJF ) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh . It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan , where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields . The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a `` track and trace '' systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material .
Industrial Revolution
Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The ship building district of Zaan , near Amsterdam , became the first industrialized area in the world , with around 900 industrial windmills at the end of the 17th century , but there were industrialized towns and cities on a smaller scale also . Other industries that saw significant growth were papermaking , sugar refining , printing , the linen industry ( with spin - offs in vegetable oils , like flax and rape oil ) , and industries that used the cheap peat fuel , like brewing and ceramics ( brickworks , pottery and clay - pipe making ) . Textiles
Confederate States of America
Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally . The plantations of the South , with white ownership and an enslaved labor force , produced substantial wealth from cash crops . It supplied two - thirds of the world 's cotton , which was in high demand for textiles , along with tobacco , sugar , and naval stores ( such as turpentine ) . These raw materials were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast . Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land , for cotton and tobacco depleted the soil . There was little manufacturing or mining ; shipping was controlled by outsiders . New
Middle Ages
In agriculture , the increased usage of sheep with long - fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun . In addition , the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool , tripling production . A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments , which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer . Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing . The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden , increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality . The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions .
History of agriculture
For agricultural purposes , the Chinese had innovated the hydraulic - powered trip hammer by the 1st century BC . Although it found other purposes , its main function to pound , decorticate , and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually . The Chinese also began using the square - pallet chain pump by the 1st century AD , powered by a waterwheel or oxen pulling an on a system of mechanical wheels . Although the chain pump found use in public works of providing water for urban and palatial pipe systems , it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation canals and channels for farmland . By the end of the Han dynasty in the late 2nd century , heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards . These would slowly spread west , revolutionizing farming in Northern Europe by the 10th century . ( Glick , however , argues for a development of the Chinese plough as late as the 9th century , implying its spread east from similar designs known in Italy by the 7th century . )
United Kingdom
During the 18th century , Britain was involved in the Atlantic slave trade . British ships transported an estimated two million slaves from Africa to the West Indies before banning the trade in 1807 , banning slavery in 1833 , and taking a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide by pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties , and then formed the world 's oldest international human rights organisation , Anti-Slavery International , in London in 1839 . The term `` United Kingdom '' became official in 1801 when the parliaments of Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union , uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The
The impact of geography on colonial America
Indigo was mainly cultivated in South Carolina beginning in 1739 , due to the efforts of Eliza Lucas Pickney , and became one of the biggest cash crops of the colony up until the end of the war . American indigo reached its peak in 1773 when 1.1 million pounds were exported to England .
Lake District
Mining , particularly of copper , lead ( often associated with quantities of silver ) , baryte , graphite and slate , was historically a major Lakeland industry , mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries . Coppiced woodland was used extensively to provide charcoal for smelting . Some mining still takes place today ; for example , slate mining continues at the Honister Mines , at the top of Honister Pass . Abandoned mine workings can be found on fellsides throughout the district . The locally mined graphite led to the development of the pencil industry , especially around Keswick . A
History of Texas
With their investments in cotton lands and slaves , Texas planters established cotton plantations in the eastern districts . The central area of the state was developed more by subsistence farmers who seldom owned slaves .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
International capital was increasingly attracted by the island 's natural resources . A Canadian firm opened iron mines in 1895 on Bell Island in Conception Bay . Paper mills were built at Grand Falls by the Anglo - Newfoundland Development Company , a British firm , in 1909 . British entrepreneurs set up a paper mill at Corner Brook in 1925 while the Anglo - Newfoundland Development Company opened a lead - zinc mine on the Buchans River in 1927 . In 1927 , Britain awarded the vast , almost uninhabited hinterland of Labrador to Newfoundland rather than to Canada , adding potentially valuable new forest , hydroelectric , and mineral resources .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Hoping to harness the ample power of the Merrimack River , another group of investors began building the Middlesex Canal up the Mystic River , both Mystic Lakes and generally following stream valleys ( near to today 's MA 38 ) reached the Merrimack in Chelmsford 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Boston Harbor , establishing limited operations by 1808 , and a system of navigations and canals reaching past Manchester by mid-1814 -- and spawning commercial activities , and especially new clothing mills throughout the region . At nearly the same time as the canal was completed , Francis Cabot Lowell and a consortium of businessmen set up the clothing mills in Waltham , Massachusetts making use of water power from the Charles River with the concept of housing together production of feedstocks complete consumer processes so raw materials entered , and dyed fabrics or clothing left . For a few decades , it seemed that every lock along the canal had mills and water wheels . In 1821 , Boston Manufacturing Company built a major expansion in East Chelmsford , which was soon incorporated as Lowell , Massachusetts -- which came to dominate the cloth production and clothing industry for decades .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
Britain 's shortage of cotton was partially made up by imports from India and Egypt by 1863 . The Trent Affair led to the Lyons - Seward Treaty of 1862 , an agreement to clamp down hard on the Atlantic slave trade by using the US Navy and the Royal Navy .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
New land was brought into cultivation to meet demand for food , including drained marshes and fens , such as Romney Marsh , the Somerset Levels and the Fens ; royal forests from the late 12th century onwards ; and poorer lands in the north , south - west and in the Welsh Marches . The first windmills in England began to appear along the south and east coasts in the 12th century , expanding in number in the 13th , adding to the mechanised power available to the manors . By 1300 it has been estimated that there were more than 10,000 watermills in England , used both for grinding corn and for fulling cloth . Fish ponds were created on most estates to provide freshwater fish for the consumption of the nobility and church ; these ponds were extremely expensive to create and maintain . Improved ways of running estates began to be circulated and were popularised in Walter de Henley 's famous book Le Dite de Hosebondrie , written around 1280 . In some regions and under some landowners , investment and innovation increased yields significantly through improved ploughing and fertilisers -- particularly in Norfolk , where yields eventually equalled later 18th - century levels . Role