vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Depression in Canada
World War I veterans built on a history of postwar political activism to play an important role in the expansion of state - sponsored social welfare in Canada . Arguing that their wartime sacrifices had not been properly rewarded , veterans claimed that they were entitled to state protection from poverty and unemployment on the home front . The rhetoric of patriotism , courage , sacrifice , and duty created powerful demands for jobs , relief , and adequate pensions that should , veterans argued , be administered as a right of social citizenship and not a form of charity . At the local , provincial , and national political levels , veterans fought for compensation and recognition for their war service , and made their demands for jobs and social security a central part of emerging social policy . Blaming
Doctor of Public Health
The Doctor of Public Health ( abbr . DrPH or DPH ; Latin Publica Sanitas Doctor ) is a doctoral degree awarded in the field of Public Health . DrPH is the highest , and terminal , professional degree in the field of public health . It prepares its recipients for a leadership career in advanced public health practice and administration . Some of the DrPH holders also pursue academia including teaching and research . DrPH holders often occupy executive leadership roles in private and public sectors along with , non-profit and international health entities such as the WHO .
Social media
A study published in the Public Library of Science in 2013 revealed that the perception of Facebook being an important resource for social connection was diminished by the number of people found to have developed low self - esteem , and the more they used the network the lower their level of self - esteem . A current controversial topic is whether or not social media addiction should be explicitly categorized as a psychological ailment . Extended use of social media has led to increased Internet addiction , cyberbullying , sexting , sleep deprivation , and the decline of face - to - face interaction . Several clinics in the UK classify social media addiction is a certifiable medical condition with one psychiatric consultant claiming that he treats as many as one hundred cases a year . Lori Ann Wagner , a psychotherapist , argues that humans communicate best face to face with their five senses involved . In addition , a study on social media done by PhD 's Hsuan - Ting Kim and Yonghwan Kim , suggests that social networking sites have begun to raise concern because of the expectations people seek to fulfill from these sites and the amount of time users are willing to invest .
Health care in the United States
One large industry survey found that 13 % of applicants for individual health insurance who went through medical underwriting were denied coverage in 2004 . Declination rates increased significantly with age , rising from 5 % for those under 18 to just under one - third for those aged 60 to 64 . Among those who were offered coverage , the study found that 76 % received offers at standard premium rates , and 22 % were offered higher rates . The frequency of increased premiums also increased with age , so for applicants over 40 , roughly half were affected by medical underwriting , either in the form of denial or increased premiums . In contrast , almost 90 % of applicants in their 20s were offered coverage , and three - quarters of those were offered standard rates . Seventy percent of applicants age 60 -- 64 were offered coverage , but almost half the time ( 40 % ) it was at an increased premium . The study did not address how many applicants who were offered coverage at increased rates chose to decline the policy . A study conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2001 found that , among those aged 19 to 64 who sought individual health insurance during the previous three years , the majority found it unaffordable , and less than a third ended up purchasing insurance . This study did not distinguish between consumers who were quoted increased rates due to medical underwriting and those who qualified for standard or preferred premiums . Some states have outlawed medical underwriting as a prerequisite for individually purchased health coverage . These states tend to have the highest premiums for individual health insurance .
Health care in the United States
Enrollment rules in private and governmental programs result in millions of Americans going without health care coverage , including children . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that 45.7 million Americans ( 15.3 % of the total population ) had no health insurance coverage in 2007 . However , statistics regarding the insured population are difficult to pinpoint for a number of factors , with the Census Bureau writing that `` health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported '' . Further , such statistics do not provide insight into the reason a given person might be uninsured . Studies have shown that approximately one third of this 45.7 million person population of uninsured persons is actually eligible for government insurance programmes such as Medicaid / Medicare , but has elected not to enroll . The largest proportion of the population of uninsured Americans is persons earning in excess of $50,000 per annum , with those earning over $75,000 p.a. comprising the fastest - growing segment of the uninsured population . U.S. Citizens who earn too much money to qualify for government assistance with insurance programs but who do not earn enough to purchase a private health insurance plan make up approximately 2.7 % percent of the total US population ( 8.2 million of approximately 300 million total population , by 2003 figures ) .
Lobbying in the United States
Every citizen is a special interest ... Blacks , consumers , teachers , pro-choicers , gun control advocates , handicapped people , aliens , exporters , and salesmen -- are all special interests ... There is not an American today who is not represented ( whether he or she knows it or not ) by at least a dozen special interest groups ... One person 's special interest is another person 's despotism ... --
Socioeconomic status
Other researchers such as Richard G. Wilkinson , J. Lynch , and G.A. Kaplan have found that socioeconomic status strongly affects health even when controlling for economic resources and access to health care . Most famous for linking social status with health are the Whitehall studies -- a series of studies conducted on civil servants in London . The studies found that although all civil servants in England have the same access to health care , there was a strong correlation between social status and health . The studies found that this relationship remained strong even when controlling for health - affecting habits such as exercise , smoking and drinking . Furthermore , it has been noted that no amount of medical attention will help decrease the likelihood of someone getting type 2 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis -- yet both more common among populations with lower socioeconomic status . there is no significant relationship between SES and stress during pregnancy , while there is a significant relationship between husband 's occupational status Also , there is not significant relationship between income and mother 's education and the rate of pregnancy stress
Jury trial
Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers ' license lists . A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship , disabilities , ability to understand the English language , and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror . If they are deemed qualified , a summons is issued .
Canada–United States relations
Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) under the RCC mandate , undertook the `` first of its kind '' initiative by selecting `` as its first area of alignment common cold indications for certain over-the - counter antihistamine ingredients ( GC 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . ''
Non-communicable disease
For the vast majority of cancers , risk factors are environmental or lifestyle - related , thus cancers are mostly preventable NCD . Greater than 30 % of cancer is preventable via avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , being overweight or obesity , low fruit and vegetable intake , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Infectious agents are responsible for some cancers , for instance almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus infection .
Human skin color
Modern lifestyles and mobility have created mismatch between skin color and environment for many individuals . Vitamin D deficiencies and UVR overexposure are concerns for many . It is important for these people individually to adjust their diet and lifestyle according to their skin color , the environment they live in , and the time of year . For practical purposes , such as exposure time for sun tanning , six skin types are distinguished following Fitzpatrick ( 1975 ) , listed in order of decreasing lightness :
Medical device
Medical Devices Categories in Australia Classification Level of Risk Class I Low Class I - measuring or Class I - supplied sterile or class IIa Low - medium Class IIb Medium - high Class III High Active implantable medical devices ( AIMD ) High
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Water fluoridation , the controlled addition of moderate concentrations of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay , is used for about two - thirds of the U.S. population on public water systems . Almost all major public health and dental organizations support water fluoridation , or consider it safe . Nevertheless , it is contentious for ethical , safety , and efficacy reasons .
Non-communicable disease
The burden of chronic NCDs including mental health conditions is felt in workplaces around the world , notably due to elevated levels of absenteeism , or absence from work because of illness , and presenteeism , or productivity lost from staff coming to work and performing below normal standards due to poor health . For example , the United Kingdom experienced a loss of about 175 million days in 2006 to absence from illness among a working population of 37.7 million people . The estimated cost of absences due to illness was over 20 billion pounds in the same year . The cost due to presenteeism is likely even larger , although methods of analyzing the economic impacts of presenteeism are still being developed . Methods for analyzing the distinct workplace impacts of NCDs versus other types of health conditions are also still being developed .
Health care in the United States
Undocumented immigrants within the United States do not have access to government funded health insurance . Although The Affordable Care Act allows immigrants to receive insurance at a discounted rate , the same does not go for those without US citizenship . Undocumented immigrants in the US can seek medical help from community centers , or what is termed Safety Net Providers , and participate in fee for service medical assistance , but can only buy health insurance from privatized health insurers .
Big Five personality traits
Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population : Depressive disorders ( e.g. , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , dysthymic disorder ) , anxiety disorders ( e.g. , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , panic disorder , agoraphobia , specific phobia , and social phobia ) , and substance use disorders ( SUDs ) .
Health care in the United States
Uninsured Americans are less likely to have regular health care and use preventive services . They are more likely to delay seeking care , resulting in more medical crises , which are more expensive than ongoing treatment for such conditions as diabetes and high blood pressure . A 2007 study published in JAMA concluded that uninsured people were less likely than the insured to receive any medical care after an accidental injury or the onset of a new chronic condition . The uninsured with an injury were also twice as likely as those with insurance to have received none of the recommended follow - up care , and a similar pattern held for those with a new chronic condition . Uninsured patients are twice as likely to visit hospital emergency rooms as those with insurance ; burdening a system meant for true emergencies with less - urgent care needs .
Bubonic plague
The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in a number of historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized . The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources , some of which , including works by Chaucer , Boccaccio , and Petrarch , are considered part of the Western canon . The Decameron , by Boccaccio , is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death . First person , sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized , accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures .
Health care in the United States
Healthcare is subject to extensive regulation at both the federal and the state level , much of which `` arose haphazardly '' . Under this system , the federal government cedes primary responsibility to the states under the McCarran - Ferguson Act . Essential regulation includes the licensure of health care providers at the state level and the testing and approval of pharmaceuticals and medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , and laboratory testing . These regulations are designed to protect consumers from ineffective or fraudulent healthcare . Additionally , states regulate the health insurance market and they often have laws which require that health insurance companies cover certain procedures , although state mandates generally do not apply to the self - funded health care plans offered by large employers , which exempt from state laws under preemption clause of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Pharyngitis , the broader category into which Streptococcal pharyngitis falls , is diagnosed in 11 million people annually in the United States . It is the cause of 15 -- 40 % of sore throats among children and 5 -- 15 % in adults . Cases usually occur in late winter and early spring .
Terror management theory
Due to a change in people 's lifestyles , in the direction of more unhealthy behaviors , the leading causes of death now , being cancer and heart disease , most definitely are related to individuals ' unhealthy behaviors ( though the statement is over-generalising and certainly can not be applied to every case ) Age and death anxiety both are factors that should be considered in the terror management theory , in relation to health - promoting behaviors . Age undoubtedly plays some kind of role in people 's health - promoting behaviors ; however , an actual age related effect on death anxiety and health - promoting behaviors has yet to be seen . Although , research has demonstrated that for young adults only , when they were prompted with death related scenarios , they yielded more health - promoting behaviors , compared to those participants in their sixties . In addition , death anxiety has been found to have an effect for young adults , on their behaviors of health promotion .
Diphtheria
Between 1910 and 1911 , Béla Schick developed the Schick test to detect pre-existing immunity to diphtheria in an exposed person . Only those who were not exposed to diphtheria were preferably vaccinated . A massive , five - year campaign was coordinated by Dr. Schick . As a part of the campaign , 85 million pieces of literature were distributed by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company with an appeal to parents to `` Save your child from diphtheria . '' A vaccine was developed in the next decade , and deaths began declining significantly in 1924 . A
Political campaign
Signifying the importance of internet political campaigning , Barack Obama 's presidential campaign relied heavily on social media , Search Engine Optimisation ( SEO ) and new media channels to engage voters , recruit campaign volunteers , and raise campaign funds . The campaign brought the spotlight on the importance of using internet in new - age political campaigning by utilizing various forms of social media and new media ( including Facebook , YouTube and a custom generated social engine ) to reach new target populations . The campaign 's social website , my.BarackObama.com , utilized a low cost and efficient method of mobilizing voters and increasing participation among various voter populations . This new media was incredibly successful at reaching the younger population while helping all populations organize and promote action .
Lyme disease
Valneva 's hexavalent ( OspA ) protein subunit - based vaccine candidate VLA15 was granted fast track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in July 2017 which will allow further study .
Social media
Social media is also an important source of news . According to ' Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013 ' , social media are one of the most important ways for people find news online ( the others being traditional brands , search engines and news aggregators ) . The report suggested that in the United Kingdom , trust in news which comes from social media sources is low , compared to news from other sources ( e.g. online news from traditional broadcaster or online news from national newspapers ) . People who aged at 24 -- 35 trust social media most , whereas trust declined with the increase of age .
Child care
Many types of childcare discuss the different ways in which children are cared for by adults or older children . One additional type of child care involves children caring for adults . Children as caretakers are most often seen in developing countries with restricted or hard - to - access medical assistance . Child caretakers are common in families where the parents are affected by HIV / AIDS and other mental illnesses that might limit their parental functioning .
Health insurance in India
Some companies like Cigna TTK offer Pro active living programs . These are designed keeping in mind the Indian market and provide assistance based on medical , behavioural and lifestyle factors associated with chronic conditions . These services aim to help customers understand and manage their health better .
Socioeconomic status
Occupations are ranked by the Census ( among other organizations ) and opinion polls from the general population are surveyed . Some of the most prestigious occupations are physicians and surgeons , lawyers , chemical and biomedical engineers , university professors , and communications analysts . These jobs , considered to be grouped in the high SES classification , provide more challenging work and greater control over working conditions but require more ability . The jobs with lower rankings include food preparation workers , counter attendants , bartenders and helpers , dishwashers , janitors , maids and housekeepers , vehicle cleaners , and parking lot attendants . The jobs that are less valued also offer significantly lower wages , and often are more laborious , very hazardous , and provide less autonomy .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is classified as a zoonosis , as it is transmitted to humans from a natural reservoir among small mammals and birds by ticks that feed on both sets of hosts . Hard - bodied ticks of the genus Ixodes are the main vectors of Lyme disease ( also the vector for Babesia ) . Most infections are caused by ticks in the nymphal stage , because they are very small and thus may feed for long periods of time undetected . Larval ticks are very rarely infected . Although deer are the preferred hosts of the adult stage of deer ticks , and tick populations are much lower in the absence of deer , ticks generally do not acquire Lyme disease spirochetes from deer . Rather , deer ticks acquire Borrelia microbes from infected small mammals and occasionally birds , including the white - footed mouse , Peromyscus leucopus .
Hormonal contraception
Injectable hormonal contraceptives are also used by a significant portion -- about 6 % -- of the world 's contraceptive users . Other hormonal contraceptives are less common , accounting for less than 1 % of contraceptive use .
Medicare (United States)
The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
The legal and official designation of who is Native American has aroused controversy by demographers , tribal nations , and government officials for many decades . Federally recognized tribes and state recognized tribes set their own membership requirements ; tribal enrollment may require residency on a reservation , documented lineal descent from recognized records , such as the Dawes Rolls , and other criteria . Some tribes have adopted the use of blood quantum , requiring members to have a certain percentage . The federal government requires individuals to certify documented blood quantum of ancestry for certain federal programs , such as education benefits , available to members of recognized tribes . But Census takers accept any respondent 's identification . Genetic scientists estimated that more than 15 million other Americans , including African Americans and Hispanic Americans ( specifically those of Mexican heritage ) , may have up to one quarter of American Indian ancestry .
Chickenpox
After a chickenpox infection , the virus remains dormant in the body 's nerve tissues . The immune system keeps the virus at bay , but later in life , usually in an adult , it can be reactivated and cause a different form of the viral infection called shingles ( also known as herpes zoster ) . The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) suggests that every adult over the age of 50 years get the herpes zoster vaccine .
Water fluoridation
The water fluoridation controversy arises from political , moral , ethical , economic , and safety concerns regarding the water fluoridation of public water supplies . Public health authorities throughout the world state that water fluoridation at appropriate levels is a safe and effective means to prevent dental caries . Authorities ' views on the most effective fluoride therapy for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed ; some state water fluoridation is most effective , while others see no special advantage and prefer topical application strategies .
Tooth decay
Molar incisor hypomineralization , which seems to be increasingly common . While the cause is unknown it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Possible contributing factors that have been investigated include systemic factors such as high levels of dioxins or polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB ) in the mother 's milk , premature birth and oxygen deprivation at birth , and certain disorders during the child 's first 3 years such as such as mumps , diphtheria , scarlet fever , measles , hypoparathyroidism , malnutrition , malabsorption , hypovitaminosis D , chronic respiratory diseases , or undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease , which usually presents with mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms .