vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Anthony Eden
In April 1955 Churchill finally retired , and Eden succeeded him as Prime Minister . He was a very popular figure as a result of his long wartime service and his famous good looks and charm . His famous words `` Peace comes first , always '' added to his already substantial popularity .
Erwin Rommel
As Rommel attempted to withdraw his forces before the British could cut off his retreat , he fought a series of delaying actions . Heavy rains slowed movements and grounded the Desert Air Force , which aided the withdrawal . Those parts of Panzerarmee Africa that were motorized slipped away from El Alamein , but were under pressure from the pursuing Eighth Army . A series of short delaying actions were fought over the coastal highway , but no line could be held for any length of time , as Rommel lacked the armour and fuel to defend his open southern flank . Rommel continued to retreat west , abandoning Halfaya Pass , Sollum , Mersa Brega and El Agheila . The line Rommel was aiming for was ' Gabes gap ' in Tunisia . Luftwaffe Field Marshal Kesselring strongly criticized Rommel 's decision to retreat all the way to Tunisia , as each airfield the Germans abandoned extended the range of the Allied bombers and fighters . Rommel defended his decision , pointing out that if he tried to assume a defensive position the Allies would destroy his forces and take the airfields anyway ; the retreat saved the lives of his remaining men and shortened his supply lines . By now , Rommel 's remaining forces fought in reduced strength combat groups , whereas the Allied forces had great numerical superiority and control of the air . Upon his arrival in Tunisia , Rommel noted with some bitterness the reinforcements , including the 10th Panzer Division , arriving in Tunisia following the Allied invasion of Morocco . Tunisia
Friedrich Engels
There was a revolution in France in 1848 that soon spread to other Western European countries . These events caused Engels and Marx to return to their homeland of the Prussian Empire , specifically to the city of Cologne . While living in Cologne , they created and served as editors for a new daily newspaper called the Neue Rheinische Zeitung . Besides Marx and Engels , other frequent contributors to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung included Karl Schapper , Wilhelm Wolff , Ernst Dronke , Peter Nothjung , Heinrich Bürgers , Ferdinand Wolf and Carl Cramer . Friedrich Engels 's mother , herself , gives unwitting witness to the effect of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on the revolutionary uprising in Cologne in 1848 . Criticising his involvement in the uprising she states in a 5 December 1848 letter to Friedrich that `` nobody , ourselves included , doubted that the meetings at which you and your friends spoke , and also the language of ( Neue ) Rh. Z. were largely the cause of these disturbances . ''
Manhattan Project
Following in the wake of the advancing Allied armies , Pash and Calvert interviewed Frédéric Joliot - Curie about the activities of German scientists . They spoke to officials at Union Minière du Haut Katanga about uranium shipments to Germany . They tracked down 68 tons of ore in Belgium and 30 tons in France . The interrogation of German prisoners indicated that uranium and thorium were being processed in Oranienburg , 20 miles north of Berlin , so Groves arranged for it to be bombed on 15 March 1945 .
Erwin Rommel
The last Rommel offensive in North Africa was on 6 March 1943 , when he attacked Eighth Army at the Battle of Medenine . The attack was made with 10th , 15th , and 21st Panzer Divisions . Alerted by Ultra intercepts , Montgomery deployed large numbers of anti-tank guns in the path of the offensive . After losing 52 tanks , Rommel called off the assault . On 9 March he returned to Germany . Command was handed over to General Hans - Jürgen von Arnim . Rommel never returned to Africa . The fighting there continued on for another two months , until 13 May 1943 , when General Messe surrendered the Armeegruppe Afrika to the Allies .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference .
Erwin Rommel
According to some critical authors , an assessment of Rommel 's role in history has been hampered by views of Rommel that were formed , at least in part , due to political reasons , creating what these historians have called the `` Rommel myth '' . The interpretation considered by some historians to be a myth is the depiction of the Field Marshal as an apolitical , brilliant commander and a victim of the Third Reich who participated in the 20 July plot against Adolf Hitler . There is a notable number of authors who refer to `` Rommel Myth '' or `` Rommel Legend '' in a neutral or positive manner though .
Anthony Eden
Eden published three volumes of political memoirs , in which he denied that there had been any collusion with France and Israel . Like Churchill , Eden relied heavily on the ghost - writing of young researchers , whose drafts he would sometimes toss angrily into the flowerbeds outside his study . One of them was the young David Dilks .
Reichstag fire
British reporter Sefton Delmer witnessed the events of that night and his account of the fire provides a number of details . Delmer reports Hitler arriving at the Reichstag and appearing uncertain how it began and concerned that a Communist coup was about to be launched . Delmer viewed Van der Lubbe as being solely responsible but that the Nazis sought to make it appear to be a `` Communist gang '' who set the fire , whereas the Communists sought to make it appear that Van der Lubbe was working for the Nazis , each side constructing a plot - theory in which the other was the villain .
Lucille Ball
On September 4 , 1953 , Ball met privately with HUAC investigator William A. Wheeler in Hollywood and gave him sealed testimony . She stated that she had registered to vote as a Communist `` or intended to vote the Communist Party ticket '' in 1936 at her socialist grandfather 's insistence . She stated she `` at no time intended to vote as a Communist . ''
Cali Cartel
Leonid Derkach : Leonid Danilovich . We 've got some interesting material here from the Germans . One of them has been arrested . Leonid Kuchma ( reading aloud ) : Ritter , Rudolf Ritter . Leonid Derkach : Yes , and about that affair , the drug smuggling . Here are the documents . They gave them all out . Here 's Vova Putin , too . Leonid Kuchma : There 's something about Putin there ? Leonid Derkach : The Russians have already been buying everything up . Here are all the documents . We 're the only ones that still have them now . I think that ( FSB chief ) Nikolai Patrushev is coming from the 15th to the 17th . This will give him something to work with . This is what we 'll keep . They want to shove the whole affair under the carpet .
Erwin Rommel
After the end of the First World War , the couple settled initially in Stuttgart , and Stemmer and her child lived with them . Gertrude was referred to as Rommel 's niece , a fiction that went unquestioned due to the enormous number of women widowed during the war . Walburga died suddenly in October 1928 , and Gertrude remained a member of the household until Rommel 's death in 1944 . A son , Manfred Rommel , was born on 24 December 1928 , later served as Mayor of Stuttgart from 1974 to 1996 .
Anthony Eden
Guy Millard , one of Eden 's Private Secretaries , who thirty years later , in a radio interview , spoke publicly for the first time on the crisis , made an insider 's judgement about Eden : `` It was his mistake of course and a tragic and disastrous mistake for him . I think he overestimated the importance of Nasser , Egypt , the Canal , even of the Middle East itself . '' While British actions in 1956 are routinely described as `` imperialistic '' , the motivation was in fact economic . Eden was a liberal supporter of nationalist ambitions , such as over Sudanese independence . His 1954 Suez Canal Base Agreement ( withdrawing British troops from Suez in return for certain guarantees ) was sold to the Conservative Party against Churchill 's wishes .
Eiffel Tower
Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message :
Reichstag fire
In February 1933 , three men were arrested who were to play pivotal roles during the Leipzig Trial , known also as the `` Reichstag Fire Trial '' : Bulgarians Georgi Dimitrov , Vasil Tanev and Blagoy Popov . The Bulgarians were known to the Prussian police as senior Comintern operatives , but the police had no idea how senior they were : Dimitrov was head of all Comintern operations in Western Europe . The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains an ongoing topic of debate and research . Historians disagree as to whether van der Lubbe acted alone , as he said , to protest the condition of the German working class . The Nazis accused the Comintern of the act . Some historians endorse the theory , initially proposed by the Communist Party , that the arson was planned and ordered by the Nazis as a false flag operation . The building remained in its fire - damaged state until it was partially repaired from 1961 to 1964 , then completely restored from 1995 to 1999 .
Erwin Rommel
Although Rommel then entered a period without a significant command , he remained a household name in Germany , synonymous with the aura of invincibility . Hitler then made Rommel part of his defensive strategy for Fortress Europe ( Festung Europa ) by sending him to the West to inspect fortifications along the Atlantic Wall . Goebbels supported the decision , noting in his diary that Rommel was `` undoubtedly the suitable man '' for the task . The propaganda minister expected the move to reassure the German public and at the same time to have a negative impact on the Allied forces ' morale .
Erwin Rommel
Hearing of Rommel 's reputation as an outstanding military instructor , in February 1937 Hitler assigned him as the War Ministry liaison officer to the Hitler Youth , in charge of military training . Here he clashed with Baldur von Schirach , the Hitler Youth leader , over the training that the boys should receive . Trying to fulfill a mission assigned to him by the Ministry of War , Rommel had proposed a plan ( twice ) that would have effectively subordinated Hitler Youth to the army , removing it from the NSDAP control . That went against Schirach 's express wishes , who appealed directly to Hitler . Consequently , Rommel was quietly removed from the project in 1938 . He was promoted to Oberst ( colonel ) on 1 August 1937 , and in 1938 , Rommel was appointed commandant of the Theresian Military Academy War Academy at Wiener Neustadt . In October 1938 Hitler specially requested that Rommel be seconded to command the Führerbegleitbatallion ( his escort battalion ) . This unit accompanied him whenever he traveled outside of Germany . During this period he indulged his interest in engineering and mechanics by learning about the inner workings and maintenance of internal combustion engines and heavy machine guns . He memorized logarithm tables in his spare time , and enjoyed skiing and other outdoor sports .
Anthony Eden
There was speculation for many years that Eden 's biological father was the politician and man of letters George Wyndham , but this is considered impossible as Wyndham was in South Africa at the time of Eden 's conception . His mother was rumoured to have had an affair with Wyndham . Eden had an elder brother , John , who was killed in action in 1914 , and a younger brother , Nicholas , who was killed when the battlecruiser HMS Indefatigable blew up and sank at the Battle of Jutland in 1916 .
Erwin Rommel
On 17 July Rommel was incapacitated by an Allied air attack , which many authors describe as a fateful event that drastically altered the outcome of the bomb plot . Writer Ernst Jünger commented : `` The blow that felled Rommel ... robbed the plan of the shoulders that were to be entrusted the double weight of war and civil war - the only man who had enough naivety to counter the simple terror that those he was about to go against possessed . ''
Erwin Rommel
Rommel was direct , unbending , tough in his manners , to superiors and subordinates alike , disobedient even to Hitler whenever he saw fit , although he was gentle and diplomatic to the lower ranks ( German and Italian alike ) and POWs . Despite being publicity - friendly , he was also shy , introverted , clumsy and overly formal even to his closest aides , judging people only on their merits , although loyal and considerate to those who had proved reliability , and displayed a surprisingly passionate and devoted side to a very small few ( including Hitler ) with whom he had dropped down the seemingly impenetrable barriers ( many of these traits seemed to manifest even at a very young age ). .
Central Intelligence Agency
The charismatic leader of Indonesia was President Sukarno . His declaration of neutrality in the Cold War put the suspicions of the CIA on him . After Sukarno hosted Bandung Conference , promoting the Non-Aligned Movement , the Eisenhower White House responded with NSC 5518 authorizing `` all feasible covert means '' to move Indonesia into the Western sphere .
History of chemistry
In 1905 , Albert Einstein explained Brownian motion in a way that definitively proved atomic theory . Leo Baekeland invented bakelite , one of the first commercially successful plastics . In 1909 , American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan - who had studied in Europe under Walther Nernst and Max Planck - measured the charge of individual electrons with unprecedented accuracy through the oil drop experiment , in which he measured the electric charges on tiny falling water ( and later oil ) droplets . His study established that any particular droplet 's electrical charge is a multiple of a definite , fundamental value -- the electron 's charge -- and thus a confirmation that all electrons have the same charge and mass . Beginning in 1912 , he spent several years investigating and finally proving Albert Einstein 's proposed linear relationship between energy and frequency , and providing the first direct photoelectric support for Planck 's constant . In 1923 Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics .
History of the United States (1945–64)
The House Un-American Activities Committee , with young Congressman Richard M. Nixon playing a central role , accused Alger Hiss , a top Roosevelt aide , of being a Communist spy , using testimony and documents provided by Whittaker Chambers . Hiss was convicted and sent to prison , with the anti-Communists gaining a powerful political weapon . It launched Nixon 's meteoric rise to the Senate ( 1950 ) and the vice presidency ( 1952 ) .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel , resuming his advance on 5 June , drove for the River Seine to secure the bridges near Rouen . Advancing 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) in two days , the division reached Rouen to find the bridges destroyed . On 10 June , Rommel reached the coast near Dieppe , sending Hoth the laconic message `` Bin an der Küste '' or `` Am on the coast '' . On 17 June , 7th Panzer was ordered to advance on Cherbourg , where additional British evacuations were underway . The division advanced 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) in 24 hours , and after two days of shelling , the French garrison surrendered on 19 June . The speed and surprise it was consistently able to achieve , to the point where both the enemy and the Oberkommando des Heeres ( OKH ; German High Command ) at times lost track of its whereabouts , earned the 7th Panzers the nickname Gespensterdivision ( Ghost Division ) .
Anthony Eden
The alliance with the US proved not universal , however , when in July 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser , President of Egypt , unexpectedly nationalised ( seized ) the Suez Canal , following the withdrawal of Anglo - American funding for the Aswan Dam , Eden believed the nationalisation was in violation of the Anglo - Egyptian Agreement that Nasser had signed with the British and French governments on 19 October 1954 . This view was shared by Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell and Liberal leader Jo Grimond . In 1956 the Suez Canal was of vital importance since over two - thirds of the oil supplies of Western Europe ( 60 million tons annually ) passed through it , with 15,000 ships a year , one - third of them British ; three - quarters of all Canal shipping belonged to NATO countries . Britain 's total oil reserve at the time of the nationalisation was enough for only six weeks . The Soviet Union was certain to veto any sanctions against Nasser at the United Nations . Britain and a conference of other nations met in London following the nationalisation in an attempt to resolve the crisis through diplomatic means . However , the Eighteen Nations Proposals , including an offer of Egyptian representation on the board of the Suez Canal Company and a share of profits , were rejected by Nasser . Eden feared that Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would threaten to cut off oil supplies to Europe and , in conjunction with France , decided he should be removed from power .
Cheka
A member of Cheka was called a chekist . Also , the term chekist often referred to Soviet secret police throughout the Soviet period , despite official name changes over time . In The Gulag Archipelago , Alexander Solzhenitsyn recalls that zeks in the labor camps used old chekist as a mark of special esteem for particularly experienced camp administrators . The term is still found in use in Russia today ( for example , President Vladimir Putin has been referred to in the Russian media as a chekist due to his career in the KGB and as head of the KGB 's successor , FSB ) .
Anthony Eden
Nevertheless , he was in charge of handling most of the relations between Britain and Free French leader de Gaulle during the last years of the war . Eden was often critical of the emphasis Churchill put on the Special Relationship with the United States and was often disappointed by American treatment of their British allies .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) .
Erwin Rommel
In France , a Wehrmacht propaganda company frequently accompanied Rommel on his inspection trips to document his work for both domestic and foreign audiences . In May 1944 the German newsreels reported on Rommel 's speech at a Wehrmacht conference , where he stated his conviction that `` every single German soldier will make his contribution against the Anglo - American spirit that it deserves for its criminal and bestial air war campaign against our homeland '' . The speech led to an upswing in morale and sustained confidence in Rommel .
History of chemistry
British chemist and physicist William Crookes is noted for his cathode ray studies , fundamental in the development of atomic physics . His researches on electrical discharges through a rarefied gas led him to observe the dark space around the cathode , now called the Crookes dark space . He demonstrated that cathode rays travel in straight lines and produce phosphorescence and heat when they strike certain materials . A pioneer of vacuum tubes , Crookes invented the Crookes tube - an early experimental discharge tube , with partial vacuum with which he studied the behavior of cathode rays . With the introduction of spectrum analysis by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff ( 1859 - 1860 ) , Crookes applied the new technique to the study of selenium compounds . Bunsen and Kirchoff had previously used spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis to discover caesium and rubidium . In 1861 , Crookes used this process to discover thallium in some seleniferous deposits . He continued work on that new element , isolated it , studied its properties , and in 1873 determined its atomic weight . During his studies of thallium , Crookes discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer , a device that converts light radiation into rotary motion . The principle of this radiometer has found numerous applications in the development of sensitive measuring instruments .
Cold War
At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon .
James Stockdale
As his introduction to the large segment of American voters who had not previously heard of him , the debate was disastrous for Stockdale . He was portrayed in the media as elderly and confused , and his reputation never recovered . In a 1999 interview with Jim Lehrer , Stockdale explained that the statements were intended as an introduction of himself and his personal history to the television audience :
Prague
Hitler ordered the German Army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939 , and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate . For most of its history , Prague had been a multi-ethnic city with important Czech , German and ( mostly native German - speaking ) Jewish populations . From 1939 , when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany , and during the Second World War , most Jews were deported and killed by the Germans . In 1942 , Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany -- Reinhard Heydrich -- during Operation Anthropoid , accomplished by Czechoslovak national heroes Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš . Hitler ordered bloody reprisals .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition :
End of World War II in Europe
German forces in Italy surrender : On 29 April , the day before Hitler died , Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner , plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , signed a surrender document at Caserta after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies , which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace . In the document , the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May . Accordingly , after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May , nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May .