vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ural Mountains
The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and with the Ural economic region . They have rich resources , including metal ores , coal , precious and semi-precious stones . Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the Russian economy .
Midwestern United States
While these states are for the most part relatively flat , consisting either of plains or of rolling and small hills , there is a measure of geographical variation . In particular , the following areas exhibit a high degree of topographical variety : the eastern Midwest near the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains ; the Great Lakes Basin ; the Ozark Mountains of southern Missouri ; the rugged topography of Southern Indiana and Southern Illinois ; and the Driftless Area of northwestern Illinois , southwestern Wisconsin , southeastern Minnesota , and northeastern Iowa .
South Africa
The coastal belt below the south and south - western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of Cape Fold Mountains which run parallel to the coast , separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean . ( These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map , above left . Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges . ) The land ( at approximately 400 -- 500 m above sea level ) between two of these ranges of fold mountains in the south ( i.e. between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges to the south and the Swartberg range to the north ) is known as the Little Karoo , which consists of semi-desert scrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo , except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains , has a somewhat higher rainfall and is therefore more cultivated than the Great Karoo . The Little Karoo is historically , and still , famous for its ostrich farming around the town of Oudtshoorn . The lowland area ( 700 -- 800 m above sea level ) to the north of the Swartberg mountain range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo ( see map at top right ) , which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment . The narrow coastal strip between the most seaward Cape Fold Mountain range ( i.e. , the Langeberg -- Outeniqua mountains ) and the ocean has a moderately high year - round rainfall , especially in the George - Knysna - Plettenberg Bay region , which is known as the Garden Route . It is famous for the most extensive areas of indigenous forests in South Africa ( a generally forest - poor country ) .
Tar Heel
North Carolina State Governor Vance said in one of his speeches to the troops : `` I do not know what to call you fellows . I can not say fellow soldiers , because I am not a soldier , nor fellow citizens , because we do not live in this state ; so I have concluded to call you fellows Tar Heels . '' A piece of sheet music , `` Wearin ' of the Grey '' , identified as `` Written by Tar Heel '' and published in Baltimore in 1866 , is probably the earliest printed use of Tar Heel . On New Year 's Day , 1868 , Stephen Powers set out from Raleigh on a walking tour that , in part , would trace in reverse the march of Gen. William T. Sherman at the end of the Civil War . As a part of his report on North Carolina , Powers described the pine woods of the state and the making of turpentine . Having entered South Carolina , he recorded in his 1872 book , Afoot & Alone , that he spent the night `` with a young man , whose family were away , leaving him all alone in a great mansion . He had been a cavalry sergeant , wore his hat on the side of his head , and had an exceedingly confidential manner . '' `` You see , sir , the Tar ‐ heels have n't no sense to spare , '' Powers quotes the sergeant as saying . `` Down there in the pines the sun do n't more'n half bake their heads . We always had to show ' em whar the Yankees was , or they 'd charge to the rear , the wrong way , you see . '' In Congress on February 10 , 1875 , an African American representative from South Carolina stated that some whites were `` the class of men thrown up by the war , that rude class of men I mean , the ' tar ‐ heels ' and the ' sand ‐ hillers , ' and the ' dirt eaters ' of the South -- it is with that class we have all our trouble ... '' Tar Heel was used in the 1884 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , which reported that the people who lived in the region of pine forests were `` far superior to the tar heel , the nickname of the dwellers in barrens .
Atlas Mountains
Finally , in the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( ~ 66 million to ~ 1.8 million years ago ) , the mountain chains that today constitute the Atlas were uplifted , as the land masses of Europe and Africa collided at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula . Such convergent tectonic boundaries occur where two plates slide towards each other forming a subduction zone ( if one plate moves underneath the other ) , and / or a continental collision ( when the two plates contain continental crust ) . In the case of the Africa - Europe collision , it is clear that tectonic convergence is partially responsible for the formation of the High Atlas , as well as for the closure of the Strait of Gibraltar and the formation of the Alps and the Pyrenees . However , there is a lack of evidence for the nature of the subduction in the Atlas region , or for the thickening of the Earth 's crust generally associated with continental collisions . In fact , one of the most striking features of the Atlas to geologists is the relative small amount of crustal thickening and tectonic shortening despite the important altitude of the mountain range . Recent studies suggest that deep processes rooted in the Earth 's mantle may have contributed to the uplift of the High and Middle Atlas .
Peaks of Otter
At milepost marker 86 of the Blue Ridge Parkway stands the Peaks of Otter . Archaeological evidence under Abbott Lake indicates that Native Americans have been visiting the Peaks of Otter for at least 8,000 years for hunting , travel , and rest . European settlers started establishing the area in the mid-1700s . In 1766 Thomas Wood and his family from Pennsylvania settled a homestead on the area ; National Park Service documents indicate other early residents included brothers Charles and Robert Ewing , who are asserted by some to have named the Peaks after the Ewing surname as it is pronounced in Scottish Gaelic -- Clann Eóghain na h - Oitrich , or `` Clan Ewing of Otter . '' This view may be given credence by similarly Otter - themed place names in Scotland , and the resemblance of Flat Top to Beinn Dorain in the ancestral Ewing area of Argyll and Bute . Other theories for the naming off the Peaks of Otter include the anglicizing of the Cherokee word `` Otari '' meaning `` high places '' or the naming of the mountains after the Otter River , which starts nearby and presumably got named for otters downstream .
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains ( Russian : Ура́льские го́ры , tr . Uralskiye gory ; IPA : ( ʊˈraljskjɪjə ˈgorɨ ) ; Bashkir : Урал тауҙары , Ural tauźarı ) , or simply the Urals , are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia , from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan . The mountain range forms part of the conventional boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia . Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean .
Rocky Mountains
Further south , the growth of the Rocky Mountains in the United States was probably caused by an unusual subduction , where the Farallon plate dove at a shallow angle below the North American plate . This low angle moved the focus of melting and mountain building much farther inland than the normal 200 to 300 miles ( 300 to 500 km ) . It is postulated that the shallow angle of the subducting plate greatly increased the friction and other interactions with the thick continental mass above it . Tremendous thrusts piled sheets of crust on top of each other , building the extraordinarily broad , high Rocky Mountain range . Tilted
Eastern Himalaya
The Buxa range of Indo - Bhutan is also a part of the ancient rocks of the Himalayas . The ancient folds , running mainly along an east - west axis , were worn down during a long period of denudation lasting into cretaceous times , possibly over a hundred million years . During this time the carboniferous and permian rocks disappeared from the surface , except in its north near Hatisar in Bhutan and in the long trench extending from Jaldhaka River to Torsa River , where limestone and coal deposits are preserved in discontinuous basins . Limestone deposits also appear in Bhutan on the southern flanks of the Lower Himalayas . The rocks of the highlands are mainly sandstones of the Devonian age , with limestones and shales of the same period in places . The core of the mountain is exposed across the center , where Paleozoic rocks , mainly Cambrian and Silurian slates and Takhstasang gneiss outcrops are visible in the northwest and northeast , the latter extending to western Arunachal Pradesh in India .
Peaks of Otter
From atop the peaks the very close town of Bedford can be seen within eyesight . On the summit of the far side of the main peak ; Sharp Top , there is a famed crash site of a World War II B - 25 bomber that crashed into the side of the mountain during a training exercise . The wreckage was never removed , as it is too heavy and the side of the mountain it crashed on is too steep to work on . There is a small memorial on a rock at the top of the site for the crew that died , it is a hike off trail , but the majority of the plane can still be found along the mountain with bigger parts further down as you go over an estimated area of 500x600 feet . There is also a bigger , more put - together World War II Memorial in nearby Bedford . This memorial is a D - Day memorial dedicated to all men who died in the Normandy landings , but especially to the ones from Bedford , who had the highest percentage of men killed in the initial landings , the most out any other single area in the whole country . You can also visit the orchards and vineyards of the descendants of the historic Peaks of Otter Johnson and Gross families . These families had apple orchards on the Peaks of Otter back in the 1800 's and early 1900 's and now have Gross Orchard and Peaks of Otter Winery halfway between the Peaks of Otter and Bedford . View
Jura Mountains
The range is built up vertically while decreasing in size laterally ( along a rough northwest -- southeast line ) . This deformation accommodates the compression from alpine folding as the main Alpine orogenic front moves roughly northwards . The deformation becomes less pervasive away from the younger , more active Alpine mountain building .
Stone Mountain
The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open - air museum composed of 19 historic buildings , built between 1790 and 1875 , which have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation . The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations . The farm features live animals that guests can pet .
Tar Heel
A letter found in 1991 ( dating from 1864 in the North Carolina `` Tar Heel Collection '' ) by North Carolina State Archivist David Olson supports the theory that Lee might have stated something similar to this . A Colonel Joseph Engelhard , describing the Battle of Ream 's Station in Virginia , wrote : `` It was a ' Tar Heel ' fight , and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God , which you know means something brilliant . ''
Roanoke Colony
In 1998 , a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle , of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies .
Geography of China
The Nanling Mountains , the southernmost of the east - west mountain ranges , overlook areas in China with a tropical climate . The climate allows two crops of rice to be grown per year . Southeast of the mountains lies a coastal , hilly region of small deltas and narrow valley plains . The drainage area of the Pearl River and its associated network of rivers occupies much of the region to the south . West of the Nanling , the Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau rises in two steps , averaging 1,200 and 1,800 m in elevation , respectively , toward the precipitous mountain regions of the eastern Qingzang Plateau .
Lebanon
Lebanon is divided into four distinct physiographic regions : the coastal plain , the Lebanon mountain range , the Beqaa valley and the Anti-Lebanon mountains .
Rocky Mountains
Terranes started to collide with the western edge of North America in the Mississippian ( approximately 350 million years ago ) , causing the Antler orogeny . For 270 million years , the effects of plate collisions were focused very near the edge of the North American plate boundary , far to the west of the Rocky Mountain region . It was not until 80 Ma that these effects began to reach the Rockies .
North America
The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska .
Atlantic Ocean
Geologically the Northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins , Newfoundland and Iberia , and to the north by the Arctic Eurasian Basin . The opening of the Northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor , the Iapetus Ocean , and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages : Iberia -- Newfoundland , Porcupine -- North America , Eurasia -- Greenland , Eurasia -- North America . Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot .
Atlas Mountains
The Aurès Mountains of Algeria and Tunisia are the farthest eastern portion of the Atlas mountain range . The Aurès natural region is named after the range .
Ural Mountains
Forest landscapes of the Urals are diverse , especially in the southern part . The western areas are dominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests in the south . The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests . The Northern Urals are dominated by conifers , namely Siberian fir , Siberian pine , Scots pine , Siberian spruce , Norway spruce and Siberian larch , as well as by silver and downy birches . The forests are much sparser in the Polar Urals . Whereas in other parts of the Ural Mountains they grow up to an altitude of 1000 m , in the Polar Urals the tree line is at 250 -- 400 m . The polar forests are low and are mixed with swamps , lichens , bogs and shrubs . Dwarf birch , mosses and berries ( blueberry , cloudberry , black crowberry , etc . ) are abundant . The forests of the Southern Urals are the most diverse in composition : here , together with coniferous forests are also abundant broadleaf tree species such as English oak , Norway maple and elm . The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site .
Cape Hatteras Light
The Cape Hatteras light marked very dangerous shoals which extend from the cape for a distance of 10 nautical miles ( 19 km ) . The original tower was built of dark sandstone and retained its natural color . The original light consisted of 18 lamps ; with 14 - inch ( 360 mm ) reflectors , and was 112 feet ( 34 m ) above sea level . It was visible in clear weather for a distance of 18 miles ( 29 km ) .
Stone Mountain
Nature Garden Trail : A scenic ⁄ mile ( 1.2 km ) loop trail through a mature oak - hickory forest community , it is excellent for viewing shade - loving native plants . A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail .
Taiga
Taiga ( / ˈtaɪɡə / ; Russian : тайга́ , IPA : ( tɐjˈɡa ) ; from Turkic ) , also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .
Stone Mountain
Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory . When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers , its summit was encircled by a rock wall , similar to that still to be found on Georgia 's Fort Mountain . The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area , although its purpose remains unclear . By the beginning of the 20th century , the wall had disappeared , the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs , rolled down the rockface , or removed by the commercial quarrying operation . The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail , a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area .
Rocky Mountains
The status of most species in the Rocky Mountains is unknown , due to incomplete information . European - American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species . Examples of some species that have declined include western toads , greenback cutthroat trout , white sturgeon , white - tailed ptarmigan , trumpeter swan , and bighorn sheep . In the United States portion of the mountain range , apex predators such as grizzly bears and gray wolves had been extirpated from their original ranges , but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction . Other recovering species include the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon .
Jura Mountains
The Jura Mountains ( French : ( ʒyʁa ) ; German : ( ˈjuːra ) , locally ( ˈjuːɾa ) ; French : Massif du Jura ; German : Juragebirge ; Italian : Massiccio del Giura ) are a sub-alpine mountain range located north of the Western Alps , mainly following the course of the France -- Switzerland border . The Jura separates the Rhine and Rhône basins , forming part of the watershed of each .
Thirteen Colonies
The British also sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French by keeping them separated from the American frontiersmen . To this end , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation , however , and continued to move west and establish farms . The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement , but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation . Join
Pennsylvania Dutch
The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in Southeastern and in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania , in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown through Reading , Lebanon , and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg . Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch - speaking areas of Maryland , North Carolina , and Virginia .
Yemen
Yemen 's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports , such as biking , rock climbing , trekking , hiking , and other more challenging sports , including mountain climbing . Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Sarawat Mountains and the Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb , including the 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) peaks in the region , are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies .
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The islands on or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , from north to south , with their respective highest peaks and location , are :
Lithuania
Lithuania lies at the edge of the North European Plain . Its landscape was smoothed by the glaciers of the last ice age , and is a combination of moderate lowlands and highlands . Its highest point is Aukštojas Hill at 294 metres ( 965 ft ) in the eastern part of the country . The terrain features numerous lakes ( Lake Vištytis , for example ) and wetlands , and a mixed forest zone covers over 33 % of the country .
North Carolina
So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the `` Graveyard of the Atlantic '' ; more than 1,000 ships have sunk in these waters since records began in 1526 . The most famous of these is the Queen Anne 's Revenge ( flagship of the pirate Blackbeard ) , which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718 .
Oklahoma
The semi-arid high plains in the state 's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests ; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains . Partial plains interrupted by small , sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma ; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state . The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state 's eastern third , gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction . Turner
Ural Mountains
By topography and other natural features , the Urals are divided , from north to south , into the Polar ( or Arctic ) , Nether - Polar ( or Sub-Arctic ) , Northern , Central and Southern parts .
Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains the Rockies ( en ) , les Rocheuses ( fr ) , Montañas Rocosas , Rocallosas ( es ) Moraine Lake and the Valley of the Ten Peaks , Banff National Park , Alberta Highest point Peak Mount Elbert ( Colorado , United States ) Elevation 14,440 ft ( 4,401 m ) Coordinates 39 ° 07 ′ 03.90 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43.29 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.1177500 ° N 106.4453583 ° W ﻿ / 39.1177500 ; - 106.4453583 Length 3,000 mi ( 4,800 km ) Geography Countries United States and Canada States / Provinces List ( show ) British Columbia Alberta Idaho Montana Wyoming Utah Colorado New Mexico Range coordinates 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.741208 ° N 110.802414 ° W ﻿ / 43.741208 ; - 110.802414 Coordinates : 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.741208 ° N 110.802414 ° W ﻿ / 43.741208 ; - 110.802414 Parent range North American Cordillera Geology Age of rock Precambrian and Cretaceous Type of rock Igneous , Sedimentary and Metamorphic
Rocky Mountains
All of the geological processes , above , have left a complex set of rocks exposed at the surface . For example , volcanic rock from the Paleogene and Neogene periods ( 66 million -- 2.6 million years ago ) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas . Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain . The Tetons and other north - central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age draped above cores of Proterozoic and Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion ( e.g. , Tetons ) to more than 3.3 billion years ( Beartooth Mountains ) .
Atlas Mountains
The basement rock of most of Africa was formed during the Precambrian period , and is much older than the Atlas Mountains lying on the continent . The Atlas was formed during three subsequent phases of Earth 's geology .
Elk
Modern subspecies are descended from elk that once inhabited Beringia , a steppe region between Asia and North America that connected the two continents during the Pleistocene . Beringia provided a migratory route for numerous mammal species , including brown bear , camel , horse , caribou , and moose , as well as humans . As the Pleistocene came to an end , ocean levels began to rise ; elk migrated southwards into Asia and North America . In North America they adapted to almost all ecosystems except for tundra , true deserts , and the gulf coast of the U.S. The elk of southern Siberia and central Asia were once more widespread but today are restricted to the mountain ranges west of Lake Baikal including the Sayan and Altai Mountains of Mongolia and the Tianshan region that borders Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , and China 's Xinjiang Province . The habitat of Siberian elk in Asia is similar to that of the Rocky Mountain subspecies in North America .