vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Axis powers
About 45,000 Norwegian collaborators joined the pro-Nazi party Nasjonal Samling ( National Union ) , and some police units helped arrest many Jews . However , Norway was one of the first countries where resistance during World War II was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943 . After the war , Quisling and other collaborators were executed . Quisling 's name has become an international eponym for traitor .
Czechoslovakia
Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime , the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
As part of the Holocaust during World War II , German Nazis used gas vans at Chelmno extermination camp and elsewhere to kill an estimated over 700,000 prisoners by carbon monoxide poisoning . This method was also used in the gas chambers of several death camps such as Treblinka , Sobibor and Belzec . Gassing with carbon monoxide started in action T4 , the euthanasia programme developed by the Nazis in Germany to murder the mentally ill and disabled people before the war started in earnest . The gas was supplied by IG Farben in pressurized cylinders and fed by tubes into the gas chambers built at various mental hospitals , such as Hartheim Euthanasia Centre . Many key personnel were recruited from the T4 programme to murder much larger numbers of people in the gas vans and the special gas chambers used in the death camps such as Treblinka . Exhaust fumes from tank engines for example , were used to supply the gas to the chambers .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
In addition to the large number of local residents , up to 9,000 foreign tourists ( mostly Europeans ) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing , especially people from the Nordic countries . The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden , whose death toll was 543 . Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims . Among the international victims were a Thai prince , and a number of relatively well known musicians and sports players . Patong
Military history of Italy during World War II
Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) in air attacks . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940 -- 41 .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
A survey by the newspaper Mainichi Shimbun computed that of some 300,000 people who evacuated the area , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures , had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Fukushima Prefecture in 2011 . The exact causes of the majority of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , as according to the municipalities , that would hinder application for condolence money compensation by the relatives of the deceased .
History of Mexico
The conflict claimed about 90,000 lives : 57,000 on the federal side , 30,000 Cristeros , and civilians and Cristeros killed in anticlerical raids after the war 's end . As promised in the diplomatic resolution , the laws considered offensive by the Cristeros remained on the books , but the federal government made no organized attempt to enforce them . Nonetheless , persecution of Catholic priests continued in several localities , fueled by local officials ' interpretation of the law .
Bangladesh Liberation War
, Govt . EPk ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) Capt . Ahmad Zamir ( CO , Pakistan Marines East ) Cdr Zafar Muhammad † ( CO , PNS Ghazi ) Air Cdre Inamul Haque ( AOC , Eastern Air Command ) Air Cdre Mitty Masud ( AOC , Eastern Air Cmnd. ( 1969 -- 71 ) ) Units involved 175,000 250,000 ~ 365,000 regular troops ( ~ 97,000 + in East Pakistan ) ~ 25,000 militiamen Casualties and losses ~ 30,000 killed 1,426 -- 1,525 killed 3,611 -- 4,061 wounded ~ 8,000 killed ~ 10,000 wounded 90,000 -- 93,000 captured ( including 79,676 troops and 10,324 -- 12,192 local militiamen ) Civilian death : Estimates range between 300,000 and 3 million .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 are still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Panoramic
Allies of World War II
Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties .
Chernobyl disaster
On the death toll of the accident , the report states that 28 emergency workers ( `` liquidators '' ) died from acute radiation syndrome , including beta burns , and 15 patients died from thyroid cancer in the following years , and it roughly estimated that cancer deaths caused by Chernobyl may reach a total of about 4,000 among the 5 million persons residing in the contaminated areas . The report projected cancer mortality `` increases of less than one per cent '' ( ~ 0.3 % ) on a time span of 80 years , cautioning that this estimate was `` speculative '' since at this time only a few cancer deaths are linked to the Chernobyl disaster . The report says it is impossible to reliably predict the number of fatal cancers arising from the incident as small differences in assumptions can result in large differences in the estimated health costs . The report says it represents the consensus view of the eight UN organizations .
V-weapons
1,115 V - 2s were fired at the United Kingdom . The vast majority of them were aimed at London , though about 40 targeted ( and missed ) Norwich . They killed an estimated 2,754 people in London with another 6,523 injured . A further 2,917 service personnel were killed as a result of the V weapon campaign . Since the V - 2 was supersonic and could not be heard ( and was rarely seen ) as it approached the target , its psychological effect `` suffered in comparison to the V - 1 . ''
Kargil War
Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine . Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed . The US Department of State had made an early , partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities . According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities . His PML ( N ) party in its `` white paper '' on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens , officers and soldiers were killed . Another major Pakistani political party , the Pakistan Peoples Party , also says that `` thousands '' of soldiers and irregulars died . Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed . Musharraf , in his Hindi version of his memoirs , titled `` Agnipath '' , differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded . Apart from General Musharraf 's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded , the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army 's website . One Indian pilot was officially captured during the fighting , while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting , and were repatriated on 13 August 1999 . India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded .
Korean War
The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The declassified Soviet archives show that there were 1.54 million officially registered deaths in Ukraine from famine . Alec Nove claims that registration of deaths largely ceased in many areas during the famine . However , it 's been pointed out that the registered deaths in the archives were substantially revised by the demographics officials . The older version of the data showed 600,000 fewer deaths in Ukraine than the current , revised statistics . In The Black Book of Communism , the authors claim the number of dead was at least 4 million , and characterize the Great Famine as `` a genocide of the Ukrainian people '' .
Warsaw
By July 1944 , the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw . Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland , the Polish government - in - exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army ( AK ) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived . Thus , on 1 August 1944 , as the Red Army was nearing the city , the Warsaw uprising began . The armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . They were transported to PoW camps in Germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
Chernobyl disaster
In a peer - reviewed paper in the International Journal of Cancer in 2006 , the authors expanded the discussion on those exposed to all of Europe ( but following a different conclusion methodology to the Chernobyl Forum study , which arrived at the total predicted death toll of 4,000 after cancer survival rates were factored in ) they stated , without entering into a discussion on deaths , that in terms of total excess cancers attributed to the accident :
Military history of Italy during World War II
Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence have however revised the military deaths to 319,207 :
British Army during World War I
Estimates of casualties vary enormously , but of the around 480,000 Allied troops involved in the campaign , 180,000 were wounded and 44,000 died , 20,000 of the dead being British .
Berlin Wall
The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful .
British Army during World War I
Total Allied casualties in the Sinai and Palestine campaign were 60,000 of which 20,000 were killed . Some 15,000 of the dead were British .
Siege of Sarajevo
A total of 13,952 people were killed during the siege , including 5,434 civilians . The ARBiH suffered 6,137 fatalities , while Bosnian Serb military casualties numbered 2,241 soldiers killed . The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980 . There are estimates that prior to the siege the population in the city proper was 435,000 . The estimates of the number of persons living in Sarajevo after the siege ranged from between 300,000 and 380,000 .
Siege of Sarajevo
In particular , 44 percent of all fatalities were ARBiH personnel . A total of 5,434 civilians were killed during the siege , including 3,855 Bosniaks , 1,097 Serbs and 482 Croats . More than 66 percent of those killed during the siege were Bosniaks , 25.6 percent were Serbs , 5.8 percent were Croats and 1 percent were others . About 14.5 percent of all Bosnian War fatalities occurred in besieged Sarajevo . Officials of the Federation of Bosnia - Herzegovina have estimated that at least 150 Sarajevan Serb civilians were killed by government forces , while some nationalistic groups among Serbs and Republika Srpska officials have put the number at `` many thousands '' . However , efforts to substantiate Bosnian Serb claims have been unconvincing .
Channel Tunnel
On 4 August 2015 , a Sudanese migrant walked nearly the entire length of one of the tunnels . He was arrested close to the British side , after having walked about 30 miles ( 48 km ) through the tunnel .
World War II casualties
Soviet Republic Population 1940 ( within 1946 -- 91 borders ) Military deaths Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total Deaths as % of 1940 population Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6 % Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1 % Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3 % Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6 % Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3 % Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7 % Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8 % Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7 % Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7 % Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9 % Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7 % Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8 % Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7 % Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3 % Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4 % Unidentified -- 165,000 130,000 295,000 Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7 %
Siege of Yorktown
The British official casualty return for the siege listed 156 killed , 326 wounded and 70 missing . Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and enlisted men in Yorktown when he capitulated and a further 840 sailors from the British fleet in the York River . Another 84 prisoners had been taken during the assault on the redoubts on October 16 . Since only 70 men were reported as missing , this would suggest that 14 of the men officially marked down as ' killed ' had in fact been captured . This gives a grand total of 142 killed , 326 wounded prisoners and 7,685 other prisoners . Jerome A. Greene mentions a German account that gives much higher figures : 309 killed and 595 wounded .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9 , 2003 . That number comes from the transcript of an October 2003 interview of U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld with journalist Bob Woodward . They were discussing a number reported by The Washington Post . But neither could remember the number clearly , nor whether it was just for deaths , or both deaths and wounded .
World War II casualties
The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression . The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages . The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal . Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet - era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons . The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 -- 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives . The Soviet - era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991 . J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet - era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era . Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives , maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll . Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB . Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete ; for example , he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre . Rosefielde 's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939 -- 40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 -- 1945 . Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin 's victims , they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps .
V-weapons
A total of 9,251 V - 1s were fired at targets in Britain , with the vast majority aimed at London ; 2,515 reached the city , killing 6,184 civilians and injuring 17,981 . Croydon to the south , on the flight path of the V1s suffered severely taking 142 hits .
Dyatlov Pass incident
After the group 's bodies were discovered , an investigation by Soviet Union authorities determined that six had died from hypothermia while the other three showed signs of physical trauma . One victim had a fractured skull ; two others had major chest fractures . Additionally , another team member was missing her tongue and eyes . The investigation concluded that an `` unknown compelling force '' had caused the deaths . Numerous theories have been put forward to account for the unexplained deaths , including animal attacks , hypothermia , avalanche , infrasound - induced panic , military involvement , or some combination of these .
First Battle of the Marne
Over two million men fought in the First Battle of the Marne and although there are no exact official casualty counts for the battle , estimates for the actions of September along the Marne front for all armies are often given as c. 500,000 killed or wounded . French casualties totalled 250,000 men , of whom 80,000 were killed . Some notable people died in the battle , such as Charles Péguy , who was killed while leading his platoon during an attack at the beginning of the battle . Tuchman gave French casualties for August as 206,515 from Armées Françaises and Herwig gave French casualties for September as 213,445 , also from Armées Françaises for a total of just under 420,000 in the first two months of the war . According to Roger Chickering , German casualties for the 1914 campaigns on the Western Front were 500,000 . British casualties were 13,000 men , with 1,700 killed . The Germans suffered c. 250,000 casualties . No future battle on the Western Front would average so many casualties per day .
Mount Everest
Some climbers who left him said that the rescue efforts would have been useless and only have caused more deaths . Beck Weathers of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster said that those who are dying are often left behind , and that he himself had been left for dead twice but was able to keep walking . The Tribune of India quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as `` the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering '' . In addition to Sharp 's death , at least nine other climbers perished that year , including multiple Sherpas working for various guiding companies .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Then in War Without Mercy , John W. Dower claim that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino - Japanese War . Of this number , the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers . Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended , mostly from illness and starvation . Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World War II , 22 percent died in China .
World War II
In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung .
Mount Everest
In 2006 12 people died . One death in particular ( see below ) triggered an international debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics . The season was also remembered for the rescue of Lincoln Hall who had been left by his climbing team and declared dead , but was later discovered alive and survived being helped off the mountain . David
Aftermath of the Korean War
From official Chinese sources , PVA Korean War casualty figures break down as follows : 114,000 killed in action ; 380,000 total wounded in action ; 21,000 died of wounds ; 13,000 died of sickness ; and 21,400 POW .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin personally told a Polish general requesting information about missing Polish officers that all of the Poles were freed , and that not all could be accounted because the Soviets `` lost track '' of them in Manchuria . After Polish railroad workers found the mass grave , the Nazis used the massacre to attempt to drive a wedge between Stalin and the other Allies , including bringing in a European commission of investigators from twelve countries to examine the graves . In 1943 , as the Soviets prepared to retake Poland , Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels correctly guessed that Stalin would attempt to falsely claim that the Germans massacred the victims . As Goebbels predicted , the Soviets had a `` commission '' investigate the matter , falsely concluding that the Germans had killed the PoWs . The Soviets did not admit responsibility until 1990 .
Berlin Wall
Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Potsdam Conference subsequently sanctioned the `` orderly and humane '' transfer to Germany of individuals regarded as `` ethnic Germans '' by authorities in Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Hungary . The Potsdam Agreement recognized that these expulsions were already underway and were putting a burden on authorities in the German Occupation Zones , including the re-defined Soviet Occupation Zone . Most of the Germans who were being expelled were from Czechoslovakia and Poland , which included most of the territory to the east of the Oder - Neisse Line . The Potsdam Declaration stated :
Berlin Wall
Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police .
End of World War II in Europe
Germans leave Finland : On 25 April 1945 , the last Germans were expelled by the Finnish Army from Finland and retreated into Norway .