vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hamlet
Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University .
Hamlet
Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne .
The Merchant of Venice
In its article `` Unconventional Director Sets Shakespeare Play In Time , Place Shakespeare Intended '' , the online satirical news site The Onion satirized the contemporary fashion of altering the play 's setting .
Pluto (mythology)
Throughout the Renaissance , images and ideas from classical antiquity entered popular culture through the new medium of print and through pageants and other public performances at festivals . The Fête - Dieu at Aix - en - Provence in 1462 featured characters costumed as a number of classical deities , including Pluto , and Pluto was the subject of one of seven pageants presented as part of the 1521 Midsummer Eve festival in London . During the 15th century , no mythological theme was brought to the stage more often than Orpheus 's descent , with the court of Pluto inspiring fantastical stagecraft . Leonardo da Vinci designed a set with a rotating mountain that opened up to reveal Pluto emerging from the underworld ; the drawing survives and was the basis for a modern recreation .
Rosaline
Robert Nathan 's 1966 romantic comedy , Juliet in Mantua , presents Rosaline as a fully developed character . In this sequel , in which Romeo and Juliet did not die , the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua . After they are forgiven and return to Verona , they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris , and both couples must confront their disillusionment with their marriages . Another play , After Juliet , written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald , tells the story of Rosaline after Romeo dies . A main character in this play , she struggles with her loss and turns away the advances of Benvolio , who has fallen in love with her . Macdonald 's daughter , Keira Knightley , played Rosaline in the play 's 1999 premiere . The 2012 young adult novel `` When You Were Mine '' by Rebecca Serle sets Rosaline 's story in a contemporary high school . Rosaline and Romeo ( renamed Rob ) have been best friends since childhood and are just beginning to fall in love when Rosaline 's cousin , Juliet , moves back into town and sets her sights on Rob . Important character in sequel named `` Plague on both your houses ! '' ( 1994 ) by Grigori Gorin .
Ramayana
The Ramayana became popular in Southeast Asia during 8th century and was represented in literature , temple architecture , dance and theatre . Today , dramatic enactments of the story of the Ramayana , known as Ramlila , take place all across India and in many places across the globe within the Indian diaspora . Hanuman
Hamlet
63 . Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown 2016 . Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 . Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 . Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 . Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 . Jump up ^ Fine 2013 . Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d. Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 . Jump up ^ Calia 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet review : a supremely self - assured Prince - Rada 's Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre '' . The Telegraph . 2017 - 09 - 02 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Fox 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan n.d. Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 . Jump up ^ Gupta 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren n.d. Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 .
Nick Bottom
Theseus ends up choosing Pyramus and Thisbe as the performance for his amusement , now also the wedding day of the young Athenian lovers . The play is poorly written and poorly acted , though obviously performed with a great deal of passion . Bottom performs the famous Pyramus death scene in the play within the play , one of the most comedic moments in the play .
Richard III (play)
The BBC Television Shakespeare version , first broadcast in 1983 , starred Ron Cook as Richard .
Yorick
The earliest printed image of Hamlet holding Yorick 's skull is a 1773 engraving by John Hall after a design by Edward Edwards in Bell 's edition of Shakespeare 's plays . It has since become a common subject . While Yorick normally only appears as the skull , there have been scattered portrayals of him as a living man , such as Philip Hermogenes Calderon 's painting The Young Lord Hamlet ( 1868 ) , which depicts him carrying the child Hamlet on his back , as if being ridden like a horse by the prince . He was portrayed by comedian Ken Dodd in a flashback during the gravedigging scene in Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 film Hamlet .
Hamlet
Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo , Andrew Scott , Paapa Essiedu and Michael Urie performing the lead role .
Hamlet
Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted . Comparison
Hamlet
Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy . Title
Musical theatre
In the 1990s , a new generation of theatrical composers emerged , including Jason Robert Brown and Michael John LaChiusa , and who began with productions Off - Broadway . The most conspicuous success of these artists was Jonathan Larson 's show Rent ( 1996 ) , a rock musical ( based on the opera La bohème ) about a struggling community of artists in Manhattan . While the cost of tickets to Broadway and West End musicals was escalating beyond the budget of many theatregoers , Rent was marketed to increase the popularity of musicals among a younger audience . It featured a young cast and a heavily rock - influenced score ; the musical became a hit . Its young fans , many of them students , calling themselves RENTheads , camped out at the Nederlander Theatre in hopes of winning the lottery for $20 front row tickets , and some saw the show dozens of times . Other shows on Broadway followed Rent 's lead by offering heavily discounted day - of - performance or standing - room tickets , although often the discounts are offered only to students .
Hamlet
In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger .
Romeo and Juliet
It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 .
Musical theatre
The U.S. and Britain were the most active sources of book musicals from the 19th century through much of the 20th century ( although Europe produced various forms of popular light opera and operetta , for example Spanish Zarzuela , during that period and even earlier ) . However , the light musical stage in other countries has become more active in recent decades .
Richard III (play)
The most famous player of the part in recent times was Laurence Olivier in his 1955 film version . Olivier 's film incorporates a few scenes and speeches from Shakespeare 's Henry VI , Part 3 and Cibber 's rewrite of Shakespeare 's play , but cuts entirely the characters of Queen Margaret and the Duchess of York , and Richard 's soliloquy after seeing the ghosts of his victims . Olivier has Richard seduce Lady Anne while mourning over the corpse of her husband rather than her father - in - law as in the play . Olivier 's rendition has been parodied by many comedians , including Peter Cook and Peter Sellers . Sellers , who had aspirations to do the role straight , appeared in a 1965 TV special on The Beatles ' music by reciting `` A Hard Day 's Night '' in the style of Olivier 's Richard III . The first episode of the BBC television comedy Blackadder in part parodies the Olivier film , visually ( as in the crown motif ) , Peter Cook 's performance as a benevolent Richard , and by mangling Shakespearean text ( `` Now is the summer of our sweet content made o'ercast winter by these Tudor clouds ... '' )
Theatre of ancient Greece
After the Great Destruction of Athens by the Persian Empire in 480 BCE , the town and acropolis were rebuilt , and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of Athenian culture and civic pride . This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama . The centre - piece of the annual Dionysia , which took place once in winter and once in spring , was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the Theatre of Dionysus . Each submitted three tragedies , plus a satyr play ( a comic , burlesque version of a mythological subject ) . Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy . Aristotle claimed that Aeschylus added the second actor ( deuteragonist ) , and that Sophocles introduced the third ( tritagonist ) . Apparently the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre .
Medieval theatre
According to the binary thinking of the Church 's early followers , everything that did not belong to God belonged to the Devil ; thus all non-Christian gods and religions were satanic . Efforts were made in many countries through this period to not only convert Jews and pagans but to destroy pre-Christian institutions and influences . Works of Greek and Roman literature were burnt , the thousand - year - old Platonic Academy was closed , the Olympic Games were banned and all theatres were shut down . The theatre itself was viewed as a diabolical threat to Christianity because of its continued popularity in Rome even among new converts . Church fathers such as Tatian , Tertullian and Augustine characterized the stage as an instrument in the Devil 's fiendish plot to corrupt men 's souls , while acting was considered sinful because of its cruel mockery of God 's creation .
Romeo and Juliet
In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video .
Actor
After 1660 in England , when women first started to appear on stage , the terms actor or actress were initially used interchangeably for female performers , but later , influenced by the French actrice , actress became the commonly used term for women in theater and film . The etymology is a simple derivation from actor with ess added . However , when referring to groups of performers of both sexes , actors is preferred . Actor is also used before the full name of a performer as a gender - specific term . Within the profession , the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the 1950 -- 1960s , the post-war period when the contributions of women to cultural life in general were being reviewed . `` When The Observer and The Guardian published their new joint style guide in 2010 , it stated `` Use ( '' actor `` ) for both male and female actors ; do not use actress except when in name of award , e.g. Oscar for best actress . '' The authors of the style guide stated that `` actress comes into the same category as authoress , comedienne , manageress , ' lady doctor ' , ' male nurse ' and similar obsolete terms that date from a time when professions were largely the preserve of one sex ( usually men , see male as norm ) . As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper : ' An actress can only play a woman . I 'm an actor -- I can play anything . ' '' The UK performers ' union Equity has no policy on the use of `` actor '' or `` actress '' . An Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the `` ... subject divides the profession . '' In 2009 , the Los Angeles Times stated that `` Actress '' remains the common term used in major acting awards given to female recipients ( e.g. , Academy Award for Best Actress ) .
Rosaline
Literary critics often compare Romeo 's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet . Some see Romeo 's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet . Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo 's feelings shows Shakespeare 's improving skill . Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591 , and then picked them up again in 1597 to create the final copy , the change in Romeo 's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare 's increased skill as a playwright : the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline , and the more experienced describing Juliet . In this view , a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo 's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined .
Hamlet
38 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Burian 2004 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d. Jump up ^ Canby 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 . Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 . Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown 2016 .
Romeo and Juliet
Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition .
Romanticism
After the Bourbon Restoration , French Romanticism developed in the lively world of Parisian theatre , with productions of Shakespeare , Schiller ( in France a key Romantic author ) , and adaptations of Scott and Byron alongside French authors , several of whom began to write in the late 1820s . Cliques of pro - and anti-Romantics developed , and productions were often accompanied by raucous vocalizing by the two sides , including the shouted assertion by one theatregoer in 1822 that `` Shakespeare , c'est l'aide - de-camp de Wellington '' ( `` Shakespeare is Wellington 's aide - de-camp '' ) . Alexandre Dumas began as a dramatist , with a series of successes beginning with Henri III et sa cour ( 1829 ) before turning to novels that were mostly historical adventures somewhat in the manner of Scott , most famously The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo , both of 1844 . Victor Hugo published as a poet in the 1820s before achieving success on the stage with Hernani -- a historical drama in a quasi-Shakespearian style that had famously riotous performances , themselves as much a spectacle as the play , on its first run in 1830 . Like Dumas , he is best known for his novels , and was already writing The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) , one of the best known works of his long career . The preface to his unperformed play `` Cromwell '' gives an important manifesto of French Romanticism , stating that `` there are no rules , or models '' . The career of Prosper Mérimée followed a similar pattern ; he is now best known as the originator of the story of Carmen , with his novella of 1845 . Alfred de Vigny remains best known as a dramatist , with his play on the life of the English poet Chatterton ( 1835 ) perhaps his best work .
Richard III (play)
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Richard III (play)
However , historical fatalism is merely one side of the argument of fate versus free will . It is also possible that Shakespeare intended to portray Richard as `` ... a personification of the Machiavellian view of history as power politics '' . In this view , Richard is acting entirely out of his own free will in brutally taking hold of the English throne . Kiernan also presents this side of the coin , noting that Richard `` boasts to us of his finesse in dissembling and deception with bits of Scripture to cloak his ' naked villainy ' ( I. iii. 334 -- 8 ) ... Machiavelli , as Shakespeare may want us to realise , is not a safe guide to practical politics '' .
Musical theatre
`` Is the Musical dead ? ... Absolutely not ! Changing ? Always ! The musical has been changing ever since Offenbach did his first rewrite in the 1850s . And change is the clearest sign that the musical is still a living , growing genre . Will we ever return to the so - called ' golden age , ' with musicals at the center of popular culture ? Probably not . Public taste has undergone fundamental changes , and the commercial arts can only flow where the paying public allows . ''
United States
One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson .