vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Sir John Wentworth , 1st Baronet ( 1737 -- 1820 ) , last Royal Governor of New Hampshire at the time of the American Revolution ; Lieutenant - Governor of Nova Scotia Robert Winthrop ( 1764 -- 1832 ) , descendant of John Winthrop ; Vice Admiral in the British Navy , residing in England Charles Woodmason ( ca . 1720 -- 1789 ) , Church of England missionary in South Carolina , Virginia , and Maryland , diarist , poet , and corresponding member of the Royal Society of Arts , London . He authored an article published ( under the pseudonym `` Sylvanus '' ) in the South Carolina Gazette and Country - Journal on March 28 , 1769 chiding the local Patriot leaders for hypocrisy and asked pointedly how they could justly complain of `` No taxation without representation ! '' regarding Acts of Parliament , while these very same powerful men denied the Carolina Backcountry any representation in South Carolina 's Assembly , yet expected them to pay taxes passed by that body . Gov. James Wright ( 1716 -- 1785 ) , last Royal Governor of Georgia , buried in Westminster Abbey
United States Declaration of Independence
Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence .
British Empire
During the 1760s and early 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament 's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent . This was summarised at the time by the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' , a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen . The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self - government . In response , Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule , leading to the outbreak of war in 1775 . The following year , in 1776 , the United States declared independence . The entry of France into the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans ' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , Britain began negotiating peace terms . American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783 . Surrender
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Grace Growden Galloway ( 1727 -- 1783 ) , Loyalist who documented her fight for property rights Joseph Galloway ( 1731 -- 1803 ) , Member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Micajah Ganey ( 1756 -- 1830 ) , Loyalist leader of the Pee Dee defeated by Francis Marion Alexander Garden ( 1720 -- 1791 ) , Scottish - born naturalist who lived in Charles Town , South Carolina until fleeing to London in 1783 Dr. Silvester Gardiner ( 1708 -- 1786 ) , Massachusetts physician , visionary land developer ; in 1774 added his name to a letter addressed to Massachusetts Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson , affirming his allegiance to the Loyalist cause David George ( ca . 1743 -- 1810 ) , African - American Baptist preacher and a Black Loyalist from the American South who escaped to British lines in Savannah , Georgia ; later accepted transport to Nova Scotia and land there ; eventually resettled in Freetown , Sierra Leone Abraham Gesner ( 1756 -- 1851 ) , served with the King 's Orange Rangers during the American Revolution ; purchased a commission of major in the British Army Simon Girty ( 1741 -- 1818 ) , British liaison with the Indians Harrison Gray ( 1711 -- 1794 ) , wealthy merchant ; Treasurer and Receiver - General for the Province of Massachusetts Bay Joseph Gray ( 1729 -- 1803 ) , Boston , Massachusetts Loyalist and progenitor of noted Canadian family
American Revolution
British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries .
American Revolution
In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion .
Military history of the United States
Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen . When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city . The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief of the newly created Continental Army , which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia . In addition to the Army , Congress also created the Continental Navy and Continental Marines He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington 's army . Meanwhile , the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states , and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4 , 1776 .
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands .
American Revolution
The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise .
Stamp Act 1765
This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial Printed
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron ( 1693 -- 1781 ) , of Virginia ; the only British peer resident in Colonial America David Fanning ( 1755 -- 1825 ) , commander of militia in North Carolina , and later Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick , 1791 -- 1801 Edmund Fanning ( 1739 -- 1818 ) , commanded militia in the War of the Regulation and Loyalist militia in the American Revolution ; later Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia and Saint John 's Island David Farnsworth ( d . 1778 ) , British agent hanged for his participation in a plot to undermine the American economy by distributing counterfeit currency Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson , Loyalist who wrote poems lamenting her husband 's desertion of her ; these shared the grief of herself and other women left behind William Franklin ( ca . 1730 -- 1813 ) , Governor of New Jersey ; son of Benjamin Franklin Rebecca Franks ( 1760 -- 1823 ) , prominent member of Loyalist society in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania during the American Revolution Shaddrick Furman , a Virginia free black ; guide and information source for British troops ; upon his capture by Patriots , he was beaten and blinded ; received a pension of £ 18 per year for life from the Loyalist Claims Commission
History of women in the United States
The first English people to arrive in America were the members of the Roanoke Colony who came to North Carolina in July 1587 , with 17 women , 91 men , and 9 boys as the founding colonists . On August 18 , 1587 , Virginia Dare was born ; she was the first English child born in the territory of the United States . Her mother was Eleanor Dare , the daughter of John White , governor of the Roanoke colony . It is not known what happened to the members of the Roanoke colony ; however , it is likely that they were attacked by Native Americans , and those not killed were assimilated into the local tribes .
Townshend Acts
This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 - 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial
Join, or Die
Franklin 's political cartoon took on a different meaning during the lead up to the American Revolution , especially around 1765 - 1766 , during the Stamp Act Congress . British colonists in America protesting British rule used the cartoon in the Constitutional Courant to help persuade the colonists . However , the Patriots , who associated the image with eternity , vigilance , and prudence , were not the only ones who saw a new interpretation of the cartoon . The Loyalists saw the cartoon with more biblical traditions , such as those of guile , deceit , and treachery. Franklin himself opposed the use of his cartoon at this time , but instead advocated a moderate political policy ; in 1766 , he published a new cartoon MAGNA Britannia : her Colonies REDUCED , where he warned against the danger of Britain losing her American colonies by means of the image of a female figure ( Britannia ) with her limbs cut off . Because of Franklin 's initial cartoon , however , the Courant was thought of in England as one of the most radical publications .
American Revolutionary War
Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict , the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland . As a result , King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with . The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War , leaving them at a critical disadvantage . The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies , and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result , precariously exposing them to defeat . In North America , the immediate strategic focus of the French , Spanish , and British shifted to Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined .
History of the United Kingdom
During the 1760s and 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of opposition to Parliament 's repeated attempts to tax American colonists without their consent . Disagreement turned to violence and in 1775 the American Revolutionary War began . In 1776 the Patriots expelled royal officials and declared the independence of the United States of America . After capturing a British invasion army in 1777 , the US formed an alliance with France ( and in turn Spain aided France ) , evening out the military balance . The British army controlled only a handful of coastal cities . 1780 -- 81 was a low point for Britain . Taxes and deficits were high , government corruption was pervasive , and the war in America was entering its sixth year with no apparent end in sight . The Gordon Riots erupted in London during the spring of 1781 , in response to increased concessions to Catholics by Parliament . In October 1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown , Virginia . The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 , formally terminating the war and recognising the independence of the United States . British
American Revolutionary War
French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British , and he sought a casus belli to go to war with Britain following the conquest of Canada in 1763 . The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war , proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign . The French public favored war , though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant , owing to the military and financial risk . The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile , but doing so also brought major concerns . The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted , and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean . To prevent this , France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 and followed with a military alliance . France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery , end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty , regain free trade in India , recover Senegal and Dominica , and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade .
Colony of Virginia
In the period following the English Civil War , the exiled King Charles II of England hoped to shore up the loyalty of several of his supporters by granting them a significant area of mostly uncharted land to control as a Proprietary in Virginia ( a claim that would only be valid were the king to return to power ) . While under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Colony , the proprietary maintained complete control of the granting of land within that territory ( and revenues obtained from it ) until after the American Revolution . The grant was for the land between the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers , which included the titular Northern Neck , but as time went on also would include all of what is today Northern Virginia and into West Virginia . Due to ambiguities of the text of the various grants causing disputes between the proprietary and the colonial government , the tract was finally demarcated via the Fairfax Line in 1746 .
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
The regiment embarked for North America in April 1774 for service in the American Revolutionary War . It fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 and the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 . It also saw action at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 , the Battle of Germantown in October 1777 and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777 . The regiment was then transferred to the West Indies , where it fought at the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778 during the Anglo - French War .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
In late 1775 the Continental Army sent a force into Quebec , led by General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold , with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution . Although only a minority of Canadians openly expressed loyalty to King George , about 1,500 militia fought for the King in the Siege of Fort St. Jean . In the region south of Montreal that was occupied by the Continentals , some inhabitants supported the rebellion and raised two regiments to join the Patriot forces .
Military history of the United States
A shift in focus to the southern American states in 1779 resulted in a string of victories for the British , but General Nathanael Greene engaged in guerrilla warfare and prevented them from making strategic headway . The main British army was surrounded by Washington 's American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781 , as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy . The British then sued for peace . Washington
Spain and the American Revolutionary War
Spain 's role in the independence of the United States was part of its dispute over colonial supremacy with the Kingdom of Great Britain . Spain declared war on Britain as an ally of France , and provided supplies and munitions to the American forces .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The British victory in the war sowed some of the seeds of Britain 's later conflict in the American War of Independence . American colonists had been delighted by the huge swathes of North America that had now been brought under formal British control , but many were angered by the Proclamation of 1763 , which was an attempt to protect Native American territory -- and prevent European settlement . Similarly the issue of quartering the British regular troops became a thorny issue , with colonists objecting to their billeting in private homes . Events such as these contributed to a drift apart between the British government and many of its subjects in the Thirteen Colonies .
American Revolution
In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners .
Colonial history of the United States
In the colonial era , Americans insisted on their rights as Englishmen to have their own legislature raise all taxes . Tax loads in practice were very light and far lower than in England . Beginning in 1765 , the British Parliament asserted its supreme authority to lay taxes , and a series of American protests began that led directly to the American Revolution . The first wave of protests attacked the Stamp Act of 1765 , and marked the first time that Americans met together from each of the 13 colonies and planned a common front against British taxation . The Boston Tea Party of 1773 dumped British tea into Boston Harbor because it contained a hidden tax that Americans refused to pay . The British responded by trying to crush traditional liberties in Massachusetts , leading to the American revolution starting in 1775 .
American Revolutionary War
Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war , and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict . A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans , but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory . Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side , with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes , who fielded around 1,500 men . The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict , whatever side they took ; the Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga nations sided with the British . Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides . Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists . The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British . Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively , and this further exacerbated the split .
American Revolutionary War
The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war , a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence . On April 19 , 1782 , the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power , enhancing American leverage at the negotiations . Spain initially impeded the negotiations , refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured . The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River , below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control . The United States fiercely opposed the proposal . Washington
Colony of Virginia
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