vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jumping the broom
Jumping the broom is a phrase and custom relating to a wedding ceremony where the couple jumps over a broom . It has been suggested that the custom is based on an 18th - century idiomatic expression for `` sham marriage '' , `` marriage of doubtful validity '' ; it was popularized in the context of the introduction of civil marriage in Britain with the Marriage Act 1836 .
Society of the United States
Marriage laws are established by individual states . Same - sex marriage has been legal in the United States since 26 June 2015 .
Division of the assembly
' Pairing ' is an arrangement between two opposing MPs where both agree not to participate in any divisions because their votes would cancel each other out anyway . Pairing agreements can last anything from days to the life of the Parliament ( now fixed at five years ) . All pairings have to be registered with the party whips so that they know not to pursue their member for failing to vote .
Declaration of nullity
Simulation of consent ; that is , the conscious and positive exclusion at consent by either or both of the contracting parties of one or all of the essential properties or `` goods '' of marriage : a ) exclusivity of the marital relationship ; b ) the permanence of the marital bond ; c ) openness to offspring as the natural fruit of marriage ( canon 1101 § 2 ) Deliberate deceit about some personal quality that can objectively and gravely perturb conjugal life ( canon 1098 ) Conditional consent , if the condition at the time of marriage concerns the future , or if it concerns the past or present and is actually unfulfilled ( canon 1102 ) Force or grave fear imposed on a person to obtain their consent ( canon 1103 ) A serious lack of the discretion of judgment at consent concerning the essential matrimonial rights and obligations to be given ( canon 1095 n. 2 ) Psychic incapacity at consent to undertake the essential obligations of marriage ( canon 1095 n. 3 ) .
Tax protester statutory arguments
One argument is that the definitions of `` state '' and `` United States '' in most subparts and the general definition in the Internal Revenue Code are what other amending code sections refer to as `` a special definition of ' state ' '' , where the statutory definitions include the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , and some other territories , without mentioning the 50 states . Under this argument , the definition of `` state '' within the Code in general , or within those certain subparts of the Code , refers only to territories , or the possessions of the federal government , or the District of Columbia . Alaska and Hawaii were formerly included in the `` special '' definition of a `` state '' until each was removed from that general definition by the Alaska Omnibus Act and the Hawaii Omnibus Act when they were respectively admitted to the Union .
Fundamental rights in India
As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions .
Chinese marriage
Bigamy or a married person cohabiting with a third party ; Domestic violence or maltreatment and desertion of one family member by another ; Bad habits of gambling or drug addiction that remain incorrigible despite repeated admonition ; Separation caused by incompatibility , which lasts two full years ; Any other circumstances causing alienation of mutual affection .
Fundamental rights in India
As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution .
Jumping the broom
There are later examples of the term broomstick marriage being used in Britain , always with a similar implication that the ceremony so performed did not create a legally binding union . This meaning survived into the early nineteenth century : during a case heard in London in 1824 regarding the legal validity of a marriage ceremony consisting of nothing more than the groom placing a ring on the bride 's finger before witnesses , a court official commented that the ceremony `` amounted to nothing more than a broomstick marriage , which the parties had it in their power to dissolve at will . ''
Society of the United States
In many states , it is illegal to cross state lines to obtain a marriage that would be illegal in the home state . The typical wedding involves a couple proclaiming their commitment to one another in front of their close relatives and friends , often presided over by a religious figure such as a minister , priest , or rabbi , depending upon the faith of the couple . In traditional Christian ceremonies , the bride 's father will `` give away '' ( hand off ) the bride to the groom . Secular weddings are also common , often presided over by a judge , Justice of the Peace , or other municipal official .
Constitution of India
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect .
Declaration of nullity
For this reason ( or for other reasons that render the marriage null and void ) the Church , after an examination of the situation by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal , can declare the nullity of a marriage , i.e. , that the marriage never existed . In this case the contracting parties are free to marry , provided the natural obligations of a previous union are discharged . --
Edward VIII abdication crisis
Wallis 's first divorce ( in the United States on the grounds of `` emotional incompatibility '' ) was not recognised by the Church of England and , if challenged in the English courts , might not have been recognised under English law . At that time , the Church and English law considered adultery to be the only grounds for divorce . Consequently , under this argument , her second marriage , as well as her marriage to Edward , would be considered bigamous and invalid .
Stay of proceedings
For example , in the 2010s , as federal and state judges struck down same - sex marriage bans across the country , many judges stayed the rulings during the appeals process . Although a state 's ban was struck down , such as that of Louisiana , the stay prevented implementation of their ruling pending a higher court decision and so prevented same - sex couples from obtaining a marriage license .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
`` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can be made to regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute .
English Reformation
Parliament was summoned in 1559 to consider the Reformation Bill and to create a new church . The Reformation Bill defined the Communion as a consubstantial celebration as opposed to a transubstantial celebration , included abuse of the pope in the litany , and ordered that ministers should not wear the surplice or other Roman Catholic vestments . It allowed ministers to marry , banned images from churches , and confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church of England .
Standing (law)
Australia has a Common law understanding of locus standi or standing which is expressed in statutes such as the Administrative Decisions ( Judicial Review ) Act 1977 and common law decisions of the High Court of Australia especially the case Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth ( 1980 ) . At common law , the test for standing is whether the plaintiff has a ' special interest in the subject matter of the action ' . Under the Administrative Decisions ( Judicial Review ) Act 1977 to have standing the applicant must be ' a person who is aggrieved ' , defined as ' a person whose interests are adversely affected ' by the decision or conduct complained of . This has generally been interpreted in accordance with the common law test .
Jewish wedding
In recent years , the governing bodies of several branches of Judaism have developed standard Jewish prenuptial agreements designed to prevent a man from withholding a get ( Jewish bill of divorce ) from his wife , should she want one . Such documents have been developed and widely used in the United States , Israel , the United Kingdom and other places .
Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition also pursued offences against morals , at times in open conflict with the jurisdictions of civil tribunals . In particular , there were trials for bigamy , a relatively frequent offence in a society that only permitted divorce under the most extreme circumstances . In the case of men , the penalty was five years service as an oarsman in a royal galley ( possibly a death sentence ) . Sodomy
Freedom of speech by country
to freedom of speech and expression ; to assemble peaceably and without arms ; to form associations or unions ; to move freely throughout the territory of India ; to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India ; and to practise any profession , or to carry on any occupation , trade or business .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
The marriage was opposed by the governments of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth . Religious , legal , political and moral objections were raised . As British monarch , Edward was the nominal head of the Church of England , which did not then allow divorced people to remarry in church if their ex-spouses were still alive . For this reason , it was widely believed that Edward could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne . Simpson was perceived to be politically and socially unsuitable as a prospective queen consort because of her two failed marriages . It was widely assumed by the Establishment that she was driven by love of money or position rather than love for the King . Despite the opposition , Edward declared that he loved Simpson and intended to marry her whether his governments approved or not .
Cousin marriage
Hindu Marriage Act bans all kinds of first cousin marriage , but allows these type of marriages when allowed by local custom . North Indian Hindus treat all kinds of first cousin marriage as incest , but same is not the case with South Indian Hindus . Marrying cross cousins is common and favoured among South Indian Hindus . Marriage between maternal uncle and niece was formerly practised among South Indian Hindus , which is considered as incest by other Hindus . Major Dharmaśāstra like Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Manusmṛti also ban all kinds of cousin marriage . In Hinduism marriage within the same gotra is prohibited , where a gotra is believed to be the group of descendants of a sage who lived in the remote past . Two persons in the same gotra can not marry even if they come from different linguistic areas . However , same - gotra marriages have been legal under Indian civil law since the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 . Additionally , marriages within certain degrees of consanguinity are considered sapinda and banned in Hinduism . Hindu lawgivers differ in the definition of sapinda : at one extreme , according to some sources marriages are prohibited within seven generations on the father 's side and five on the mother 's side . In contrast , other sources allow cross cousins to marry , including first cross cousins . The Hindu Marriage Act prohibits marriage for five generations on the father 's side and three on the mother 's side , but allows cross-cousin marriage where it is permitted by custom .
Law
Labour law is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker , employer and trade union . This involves collective bargaining regulation , and the right to strike . Individual employment law refers to workplace rights , such as job security , health and safety or a minimum wage . Human rights , civil rights and human rights law are important fields to guarantee everyone basic freedoms and entitlements . These are laid down in codes such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the European Convention on Human Rights ( which founded the European Court of Human Rights ) and the U.S. Bill of Rights . The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union legally binding in all member states except Poland and the United Kingdom . Civil procedure and criminal procedure concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed . Both concern a citizen 's right to a fair trial or hearing . Evidence law involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built . Immigration law and nationality law concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation - state that is not their own and to acquire or lose citizenship . Both also involve the right of asylum and the problem of stateless individuals . Social security law refers to the rights people have to social insurance , such as jobseekers ' allowances or housing benefits . Family law covers marriage and divorce proceedings , the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation . Transactional law refers to the practice of law concerning business and money .
Conscription in the United States
The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26 , 1965 . Around 3 : 10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day , then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time .
Cousin marriage
Hindu rules of exogamy are often taken extremely seriously , and local village councils in India administer laws against in - gotra endogamy , . Social norms against such practices are quite strong as well .
Standing (law)
In Hollingsworth v. Perry , the Supreme Court ruled that being the proponents of a ballot measure is not by itself enough to confer legal standing . In that case , Proposition 8 had banned same - sex marriage in California , a ban that was ruled unconstitutional . The Supreme Court ruled that the proponents of Proposition 8 has no standing in court since they failed to show that they were harmed by the decision .
Precedent
In law , a binding precedent ( also known as a mandatory precedent or binding authority ) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts under common law legal systems . In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court , such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009 . In Civil law and pluralist systems precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . ''
Preamble to the Constitution of India
Secular means the relationship between the government and the people which is determined according to constitution and law . By the 42 Amendment in 1976 , the term `` Secular '' was also incorporated in the Preamble . Explaining the meaning of secularism as adopted by India , Alexander Owics has written , `` Secularism is a part of the basic of the Indian Constitution and it means equal freedom and respect for all religions .
Parliamentary sovereignty
Parliament means , in the mouth of a lawyer ( though the word has often a different sense in conversation ) The King , the House of Lords , and the House of Commons : these three bodies acting together may be aptly described as the `` King in Parliament '' , and constitute Parliament . The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this , namely that Parliament thus defined has , under the English constitution , the right to make or unmake any law whatever : and , further , that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament . --
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Although it is the national church , the Church of Scotland is not a state church ; this and other regards makes it dissimilar to the Church of England . Under its constitution ( recognised by the Church of Scotland Act 1921 ) , it enjoys complete independence from the state in spiritual matters . The Church in Wales and the Church of Ireland are no longer established state churches .
Declaration of nullity
The correction of this invalidity after the marriage requires first that the impediment has ceased or has been dispensed , and then a `` convalidation '' can take place or a sanatio in radice can be granted to make the marriage valid .
Declaration of nullity
A marriage may be declared invalid because at least one of the two parties was not free to consent to the marriage or did not fully commit to the marriage .
Constitution of South Carolina
Some provisions of the Constitution of South Carolina are antiquated and reflect the morals of an earlier era . For example , Article XVII , Section 3 of the Constitution prohibited divorce for any reason . On April 15 , 1949 , it was revised to permit divorce for certain reasons . It is believed that South Carolina is the only state in which the grounds for divorce are written into the constitution . The legislature is thus prohibited from creating additional grounds for divorce except by constitutional amendment .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
The Constitution defines treason as specific acts , namely `` levying War against ( the United States ) , or in adhering to their Enemies , giving them Aid and Comfort . '' A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law , whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or `` violating '' the Queen , were punishable as treason . In Ex Parte Bollman , 8 U.S. 75 ( 1807 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` there must be an actual assembling of men , for the treasonable purpose , to constitute a levying of war . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . ''
French name
anyone -- to add or use the name of a parent whose name he does not bear . This results from the application of Article 43 of Law No. 85 - 1372 of 23 December 1985 . For example , in the case of children of divorced and remarried parents , to help differentiate the family composition . married people or widows -- by adding or substituting the name of their spouse . Substituting the name of the husband is an established custom but has never been enshrined in law . For example , social security laws require the wife and husband to provide the `` maiden name '' or birth name . This right also applies to divorced couples provided that the ex-spouse does not object and the other has a legitimate interest , such as because they have the custody of the couple 's children .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division , allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend .
Fundamental rights in India
Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided for in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following :
Bill of Rights 1689
The Bill of Rights Parliament of England Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown . Citation 1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2 Dates Royal assent 16 December 1689 Commencement 1689 Status : Amended Revised text of statute as amended
Constitution of the United Kingdom
In 2004 , a Joint Committee of the House of Commons and the House of Lords discussed that `` the fundamental parts of constitutional law could be taken to include the following statutes '' :