vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Snow went on to study the water contents from each home through a test performed on each sample . In this way , it could be deduced from which supplier the home was receiving their water . He concluded that it was indeed impure water on behalf of the big companies that allowed the spread of cholera to progress exponentially . He went on to prove his theory through the observation of prisons in London , finding that Cholera ceased in these places only a few days after switching to cleaner water sources .
Megacity
This is the list of world 's largest cities and metropolitan areas by population as of 2016 .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 ( Peru , Nazca Plate and South American Plate ) ; 1827 ( Colombia , Nazca Plate and South American Plate ) ; 1812 ( Venezuela , Caribbean Plate and South American Plate ) and 1700 ( western North America , Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate ) . All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9 , but no accurate measurements were available at the time .
World Health Organization
The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence - based tools , norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options . It oversees the implementation of the International Health Regulations , and publishes a series of medical classifications ; of these , three are over-reaching `` reference classifications '' : the International Statistical Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) , the International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) and the International Classification of Health Interventions ( ICHI ) . Other international policy frameworks produced by WHO include the International Code of Marketing of Breast - milk Substitutes ( adopted in 1981 ) , Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( adopted in 2003 ) and the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel ( adopted in 2010 ) .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In September 2014 , the WHO had reported : `` No formal evidence exists of sexual transmission , but sexual transmission from convalescent patients can not be ruled out . There is evidence that live Ebola virus can be isolated in seminal fluids of convalescent men for 82 days after onset of symptoms . Evidence is not available yet beyond 82 days . '' In April 2015 , following a report that the Ebola virus had been detected in a semen sample six months after a man 's recovery , the WHO issued a statement : `` For greater security and prevention of other sexually transmitted infections , Ebola survivors should consider correct and consistent use of condoms for all sexual acts beyond three months until more information is available . ''
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400 . In 2008 , a team of scientists working on Phra Thong , a barrier island along the hard - hit west coast of Thailand , reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years , the most recent from about 700 years ago . A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh , a province at the northern tip of Sumatra ; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450 .
Lyme disease
Tests on pet dogs , carried out throughout the country in 2009 indicated that around 2.5 % of ticks in the UK may be infected , considerably higher than previously thought . It is thought that global warming may lead to an increase in tick activity in the future , as well as an increase in the amount of time that people spend in public parks , thus increasing the risk of infection .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In a report released in August 2014 , researchers tracked the spread of Ebola in Sierra Leone from the group first infected -- 13 women who had attended the funeral of the traditional healer , where they contracted the disease -- giving them a unique opportunity to track how the virus had changed . This provided `` the first time that the real evolution of the Ebola virus ( could ) be observed in humans . '' The research showed that the outbreak in Sierra Leone was sparked by at least two distinct viruses introduced from Guinea at about the same time . It is not clear whether the traditional healer was infected with both variants , or if perhaps one of the women attending the funeral was independently infected . As the Sierra Leone epidemic progressed , one virus lineage disappeared from patient samples , while a third one appeared .
Health care in the United States
A 2014 study by the private American foundation The Commonwealth Fund found that although the U.S. health care system is the most expensive in the world , it ranks last on most dimensions of performance when compared with Australia , Canada , France , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . The study found that the United States failed to achieve better outcomes than other countries , and is last or near last in terms of access , efficiency and equity . Study date came from international surveys of patients and primary care physicians , as well as information on health care outcomes from The Commonwealth Fund , the World Health Organization , and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .
2018 FIFA World Cup
Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered .
2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids
Following the selection of the 2006 World Cup hosts , FIFA had decided on a policy for determining the hosts of future editions . The six world confederations -- roughly corresponding to continents -- would rotate in their turn of providing bids , for a specific edition , from within their member national associations . This system was used only for the selection of the 2010 ( South Africa ) and 2014 World Cup ( Brazil ) hosts , open only to CAF and CONMEBOL members , respectively .
Virus
Several highly lethal viral pathogens are members of the Filoviridae . Filoviruses are filament - like viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever , and include ebolaviruses and marburgviruses . Marburg virus , first discovered in 1967 , attracted widespread press attention in April 2005 for an outbreak in Angola . Ebola Virus Disease has also caused intermittent outbreaks with high mortality rates since 1976 when it was first identified . The worst and most recent one is the West Africa epidemic .
Latin America
Brazil has more overall homicides than any country in the world , at 50,108 , accounting for one in 10 globally . Crime - related violence in Latin America represents the most threat to public health , striking more victims than HIV / AIDS or other infectious diseases . Countries with lowest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were : Chile 3 , Peru 7 , Argentina 7 , Uruguay 8 and Paraguay 9 .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
New nuclear projects were proceeding in some countries . KPMG reports 653 new nuclear facilities planned or proposed for completion by 2030 . By 2050 , China hopes to have 400 -- 500 gigawatts of nuclear capacity -- 100 times more than it has now . The Conservative Government of the United Kingdom is planning a major nuclear expansion despite widespread public objection . So is Russia . India are also pressing ahead with a large nuclear program , as is South Korea . Indian Vice President M Hamid Ansari said in 2012 that `` nuclear energy is the only option '' for expanding India 's energy supplies , and Prime Minister Modi announced in 2014 that India intended to build 10 more nuclear reactors in a collaboration with Russia .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Though the immediate result of this elastic supply was downward pressure on wages , it also presented an opportunity for explosive growth when aggregate consumer demand in Europe finally rebounded from the long depression , caused by the population losses of the pandemic . Besides , there were alternative employment opportunities that did not exist elsewhere . Technological developments in fisheries ( new methods of cleaning and preserving herring developed in the maritime provinces around this time ) caused a major change in the economics of fisheries . Similar developments in shipping technology led to an explosion in seagoing trade . Finally , the development of dikes and drainage techniques ( windmills , sluices ) laid the base for new forms of agriculture ( dairy farming ) in the maritime provinces . These developments did not result directly in a major change in the economic structure of the Habsburg Netherlands . However , they provided a springboard for the developments that would follow the political upheaval that would become known as the Dutch Revolt in the second part of the 16th century .
G20
The heads of the G20 nations met semi-annually at G20 summits between 2009 and 2010 . Since the November 2011 Cannes summit , all G20 summits have been held annually .
Rwandan genocide
Out of a population of 7.3 million people , 84 % of whom were Hutu , 15 % Tutsi and 1 % Twa , the official figures published by the Rwandan government estimated the number of victims of the genocide to be 1,070,014 in 100 days . It is estimated that about 300,000 Tutsi survived the genocide . Thousands of widows , many of whom were subjected to rape , are now HIV - positive . There were about 400,000 orphans and nearly 85,000 of them were forced to become heads of families .
Philippines
In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals , of which about 40 % were government - run and 60 % private . Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 25 % of all deaths . According to official estimates , 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) were reported in 2003 , of which 636 had developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . Despite the increase of HIV / AIDS cases from 12,000 in 2005 to 17,450 as of April 2014 with 5,965 people who were under anti-retroviral therapy , the country is still a low - HIV - prevalence country with less than 0.1 % of the adult population estimated to be HIV - positive .
South Africa
According to the 2015 UNAIDS Report , South Africa has an estimated 7 million people living with HIV -- more than any other country in the world . A 2008 study revealed that HIV / AIDS infection in South Africa is distinctly divided along racial lines : 13.6 % of blacks are HIV - positive , whereas only 0.3 % of whites have the disease . Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals , resulting in many AIDS orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support . It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa .
Soweto uprising
The number of people who died is usually given as 176 with estimates up to 700 . The original government figure claimed only 23 students were killed ; the number of wounded was estimated to be over a thousand people .
World Health Organization
Between 1990 and 2010 , WHO 's help has contributed to a 40 % decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis , and since 2005 , over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO . These include engaging national governments and their financing , early diagnosis , standardizing treatment , monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply . It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV / AIDS to tuberculosis .
Casualties of the Iraq War
A 2013 study by Hagopian et al. in PLOS Medicine estimated that 461,000 Iraqis died as a result of the Iraq War . The study used a similar methodology as the 2006 Lancet study and had the lead author of the 2006 study as one of the 12 authors . According to one of the authors , Amy Hagopian , half of the casualties not resulting from violence were due to inadequate treatment of cardiovascular disease . Upon the study 's publication , Michael Spagat , a critic of the 2006 Lancet study , said that the 2013 study seemed `` to fix most of the methodological flaws of the 2006 paper '' . Spagat however noted that he found the large confidence interval of the 2013 study disconcerting . Other critics of the 2006 Lancet study mirrored Spagat 's views , noting that the 2013 study was an improvement but that the large confidence interval was concerning .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The October 2006 Lancet study by Gilbert Burnham ( of Johns Hopkins University ) and co-authors estimated total excess deaths ( civilian and non-civilian ) related to the war of 654,965 excess deaths up to July 2006 . The 2006 study was based on surveys conducted between May 20 and July 10 , 2006 . More households were surveyed than during the 2004 study , allowing for a 95 % confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths . Those estimates were far higher than other available tallies at the time .
South Africa
The link between HIV , a virus spread primarily by sexual contact , and AIDS was long denied by prior president Thabo Mbeki and then health minister Manto Tshabalala - Msimang , who insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition , and hence poverty , and not HIV . In 2007 , in response to international pressure , the government made efforts to fight AIDS . After the 2009 General Elections , President Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of AIDS treatment .
Baby boom
The HIV / AIDS crisis in Africa has contributed locally to a population boom . Aid money used for contraceptives has been diverted over the past two decades into fighting HIV , which lead the number of babies born far outstripping the deaths from AIDS .
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe 's total population is 12.97 million . According to the United Nations World Health Organisation , the life expectancy for men was 56 years and the life expectancy for women was 60 years of age ( 2012 ) . An association of doctors in Zimbabwe has made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service . The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14 % for people aged 15 -- 49 in 2009 . UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26 % in 2002 to 21 % in 2004 .
CCR5
HIV - 1 was initially transmitted from chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) to humans in the early 1900s in Southeast Cameroon , Africa , through exposure to infected blood and body fluids while butchering bushmeat . However , HIV - 1 was effectively absent from Europe until the late 1980s . Therefore , given the average age of roughly 1000 years for the CCR5 - Δ32 allele , it can be established that HIV - 1 did not exert selection pressure on the human population for long enough to achieve the current frequencies . Hence , other pathogens have been suggested agents of positive selection for CCR5 Δ32 . The first major one being bubonic plague ( Yersinia pestis ) , and later , smallpox ( Variola major ) . Other data suggest that the allele frequency resulted as a negative selection pressure as a result of pathogens that became more widespread during Roman expansion . The idea that negative selection played a role in its low frequency is also supported by experiments using knockout mice and Influenza A , which demonstrated that the presence of the CCR5 receptor is important for efficient response to a pathogen .
World Health Organization
As of 2015 WHO has worked within the UNAIDS network and strived to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV / AIDS . In line with UNAIDS , WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15 -- 24 years who are infected by 50 % ; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90 % ; and reducing HIV - related deaths by 25 % .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Lancet studies The Lancet study 's figure of 654,965 excess deaths through the end of June 2006 is based on household survey data . The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths . That also includes those due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc. 601,027 deaths ( range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were estimated to be due to violence . 31 % of those were attributed to the Coalition , 24 % to others , 46 % unknown . The causes of violent deaths were gunshot ( 56 % ) , car bomb ( 13 % ) , other explosion / ordnance ( 14 % ) , airstrike ( 13 % ) , accident ( 2 % ) , unknown ( 2 % ) . A copy of a death certificate was available for a high proportion of the reported deaths ( 92 % of those households asked to produce one ) . PLOS Medicine Study The PLOS Medicine study 's figure of approximately 460,000 excess deaths through the end of June 2011 is based on household survey data including more than 60 % of deaths directly attributable to violence . The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths . That also includes those due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc. 405,000 deaths ( range of 48,000 to 751,000 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were estimated as excess deaths attributable to the conflict . They estimated at least 55,000 additional deaths occurred that the survey missed , as the families had migrated out of Iraq . The survey found that more than 60 % of excess deaths were caused by violence , with the rest caused indirectly by the war , through degradation of infrastructure and similar causes . The survey notes that although car bombs received more significant press internationally , gunshot wounds were responsible for the majority ( 63 % ) of violent deaths . The study also estimated that 35 % of violent deaths were attributed to the Coalition , and 32 % to militias . Cardiovascular conditions accounted for about half ( 47 % ) of nonviolent deaths , chronic illnesses 11 % , infant or childhood deaths other than injuries 12.4 % , non-war injuries 11 % , and cancer 8 % .
Lion
Packer estimates more than 200 Tanzanians are killed each year by lions , crocodiles , elephants , hippos , and snakes , and that the numbers could be double that amount , with lions thought to kill at least 70 of those . Packer has documented that between 1990 and 2004 , lions attacked 815 people in Tanzania , killing 563 . Packer and Ikanda are among the few conservationists who believe western conservation efforts must take account of these matters not just because of ethical concerns about human life , but also for the long term success of conservation efforts and lion preservation .
History of West Africa
As of 2011 , HIV prevalence in western Africa is lowest in Senegal and highest in Nigeria , which has the second largest number of people living with HIV in Africa after South Africa . Nigeria 's infection rate relative to the entire population , however , is much lower ( 3.7 percent ) compared to South Africa 's ( 17.3 percent ) . Ebola
Missouri
In 1930 , there was a diphtheria epidemic in the area around Springfield , which killed approximately 100 people . Serum was rushed to the area , and medical personnel stopped the epidemic .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Aside from Bosnia , we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance ( used by the IBC ) recorded more than 20 % of the deaths measured by population - based methods ( used in the Lancet studies ) . In several outbreaks , disease and death recorded by facility - based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population - based estimates . Between 1960 and 1990 , newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50 % of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5 % in years of highest violence .
Famine
Until 2017 , worldwide deaths from famine had been falling dramatically . The World Peace Foundation reported that from the 1870s to the 1970s , great famines killed an average of 928,000 people a year . Since 1980 , annual deaths had dropped to an average of 75,000 , less than 10 % of what they had been until the 1970s . That reduction was achieved despite the approximately 150,000 lives lost in the 2011 Somalia famine . Yet in 2017 , the UN officially declared famine had returned to Africa , with about 20 million people at risk of death from starvation in Nigeria , in South Sudan , in Yemen , and in Somalia .
Zimbabwe
By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began in August 2008 , and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018 . In Harare , the city council offered free graves to cholera victims . There had been signs that the disease is abating , with cholera infections down by about 50 % to around 4,000 cases a week .
Rwandan genocide
At 408 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1,060 / sq mi ) , Rwanda 's population density is among the highest in Africa . Rwanda 's population had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989 , leading to competition for land . Historians such as Gérard Prunier believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to population density .
Rwandan genocide
The Rwandan genocide , also known as the genocide against the Tutsi , was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government . An estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100 - day period from 7 April to mid-July 1994 , constituting as many as 70 % of the Tutsi population . Additionally , 30 % of the Pygmy Batwa were killed . The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi - backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country . An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans , mostly Hutus , were displaced and became refugees .
Health care in the United States
According to a 2009 study conducted at Harvard Medical School by co-founders of Physicians for a National Health Program , a pro-single payer lobbying group , and published by the American Journal of Public Health , lack of health coverage is associated with nearly 45,000 excess preventable deaths annually . Since then , as the number of uninsured has risen from about 46 million in 2009 to 49 million in 2012 , the number of preventable deaths due to lack of insurance has grown to about 48,000 per year . The group 's methodology has been criticized by economist John C. Goodman for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time , including the time of death .