vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
On July 18 , General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities . In a 21 July letter to the Adjutant General , General Anderson wrote that Aguinaldo had `` put in operation an elaborate system of military government , under his assumed authority as Dictator , and has prohibited any supplies being given us , except by his order , '' and that Anderson had written to Aguinaldo that the requisitions on the country for necessary items must be filled , and that he must aid in having them filled .
History of the Knights Templar
The charges of heresy included spitting , trampling , or urinating on the cross ; while naked , being kissed obscenely by the receptor on the lips , navel , and base of the spine ; heresy and worship of idols ; institutionalized sodomy ; and also accusations of contempt of the Holy Mass and denial of the sacraments . Barbara Frale has suggested that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the Saracens . According to this line of reasoning , they were taught how to commit apostasy with the mind only and not with the heart .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) , appointed by McKinley on March 16 , 1900 , and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers . On September 1 , the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions . Between September 1900 and August 1902 , it issued 499 laws , established a judicial system , including a supreme court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents , vice presidents , and councilors to serve on municipal boards . The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes , maintaining municipal properties , and undertaking necessary construction projects ; they also elected provincial governors .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The proceedings of the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg had been widely publicised in Germany but , a new generation of teachers , educated with the findings of historical studies , could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people . In 1963 , a German court ruled that a KGB assassin named Bohdan Stashynsky who had committed several murders in the Federal Republic in the late 1950s was not legally guilty of murder , but was only an accomplice to murder as the responsibility for Stashynsky 's murders rested only with his superiors in Moscow who had given him his orders . The legal implications of the Stashynsky case , namely that in a totalitarian system only executive decision - makers can be held legally responsible for any murders committed and that anyone else who follows orders and commits murders were just accomplices to murder was to greatly hinder the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the coming decades , and ensured that even when convicted , that Nazi criminals received the far lighter sentences reserved for accomplices to murders than the harsher sentences given to murderers . The term executive decision - maker who could be found guilty of murder was reserved by the courts only for those at the highest levels of the Reich leadership during the Nazi period . The only way that a Nazi criminal could be convicted of murder was to show that they were not following orders at the time and had acted on their initiative when killing someone . One courageous attorney , Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz death camp and about twenty were put trial in Frankfurt between 1963 - 1965 in what came to be known as the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials . The men on trial in Frankfurt were tried only for murders and other crimes that they committed on their own initiative at Auschwitz and were not tried for anything that they did at Auschwitz when following orders , which was considered by the courts to be the lesser crime of accomplice to murder . Because of this , Bauer could only indict for murder those who killed when not following orders , and those who had killed when following orders were indicted as accomplices to murder .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
On January 5 , Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship , particularly as regards the events in Iloilo . The
Pope
If anyone says that the blessed Apostle Peter was not established by the Lord Christ as the chief of all the apostles , and the visible head of the whole militant Church , or , that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our Lord Jesus Christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction : let him be anathema .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps , Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and , after a brief meeting with Dewey , resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish . On May 24 , Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator , saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president .
We Didn't Start the Fire
Pope Paul VI : Cardinal Giovanni Montini is elected to the papacy and takes the papal name of Paul VI . Malcolm X makes his infamous statement `` The chickens have come home to roost '' about the Kennedy assassination , thus causing the Nation of Islam to censure him ; about fifteen months later , he himself is assassinated while preparing to make a speech . British politician sex : The British Secretary of State for War , John Profumo , has a relationship with Christine Keeler , a showgirl , and then lies when questioned about it before the House of Commons . When the truth came out , it led to his own resignation and undermined the credibility of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . JFK blown away : President John F. Kennedy is assassinated on November 22 while riding in an open convertible through Dallas . 1965
Convicts in Australia
The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in petty crime due to the economic displacement of much of the population , building pressure on the government to find an alternative to confinement in overcrowded gaols . The situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years ' War were used as makeshift floating prisons . Eight of every 10 prisoners were in jail for theft . The Bloody Code was gradually rescinded in the 1800s because judges and juries considered its punishments too harsh . Since lawmakers still wanted punishments to deter potential criminals , they increasingly applied transportation as a more humane alternative to execution . Transportation had been employed as a punishment for both major and petty crimes since the seventeenth century . Around 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Transportation to the Americas ceased following Britain 's defeat in the American Revolutionary War . The number of convicts transported to North America is not verified although it has been estimated to be 50,000 by John Dunmore Lang and 120,000 by Thomas Keneally . The British American colony of Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province .
Australian Army during World War II
In early 1941 the 6th Division and I Corps headquarters took part in the ill - fated Allied expedition to defend Greece from a German invasion . The corps ' commander , Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey , and Prime Minister Menzies both regarded the operation as risky , but agreed to Australian involvement after the British Government provided them with briefings which deliberately understated the chance of defeat . The Allied force deployed to Greece was much smaller than the German force in the region and the defence of the country was compromised by inconsistencies between Greek and Allied plans .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
After the first independence mission , public funding of such missions was ruled illegal . Subsequent independence missions in 1922 , 1923 , 1930 , 1931 1932 , and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions . Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress , which passed the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Bill on December 30 , 1932 . U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13 , 1933 . Congress overrode the veto on January 17 , and the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act became U.S. law . The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years , but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law . Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill , which it did . Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act . The
Emperor of Japan
The controlling principles and their interaction were apparently very complex and sophisticated , leading to even idiosyncratic outcomes . Some chief principles apparent in the succession have been :
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) , was forced to retreat to Bataan . Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . The fall of Bataan was on April 9 , 1942 with Corregidor Island , at the mouth of Manila Bay , surrendering on May 6 . Meeting
Grover Cleveland
Cleveland agreed with Blount 's report , which found the populace to be opposed to annexation . Liliuokalani initially refused to grant amnesty as a condition of her reinstatement , saying that she would either execute or banish the current government in Honolulu , but Dole 's government refused to yield their position . By December 1893 , the matter was still unresolved , and Cleveland referred the issue to Congress . In his message to Congress , Cleveland rejected the idea of annexation and encouraged the Congress to continue the American tradition of non-intervention ( see excerpt at right ) . The Senate , under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland , commissioned and produced the Morgan Report , which contradicted Blount 's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair . Cleveland dropped all talk of reinstating the Queen , and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new Republic of Hawaii .
History of the Roman Empire
His most significant early decision was to make peace with the Parthians , but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans . However , his downfall was his refusal to award the pay and privileges promised to the eastern troops by Caracalla . He also kept those forces wintered in Syria , where they became attracted to the young Elagabalus . After months of mild rebellion by the bulk of the army in Syria , Macrinus took his loyal troops to meet the army of Elagabalus near Antioch . Despite a good fight by the Praetorian Guard , his soldiers were defeated . Macrinus managed to escape to Chalcedon but his authority was lost : he was betrayed and executed after a short reign of just 14 months . M. Opelius Diadumenianus was the son of Macrinus , born in 208 . He was given the title Caesar in 217 , when his father became Emperor . After his father 's defeat outside Antioch , he tried to escape east to Parthia , but was captured and killed before he could achieve this .
Senate of the Roman Republic
Meetings usually began at dawn , although occasionally certain events ( such as festivals ) might delay the beginning of a meeting . A magistrate who wished to summon the Senate had to issue a compulsory order ( a cogere ) , and senators could be punished if they failed to appear without reasonable cause . In 44 BC for example , consul Mark Antony threatened to demolish the house of the former consul Cicero for this very reason . The Senate meetings were technically public because the doors were usually left open , which allowed people to look in , but only senators could speak . The Senate was directed by a presiding magistrate , who was usually either a consul ( the highest - ranking magistrate ) or , if the consul was unavailable , a Praetor ( the second - highest ranking magistrate ) , usually the urban praetor . By the late Republic , another type of magistrate , a plebeian tribune , would sometimes preside .
Hawaii
Congress conducted an independent investigation , and on February 26 , 1894 , submitted the Morgan Report , which found all parties , including Minister Stevens -- with the exception of the Queen -- `` not guilty '' and not responsible for the coup . Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893 .
British Army during World War I
There were enquiries in 1919 , 1922 , 1925 and 1938 , which examined documents now lost and witnesses now dead . The books `` For the Sake of Example '' ( 1983 ) by Babington and `` Shot at Dawn '' ( 1989 ) by Sykes & Putkowski were openly intended to start a campaign for pardons . This campaign was rejected in February 1993 because there was no evidence of procedural error ( i.e. they had been correctly convicted according to the law at the time ) and it was felt not right to impose modern values on to the past . The case was rejected again in 1998 after a detailed two - year review , which found `` no white cases , very many black cases and a handful of grey cases '' in which medical evidence was ignored or not called . The decisions were reversed by the Government in 2006 and all men given pardons and recognised as victims of World War I . However , their sentences were not overturned as it was impossible after this length of time to re-examine the evidence in every case .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
MacArthur expanded the Army of the Philippines with the revival of the Navy in 1940 and the formation of the Philippine Army Air Corps ( formerly the Philippine Constabulary Air Corps ) , but they were not ready for combat at the start of the Pacific War in December 1941 and unable to defeat the 1941 -- 42 Japanese invasion of the Philippines .
Emperor of Japan
The Emperors traditionally had an education officer . In recent times , Emperor Taishō had Count Nogi Maresuke , Emperor Shōwa had Marshal - Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō , and Emperor Akihito had Elizabeth Gray Vining as well as Shinzō Koizumi as their tutors .
War of the Austrian Succession
Prussia in 1740 was an emerging power , a small but well - organized state whose new king , Frederick II , wanted to unify the disparate and scattered holdings of his crown by gathering intervening lands into a unified , contiguous state . Prince Frederick was 28 years old when he ascended to the throne on 31 May 1740 upon the death of his father , Frederick William I . Although Prussia and Austria had been allies in the War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 -- 1738 ) , concluded only two years before , the interests of the two countries diverged when the Holy Roman Emperor , Charles VI , died on 20 October 1740 . Neither Frederick nor his father had ever been fond of Austria and its various snubs against Prussia ( such as offering them the duchies of Julich and Berg in return for an alliance , only to renege later ) .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
Government ministers and the royal family found Wallis Simpson 's background and behaviour unacceptable for a potential queen . Rumours and innuendo about her circulated in society . The King 's mother , Queen Mary , was even told that Simpson might have held some sort of sexual control over Edward , as she had released him from an undefined sexual dysfunction through practices learnt in a Chinese brothel . This view was partially shared by Alan Don , Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury , who wrote that he suspected the King `` is sexually abnormal which may account for the hold Mrs. S. has over him '' . Even Edward VIII 's official biographer , Philip Ziegler , noted that : `` There must have been some sort of sadomasochistic relationship ... ( Edward ) relished the contempt and bullying she bestowed on him . ''
Vietnam War
The south , meanwhile , constituted the State of Vietnam , with Bảo Đại as Emperor and Ngô Đình Diệm ( appointed in July 1954 ) as his prime minister . Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification , the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam , but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan '' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom . It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations , but was rejected by the Soviet delegation . The United States said , `` With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam , the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this '' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954 ,
Kim Jong-un
As with all reporting on North Korea , reports of purges and executions are difficult to verify . In May 2016 , analysts were surprised to find that General Ri Yong - gil , reported by South Korea to have been executed earlier in the year , was , in fact , alive and well .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1935 , the Armed Forces of the Philippines was officially established on December 21 , 1935 , when the act entered into force . Retired U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was asked to supervise its foundation and training . MacArthur accepted the offer and became a Field Marshal of the Philippines , a rank no other person has since held . Jean MacArthur , his wife , found the situation amusing and remarked that her husband had gone from holding the highest rank in the United States Army to holding the highest rank in a non-existent army . President Quezon officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on August 24 , 1936 when he appeared with a gold marshal 's baton and a unique uniform .
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
Newton did not publish these findings during his lifetime , likely due to the political climate . Those who wrote against the doctrine of the Trinity were subject to persecution in England . The Blasphemy Act 1697 made it an offence to deny one of the persons of the Trinity to be God , punishable with loss of office and employment on the first occasion , further legal ramifications on the second occasion , and imprisonment without hope for bail on the third occasion . Newton 's friend William Whiston ( translator of the works of Josephus ) lost his professorship at Cambridge for this reason in 1711 . In 1693 a pamphlet attacking the Trinity was burned by order of the House of Lords , and the next year its printer and author were prosecuted . In 1697 Thomas Aikenhead , an eighteen - year - old student charged with denying the Trinity , was hanged at Edinburgh , Scotland .
Convicts in Australia
Bourke , however , was not dissuaded from his reforms and continued to create controversy within the colony by combating the inhumane treatment handed out to convicts , including limiting the number of convicts each employer was allowed to seventy , as well as granting rights to freed convicts , such as allowing the acquisition of property and service on juries . It has been argued that the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840 can be attributed to the actions of Bourke and other men like Australian - born lawyer William Charles Wentworth . It took another 10 years , but transportation to the colony of New South Wales was finally officially abolished on 1 October 1850 .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay . '' Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were drunk at the time . Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders . In internal insurgent communications , Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified . Aguinaldo modified this , ordering , `` ... say that he was not killed by your soldiers , but by them themselves ( the Americans ) since they were drunk according to your telegram '' . An insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he : `` took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August , under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post . ''
Philippines
Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and the Second Philippine Republic of José P. Laurel was established as a collaborator state . Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated with the Battle of Manila . In 1944 , Quezon died in exile in the United States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him . The Allied Forces then employed a strategy of island hopping towards the Philippine archipelago , in the process , retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan .
History of the Roman Empire
After the murder had been carried out , Pertinax , who was serving as urban prefect at this time , was hurried to the Praetorian Camp and proclaimed emperor the following morning . His short reign ( 86 days ) was an uneasy one . He attempted to emulate the restrained practices of Marcus Aurelius , and made an effort to reform the welfare program for poor children but he faced antagonism from many quarters . His monetary reform was far - sighted , but would not survive his death . He attempted to impose stricter military discipline upon the pampered Praetorians . In early March he narrowly averted one conspiracy by a group to replace him with the consul Quintus Sosius Falco while he was in Ostia inspecting the arrangements for grain shipments . The plot was betrayed ; Falco himself was pardoned but several of the officers behind the coup were executed . On 28 March 193 , Pertinax was at his palace when , a contingent of some three hundred soldiers of the Praetorian Guard rushed the gates ( two hundred according to Cassius Dio ) . Sources suggest that they had received only half their promised pay . Neither the guards on duty nor the palace officials chose to resist them . Pertinax sent Laetus to meet them , but he chose to side with the insurgents instead and deserted the emperor . Although advised to flee , he then attempted to reason with them , and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers . The Praetorian Guards auctioned off the imperial position , which Senator Didius Julianus won and became the new Emperor .
History of the Catholic Church
Quadragesimo anno was issued by Pope Pius XI , on 15 May 1931 , 40 years after Rerum novarum . Unlike Leo , who addressed mainly the condition of workers , Pius XI concentrated on the ethical implications of the social and economic order . He called for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of solidarity and subsidiarity . He noted major dangers for human freedom and dignity , arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism .