vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Democratic Party (United States)
The Great Depression in 1929 that occurred under Republican President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government ; the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994 and won most presidential elections until 1968 . Franklin D. Roosevelt , elected to the presidency in 1932 , came forth with government programs called the New Deal . New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business ( especially finance and banking ) and the promotion of labor unions , as well as federal spending to aid to the unemployed , help distressed farmers , and undertake large - scale public works projects . It marked the start of the American welfare state . The opponents , who stressed opposition to unions , support for business , and low taxes , started calling themselves `` conservatives '' .
New Deal
Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression -- so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices . Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal `` Brain Trust '' , a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively . His choice for Secretary of Labor , Frances Perkins , greatly influenced his initiatives . Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates : `` a forty - hour workweek , a minimum wage , worker 's compensation , unemployment compensation , a federal law banning child labor , direct federal aid for unemployment relief , Social Security , a revitalized public employment service and health insurance '' .
Great Depression in the United States
At the beginning of 1933 , the last few weeks of Hoover 's term , the American financial system was paralyzed . The Great Depression was extended by the interventionist policy for four years . Bank crisis caused the serious deflationary pressures . For this phenomenon , Hoover still wanted to stop it . In fact , the worst period of 1932 -- the Great Depression had passed , but the recovery was slow and weak . During the financial crisis of 1933 that culminated in the banking holiday in March 1933 , a lot of gold flowed out from the Fed , some of them flow out to individuals and companies in the United States . This domestic loss occurred because individuals and businesses like to deposit metal gold into bank deposits or banknotes , some gold flows to foreign countries , and this external loss occurred because foreign investors were worried about the depreciation of the dollar. Roosevelt understands that the traditional political and financial policy can not save the United States from the `` disaster years '' , he pursued the `` New Deal '' to attempt to make up for the United States by administrative means . In the spring and summer of 1933 , the Roosevelt government suspended the gold standard . The Emergency Banking Act gave the President the power to control international and domestic gold sports . It also gave the treasury secretary the power to surrender of gold coins and certificates . On April 20 , President Roosevelt issued a formal announcement of the moratorium on the gold standard . The announcement prohibited gold exports , and prohibited financial institutions from converting money and deposits into gold coins and ingots . The action prevented the gold outflow . Soon , the Roosevelt government weakened the connection with gold once again . Thomas amendment to the Agricultural Relief Act to the gave to the President power to reduce the dollar 's gold content by as much as 50 % . The President Roosevelt also used the silver standard instead of gold to exchange dollars , it determined by the price of the bank . In April 1933 , Roosevelt decided to abolish the gold standard through the New Deal . He abandoned this traditional monetary policy is mainly due to the big crisis to the original monetary policy failure . And the purpose of his action is to prohibit all exports of gold except for foreign countries , so that the United States can maintain an equal monetary base with the vast majority of countries .
Spanish–American War
Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900
History of United States foreign policy
The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 ended a half century of peaceful borders and brought escalating tensions , as revolutionaries threatened American business interests and hundreds of thousands of refugees fled north . President Woodrow Wilson tried using military intervention to stabilize Mexico but that failed . After Mexico in 1917 rejected Germany 's invitation in the Zimmermann Telegram to join in war against the U.S. , relations stabilized and there were no more interventions in Mexico . Military interventions did occur in other small countries like Nicaragua , but were ended by the Good Neighbor policy announced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 , which allowed for American recognition of and friendship with dictatorships .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Fall of France in June 1940 shocked the American public , and isolationist sentiment declined . In July 1940 , Roosevelt appointed two interventionist Republican leaders , Henry L. Stimson and Frank Knox , as Secretaries of War and the Navy , respectively . Both parties gave support to his plans for a rapid build - up of the American military , but the isolationists warned that Roosevelt would get the nation into an unnecessary war with Germany . In July 1940 , a group of Congressmen introduced a bill that would authorize the nation 's first peacetime draft , and with the support of the Roosevelt administration the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 passed in September . The size of the army would increase from 189,000 men at the end of 1939 to 1.4 million men in mid-1941 . In September 1940 , Roosevelt openly defied the Neutrality Acts by reaching the Destroyers for Bases Agreement , which , in exchange for military base rights in the British Caribbean Islands , gave 50 WWI American destroyers to Britain . Conservation
Franklin D. Roosevelt
After the election , Roosevelt returned to New York City , where he practiced law and served as a vice president of the Fidelity and Deposit Company . He also sought to build support for a political comeback in the 1922 elections , but his career was derailed by illness . While the Roosevelts were vacationing at Campobello Island in August 1921 , Roosevelt fell ill . His main symptoms were fever ; symmetric , ascending paralysis ; facial paralysis ; bowel and bladder dysfunction ; numbness and hyperesthesia ; and a descending pattern of recovery . Roosevelt was left permanently paralyzed from the waist down . He was diagnosed with poliomyelitis at the time , but his symptoms are more consistent with Guillain -- Barré syndrome -- an autoimmune neuropathy which Roosevelt 's doctors failed to consider as a diagnostic possibility .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
On his second day in office , Roosevelt declared a `` bank holiday '' and called for a special session of Congress to start March 9 , on which date Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act . The act , which was based on a plan developed by the Hoover administration and Wall Street bankers , gave the president the power to determine the opening and closing of banks and authorized the Federal Reserve Banks to issue bank notes . The ensuing `` First 100 Days '' of the 73rd United States Congress saw an unprecedented amount of legislation and set a benchmark against which future presidents would be compared . When the banks reopened on Monday , March 15 , stock prices rose by 15 percent and bank deposits exceeded withdrawals , thus ending the bank panic . On March 22 , Roosevelt signed the Cullen -- Harrison Act , which effectively ended federal Prohibition .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1901 , he traveled with Sara and friends ( including Theodore Douglas Robinson , Theodore Roosevelt 's nephew ) on a long vacation in Europe . They chartered a yacht to sail along the coast and fjords of Norway . At the small port of Molde the Hohenzollern , Kaiser Wilhelm 's yacht , was at anchor with ships of the German navy . The emperor accepted an invitation to the Roosevelts ' yacht and the Roosevelt group later visited him aboard Hohenzollern . They found Wilhelm a forceful and grim figure .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In his acceptance speech , Roosevelt declared , `` I pledge you , I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people ... This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . '' Roosevelt promised securities regulation , tariff reduction , farm relief , government - funded public works , and other government actions to address the Great Depression . Reflecting changing public opinion , the Democratic platform included a call for the repeal of Prohibition ; Roosevelt himself had not taken a public stand on the issue prior to the convention but promised to uphold the party platform . After the convention , Roosevelt won endorsements from several progressive Republicans , including George W. Norris , Hiram Johnson , and Robert La Follette Jr . He also reconciled with the party 's conservative wing , and even Al Smith was persuaded to support the Democratic ticket . Hoover 's handling of the Bonus Army further damaged the incumbent 's popularity , as newspapers across the country criticized the use of force to disperse assembled veterans .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt was viewed as a hero by many African Americans , Catholics , and Jews , and he was highly successful in attracting large majorities of these voters into his New Deal coalition . He won strong support from Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans , but not Japanese Americans , as he presided over their internment in concentration camps during the war . African Americans and Native Americans fared well in two New Deal relief programs , the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Indian Reorganization Act , respectively . Sitkoff reports that the WPA `` provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s , rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source '' of income . Eleanor
History of New York (state)
Following a sharp but short - lived Depression at the beginning of the decade , New York enjoyed a booming economy during the Roaring Twenties . New York suffered during the Great Depression , which began with the Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday in 1929 . The Securities and Exchange Commission opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected governor in 1928 , and the state faced upwards of 25 % unemployment . His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency , established in 1931 , was the first work relief program in the nation and influenced the national Federal Emergency Relief Administration . Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York -- style relief programs across the country via his New Deal . In 1932 , Lake Placid was host to the III Olympic Winter Games .
Military history of the United States
Roosevelt favored the Navy ( he was in effective charge in World War I ) , and used relief programs such as the PWA to support Navy yards and build warships . For example , in 1933 he authorized $238 million in PWA funds for thirty - two new ships . The Army Air Corps received only $11 million , which barely covered replacements and allowed no expansion .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt had various extra-marital affairs , including one with Eleanor 's social secretary Lucy Mercer , which began soon after she was hired in early 1914 . In September 1918 , Eleanor found letters revealing the affair in Roosevelt 's luggage. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor , but Sara objected strongly and Lucy would not agree to marry a divorced man with five children . Franklin and Eleanor remained married , and Roosevelt promised never to see Lucy again . Eleanor never truly forgave him , and their marriage from that point on was more of a political partnership . Eleanor soon thereafter established a separate home in Hyde Park at Val - Kill , and increasingly devoted herself to various social and political causes independently of her husband . The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Roosevelt asked Eleanor in 1942 -- in light of his failing health -- to come back home and live with him again , she refused . He was not always aware of when she visited the White House and for some time she could not easily reach him on the telephone without his secretary 's help ; Roosevelt , in turn , did not visit Eleanor 's New York City apartment until late 1944 .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson frequently intervened in Latin American affairs , saying in 1913 : `` I am going to teach the South American republics to elect good men . '' These interventions included Mexico in 1914 , Haiti in 1915 , the Dominican Republic in 1916 , Cuba in 1917 , and Panama in 1918 . The U.S. maintained troops in Nicaragua throughout the Wilson administration and used them to select the president of Nicaragua and then to force Nicaragua to pass the Bryan - Chamorro Treaty . Additionally , American troops in Haiti -- under the command of the federal government -- forced the Haitian legislature to elect as president a pro-Western candidate who was favored by Wilson though less popular among the Haitian citizenry . Wilson ordered the military occupation of the Dominican Republic shortly after the resignation of its President Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra in 1916 . The U.S. military worked in concert with wealthy Dominican landowners to suppress the gavilleros , a campesino guerrilla force fighting the occupation . The occupation lasted until 1924 , and was notorious for its brutality against those in the resistance . Wilson also negotiated a treaty with Colombia in which the U.S. apologized for its role in the Panama Revolution of 1903 -- 1904 .
World War II
Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Long after his death , new lines of attack opened to attack his policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe , incarcerating Japanese Americans on the West Coast and opposing anti-lynching legislation .
History of United States foreign policy
President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson 's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision . Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed , while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China . Unlike the loans in World War I , the United States made large - scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend - Lease , with little expectation of repayment . Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war ; Roosevelt did . Wilson waited for the declaration to begin a draft ; Roosevelt started one in 1940 . Wilson never made the United States an official ally but Roosevelt did . Wilson never met with the top Allied leaders but Roosevelt did . Wilson proclaimed independent policy , as seen in the 14 Points , while Roosevelt always had a collaborative policy with the Allies . In 1917 , United States declared war on Germany ; in 1941 , Roosevelt waited until the enemy attacked at Pearl Harbor . Wilson refused to collaborate with the Republicans ; Roosevelt named leading Republicans to head the War Department and the Navy Department . Wilson let General John J. Pershing make the major military decisions ; Roosevelt made the major decisions in his war including the `` Europe first '' strategy . He rejected the idea of an armistice and demanded unconditional surrender . Roosevelt often mentioned his role in the Wilson administration , but added that he had profited more from Wilson 's errors than from his successes . Pearl
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Beginning in the 1960s , Roosevelt was charged with not acting decisively enough to prevent or stop the Holocaust . Critics cite instances such as the 1939 episode in which 936 Jewish refugees on the MS St. Louis were denied asylum and not allowed into the United States because of strict laws passed by Congress .
New Deal
The rural U.S. was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture and raising farm prices was a major tool , even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt did not join NAACP leaders in pushing for federal anti-lynching legislation , as he believed that such legislation was unlikely to pass and that his support for it would alienate Southern congressmen . He did , however , appoint a `` Black Cabinet '' of African American advisers to advise on race relations and African American issues , and he publicly denounced lynching as `` murder . '' First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt vocally supported efforts designed to aid the African American community , including the Fair Labor Standards Act , which helped boost wages for nonwhite workers in the South . In 1941 , Roosevelt established the Fair Employment Practices Committee ( FEPC ) to implement Executive Order 8802 , which prohibited racial and religious discrimination in employment among defense contractors . The FEPC was the first national program directed against employment discrimination , and it played a major role in opening up new employment opportunities to non-white workers . During World War II , the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly . In response to Roosevelt 's policies , African Americans increasingly defected from the Republican Party during the 1930s and 1940s , becoming an important Democratic voting bloc in several Northern states .
United States Congress
The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies . Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch . Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress . The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years . During this time , Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees . Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years . More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise , such as space flight and atomic energy policy . Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism and conducted televised hearings . In 1960 , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994 .
United States non-interventionism
As Europe moved closer to war in the late 1930s , the United States Congress continued to demand American neutrality . Between 1936 and 1937 , much to the dismay of President Roosevelt , Congress passed the Neutrality Acts . For example , in the final Neutrality Act , Americans could not sail on ships flying the flag of a belligerent nation or trade arms with warring nations . Such activities had played a role in American entrance into World War I .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
After the 1936 Berlin Olympics , only the white athletes were invited to see and meet Roosevelt . No such invitation was made to the African American athletes such as Jesse Owens , who had won four gold medals . A widely believed myth about the 1936 games was that Hitler had snubbed Owens , something that never happened . Owens said that `` Hitler did n't snub me -- it was ( Roosevelt ) who snubbed me . The president did n't even send me a telegram '' . However , Hitler had left after Owens 's first gold medal win and did not meet him . Subsequently , he did not meet with any of the gold medalists . Owens lamented his treatment by Roosevelt , saying that he `` was n't invited to the White House to shake hands with the President '' .
Labor history of the United States
Lewis threw his support behind Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) at the outset of the New Deal . After the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935 , Lewis traded on the tremendous appeal that Roosevelt had with workers in those days , sending organizers into the coal fields to tell workers `` The President wants you to join the Union . '' His UMW was one of FDR 's main financial supporters in 1936 , contributing over $500,000 .
Labor history of the United States
In the mid 1930s efforts were made to unionize WPA workers , but were opposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Moe points out that Roosevelt , `` an ardent supporter of collective bargaining in the private sector , was opposed to it in the public sector . '' Roosevelt in 1937 told the nation what the position of his government was : `` All Government employees should realize that the process of collective bargaining , as usually understood , can not be transplanted into the public service ... The very nature and purposes of government make it impossible for administrative officials to represent fully or to bind the employer in mutual discussions with government employee organizations .
Great Depression in the United States
Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 )
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Historians categorized Roosevelt 's program as `` relief , recovery and reform . '' Relief was urgently needed by tens of millions of unemployed . Recovery meant boosting the economy back to normal . Reform meant long - term fixes of what was wrong , especially with the financial and banking systems . Through Roosevelt 's series of radio talks , known as fireside chats , he presented his proposals directly to the American public . Energized by his personal victory over his paralytic illness , Roosevelt relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit . First