vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Phosphene
In 1988 , David Lewis - Williams and T.A. Dowson published an article about phosphenes and other entoptic phenomena . They argued , among other things , that non-figurative art of the Upper Paleolithic depicts actual visions of phosphenes and neurological `` form constants '' , probably enhanced by hallucinogenic drugs .
Hip hop
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Phosphene
Another common phosphene is `` seeing stars '' , from a sneeze , laughter , a heavy and deep cough , blowing of the nose , a blow on the head or low blood pressure ( such as on standing up too quickly or prior to fainting ) . It is possible these involve some mechanical stimulation of the retina , but they may also involve mechanical and metabolic ( such as from low oxygenation or lack of glucose ) stimulation of neurons of the visual cortex or of other parts of the visual system .
Insulin
Several Nobel Prizes also have an indirect connection with insulin . George Minot , co-recipient of the 1934 Nobel Prize for the development of the first effective treatment for pernicious anemia , had diabetes mellitus . Dr. William Castle observed that the 1921 discovery of insulin , arriving in time to keep Minot alive , was therefore also responsible for the discovery of a cure for pernicious anemia . Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for the development of crystallography . In 1969 , after decades of work , Hopkins determined the spatial conformation of insulin , the so - called tertiary structure , by means of X-ray diffraction studies . Controversy
Cranberry
Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of A-type proanthocyanidins ( PAC ) extracted from cranberries . For instance , PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the European Pharmacopoeia method , liquid chromatography -- mass spectrometry , or a modified 4 - dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde colorimetric method . Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material , such as by regional origin , ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing . Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another .
Working memory
Brain imaging studies have been conducted with the reading span task or related tasks . Increased activation during these tasks was found in the PFC and , in several studies , also in the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) . People performing better on the task showed larger increase of activation in these areas , and their activation was correlated more over time , suggesting that their neural activity in these two areas was better coordinated , possibly due to stronger connectivity .
Saturated and unsaturated compounds
Ascorbic acid , acetylformoin , bombycol , retinol Citronellal , crotonaldehyde , E160e , furfural , retinal , saffronal Abscisic acid , anthrone , cyclohexenone
Collagen
Glycine is found at almost every third residue . Proline makes up about 17 % of collagen . Collagen contains two uncommon derivative amino acids not directly inserted during translation . These amino acids are found at specific locations relative to glycine and are modified post-translationally by different enzymes , both of which require vitamin C as a cofactor . Hydroxyproline derived from proline Hydroxylysine derived from lysine - depending on the type of collagen , varying numbers of hydroxylysines are glycosylated ( mostly having disaccharides attached ) .
Carbon dioxide
Some marine calcifying organisms ( including coral reefs ) have been singled out by major research agencies , including NOAA , OSPAR commission , NANOOS and the IPCC , because their most current research shows that ocean acidification should be expected to impact them negatively .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
A disorder commonly found in Cavaliers is keratoconjunctivitis sicca , colloquially known as `` dry eye '' . The usual cause of this condition is an autoimmune reaction against the dog 's lacrimal gland ( tear gland ) , reducing the production of tears . According to the Canine Inherited Disorders Database , the condition requires continual treatment and if untreated may result in partial or total blindness . This disorder can decrease or heal over time .
Phosphene
Phosphenes have also been created by electrical stimulation of the brain , reported by neurologist Otfrid Foerster as early as 1929 . Brindley and Lewin ( 1968 ) inserted a matrix of stimulating electrodes directly into the visual cortex of a 52 - year - old blind female , using small pulses of electricity to create phosphenes . These phosphenes were points , spots , and bars of colorless or colored light . Brindley and Rushton ( 1974 ) used the phosphenes to create a visual prosthesis , in this case by using the phosphenes to depict Braille spots .
Ribosome
During 1977 , Czernilofsky published research that used affinity labeling to identify tRNA - binding sites on rat liver ribosomes . Several proteins , including L32 / 33 , L36 , L21 , L23 , L28 / 29 and L13 were implicated as being at or near the peptidyl transferase center .
Water buffalo
Currently , research is being conducted at the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies to determine the levels of nutrients removed and returned to wetlands when water buffalo are used for wetland vegetation management .
History of chemistry
This opened a new research field in chemistry , and by the end of the 19th century , scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds . The most important among them are mauve , magenta , and other synthetic dyes , as well as the widely used drug aspirin . The discovery of the artificial synthesis of urea contributed greatly to the theory of isomerism , as the empirical chemical formulas for urea and ammonium cyanate are identical ( see Wöhler synthesis ) . In 1832 , Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig discovered and explained functional groups and radicals in relation to organic chemistry , as well as first synthesizing benzaldehyde . Liebig , a German chemist , made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry , and worked on the organization of organic chemistry . Liebig is considered the `` father of the fertilizer industry '' for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient , and his formulation of the Law of the Minimum which described the effect of individual nutrients on crops .
Famine
The effort to bring modern agricultural techniques found in the Western world , such as nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides , to the Indian Sub-continent , called the Green Revolution , resulted in decreases in malnutrition similar to those seen earlier in Western nations . This was possible because of existing infrastructure and institutions that are in short supply in Africa , such as a system of roads or public seed companies that made seeds available . Supporting farmers in areas of food insecurity , through such measures as free or subsidized fertilizers and seeds , increases food harvest and reduces food prices .
Neurotransmitter
Understanding the effects of drugs on neurotransmitters comprises a significant portion of research initiatives in the field of neuroscience . Most neuroscientists involved in this field of research believe that such efforts may further advance our understanding of the circuits responsible for various neurological diseases and disorders , as well as ways to effectively treat and someday possibly prevent or cure such illnesses .
Doctor Strange
The character 's origin story relates that he was once a brilliant but egotistical surgeon . After a car accident severely damages his hands and hinders his ability to perform surgery , he searches the globe for a way to repair them and encounters the Ancient One . After becoming one of the old Sorcerer Supreme 's students , he becomes a practitioner of both the mystical arts as well as martial arts . Along with studying many powerful spells . He has a suit consisting of two main relics . One being the Cloak of Levitation and the Eye of Agamotto -- which give him added powers . Strange is aided along the way by his friend and valet , Wong , and a large assortment of mystical objects . He takes up residence in a mansion called the Sanctum Sanctorum , located in New York City . Later , Strange takes the title of Sorcerer Supreme to help to defend the world against future threats .
Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange is a practicing magician who draws his powers from mystical entities such as Agamotto , Cyttorak , Ikonn , Oshtur , Raggadorr , and Watoomb , who lend their energies for spells . Strange also wields mystical artifacts including the Cloak of Levitation which enables him to fly ; the Eye of Agamotto , an amulet whose light is used to negate evil magic ; the Book of the Vishanti , a grimoire which contains knowledge of white magic ; and the Orb of Agamotto , a crystal ball which is used for clairvoyance .
Doctor Strange
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Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange keeps the book in his town house library in New York City 's Greenwich Village . He briefly lost the book when he destroyed his home to prevent the alien wizard Urthona from taking his magical artifacts , but the book was saved by Agamotto , who transported it to his realm and returned it to Strange some time later . Cloak
Doctor Strange
After he exhausts his funds , he becomes a drifter . Depressed and still searching , Strange , while walking near the docks , overhears two sailors talking about a hermit called the Ancient One ( who is actually the Earth 's Sorcerer Supreme ) in the Himalayas , who can cure any ailment . Strange uses the last of his funds to seek out the aged mystic . The Ancient One refuses to help Strange because of his arrogance , but senses a good side that he attempts to bring to the surface . He fails , but Strange 's heroism appears when he discovers the Ancient One 's disciple , Baron Mordo , attempting to kill the old man . After a confrontation with Mordo leads to him being shackled with restraining spells preventing him from either attacking Mordo or warning the Ancient One , Strange desperately and selflessly accepts the Ancient One 's offer to become his apprentice to have some hope of helping the old man . The Ancient One , pleased at Strange 's sincere change of heart , accepts the westerner and promptly frees him from the restraining spells while explaining he was aware of Mordo 's treachery all along . Strange soon becomes Mordo 's most enduring enemy , as the Ancient One teaches the doctor the mystic arts . After completing his training , Strange returns to New York City and takes up residence within the Sanctum Sanctorum , a townhouse located in Greenwich Village , and is soon assisted by his personal assistant Wong .
Doctor Strange
In addition to his magical abilities , Strange is trained in several martial arts disciplines , including Judo , and has shown proficiency with numerous magically conjured weapons including swords and axes . Strange was a skilled neurosurgeon before nerve damage impaired his hands .
Doctor Strange
Dr. Strange appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends . In the episode `` 7 Little Superheroes '' , he alongside Spider - Man , Iceman , Firestar , Captain America , Namor and Shanna the She - Devil are invited to the Chameleon 's house on Wolf Island so that the heroes could be gotten rid of . Doctor Strange had a cameo appearance in the 1990s X-Men animated series . He was seen in the episode `` The Dark Phoenix Saga ( Part 3 ) '' . Doctor Strange appears in his self - titled episode of Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by John Vernon . He and Wong help Spider - Man rescue Mary Jane Watson from Baron Mordo and Dormammu 's clutches , and retrieve the Wand of Watoomb . After Spider - Man leaves , Doctor Strange detects the presence of Madame Web . Doctor Strange appeared in The Incredible Hulk episode `` Mind Over Anti-Matter , '' voiced by Maurice LaMarche . He helps She - Hulk at the time when an unnamed evil entity has possessed the Hulk into the Dark Hulk . Doctor Strange appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Roger Rose . He appears in the episodes `` Enter Dormammu '' , `` A Brat Walks Among Us '' , `` Night in the Sanctorum '' , `` Invader from the Dark Dimension '' , and `` Election of Evil '' . Doctor Strange has made appearances in the Marvel animated shows on Disney XD , voiced initially by Jack Coleman , and later by Liam O'Brien . These shows include Ultimate Spider - Man , Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. , and Avengers Assemble . Doctor Strange appeared in several episodes of Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Yasunori Masutani . Doctor Strange appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda , voiced again by Liam O'Brien .
Doctor Strange
In the alternate future universe of the Marvel imprint MC2 , Doctor Strange is no longer the Sorcerer Supreme , the title there held by Doc Magnus . Doctor Strange uses his remaining power to reform the superhero team the Defenders in A-Next # 3 ( 1998 ) and to fight the Norse god of mischief , Loki , Last Hero Standing # 4 ( February 2005 ) .
Doctor Strange
Due to the growing number of Doctor Strange readers , the Marvel Premiere series segued to the character 's second ongoing title , Doctor Strange : Master of the Mystic Arts , also known as Doctor Strange vol. 2 , which ran 81 issues ( June 1974 -- February 1987 ) . Doctor Strange # 14 featured a crossover story with The Tomb of Dracula # 44 , another series which was being drawn by Gene Colan at the time . In Englehart 's final story , he sent Dr. Strange back in time to meet Benjamin Franklin . 1980s
Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange Textless cover of Doctor Strange # 2 ( January 2016 ) . Art by Alex Ross . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Strange Tales # 110 ( July 1963 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Stephen Vincent Strange Team affiliations Avengers Defenders Illuminati Infinity Watch Midnight Sons New Avengers The Order Partnerships Clea Wong Ancient One Notable aliases Sorcerer Supreme Master of the Mystic Arts Captain Universe Stephen Sanders Vincent Stevens Abilities Mastery of magic Utilizes mystical artifacts , such as the Cloak of Levitation and the Eye of Agamotto Genius - level intellect Trained physician Skilled martial artist
Doctor Strange
Strange eventually regains his position of Sorcerer Supreme , but is possessed by a demon and becomes leader of the Black Priests .
Doctor Strange
After the various Marvel universes merge into one , Doctor Strange acts as righthand man of Doctor Doom , who has become the ruler of this world after erasing all recollection of the previous separate realities that existed . Circumstances force Strange to open a pod that releases the surviving heroes of the original Marvel continuity , known as Earth - 616 . Doom kills Doctor Strange .
Infinity Gems
The Time Stone was encased in the Eye of Agamotto by Earth 's first sorcerer , Agamotto . A Master of the Mystic Arts can use the Stone to alter and manipulate time . Thousands of years later , in Doctor Strange , Dr. Stephen Strange learns to use the Eye and uses it to save the Earth from Dormammu by trapping the demon in a time loop until he abandons his plans for Earth . The Masters of the Mystic Arts retain possession of the Eye in their secret compound Kamar - Taj in Kathmandu , Nepal . During the events of Avengers : Infinity War , Strange uses the Time Stone to look into future timelines , viewing millions of possible outcomes of their conflict with Thanos . Strange later surrenders the stone to Thanos in exchange for him sparing Tony Stark 's life .
Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange is described as `` the mightiest magician in the cosmos '' and `` more powerful by far than any of your fellow humanoids '' by Eternity , the sentience of the Marvel Universe . He holds the title of Sorcerer Supreme from 1973 ( with the death of the Ancient One ) to the present , except during an interruption from 1992 to 1995 . He relinquishes the title once again in 2009 , but reclaims it in 2012 when he proves himself willing to protect the world even without the title .
Doctor Strange
Strange appeared as a supporting character for the bulk of the 2000s . He appeared regularly in The Amazing Spider - Man under J. Michael Straczynski , before being cast into a time loop by Baron Mordo . He later appeared on and off in The New Avengers , where he was stated as being part of the secret group known as the Illuminati to deal with future threats to Earth . Ultimately Strange joined the team and allowed them to use his home as a base after the events of Civil War , which he sat out . Doctor Strange was critical of the federal Superhuman Registration Act and aided the anti-registration Avengers team led by Luke Cage .
Doctor Strange
During the Bendis run , Doctor Doom attacked the Avengers and manipulated the Scarlet Witch into eliminating most of the mutant population . Doctor Strange 's failure to recognize Doom 's hand in the former and to stop the latter caused him to start to doubt his abilities . After he was forced to use dark magic to confront an enraged Hulk , followed by further use of dark spells to save the New Avengers from the Hood 's supervillain army , Strange renounced his status as Sorcerer Supreme , as he felt that he was no longer worthy of it . The Eye of Agamotto passed the mantle on to Brother Voodoo .
Doctor Strange
As the Ancient One 's disciple , Strange encounters the entity Nightmare , and other mystical foes before meeting Dormammu , a warlord from an alternate dimension called the `` Dark Dimension '' . Strange is aided by a nameless girl , later called Clea , who is eventually revealed to be Dormammu 's niece . When Strange helps a weakened Dormammu drive off the rampaging Mindless Ones and return them to their prison , he is allowed to leave unchallenged . In The Unbelievable Gwenpool # 3 , Strange encounters Gwendolyn Poole , who explains herself to be from a reality where all Marvel characters are fictional characters in comic books . As Strange helps her locate her home reality in order to create a fake background for her in the Marvel Universe so that she can get a Social Security number , driver 's license and other essential documents , he discovers that Benedict Cumberbatch has been cast to play him in Gwen 's universe , remarking that he `` could see that '' .
Doctor Strange
The character has starred in several alternate universe titles . In the miniseries Marvel 1602 # 1 - # 8 ( November 2003 -- June 2004 ) , Sir Stephen Strange is both the court physician and magician to Queen Elizabeth I . The title Spider - Man 2099 introduced a female version of Strange who shares her body with a demon in issue # 33 ( 1995 ) . The miniseries Strange # 1 - # 6 ( November 2004 -- April 2005 ) , written by J. Michael Straczynski and Samm Barnes , with artwork by Brandon Peterson , reimagined the character 's origin , allies and enemies in a contemporary setting .
Doctor Strange
Doctor Stephen Vincent Strange is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee , the character first appeared in Strange Tales # 110 ( cover - dated July 1963 ) . Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme , the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats . Inspired by stories of black magic and Chandu the Magician , Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comic Books to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics .
Infinity Gems
After various alternate universes are combined into Battleworld , Doctor Strange gathers Infinity Gems from other universes into a new Infinity Gauntlet that works in the area where Doom has built his palace . Strange leaves the Gauntlet hidden until he has access to someone he can trust it with ; after his death , the Gauntlet is claimed by T'Challa , who uses it against Doom in the final battle .
Doctor Strange
Strange met his allies Topaz in # 75 ( Feb , 1986 ) and Rintrah in # 80 ( December 1986 ) . The series ended with a cliffhanger as his home , the Sanctum Sanctorum , was heavily damaged during a battle . Among the losses was Doctor Strange 's entire collection of mystic books and other important artifacts . As a consequence , Strange was now considerably weaker and several spells designed to protect humanity from vampires and the evil serpent god Set expired .
Doctor Strange
Even though the book is a tome of benevolent magic , the spells within can still be dangerous when used improperly . This is proven when a young , inexperienced Strange tried to use the Book of the Vishanti to resurrect his dead brother Victor , but the spell , known as the Vampiric Verses , caused Victor to become the vampire Baron Blood years later .
Doctor Strange
Strange appeared with the Human Torch and the Thing in the one - shot publication Strange Tales vol. 3 , # 1 ( November 1994 ) .
Doctor Strange
The Orb of Agamotto is a fictional magical item in the Marvel Comics universe . It is a powerful scrying crystal ball owned and used by Doctor Strange . It can also be used to detect magic in use anywhere in the world and provide Strange with a location and visual . The orb rests in Doctor Strange 's Sanctum Sanctorum in a room called the Chamber of Shadows . It usually is inside a display case with three curved legs . When summoned , the glass covering rises and the ball levitates . While powerful , the Orb has been blocked by exceptionally powerful mystic forces ( such as Umar ) who do not want their exact location known . On at least one occasion , it has been used to open a dimensional portal to the realm of Agamotto .
Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange debuted in Strange Tales # 110 ( July 1963 ) , a split book shared with the feature `` The Human Torch '' . Doctor Strange appeared in issues # 110 -- 111 and # 114 before the character 's eight - page origin story in # 115 ( December 1963 ) . Scripter Lee 's take on the character was inspired by the Chandu the Magician radio program that aired on the Mutual Broadcasting System in the 1930s . He had Doctor Strange accompany spells with elaborate incantations , such as the `` Eye of Agamotto '' , the `` Wand of Watoomb '' , and `` Hoary Hosts of Hoggoth '' ; though these often referenced established mythological figures , Lee has said he never had any idea what the incantations meant and used them simply because they sounded mystical and mysterious . Ditko showcased surrealistic mystical landscapes and increasingly vivid visuals that helped make the feature a favorite of college students at the time . Comics historian Mike Benton wrote : Splash
Doctor Strange
In the miniseries Marvel Zombies # 1 - # 5 ( February -- June 2006 ) , Strange is infected with a zombie virus along with many other heroes . He reappears in the second sequel , Marvel Zombies 3 # 1 - # 4 ( December 2008 -- March 2009 )