vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of Germany (1945–90)
The northern half of East Prussia in the region of Königsberg was administratively assigned by the Potsdam Agreement to the Soviet Union , pending a final Peace Conference ( with the commitment of Britain and the United States to support its incorporation into Russia ) ; and was then annexed by the Soviet Union . Gdańsk and the southern half of East Prussia were incorporated into Poland on a similar basis ; the Allies having assured the Polish government - in - exile of their support for this after the Tehran Conference in 1943 . It was also agreed at Potsdam that Poland would receive all former German lands east of the Oder - Neisse line , although the exact delimitation of the boundary was left to be resolved at an eventual Peace Conference . Under the wartime alliances of the United Kingdom with the Czechoslovak and Polish governments - in - exile , the British had agreed in July 1942 to support `` ... the General Principle of the transfer to Germany of German minorities in Central and South Eastern Europe after the war in cases where this seems necessary and desirable '' . In 1944 roughly 12.4 million ethnic Germans were living in territory that became part of post-war Poland and Soviet Union . Approximately 6 million fled or were evacuated before the Red Army occupied the area . Of the remainder , around 2 million died during the war or in its aftermath ( 1.4 million as military casualties ; 600,000 as civilian deaths ) , 3.6 million were expelled by the Poles , one million declared themselves to be Poles , and 300,000 remained in Poland as Germans . The Sudetenland territories , surrendered to Germany by the Munich Agreement , were returned to Czechoslovakia ; these territories containing a further 3 million ethnic Germans . ' Wild ' expulsions from Czechoslovakia began immediately after the German surrender . August
Bauhaus
The physical plant at Dessau survived World War II and was operated as a design school with some architectural facilities by the German Democratic Republic . This included live stage productions in the Bauhaus theater under the name of Bauhausbühne ( `` Bauhaus Stage '' ) . After German reunification , a reorganized school continued in the same building , with no essential continuity with the Bauhaus under Gropius in the early 1920s . In 1979 Bauhaus - Dessau College started to organize postgraduate programs with participants from all over the world . This effort has been supported by the Bauhaus - Dessau Foundation which was founded in 1974 as a public institution .
Treaty of Versailles
After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 . This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads .
Munich Agreement
Sudeten German pro-Nazi leader Konrad Henlein founded the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) that served as the branch of the Nazi Party for the Sudetenland . By 1935 , the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia as German votes concentrated on this party while Czech and Slovak votes were spread among several parties . Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany , Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938 , where he was instructed to raise demands unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš . On 24 April , the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia , that were known as the Carlsbad Program . Among the demands , Henlein demanded autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovakian government responded by saying that it was willing to provide more minority rights to the German minority but it refused to grant them autonomy .
World War II
The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war .
Iran crisis of 1946
After Germany broke its pact with the Soviets and invaded the USSR in June 1941 , the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union jointly occupied Iran as a preventative measure , starting on August 25 , 1941 , and justified their invasion by the need to use Iran as a gateway for delivery of Lend - Lease supplies to the Soviet Union . As a result , Rezā Shāh was forced to abdicate on September 16 , 1941 and exiled to Mauritius ; his son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the crown prince , became the new monarch . Their joint ' Tripartite Treaty ' of January 1942 declared that their military presence was not an occupation , proclaimed Iran to be their ally , and pledged to withdraw their troops within six months of the end of the war .
Treaty of Versailles
In 1920 , the head of the Reichswehr Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff , by expanding the Truppenamt ( Troop Office ) ; purportedly a human resources section of the army . In March , 18,000 German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by communists and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone . In response , French troops advanced further into Germany until the German troops withdrew .
Munich Agreement
Following Allied victory and the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945 , the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia , while the German speaking majority was expelled .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day .
Great Depression
In 1932 , 90 % of German reparation payments were cancelled . ( In the 1950s , Germany repaid all its missed reparations debts . ) Widespread unemployment reached 25 % as every sector was hurt . The government did not increase government spending to deal with Germany 's growing crisis , as they were afraid that a high - spending policy could lead to a return of the hyperinflation that had affected Germany in 1923 . Germany 's Weimar Republic was hit hard by the depression , as American loans to help rebuild the German economy now stopped . The unemployment rate reached nearly 30 % in 1932 , bolstering support for the Nazi ( NSDAP ) and Communist ( KPD ) parties , causing the collapse of the politically centrist Social Democratic Party . Hitler ran for the Presidency in 1932 , and while he lost to the incumbent Hindenburg in the election , it marked a point during which both Nazi Party and the Communist parties rose in the years following the crash to altogether possess a Reichstag majority following the general election in July 1932 .
Marshall Plan
The reconstruction plan , developed at a meeting of the participating European states , was drafted on June 5 , 1947 . It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies , but they refused to accept it , as doing so would allow a degree of US control over the communist economies . In fact , the Soviet Union prevented its satellite states ( i.e. , East Germany , Poland , etc . ) from accepting . Secretary Marshall became convinced Stalin had no interest in helping restore economic health in Western Europe . European
Lithuania
On 25 October 1992 , the citizens of Lithuania voted in the referendum to adopt the current constitution . On 14 February 1993 , during the direct general elections , Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence of Lithuania . On 31 August 1993 , the last units of the Soviet Army left the territory of Lithuania . Since 29 March 2004 , Lithuania has been part of the NATO . On 1 May 2004 , it became a full - fledged member of the European Union , and a member of the Schengen Agreement on 21 December 2007 .
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The TFEU originated as the treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( the EEC treaty ) , signed in Rome on 25 March 1957 . On 7 February 1992 , the Maastricht treaty , which led to the formation of the European Union , saw the EEC Treaty renamed as the Treaty establishing the European Community ( TEC ) and renumbered . The Maastricht reforms also saw the creation of the European Union 's three pillar structure , of which the European Community was the major constituent part .
Central Powers
The Kingdom of Poland was a client state of Germany created in 1916 . This government was recognized by the emperors of Germany and Austria - Hungary in November 1916 , and it adopted a constitution in 1917 . The decision to create a state of Poland was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants , following upon German propaganda sent to Polish inhabitants in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia . The state was utilized by the German government alongside punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German - occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland , and efforts were made to induce similar emigration of Poles from Prussia to the state .
Allies of World War II
New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statue of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later :
North Korea–South Korea relations
The relations began in 1945 with the division of Korea at the end of World War II . Since then , the DPRK and ROK have been locked in a conflict which erupted into open warfare in 1950 with the Korean War and which has continued ever since , thwarting the goal of Korean reunification .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The sailors ' revolt which took place during the night of 29 to 30 October 1918 in the naval port of Wilhelmshaven spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and to the announcement of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II .
Soviet Union in World War II
In August 1939 , Stalin accepted Hitler 's proposal into a non-aggression pact with Germany , negotiated by the foreign ministers Vyacheslav Molotov for the Soviets and Joachim von Ribbentrop for the Germans . Officially a non-aggression treaty only , an appended secret protocol , also reached on 23 August , divided the whole of eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence . The USSR was promised the eastern part of Poland , then primarily populated by Ukrainians and Belarusians , in case of its dissolution , and Germany recognised Latvia , Estonia and Finland as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence , with Lithuania added in a second secret protocol in September 1939 . Another clause of the treaty was that Bessarabia , then part of Romania , was to be joined to the Moldovan SSR , and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow .
World War II
Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment .
Soviet Union in World War II
Germany invaded Poland on 1st September 1939 . Stalin waited until 17 September before launching his own invasion of Poland . Part of the Karelia and Salla regions of Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War . This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and parts of Romania ( Bessarabia , northern Bukovina and the Hertza region ) . It was only in 1989 that the Soviet Union admitted the existence of the secret protocol of the German -- Soviet pact regarding the planned divisions of these territories . The invasion of Bukovina violated the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis .
Allies of World War II
Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war .
World War II
The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins
World War II
Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered the 20 March 1939 ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region .
Treaty of Versailles
In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz .
North Korea–South Korea relations
In September 1984 , North Korea 's Red Cross sent emergency supplies to the South after severe floods . Talks resumed , resulting in the first reunion of separated families in 1985 , as well as a series of cultural exchanges . Goodwill dissipated with the staging of the US - South Korean military exercise , Team Spirit , in 1986 . Korean
Treaty of Versailles
In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 .
Allies of World War II
Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . United States of America : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) Commonwealth of the Philippines : 8 December 1941 Panama : 7 December 1941 Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 El Salvador : 8 December 1941 Haiti : 8 December 1941 Honduras : 8 December 1941 Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 China : 9 December 1941 ( At war with the Empire of Japan since 1937 ) Cuba : 9 December 1941 Guatemala : 9 December 1941 United States of America : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy )
Munich Agreement
Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations . The Czechoslovak government , realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone , reluctantly capitulated ( 30 September ) and agreed to abide by the agreement . The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October , and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further . On 30 September after some rest , Chamberlain went to Hitler and asked him to sign a peace treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany . After Hitler 's interpreter translated it for him , he happily agreed .
Allies of World War II
Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . Resistance
United States
At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Although the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The
World War II
Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 .
Operation Barbarossa
In Germany , on the morning of 22 June , Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels announced the invasion to the waking nation in a radio broadcast with Hitler 's words : `` At this moment a march is taking place that , for its extent , compares with the greatest the world has ever seen . I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers . May God aid us , especially in this fight ! '' Later the same morning , Hitler proclaimed to his colleagues , `` Before three months have passed , we shall witness a collapse of Russia , the like of which has never been seen in history . '' Hitler also addressed the German people via the radio , presenting himself as a man of peace , who reluctantly had to attack the Soviet Union . Following the invasion , Goebbels openly spoke of a `` European crusade against Bolshevism '' , but omitted the terrible fate that awaited Jews in allied and friendly countries .
Central Powers
The Belarusian People 's Republic was a client state of Germany created in 1918 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
To this day , there remain vast differences between the former East Germany and West Germany ( for example , in lifestyle , wealth , political beliefs , and other matters ) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly . The eastern German economy has struggled since unification , and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east .