vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
In the 13th century , England was still primarily supplying raw materials for export to Europe , rather than finished or processed goods . There were some exceptions , such as very high - quality cloths from Stamford and Lincoln , including the famous `` Lincoln Scarlet '' dyed cloth . Despite royal efforts to encourage it , however , barely any English cloth was being exported by 1347 . Expansion
Atlantic slave trade
As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies , they became the leading slave traders . At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the Royal Africa Company , operating out of London . But , following the loss of the company 's monopoly in 1689 , Bristol and Liverpool merchants became increasingly involved in the trade . By the late 17th century , one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship . Much of the wealth on which the city of Manchester , and surrounding towns , was built in the late 18th century , and for much of the 19th century , was based on the processing of slave - picked cotton and manufacture of cloth . Other British cities also profited from the slave trade . Birmingham , the largest gun - producing town in Britain at the time , supplied guns to be traded for slaves . 75 % of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London , and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative coffee houses there .
Southern United States
In the mid-to - late - 18th century , large groups of Ulster Scots ( later called the Scotch - Irish ) and people from the Anglo - Scottish border region immigrated and settled in the back country of Appalachia and the Piedmont . They were the largest group of non-English immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolution . In the 1980 Census , 34 % of Southerners reported that they were of English ancestry ; English was the largest reported European ancestry in every Southern state by a large margin .
History of Arkansas
Arkansas 's economy was in poor shape in the period leading up to statehood and was not in a position to support state government functions . Tax rates were very low in all Southern states controlled by planters , and Arkansas was no exception . Most planters did not carry a lot of cash and were usually indebted to cotton factories most months of the year . The little extra cash planters had was usually invested in slaves or land , leaving most plantations in the margins for long periods of time . The northwest parts of Arkansas that did not rely on cotton production relied on a cash scarce economy that consisted of bartering for necessities . Although farmers produced enough goods to sell , they were locked into the local market and were unable to transport their goods to other markets , keeping the region cash - poor . The Federal government gave land to the state , to be sold for seed money to start a treasury for Arkansas . These funds were quickly wasted , and since frontier Arkansas did not offer many services to its citizens , revenues from taxes and fees were incapable of supporting the state government . President Jackson 's Specie Circular also hurt the state economy by forcing land purchases to be made with gold and silver rather than paper money . In addition to affecting private citizens who were land speculating , the policy stymied state revenues since Arkansas had been relying on the tax revenue from each land purchase as its primary source of income .
History of Arkansas
The uncertainty surrounding Missouri 's status as a slave state caused a rapid out - migration of slaveholders into Arkansas . Slavery also became a divisive issue within Arkansas . The wealthy planters of southeast Arkansas strongly supported slavery since manual labor was the only method of harvesting cotton at the time . The northwest parts of the state did not have cotton plantations , and as little as 2 % of the black population in northwest Arkansas was enslaved during the territorial era . However , northwest Arkansas backed slavery in support of the southeastern Arkansas planters .
American Civil War
U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful .
Southern United States
World War II marked a time of change in the South as new industries and military bases were developed by the Federal government , providing badly needed capital and infrastructure in many regions . People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region 's many bases and new industries . Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco to include soybeans , corn , and other foods .
History of immigration to the United States
The mostly agricultural Southern English colonies initially had very high death rates for new settlers due to malaria , yellow fever , and other diseases as well as skirmishes with Native Americans . Despite this , a steady flow of new settlers , mostly from Central England and the London area , kept up population growth . Initially , the large plantations were mostly owned by friends ( mostly minor aristocrats ) of the British - appointed governors . A group of Gaelic - speaking Scottish Highlanders created a settlement at Cape Fear in North Carolina , which remained culturally distinct until the mid-18th century , at which point it was swallowed up by the dominant English - origin culture . Many settlers arrived as indentured servants who had to work off their passage with five to seven years of work for room and board , clothing , and training , but no cash wages . After their terms of indentures expired , most of the indentures settled small farms on the frontier . The Southern colonies were about 55 % British , 38 % Black , and roughly 7 % German . The Atlantic slave trade primarily ceased after 1775 and it was outlawed in 1808 , although some slaves were smuggled in afterwards .
United Kingdom
The Industrial Revolution started in the UK with an initial concentration on the textile industry , followed by other heavy industries such as shipbuilding , coal mining and steelmaking . British merchants , shippers and bankers developed overwhelming advantage over those of other nations allowing the UK to dominate international trade in the 19th century . As other nations industrialised , coupled with economic decline after two world wars , the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined , by degrees , throughout the 20th century . Manufacturing remains a significant part of the economy but accounted for only 16.7 % of national output in 2003 . Jaguar
Southern United States
At the end of the 19th century , white Democrats in the South had created state constitutions that were hostile to industry and business development , with anti-industrial laws extensive from the time new constitutions were adopted in the 1890s . Banking was limited , as was access to credit . States persisted in agricultural economies . Especially in Alabama and Florida , rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities , and legislators resisted business and modernising interests : Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972 , long after major population and economic shifts to cities . For decades Birmingham generated the majority of revenue for the state , for instance , but received little back in services or infrastructure .
American Revolution
The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British .
History of Arkansas
The southeast Arkansas planters tried several avenues to maintain cotton production despite emancipation . The system of sharecropping eventually became most popular , allowing individuals to use farmland , seed , tools and a dwelling provided by the landowner . At season end he received a share of the crop ( which in turn was used to pay off local merchants who had provided credit for living expenses . ) The duty of supervising these contracts between newly freed slaves and planters was the responsibility of the federal Freedman 's Bureau . Many plantation owners despised paying the same slaves that had run off from their plantation years earlier . Blacks began using their own schools and churches for the first time . Following the frustrations of losing the war and slavery , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) became the military arm of the Democratic party in much of the south , including Arkansas . Tasked with keeping blacks as well as white Republicans on plantations and away from the polls , the KKK and other groups like the Bald Knobbers reigned terror throughout the state for years .
Atlantic slave trade
The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa . A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833 . For each captive , the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe . These included guns , ammunition , and other factory - made goods . The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands . The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas . The goods were the products of slave - labour plantations and included cotton , sugar , tobacco , molasses and rum . Sir John Hawkins , considered the pioneer of the British slave trade , was the first to run the Triangular trade , making a profit at every stop .
Border states (American Civil War)
In the border states , slavery was already dying out in urban areas and the regions without cotton , especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing , such as Baltimore , Louisville , and St. Louis . By 1860 , more than half of the African Americans in Delaware were free , as were a high proportion in Maryland .
History of the United Kingdom
The British economy was lackluster in the 1920s , with sharp declines and high unemployment in heavy industry and coal , especially in Scotland and Wales . Exports of coal and steel fell in half by 1939 and the business community was slow to adopt the new labour and management principles coming from the US , such as Fordism , consumer credit , eliminating surplus capacity , designing a more structured management , and using greater economies of scale . For over a century the shipping industry had dominated world trade , but it remained in the doldrums despite various stimulus efforts by the government . With the very sharp decline in world trade after 1929 , its condition became critical .
Gilded Age
The South remained heavily rural and was much poorer than the North or West . In the South , Reconstruction brought major changes in agricultural practices . The most significant of these was sharecropping , where tenant farmers `` shared '' up to half of their crop with the landowners , in exchange for seed and essential supplies . About 80 % of the Black farmers and 40 % of White ones lived under this system after the Civil War . Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt , from which the only hope of escape was increased planting . This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco ( and thus to declining prices and income ) , soil exhaustion , and poverty among both landowners and tenants .
Thirteen Colonies
The British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network , as the value tripled for exports from British North America to Britain between 1700 and 1754 . The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers , but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies , particularly in the Caribbean . The colonists traded foodstuffs , wood , tobacco , and various other resources for Asian tea , West Indian coffee , and West Indian sugar , among other items . American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins . British North America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry , and many North American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade .
Southern United States
Business interests were ignored by the Southern Democrat ruling class . Nonetheless , major new industries started developing in cities such as Atlanta , GA ; Birmingham , AL ; and Dallas , Fort Worth and Houston , Texas . Growth began occurring at a geometric rate . Birmingham became a major steel producer and mining town , with major population growth in the early decades of the 20th century .
Lords Proprietor
In 1629 , King Charles I of England granted Sir Robert Heath ( the attorney general ) the southern half of the English land in the New World between 36 degrees and 31 degrees north latitude from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean . The land was named `` Province of Carolina '' or land of Charles . This area included what is now known as North Carolina and South Carolina . Sir Robert 's attempts at settlement failed and in 1645 , during the English Civil War , he was stripped of all of his possessions as a Royalist supporter of the King . The first permanent settlers in Carolina came from Virginia .
Triangular trade
The best - known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade , that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries , carrying slaves , cash crops , and manufactured goods between West Africa , Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers , with the northern colonies of British North America , especially New England , sometimes taking over the role of Europe . The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops , which were exported to Europe . European goods , in turn , were used to purchase African slaves , who were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas , the so - called Middle Passage . Diagram
History of the United Kingdom
From 1700 to 1850 , Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions . It maintained a relatively large and expensive Royal Navy , along with a small standing army . When the need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allies who fielded armies . The rising costs of warfare forced a shift in government financing from the income from royal agricultural estates and special imposts and taxes to reliance on customs and excise taxes and , after 1790 , an income tax . Working with bankers in the City , the government raised large loans during wartime and paid them off in peacetime . The rise in taxes amounted to 20 % of national income , but the private sector benefited from the increase in economic growth . The demand for war supplies stimulated the industrial sector , particularly naval supplies , munitions and textiles , which gave Britain an advantage in international trade during the postwar years .
History of Arkansas
World War II restored prosperity . Many farmers , especially blacks , left for much better paying jobs in industrial centers . Cotton plantations run short of unskilled labor to pick their crop , and were assisted by the US Department of Agriculture in finding workers .
Southern United States
The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South . Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom , catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia 's promise of freedom for service . Many others were removed by Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the Empire . Between 1770 and 1790 , there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks -- from 61 % percent to 44 % in South Carolina and from 45 % to 36 % in Georgia .
United Kingdom
The Crown dependencies are possessions of the Crown , as opposed to overseas territories of the UK . They comprise three independently administered jurisdictions : the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel , and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea . By mutual agreement , the British Government manages the islands ' foreign affairs and defence and the UK Parliament has the authority to legislate on their behalf . However , internationally , they are regarded as `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' . The power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with their own respective legislative assemblies , with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council or , in the case of the Isle of Man , in certain circumstances the Lieutenant - Governor ) . Since 2005 each Crown dependency has had a Chief Minister as its head of government .
History of the United Kingdom
By the late 1920s , economic performance had stabilised , but the overall situation was disappointing , for Britain had fallen behind the United States as the leading industrial power . There also remained a strong economic divide between the north and south of England during this period , with the south of England and the Midlands fairly prosperous by the Thirties , while parts of south Wales and the industrial north of England became known as `` distressed areas '' due to particularly high rates of unemployment and poverty . Despite this , the standard of living continued to improve as local councils built new houses to let to families rehoused from outdated slums , with up to date facilities including indoor toilets , bathrooms and electric lighting now being included in the new properties . The private sector enjoyed a housebuilding boom during the 1930s . Labour
Colonial history of the United States
The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region ( Virginia , Maryland , and , by some classifications , Delaware ) and the lower South ( Carolina , which eventually split into North and South Carolina ; and Georgia ) . Chesapeake
Southern Colonies
In 1691 , dissent over the governance of the province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina . After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors , both Carolinas became royal colonies .
History of United States prison systems
Depressed economic conditions impacted both white and black farmers in the post-war South , as cotton prices entered a worldwide decline and interest rates on personal debt rose with `` astonishing '' speed after the close of hostilities . Property crime convictions in the Southern countryside , rare in the antebellum years , rose precipitously throughout the 1870s ( though violent crime by white offenders continued to take up the majority of the rural courts ' business ) .
Twenty Negro Law
The impression that planters were not bearing their fair share of the war 's burdens spread quickly in the upcountry . Committed to Southern independence , most planters were also devoted to the survival of plantation slavery , and when these goals clashed , the latter often took precedence . --
Tar Heel
Historians Hugh Lefler and Albert Newsome claim in North Carolina : the History of a Southern State ( 3rd edition , 1973 ) that North Carolina led the world in production of naval stores from about 1720 to 1870 .
Colony of Virginia
In 1612 , settler John Rolfe planted tobacco obtained from Bermuda ( during his stay there as part of the Third Supply ) . Within a few years , the crop proved extremely lucrative in the European market . As the English increasingly used tobacco products , tobacco in the American colonies became significant economic force , especially in the tidewater region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay .
British Empire
The spread of English from the latter half of the 20th century has been helped in part by the cultural and economic influence of the United States , itself originally formed from British colonies . Except in Africa where nearly all the former colonies have adopted the presidential system , the English parliamentary system has served as the template for the governments for many former colonies , and English common law for legal systems . Cricket
Colonial history of the United States
The Province of Carolina was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . The original settlers in South Carolina established a lucrative trade in food for the slave plantations in the Caribbean . The settlers came mainly from the English colony of Barbados and brought African slaves with them . Barbados was a wealthy sugarcane plantation island , one of the early English colonies to use large numbers of Africans in plantation - style agriculture . The cultivation of rice was introduced during the 1690s and became an important export crop .
American Revolutionary War
The British turned their attention to conquering the South in 1778 , despite their defeat at Saratoga . Prominent Loyalists with great influence in London had convinced them that Loyalist support was high in the South and that a campaign there would inspire an uprising , and the British centered their strategy upon this thinking . A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean , where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets .
North Carolina
North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina . The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729 . Originally settled by small farmers , sometimes having a few slaves , who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture , the colony lacked cities or towns . Pirates menaced the coastal settlements , but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed . Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century , as the economy attracted Scots - Irish , Quaker , English and German immigrants . The colonists generally supported the American Revolution , as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies .
Colony of Virginia
In the late 17th century , the Royal African Company , which was established by the King of England to supply the great demand for labor to the colonies , had a monopoly on the provision of African slaves to the colony . As plantation agriculture was established earlier in Barbados , in the early years , slaves were shipped from Barbados ( where they were seasoned ) to the colonies of Virginia and Carolina .
History of the United Kingdom
Britain in addition to taking control of new territories , developed an enormous power in economic and financial affairs in numerous independent countries , especially in Latin America and Asia . It lent money , built railways , and engaged in trade . The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain 's dominance in engineering , communications and industry ; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s .