vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Operation Barbarossa
The Finnish plan in the south in Karelia was to advance as swiftly as possible to Lake Ladoga , cutting the Soviet forces in half . Then the Finnish territories east of Lake Ladoga were to be recaptured before the advance along the Karelian Isthmus , including the recapture of Vyborg , commenced . The Finnish attack was launched on 10 July . The Army of Karelia held a numerical advantage versus the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army and 23rd Army , so it could advance swiftly . The important road junction at Loimola was captured on 14 July . By 16 July , the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja , achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces . During the rest of July , the Army of Karelia advanced further southeast into Karelia , coming to a halt at the former Finnish - Soviet border at Mansila .
Surrender of Japan
If this did not drive the Allies away , they planned to send another 3,500 kamikazes along with 5,000 Shin'yō suicide motorboats and the remaining destroyers and submarines -- `` the last of the Navy 's operating fleet '' -- to the beach . If the Allies had fought through this and successfully landed on Kyūshū , only 3,000 planes would have been left to defend the remaining islands , although Kyūshū would be `` defended to the last '' regardless . The strategy of making a last stand at Kyūshū was based on the assumption of continued Soviet neutrality .
Ryukyu Islands
In 1872 , the Japanese government established the Ryukyu han under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Ministry . In 1875 , jurisdiction over the Ryukyus changed from the Foreign Ministry to the Home Ministry . In 1879 , the Meiji government announced the annexation of the Ryukyus , establishing it as Okinawa Prefecture and forcing the Ryukyu king to move to Tokyo . When China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki after its 1895 defeat in the First Sino - Japanese War , China officially abandoned its claims to the Ryukyus .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Between 20 September and 25 September , Japanese forces took Hsiungyueh , Changtu , Liaoyang , Tungliao , Tiaonan , Kirin , Chiaoho , Huangkutun and Hsin - min . This effectively secured control of Liaoning and Kirin provinces and the main line of rail communications to Korea .
Causes of World War II
The internationalist - minded , radical Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November 1917 , with the goal of overthrowing capitalism across the world . They supported communist parties in many countries and helped set up similar regimes in Hungary and Bavaria , Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia . By 1920 there was a corridor of anti-communist border states just west of Russia . However , these states feuded among themselves , and such alliances they formed , like the Little Entente , were unstable .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The July -- November 1929 conflict over the Chinese Eastern Railroad ( CER ) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that would lead to the Mukden Incident and eventually the Second Sino - Japanese War . The Soviet Red Army victory over Zhang Xueiliang 's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note .
Operation Barbarossa
The Germans attacked Leningrad in August 1941 ; in the following three `` black months '' of 1941 , 400,000 residents of the city worked to build the city 's fortifications as fighting continued , while 160,000 others joined the ranks of the Red Army . Nowhere was the Soviet levée en masse spirit stronger in resisting the Germans than at Leningrad where reserve troops and freshly improvised Narodnoe Opolcheniye units , consisting of worker battalions and even schoolboy formations , joined in digging trenches as they prepared to defend the city . On 7 September , the German 20th Motorized Division seized Shlisselburg , cutting off all land routes to Leningrad . The Germans severed the railroads to Moscow and captured the railroad to Murmansk with Finnish assistance to inaugurate the start of a siege that would last for over two years .
Korean War
As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90 % of the military personnel .
Technology during World War II
In August , 1919 the British Ten Year Rule declared the government should not expect another war within ten years . Consequently , they conducted very little military R & D. In contrast , Germany and the Soviet Union were dissatisfied powers who , for different reasons , cooperated with each other on military R & D . The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities deep inside the USSR for building and testing arms and for military training , well away from Treaty inspectors ' eyes . In return , they asked for access to German technical developments , and for assistance in creating a Red Army General Staff .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
On February 3 , 1940 , Yamamoto briefed Captain Kanji Ogawa of Naval Intelligence on the potential attack plan , asking him to start intelligence gathering on Pearl Harbor . Ogawa already had spies in Hawaii , including Japanese Consular officials with an intelligence remit , and he arranged for help from a German already living in Hawaii who was an Abwehr agent . None had been providing much militarily useful information . He planned to add 29 - year - old Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa . By the spring of 1941 , Yamamoto officially requested additional Hawaiian intelligence , and Yoshikawa boarded the liner Nitta - maru at Yokohama . He had grown his hair longer than military length , and assumed the cover name Tadashi Morimura .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths .
Korean War
Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Cairo Declaration , drafted by the Allies and China towards the end of World War II , listed the territories that the Allies intended to strip from Japan and return to China . Despite China being among the authors of the declaration , this list did not include the Spratlys . Vietnam 's response to China 's claim that the Cairo Declaration somehow recognised the latter 's sovereignty over the Spratlys is that this claim has no basis in fact .
Operation Barbarossa
Eastern Front Naval warfare Baltic Sea Black Sea Arctic Ocean 1941 Barbarossa Brest Białystok and Minsk Baltic Brody Bessarabia Smolensk Uman Odessa 1st Kiev Tallinn disaster Leningrad Sea of Azov 1st Kharkov Sevastopol Rostov Gorky Moscow Finland Kerch Chechnya 1942 Lyuban Barvenkovo and Lozovaya Rzhev Toropets and Kholm Demyansk Kholm 2nd Kharkov Case Blue Caucasus Rzhev , Summer 1942 Sinyavino Stalingrad Velikiye Luki Mars Little Saturn 1943 Iskra Ostrogozhsk -- Rossosh Polar Star 3rd Kharkov Bombing of Gorky Kursk 1st Donbass Tidal Wave 2nd Donbass 2nd Smolensk Dnieper 1944 Dnieper -- Carpathian Leningrad -- Novgorod Narva Crimea 1st Jassy -- Kishinev Karelia Bagration Lvov and Sandomierz Doppelkopf 2nd Jassy -- Kishinev Dukla Pass Baltic Belgrade Debrecen Petsamo and Kirkenes Courland Gumbinnen Budapest 1945 Vistula and Oder East Prussia Silesia Solstice East Pomerania Lake Balaton Vienna Bratislava - Brno Berlin Prague German capitulation
Causes of World War II
Subsequently , all the mentioned countries were invaded , occupied , or forced to cede part of their territory by either the Soviet Union , Germany , or both . Invasion
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read :
United States home front during World War II
December 7 , 1941 -- Attack on Pearl Harbor , the reason why the U.S. entered the war . January -- August 1942 -- Second Happy Time , German U-Boats engaged American ships off the U.S. East Coast . February 23 , 1942 -- Bombardment of Ellwood , a Japanese sabotage act on California . March 4 , 1942 -- Operation K , a Japanese reconnaissance over Pearl Harbor following the attack on December 7 , 1941 . June 3 , 1942 -- Aleutian Islands Campaign , the battle for the then Territory of Alaska . June 21 -- 22 , 1942 -- Bombardment of Fort Stevens , the only attack on a U.S. military base on the U.S. mainland in World War II . September 9 , 1942 and September 29 , 1942 -- Lookout Air Raids , the only attack by enemy aircraft on the U.S. mainland in World War II . November 1944 -- April 1945 -- Fire balloons , over 9,300 of them were launched by Japan across the Pacific Ocean towards the U.S. mainland with the goal of starting forest fires . On May 5 , 1945 , six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon when they stumbled upon a bomb and it exploded , the only wartime deaths to occur on the U.S. mainland as a result of enemy action .
Axis powers
Romania joined the German - led invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22 , 1941 . Antonescu was the only foreign leader Hitler consulted on military matters and the two would meet no less than ten times throughout the war . Romania re-captured Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina during Operation Munchen before conquering further Soviet territory and establishing the Transnistria Governorate . After the Siege of Odessa , the city became the capital of the Governorate . Romanian troops fought their way into the Crimea alongside German troops and contributed significantly to the Siege of Sevastopol . Later , Romanian mountain troops joined the German campaign in the Caucasus , reaching as far as Nalchik . After suffering devastating losses at Stalingrad , Romanian officials began secretly negotiating peace conditions with the Allies . By 1943 , the tide began to turn . The Soviets pushed further west , retaking Ukraine and eventually launching an unsuccessful invasion of eastern Romania in the spring of 1944 . Romanian troops in the Crimea helped repulse initial Soviet landings , but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the Romanian Navy evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops , an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral Horia Macellariu the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . During the Jassy - Kishinev Offensive of August 1944 , Romania switched sides on August 23 , 1944 . Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war , reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria .
Ryukyu Islands
American military control over Okinawa began in 1945 with the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands , which in 1950 became the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands . Also in 1950 , the Interim Ryukyus Advisory Council ( 臨時 琉球 諮詢 委員 会 , Rinji Ryūkyū Shijun Iinkai ) was formed , which evolved into the Ryukyu Provisional Central Government ( 琉球 臨時 中央 政府 , Ryūkyū Rinji Chūō Seifu ) in 1951 . In 1952 , the U.S. was formally granted control over Ryukyu Islands south of 29 ° N latitude , and other Pacific islands , under the San Francisco Peace Treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan . The Ryukyu Provisional Central Government then became the Government of the Ryukyu Islands which existed from 1952 to 1972 . Administrative rights reverted to Japan in 1972 .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941 , as `` a date which will live in infamy '' and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941 . The motion passed with only one vote against it , in both chambers . Just three days later , on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States , and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that `` We ca n't lose the war at all . We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years '' .
Korean War
On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 , the day of the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , entitled `` The Atomic Plague '' , the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military . The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News , and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account of Hiroshima 's radiation sickness published one week earlier . Play
Allies of World War II
Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 .
History of Palau
The Japanese presence made Palau a major target for the Allied forces in World War II . Peleliu was a scene of intense fighting between American and Japanese forces in 1944 . The battle ended in an Allied victory , but at a high cost for both sides . Indeed , the world history recognizes the high cost of dead soldiers from both countries but totally ignored the numbers of dead innocent islanders who never asked to have countries come fight on their small island disrupting the peaceful life they enjoyed for centuries before history books states that these islands were discovered ( It would be great acknowledgement to note that Palau was never lost as it was always there in the first place ) . At the end of the Pacific War , less than five thousand Palauans were left alive with many Palauan families adopting Japanese children into their midst ( those refused passage back to Japan as they were too young and dangerous to travel ) . All surviving Japanese were repatriated after the end of the war . There are still about 100 American servicemen listed as Missing In Action in Palau . Starting in 1993 , a small group of American volunteers called The BentProp Project has searched the waters and jungles of Palau for information that could lead to the identification and recovery of these remains . The Palauan people , in recognition of the basic human hospitality that is unique to all people of the islands all over the planet , allowed the Japanese and US governments to search for their missing soldiers as well as bringing back their remains .
North Korea–South Korea relations
The US government took the issue to the United Nations , which led to the formation of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea ( UNTCOK ) in 1947 . The Soviet Union opposed this move and refused to allow UNTCOK to operate in the North . UNTCOK organised a general election in the South , which was held on May 10 , 1948 . The Republic of Korea was established with Syngman Rhee as President , and formally replaced the US military occupation on August 15 . In North Korea , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea was declared on September 9 , with Kim Il - sung , as prime minister . Soviet occupation forces left the North on December 10 , 1948 . US forces left the South the following year , though the US Korean Military Advisory Group remained to train the Republic of Korea Army .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
On 11 November 1944 , during a night raid on Omura on Kyushu Japan , the General H.H. Arnold Special ( 42 - 6365 ) was damaged and forced to divert to Vladivostok in the Soviet Union . The crew was interned . On 21 November 1944 , Ding Hao ( 42 - 6358 ) was damaged during a raid on an aircraft factory at Omura , Japan , and was also forced to divert to Vladivostok .
Korean War
On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted .
Allies of World War II
Allies of World War II United Nations Military alliance 1939 -- 1945 Allied Powers ( and their colonies ) Allies entering after the Attack on Pearl Harbor Axis Powers and co-belligerents Neutral Powers ( and their colonies ) The `` Big Four '' : United States ( from 1941 ) Soviet Union ( from 1941 ) United Kingdom China Occupied countries with governments - in - exile : France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Norway Czechoslovakia Other Allied combatant states : Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Colombia Philippines Cuba Former Axis Powers or co-belligerents : Italy ( from 1943 ) Finland ( from 1944 ) Romania ( from 1944 ) Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) Capital Not specified Political structure Military alliance Historical era World War II Established 1939 Disestablished 1945 Preceded by Succeeded by Allies of World War I United Nations NATO Warsaw Pact The
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt ran successfully for reelection in 1940 . His victory made him the only U.S. President to serve for more than two terms . With World War II looming after 1938 , Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China as well as the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , an event he famously called `` a date which will live in infamy '' , Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan the next day , and a few days later , on Germany and Italy . Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins and with very strong national support , he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek in leading the Allies against the Axis Powers . Roosevelt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort and implemented a Europe first strategy , making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan . He also initiated the development of the world 's first atomic bomb and worked with the other Allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and other post-war institutions . Roosevelt won reelection in 1944 but with his physical health seriously and steadily declining during the war years , he died in April 1945 , just 11 weeks into his fourth term . The Axis Powers surrendered to the Allies in the months following Roosevelt 's death , during the presidency of Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Richardson asked the President if the United States was going to war . Roosevelt 's view was :
Franklin D. Roosevelt
This article is part of a series about Franklin D. Roosevelt Early Life Family Paralysis State Senator Secretary of the Navy 1920 Smith - Roosevelt Campaign Governor of New York Governorship President of the United States Presidency First Term 1932 campaign Election 1st Inauguration First 100 days New Deal Glass - Steagall Act WPA Social Security SEC Fireside Chats Second Term 1936 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration Supreme Court Packing National Recovery Act 1937 Recession March of Dimes Pre-war foreign policy Third Term 1940 campaign Election 3rd Inauguration World War II World War II Attack on Pearl Harbor Infamy Speech Atlantic Charter Japanese Internment Tehran Conference United Nations D - Day Second Bill of Rights G.I. Bill Fourth Term 1944 campaign Election 4th Inauguration Yalta Conference Declining health Death and State Funeral Electoral History Legacy Criticism New Deal critics Civil rights record Presidential Library Memorial