vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Amazon River
The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes . 5,600 species are currently known , and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year . The arapaima , known in Brazil as the pirarucu , is a South American tropical freshwater fish , one of the largest freshwater fish in the world , with a length of up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana ( or aruanã in Portuguese ) , such as the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ) , which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima , but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha , an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans . There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha . However , only a few of its species are known to attack humans , most notably Pygocentrus nattereri , the red - bellied piranha . The candirú , native to the Amazon River , is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae , just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin . Other catfish ' walk ' overland on their ventral fins , while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ) , aka piraiba or `` goliath catfish '' , can reach 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) in length and 200 kilograms ( 440 lb ) in weight . The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes ) inhabit the Amazon basin . River stingrays ( Potamotrygonidae ) are also known . The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) has been reported 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru . Microbiota
Territorial evolution of the United States
May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory , with the border being , from the east : West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington ; south to the parallel 44 ° 30 ′ north ; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains ; to the 39th meridian west from Washington ; and north from there . The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory . October 15 , 1864 Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty - sixth state , Nevada . May 5 , 1865 The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington , Georgia , and dissolved . Military surrenders were scattered throughout 1865 , but the most important is regarded as that of the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9 . Disputes :
Boise, Idaho
Idaho 's ethnic Basque community is one of the largest in the United States , on the order of nearly 7,000 people in 2000 , many of whom live in Boise . A large Basque festival known as Jaialdi is held once every five years ( next in 2020 ) . Downtown Boise features a vibrant section known as the `` Basque Block '' . Boise 's mayor , David H. Bieter , is of Basque descent . Boise is also a sister region of the Basque communities .
Indus River
The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet ; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan ( Gang Rinpoche , Mt . Kailas ) mountain ranges . The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit , just south of the Karakoram range . The Shyok , Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river . It gradually bends to the south , coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi . The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500 -- 5,200 metres ( 15,000 -- 17,000 feet ) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif . It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir . The Kabul River joins it near Attock . The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh , where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided . It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot . Beyond this confluence , the river , at one time , was named the Satnad River ( sat = `` seven '' , nadī = `` river '' ) , as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River , the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers . Passing by Jamshoro , it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta .
Missouri
Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States , as memorialized by the Gateway Arch . The Pony Express , Oregon Trail , Santa Fe Trail , and California Trail all began in Missouri . As a border state , Missouri 's role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within . After the war , both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business . Today , the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis .
Southwestern United States
However , archeologist , Erik Reed , gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest , which runs from Durango , Colorado in the north , to Durango , Mexico , in the south , and from Las Vegas , Nevada in the west to Las Vegas , New Mexico in the East . Reed 's definition is roughly equivalent to the western half of the Learning Center of the American Southwest 's definition , leaving out any portion of Kansas and Oklahoma , and much of Texas , as well as the eastern half of New Mexico . Since this article is about the Southwestern United States , the areas of Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico will be excluded . The portion left includes Arizona and western New Mexico , the very southernmost part of Utah , southwestern Colorado , the very tip of west Texas , and triangle formed by the southern tip of Nevada . This will be the defined scope which is used in this article , unless otherwise specified in a particular area .
Denver
Denver ( / ˈdɛnvər / ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level , making it the highest major city in the United States . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station .
Circumnavigation
National Geographic lists Colin Angus as being the first to complete a global circumnavigation . However , his journey did not cross the equator or hit the minimum of two antipodal points as stipulated by the rules of Guinness World Records and AdventureStats by Explorersweb .
Yellowstone River
According to the Bridger Pipeline LLC , another oil spill occurred near Glendive on January 17 , 2015 , at 10 a.m. In response , the pipeline company shut down the pipeline at 11 a.m. in effort to prevent further environmental hazards . The company stated that 300 -- 1,200 oil barrels ( equivalent to 12,600 to 50,400 US gallons ) were spilled into the river . State officials estimated , on the other hand , up to 50,000 US gallons ( 190,000 l ; 42,000 imp gal ) of spilled oil . Benzene , a carcinogen , was found in ten to fifteen parts per billion . An EPA official said that `` anything above five parts per billion is considered a long - term risk . '' Nearly 6,000 people were told not to use municipal water in Glendive due to the elevated levels of cancer - causing benzene found in the Yellowstone River , and in the tap water supplied . Bottled water was provided to their residents . On January 23 , 2015 , the city water treatment plant was declared decontaminated . City officials declared tap water safe to consume .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey .
Mississippi River
By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul , Minnesota , below Lock and Dam No. 1 , it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level . From St. Paul to St. Louis , Missouri , the river elevation falls much more slowly , and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams .
Geography of Illinois
Illinois is in the midwestern United States . Surrounding states are Wisconsin to the north , Iowa and Missouri to the west , Kentucky to the south , and Indiana to the east . Illinois also borders Michigan , but only via a northeastern water boundary in Lake Michigan . Nearly the entire western boundary is the Mississippi River , except for a few areas where the river has changed course . Illinois ' southeastern and southern boundary is along the Wabash River and the Ohio River . Whereas , its northern boundary and much of its eastern boundary are straight survey ( longitudinal and latitudinal ) lines . Illinois has a maximum north - south distance of 390 miles ( 630 km ) and 210 miles ( 340 km ) east - west . Its total area is 57,918 square miles ( 150,010 km ) .
Delaware River
As of 2011 , crude oil was the largest single commodity transported on the Delaware River , accounting for half of all annual cargo tonnage . Major ports and facilities along the river are the Port of Philadelphia , the Port of Camden - Gloucester , the Port of Paulsboro , the Port of Wilmington , and Delaware City Refinery .
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856 km ) , over twice the size of Texas , the next largest state . Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries . Counting territorial waters , Alaska is larger than the combined area of the next three largest states : Texas , California , and Montana . It is also larger than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S. states .
East China Sea
The Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea .
Delaware River
The Delaware River 's drainage basin has an area of 14,119 square miles ( 36,570 km ) and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U.S. states -- New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Delaware . This total area constitutes approximately 0.4 % of the land mass in the United States . In 2001 , the watershed was 18 % agricultural land , 14 % developed land , and 68 % forested land .
Shenandoah River
The Shenandoah River / ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə / is a tributary of the Potomac River , 55.6 miles ( 89.5 km ) long with two forks approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) long each , in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia . The principal tributary of the Potomac , the river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah Valley and the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains , in northwestern Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia .
Mississippi River
On May 8 , 1541 , Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River , which he called Río del Espíritu Santo ( `` River of the Holy Spirit '' ) , in the area of what is now Mississippi . In Spanish , the river is called Río Mississippi .
Mississippi River
The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri . It is divided into two sections :
Atlanta
Atlanta encompasses 134.0 square miles ( 347.1 km ) , of which 133.2 square miles ( 344.9 km ) is land and 0.85 square miles ( 2.2 km ) is water . The city is situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains , and at 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) above mean sea level , Atlanta has one of the highest elevations among major cities east of the Mississippi River . Atlanta straddles the Eastern Continental Divide , such that rainwater that falls on the south and east side of the divide flows into the Atlantic Ocean , while rainwater on the north and west side of the divide flows into the Gulf of Mexico . Atlanta sits atop a ridge south of the Chattahoochee River , which is part of the ACF River Basin . Located at the far northwestern edge of the city , much of the river 's natural habitat is preserved , in part by the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area .
Amazon River
At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ; 209,000,000 L / s ; 55,000,000 USgal / s ) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi / a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river .
North America
While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages .
Delaware River
There are 216 tributary streams and creeks -- an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks -- in the watershed . While the watershed is home to 4.17 million people according to the 2000 Federal Census , these bodies of water provide drinking water to 17 million people -- roughly 6 % of the population of the United States . The waters of the Delaware River 's basin are used to sustain `` fishing , transportation , power , cooling , recreation , and other industrial and residential purposes . '' It is the 33rd largest river in the United States in terms of flow , but the nation 's most heavily used rivers in daily volume of tonnage . The average annual flow rate of the Delaware is 11,700 cubic feet per second at Trenton , New Jersey . With no dams or impediments on the river 's main stem , the Delaware is one of the few remaining large free - flowing rivers in the United States .
Amazon River
Along with the Orinoco , the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto , also known as the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) . It is the largest species of river dolphin , and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The colour of its skin changes with age ; young animals are gray , but become pink and then white as they mature . The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river 's tricky depths . The boto is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside .
Water in California
The CVP 's original purpose was to tame seasonal flooding and to direct water to the south to irrigate 3 million acres ( 12,000 km ) of farmland . The CVP is operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation . As one of the largest water systems in the world it stores over 7,000,000 acre feet ( 8.6 km ) of water , or 17 percent of the state 's developed water . The CVP dams and diverts five major rivers : the Trinity , the Sacramento , the American , the Stanislaus , and the San Joaquin . Friant Dam , on the San Joaquin , was completed in 1944 , forming Millerton Lake . This was one of 20 reservoirs in the CVP . Shasta Dam , the largest CVP storage facility , was completed in 1945 . At Sacramento , American River water stored by Folsom Dam is added . 2,500,000 acre feet ( 3.1 km ) are annually pumped from the Delta into the Delta - Mendota Canal . New Melones Dam on the Stanislaus River was finished in 1979 , and the reservoir was filled in 1982 .
Savannah, Georgia
Savannah lies on the Savannah River , approximately 20 mi ( 32 km ) upriver from the Atlantic Ocean . According to the United States Census Bureau ( 2011 ) , the city has a total area of 108.7 square miles ( 281.5 km ) , of which 103.1 square miles ( 267.0 km ) is land and 5.6 square miles ( 15 km ) is water ( 5.15 % ) . Savannah is the primary port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia . It is also located near the U.S. Intracoastal Waterway . Georgia 's Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of downtown Savannah , and forms the southern city limit .
Water in California
The SWP system begins with reservoirs on upper tributaries of the Feather River . Oroville Dam creates the largest SWP reservoir . At 770 feet ( 230 m ) above the riverbed , the dam is the tallest in the United States . The reservoir covers 15,000 acres ( 61 km ) and holds 3,500,000 acre feet ( 4.3 km ) . Water travels from Lake Oroville to the Sacramento River . At Harvey O. Banks Delta Pumping Plant , which pulls SWP water into the Bethany Reservoir , around 2,200,000 acre feet ( 2.7 km ) are extracted from the Delta each year . Water that flows to the south end of the San Joaquin Valley must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains . Because of this , the SWP is California 's largest energy consumer , and even though the hydroelectric plants of the SWP generate 5,900 GWh per year , that is only a fraction of the energy needed to lift water over the Tehachapis . Below the Tehachapis the California Aqueduct splits , with the west branch storing water in Castaic and Pyramid Lake , and the east branch storing water in the Silverwood Lake reservoir .
Río de la Plata
Though it is generally spoken of as a river , the Río de la Plata is considered by some geographers to be a large bay or marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean . For those who regard it as a river it is the widest in the world , with a maximum width of about 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) and a total surface area of about 35,000 square kilometres ( 14,000 sq mi ) .
Water in California
The Central Valley watershed , which incorporates the Sacramento River , San Joaquin River and Tulare Lake regions , is the largest in California , draining over a third of the state -- 60,000 square miles ( 160,000 km ) -- and producing nearly half the total runoff . The Sierra Nevada snowpack feeds Central Valley river systems and is a critical source of water in the state 's long dry season when little if any precipitation falls . Up to 30 percent of California 's water supply is from snowpack . Much of California 's extensive reservoir and aqueduct system is designed to store and capture runoff from the Central Valley watershed . The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers converge at the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta , a large fresh - water estuary from where much of the state 's water supply is withdrawn . The Central Valley watershed provides most of the water for Northern and Central California , as well as a significant chunk of Southern California 's usage .
Hudson River
In 1939 , the magazine Life described the river as `` America 's Rhine '' , comparing it to the 40 - mile ( 64 km ) stretch of the Rhine in Central and Western Europe .
Amazon River
If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres ( 202 mi ) wide . In this case , the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte , the cape located straight east of Pracuúba in the Brazilian state of Amapá , to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá , in the state of Pará .
Illinois
Charles Mound , located in this region , has the state 's highest elevation above sea level at 1,235 feet ( 376 m ) . Other highlands include the Shawnee Hills in the south , and there is varying topography along its rivers ; the Illinois River bisects the state northeast to southwest . The floodplain on the Mississippi River from Alton to the Kaskaskia River is known as the American Bottom .
Alaska
Alaska has more than three million lakes . Marshlands and wetland permafrost cover 188,320 square miles ( 487,747 km ) ( mostly in northern , western and southwest flatlands ) . Glacier ice covers about 28,957 square miles ( 75,000 km ) of Alaska . The Bering Glacier is the largest glacier in North America , covering 2,008 square miles ( 5,200 km ) alone .
Hudson River
The river was called Ca - ho - ha - ta - te - a ( `` the river '' ) by the Iroquois , and it was known as Muh - he - kun - ne - tuk ( `` river that flows two ways '' ) by the Mohican tribe who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river . The Delaware Tribe of Indians ( Bartlesville , Oklahoma ) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the Lenape people , and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory , naming the river Muhheakantuck ( `` river that flows two ways '' ) .
Mississippi River
In 1829 , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi , the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock . The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles ( 18 km ) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline , Illinois . Both rapids were considered virtually impassable .
Mississippi River
The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age . The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present - day United States and Mississippi basin . When the ice sheet began to recede , hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited , creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley . During the melt , giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed , creating such features as the Minnesota River , James River , and Milk River valleys . When the ice sheet completely retreated , many of these `` temporary '' rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean , leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features `` oversized '' for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period .