vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Herpes simplex
There are two types of herpes simplex virus , type 1 ( HSV - 1 ) and type 2 ( HSV - 2 ) . HSV - 1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV - 2 more commonly causes genital infections . They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual . Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present . Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection . It may be spread to an infant during childbirth . After infection , the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies , where they reside lifelong . Causes of recurrence may include : decreased immune function , stress , and sunlight exposure . Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms . The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters . Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections .
Herpes simplex
HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders . Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth ( orofacial herpes ) , genitalia ( genital herpes ) , or hands ( herpetic whitlow ) . More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye ( herpes keratitis ) , or invades the central nervous system , damaging the brain ( herpes encephalitis ) . People with immature or suppressed immune systems , such as newborns , transplant recipients , or people with AIDS , are prone to severe complications from HSV infections . HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder , and Alzheimer 's disease , although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person .
Apoptosis
OROV is a disease that is transmitted between humans by the biting midge ( Culicoides paraensis ) . It is referred to as a zoonotic arbovirus and causes febrile illness , characterized by the onset of a sudden fever known as Oropouche fever .
Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus . Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected . Oral herpes involves the face or mouth . It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat . Genital herpes , often simply known as herpes , may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers . These typically heal over two to four weeks . Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear . Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms . The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever , muscle pains , swollen lymph nodes and headaches . Over time , episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity . Other disorders caused by herpes simplex include : herpetic whitlow when it involves the fingers , herpes of the eye , herpes infection of the brain , and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn , among others .
Herpes simplex
HSV asymptomatic shedding occurs at some time in most individuals infected with herpes . It can occur more than a week before or after a symptomatic recurrence in 50 % of cases . Virus enters into susceptible cells by entry receptors such as nectin - 1 , HVEM and 3 - O sulfated heparan sulfate . Infected people who show no visible symptoms may still shed and transmit viruses through their skin ; asymptomatic shedding may represent the most common form of HSV - 2 transmission . Asymptomatic shedding is more frequent within the first 12 months of acquiring HSV . Concurrent infection with HIV increases the frequency and duration of asymptomatic shedding . Some individuals may have much lower patterns of shedding , but evidence supporting this is not fully verified ; no significant differences are seen in the frequency of asymptomatic shedding when comparing persons with one to 12 annual recurrences to those with no recurrences .
Herpes simplex
Condoms offer moderate protection against HSV - 2 in both men and women , with consistent condom users having a 30 % - lower risk of HSV - 2 acquisition compared with those who never use condoms . A female condom can provide greater protection than the male condom , as it covers the labia . The virus can not pass through a synthetic condom , but a male condom 's effectiveness is limited because herpes ulcers may appear on areas not covered by it . Neither type of condom prevents contact with the scrotum , anus , buttocks , or upper thighs , areas that may come in contact with ulcers or genital secretions during sexual activity . Protection against herpes simplex depends on the site of the ulcer ; therefore , if ulcers appear on areas not covered by condoms , abstaining from sexual activity until the ulcers are fully healed is one way to limit risk of transmission . The risk is not eliminated , however , as viral shedding capable of transmitting infection may still occur while the infected partner is asymptomatic . The use of condoms or dental dams also limits the transmission of herpes from the genitals of one partner to the mouth of the other ( or vice versa ) during oral sex . When one partner has a herpes simplex infection and the other does not , the use of antiviral medication , such as valaciclovir , in conjunction with a condom , further decreases the chances of transmission to the uninfected partner . Topical microbicides that contain chemicals that directly inactivate the virus and block viral entry are being investigated .
Primate
Close interactions between humans and non-human primates ( NHPs ) can create pathways for the transmission of zoonotic diseases . Viruses such as Herpesviridae ( most notably Herpes B Virus ) , Poxviridae , measles , ebola , rabies , the Marburg virus and viral hepatitis can be transmitted to humans ; in some cases the viruses produce potentially fatal diseases in both humans and non-human primates .
Herpes simplex
In all cases , HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system . Following a primary infection , the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection , migrates to the cell body of the neuron , and becomes latent in the ganglion . As a result of primary infection , the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved , preventing a subsequent infection of that type at a different site . In HSV - 1 - infected individuals , seroconversion after an oral infection prevents additional HSV - 1 infections such as whitlow , genital herpes , and herpes of the eye . Prior HSV - 1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV - 2 infection , although HSV - 2 can still be contracted .
Virus
Viruses spread in many ways ; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap , such as aphids ; viruses in animals can be carried by blood - sucking insects . These disease - bearing organisms are known as vectors . Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing . Norovirus and rotavirus , common causes of viral gastroenteritis , are transmitted by the faecal -- oral route and are passed from person to person by contact , entering the body in food or water . HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood . The variety of host cells that a virus can infect is called its `` host range '' . This can be narrow , meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species , or broad , meaning it is capable of infecting many .
Herpes simplex
Condition Description Illustration Herpetic gingivostomatitis Herpetic gingivostomatitis is often the initial presentation during the first herpes infection . It is of greater severity than herpes labialis , which is often the subsequent presentations . Herpes labialis Infection occurs when the virus comes into contact with oral mucosa or abraded skin . Herpes genitalis When symptomatic , the typical manifestation of a primary HSV - 1 or HSV - 2 genital infection is clusters of inflamed papules and vesicles on the outer surface of the genitals resembling cold sores . Herpetic whitlow and herpes gladiatorum Herpes whitlow is a painful infection that typically affects the fingers or thumbs . On occasion , infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cuticle . Individuals who participate in contact sports such as wrestling , rugby , and football ( soccer ) , sometimes acquire a condition caused by HSV - 1 known as herpes gladiatorum , scrumpox , wrestler 's herpes , or mat herpes , which presents as skin ulceration on the face , ears , and neck . Symptoms include fever , headache , sore throat , and swollen glands . It occasionally affects the eyes or eyelids . Herpesviral encephalitis and herpesviral meningitis A herpetic infection of the brain thought to be caused by the transmission of virus from a peripheral site on the face following HSV - 1 reactivation , along the trigeminal nerve axon , to the brain . HSV is the most common cause of viral encephalitis . When infecting the brain , the virus shows a preference for the temporal lobe . HSV - 2 is the most common cause of Mollaret 's meningitis , a type of recurrent viral meningitis . Herpes esophagitis Symptoms may include painful swallowing ( odynophagia ) and difficulty swallowing ( dysphagia ) . It is often associated with impaired immune function ( e.g. HIV / AIDS , immunosuppression in solid organ transplants ) .
Virus
Release -- Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis , a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall if present : This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses . Some viruses undergo a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome is incorporated by genetic recombination into a specific place in the host 's chromosome . The viral genome is then known as a `` provirus '' or , in the case of bacteriophages a `` prophage '' . Whenever the host divides , the viral genome is also replicated . The viral genome is mostly silent within the host . At some point , the provirus or prophage may give rise to active virus , which may lyse the host cells . Enveloped viruses ( e.g. , HIV ) typically are released from the host cell by budding . During this process the virus acquires its envelope , which is a modified piece of the host 's plasma or other , internal membrane .
Herpes simplex
Genital herpes simplex was not always stigmatised . It was merely a cold sore in an unusual place until the 1970s . As late as 1975 , a study of `` Psychological morbidity in a clinic for sexually transmitted disease '' does not mention herpes simplex because at that time , no significant morbidity problem ( i.e. mental anxiety or illness ) was associated with the virus .
Herpes simplex
Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV prevents reinfection with the same virus type -- a person with a history of orofacial infection caused by HSV - 1 can not contract herpes whitlow or a genital infection caused by HSV - 1 . In a monogamous couple , a seronegative female runs a greater than 30 % per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner . If an oral HSV - 1 infection is contracted first , seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV - 1 infection . Herpes simplex is a double - stranded DNA virus .
Herpes simplex
Herpes simplex is divided into two types ; HSV - 1 causes primarily mouth , throat , face , eye , and central nervous system infections , whereas HSV - 2 causes primarily anogenital infections . However , each may cause infections in all areas .
Chickenpox
Chickenpox , also known as varicella , is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) . The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small , itchy blisters , which eventually scab over . It usually starts on the chest , back , and face then spreads to the rest of the body . Other symptoms may include fever , tiredness , and headaches . Symptoms usually last five to seven days . Complications may occasionally include pneumonia , inflammation of the brain , and bacterial skin infections . The disease is often more severe in adults than in children . Symptoms begin 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus .
Herpes simplex
As with almost all sexually transmitted infections , women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV - 2 than men . On an annual basis , without the use of antivirals or condoms , the transmission risk of HSV - 2 from infected male to female is about 8 -- 11 % . This is believed to be due to the increased exposure of mucosal tissue to potential infection sites . Transmission risk from infected female to male is around 4 -- 5 % annually . Suppressive antiviral therapy reduces these risks by 50 % . Antivirals also help prevent the development of symptomatic HSV in infection scenarios , meaning the infected partner will be seropositive but symptom - free by about 50 % . Condom use also reduces the transmission risk significantly . Condom use is much more effective at preventing male - to - female transmission than vice versa . Previous HSV - 1 infection may reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV - 2 infection among women by a factor of three , although the one study that states this has a small sample size of 14 transmissions out of 214 couples .
Herpes simplex
Following active infection , herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system . The double - stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve 's cell body . HSV latency is static ; no virus is produced ; and is controlled by a number of viral genes , including latency - associated transcript .
Herpes simplex
Primary orofacial herpes is readily identified by clinical examination of persons with no previous history of lesions and contact with an individual with known HSV - 1 infection . The appearance and distribution of sores in these individuals typically presents as multiple , round , superficial oral ulcers , accompanied by acute gingivitis . Adults with atypical presentation are more difficult to diagnose . Prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions help differentiate HSV symptoms from the similar symptoms of other disorders , such as allergic stomatitis . When lesions do not appear inside the mouth , primary orofacial herpes is sometimes mistaken for impetigo , a bacterial infection . Common mouth ulcers ( aphthous ulcer ) also resemble intraoral herpes , but do not present a vesicular stage .
Chickenpox
Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . It may be spread from one to two days before the rash appears until all lesions have crusted over . It may also spread through contact with the blisters . Those with shingles may spread chickenpox to those who are not immune through contact with the blisters . The disease can usually be diagnosed based on the presenting symptom ; however , in unusual cases it may be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) testing of the blister fluid or scabs . Testing for antibodies may be done to determine if a person is or is not immune . People usually only get chickenpox once . Although reinfections by the virus occur , these reinfections usually do not cause any symptoms .
Herpes simplex
Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes , since most HSV - 2 - infected persons have no classical symptoms . Further confusing diagnosis , several other conditions resemble genital herpes , including fungal infection , lichen planus , atopic dermatitis , and urethritis . Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes . Laboratory tests include culture of the virus , direct fluorescent antibody ( DFA ) studies to detect virus , skin biopsy , and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA . Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses , their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice .
Herpes simplex
Although the exact cause of Bell 's palsy -- a type of facial paralysis -- is unknown , it may be related to reactivation of HSV - 1 . This theory has been contested , however , since HSV is detected in large numbers of individuals having never experienced facial paralysis , and higher levels of antibodies for HSV are not found in HSV - infected individuals with Bell 's palsy compared to those without . Antivirals may improve the condition slightly when used together with corticosteroids in those with severe disease .
Herpes simplex
Many people infected with HSV - 2 display no physical symptoms -- individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or as having subclinical herpes .
Herpes simplex
The risk of transmission from mother to baby is highest if the mother becomes infected around the time of delivery ( 30 % to 60 % ) , since insufficient time will have occurred for the generation and transfer of protective maternal antibodies before the birth of the child . In contrast , the risk falls to 3 % if the infection is recurrent , and is 1 -- 3 % if the woman is seropositive for both HSV - 1 and HSV - 2 , and is less than 1 % if no lesions are visible . Women seropositive for only one type of HSV are only half as likely to transmit HSV as infected seronegative mothers . To prevent neonatal infections , seronegative women are recommended to avoid unprotected oral - genital contact with an HSV - 1 - seropositive partner and conventional sex with a partner having a genital infection during the last trimester of pregnancy . Mothers infected with HSV are advised to avoid procedures that would cause trauma to the infant during birth ( e.g. fetal scalp electrodes , forceps , and vacuum extractors ) and , should lesions be present , to elect caesarean section to reduce exposure of the child to infected secretions in the birth canal . The use of antiviral treatments , such as acyclovir , given from the 36th week of pregnancy , limits HSV recurrence and shedding during childbirth , thereby reducing the need for caesarean section .
Herpes simplex
In the US , 58 % of the population is infected with HSV - 1 and 16 % are infected with HSV - 2 . Among those HSV - 2 - seropositive , only 19 % were aware they were infected . During 2005 -- 2008 , the prevalence of HSV - 2 was 39 % in blacks and 21 % in women .
Apoptosis
The Oropouche virus also causes disruption in cultured cells -- cells that are cultivated in distinct and specific conditions . An example of this can be seen in HeLa cells , whereby the cells begin to degenerate shortly after they are infected .
Elk
Chronic wasting disease , transmitted by a misfolded protein known as a prion , affects the brain tissue in elk , and has been detected throughout their range in North America . First documented in the late 1960s in mule deer , the disease has affected elk on game farms and in the wild in a number of regions . Elk that have contracted the disease begin to show weight loss , increased watering needs , disorientation and listlessness , and at an advanced stage the disease leads to death . The disease is similar to but not the same as mad cow disease , and no risks to humans have been documented , nor has the disease been demonstrated to pose a threat to domesticated cattle . In 2002 , South Korea banned the importation of elk antler velvet due to concerns about chronic wasting disease .
Chickenpox
Exposure to VZV in a healthy child initiates the production of host immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) , immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) , and immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) antibodies ; IgG antibodies persist for life and confer immunity . Cell - mediated immune responses are also important in limiting the scope and the duration of primary varicella infection . After primary infection , VZV is hypothesized to spread from mucosal and epidermal lesions to local sensory nerves . VZV then remains latent in the dorsal ganglion cells of the sensory nerves . Reactivation of VZV results in the clinically distinct syndrome of herpes zoster ( i.e. , shingles ) , postherpetic neuralgia , and sometimes Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II . Varicella zoster can affect the arteries in the neck and head , producing stroke , either during childhood , or after a latency period of many years .
Desert tortoise
Upper respiratory tract disease ( URTD ) is a chronic , infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise . It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations , and later identified in the wild population . URTD is caused by the infectious agents Mycoplasma agassizii and Mycoplasma testudineum , which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small genome . Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent ( infectious ) in some populations , while chronic , or even dormant in others . The mechanism ( whether environmental or genetic ) responsible for this diversity is not understood . Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes : nasal and ocular discharge , palpebral edema ( swelling of the upper and / or lower palpebra , or eyelid , the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe ) and conjunctivitis , weight loss , changes in color and elasticity of the integument , and lethargic or erratic behavior . These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual . Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37 % increase in M. agassizii . Tests were conducted on blood samples , and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood , defined as being seropositive .
Diphtheria
Human - to - human transmission of diphtheria typically occurs through the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes . Breathing in particles released from the infected individual leads to infection . Contact with any lesions on the skin can also lead to transmission of diphtheria , but this is uncommon . Indirect infections can occur , as well . If an infected individual touches a surface or object , the bacteria can be left behind and remain viable . Also , some evidence indicates diphtheria has the potential to be zoonotic , but this has yet to be confirmed . Corynebacterium ulcerans has been found in some animals , which would suggest zoonotic potential .
Herpes simplex
Until the 1980s serological tests for antibodies to HSV were rarely useful to diagnosis and not routinely used in clinical practice . The older IgM serologic assay could not differentiate between antibodies generated in response to HSV - 1 or HSV - 2 infection . However , a glycoprotein G - specific ( IgG ) HSV test introduced in the 1980s is more than 98 % specific at discriminating HSV - 1 from HSV - 2 .
Herpes simplex
It should not be confused with conditions caused by other viruses in the herpesviridae family such as herpes zoster , which is caused by varicella zoster virus . The differential diagnosis includes hand , foot and mouth disease due to similar lesions on the skin .
Chickenpox
Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions , manifesting as impetigo , cellulitis , and erysipelas , is the most common complication in healthy children . Disseminated primary varicella infection usually seen in the immunocompromised may have high morbidity . Ninety percent of cases of varicella pneumonia occur in the adult population . Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox include myocarditis , hepatitis , and glomerulonephritis .
Herpes simplex
Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle .