vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
North Carolina
North Carolina 's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years : While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century , North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races . Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter 's comfortable victory in the state in 1976 , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008 . In the 1990s , Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996 . In the early 2000s , Republican George W. Bush easily won the state by over 12 points , but by 2008 , demographic shifts , population growth , and increased liberalization in heavily populated areas such as the Research Triangle , Charlotte , Greensboro , Winston - Salem , Fayetteville , and Asheville , propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina , the first Democrat to win the state since 1976 . In 2012 , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state , with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte . However , Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2 - point win in North Carolina , the only 2012 swing state that Obama lost , and one of only two states ( along with Indiana ) to flip from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012 .
Rocky Mountains
There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains . The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia ( at 59 ° N ) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico ( at 35 ° N ) . Prairie occurs at or below 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) , while the highest peak in the range is Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Precipitation ranges from 10 inches ( 250 mm ) per year in the southern valleys to 60 inches ( 1,500 mm ) per year locally in the northern peaks . Average January temperatures can range from 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) in Prince George , British Columbia , to 43 ° F ( 6 ° C ) in Trinidad , Colorado . Therefore , there is not a single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range . Tundra
Climate of the Arctic
The southern third of Greenland protrudes into the North - Atlantic storm track , a region frequently influenced by cyclones . These frequent cyclones lead to larger annual precipitation totals than over most of the Arctic . This is especially true near the coast , where the terrain rises from sea level to over 2500 m ( 8200 ft ) , enhancing precipitation due to orographic lift . The result is annual precipitation totals of 400 mm ( 16 in ) over the southern interior to over 1200 mm ( 47 in ) near the southern and southeastern coasts . Some locations near these coasts where the terrain is particularly conducive to causing orographic lift receive up 2200 mm ( 87 in ) of precipitation per year . More precipitation falls in winter , when the storm track is most active , than in summer .
North Carolina
Several ships have been named after the state . Most famous is the USS North Carolina , a World War II battleship . The ship served in several battles against the forces of Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater during the war . Now decommissioned , it is part of the USS North Carolina Battleship Memorial in Wilmington . Another USS North Carolina , a nuclear attack submarine , was commissioned in Wilmington , North Carolina , on May 3 , 2008 .
Gun laws in North Carolina
North Carolina is generally considered a permissive state for firearms owners , with no state - imposed restrictions on `` assault weapons '' , no magazine capacity restrictions , no caliber restrictions , and few restrictions on the open carrying of firearms . North Carolina maintains concealed carry reciprocity with all other states
North Carolina
As early as 1650 , settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound . By 1663 , King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent ; it generally established North Carolina 's borders . He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665 , a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions . In 1710 , owing to disputes over governance , the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina . The latter became a crown colony in 1729 .
Vermont
The highest recorded temperature was 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , at Vernon , on July 4 , 1911 . The lowest recorded temperature was − 50 ° F ( − 46 ° C ) , at Bloomfield , on December 30 , 1933 ; this is the lowest temperature recorded in New England alongside Big Black River , also recorded a verified − 50 ° F ( − 46 ° C ) in 2009 . The agricultural growing season ranges from 120 to 180 days . The United States Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones for the state range between zone 3b , no colder than − 35 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) , in the Northeast Kingdom and northern part of the state and zone 5b , no colder than − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) , in the southern part of the state . The state receives between 2,000 and 2,400 hours of sunshine annually .
Christmas tree cultivation
In North America , Fraser fir , grown in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina , has been called the `` Cadillac of Christmas Trees '' as well as the `` most popular and most valuable of Christmas tree species '' . In the southern United States , Virginia pine is a popular Christmas tree species . In Canada , white pine , white spruce , Scots pine , blue spruce and Fraser fir are commonly cultivated . In the province of Ontario , Scots pine has always dominated both the domestic and export markets . Other regions of the world also have different favorites when it comes to natural Christmas trees , and Christmas tree farms reflect these ; In Europe , Norway spruce is popular .
Climate of the United Kingdom
The ocean is at its coldest in February or early March , thus around coastal areas February is often the coldest month , but inland there is little to choose between February and January as the coldest . Temperatures tend to drop lowest on late winter nights inland , in the presence of high pressure , clear skies , light winds and when there is snow on the ground . On occasions , cold polar or continental air can be drawn in over the United Kingdom to bring very cold weather .
Climate of the Arctic
There are different definitions of the Arctic . The most widely used definition , the area north of the Arctic Circle , where , on the June solstice , the sun does not set is used in astronomical and some geographical contexts . However , in a context of climate , the two most widely used definitions in this context are the area north of the northern tree line , and the area in which the average temperature of the warmest month is less than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , which are nearly coincident over most land areas ( NSIDC ) . The
North Carolina
North Carolina boasts a large number of noteworthy jazz musicians , some among the most important in the history of the genre . These include : John Coltrane , ( Hamlet , High Point ) ; Thelonious Monk ( Rocky Mount ) ; Billy Taylor ( Greenville ) ; Woody Shaw ( Laurinburg ) ; Lou Donaldson ( Durham ) ; Max Roach ( Newland ) ; Tal Farlow ( Greensboro ) ; Albert , Jimmy and Percy Heath ( Wilmington ) ; Nina Simone ( Tryon ) ; and Billy Strayhorn ( Hillsborough ) . Fiddlin
Tar Heel
Tar Heel is a nickname applied to the U.S. state of North Carolina and its inhabitants . It is also the nickname of the University of North Carolina athletic teams , students , alumni , and fans .
University of North Carolina
Name Location Founded North Carolina Arboretum Asheville , Buncombe County North Carolina Center for International Understanding Raleigh , Wake County North Carolina Center for Nursing Raleigh , Wake County North Carolina State Approving Agency Raleigh , Wake County North Carolina State Education Assistance Authority Raleigh , Wake County UNC Center for Public Television ( UNC - TV ) Research Triangle Park , Durham County 1955 UNC Faculty Assembly Chapel Hill , Orange County University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill , Orange County 1922 UNC Staff Assembly Chapel Hill , Orange County
Climate of Alabama
The amount of precipitation is greatest along the coast ( 62 inches / 1,574 mm ) and evenly distributed through the rest of the state ( about 52 inches / 1,320 mm ) . Much of the rainfall is produced by thunderstorms and , occasionally , by Hurricanes and other tropical disturbances . Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama , areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter , with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years . Historic snowfall events include New Year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century . The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) per year . In the southern Gulf coast , snowfall is less frequent , sometimes going several years without any snowfall . Heavy snowfall can occur , such as during the New Year 's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century .
Gun laws in North Carolina
Gun laws in North Carolina regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of North Carolina ( NC ) in the United States .
North Carolina
State motto : Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) ( 1893 ) State song : `` The Old North State '' ( 1927 ) State flower : Dogwood ( 1941 ) State bird : Cardinal ( 1943 ) State colors : The red and blue of the N.C. and U.S. flags ( 1945 ) State toast : `` The Tar Heel Toast '' ( 1957 ) State tree : Pine ( Pinus ) ( 1963 ) State shell : Scotch bonnet ( 1965 ) State mammal : Eastern gray squirrel ( 1969 ) State salt water fish : Red drum ( also known as the channel bass ) ( 1971 ) State insect : European honey bee ( 1973 ) State gemstone : Emerald ( 1973 ) State reptile : Eastern box turtle ( 1979 ) State rock : Granite ( 1979 ) State beverage : Milk ( 1987 ) State historical boat : Shad boat ( 1987 ) State language : English ( 1987 ) State dog : Plott Hound ( 1989 ) State military academy : Oak Ridge Military Academy ( 1991 ) State tartan : Carolina Tartan ( 1991 ) State vegetable : Sweet potato ( 1995 ) State red berry : Strawberry ( 2001 ) State blue berry : Blueberry ( 2001 ) State fruit : Scuppernong grape ( 2001 ) State wildflower : Carolina lily ( 2003 ) State Christmas tree : Fraser fir ( 2005 ) State carnivorous plant : Venus flytrap ( 2005 ) State folk dance : Clogging ( 2005 ) State popular dance : Carolina shag ( 2005 ) State birthplace of traditional pottery : The Seagrove area ( 2005 ) State sport : NASCAR ( 2011 )
White Christmas (weather)
In Europe , snow at Christmas is common in Norway , Sweden , Finland , the Baltic states , Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and northeastern Poland . In general , due to the influence of the warm Gulf Stream on European climate , chances of a white Christmas are lower the further west . For example , in southern France a white Christmas is very rare , while in Bucharest , Romania , which is at a similar latitude , it is much more likely . Northern Italy and the mountain regions of central - south Italy may also have a white Christmas . In cities such as Turin , Milan or Bologna a Christmas with falling snow or snow on the ground is not a rarity . White Christmases are also common in the Carpathian Mountains , as well as the Alps .
North Carolina
Demographics of North Carolina covers the varieties of ethnic groups that reside in North Carolina , along with the relevant trends .
North Carolina
After secession , some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy . Some of the yeoman farmers in the state 's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War , while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict . Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war . Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state , which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863 . Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines , where they became essentially free .
North Carolina
Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia , the Confederacy 's most famous army . The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville , which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman 's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 . In April 1865 , after losing the Battle of Morrisville , Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place , in what is today Durham . North Carolina 's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union , in February 1865 , after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher , its major defense downriver . Bennett
White Christmas (weather)
In most parts of Canada it is likely to have a white Christmas in most years , except for the coast and southern interior valleys of British Columbia , southern Alberta , southern Ontario , and parts of Atlantic Canada -- in those places Christmas without snow is not uncommon in warmer years , with the British Columbia coast the least likely place to have a white Christmas . The definition of a white Christmas in Canada is 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) of snow - cover or more on Christmas morning at 7 am . Environment Canada started to analyze data from 1955 to 2013 for a total of 59 years , It shows the chance of a White Christmas for several Canadian cities .
North Carolina
Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction . The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education , but the board , rather than the superintendent , holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy . In 2009 , the board 's chairman also became the `` chief executive officer '' for the state 's school system . North Carolina has 115 public school systems , each of which is overseen by a local school board . A county may have one or more systems within it . The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System , Charlotte - Mecklenburg Schools , Guilford County Schools , Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Schools , and Cumberland County Schools . In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state , including 99 charter schools . North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan .
North Carolina
One of the more famous arts communities in the state is Seagrove , the handmade - pottery capital of the U.S. , where artisans create handcrafted pottery inspired by the same traditions that began in this community more than 200 years ago . With nearly 100 shops and galleries scattered throughout the area , visitors can find everything from traditional tableware to folk and collectible art pieces and historical reproductions .
North Carolina
Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region include the Carolina Algonquian - speaking tribes of the coastal areas , such as the Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , and Cape Fear Indians , who were the first encountered by the English ; the Iroquoian - speaking Meherrin , Cherokee , and Tuscarora of the interior ; and Southeastern Siouan tribes , such as the Cheraw , Waxhaw , Saponi , Waccamaw , and Catawba .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Winter consists of chilly / mild days and cold nights . December , the coolest month , averages 36.3 ° F ( 2.4 ° C ) , although low temperatures bottom out in January , and the coldest temperature of the year is typically around 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) . Most nights in December , January , and February will usually be below freezing .
North Carolina
The Research Triangle area has long been a well - known center for folk , rock , metal , jazz and punk . James Taylor grew up around Chapel Hill , and his 1968 song `` Carolina in My Mind '' has been called an unofficial anthem for the state . Other famous musicians from North Carolina include J. Cole , Shirley Caesar , Roberta Flack , Clyde McPhatter , Nnenna Freelon , Warren Haynes , Jimmy Herring , Michael Houser , Eric Church , Future Islands , Randy Travis , Ryan Adams , Ronnie Milsap , Anthony Hamilton , The Avett Brothers and Luke Combs .
Hurricane Gloria
While offshore the eastern United States , the hurricane 's strongest winds were on the eastern periphery , which reduced the winds over land . In North Carolina , where Gloria made its first landfall , the strongest winds were 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) at a station near Buxton at the Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office ; a gust of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) was also observed there . At Diamond Shoal Light , located offshore , sustained winds reached 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) , with gusts to 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . A peak storm surge of 5.9 ft ( 1.8 m ) was estimated at the Neuse River . A minimal surge of around 1.3 ft ( 0.4 ft ) occurred in neighboring South Carolina , where winds were below tropical storm force . The highest rainfall related to Gloria was 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , recorded in Edenton , North Carolina . High waves and storm surge resulted in heavy coastal flooding and beach erosion along the Outer Banks , and several new inlets were created . Coastal flooding damaged several homes in the Outer Banks . Damage in the state was estimated at $8.1 million , including $2.4 million in crop damage . There was one death in North Carolina when a man was struck by a fallen tree .
Climate of the United States
In northern Alaska , tundra and arctic conditions predominate , and the temperature has fallen as low as − 80 ° F ( − 62 ° C ) . On the other end of the spectrum , Death Valley , California once reached 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , officially the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth .
Great Salt Lake
Due to the warm waters of the Great Salt Lake , lake effect snowfalls are frequent phenomena of the surrounding area . Cold north , northwest , or west winds generally blow across the lake following the passage of a cold front , and the temperature difference between the warm lake and the cool air can form clouds that lead to precipitation downwind of the lake . It is typically heaviest from eastern Tooele County east and north into central Davis County . It can deposit excessive snowfall amounts , generally with a narrow band of snow highly dependent on the direction the wind is blowing .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Winter in the UK is defined as lasting from December to February . The season is generally cool , wet , windy , and cloudy . Temperatures at night rarely drop below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and in the day rarely rise above 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . Precipitation is plentiful throughout the season , though snow is relatively infrequent despite the country 's high latitude : The only areas with significant snowfall are the Scottish Highlands and the Pennines , where at higher elevations a colder climate determines the vegetation , mainly temperate coniferous forest , although deforestation has severely decreased forest area . For a majority of the landmass snow is possible but not frequent , apart from the higher altitudes , where snow can lie 1 -- 5 months or even beyond 6 months .
Oklahoma
All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) , though below - zero temperatures are rare in south - central and southeastern Oklahoma . Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches ( 10 cm ) in the south to just over 20 inches ( 51 cm ) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle . The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center , the National Severe Storms Laboratory , and the Warning Decision Training Division , all part of the National Weather Service and in Norman . Oklahoma 's highest recorded temperature of 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) was recorded at Tipton on June 27 , 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of − 31 ° F ( − 35 ° C ) was recorded at Nowata on February 10 , 2011 .
Climate of the United States
In the upper Midwest and northern Plains states , temperatures may rise or fall rapidly , and winds ( from warm - season thunderstorms or larger - scale low - pressure systems ) can be strong to extreme . Here , air - mass conflicts primarily involve warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico , clashing with cool to cold , dry air from Canada , with only occasional intrusions of hot , dry air from the southwest . The conflicts between Canadian and Gulf air commonly produce severe thunderstorms ( including hailstorms , especially on the western Plains ) and tornadoes , particularly in May and June . In the northern Plains and North Central states generally , June is the year 's wettest month on average , owing to maximum shower and thunderstorm activity . Also , June is the highest - risk month for severe weather throughout North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Iowa , Wisconsin and northern Illinois. ( citation needed )
Gun laws in North Carolina
In North Carolina , it is unlawful for any person , firm , or corporation to sell , give away , transfer , purchase , or receive , at any place in the state , any pistol , unless the purchaser or receiver has first obtained a license or permit to receive such a pistol by the sheriff of the county where the purchaser or receiver resides , or the purchaser or receiver possesses a valid North Carolina issued concealed carry permit . To obtain a permit prior to the transfer of a pistol applies not only to a commercial transaction typically at a sporting goods store but also between private individuals or companies throughout North Carolina .
Climate of North Carolina
On October 15 , 1954 , Hurricane Hazel struck North Carolina , at that time it was a category 4 hurricane within the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . Hazel caused significant damage due to its strong winds . A weather station at Oak Island reported maximum sustained winds of 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) , while in Raleigh winds of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) were measured . The hurricane caused 19 deaths and significant destruction . One person at Long Beach claimed that `` of the 357 buildings that existed in the town , 352 were totally destroyed and the other five damaged '' . Hazel was described as `` the most destructive storm in the history of North Carolina '' in a 1989 report .
Vermont
Vermont is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles ( 24,900 km ) , making it the 45th - largest state . It is the only state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet ( 38 m ) . Land comprises 9,250 square miles ( 24,000 km ) and water comprises 365 square miles ( 950 km ) , making it the 43rd - largest in land area and the 47th in water area . In total area , it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti . It is the only landlocked state in New England .
Gun laws in North Carolina
§ 14 - 415.24 . Reciprocity ; out - of - state handgun permits ( a ) A valid concealed handgun permit or license issued by another state is valid in North Carolina. . The statute previously gave reciprocity only when the state the permit was from also gave reciprocity , but this requirement has since been removed .
Climate of the Arctic
The parts of the Basin just north of Svalbard and the Taymyr Peninsula are exceptions to the general description just given . These regions receive many weakening cyclones from the North - Atlantic storm track , which is most active in winter . As a result , precipitation amounts over these parts of the basin are larger in winter than those given above . The warm air transported into these regions also mean that liquid precipitation is more common than over the rest of the Arctic Basin in both winter and summer .