vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Berlin Wall
`` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes . The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . In April 2018 game publisher Playway S.A. announced that Polish game studio K202 is working on The Berlin Wall game that will be published in December 2018 .
Berlin Wall
The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives .
Berlin Wall
Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing .
History of Germany (1945–90)
During the summer of 1989 , rapid changes took place in East Germany , which ultimately led to German reunification . Widespread discontent boiled over , following accusations of large scale vote - rigging during the local elections of May 1989 . Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany via Hungary after the Hungarians decided not to use force to stop them . Thousands of East Germans also tried to reach the West by staging sit - ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals . The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change , and mass demonstrations ( Monday demonstrations ) with eventually hundreds of thousands of people in several cities -- particularly in Leipzig -- continued to grow . On 7 October , the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Berlin to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany and urged the East German leadership to pursue reform , without success . The movement of civil resistance against the East German regime -- both the emigration and the demonstrations -- continued unabated .
Berlin Wall
The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . ''
Modern history
Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany - occupied puppet state and an Allies - friendly state in the South ; Germany surrendered in May 1945 . Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered , marking the end of the war on September 2 , 1945 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union had agreed at Potsdam to a broad program of decentralization , treating Germany as a single economic unit with some central administrative departments . These plans never materialised as the Soviet Union was intent on extracting as much material as possible in order to make good in part the enormous destruction caused by the German Wehrmacht , and the policy broke down completely in 1948 when the Russians blockaded West Berlin and the period known as the Cold War began . It was agreed at Potsdam that the leading members of the Nazi regime who had been captured should be put on trial accused of crimes against humanity , and this was one of the few points on which the four powers were able to agree . In order to secure the presence of the western allies in Berlin , the United States agreed to withdraw from Thuringia and Saxony in exchange for the division of Berlin into four sectors . The State Department and individual U.S. congressmen pressured to have this policy lifted . In June 1945 the prohibition against speaking with German children was loosened . In July troops were permitted to speak to German adults in certain circumstances . In September 1945 the entire policy was dropped . Only the ban on marriage between Americans and German or Austrian civilians remained in place .
Cold War
The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade .
End of World War II in Europe
German forces in Bavaria surrender : At 14 : 30 on 4 May 1945 , General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the American 6th Army Group .
World War II
German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May .
Cold War
By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for the unification of East and West Germany . Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990 , preceded by the GDR declaring its accession to the Federal Republic through Article 23 of West Germany 's Basic Law ( meaning that constitutionally , East Germany was subsumed into West Germany ) ; but affected in strict legality through the subsequent Unification Treaty of 30 August 1990 , which was voted into their constitutions by both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer on 20 September 1990 . These votes simultaneously extinguished the GDR and affected fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law ( including the repeal of the very Article 23 under which the GDR had recently declared its post-dated accession ) . On 2 December 1990 , all - German elections were held for the first time since 1933 . The `` new '' country stayed the same as the West German legal system and institutions were extended to the east . The unified nation kept the name Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( though the simple ' Deutschland ' would become increasingly common ) and retained the West German `` Deutsche Mark '' for currency as well . Berlin would formally become the capital of the united Germany , but the political institutions remained at Bonn for the time being . Only after a heated 1991 debate did the Bundestag conclude on moving itself and most of the government to Berlin as well , a process that took until 1999 to complete , when the Bundestag held its first session at the reconstructed Reichstag building . Many government departments still maintain sizable presences in Bonn as of 2008 .
World War II
The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan , which was on 2 September 1945 . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues .
Berlin Wall
Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg . The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin :
Prague
In 1989 , after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration , the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague , and the Czechoslovak capital benefited greatly from the new mood . In 1993 , after the split of Czechoslovakia , Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic . From 1995 high - rise buildings began to be built in Prague in large quantities . In the late 1990s , Prague again became an important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by globalisation . In 2000 , IMF and World Bank summits took place in Prague . In 2002 , Prague suffered from widespread floods that damaged buildings and its underground transport system .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The dismantling did however continue , and in 1949 West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer wrote to the Allies requesting that it end , citing the inherent contradiction between encouraging industrial growth and removing factories and also the unpopularity of the policy . Support for dismantling was by this time coming predominantly from the French , and the Petersberg Agreement of November 1949 reduced the levels vastly , though dismantling of minor factories continued until 1951 . The final limitations on German industrial levels were lifted after the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 , though arms manufacture remained prohibited .
End of World War II in Europe
VE - Day : News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May , and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire . In the US , Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day . As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May .
Berlin Wall
East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany .
Soviet Union in World War II
Stalin directed the Red Army to move rapidly in a broad front into Germany because he did not believe the Western Allies would hand over territory they occupied , while he made the overriding objective capturing Berlin . After successfully capturing Eastern Prussia , three Red Army fronts converged on the heart of Eastern Germany , with one of the last pitched battles of the war putting the Soviets at the virtual gates of Berlin . By April 24 , Berlin was encircled by elements of two Soviet fronts , one of which had begun a massive shelling of the city on April 20 that would not end until the city 's surrender . On 30 April , Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide , after which Soviet forces found their remains , which had been burned at Hitler 's directive . German forces surrendered a few days later . Some historians argue that Stalin delayed the last final push for Berlin by two months in order to capture other areas for political reasons , which they argue gave the Wehrmacht time to prepare and increased Soviet casualties ( which exceeded 400,000 ) , though this is contested by other historians . Mass
Berlin Wall
For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South .
End of World War II in Europe
The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 12 August 1945 . In connection with this , the Allied leaders planned the new postwar German government , resettled war territory boundaries , de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder - Neisse line , and mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east . They also ordered German demilitarization , denazification , industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations . The
End of World War II in Europe
The Second Army , under the command of General von Saucken , on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads , on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May , as did the forces on the Greek islands ; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France , in Saint - Nazaire , La Rochelle ( after the Allied siege ) , and Lorient . Battle of Slivice , the last battle in Czechoslovakia , on 12 May On 13 May , the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe . Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date . People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill 's victory speech , 8 May 1945 The garrison on Alderney , one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans , surrendered on 16 May , one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May . The Georgian Uprising of Texel ( 5 April -- 20 May ) was Europe 's last battlefield in World War II . It was fought between Georgian Nazi - collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island . Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia ( today 's Slovenia ) , on 14 and 15 May , known as the Battle of Poljana . A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945 ; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , two days after the Surrender of Japan .
Reichstag fire
Reichstag fire Reichstagsbrand Firefighters struggle to extinguish the fire . Date 27 February 1933 Location Reichstag building , Berlin , Germany Participants Marinus van der Lubbe Outcome Van der Lubbe executed Civil liberties suspended Nazi control of government entrenched
Berlin Wall
Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built .
1963
January 2 -- Vietnam War : The Viet Cong win their first major victory in the Battle of Ap Bac . January 8 -- Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa is exhibited in the United States for the first time , at the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. January 14 George Wallace becomes governor of Alabama . In his inaugural speech , he defiantly proclaims `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , and segregation forever ! '' The steam locomotive Flying Scotsman ( British Railways No. 60103 ) makes its last scheduled run , before going into the hands of Alan Pegler for preservation . January 18 -- Due to severe winter conditions the twelfth elfstedentocht skating tour in the Netherlands turns into an almost total disaster . Of the 9,294 participants only 69 manage to finish , making this the heaviest elfstedentocht ever held . January 22 -- France and West Germany sign the Élysée Treaty . January 26 -- The Australia Day shootings rock Perth ; 2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured by Eric Edgar Cooke . January 28 -- Black student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson University in South Carolina , the last U.S. state to hold out against racial integration . January 29 -- French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdom 's entry into the European Common Market .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The war in Europe came to an official end on V-E Day , 8 May 1945 .
End of World War II in Europe
At 02 : 41 on the morning of 7 May , at SHAEF headquarters in Reims , France , the Chief - of - Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command , General Alfred Jodl , signed an unconditional surrender document for all German forces to the Allies , committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin . General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May . It included the phrase `` All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8 , 1945 . '' The next day , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin , and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender , explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF . The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst ; it now houses the German - Russian Museum Berlin - Karlshorst .
History of Germany (1945–90)
During 1990 , in parallel with internal German developments , the Four Powers -- the Allies of World War II , being the United States , United Kingdom , France , and the Soviet Union -- together with the two German states negotiated to end Four Power reserved rights for Berlin and Germany as a whole . These `` Two - plus - Four '' negotiations were mandated at the Ottawa Open Skies conference on 13 February 1990 . The six foreign ministers met four times in the ensuing months in Bonn ( 5 May ) , Berlin ( 22 June ) , Paris ( 17 July ) , and Moscow ( 12 September ) . The Polish Foreign Minister participated in the part of the Paris meeting that dealt with the Polish - German borders .
Berlin Wall
Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers . These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan .