vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States
The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted , and how the total size of the United States is measured . The Encyclopædia Britannica , for instance , lists the size of the United States as 3,677,649 square miles ( 9,525,067 km ) , as they do not count the country 's coastal or territorial waters . The World Factbook , which includes those waters , gives 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,517 km ) .
Lake of the Ozarks
Due to its large volume and surface area , various sources identify the Lake of the Ozarks as either the largest reservoir in Missouri or the second - largest after Truman Reservoir .
Water in California
The Colorado River is the source of 4,400,000 acre feet ( 5.4 km ) per year for California . Six other states along the river 's watershed ( Wyoming , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , New Mexico , and Arizona ) and Mexico , share allocated portions of river water . The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California , or MWD , holds priority water rights on the Colorado . It sells water to 95 percent of the South Coast region . Lake Mead , formed by Hoover Dam , is the primary reservoir in the Colorado River basin . The Colorado River Aqueduct begins 155 miles ( 249 km ) downstream from Hoover Dam , and can carry 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) annually .
Mississippi River
Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami , wrote about his journey on the Virginia , which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota . He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi . The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi , as well as the nature of travel itself . The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade .
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history . Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains , the purchase doubled the size of the United States . Before 1803 , Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years . Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War , the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory .
Mississippi River
Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne , Sioux , Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Ho - Chunk , Fox , Kickapoo , Tamaroa , Moingwena , Quapaw and Chickasaw .
Midwestern United States
Illinois : Old Northwest , Mississippi River ( Missouri River joins near the state border ) , Ohio River , and Great Lakes state Indiana : Old Northwest , Ohio River , and Great Lakes state Iowa : Louisiana Purchase , Mississippi River , and Missouri River state Kansas : Louisiana Purchase , Great Plains , and Missouri River state Michigan : Old Northwest and Great Lakes state Minnesota : Old Northwest , Louisiana Purchase , Mississippi River , part of Red River Colony before 1818 , Great Lakes state Missouri : Louisiana Purchase , Mississippi River , Missouri River , and border state Nebraska : Louisiana Purchase , Great Plains , and Missouri River state North Dakota : Louisiana Purchase , part of Red River Colony before 1818 , Great Plains , and Missouri River state Ohio : Old Northwest ( Historic Connecticut Western Reserve ) , Ohio River , and Great Lakes state . The southeastern part of the state is part of northern Appalachia South Dakota : Louisiana Purchase , Great Plains , and Missouri River state Wisconsin : Old Northwest , Mississippi River , and Great Lakes state
French colonization of the Americas
On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Austin , Texas Clark County , Nevada Clearwater , Florida Contra Costa County , California San Antonio operates the largest recycled water system in the United States . Tucson , Arizona San Diego , California ( San Diego County ) St. Petersburg , Florida Indirect
Midwestern United States
Marquette and Jolliet were the first to map the northern portion of the Mississippi River . They confirmed that it was easy to travel from the St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico by water , that the native peoples who lived along the route were generally friendly , and that the natural resources of the lands in between were extraordinary . New France officials led by LaSalle followed up and erected a 4,000 - mile network of fur trading posts .
Amazon River
Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta . The resulting undular tidal bore is called the pororoca , with a leading wave that can be up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland .
Illinois Confederation
The Illinois River ( Inoka Siipiiwi ) ( '' the River of the Inoka , i.e. Illinois '' ) and the entire vast Illinois Country are named after the Illinois Confederacy .
Ecuador
Major rivers in the Oriente include the Pastaza , Napo , and Putumayo . The Pastaza is formed by the confluence of the Chambo and the Patate rivers , both of which rise in the Sierra . The Pastaza includes the Agoyan waterfall , which at sixty - one meters ( 200 feet ) is the highest waterfall in Ecuador . The Napo rises near Mount Cotopaxi and is the major river used for transport in the eastern lowlands . The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 m ( 1,600 to 5,900 ft ) . In its upper reaches , the Napo flows rapidly until the confluence with one of its major tributaries , the Coca River , where it slows and levels off . The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia . All of these rivers flow into the Amazon River . The Galápagos Islands have no significant rivers . Several of the larger islands , however , have freshwater springs although they are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
On Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi ( 1718 ) by Guillaume Delisle and on A Map of North America ( 1768 ) by John Blair , the St. Croix River -- more specifically what was then known as the east branch of the St. Croix River ( known today as the Namekagon River ) -- is shown as the Ouasisacadeba , a French representation of the Dakota name for the St. Croix River . On the 1778 Mitchell Map , the river is simply titled `` Ouadeba '' , which represents the Dakota watpá meaning `` river '' .
Alaska
One of the world 's largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm , just south of Anchorage , where tidal differences can be more than 35 feet ( 10.7 m ) . Main
Mississippi River
Bemidji , Minnesota Grand Rapids , Minnesota Jacobson , Minnesota Palisade , Minnesota Aitkin , Minnesota Riverton , Minnesota Brainerd , Minnesota Fort Ripley , Minnesota Little Falls , Minnesota Sartell , Minnesota St. Cloud , Minnesota Monticello , Minnesota Anoka , Minnesota Coon Rapids , Minnesota Brooklyn Park , Minnesota Brooklyn Center , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Nininger , Minnesota Hastings , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin Prairie Island , Minnesota Diamond Bluff , Wisconsin Red Wing , Minnesota Hager City , Wisconsin Maiden Rock , Wisconsin Stockholm , Wisconsin Lake City , Minnesota Maple Springs , Minnesota Camp Lacupolis , Minnesota Pepin , Wisconsin Reads Landing , Minnesota Wabasha , Minnesota Nelson , Wisconsin Alma , Wisconsin Buffalo City , Wisconsin Weaver , Minnesota Minneiska , Minnesota Fountain City , Wisconsin Winona , Minnesota Homer , Minnesota Trempealeau , Wisconsin Dakota , Minnesota Dresbach , Minnesota La Crescent , Minnesota La Crosse , Wisconsin Brownsville , Minnesota Stoddard , Wisconsin Genoa , Wisconsin Victory , Wisconsin Potosi , Wisconsin De Soto , Wisconsin Lansing , Iowa Ferryville , Wisconsin Lynxville , Wisconsin Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin Marquette , Iowa McGregor , Iowa Wyalusing , Wisconsin Guttenberg , Iowa Cassville , Wisconsin Dubuque , Iowa Galena , Illinois Bellevue , Iowa Savanna , Illinois Sabula , Iowa Fulton , Illinois Clinton , Iowa Cordova , Illinois Port Byron , Illinois LeClaire , Iowa Rapids City , Illinois Hampton , Illinois Bettendorf , Iowa East Moline , Illinois Moline , Illinois Davenport , Iowa Rock Island , Illinois Buffalo , Iowa Muscatine , Iowa New Boston , Illinois Keithsburg , Illinois Oquawka , Illinois Burlington , Iowa Dallas City , Illinois Fort Madison , Iowa Nauvoo , Illinois Keokuk , Iowa Warsaw , Illinois Quincy , Illinois Hannibal , Missouri Louisiana , Missouri Clarksville , Missouri Grafton , Illinois Portage Des Sioux , Missouri Alton , Illinois St. Louis , Missouri Ste .
Grand Canyon
Grand Canyon View of the Colorado River flowing through the Grand Canyon . Location Arizona , U.S. Floor elevation approx . 2,600 feet ( 800 m ) Long - axis length 277 miles ( 446 km ) Width 4 to 18 miles ( 6.4 to 29.0 km ) Geology Age 5 -- 6 million years Geography Coordinates 36 ° 18 ′ N 112 ° 36 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 36.3 ° N 112.6 ° W ﻿ / 36.3 ; - 112.6 Coordinates : 36 ° 18 ′ N 112 ° 36 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 36.3 ° N 112.6 ° W ﻿ / 36.3 ; - 112.6 Watercourses Colorado River
River Thames
In 2010 , the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world -- the $350,000 International Riverprize .
Amazon River
Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743 . Alexander von Humboldt , 1799 -- 1804 Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , 1817 -- 1820 Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace , 1848 -- 1859
Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)
Major cities ( with populations greater than 20,000 ) located along the Cedar River include Austin , Minnesota , Cedar Falls , Iowa , Waterloo , Iowa , and Cedar Rapids , Iowa .
North America
North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In 1861 , the American merchant marine became world 's largest . The final blow to clipper ships came in the form of the Suez Canal , opened in 1869 , which provided a huge shortcut for steamships between Europe and Asia , but which was difficult for sailing ships to use . Civil
Mississippi River
The headwaters , 493 miles ( 793 km ) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and A navigable channel , formed by a series of man - made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis , Missouri , some 664 miles ( 1,069 km ) .
Mississippi River
The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856 . It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport , Iowa . Steamboat captains of the day , fearful of competition from the railroads , considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation . Two weeks after the bridge opened , the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge , setting it on fire . Legal proceedings ensued , with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad . The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States , which ruled in favor of the railroad .
Alaska
The Interior is the largest region of Alaska ; much of it is uninhabited wilderness . Fairbanks is the only large city in the region . Denali National Park and Preserve is located here . Denali is the highest mountain in North America . Southwest
Mississippi River
It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it , such as `` the highest peak east of the Mississippi '' or `` the oldest city west of the Mississippi '' . The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns , which begin with W to the east and K to the west , mixing together in media markets along the river .
North America
North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 .
History of New York (state)
In 1535 , Jacques Cartier , a French explorer , became the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River from the Atlantic Ocean , sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal .
St. Johns River
Optimally an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) deep channel about 100 yards ( 91 m ) wide after leaving Lake Monroe , the St. Johns meets its most significant tributary in the middle basin , the spring - fed Wekiva River , discharging approximately 42,000,000 US gallons ( 160,000,000 L ) a day into the St. Johns . Near this confluence are the towns of DeBary and Deltona . Forests surrounding the Wekiva River are home to the largest black bear ( Ursus americanus floridanus ) population in Florida ; several troops of Rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) have adapted to live near the river as well . The monkeys ' introduction to Florida is unclear ; they were reportedly brought either to serve in backdrop scenes of Tarzan movies filmed around the Silver River in the 1930s , or to lend an air of authenticity to `` jungle cruises '' provided by an enterprising boat operator around the same time . St.
Hudson River
Various stretches of the river have their own historical names , many created by early Dutch explorers and settlers . The stretches all have similar sailing conditions , and the names were commonly used until the early common use of the steamboat . These names include , from north to south : the Great Chip Reach , Tappan Reach , Haverstroo Reach , Seylmakers ' Reach , Crescent or Cook 's Reach , Hoge 's or High Reach , Martyr 's or Martelaire Reach , Fisher 's Reach , Lange Rack or Long Reach , Vasterack or Vaste Reach , Kleverack or Claverack , Backerack or Baker 's Reach , Jan Playsier 's Reach , and Hart 's or Hunter 's Reach .
United States
The land area of the entire United States is approximately 3,800,000 square miles ( 9,841,955 km ) , with the contiguous United States making up 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) of that . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada .
Amazon River
Name Country Coordinates Image ( hide ) Notes Allpahuayo - Mishana National Reserve Peru 3 ° 56 ′ S 73 ° 33 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 3.933 ° S 73.550 ° W ﻿ / - 3.933 ; - 73.550 Amacayacu National Park Colombia 3 ° 29 ′ S 72 ° 12 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 3.483 ° S 72.200 ° W ﻿ / - 3.483 ; - 72.200 Amazônia National Park Brazil 4 ° 26 ′ S 56 ° 50 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 4.433 ° S 56.833 ° W ﻿ / - 4.433 ; - 56.833 Anavilhanas National Park Brazil 2 ° 23 ′ S 60 ° 55 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 2.383 ° S 60.917 ° W ﻿ / - 2.383 ; - 60.917
Marble Falls, Texas
Lake Marble Falls is part of the Highland Lakes on the Colorado River , the largest chain of lakes in Texas . It hosts one of the largest drag boat races in the United States each August .
Amazon River
The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene .
Amazon River
In March 1500 , Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River . Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce , later shortened to Mar Dulce , literally , sweet sea , because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean . Another Spanish explorer , Francisco de Orellana , was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins , situated in the Andes , to the mouth of the river . In this journey , Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro , Napo and Jurua . The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition , mostly women , that reminded De Orellana of the female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece .
Missouri
St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers , which dominated the regional economy for decades . Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe . They provided a variety of goods to traders , for sale and trade with their Native American clients . The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items . Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas . River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state 's economy , and as the area 's first major city , St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint - Louis .
Midwestern United States
The Census Bureau 's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin . The region generally lies on the broad Interior Plain between the states occupying the Appalachian Mountain range and the states occupying the Rocky Mountain range . Major rivers in the region include , from east to west , the Ohio River , the Upper Mississippi River , and the Missouri River . A 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684 . The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions . The East North Central Division includes Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio and Wisconsin , all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region . The West North Central Division includes Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , North Dakota , Nebraska , and South Dakota , several of which are located at least partly , within the Great Plains region .
Water in California
The California State Water Project is the largest multipurpose , state - built water project in the United States . The SWP transports water from the Feather River watershed to agriculture , and some of the water goes to industrial and urban users . More than two - thirds of Californians receive some water from the SWP . The system was designed and contracted to deliver 4,200,000 acre feet ( 5.2 km ) , but in an average year delivers only 2,300,000 acre feet ( 2.8 km ) because many of the original planned features were never built . Twenty - nine agencies hold contracts for SWP water . The contractors pay for SWP 's major operating costs and have gradually reduced the $1.75 billion bond debt that supplied funds for initial construction . In the years since 1960 , SWP has built 29 dams , 18 pumping plants , five hydroelectric power plants , and around 600 miles ( 970 km ) of canals and pipelines .
Amazon River
After about 700 km ( 430 mi ) , the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene , which joins the Perene to form the Tambo , which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali . After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali , the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by floodplain . From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón , some 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) , the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage . The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills , and the river enters the enormous Amazon rainforest .
Illinois
The capital of Illinois is Springfield in central Illinois . Although today , the state 's largest population center is in and around Chicago in the northeastern part of the state , the state 's European population grew first in the west , with French who settled along the Mississippi River , and gave the area the name Illinois Country . After the American Revolutionary War established the United States , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north . In 1818 , Illinois achieved statehood . After construction of the Erie Canal increased traffic and trade through the Great Lakes , Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River , at one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan . John Deere 's invention of the self - scouring steel plow turned Illinois 's rich prairie into some of the world 's most productive and valuable farmland , attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden . The Illinois and Michigan Canal ( 1848 ) made transportation between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River valley faster and cheaper . New railroads carried immigrants to new homes , as well as being used to ship commodity crops to Eastern markets . The state became a transportation hub for the nation .
Shenandoah River
The North Fork is 105 miles ( 169 km ) long and rises in northern Rockingham County , along the eastern flank of Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National Forest . At its formation , the principal feeder on the North Fork is the German River . The North Fork flows initially southeast , down from the mountains , then northeast through a valley across Shenandoah County , along the western side of Massanutten Mountain . It flows past Woodstock and Strasburg . On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah .
Mississippi River
In 2002 , Slovenian long - distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river , from Minnesota to Louisiana , over the course of 68 days . In 2005 , the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society 's Upper Mississippi River Campaign .