vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Environmental issues in India
In March 2009 , the issue of ( punjab ) attracted press coverage . It was alleged to be caused by fly ash ponds of thermal power stations , which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts of Punjab . The news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit . In 2012 , the Government of India confirmed that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50 % above the trace limits set by the United Nations ' World Health Organization . Scientific studies , based on over 1000 samples from various sampling points , could not trace the source to fly ash and any sources from thermal power plants or industry as originally alleged . The study also revealed that the uranium concentration in ground water of Malwa district is not 60 times the WHO limits , but only 50 % above the WHO limit in 3 locations . This highest concentration found in samples was less than those found naturally in ground waters currently used for human purposes elsewhere , such as Finland . Research is underway to identify natural or other sources for the uranium .
Quality of life
The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey on the state of global happiness . It ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels , reflecting growing global interest in using happiness and substantial well - being as an indicator of the quality of human development . Its growing purpose has allowed governments , communities and organizations to use appropriate data to record happiness in order to enable policies to provide better lives . The reports review the state of happiness in the world today and show how the science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness . Also developed by the United Nations and published recently along with the HDI , this report combines both objective and subjective measures to rank countries by happiness , which is deemed as the ultimate outcome of a high quality of life . It uses surveys from Gallup , real GDP per capita , healthy life expectancy , having someone to count on , perceived freedom to make life choices , freedom from corruption , and generosity to derive the final score . Happiness is already recognised as an important concept in global public policy . The World Happiness Report indicates that some regions have in recent years have been experiencing progressive inequality of happiness . Without life , there is no happiness to be realised .
Atlantic slave trade
World population ( in millions ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 Africa 106 107 111 133 221 767 Asia 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 Europe 163 203 276 408 547 729 Latin America and the Caribbean 16 24 38 74 167 511 Northern America 7 26 82 172 307 Oceania 6 13 30 World population ( by percentage distribution ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 Asia 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 Europe 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 Northern America 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 Oceania 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5
Environmental issues in India
Some of the few solid waste landfills India has , near its major cities , are overflowing and poorly managed . They have become significant sources of greenhouse emissions and breeding sites for disease vectors such as flies , mosquitoes , cockroaches , rats , and other pests . Waste
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
According to specialists , the main effect is being caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land . It has been reported that in the Maldives , 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are completely without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades . Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea , sand , and earth ; and aquifers were invaded through porous rock . Salted - over soil becomes sterile , and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture . It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms . Thousands of rice , mango , and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover . On the island 's east coast , the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water . The Colombo - based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event . IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater ; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
The three cities of Abu Dhabi Emirate within the United Arab Emirates -- the coastal city Abu Dhabi itself ( more than one million inhabitants ) as well as the inland oases Al Ain ( 0 , 4 million inhabitants ) and Liwa ( about 0 , 1 million inhabitants ) -- receive their drinking water supply entirely from desalinated seawater . Their wastewater is being treated and reused for the irrigation of green spaces . View
Jordan River
A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan , the first ca . 3 - kilometre ( 1.9 mi ) below the Sea of Galilee , has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism . Most polluted is the 100 - kilometre downstream stretch -- a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea . Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem . Rescuing the Jordan could take decades , according to environmentalists . In 2007 , Friends of the Earth Middle East ( FoEME ) named the Jordan River as one of the world 's 100 most endangered ecological sites , due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states . The same environmentalist organization had said in a report that the Jordan River could dry up by 2011 unless the decay is stopped . The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year ; as of 2010 , just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea . For comparison , the total amount of desalinated water produced by Israel by 2012 was estimated to be about 500 million cubic metres per year . Recent literature shows the role of power asymmetries and of discourses and narratives in shaping hydropolitics along the Jordan River Basin .
Starbucks
Africa Egypt : 32 Morocco : 9 South Africa : 7 North America United States : 13,327 Canada : 2,359 Mexico : 531 Puerto Rico : 25 Bahamas : 12 Costa Rica : 12 El Salvador : 11 Guatemala : 7 Panama : 5 Trinidad and Tobago : 5 Aruba : 3 Curaçao : 3 Jamaica : 1 Oceania New Zealand : 26 Australia : 35 South America Brazil : 104 Argentina : 100 Chile : 91 Peru : 81 Colombia : 24 Bolivia : 4 Asia China : 2,500 Japan : 1,191 South Korea : 985 Taiwan : 430 Turkey : 408 Philippines : 300 Thailand : 264 Indonesia : 249 Malaysia : 220 Hong Kong : 147 United Arab Emirates : 138 Singapore : 125 Saudi Arabia : 92 India : 89 Kuwait : 89 Lebanon : 30 Vietnam : 28 Bahrain : 19 Qatar : 18 Jordan : 14 Oman : 11 Kazakhstan : 11 Cyprus : 11 Cambodia : 7 Azerbaijan : 4 Brunei : 4 Europe United Kingdom : 884 Germany : 161 France : 121 Russia : 112 Spain : 107 Ireland : 67 Switzerland : 63 Netherlands : 59 Poland : 45 Romania : 37 Greece : 28 Czech Republic : 26 Austria : 20 Denmark : 20 Belgium : 19 Norway : 17 Sweden : 17 Hungary : 16 Portugal : 11 Finland : 9 Bulgaria : 6 Slovakia : 4 Luxembourg : 3 Monaco : 1 Andorra : 1
United States
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 325,719,178 as of July 1 , 2017 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from 76.2 million in 1900 to 281.4 million in 2000 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children ; by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign - born immigration has caused the U.S. population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign - born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one - third of the population increase . The foreign - born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) .
Venezuela
Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the planet , yet it is one of the leaders of deforestation due to economic and political factors . Each year , roughly 287,600 hectares of forest are permanently destroyed and other areas are degraded by mining , oil extraction , and logging . Between 1990 and 2005 , Venezuela officially lost 8.3 % of its forest cover , which is about 4.3 million ha . In response , federal protections for critical habitat were implemented ; for example , 20 % to 33 % of forested land is protected . The country 's biosphere reserve is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves ; five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention . In 2003 , 70 % of the nation 's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas , including 43 national parks . Venezuela 's 43 national parks include Canaima National Park , Morrocoy National Park , and Mochima National Park . In the far south is a reserve for the country 's Yanomami tribes . Covering 32,000 square miles ( 82,880 square kilometres ) , the area is off - limits to farmers , miners , and all non-Yanomami settlers .
Poverty in India
According to Global Wealth Report 2016 compiled by Credit Suisse Research Institute , India is the second most unequal country in the world with the top one per cent of the population owning 58 % of the total wealth .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The median household in the U.S. spent about 1.1 % of its income on water and sewerage in 2002 . However , poor households face a different situation : In 1997 18 % of U.S. households , many of them poor , paid more than 4 % of their income on their water and sewer bill .
Maldives
Maldives is the lowest country in the world , with maximum and average natural ground levels of only 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) and 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level , respectively . In areas where construction exists , however , this has been increased to several metres . More than 80 per cent of the country 's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level . As a result , the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels . The UN 's environmental panel has warned that , at current rates , sea level rise would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100 .
Child labour
195 countries are party to the Convention ; only two nations have not ratified the treaty , Somalia and the United States .
Agenda 21
In the United States , over 528 cities are members of ICLEI , an international sustainability organization that helps to implement the Agenda 21 and Local Agenda 21 concepts across the world . The United States has nearly half of the ICLEI 's global membership of 1,200 cities promoting sustainable development at a local level . The United States also has one of the most comprehensively documented Agenda 21 status reports . In response to the opposition , Don Knapp , U.S. spokesman for the ICLEI , has said `` Sustainable development is not a top - down conspiracy from the U.N. , but a bottom - up push from local governments '' .
Bay of Plenty
Largest groups of overseas - born residents Nationality Population ( 2013 ) United Kingdom 16,647 Australia 4,194 India 3,963 South Africa 2,655 Netherlands 1,545 Philippines 1,371 China 1,083 United States 1,053 Fiji 972 South Korea 834
Tooth decay
Worldwide , approximately 2.3 billion people ( 32 % of the population ) have dental caries in their permanent teeth . The World Health Organization estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time . In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9 % of the population . They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years . The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption and less common in the developing world . Caries is Latin for `` rottenness '' .
Child labour
Child labour accounts for 22 % of the workforce in Asia , 32 % in Africa , 17 % in Latin America , 1 % in the US , Canada , Europe and other wealthy nations . The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries . Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5 -- 17 employed as child labour , and a total of over 65 million . Asia , with its larger population , has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million . Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density , but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too . A
Tooth decay
Worldwide , approximately 2.43 billion people ( 36 % of the population ) have dental caries in their permanent teeth . In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9 % of the population . The disease is most common in Latin American countries , countries in the Middle East , and South Asia , and least prevalent in China . In the United States , dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease , being at least five times more common than asthma . It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in children . Between 29 % and 59 % of adults over the age of 50 experience caries .
Sustainability
According to the data that member countries represented to the United Nations , Cuba was the only country in the world in 2006 that met the World Wide Fund for Nature 's definition of sustainable development , with an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita , 1.5 , and a Human Development Index of over 0.8 , 0.855 .
Red panda
Worldwide population estimates range from fewer than 2,500 to between 16,000 and 20,000 individuals . In 1999 , the total population in China was estimated at between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals . In 2001 , the wild population in India was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals . Estimates for Nepal indicate only a few hundred individuals . No records from Bhutan or Burma exist .
Scabies
Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children , along with tinea and pyoderma . As of 2010 , it affects about 100 million people ( 1.5 % of the population ) and is equally common in both genders . The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages , races , and socioeconomic classes in different climates . Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions . Globally as of 2009 , an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year , although various parties claim the figure is either over - or underestimated . About 1 -- 10 % of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies , but in certain populations , the infection rate may be as high as 50 -- 80 % .
Eating disorder
In the developed world binge eating disorder affects about 1.6 % of women and 0.8 % of men in a given year . Anorexia affects about 0.4 % and bulimia affects about 1.3 % of young women in a given year . Up to 4 % of women have anorexia , 2 % have bulimia , and 2 % have binge eating disorder at some point in time . Anorexia and bulimia occur nearly ten times more often in females than males . Typically they begin in late childhood or early adulthood . Rates of other eating disorders are not clear . Rates of eating disorders appear to be lower in less developed countries .
Fresh water
In Australia , over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33 % of the land area to be at risk of salination . With regards to agriculture , the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate .
World State in Brave New World
Citizens of the World State enjoy racial , social and economic harmony across the planet . Although England is seen to be mostly populated with Caucasians , the population also contains substantial ethnic proportions , and across the planet , people of different racial heritage live alongside one another in harmony . When visiting an electrical products factory in London , John witnesses Caucasians and black Senegalese working together . The only `` feely '' ( see below ) in the novel features a black antagonist with a white heroine . An official at the Central London Hatchery explains that Negro fetuses are slightly easier to grow than Caucasians or Asians . Although all the World State hatcheries attempt to refine the limits of the production process , the Mombasa hatchery is a few hundred ahead of the others in the number of embryos produced from a single ovary ( London : 16,012 , Singapore : approx 16,500 , Mombasa : approx 17,000 ) .
Human rights and development
Gender gaps in access to education have narrowed but inequalities remain in all levels of education , girls face barriers to schooling , particularly in Northern Africa , sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia . Access to secondary and university education remains unequal with disparities at universities the most extreme . In Southern Asia , 77 girls per 100 boys are enrolled in tertiary education while in sub-Saharan Africa the gender gap in enrolment has widened from 66 girls per 100 boys in 2000 to 61 girls per 100 boys in 2011 . Poverty is the main cause of unequal access to education with women and girls in many parts of the world forced to spend many hours fetching water and girls often do not attend school because of a lack of adequate sanitation facilities . Child marriage and violence against girls are also significant barriers to education . Women still enter the labour market on an unequal basis to men , even after accounting for educational background and skills . Women are often relegated to vulnerable forms of employment , with little or no financial security or social benefits .
Flint water crisis
On December 9 , 2016 the MDEQ reported that more than 96 percent of water samples in Flint residencies were now below the EPA lead threshold of 15 parts per billion .
Environmental issues in Delhi
The river Yamuna , the reason for Delhi 's existence , has suffered heavily from pollution . At its point of entry into Delhi , at Wazirabad , its dissolved oxygen ( DO ) content is 7.5 milligrammes per litre . At its point of exit from city limits , the DO level is only 1.3 mg / l . Similarly , coliform counts jump from 8,500 per 100 ml at entry to 329,312 / 100ml at exit ( for DO 5 mg / litre is the norm and for coliforms 500 / 100ml ) . In 2007 , roughly half of all the city 's raw sewage went straight into the river . 55 % of the city 's 15 million people are connected to the city 's sewer system and its treatment plants , but because of corrosion and clogging in the system many of the treatment plants do not run at full capacity . Waste from 1,500 unplanned neighborhoods runs straight into the river .
Health care in the United States
United States 2015 mortality and life expectancy in a global context Indictor U.S. Region of the Americas Globe Under - five child mortality rate ( deaths per 1000 live births ) 6.5 14.7 42.5 Maternal mortality ratio ( deaths per 100,000 live births ) 14 52 216 Life Expectancy 81.6 ( females ) 76.9 ( males ) 79.9 ( females ) 74 ( males ) 73.8 ( females ) 69.1 ( males ) Data obtained from the World Health Organization Global Health Observatory data repository .
First Nations
As of 2006 , 76 First Nations communities exist in boil - water advisory conditions . In late 2005 , the drinking water crisis of the Kashechewan First Nation received national media attention when E. coli was discovered in their water supply system , following two years of living under a boil - water advisory . The drinking water was supplied by a new treatment plant built in March 1998 . The cause of the tainted water was a plugged chlorine injector that was not discovered by local operators , who were not qualified to be running the treatment plant . When officials arrived and fixed the problem , chlorine levels were around 1.7 mg / l , which was blamed for skin disorders such as impetigo and scabies . An investigation led by Health Canada revealed that the skin disorders were likely due to living in squalor . The evacuation of Kashechewan was largely viewed by Canadians as a cry for help for other underlying social and economic issues which Aboriginal people in Canada face .
Human rights and development
There are four targets in this goal 1 ) To integrate principles of sustainable development into country policies and reverse the loss of environmental resources comparable to a Right to environmental health ; 2 ) to reduce biodiversity loss by achieving a significant reduction in the rate of loss ; 3 ) to halve by 2015 , the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation comparable to the Right to water and sanitation and 4 ) to achieve , by 2020 , a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers , comparable to the Right to adequate housing .
2016 Railway Budget of India
It was announced that 17,000 bio-vacuum toilets would be installed on various trains . These toilets use a bacterium developed by the DRDO in the compost tank . Additional toilets would be built in 475 stations . A `` Clean My Coach '' initiative was announced which will allow passengers to request cleaning service by SMS .
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization works to provide the needed health and well - being evidence through a variety of data collection platforms , including the World Health Survey covering almost 400,000 respondents from 70 countries , and the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health ( SAGE ) covering over 50,000 persons over 50 years old in 23 countries . The Country Health Intelligence Portal ( CHIP ) , has also been developed to provide an access point to information about the health services that are available in different countries . The information gathered in this portal is used by the countries to set priorities for future strategies or plans , implement , monitor , and evaluate it .
Afghanistan
According to the Human Development Index , Afghanistan is the 15th least developed country in the world . The average life expectancy is estimated to be around 60 years . The country 's maternal mortality rate is 396 deaths / 100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 66 to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births . The Ministry of Public Health plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020 . The country has more than 3,000 midwives , with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year .
Earth
Independent sovereign nations claim the planet 's entire land surface , except for some parts of Antarctica , a few land parcels along the Danube river 's western bank , and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan . As of 2015 , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations , plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition . Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe , although some nation - states have striven for world domination and failed .