vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chickenpox
Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or immunosuppressed populations , although healthy children and adults have been affected . Five major clinical syndromes have been described : febrile purpura , malignant chickenpox with purpura , postinfectious purpura , purpura fulminans , and anaphylactoid purpura . These syndromes have variable courses , with febrile purpura being the most benign of the syndromes and having an uncomplicated outcome . In contrast , malignant chickenpox with purpura is a grave clinical condition that has a mortality rate of greater than 70 % . The cause of these hemorrhagic chickenpox syndromes is not known .
Scabies
Scabies is contagious and can be contracted through prolonged physical contact with an infested person . This includes sexual intercourse , although a majority of cases are acquired through other forms of skin - to - skin contact . Less commonly , scabies infestation can happen through the sharing of clothes , towels , and bedding , but this is not a major mode of transmission ; individual mites can only survive for two to three days , at most , away from human skin at room temperature . As with lice , a latex condom is ineffective against scabies transmission during intercourse , because mites typically migrate from one individual to the next at sites other than the sex organs .
Chickenpox
During pregnancy the dangers to the fetus associated with a primary VZV infection are greater in the first six months . In the third trimester , the mother is more likely to have severe symptoms . For pregnant women , antibodies produced as a result of immunization or previous infection are transferred via the placenta to the fetus . Varicella infection in pregnant women could lead to spread via the placenta and infection of the fetus . If infection occurs during the first 28 weeks of gestation , this can lead to fetal varicella syndrome ( also known as congenital varicella syndrome ) . Effects on the fetus can range in severity from underdeveloped toes and fingers to severe anal and bladder malformation . Possible problems include :
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
`` This doctrine is , that cholera propagates itself by a ' morbid matter ' which , passing from one patient in his evacuations , is accidentally swallowed by other persons as a pollution of food or water ; that an increase of the swallowed germ of the disease takes place in the interior of the stomach and bowels , giving rise to the essential actions of cholera , as at first a local derangement ; and that ' the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind must necessarily have some sort of structure , most likely that of a cell . ''
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms . Viruses can infect all types of life forms , from animals and plants to microorganisms , including bacteria and archaea .
Lyme disease
Within days to weeks after the onset of local infection , the Borrelia bacteria may begin to spread through the bloodstream . EM may develop at sites across the body that bear no relation to the original tick bite . Another skin condition , apparently absent in North American patients , but found in Europe , is borrelial lymphocytoma , a purplish lump that develops on the ear lobe , nipple , or scrotum . Various acute neurological problems , termed neuroborreliosis , appear in 10 -- 15 % of untreated people . These include facial palsy , which is the loss of muscle tone on one or both sides of the face , as well as meningitis , which involves severe headaches , neck stiffness , and sensitivity to light . Inflammation of the spinal cord 's nerve roots can cause shooting pains that may interfere with sleep , as well as abnormal skin sensations . Mild encephalitis may lead to memory loss , sleep disturbances , or mood changes . In addition , some case reports have described altered mental status as the only symptom seen in a few cases of early neuroborreliosis . The disease may adversely impact the heart 's electrical conduction system and can cause abnormal heart rhythms such as atrioventricular block .
Virus
Plants have elaborate and effective defence mechanisms against viruses . One of the most effective is the presence of so - called resistance ( R ) genes . Each R gene confers resistance to a particular virus by triggering localised areas of cell death around the infected cell , which can often be seen with the unaided eye as large spots . This stops the infection from spreading . RNA interference is also an effective defence in plants . When they are infected , plants often produce natural disinfectants that kill viruses , such as salicylic acid , nitric oxide , and reactive oxygen molecules .
Virus
Antibodies can continue to be an effective defence mechanism even after viruses have managed to gain entry to the host cell . A protein that is in cells , called TRIM21 , can attach to the antibodies on the surface of the virus particle . This primes the subsequent destruction of the virus by the enzymes of the cell 's proteosome system . Two
Bubonic plague
The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection : bubonic plague , septicemic plague , and pneumonic plague . Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals . It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague - infected animal . In the bubonic form of plague , the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node , causing it to swell . Diagnosis is made by finding the bacteria in the blood , sputum , or fluid from lymph nodes .
Vector (molecular biology)
Viral vectors are generally genetically engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious , but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene , thus allowing for translation of the transgene through a viral promoter . However , because viral vectors frequently are lacking infectious sequences , they require helper viruses or packaging lines for large - scale transfection . Viral vectors are often designed for permanent incorporation of the insert into the host genome , and thus leave distinct genetic markers in the host genome after incorporating the transgene . For example , retroviruses leave a characteristic retroviral integration pattern after insertion that is detectable and indicates that the viral vector has incorporated into the host genome .
Virus
Prions are infectious protein molecules that do not contain DNA or RNA . They can cause infections such as scrapie in sheep , bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( `` mad cow '' disease ) in cattle , and chronic wasting disease in deer ; in humans , prionic diseases include Kuru , Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , and Gerstmann -- Sträussler -- Scheinker syndrome . Although prions are fundamentally different from viruses and viroids , their discovery gives credence to the theory that viruses could have evolved from self - replicating molecules .
Virus
Viruses undergo genetic change by several mechanisms . These include a process called antigenic drift where individual bases in the DNA or RNA mutate to other bases . Most of these point mutations are `` silent '' -- they do not change the protein that the gene encodes -- but others can confer evolutionary advantages such as resistance to antiviral drugs . Antigenic shift occurs when there is a major change in the genome of the virus . This can be a result of recombination or reassortment . When this happens with influenza viruses , pandemics might result . RNA viruses often exist as quasispecies or swarms of viruses of the same species but with slightly different genome nucleoside sequences . Such quasispecies are a prime target for natural selection .
Germ theory of disease
By talking to local residents , he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street ( now Broadwick Street ) . Although Snow 's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger , his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle . This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak , but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline .
Lyme disease
Coinfections complicate Lyme symptoms , especially diagnosis and treatment . It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one of the coinfections and not Borrelia , making diagnosis difficult and often elusive . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studied 100 ticks in rural New Jersey , and found 55 % of the ticks were infected with at least one of the pathogens .
Naegleria fowleri
N. fowleri can cause an often lethal infection of the brain called naegleriasis ( also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis ( PAM ) , amoebic encephalitis / meningitis , or simply Naegleria infection ) . Infections most often occur when water containing N. fowleri is inhaled through the nose , where it then enters the nasal and olfactory nerve tissue , traveling to the brain through the cribriform plate . N. fowleri normally eat bacteria , but during human infections , the trophozoites consume astrocytes and neurons . The reason why N. fowleri prefers to pass across the cribriform plate has remained unknown , but the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been suggested to act as a stimulus , as a structural homolog of animal CHRM1 has been shown to be present in Naegleria and Acanthamoeba .
Chickenpox
Chickenpox occurs in all parts of the world . In 2013 there were 140 million cases of chickenpox and herpes zoster worldwide . Before routine immunization the number of cases occurring each year was similar to the number of people born . Since immunization the number of infections in the United States has decreased nearly 90 % . In 2015 chickenpox resulted in 6,400 deaths globally -- down from 8,900 in 1990 . Death occurs in about 1 per 60,000 cases . Chickenpox was not separated from smallpox until the late 19th century . In 1888 its connection to shingles was determined . The first documented use of the term chicken pox was in 1658 . Various explanations have been suggested for the use of `` chicken '' in the name , one being the relative mildness of the disease .
Platypus
Platypuses generally suffer from few diseases in the wild ; however , public concern in Tasmania is widespread about the potential impacts of a disease caused by the fungus Mucor amphibiorum . The disease ( termed mucormycosis ) affects only Tasmanian platypuses , and has not been observed in platypuses in mainland Australia . Affected platypuses can develop skin lesions or ulcers on various parts of their bodies , including their backs , tails , and legs . Mucormycosis can kill platypuses , death arising from secondary infection and by affecting the animals ' ability to maintain body temperature and forage efficiently . The Biodiversity Conservation Branch at the Department of Primary Industries and Water are collaborating with NRM north and University of Tasmania researchers to determine the impacts of the disease on Tasmanian platypuses , as well as the mechanism of transmission and current spread of the disease .
Lyme disease
Exposure to the Borrelia bacterium during Lyme disease possibly causes a long - lived and damaging inflammatory response , a form of pathogen - induced autoimmune disease . The production of this reaction might be due to a form of molecular mimicry , where Borrelia avoids being killed by the immune system by resembling normal parts of the body 's tissues .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The single greatest cause of the decimation of native populations was infectious disease . Old World Eurasian diseases , which had long been endemic on the Continent , were carried unknowingly by colonists and conquistadors . As these were new to the natives , they had no acquired immunity and suffered very high rates of death . More died of disease than any army or armed conflict . As the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya , it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest . But , it is apparent that the Inca began to contract the diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region , as it was likely carried to their empire by traders and travelers . The outbreak , believed to be hemorrhagic smallpox , reached the Andes in 1524 . While numbers are unavailable , Spanish records indicate that the population was so devastated by disease that they could hardly resist the foreign forces .
Caenorhabditis elegans
Programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) eliminates many additional cells ( 131 in the hermaphrodite , most of which would otherwise become neurons ) ; this `` apoptotic predictability '' has contributed to the elucidation of some apoptotic genes . Cell death - promoting genes and a single cell - death inhibitor have been identified . Wild
Lyme disease
Transmission across the placenta during pregnancy has not been demonstrated , and no consistent pattern of teratogenicity or specific `` congenital Lyme borreliosis '' has been identified . As with a number of other spirochetal diseases , adverse pregnancy outcomes are possible with untreated infection ; prompt treatment with antibiotics reduces or eliminates this risk .
1000 Ways to Die (season 1)
Death # `` Event '' Name Date of Death Location Circumstances of Death 770 Face Offed December 21 , 2007 The Excalibur Paradise , Nevada A Las Vegas showgirl shaves her legs with a rusty razor blade . When she accidentally cuts herself , she contracts a Group A streptococcal infection , which develops into necrotizing fasciitis ( `` flesh - eating '' bacteria ) . The bacteria in her blood stream breaks through a pimple on her face and starts eating away at her face . She eventually dies from sepsis . 47 Re-Coiled May 28 , 1994 Jake 's Domain Tres Piedras , NM A survivalist living alone in the wilderness is going to the bathroom , during which time a snake coils itself around his rifle . When he goes to pick the rifle up afterwards , the startled snake pulls the gun 's trigger , shooting the man in the chest and killing him . 301 Sucked Offed February 3 , 2000 Buffalo Lake Amarillo , TX An escaped female convict hides from police for forty - five minutes in a 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) lake full of leeches . When she comes out of the water , she is too weak to move from hypothermia and blood loss , and dies of exposure . 312 Re-Formed March 24 , 1989 Acme Shipping Pico , CA A thief hides in a dumpster , which is then emptied into a garbage truck . When more garbage is emptied on top of him , the thief is trapped and the load of garbage is compacted , crushing him . 963 Fin - ished July 17 , 2004 Lake Havasu Lake Havasu City , AZ A woman catches a fish for the first time . As she pulls it from the water , it flies through the air and lodges in her throat . The design of the fish 's scales prevents her from pulling it out , and she chokes to death . 553 Butt Plugged November 9 , 2002 Imperial Highway El Segundo , CA A newly released convict driving drunk with a hooker in the front seat shoves a can of pepper spray into his rectum to avoid detection by a police officer who pulls him over . When the officer shoves the con against the truck for talking back to him , the can is activated , soaking the con 's rectum with the spray and fatally eating it away .
Lyme disease
Ticks that transmit B. burgdorferi to humans can also carry and transmit several other parasites , such as Theileria microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum , which cause the diseases babesiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis ( HGA ) , respectively . Among early Lyme disease patients , depending on their location , 2 -- 12 % will also have HGA and 2 -- 40 % will have babesiosis . Ticks in certain regions , including the lands along the eastern Baltic Sea , also transmit tick - borne encephalitis .
Iodine-131
Due to its mode of beta decay , iodine - 131 is notable for causing mutation and death in cells that it penetrates , and other cells up to several millimeters away . For this reason , high doses of the isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses , since they tend to kill thyroid tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation . For example , children treated with moderate dose of I - 131 for thyroid adenomas had a detectable increase in thyroid cancer , but children treated with a much higher dose did not . Likewise , most studies of very - high - dose I - 131 for treatment of Graves disease have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer , even though there is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with I - 131 absorption at moderate doses . Thus , iodine - 131 is increasingly less employed in small doses in medical use ( especially in children ) , but increasingly is used only in large and maximal treatment doses , as a way of killing targeted tissues . This is known as `` therapeutic use '' .
Toxic shock syndrome
By contrast , superantigens do not require processing by antigen - presenting cells but instead interact directly with the invariant region of the class II MHC molecule . In patients with TSS , up to 20 % of the body 's T - cells can be activated at one time . This polyclonal T - cell population causes a cytokine storm , followed by a multisystem disease . The toxin in S. aureus infections is TSS Toxin - 1 , or TSST - 1 . The TSST - 1 is secreted as a single polypeptide chain .
Lyme disease
The late disseminated stage is where the infection has fully spread throughout the body . Chronic neurologic symptoms occur in up to 5 % of untreated patients . A polyneuropathy that involves shooting pains , numbness , and tingling in the hands or feet may develop . A neurologic syndrome called Lyme encephalopathy is associated with subtle cognitive difficulties , insomnia , a general sense of feeling unwell , and changes in personality . Other problems , however , such as depression and fibromyalgia , are no more common in people with Lyme disease than in the general population .
Social media
Some social media sites have greater potential for content that is posted there to spread virally over social networks . This is an analogy to the concept of a viral infectious disease in biology , some of which can spread rapidly from an infected person to another person . In a social media context , content or websites that are `` viral '' ( or which `` go viral '' ) are those with a greater likelihood that users will reshare content posted ( by another user ) to their social network , leading to further sharing . In some cases , posts containing controversial content ( e.g. , Kim Kardashian 's nude photos that `` broke the Internet '' and crashed servers ) or fast - breaking news have been rapidly shared and re-shared by huge numbers of users . Many social media sites provide specific functionality to help users reshare content -- for example , Twitter 's retweet button , Pinterest 's pin function , Facebook 's share option or Tumblr 's reblog function . Businesses have a particular interest in viral marketing tactics because such a campaign can achieve widespread advertising coverage ( particularly if the `` viral '' reposting itself makes the news ) for a fraction of the cost of a traditional marketing campaign ( e.g. , billboard ads , television commercials , magazine ads , etc . ) . Nonprofit organizations and activists may have similar interests in posting content online with the hopes that it goes viral . The social news website Slashdot , sometimes has news stories that , once posted on its website , `` go viral '' ; the Slashdot effect refers to this situation .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is the most common tick - borne disease in North America and Europe , and one of the fastest - growing infectious diseases in the United States . Of cases reported to the United States CDC , the ratio of Lyme disease infection is 7.9 cases for every 100,000 persons . In the ten states where Lyme disease is most common , the average was 31.6 cases for every 100,000 persons for the year 2005 .
Lyme disease
The EM rash associated with early infection is found in about 70 -- 80 % of people infected . It can have a range of appearances including the classic target bull 's - eye lesion and nontarget appearing lesions . The 20 -- 30 % without the EM and the nontarget lesions can often cause misidentification of Lyme disease . Affected individuals can also experience flu - like symptoms , such as headache , muscle soreness , fever , and malaise . Lyme disease can progress to later stages even in people who do not develop a rash .
Herpes simplex
Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis , a primary infection , typically presents as swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids ( blepharoconjunctivitis ) , accompanied by small white itchy lesions on the surface of the cornea .
Lyme disease
In Europe , Lyme disease is caused by infection with one or more pathogenic European genospecies of the spirochaete B. burgdorferi sensu lato , mainly transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus . Cases of B. burgdorferi sensu lato - infected ticks are found predominantly in central Europe , particularly in Slovenia and Austria , but have been isolated in almost every country on the continent . Incidence in southern Europe , such as Italy and Portugal , is much lower . United
Chickenpox
Vesicular fluid can be examined with a Tzanck smear , or by testing for direct fluorescent antibody . The fluid can also be `` cultured '' , whereby attempts are made to grow the virus from a fluid sample . Blood tests can be used to identify a response to acute infection ( IgM ) or previous infection and subsequent immunity ( IgG ) .
Germ theory of disease
The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms . These small organisms , too small to see without magnification , invade humans , animals , and other living hosts . Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease . `` Germ '' may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganisms , especially one which causes disease , such as protista , fungi , virus , prion , or viroid . Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens , and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases . Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease , environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease , and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen .
Bubonic plague
Bubonic plague A bubo on the upper thigh of a person infected with bubonic plague . Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Fever , headaches , vomiting , swollen lymph nodes Usual onset 1 - 7 days after exposure Causes Yersinia pestis spread by fleas Diagnostic method Finding the bacteria in the blood , sputum , or lymph nodes Treatment Antibiotics such as streptomycin , gentamicin , or doxycycline Frequency 650 cases reported a year Deaths 10 % mortality with treatment ( edit on Wikidata )
Toxic shock syndrome
The gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin is carried by a mobile genetic element of S. aureus in the SaPI family of pathogenicity islands .
Virus
Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus . Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines , which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection . Some viruses , including those that cause AIDS and viral hepatitis , evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections . Antibiotics have no effect on viruses , but several antiviral drugs have been developed .