vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Flint water crisis
Snyder issued an apology to the citizens and promised to fix the problem , and then sent $28 million to Flint for supplies , medical care , and infrastructure upgrades , and later budgeted an additional $30 million to Flint that will give water bill credits of 65 % for residents and 20 % for businesses . Another $165 million for lead pipe replacements and water bill reimbursements was approved by Snyder on June 29 , 2016 . A $170 million stopgap spending bill for repairing and upgrading the city of Flint 's water system and helping with healthcare costs was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 8 , 2016 . The Senate approved it the next day . $100 million of the bill is for infrastructure repairs , $50 million for healthcare costs , and $20 million to pay back loans related to the crisis . On January 6 , 2017 , Snyder signed a bill that accelerates the public notice requirement for lead in drinking water to three business days , from the previous time of 30 days .
Flint water crisis
On March 15 , 2017 , the Genesee County Water and Waste Services Advisory Board voted to construct a new pipeline ; it would be a 7 - mile , 42 - inch connector to the KWA pipeline . The pipeline would allow the treatment of raw Lake Huron water , so the city of Flint can continue to buy pre-treated water from the Great Lakes Water Authority . The $12 million project will allow Flint to remain a customer of the GLWA until at least 2019 .
Sustainability
In recent years , concepts based on ( re - ) cycling resources are increasingly gaining importance . The most prominent among these concepts might be the Circular Economy , with its comprehensive support by the Chinese and the European Union . There is also a broad range of similar concepts or schools of thought , including cradle - to - cradle laws of ecology , looped and performance economy , regenerative design , industrial ecology , biomimicry , and the blue economy . These concepts seem intuitively to be more sustainable than the current linear economic system . The reduction of resource inputs into and waste and emission leakage out of the system reduces resource depletion and environmental pollution . However , these simple assumptions are not sufficient to deal with the involved systemic complexity and disregards potential trade - offs . For example , the social dimension of sustainability seems to be only marginally addressed in many publications on the Circular Economy , and there are cases that require different or additional strategies , like purchasing new , more energy efficient equipment . A review of a team of researchers from Cambridge and TU Delft identified eight different relationship types between sustainability and the circular economy , namely a ( 1 ) conditional relation , a ( 2 ) strong conditional relation , a ( 3 ) necessary but not sufficient conditional relation , a ( 4 ) beneficial relationship a ( structured and unstructured ) ( 5 ) subset relation , a ( 6 ) degree relation , a ( 7 ) cost - benefit / trade - off relation , and a ( 8 ) selective relation .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Professional associations include the American Society of Civil Engineers focused on advocacy for state revolving fund and water resource development legislation , American Water Works Association ( AWWA ) oriented mainly towards drinking water professionals and the Water Environment Federation ( WEF ) geared mainly at wastewater professionals . The geographical scope of both is greater than the U.S. : AWWA has members in 100 countries , with a focus on the U.S. and Canada , and WEF has member associations in 30 countries .
Civilian Conservation Corps
I propose to create ( the CCC ) to be used in complex work , not interfering with abnormal employment , and confining itself to forestry , the prevention of soil erosion , flood control and similar projects . I call your attention to the fact that this type of work is of definite , practical value , not only through the prevention of great present financial loss , but also as a means of creating future national wealth .
Flint water crisis
On July 29 , 2016 , Schuette charged six additional people with crimes in the crisis , three from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and three from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services . From the MDEQ , Liane Shekter - Smith was charged with misconduct in office and willful neglect of duty ; Adam Rosenthal was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to tamper with evidence , tampering with evidence , and neglect ; Adam Cook was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to engage in misconduct in office , and neglect of duty . From the MDHHS , Nancy Peeler , Corinne Miller , and Robert Scott were charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to commit misconduct in office , and willful neglect of duty . MDEQ and MDHHS released a joint statement later that day indicating Peeler , Scott , Cook , and Rosenthal have been suspended without pay . Miller retired in April and Shekter - Smith was fired in February . The cases were consolidated for preliminary hearing purposes on August 9 , since the same witnesses will testify against all defendants . The Attorney General 's office says it has 10 -- 15 witnesses in each case and roughly 50 exhibits in total . On September 14 , 2016 , Miller pleaded no contest to the neglect of duty charge and agreed to testify against the other defendants . She was later sentenced to a year probation , 300 hours of community service , and fined $1,200 .
Flint water crisis
On December 15 , 2015 , Mayor Weaver declared the water issue as a citywide public health state of emergency to prompt help from state and federal officials . Weaver 's declaration said that additional funding will be needed for special education , mental health , juvenile justice , and social services because of the behavioral and cognitive impacts of high blood lead levels . It was subsequently declared a countywide emergency by the Genesee County Board of Commissioners .
Environmental policy of the United States
As a result of the environmental movement in the United States , it continued to mature in the 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed , regulating air and water pollution and forming the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations , there has been a backlash from business and politically conservative interests , limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment . Since the 1970s , despite frequent legislative gridlock , there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation , including increases in air and water quality and , to a lesser degree , control of hazardous waste . Due to increasing scientific consensus on global warming and political pressure from environmental groups , modifications to the United States energy policy and limits on greenhouse gas have been suggested .
Great Barrier Reef
When the plan was introduced in October 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it does n't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution , which can not be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The centralized sanitation infrastructure in the U.S. consists of 1.2 million miles of sewers -- including both sanitary sewers and combined sewers , sewage pumping stations and publicly owned treatment works ( POTW ) . EPA estimated that there were at least 16,583 POTWs operating in 2004 , serving a population of 222.8 million . About 772 communities in the U.S. have combined sewer systems , serving about 40 million people . In addition , at least 17 % of Americans are served by on - site sanitation systems such as septic tanks .
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
In March , 2015 the Nuclear Waste Administration Act of 2015 ( S854 ) was introduced in the U.S. Senate . Its was intended to establish a fully independent Nuclear Waste Administration ( NWA ) which would develop nuclear waste storage and disposal facilities . Construction of such facilities would require the consent of the state , local , and tribal governments which may be affected . The NWA would be required to complete a mission plan to open a pilot storage facility by 2021 for nuclear waste from non-operating reactors and other `` emergency '' deliveries ( called `` priority waste '' ) . The goal would be to have a storage facility for waste from operating reactors or other `` non-priority waste '' available by 2025 , and an actual permanent repository by the end of 2048 . The current disposal limit of 70,000 metric tons for the nation 's initial permanent repository would be repealed . Any nuclear waste fees collected after S854 was enacted would be held in a newly established Working Capital Fund . The Nuclear Waste Administration would be allowed to draw from that fund any amounts needed to carry out S. 854 , unless limited by annual appropriations or authorizations .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Most Americans are served by publicly owned water and sewer utilities . Eleven percent of Americans receive water from private ( so - called `` investor - owned '' ) utilities . In rural areas , cooperatives often provide drinking water . Finally , up to 15 percent of Americans are served by their own wells . Water supply and wastewater systems are regulated by state governments and the federal government . At the state level , health and environmental regulation is entrusted to the corresponding state - level departments . Public Utilities Commissions or Public Service Commissions regulate tariffs charged by private utilities . In some states they also regulate tariffs by public utilities . At the federal level , drinking water quality and wastewater discharges are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , which also provides funding to utilities through State Revolving Funds . Water consumption in the United States is more than double that in Central Europe , with large variations among the states . In 2002 the average American family spent $474 on water and sewerage charges , which is about the same level as in Europe . The median household spent about 1.1 percent of its income on water and sewage .
Environmental policy of the United States
The environmental policy of the United States is a federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States . The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs . As his first official act bringing in the 1970s , President Richard Nixon signed the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) into law on New Years Day , 1970 . NEPA established a comprehensive US national environmental policy and created the requirement to prepare an environmental impact statement for `` major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the environment . '' Eccleston has called NEPA , the world 's `` environmental Magna Carta '' .
Sustainability
Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law , urban planning and transport , local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism . Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions ( e.g. , ecovillages , eco-municipalities and sustainable cities ) , reappraising economic sectors ( permaculture , green building , sustainable agriculture ) , or work practices ( sustainable architecture ) , using science to develop new technologies ( green technologies , renewable energy and sustainable fission and fusion power ) , or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner , and adjusting individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources .
Environmental policy of the United States
Under this administrative strategy of regulatory relief , environmental laws were written and interpreted more favorably for industry interests . The Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) was also given new powers to write regulations . During the first Reagan administration , the OMB was given the power to require a favorable cost - benefit analysis of any regulation before it could be implemented . This was used to delay new regulations , and changes that resulted in regulatory relief often had this requirement waived . At the beginning of the second Reagan administration , the OMB was given more power - all regulatory agencies were required to submit proposals each year for all major environmental regulation - allowing it to reduce regulatory efforts before such proposed regulations became public .
Environmental policy of the United States
On January 1 , 1970 , President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) , beginning the 1970s as the environmental decade . NEPA created the Council on Environmental Quality which oversaw the environmental impact of federal actions . Later in the year , Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , which consolidated environmental programs from other agencies into a single entity . The legislation during this period concerned primarily first - generation pollutants in the air , surface water , groundwater , and solid waste disposal . Air pollutants such as particulates , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , carbon monoxide , and ozone were put under regulation , and issues such as acid rain , visibility , and global warming were also concerns . In surface water , the contaminants of concern were dissolved oxygen , bacteria , suspended and dissolved solids , nutrients , and toxic substances such as metals . For groundwater , the pollutants included biological contaminants , inorganic and organic substances , and radionuclides . Finally , solid waste contaminants from agriculture , industry , mining , municipalities , and others were put under control .
Great Pacific garbage patch
On 11 April 2013 , in order to create awareness , artist Maria Cristina Finucci founded The Garbage Patch State at UNESCO -- Paris in front of Director General Irina Bokova . It was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment . In 2015 , The Ocean Cleanup project was a category winner in the Design Museum 's 2015 Designs of the Year awards . A fleet of 30 vessels , including a 32 - metre ( 105 - foot ) mothership , took part in a month - long voyage to determine how much plastic is present using trawls and aerial surveys . NOAA
Flint water crisis
On June 22 , 2016 , the Michigan Attorney General 's Office filed a civil suit against engineering firms Veolia North America and Lockwood , Andrews & Newnam ( LAN ) who were hired to consult Flint water plant officials after the switch to the Flint River in April 2015 . The lawsuit accuses Veolia and LAN of professional negligence and public nuisance . Veolia is also accused of fraud . Veolia called the accusations `` baseless , entirely unfounded and ( appearing ) to be intended to distract from the troubling and disturbing realities that have emerged as a result of this tragedy , '' and then added , `` In fact , when Veolia raised potential lead and copper issues , city officials and representatives told us to exclude it from our scope of work because the city and the EPA were just beginning to conduct lead and copper testing . ''
Hurricane Katrina
The Corps of Engineers disputes these causalities . Nonetheless , in June 2008 , the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District submitted a Deep - Draft De-authorization Study of the MRGO which stated that `` an economic evaluation of channel navigation use does not demonstrate a Federal interest in continued operation and maintenance of the channel . '' Congress ordered the MRGO closed as a direct result .
Environmental policy of the United States
The aim of hazardous waste regulation is to prevent harm from occurring due to hazardous waste and to pass the burdens of cleanup of hazardous waste on to the original producers of the waste . Some of the problems of hazardous waste regulation are that the negative effects of hazardous waste can be difficult to detect and controversial and that , due mainly to the large amount of hazardous waste that is generated ( 214 million tons in 1995 ) , regulation can be difficult and costly .
Flint water crisis
On November 15 , 2016 , Chief Judge Richard B. Yuille , Circuit Court of Genesee County , entered a Case Management Order , wherein he appointed attorney Corey M. Stern , of Levy Konigsberg , L.L.P. , `` Lead Counsel '' for all plaintiffs maintaining claims in the Circuit Court of Genesee County for personal injuries and property damage sustained as a result of the Flint Water Crisis . Attorney Wayne B. Mason , of Drinker , Biddle & Reath , L.L.P. , was appointed `` Lead Counsel '' for the Defendants . Judge Yuille called for a small number of lawsuits related to the Flint Water Crisis to serve as bellwethers , cases that will be fully developed and tried to verdict with the idea that they will help attorneys in other cases evaluate whether to settle or take their cases to trial .
Flint water crisis
On January 9 , 2016 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) sent two liaison officers to the Michigan Emergency Operations Center to work with the state to monitor the situation .
Recycling
In order to meet recyclers ' needs while providing manufacturers a consistent , uniform system , a coding system was developed . The recycling code for plastics was introduced in 1988 by the plastics industry through the Society of the Plastics Industry . Because municipal recycling programs traditionally have targeted packaging -- primarily bottles and containers -- the resin coding system offered a means of identifying the resin content of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
State workers began work at closing the 17th Street Canal breach , and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers adds additional resources to the task .
Environmental policy of the United States
Ronald Reagan entered office skeptical of environmental protection laws and campaigned against harsh government regulation with the environmental arena in mind . As Reagan entered office , he was given two transition reports -- one called `` Mandate for Leadership '' from the Heritage Foundation and one called `` Avoiding a GOP Economic Dunkirk '' from conservative Congressman David Stockman ( R - MI ) -- that called for drastic changes in environmental regulation , primarily through administrative changes . In pursuit of this strategy , Reagan gradually reduced the EPA 's budget by 30 % through the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 , cut the number of EPA employees , and appointed people at key agency positions who would enthusiastically follow the administration line . Appointees such as Anne Burford at the EPA and James G. Watt at the Department of the Interior were overtly hostile to environmental protection . Through his appointments , Reagan changed the operations of environmental protection from stiff regulation to `` cooperative regulation . ''
Great Barrier Reef
In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment .
Flint water crisis
On June 14 , 2017 , Schuette announced new involuntary manslaughter charges -- 15 - year felonies -- against Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Director Nick Lyon , former Flint emergency manager Darnell Earley , former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft , former Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Drinking Water chief Liane Shekter - Smith and DEQ District Supervisor Stephen Busch . Also charged was Dr. Eden Wells , chief medical executive of DHHS , who faces allegations of obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer . Lyon was also charged with a single count of misconduct in office after being accused of having received notice of the Legionnaires ' outbreak at least a year before informing the public and the governor , while Wells is also accused of threatening to withhold funding to the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership unless the partnership ceased its investigation into the source of the Legionnaires ' outbreak . On October 9 , 2017 , Dr. Wells was charged with involuntary manslaughter and misconduct in office .
Sustainability
Application of social sustainability requires stakeholders to look at human and labor rights , prevention of human trafficking , and other human rights risks . These issues should be considered in production and procurement of various worldwide commodities . The international community has identified many industries whose practices have been known to violate social sustainability , and many of these industries have organizations in place that aid in verifying the social sustainability of products and services . The Equator Principles ( financial industry ) , Fair Wear Foundation ( garments ) , and Electronics Industry Citizenship Coalition are examples of such organizations and initiatives . Resources are also available for verifying the life - cycle of products and the producer or vendor level , such as Green Seal for cleaning products , NSF - 140 for carpet production , and even labeling of Organic food in the United States .
Water in California
The California Water Documents collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library is a valuable online resource of archived materials related to California 's water history . Additionally , the collection has digitized materials relating to the creation and operation of both the Central Valley Project and the California State Water Project as well as their component units . The items represented in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library are part of a larger collection entitled the Water Resources Collection in Special Collections at Claremont Colleges ' Honnold / Mudd Library . The Water Resources Collection was started in the 1930s by Librarian Willis Holmes Kerr and Librarian and Claremont Colleges ' Trustee John Treanor . These librarians ' interest in California 's water problem led them to start collecting a variety of documents related to water history and usage from around the state . It includes reports of engineers , annual reports and minute books of boards of directors of water companies , documents of federal and state governments , promotional pamphlets , and newspaper clippings . Most of the documents focus on the water history from the first half of the 20th century , but there are additional , more recent publications included , which have been donated by Claremont Graduate University Professor Merrill Goodall . The California Water Documents collection is currently a work in progress at the Claremont Colleges Digital Library .