vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Origin of the domestic dog
A comparison of the ancestry of the Taimyr - 1 lineage to the dog lineage indicated that some modern dog breeds have a closer association with either the gray wolf or Taimyr - 1 due to admixture . The Saarloos wolfdog showed more association with the gray wolf , which is in agreement with the documented historical crossbreeding with gray wolves in this breed . Taimyr - 1 shared more alleles ( i.e. gene expressions ) with those breeds that are associated with high latitudes - the Siberian husky and Greenland dog that are also associated with arctic human populations , and to a lesser extent the Shar Pei and Finnish spitz . An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best - fit of 3.5 % shared material , although an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4 % and 27.3 % is consistent with the data . This indicates admixture between the Taimyr - 1 population and the ancestral dog population of these four high - latitude breeds . These results can be explained either by a very early presence of dogs in northern Eurasia or by the genetic legacy of Taimyr - 1 being preserved in northern wolf populations until the arrival of dogs at high latitudes . This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment . It also indicates that the ancestry of present - day dog breeds descends from more than one region .
Evidence of common descent
The two species have very different behaviours , are extremely difficult to mate , and with different allele frequency , consistent with genetic drift during a founder event . More specifically , this mosquito , Culex pipiens molestus , breeds all - year round , is cold intolerant , and bites rats , mice , and humans , in contrast to the above ground species Culex pipiens that is cold tolerant , hibernates in the winter , and bites only birds . When the two varieties were cross-bred the eggs were infertile suggesting reproductive isolation .
Origin of the domestic dog
In May 2015 , a study compared the ancestry of the Taimyr - 1 wolf lineage to that of dogs and gray wolves .
Feral pig
The first recorded release of pigs in Australia was made by Captain James Cook at Adventure Bay , Bruny Island in 1777 . This was part of his policy of introducing animals and plants to newly discovered countries . He `` carried them ( a boar and sow ) about a mile within the woods at the head of the bay and there left them by the side of a fresh water brook '' . The deliberate introduction of pigs into previously pig - free areas seems to have been common . As recently as the early 1970s , pigs were introduced to Babel Island , off the east coast of Flinders Island . These pigs were eradicated by Department of Agriculture staff with local assistance .
Primate
Although primates are well studied in comparison to other animal groups , several new species have been discovered recently , and genetic tests have revealed previously unrecognised species in known populations . Primate Taxonomy listed about 350 species of primates in 2001 ; the author , Colin Groves , increased that number to 376 for his contribution to the third edition of Mammal Species of the World ( MSW3 ) . However , publications since the taxonomy in MSW3 was compiled in 2003 have pushed the number to 424 species , or 658 including subspecies .
Primate
According to genetic studies , the lemurs of Madagascar diverged from the lorisoids approximately 75 mya . These studies , as well as chromosomal and molecular evidence , also show that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other strepsirrhine primates . However , Madagascar split from Africa 160 mya and from India 90 mya . To account for these facts , a founding lemur population of a few individuals is thought to have reached Madagascar from Africa via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 mya . Other colonization options have been examined , such as multiple colonizations from Africa and India , but none are supported by the genetic and molecular evidence . Common
Ancient Egypt
For the fact is as I soon came to realise myself , and then heard from others later , that the Colchians are obviously Egyptian . When the notion occurred to me , I asked both the Colchians and the Egyptians about it , and found that the Colchians had better recall of the Egyptians than the Egyptians did of them . Some Egyptians said that they thought the Colchians originated with Sesostris ' army , but I myself guessed their Egyptian origin not only because the Colchians are dark - skinned and curly - haired ( which does not count for much by itself , because these features are common in others too ) but more importantly because Colchians , Egyptians and Ethiopians are the only peoples in the world who practise circumcision and who have always done so .
India
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana , from which the Indian plate separated more than 105 million years before present . Peninsular India 's subsequent movement towards and collision with the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species . Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago forced a mass extinction . Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya . Thus , while 45.8 % of reptiles and 55.8 % of amphibians are endemic , only 12.6 % of mammals and 4.5 % of birds are . Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome 's toad of the Western Ghats . India contains 172 IUCN - designated threatened animal species , or 2.9 % of endangered forms . These include the Asiatic lion , the Bengal tiger , the snow leopard and the Indian white - rumped vulture , which , by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac - laced cattle , nearly became extinct .
Saudi Arabia
In November 2017 hunting scenes showing images of most likely domesticated dogs , resembling the Canaan dog , wearing leashes were discovered in Shuwaymis , a hilly region of northwestern Saudi Arabia . These rock engravings date back more than 8000 years , making them the earliest depictions of dogs in the world . Jubail
House sparrow
A large number of subspecies have been named , of which 12 were recognised in the Handbook of the Birds of the World . These subspecies are divided into two groups , the Palaearctic P. d. domesticus group , and the Oriental P. d. indicus group . Several Middle Eastern subspecies , including P. d. biblicus , are sometimes considered a third , intermediate group . The subspecies P. d. indicus was described as a species , and was considered to be distinct by many ornithologists during the 19th century .
Cell theory
Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body ( 100 -- 150 different cell types ) , compared with 10 -- 20 in plants , fungi , and protoctista .
Evidence of common descent
All organisms are adapted to their environment to a greater or lesser extent . If the abiotic and biotic factors within a habitat are capable of supporting a particular species in one geographic area , then one might assume that the same species would be found in a similar habitat in a similar geographic area , e.g. in Africa and South America . This is not the case . Plant and animal species are discontinuously distributed throughout the world :
Neolithic Revolution
Evidence of drainage ditches at Kuk Swamp on the borders of the Western and Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea shows evidence of the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops , dating back to 11,000 BP . Two potentially significant economic species , taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) and yam ( Dioscorea sp . ) , have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present ( cal BP ) . Further evidence of bananas and sugarcane dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BP . This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops , and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier . CSIRO has found evidence that taro was introduced into the Solomon Islands for human use , from 28,000 years ago , making taro cultivation the earliest crop in the world . It seems to have resulted in the spread of the Trans -- New Guinea languages from New Guinea east into the Solomon Islands and west into Timor and adjacent areas of Indonesia . This seems to confirm the theories of Carl Sauer who , in `` Agricultural Origins and Dispersals '' , suggested as early as 1952 that this region was a centre of early agriculture .
Mustang
The horse family Equidae and the genus Equus evolved in North America . Fossil evidence dating to the Eocene Studies using ancient DNA as well as DNA of recent individuals shows there once were two unrelated horse species in North America , the wild horse ( Equus ferus ) , Horses existed in Canada as recently as 12,000 years ago , and a 1992 study produced evidence that horses existed in the Americas until 8,000 -- 10,000 years ago . and Haringtonhippus francisci or the `` New World stilt - legged horse '' .
Elk
There are numerous subspecies of elk described , with six from North America and four from Asia , although some taxonomists consider them different ecotypes or races of the same species ( adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior ) . Populations vary as to antler shape and size , body size , coloration and mating behavior . DNA investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that phenotypic variation in antlers , mane and rump patch development are based on `` climatic - related lifestyle factors '' . Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times , four remain , including the Roosevelt ( C. canadensis roosevelti ) , Tule ( C. canadensis nannodes ) , Manitoban ( C. canadensis manitobensis ) and Rocky Mountain ( C. canadensis nelsoni ) . The Eastern elk ( C. canadensis canadensis ) and Merriam 's elk ( C. canadensis merriami ) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century .
Red deer
Genetic evidence clearly shows the wapiti and western red deer form two separate species . Among western red deer , the easternmost forms ( from the Caspian Sea to western China ) form a primordial subgroup , which includes the Yarkand deer and Bactrian deer ( the two may be synonymous ) .
Sewing
Decorative embroidery was valued in many cultures worldwide . Although most embroidery stitches in the Western repertoire are traditionally British , Irish or Western European in origin , stitches originating in different cultures are known throughout the world today . Some examples are the Cretan Open Filling stitch , Romanian Couching or Oriental Couching , and the Japanese stitch . The stitches associated with embroidery spread by way of the trade routes that were active during the Middle Ages . The Silk Road brought Chinese embroidery techniques to Western Asia and Eastern Europe , while techniques originating in the Middle East spread to Southern and Western Europe through Morocco and Spain . European imperial settlements also spread embroidery and sewing techniques worldwide . However , there are instances of sewing techniques indigenous to cultures in distant locations from one another , where cross-cultural communication would have been historically unlikely . For example , a method of reverse appliqué known to areas of South America is also known to Southeast Asia .
Origin of the domestic dog
Dog evolution ( from the Latin evolutio : `` unrolling '' ) is the biological descent with modification that led to the domestic dog . This process encompasses small - scale evolution ( changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next ) and large - scale evolution ( the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations ) .
Wild turkey
There are subtle differences in the coloration , habitat , and behavior of the different subspecies of wild turkeys . The six subspecies are : Eastern
Evidence of common descent
Other hybrids descended from the same two parents are known . Some are infertile , such as S. x baxteri . Other fertile hybrids are also known , including S. vulgaris var . hibernicus , now common in Britain , and the allohexaploid S. cambrensis , which according to molecular evidence probably originated independently at least three times in different locations . Morphological and genetic evidence support the status of S. eboracensis as separate from other known hybrids . Thale
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2015 , a study was conducted on a partial rib - bone ( designated as Taimyr - 1 ) found near the Bolshaya Balakhnaya River in the Taymyr Peninsula , Arctic North Asia , that was AMS radiocarbon dated to 34,900 YBP . The sample provided the first draft genome from the cell nucleus of a Pleistocene carnivore and the sequence was identified as belonging to Canis lupus . The sequence indicated that the Taimyr - 1 lineage was separate to modern wolves and dogs . Using the Taimyr - 1 specimen 's radiocarbon date in addition to its genome sequence compared to that of a modern wolf , a direct estimate of the mutation rate in dogs and wolves could be made to calculate the time of divergence . The study indicated that the Taimyr - 1 population , gray wolves and dogs diverged from a now - extinct common ancestor before the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum 27,000 - 40,000 years ago . Such an early divergence is consistent with several paleontological reports of dog - like canids dated up to 36,000 YBP , as well as evidence that domesticated dogs most likely accompanied early colonizers into the Americas . The study proposed that the timing of this separation of the dog and wolf did not have to coincide with selective breeding by humans .
Origin of the domestic dog
Gray wolf divergence and timing wolf / dog ancestor New World clade 5,400 ( 13,000 ) YBP Mexico North America / Hokkaido ( 12,500 ( 31,000 ) YBP ) Old World clade Old World wolves 11,000 ( 27,500 ) YBP Asian highland Asian lowland Middle East Europe Ancestral dog 10,300 ( 25,700 ) YBP Dog Dingo Basenji ( 11,700 ( 29,000 ) YBP ) Whole - genome phylogenetic tree - extant gray wolf populations , with divergence times calculated using an assumed mutation rate of Lindblad - Toh ( 1x10 ) or ( Skoglund ) ( 0.4 x10 ) . The dog is a genetically divergent subspecies of the gray wolf , with substantial divergence between the dog lineages as nearly as distinct from one another as wolves are from dogs , which may reflect more admixture and wolf ancestry retained in their genome .
House sparrow
Migratory birds of the subspecies P. d. bactrianus in the P. d. indicus group were recorded overlapping with P. d. domesticus birds without hybridising in the 1970s , so the Soviet scientists Edward I. Gavrilov and M.N. Korelov proposed the separation of the P. d. indicus group as a separate species . However , P. d. indicus - group and P. d. domesticus - group birds intergrade in a large part of Iran , so this split is rarely recognised .
Evidence of common descent
The probable course of development of horses from Hyracotherium to Equus ( the modern horse ) involved at least 12 genera and several hundred species . The major trends seen in the development of the horse to changing environmental conditions may be summarized as follows :
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
Japanese dwarf flying squirrels have evolved differently from other Sciuridae . The differences between Japanese dwarf flying squirrels and other Sciuridae is evident when comparing morphology of the mandible and genetic code . The mandible of the Japanese dwarf flying squirrel does not have a coronoid process unlike the American dwarf squirrels ( Microsciurus ) . The marmots ( Marmota ) also have a more elongated mandible than the Japanese dwarf flying squirrel . This is due to phylogeny and ecology . There are also large differences in chromosome structure between P. momonga and the only other member of the Pteromys genus , Pteromys volans . Though they have the same number of chromosomes ( 2n = 38 ) , their karyotypes differ extensively due to pericentric inversions , tandem fusions , and deletion of large segments of the autosomes and the Y chromosome . Because of these deletions , the P. volans genome contains about fifteen percent less DNA than P. momonga . These findings suggest that the karyotype of P. momonga more closely resembles the ancestor of P. volans and P. momonga .
Fingerprint
Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints , especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects ; these include many primates , such as gorillas and chimpanzees , Australian koalas and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher . According to one study , even with an electron microscope , it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human . Koalas ' independent development of fingerprints is an example of convergent evolution .
Primate
Suborder Haplorhini , the simple - nosed or `` dry - nosed '' primates , is composed of two sister clades . Prosimian tarsiers in the family Tarsiidae ( monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes ) , represent the most basal division , originating about 58 mya . The earliest known haplorhine skeleton , that of 55 MA old tarsier - like Archicebus , was found in central China , supporting an already suspected Asian origin for the group . The infraorder Simiiformes ( simian primates , consisting of monkeys and apes ) emerged about 40 mya , possibly also in Asia ; if so , they dispersed across the Tethys Sea from Asia to Africa soon afterwards . There are two simian clades , both parvorders : Catarrhini , which developed in Africa , consisting of Old World monkeys , humans and the other apes , and Platyrrhini , which developed in South America , consisting of New World monkeys . A third clade , which included the eosimiids , developed in Asia , but became extinct millions of years ago .
North Africa
Over the years , Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures : Greeks , Phoenicians , Egyptians , Romans , Vandals , Arabs , Europeans and native Africans . The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combine indigenous Berber , Arab and elements from neighboring parts of Africa and beyond . In the Sahara , the distinction between sedentary oasis inhabitants and nomadic Bedouins and Tuaregs is particularly marked . The
Lion
Additional lion subspecies , or sister species to the modern lion , existed in prehistoric times :
Evidence of common descent
The York groundsel ( Senecio eboracensis ) is a hybrid species of the self - incompatible Senecio squalidus ( also known as Oxford ragwort ) and the self - compatible Senecio vulgaris ( also known as common groundsel ) . Like S. vulgaris , S. eboracensis is self - compatible , however , it shows little or no natural crossing with its parent species , and is therefore reproductively isolated , indicating that strong breed barriers exist between this new hybrid and its parents . It resulted from a backcrossing of the F1 hybrid of its parents to S. vulgaris . S. vulgaris is native to Britain , while S. squalidus was introduced from Sicily in the early 18th century ; therefore , S. eboracensis has speciated from those two species within the last 300 years .
Jumping the broom
There have also been suggestions that the expression may derive from an actual custom of jumping over a `` broomstick '' ( where `` broom '' refers to the plant common broom rather than the household implement ) associated with the gypsies ( Romani ) of the United Kingdom , especially those in Wales .
Red deer
In the Netherlands , a large herd ( ca . 3000 animals counted in late 2012 ) lives in the Oostvaarders Plassen , a nature reserve . Ireland has its own unique subspecies . In the UK , indigenous populations occur in Scotland , the Lake District , and the South West of England ( principally on Exmoor ) . Not all of these are of entirely pure bloodlines , as some of these populations have been supplemented with deliberate releases of deer from parks , such as Warnham or Woburn Abbey , in an attempt to increase antler sizes and body weights . The University of Edinburgh found that , in Scotland , there has been extensive hybridisation with the closely related sika deer . Several other populations have originated either with `` carted '' deer kept for stag hunts being left out at the end of the hunt , escapes from deer farms , or deliberate releases . Carted deer were kept by stag hunts with no wild red deer in the locality and were normally recaptured after the hunt and used again ; although the hunts are called `` stag hunts '' , the Norwich Staghounds only hunted hinds ( female red deer ) , and in 1950 , at least eight hinds ( some of which may have been pregnant ) were known to be at large near Kimberley and West Harling ; they formed the basis of a new population based in Thetford Forest in Norfolk . Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the New Forest , the Peak District , Suffolk , Lancashire , Brecon Beacons , and North Yorkshire , as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout England and Wales , and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range . A census of deer populations in 2007 and again in 2011 coordinated by the British Deer Society records the red deer as having continued to expand their range in England and Wales since 2000 , with expansion most notable in the Midlands and East Anglia .
Origin of the domestic dog
13,000 Palegawra , Iraq Mandible 12,900 Ushki I , Kamchatka , Russia Complete skeleton 12,790 Nanzhuangtou , China 31 fragments including a complete mandible 12,500 Kartstein cave , Mechernich , Germany Ancient dog skull . In 2013 , the DNA sequence was identified as Canis lupus familiaris i.e. dog . 12,450 Yakutia , Siberia Mummified carcass . The `` Black Dog of Tumat '' was found frozen into the ice core of an oxbow lake steep ravine at the middle course of the Syalaah River in the Ust - Yana region . DNA analysis confirmed it as an early dog . 12,000 Ain Mallaha ( Eynan ) and HaYonim terrace , Israel Three canid finds . A diminutive carnassial and a mandible , and a wolf or dog puppy skeleton buried with a human during the Natufian culture . 9,000 Jiahu site , China Eleven dog interments . Jaihu is a Neolithic site 22 kilometers north of Wuyang in Henan Province . 8,000 Svaerdborg site , Denmark Three different dog types recorded at this Maglemosian culture site . 7,425 Baikal region , Russia , Central Asia Dog buried in a human burial ground . Additionally , a human skull was found buried between the legs of a `` tundra wolf '' dated 8,320 BP ( but it does not match any known wolf DNA ) . The evidence indicates that as soon as formal cemeteries developed in Baikal , some canids began to receive mortuary treatments that closely paralleled those of humans . One dog was found buried with four red deer canine pendants around its neck dated 5,770 BP . Many burials of dogs continued in this region with the latest finding at 3,760 BP , and they were buried lying on their right side and facing towards the east as did their humans . Some were buried with artifacts , e.g. , stone blades , birch bark and antler bone .
Elk
Although they are native to North America and eastern Asia , they have adapted well to countries in which they have been introduced , including Argentina and New Zealand . Their great adaptability may threaten endemic species and ecosystems into which they have been introduced .