vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Round Table Conferences (India)
British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay Macdonald , Lord Sankey , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , J.H. Thomas , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , Earl Russell Conservative : Earl Peel , Marquess of Zetland , Samuel Hoare , Oliver Stanley Liberal : Marquess of Reading , Marquess of Lothian , Sir Robert Hamilton , Isaac Foot Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala ( Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes ) , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. Kailas Narain Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) British - Indian Representatives : Muslim League : Aga Khan III ( leader of British - Indian delegation ) , Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi Hindus : B.S. Moonje , M.R. Jayakar , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , Tej Bahadur Sapru , C.Y. Chintamani , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav , Sir A.P. Patro Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Phiroze Sethna , Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody Indian Christians : K.T. Paul Europeans : Sir Hubert Carr
Partition of India
Two years later , the Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy , increasing the number of voters in India to 35 million . More significantly , law and order issues were for the first time devolved from British authority to provincial governments headed by Indians . This increased Muslim anxieties about eventual Hindu domination . In the Indian provincial elections , 1937 , the Muslim League turned out its best performance in Muslim - minority provinces such as the United Provinces , where it won 29 of the 64 reserved Muslim seats . However , in the Muslim - majority regions of the Punjab and Bengal regional parties outperformed the League . In the Punjab , the Unionist Part of Sikandar Hayat Khan , won the elections and formed a government , with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Shiromani Akali Dal , which lasted five years . In Bengal , the League had to share power in a coalition headed by A.K. Fazlul Huq , the leader of the Krishak Praja Party .
Non-cooperation movement
But many historians and Indian leaders of the time also defended Gandhi 's judgment . However , there have been claims that Gandhi called off the movement in an attempt to salvage his own personal image , which would have been tarnished had he been blamed for the Chauri Chaura incident , although a similar type of movement was introduced in 1930 , the civil disobedience movement . The main difference was the introduction of a policy of violating the law .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms , but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts with Mohandas K. Gandhi and after openly attacking the Congress ' foreign and internal policies . Bose believed that Gandhi 's tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India 's independence , and advocated violent resistance . He established a separate political party , the All India Forward Bloc and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule . He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times .
Ganesh Chaturthi
Although it is unknown when ( or how ) Ganesha Chaturthi was first observed , the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of Shivaji ( 1630 -- 1680 , founder of the Maratha Empire ) . After the start of the British Raj , the Ganesha festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in Maharashtra until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak . The festival , along with processions , was already in vogue as a public and a private celebration in Mumbai ( then called Bombay ) in 1885 , according to the eyewitness account by a visiting Italian Sanskrit professor Angelo de Gubernatis :
Subhas Chandra Bose
`` Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in order to free India from the shackles of British imperialism organized the Azad Hind Government from outside the country on October 21 , 1943 . Netaji set up the Provisional Government of Independent India ( Azad Hind ) and transferred its headquarter at Rangoon on January 7 , 1944 . On the 5th April , 1944 , the `` Azad Hind Bank '' was inaugurated at Rangoon . It was on this occasion that Netaji used this chair for the first time . Later the chair was kept at the residence of Netaji at 51 , University Avenue , Rangoon , where the office of the Azad Hind Government was also housed . Afterwards , at the time of leaving Burma , the Britishers handed over the chair to the family of Mr. A.T. Ahuja , the well known business man of Rangoon . The chair was officially handed over to the Government of India in January 1979 . It was brought to Calcutta on the 17th July , 1980 . It has now been ceremonially installed at the Red Fort on July 7 , 1981 . ''
Bangladesh Liberation War
Prior to the Partition of British India , the Lahore Resolution initially envisaged separate Muslim - majority states in the eastern and northwestern zones of British India . A proposal for an independent United Bengal was mooted by Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy in 1946 , but was opposed by the colonial authorities . The East Pakistan Renaissance Society advocated the creation of a sovereign state in eastern British India . Eventually , political negotiations led , in August 1947 , to the official birth of two states , Pakistan and India , giving presumably permanent homes for Muslims and Hindus respectively following the departure of the British . The Dominion of Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the west with India in between . The western zone was popularly ( and for a period , also officially ) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone ( modern - day Bangladesh ) was initially termed East Bengal and later , East Pakistan . Although the population of the two zones was close to equal , political power was concentrated in West Pakistan and it was widely perceived that East Pakistan was being exploited economically , leading to many grievances . Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge . On 25 March 1971 , after an election won by an East Pakistani political party ( the Awami League ) was ignored by the ruling ( West Pakistani ) establishment , rising political discontent and cultural nationalism in East Pakistan was met by brutal suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment , in what came to be termed Operation Searchlight . The violent crackdown by the Pakistan Army led to Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declaring East Pakistan 's independence as the state of Bangladesh on 26 March 1971 . Most Bengalis threw their support behind this move although Islamists and Biharis opposed this and sided with the Pakistan Army instead . Pakistani President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ordered the Pakistani military to restore the Pakistani government 's authority , beginning the civil war . The war led to a sea of refugees ( estimated at the time to be about 10 million ) flooding into the eastern provinces of India . Facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis , India started actively aiding and organising the Bangladeshi resistance army known as the Mukti Bahini .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel 's position at the highest level in the Congress was largely connected with his role from 1934 onwards ( when the Congress abandoned its boycott of elections ) in the party organisation . Based at an apartment in Mumbai , he became the Congress 's main fundraiser and chairman of its Central Parliamentary Board , playing the leading role in selecting and financing candidates for the 1934 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi and for the provincial elections of 1936 . In addition to collecting funds and selecting candidates , he also determined the Congress 's stance on issues and opponents . Not contesting a seat for himself , Patel nevertheless guided Congressmen elected in the provinces and at the national level . In 1935 Patel underwent surgery for haemorrhoids , yet continued to direct efforts against the plague in Bardoli and again when a drought struck Gujarat in 1939 . Patel guided the Congress ministries that had won power across India with the aim of preserving party discipline -- Patel feared that the British would take advantage of opportunities to create conflict among elected Congressmen , and he did not want the party to be distracted from the goal of complete independence . Patel clashed with Nehru , opposing declarations of the adoption of socialism at the 1936 Congress session , which he believed was a diversion from the main goal of achieving independence . In 1938 Patel organised rank and file opposition to the attempts of then - Congress president Subhas Chandra Bose to move away from Gandhi 's principles of non-violent resistance . Patel saw Bose as wanting more power over the party . He led senior Congress leaders in a protest that resulted in Bose 's resignation . But criticism arose from Bose 's supporters , socialists , and other Congressmen that Patel himself was acting in an authoritarian manner in his defence of Gandhi 's authority .
All-India Muslim League
Aga Khan III ( 1877 -- 1957 ) played a leading role in founding AIML ; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India . He shared Ahmad Khan 's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics . Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India . Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912 , he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas . in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league .
Partition of India
The Indian political leaders accepted the Plan on 2 June . It did not deal with the question of the princely states , but on 3 June Mountbatten advised them against remaining independent and urged them to join one of the two new dominions .
Subhas Chandra Bose
During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe , visiting Indian students and European politicians , including Benito Mussolini . He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action . In this period , he also researched and wrote the first part of his book The Indian Struggle , which covered the country 's independence movement in the years 1920 -- 1934 . Although it was published in London in 1935 , the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest .
History of India
After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century , North India reverted to smaller republics and monarchical states . The power vacuum resulted in the rise of the Vardhanas of Thanesar , who began uniting the republics and monarchies from the Punjab to central India . After the death of Harsha 's father and brother , representatives of the empire crowned Harsha emperor at an assembly in April 606 CE , giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old . At the height of his power , his Empire covered much of North and Northwestern India , extended East till Kamarupa , and South until Narmada River ; and eventually made Kannauj ( in present Uttar Pradesh state ) his capital , and ruled till 647 CE .
Vallabhbhai Patel
At the urging of his friends , Patel ran in the election for the post of sanitation commissioner of Ahmedabad in 1917 and won . While often clashing with British officials on civic issues , he did not show any interest in politics . Upon hearing of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , he joked to the lawyer and political activist , Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar , that `` Gandhi would ask you if you know how to shift pebbles from wheat . And that is supposed to bring independence . '' A subsequent meeting with Gandhi , in October 1917 fundamentally changed Patel and led him to join the Indian independence struggle .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The civilian rebellion was more multifarious . The rebels consisted of three groups : the feudal nobility , rural landlords called taluqdars , and the peasants . The nobility , many of whom had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse , which refused to recognise the adopted children of princes as legal heirs , felt that the Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance . Rebel leaders such as Nana Sahib and the Rani of Jhansi belonged to this group ; the latter , for example , was prepared to accept East India Company supremacy if her adopted son was recognised as her late husband 's heir . In other areas of central India , such as Indore and Saugar , where such loss of privilege had not occurred , the princes remained loyal to the Company , even in areas where the sepoys had rebelled . The second group , the taluqdars , had lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms that came in the wake of annexation of Oudh . As the rebellion gained ground , the taluqdars quickly reoccupied the lands they had lost , and paradoxically , in part because of ties of kinship and feudal loyalty , did not experience significant opposition from the peasant farmers , many of whom joined the rebellion , to the great dismay of the British . It has also been suggested that heavy land - revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders , and providing ultimately a reason to rebel ; money lenders , in addition to the Company , were particular objects of the rebels ' animosity . The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution , even in areas of north - central India that were no longer under British control . For example , the relatively prosperous Muzaffarnagar district , a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme , and next door to Meerut , where the upheaval began , stayed relatively calm throughout .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Opposition to the partition was supported by Henry John Stedman Cotton who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam , but Curzon was not to be moved . Later , Cotton , now Liberal MP for Nottingham East coordinated the successful campaign to oust the first lieutenant - governor of East Bengal , Sir Bampfylde Fuller .
Partition of India
The overwhelming , but predominantly Hindu , protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear , in its wake , of reforms favouring the Hindu majority , now led the Muslim elite in India , in 1906 , to meet with the new viceroy , Lord Minto , and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims . In conjunction , they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British . This led , in December 1906 , to the founding of the All - India Muslim League in Dacca . Although Curzon , by now , had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England , the League was in favour of his partition plan . The Muslim elite 's position , which was reflected in the League 's position , had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades , beginning with the 1871 Census of British India , which had first estimated the populations in regions of Muslim majority . ( For his part , Curzon 's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census , the first comprehensive census there -- and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the 1857 Mutiny and the Second Anglo - Afghan War -- about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown . ) In the three decades since that census , Muslim leaders across northern India , had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups . The Arya Samaj , for example , had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation , but also -- distraught at the 1871 Census 's Muslim numbers -- organized `` reconversion '' events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold . In the United Provinces , Muslims became anxious when , in the late 19th century , political representation increased , giving more power to Hindus , and Hindus were politically mobilized in the Hindi - Urdu controversy and the anti-cow - killing riots of 1893 . In 1905 , when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress , and the Congress itself rallied around symbolism of Kali , Muslim fears increased . It was not lost on many Muslims , for example , that the rallying cry , `` Bande Mataram '' , had first appeared in the novel Anand Math in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors .
Vallabhbhai Patel
As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India , Patel organised relief efforts for refugees fleeing from Punjab and Delhi and worked to restore peace . He led the task of forging a united India , successfully integrating into the newly independent nation those British colonial provinces that had been `` allocated '' to India . Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule , approximately 565 self - governing princely states had been released from British suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act of 1947 . Threatening military force , Patel persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India . His commitment to national integration in the newly independent country was total and uncompromising , earning him the sobriquet `` Iron Man of India '' . He is also remembered as the `` patron saint of India 's civil servants '' for having established the modern all - India services system . He is also called the `` Unifier of India '' .
Governor General of Canada
In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity , images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed , and Vanier 's successor , Roland Michener , was the last viceroy to practice many of the office 's ancient traditions , such as the wearing of the Windsor uniform , the requirement of court dress for state occasions , and expecting women to curtsey before the governor general . At the same time , he initiated new practices for the viceroy , including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of state visits . He presided over Canada 's centennial celebrations and the coincidental Expo 67 , to which French president Charles de Gaulle was invited . Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous `` Vive le Québec libre '' speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener . With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution , the establishment of a distinct Canadian honours system , an increase of state visits coming with Canada 's growing role on the world stage , and the more prevalent use of television to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs , the governor general became more publicly active in national life .
Early Nationalists
Dadabhai Naoroji , popularly known as the `` Grand Old Man of India '' , took an active part in the foundation of the Indian National Congress and was elected its President thrice , in 1886 , 1893 and after the Moderate phase in 1906 . He spent a major part of his life in Britain to create awareness among British people and politicians about the plight of Indians .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Kunwar Singh , the 80 - year - old Rajput Zamindar of Jagdispur , whose estate was in the process of being sequestrated by the Revenue Board , instigated and assumed the leadership of revolt in Bihar .
Independence Day (India)
In 1946 , the Labour government in Britain , its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II , realised that it had neither the mandate at home , the international support , nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India . In February 1947 , Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government would grant full self - governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In April 1928 Patel returned to the independence struggle from his municipal duties in Ahmedabad when Bardoli suffered from a serious double predicament of a famine and a steep tax hike . The revenue hike was steeper than it had been in Kheda even though the famine covered a large portion of Gujarat . After cross-examining and talking to village representatives , emphasising the potential hardship and need for non-violence and cohesion , Patel initiated the struggle with a complete denial of taxes . Patel organised volunteers , camps , and an information network across affected areas . The revenue refusal was stronger than in Kheda , and many sympathy satyagrahas were undertaken across Gujarat . Despite arrests and seizures of property and land , the struggle intensified . The situation came to a head in August , when , through sympathetic intermediaries , he negotiated a settlement that included repealing the tax hike , reinstating village officials who had resigned in protest , and returning seized property and land . It was during the struggle and after the victory in Bardoli that Patel was increasingly addressed by his colleagues and followers as Sardar . Maulana
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose advocated complete unconditional independence for India , whereas the All - India Congress Committee wanted it in phases , through Dominion status . Finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention , the Congress adopted Purna Swaraj ( complete independence ) as its motto . Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi - Irwin pact . Subhas Chandra Bose , travelling with Gandhi in these endeavours , later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country . He was imprisoned and expelled from India . Defying the ban , he came back to India and was imprisoned again .
Early Nationalists
Abolition of the India Council Act . Expansion of the legislative council and Legislative Assemblies , both Central and Provincial . Increase in the membership of Indians by including some members elected by local bodies like chambers of commerce , universities , etc. in these councils and by giving greater powers to them . They demanded Indian control over the public purse and raised the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' . By the beginning of the 20th century , they demanded for Swaraj ( self - rule ) within the British Empire similar to the self - governing colonies in Canada and Australia . Adequate representation of Indians in the executive council of the Viceroy and those of the governors .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
What was then referred to by the British as the Punjab was a very large administrative division , centered on Lahore . It included not only the present - day Indian and Pakistani Punjabi regions but also the North West Frontier districts bordering Afghanistan