vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet
Reptiles need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D , and other metabolic processes . Specifically cholecalciferol ( vitamin D3 ) , which is needed to for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization calcium for bone and egg production . The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a signifiant role in their ability survive in the wild as well as visual communication between individuals . Therefore , in a typical reptile enclosure , a fluorescent UV a / b source ( at the proper strength / spectrum for the species ) , must be available for many captive species to survive . Simple supplementation with cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D3 ) will not be enough as there 's a complete biosynthetic pathway that is `` leapfrogged '' ( risks of possible overdoses ) , the intermediate molecules and metabolites also place important functions in the animals health . Natural sunlight in the right levels is always going to be superior to artificial sources , but this might be possible for keepers in different parts of the world .
Nickel
Reports show that both the nickel - induced activation of hypoxia - inducible factor ( HIF - 1 ) and the up - regulation of hypoxia - inducible genes are caused by depletion of intracellular ascorbate . The addition of ascorbate to the culture medium increased the intracellular ascorbate level and reversed both the metal - induced stabilization of HIF - 1 - and HIF - 1α - dependent gene expression .
Citric acid cycle
Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of Albert Szent - Györgyi , who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 specifically for his discoveries pertaining to fumaric acid , a key component of the cycle . He was able to make this discovery successful with the help of pigeon breast muscle . Because this tissue maintains its oxidative capacity well after breaking down in the `` Latapie '' mill and releasing in aqueous solutions breast muscle of the pigeon was very well qualified for the study of oxidative reactions . The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson while at the University of Sheffield , for which the former received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1953 , and for whom the cycle is sometimes named ( Krebs cycle ) .
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle ( CAC ) -- also known as the TCA cycle ( tricarboxylic acid cycle ) or the Krebs cycle -- is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl - CoA derived from carbohydrates , fats , and proteins into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and carbon dioxide . In addition , the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids , as well as the reducing agent NADH , that are used in numerous other reactions . Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically . Even though it is branded as a ' cycle ' , it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route ; at least three segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized .
Bell pepper
Bell peppers contain 94 % water , 5 % carbohydrates , and negligible fat and protein ( table ) . They are rich sources of vitamin C , containing 97 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) in a 100 gram reference amount ( table ) . Red bell peppers have more vitamin C content than green bell peppers . Vitamin B6 is moderate in content ( 17 % DV ) , with no other micronutrients having significant amounts of the DV ( table ) .
Vitamin A deficiency
About 75 per cent of the vitamin A required for supplementation activity by developing countries is supplied by the Micronutrient Initiative with support from the Canadian International Development Agency .
Cherry
Compared to sweet cherries , raw sour cherries contain slightly higher content per 100 g of vitamin C ( 12 % DV ) and vitamin A ( 8 % DV ) ( table ) .
Framingham Heart Study
Busselton Health Study has been carried out since 1966 in a high proportion of the residents of Busselton , a town in Western Australia , over a period of many years . A database has been compiled and is managed by the School of Population Health at the University of Western Australia . Although the results of the Busselton Health Study and the Framingham Heart Study are similar in many aspects , the Busselton Health Study investigated also the influence of some factors that had not been investigated in the Framingham Heart Study , e.g. , sleep apnea . The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study , also known as the Caerphilly Prospective Study ( CaPS ) , is an epidemiological prospective cohort , set up in 1979 in a representative population sample drawn from a typical small town in South Wales , UK . The study has collected wide ranging data and has led to over 400 publications in the medical press , notably on vascular disease , cognitive function and healthy living . China - Cornell - Oxford Project , also known as `` China - Oxford - Cornell Study on dietary , lifestyle and disease mortality characteristics in 65 rural Chinese counties '' . This study was later referred to as `` China Study I '' . The successor study is named `` China Study II '' .
Benzo(a)pyrene
Numerous studies since the 1970s have documented links between BaP and cancers . It has been more difficult to link cancers to specific BaP sources , especially in humans , and difficult to quantify risks posed by various methods of exposure ( inhalation or ingestion ) . A link between vitamin A deficiency and emphysema in smokers was described in 2005 to be due to BaP , which induces vitamin A deficiency in rats .
First voyage of James Cook
At that point in the voyage Cook had lost not a single man to scurvy , a remarkable and practically unheard - of achievement in 18th - century long - distance seafaring . Adhering to Royal Navy policy introduced in 1747 , Cook persuaded his men to eat foods such as citrus fruits and sauerkraut . At that time it was known that poor diet caused scurvy but not specifically that a vitamin C deficiency was the culprit .
Cranberry
Cranberries , raw ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 46 kcal ( 190 kJ ) Carbohydrates 12.2 g Sugars 4.04 g Dietary fiber 4.6 g Fat 0.13 g Protein 0.39 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 0 % ) 3 μg ( 0 % ) 36 μg 91 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 1 % ) 0.012 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 2 % ) 0.02 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 1 % ) 0.101 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 6 % ) 0.295 mg Vitamin B6 ( 4 % ) 0.057 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 0 % ) 1 μg Vitamin C ( 16 % ) 13.3 mg Vitamin E ( 8 % ) 1.2 mg Vitamin K ( 5 % ) 5.1 μg Minerals Calcium ( 1 % ) 8 mg Iron ( 2 % ) 0.25 mg Magnesium ( 2 % ) 6 mg Manganese ( 17 % ) 0.36 mg Phosphorus ( 2 % ) 13 mg Potassium ( 2 % ) 85 mg Sodium ( 0 % ) 2 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.1 mg Other constituents Water 87.13 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database
Nutrition and cognition
Vitamin B , also known as niacin , includes both nicotinamide as well as nicotinic acid , both of which function in many biological oxidization and reduction reactions within the body . Niacin is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol , known mediators of brain biochemistry , and in effect , of cognitive function . Pellagra is a niacin deficiency disease . Pellagra is classically characterized by four 4 `` D 's '' : diarrhea , dermatitis , dementia , and death . Neuropsychiatric manifestations of pellagra include headache , irritability , poor concentration , anxiety , hallucinations , stupor , apathy , psychomotor unrest , photophobia , tremor , ataxia , spastic paresis , fatigue , and depression . Symptoms of fatigue and insomnia may progress to encephalophathy characterized by confusion , memory loss , and psychosis . Those afflicted with pellagra may undergo pathological alterations in the nervous system . Findings may include demylenation and degeneration of various affected parts of the brain , spinal cord , and peripheral nerves .
Salicylic acid
Studies on the salicylic content of foods are sparse and have produced distinctly different results , creating controversy . Possible causes for the discrepancies include uncontrolled and often unreported factors such as cultivation area , crop species , and harvest methods , as well as inherent issues with the studies such as poor extraction and measurement procedures and limited or low - accuracy equipment . A recent study using best practice measurement methodology significantly reduced intra-sample measurement variability but has not yet been replicated or extended .
Mechanism of action of aspirin
This recommendation is based on sound evidence from clinical trials showing that aspirin helps prevent the recurrence of such events as heart attack , hospitalization for recurrent angina , second strokes , etc. ( secondary prevention ) . Studies show aspirin also helps prevent these events from occurring in people at high risk ( primary prevention ) . '' Jump up ^ Tohgi , H ; S Konno ; K Tamura ; B Kimura ; K Kawano ( 1992 ) . `` Effects of low - to - high doses of aspirin on platelet aggregability and metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin '' . Stroke. 23 ( 10 ) : 1400 -- 1403 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 23.10. 1400 . PMID 1412574 . Jump up ^ Somasundaram , S. , S ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Uncoupling of intestinal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of cyclooxygenase are required for the development of NSAID - enteropathy in the rat '' . Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 14 ( 5 ) : 639 -- 650 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2036.2000. 00723. x . PMID 10792129 . Jump up ^ Paul - Clark , M.J. ; Van Cao , T ; Moradi - Bidhendi , N ; Cooper , D ; Gilroy , D.W. ( 2004 ) . `` 15 - epi - lipoxin A4 - mediated induction of nitric oxide explains how aspirin inhibits acute inflammation '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 200 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 78 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20040566 . PMC 2213311 . PMID 15238606 . Jump up ^ McCarty , MF ; KI Block ( 2006 ) .
Dipping tobacco
Due to contrasting results in studies , many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco .
Vitamin A deficiency
In 2008 it was estimated that an annual investment of US $60 million in vitamin A and zinc supplementation combined would yield benefits of more than US $1 billion per year , with every dollar spent generating benefits of more than US $17 . These combined interventions were ranked by the Copenhagen Consensus 2008 as the world 's best development investment .
Citric acid cycle
Click on genes , proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles . (
Vietnam War
Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the U.S. have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries in the intervening years , including among the US Air Force crew that handled them . Scientific reports have concluded that refugees exposed to chemical sprays while in South Vietnam continued to experience pain in the eyes and skin as well as gastrointestinal upsets . In one study , ninety - two percent of participants suffered incessant fatigue ; others reported monstrous births . Meta - analyses of the most current studies on the association between Agent Orange and birth defects have concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation such that having a parent who was exposed to Agent Orange at any point in their life will increase one 's likelihood of either possessing or acting as a genetic carrier of birth defects . The most common deformation appears to be spina bifida . There is substantial evidence that the birth defects carry on for three generations or more . In 2012 , the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Danang International Airport , marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam .
Carambola
Carambola is rich in antioxidants , potassium , and vitamin C ; and low in sugar and sodium . It is also a potent source of both primary and secondary polyphenolic antioxidants . Averrhoa carambola has both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities . Scavenging of nitric oxide ( NO ) by the fruit extract is dependent on concentration and stage of ripening . Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli , Klebsiella spp. , Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
Agent Orange
In 2008 , Australian researcher Jean Williams claimed that cancer rates in the town of Innisfail , Queensland were 10 times higher than the state average due to secret testing of Agent Orange by the Australian military scientists during the Vietnam War . Williams , who had won the Order of Australia medal for her research on the effects of chemicals on U.S. war veterans , based her allegations on Australian government reports found in the Australian War Memorial 's archives . A former soldier , Ted Bosworth , backed up the claims , saying that he had been involved in the secret testing . Neither Williams or Bosworth have produced verifiable evidence to support their claims . The Queensland health department determined that cancer rates in Innisfail were no higher than those in other parts of the state .
Nutrition and cognition
Because neurulation may be completed before pregnancy is recognized , it is recommended that women capable of becoming pregnant take about 400μg of folic acid from fortified foods , supplements , or a combination of the two in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects . These major anomalies in the nervous system can be reduced by 85 % with systematic folate supplementation occurring before the onset of pregnancy . The incidence of Alzheimer 's and other cognitive diseases has been loosely connected to deficiencies in folate . It is recommended for the elderly to consume folate through food , fortified or not , and supplements in order to reduce risk of developing the disease .
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness and is critical to achieving Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality . Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world go blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A , approximately half of whom die within a year of becoming blind . The United Nations Special Session on Children in 2002 set a goal of the elimination of VAD by 2010 .
Statin
The publication of a report entitled `` Cholesterol confusion and statin controversy '' by Robert DuBroff ( a research cardiologist , University Of New Mexico ) and Michel de Lorgeril ( a medical researcher at the French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique specialized in cardiology and nutrition -- and a member of the European Society of Cardiology ) presented to the World Congress of Cardiology merely suggested than association between cholesterol levels does not necessarily indicate a cause of Coronary Heart Disease , but may be also simply a coincidence or an incidental consequence .
Agent Orange
In 2011 , an appraisal of the 20 year long Air Force Health Study that began in 1982 indicates that the results of the AFHS as they pertain to Agent Orange , do not provide evidence of disease in the Ranch Hand veterans due to `` their elevated levels of exposure to Agent Orange '' .
Nutrition facts label
Health researchers have called for the mandatory labelling of food products with added caffeine , which is a psychoactive nervous system stimulant . If over-consumed , caffine can cause seizures , kidney problems , liver problems , heart arrhythmia , and death . The Coca - Cola Company and PepsiCo began labelling caffeine content in 2007 .
Insulin
In 1916 , Nicolae Paulescu developed an aqueous pancreatic extract which , when injected into a diabetic dog , had a normalizing effect on blood - sugar levels . He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I , and in 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog . Later that year , he published `` Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation '' .
Rudolph Fisher
Fisher was successful in both literature and medical field . During the 1920s , he wrote some articles in medical journals . He mainly worked on ultraviolet rays on viruses research . He was a head researcher at Manhattan 's International Hospital . Also , he opened his own private practice while he was writing his novels , poetry , and articles . His experience in the medical field helped him to get ideas for his writing on mystery , for it helped to illustrate human body .
Thermal comfort
Although different researches are undertaken on thermal comfort for patients in hospitals , it is also necessary to study the effects of thermal comfort conditions on the quality and the quantity of healing for patients in hospitals . There are also original researches that show the link between thermal comfort for staff and their levels of productivity , but no studies have been produced individually in hospitals in this field . Therefore , research for coverage and methods individually for this subject is recommended . Also research in terms of cooling and heating delivery systems for patients with low levels of immune - system protection ( such as HIV patients , burned patients , etc . ) are recommended . There are important areas , which still need to be focused on including thermal comfort for staff and its relation with their productivity , using different heating systems to prevent hypothermia in the patient and to improve the thermal comfort for hospital staff simultaneously .
The Gambia
In October 2012 , it was reported that the Gambia had made significant improvements in polio , measles immunisation , and the PCV - 7 vaccine .
Nutrition facts label
Nutrient Daily Value for label ( before 2016 update ) highest RDA of DRI unit Vitamin A 5,000 3,000 IU Vitamin C 60 90 mg Calcium 1,000 1,300 mg Iron 18 18 mg Vitamin D 400 600 IU Vitamin E 30 IU 15 mg ( 33 IU synthetic ) Vitamin K 80 120 μg Thiamin 1.5 mg Riboflavin 1.7 1.3 mg Niacin 20 16 mg Vitamin B6 1.7 mg Folate 400 400 μg Vitamin B12 6 2.4 μg Biotin 300 30 μg Pantothenic acid 10 5 mg Phosphorus 1,000 1,250 mg Iodine 150 150 μg Magnesium 400 420 mg Zinc 15 11 mg Selenium 70 55 μg Copper 0.9 mg Manganese 2.3 mg Chromium 120 35 μg Molybdenum 75 45 μg Chloride 3,400 2,300 mg
Glow stick
Bis ( 2 , 4 , 5 - trichlorophenyl - 6 - carbopentoxyphenyl ) oxalate , trademarked `` Cyalume '' , was invented in 1969 by Michael M. Rauhut and Laszlo J. Bollyky of American Cyanamid , based on work by Edwin A. Chandross of Bell Labs . Other early work on chemiluminescence was carried out at the same time , by researchers under Herbert Richter at China Lake Naval Weapons Center .
Alkaloid
A significant contribution to the chemistry of alkaloids in the early years of its development was made by the French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou , who discovered quinine ( 1820 ) and strychnine ( 1818 ) . Several other alkaloids were discovered around that time , including xanthine ( 1817 ) , atropine ( 1819 ) , caffeine ( 1820 ) , coniine ( 1827 ) , nicotine ( 1828 ) , colchicine ( 1833 ) , sparteine ( 1851 ) , and cocaine ( 1860 ) .
Thermoregulation
It has been theorised that low body temperature may increase lifespan . In 2006 , it was reported that transgenic mice with a body temperature 0.3 -- 0.5 C lower than normal mice lived longer than normal mice . This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons ( Hcrt - UCP2 ) , which elevated hypothalamic temperature , thus forcing the hypothalamus to lower body temperature . Lifespan was increased by 12 % and 20 % for males and females , respectively . The mice were fed ad libitum . The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is more difficult to study in humans ; in 2011 , the UCP2 genetic alleles in humans were associated with obesity .
Acids in wine
Ascorbic acid , also known as vitamin C , is found in young wine grapes prior to veraison , but is rapidly lost throughout the ripening process . In winemaking , it is used with sulfur dioxide as an antioxidant , often added during the bottling process for white wines . In the European Union , use of ascorbic acid as an additive is limited to 150 mg / l . The
Chinese food therapy
Although the precepts of Chinese food therapy are neither systematic nor identical in all times and places , some basic concepts can be isolated . One central tenet is that `` medicine and food share a common origin '' , and that food materials can therefore be used to prevent or treat medical disorders . Like medicinal drugs , food items are classified as `` heating '' ( 热 ; 熱 ; rè ) or `` cooling '' ( 凉 ; 涼 ; liáng ) . In popular understanding , `` heating '' or `` hot '' food is typically `` high - calorie , subjected to high heat in cooking , spicy or bitter , or ' hot ' in color ( red , orange ) '' , and includes red meat , innards , baked and deep - fried goods , and alcohol . They are to be avoided in the summer and can be used to treat `` cold '' illnesses like excessive pallor , watery feces , fatigue , chills , and low body temperature caused by a number of possible causes , including anemia . Green vegetables are the most typical `` cooling '' or `` cold '' food , which is `` low - calorie , watery , soothing or sour in taste , or ' cool ' in color ( whitish , green ) '' . They are recommended for `` hot '' conditions : rashes , dryness or redness of skin , heartburns , and other `` symptoms similar to those of a burn '' , but also sore throat , swollen gums , and constipation .
Radioactive decay
Marie and Pierre Curie 's study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine . After their research on Becquerel 's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium , they coined the term `` radioactivity '' . Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium for the treatment of cancer . Their exploration of radium could be seen as the first peaceful use of nuclear energy and the start of modern nuclear medicine .
Phosphofructokinase 1
Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) increases PFK by binding to the 5 - HT ( 2A ) receptor , causing the tyrosine residue of PFK to be phosphorylated via phospholipase C . This in turn redistributes PFK within the skeletal muscle cells . Because PFK regulates glycolytic flux , serotonin plays a regulatory role in glycolysis
Ultraviolet
It is a known problem that high levels of output of the UVa part of the spectrum can both cause cellular and DNA damage to sensitive parts of their bodies - especially the eyes were blindness is the result from an improper UVa / b source use and placement photokeratitis . For many keepers there must also be a provision for an adequate heat source this has resulted in the marketing of heat and light `` combination '' products . Keepers should be careful of these `` combination ' light / heat and UVa / b generators , they typically emit high levels of UVa with lower levels of UVb that are set and difficult to control so that animals can have their needs met . A better strategy is to use individual sources of these elements and so they can be placed and controlled by the keepers for the max benefit of the animals .
Agent Orange
According to a study by Dr. Nguyen Viet Nhan , children in the areas where Agent Orange was used have been affected and have multiple health problems , including cleft palate , mental disabilities , hernias , and extra fingers and toes . In the 1970s , high levels of dioxin were found in the breast milk of South Vietnamese women , and in the blood of U.S. military personnel who had served in Vietnam . The most affected zones are the mountainous area along Truong Son ( Long Mountains ) and the border between Vietnam and Cambodia . The affected residents are living in substandard conditions with many genetic diseases .