vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
The modern method of celebrating becoming a bar mitzvah did not exist in the time of the Hebrew Bible , Mishnah or Talmud . Passages in the books of Exodus and Numbers note the age of majority for army service as twenty . The term `` bar mitzvah '' appears first in the Talmud , the codification of the Jewish oral Torah compiled in the early first millennium of the common era , to connote `` an ( agent ) who is subject to the law , '' and the age of thirteen is also mentioned in the Mishnah as the time one is obligated to observe the Torah 's commandments : `` At five years old a person should study the Scriptures , at ten years for the Mishnah , at 13 for the commandments ... '' The Talmud gives 13 as the age at which a boy 's vows are legally binding , and states that this is a result of his being a `` man , '' as required in Numbers 6 : 2 . The term `` bar mitzvah '' , in the sense it is now used , can not be clearly traced earlier than the 14th century , the older rabbinical term being `` gadol '' ( adult ) or `` bar ' onshin '' ( legally responsible for own misdoings ) . Many sources indicate that the ceremonial observation of a bar mitzvah developed in the Middle Ages , however , there are extensive earlier references to thirteen as the age of majority with respect to following the commandments of the Torah , as well as Talmudic references to observing this rite of passage with a religious ceremony , including :
High Holy Days
The High Holidays or High Holy Days , in Judaism , more properly known as the Yamim Noraim ( Hebrew : ימים נוראים ‎ ‎ `` Days of Awe '' ) , may mean :
Jephthah
The Talmud characterizes Yiftach ( Jephthah ) is a person of poor judgment , who makes `` unfitting '' vows without proper consideration for consequences ( B'reishit Rabbah , 60 : 3 ) . The midrash ( Tanhuma Bechukotai 7 ) asserts that if Jephthah had read the laws of vows in the Torah , he would not have lost his daughter . The rabbis also ascribe Jephthah 's death to his actions , as punishment : `` Jephthah 's penalty consists of the shedding of his limbs , which are buried in numerous places , as is learned from Jud. 12 : 7 : ' Then Jephthah the Gileadite died and he was buried in the towns of Gilead . ' One limb would slough away and be buried in one location , and then another would fall off somewhere else and be buried there . ''
Alcohol in the Bible
The Nazirites excluded as part of their ascetic regimen not only wine , but also vinegar , grapes , and raisins , though when Nazirites completed the term of their vow they were required to present wine as part of their sacrificial offerings and could drink of it . While John the Baptist adopted such a regimen , Jesus evidently did not during his three years of ministry .
Hajj
The word in Arabic : حج ‎ ( ħædʒ , ħæɡ ) comes from the Hebrew : חג ‎ ḥag ( χaɡ ) , which means `` holiday '' , from the trilateral Semitic root ח - ג - ג . The meaning of the verb is `` to circle , to go around '' . Judaism uses circumambulation in the Hakafot ritual during Hoshanah Rabbah at the end of the Festival of Sukkot and on Simchat Torah ; traditionally , Jewish brides circumambulate their grooms during the wedding ceremony under the chuppah . From this custom , the root was borrowed for the familiar meaning of holiday , celebration and festivity . In the Temple , every festival would bring a sacrificial feast . Similarly in Islam , the person who commits the Hajj to Mecca has to turn around the Kaaba and to offer sacrifices .
Toast (honor)
At the anniversary of Cheshunt College , Sir Culling Eardley Smith was in the chair . This gentleman , after dinner , said `` he had subscribed to the Teetotal Pledge , which of course was incompatible with the drinking of toasts ; '' when the Rev. J. Blackburn , ( minister of Claremont Chapel , Pentonville , ) said `` he was not a teetotaler , -- he was not in bondage , -- and on that subject he had very recently been preaching . '' What could the Rev. Gentleman mean by this , but that he had recently been preaching against Teetotalism ? Let the Rev. Gentleman look at drinking customs and their enormous evils , and ask himself if he has done his duty ; or whether he expects to be pronounced `` a good an faithful servant , '' if he continues even from the pulpit to encourage the great damning evil of this nation . Mr. Donaldson said that he was happy to add , that one of the most popular ministers of the day , the Rev. J. Sherman , gave Mr. B. a pretty severe and well - merited reply , by saying , `` His brother Blackburn had said , he ( Mr. B . ) was not in bondage ; he must be allowed to say , that he rejoiced that he ( Mr. S . ) had been enabled to break through the old and stupid custom of washing down sentiments by draughts of intoxicating liquors . He had thus become a free man .
Vespers
In addition , during the 19th and early 20th centuries , synagogues in the Classical Reform tradition sometimes referred to their Friday evening worship services as `` vespers '' . Nowadays , such services are instead called kabbalat shabbat , which means `` welcoming the Sabbath '' .
Alcohol in the Bible
It was made from either fruit and / or barley beer '' ; the term can include wine , but generally it is used in combination with it ( `` wine and strong drink '' ) to encompass all varieties of intoxicants methê ( `` strong drink , drunkenness '' ) , methusma ( see below ) , oinos ( see below ) , sikera ( see below ) חמר chemer , corresponding to the Aramaic chamar 2561 , 2562 7 `` wine '' ; the word `` conveys the idea of ' foaming , ' as in the process of fermentation , or when poured out . It is derived from the root hamar , meaning ' to boil up ' '' methê ( `` strong drink , drunkenness '' ) , oinos ( see below ) עסיס ' asis 6071 5 `` sweet wine '' or `` new wine '' , the vintage of the current year with intoxicating power glukasmos ( `` sweetness , sweet wine '' ) , methê ( `` strong drink , `` drunkenness '' ) , nama , oinos neos ( `` new wine '' ) חמץ chomets 2558 6 vinegar , which was made from wine or other fermented beverage and used as a condiment or , when mixed with water , a slightly intoxicating drink omphax ( `` unripe or sour grape '' ) , oxos ( see below ) שמר shemar , ( pl : shemarim ) 8105 5 lees or dregs of wine ; `` wine that has been kept on the lees , and therefore old wine '' ( `` if ( the wine ) were designed to be kept for some time a certain amount of lees was added to give it body '' ) oinos ( see below ) , trugias ( `` full of lees '' ) סבא sobhe 5435 drink , liquor , wine oinos ( see below ) ממסך mamsak and mesekh 4469 , 4538 `` mixed drink , '' `` mixed wine , '' `` drink - offering ; '' the word is `` properly a mixture of wine and water with spices that increase its stimulating properties .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
According to Jewish law , when Jewish boys become 13 years old , they become accountable for their actions and become a bar mitzvah . A girl becomes a bat mitzvah at the age of 12 according to Orthodox and Conservative Jews , and at the age of 13 according to Reform Jews . Prior to reaching bar mitzvah age , the child 's parents hold the responsibility for the child 's actions . After this age , the boys and girls bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law , tradition , and ethics , and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life . Traditionally , the father of the bar mitzvah gives thanks to God that he is no longer punished for the child 's sins ( Genesis Rabbah , Toledot 63 ) . In addition to being considered accountable for their actions from a religious perspective , a thirteen - year - old may be counted towards a prayer quorum and may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
In some times and places , local Jewish leaders have formally limited the size and elaborateness of mitzvahs . For example , only ten men were permitted to attend the party in 1730 in Berlin , and music was banned at these parties in 1767 in Prague . These rules were usually meant to avoid offending non-Jewish neighbors , and to maintain the rule that it was a smaller celebration than a wedding .
Alcohol in the Bible
The Rechabites , a sub-tribe of the Kenites , vowed never to drink wine , live in houses , or plant fields or vineyards , not because of any `` threat to wise living '' from the latter ( Prov. 20 : 1 ) practices , but because of their commitment to a nomadic lifestyle by not being bound to any particular piece of land . The Rechabites 's strict obedience to the command of their father `` not to drink wine '' ( Jer. 35 : 14 ) is commended and is contrasted with the failure of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Judah to listen to their God .
William Tyndale
Passover ( as the name for the Jewish holiday , Pesach or Pesah ) scapegoat
High Holy Days
The Hebrew month preceding Rosh Hashanah , Elul , is designated as a month of introspection and repentance . In preparation for the Jewish New Year , special prayers are recited . Psalms 27 is added at the end of morning and evening prayers , and the shofar ( ram 's horn ) is blown at the end of morning services on weekdays ( except for the eve of Rosh Hashanah itself ) . Among Sephardi Jews , Selichot are recited at dawn on weekdays throughout the month . Also , many complete the entire Book of Psalms twice during the month . It is customary to increase the giving of charity ( Tzedakah ) and to ask forgiveness from people one may have wronged .
The Passion of the Christ
Additionally , the film 's suggestion that the Temple 's destruction was a direct result of the Jews ' actions towards Jesus could also be interpreted as an offensive take on an event which Jewish tradition views as a tragedy , and which is still mourned by many Jews today on the fast day of Tisha B'Av .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Samuel ha'Katan , at the close of the first century , in the Baraita attached to Abot 5 : 21 ( see Machzor Vitry p. 549 ) the completion of the thirteenth year as the age for the commandments ( `` mitzvot '' ) ; and the commentary to the passage refers to Levi , the son of Jacob , who , at thirteen , is called `` ish '' ( man ; Gen. xxxiv. 25 ) . Simon Tzemach Duran , in his `` Magen Abot '' to the Baraita , quotes a Midrash interpreting the Hebrew word ( `` this '' ) in Isa . xliii. 21 -- `` This people have I formed for myself , they shall pronounce ( A.V. `` set forth '' ) my praise `` -- as referring by its numerical value to those that have reached the age of 13 . This seems to imply that , at the time of the composition of the Midrash the bar mitzvah publicly pronounced a benediction on the occasion of his entrance upon maturity . The Midrash Hashkem ( see Grünhut 's `` Sefer ha'Likkutim '' , i . 3a ) : `` The heathen when he begets a son consecrates him to idolatrous practises ; the Israelite has his son circumcised and the rite of ' pidyon haben ' performed ; and as soon as he becomes of age he brings him into the synagogue and school ( beit ha'knesset and ' beit ha'midrash ' ) in order that he may praise the name of God , reciting the ' Barekhu ' ( Benediction ) preceding the reading from the Law . '' Masseket Soferim xviii. 5 makes matters even more explicit : `` In Jerusalem they are accustomed to initiate their children to fast on the Day of Atonement , a year or two before their maturity ; and then , when the age has arrived , to bring the Bar Mitzvah before the priest or elder for blessing , encouragement , and prayer , that he may be granted a portion in the Law and in the doing of good works .
Sarah
Some classical and modern scholars have analyzed Abraham 's reasoning for hiding Sarah 's position as his wife . Rashi argued that when a stranger comes to town , the proper thing to do would be to inquire if he needs food and drink , not whether his female companion is a married woman , and hence as Abimelech did the latter , it tipped off Abraham to the fact that there is no fear of God in this place , and so he lied about his relationship with Sarah in order to avoid being killed . Christian interpretation of the incidents has varied considerably . Some commentators have seen them as regrettable exceptions in the lives of those who otherwise lived upright lives , comparable to Noah 's and Lot 's drunkenness and David 's adultery .
Shofar
The shofar is used mainly on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . It is blown in synagogues to mark the end of the fast at Yom Kippur , and blown at four particular occasions in the prayers on Rosh Hashanah . Because of its inherent ties to the Days of Repentance and the inspiration that comes along with hearing its piercing blasts , the shofar is also blown after morning services for the entire month of Elul , the last month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth of the Jewish ecclesiastical year . It is not blown on the last day of month , however , to mark the difference between the voluntary blasts of the month and the mandatory blasts of the holiday . Shofar blasts are also used during penitential rituals such as Yom Kippur Katan and optional prayer services called during times of communal distress . The exact modes of sounding can vary from location to location .
Adolescence
Some examples of social and religious transition ceremonies that can be found in the U.S. , as well as in other cultures around the world , are Confirmation , Bar and Bat Mitzvahs , Quinceañeras , sweet sixteens , cotillions , and débutante balls . In other countries , initiation ceremonies play an important role , marking the transition into adulthood or the entrance into adolescence . This transition may be accompanied by obvious physical changes , which can vary from a change in clothing to tattoos and scarification . Furthermore , transitions into adulthood may also vary by gender , and specific rituals may be more common for males or for females . This illuminates the extent to which adolescence is , at least in part , a social construction ; it takes shape differently depending on the cultural context , and may be enforced more by cultural practices or transitions than by universal chemical or biological physical changes .
Star of David
Since 1948 , the Star of David has carried the dual significance of representing both the state of Israel , and Jewish identity in general . In the United States especially , it continues to be used in the latter sense by a number of athletes .
Alcohol in the Bible
There are some who interpret certain passages in the Bible as not referring to alcohol , arguing that all positive references to `` wine '' in Scripture refer to non-alcoholic beverages and all negative references speak of alcoholic beverages . Advocates of this view , called the `` two - wine '' position , argue that the Greek and Hebrew words rendered `` wine '' in most English versions are generic terms for fruit juices ; context determines if the beverage in view is alcoholic or not . The fact is pointed out that even in earlier stages of the English language , such as in 1611 when the King James Version was translated , `` wine '' could refer to non-alcoholic beverages as well as alcoholic ones . The two - wine view is dominant in conservative Christian fundamentalism and is also found in evangelicalism . For example , Dr. Robert Teachout , a fundamental Baptist seminary professor , argued for this position in his doctoral dissertation The Use of `` Wine '' in the Old Testament . Separatist Baptist support for a Biblical total abstinence position is widespread . Other sources for this view include the Purified Translation of the Bible , where extensive footnotes are used to promote the idea , and the 19th century Temperance Bible Commentary .
The Twelve Spies
According to Rabbinic tradition ( as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4 : 6 ) , the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av . When the Israelites accepted the false report , they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat . The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av , which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
The kibbutz movement in Israel also encouraged the celebration of the bar mitzvah . All those coming of age in the community for that year would take on a project and research in a topic of Jewish or Zionist interest . Today many kibbutz children are opting for a more traditional bar mitzvah celebration .
Magick (Thelema)
There are several eucharistic rituals within the magical canon . Two of the most well known are The Mass of the Phoenix and The Gnostic Mass . The first is a ritual designed for the individual , which involves sacrificing a `` Cake of Light '' ( a type of bread that serves as the host ) to Ra ( i.e. the Sun ) and infusing a second Cake with the adept 's own blood ( either real or symbolic , in a gesture reflecting the myth of the Pelican cutting its own breast to feed its young ) and then consuming it with the words , `` There is no grace : there is no guilt : This is the Law : Do what thou wilt ! '' The other ritual , The Gnostic Mass , is a very popular public ritual ( although it can be practiced privately ) that involves a team of participants , including a Priest and Priestess . This ritual is an enactment of the mystical journey that culminates with the Mystic Marriage and the consumption of a Cake of Light and a goblet of wine ( a process termed `` communication '' ) . Afterwards , each Communicant declares , `` There is no part of me that is not of the gods ! ''
Alcohol in the Bible
The Hebrew Bible was largely written in Biblical Hebrew , with portions in Biblical Aramaic , and has an important Ancient Greek translation called the Septuagint . The modern Hebrew Bible , which generally follows the Masoretic Text , uses several words to represent alcoholic beverages :
Alcohol in the Bible
Word Meanings in the New Testament . Kansas City , Missouri : Beacon Hill Press . ISBN 0 - 8341 - 1176 - 4 . Matthew George Easton ( 1897a ) . `` Vinegar '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Matthew George Easton ( 1897b ) . `` Wine '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . F.S. Fitzsimmonds ( 1982 ) . `` Wine and Strong Drink '' . In J.D. Douglas . New Bible Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1441 - 8 . R. Laird Harris ; Gleason Archer ; Bruce Waltke ( 1980 ) . Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament . Moody . Edwin Hatch & Henry Adeney Redpath ( 1998 ) . Concordance to the Septuagint . with an extensive Hebrew index by Takamitsu Muraoka appended ( 2nd ed . ) . Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2141 - 1 . Hans Wolfgang Heidland ( 1967 ) . `` όξος '' . In Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin . Theological Dictionary of the New Testament . V. trans . Geoffrey W. Bromiley . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2247 - 9 . William Kaiser ; Duane Garrett , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` Wine and Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World '' . Archaeological Study Bible . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 92605 - 4 . D. Kellermann ( 1986 ) . `` Chomets ( et al . ) '' . In G. Johannes Botterweck ; Helmer Ringgren . Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament . IV . trans . David E. Green . Wm . B. Eerdmans .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
The majority of Orthodox and some Conservative Jews reject the idea that a woman can publicly read from the Torah or lead prayer services whenever there is a minyan ( quorum of 10 males ) available to do so . However , the public celebration of a girl becoming bat mitzvah in other ways has made strong inroads into Modern Orthodox Judaism and also into some elements of Haredi Judaism . In these congregations , women do not read from the Torah or lead prayer services , but they occasionally lecture on a Jewish topic to mark their coming of age , learn a book of Tanakh , recite verses from the Book of Esther or the Book of Psalms , or say prayers from the siddur . In some Modern Orthodox circles , bat mitzvah girls will read from the Torah and lead prayer services in a women 's tefillah . Rabbi Moshe Feinstein , a prominent Orthodox posek , has ruled that bat mitzvah celebrations are permissible , but should not be held in a synagogue , because then they would be construed as imitating Reform and Conservative customs ; in any case , they do not have the status of seudat mitzvah . Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef holds that it is a seudat mitzvah .
Jumping the broom
In some African - American communities , marrying couples will end their ceremony by jumping over a broomstick , either together or separately . This practice is well attested for as a marriage ceremony for slaves in the Southern United States in the 1840s and 1850s who were often not permitted to wed legally . Its revival in 20th century African American culture is due to the novel and miniseries Roots ( 1976 , 1977 ) .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Today many non-Orthodox Jews celebrate a girl 's bat mitzvah in the same way as a boy 's bar mitzvah . All Reform and Reconstructionist , and most Conservative synagogues have egalitarian participation , in which women read from the Torah and lead services . In Orthodox communities , a Bat Mitzvah is celebrated when a girl reaches the age of 12 .
Toast (honor)
`` bowl '' , referring to older drinking vessels ) Persian : `` به سلامتی '' ( Be salamati , `` good health '' ) Polish : `` Na zdrowie '' ( to health ) , `` Twoje zdrowie '' ( to your health , singular ) or `` Wasze zdrowie '' ( to your health , formal and / or plural ) Portuguese : `` Tchim - tchim '' ( onomatopoeic for clinking of glasses ) or `` Saúde '' ( health ) Romanian : `` Noroc '' ( good luck ) or `` Sănătate '' ( health ) Russian : `` Ваше здоровье ! '' ( Vashe zdorov'ye , to your health ) Scottish Gaelic : `` Slàinte mhath '' ( good health ) Serbian : `` Uzdravlje '' ( to health ) or `` Živeli '' ( live ! ) Slovak : `` Na zdravie '' ( to health ) Slovene : `` Na zdravje '' ( to health ) Spanish / Castilian : `` ¡ Chinchín ! '' ( onomatopoeic for clinking of glasses ) or `` ¡ Salud ! '' ( health ) Swedish : `` Skål '' ( lit . `` bowl '' , referring to older drinking vessels ) ; Gutår ( `` good year '' , old fashioned , still used in formal settings ) Swiss German : `` Proscht '' ( as in German `` Prost '' ) or as diminutive form `` Pröschtli '' Thai : `` ชัย โย '' ( chai - yo ! , lit . `` Hurrah ! '' ) or `` ชน แก้ว '' ( chon - kaew , lit . `` knock glasses '' ) or `` หมด แก้ว '' ( mod - kaew , lit .
Candle
Glass candle - holders are sometimes cracked by thermal shock from the candle flame , particularly when the candle burns down to the end . When burning candles in glass holders or jars , users should avoid lighting candles with chipped or cracked containers , and stop use once 1 / 2 inch or less of wax remains .
Apple of my eye
The original Hebrew for this idiom , in all but Zechariah 2 : 8 , was ' iyshown ' ayin ( אישון עין ) . The expression refers to the pupil , and probably simply means `` dark part of the eye '' ( other biblical passages use ' iyshown with the meaning dark orobscure , and having nothing whatsoever to do with the eye ) . There is , however , a popular notion that ' iyshown is a diminutive of `` man '' ( ' iysh ) , so that the expression would literally mean `` Little Man of the Eye . ''
High Holy Days
The `` ten days of repentance '' or `` the days of awe '' include Rosh Hashanah , Yom Kippur and the days in between , during which time Jews should meditate on the subject of the holidays and ask for forgiveness from anyone they have wronged . They include the Fast of Gedaliah , on the third day of Tishri , and Shabbat Shuvah , which is the Shabbat between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur .
Unity candle
The lighting of a unity candle is a relatively recent addition to the traditional wedding ceremony , most popular in the United States . The unity candle ceremony uses two taper candles with a large pillar candle ( called the `` unity candle '' ) in the center . At the beginning of the wedding ceremony , a representative from each family ( usually the mothers of the bride and groom ) light the two taper candles . Later in the ceremony ( usually after the formal vows ) , the bride and groom use the two taper candles to light the large pillar ( unity ) candle together .