vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
The Bronx
The peninsular borough 's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways. The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system 's turn - of - the - last - century master architect C.B.J. Snyder . The state 's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler ( on the southeastern shore ) houses the Maritime Industry Museum . In addition , the Harlem River is reemerging as `` Scullers ' Row '' due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project , a joint public - private endeavor of the city 's parks department . Canoeing and kayaking on the borough 's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance . The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens , its neighbor , the Bronx Zoo , and a little further south , on the west shore , Bronx River Art Center .
Hudson Valley
Hudson Valley Hudson River Valley Region Name origin : River valley for the Hudson River Country United States State New York Counties 11 ( show ) - Putnam - Rockland - Westchester - Dutchess - Orange - Sullivan - Ulster - Albany - Columbia - Greene - Rensselaer Cities and towns 13 and 143 Area 7,228 sq mi ( 18,720 km ) Population 1,170,483 ( 2013 ) Density 161.4 / sq mi ( 62 / km ) Timezone EST ( UTC − 5 ) - summer ( DST ) Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) The Hudson River Watershed Wikimedia Commons : Hudson Valley
Fox River (Wisconsin)
Since the recession of the glaciers that once covered much of Wisconsin , the Fox River has supported several Native American cultures , and has been important for its fisheries , waterfowl , wild rice , forests , and water . Archaeologists have determined that indigenous peoples lived in the Fox River area as early as 7000 BC .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley is one physiographic section of the larger Ridge - and - Valley province , which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division . The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands Ecoregion .
Hudson Valley
In 1965 , governor Nelson Rockefeller proposed the Hudson River Expressway , a limited - access highway from the Bronx to Beacon . An 8 - mile section was built from Ossining to Peekskill , now part of U.S. Route 9 ; the rest of the highway was never built due to local opposition . Hudson
Hudson River
The salt line of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City , though it usually lies near Newburgh .
Hudson Valley
During Benedict Arnold 's control over West Point , he began weakening its defenses , including neglecting repairs on the West Point Chain . At the time , Arnold was secretly loyal to the British , and planned to hand off West Point 's plans to British major John André at Snedeker 's Landing ( or Waldberg Landing ) on the wooded west shore of Haverstraw Bay . On September 21 , 1780 , André sailed up the river on HMS Vulture to meet Arnold . The next morning , an outpost at Verplanck 's Point fired on the ship , which sailed back down river . André was forced to return to New York City by land ; however , he was captured near Tarrytown on September 23 by three Westchester militiamen , and later was hanged . Arnold later fled to New York City using HMS Vulture .
History of New York (state)
In the early 19th century , New York became a center for advancement in transportation . In 1807 , Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany , the first successful enterprise of its kind . By 1815 , Albany was the state 's turnpike center , which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory .
George Washington Bridge
Prior to and while under construction , the bridge was unofficially known as the `` Hudson River Bridge '' . That name was the popular choice , chosen over a host of other proposed names as well as the Port Authority 's preference for the name `` George Washington Bridge '' , based on 1931 ballot voting submitted to the Port Authority by New York and New Jersey residents . However , the Port Authority named the bridge after George Washington that year .
Delaware River
At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the early 17th century , the area near the Delaware River was inhabited by the Native American Lenape people . They called the Delaware River `` Lenape Wihittuck '' , which means `` the rapid stream of the Lenape '' . The Delaware River played a key factor in the economic and social development of the Mid-Atlantic region . In the seventeenth century it provided the conduit for colonial settlement by the Dutch ( New Netherland ) , the Swedish ( New Sweden ) . Beginning in 1664 , the region became an English possession as settlement by Quakers established the colonies of Pennsylvania ( including present - day Delaware ) and West Jersey . In the eighteenth century , cities like Philadelphia , Camden ( then Cooper 's Ferry ) , Trenton , and Wilmington , and New Castle were established upon the Delaware and their continued commercial success into the present day has been dependent on access to the river for trade and power . The river provided the path for the settlement of northeastern Pennsylvania 's Lehigh Valley , and northwestern New Jersey by German Palatine immigrants -- a population that became key in the agricultural development of the region .
Times Square
When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch , three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street . These three streams formed the `` Great Kill '' ( Dutch : Grote Kill ) . From there the Great Kill wound through the low - lying Reed Valley , known for fish and waterfowl and emptied into a deep bay in the Hudson River at the present 42nd Street . The name was retained in a tiny hamlet , Great Kill , that became a center for carriage - making , as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre .
Colonial history of the United States
The city was captured by the English in 1664 ; they took complete control of the colony in 1674 and renamed it New York . However the Dutch landholdings remained , and the Hudson River Valley maintained a traditional Dutch character until the 1820s . Traces of Dutch influence remain in present - day northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State , such as homes , family surnames , and the names of roads and whole towns .
New Amsterdam
The mouth of the Hudson River was selected as the ideal place for initial settlement as it had easy access to the ocean while also securing an ice - free lifeline to the beaver trading post near present - day Albany . Here , Indian hunters supplied them with pelts in exchange for European - made trade goods and wampum , which was soon being made by the Dutch on Long Island . In 1621 , the Dutch West India Company was founded . Between 1621 and 1623 , orders were given to the private , commercial traders to vacate the territory , thus opening up the territory to Dutch settlers and company traders . It also allowed the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland to apply . Previously , during the private , commercial period , only the law of the ship had applied .
Hudson River
The Atlantic tomcod are a unique species that adapted resistance to the toxic effects of the PCBs polluting the river . Scientists identified the genetic mutation that conferred the resistance , and found that the mutated form was present in 99 percent of the tomcods in the river , compared to fewer than 10 percent of the tomcods from other waters .
Long Island Sound
Due to the large chunk of New England being under the watershed , due to the Connecticut River , many riverside cities / towns are covered in the watershed , here is a list of some of the large towns and cities in the watershed from south to north , west to east : New
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Despite a growing sense that water will be as important a global issue as energy in the coming century , capital deployed for water resources `` pales in comparison to that for renewable energy . '' ... Only 5 percent of the $4.3 billion in VC money invested in the clean tech industry goes to water technologies .
Hudson Valley
The school characterizes the artistic body , its New York location , its landscape subject matter , and often its subject , the Hudson River . While the elements of the paintings were rendered realistically , many of the scenes were composed as a synthesis of multiple scenes or natural images observed by the artists . In gathering the visual data for their paintings , the artists would travel to extraordinary and extreme environments , which generally had conditions that would not permit extended painting at the site . During these expeditions , the artists recorded sketches and memories , returning to their studios to paint the finished works later .
Henry Hudson
In 1609 Hudson was chosen by merchants of the Dutch East India Company in the Netherlands to find an easterly passage to Asia . While awaiting orders and supplies in Amsterdam , he heard rumors of a northwest route to the Pacific through North America . Hudson had been told to sail through the Arctic Ocean north of Russia , into the Pacific and so to the Far East . Hudson departed Amsterdam on 4 April in command of the Dutch ship Halve Maen . He could not complete the specified ( eastward ) route because ice blocked the passage , as with all previous such voyages , and he turned the ship around in mid-May while somewhere east of Norway 's North Cape . At that point , acting outside his instructions , Hudson pointed the ship west and decided to try to seek a westerly passage through North America .
Thirteen Colonies
Beginning in 1609 , Dutch traders explored and established fur trading posts on the Hudson River , Delaware River , and Connecticut River , seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade . The Dutch West India Company established permanent settlements on the Hudson River , creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland . In 1626 , Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Indians and established the outpost of New Amsterdam . Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland , but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade . It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies , and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships . The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning Atlantic slave trade , supplying enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America and Barbados . The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful , yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did . Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English , German , Walloon , or Sephardim . Peter
Delaware River
The National Marine Fisheries Service is considering designating sixteen rivers as endangered habitat for the Atlantic Sturgeon which would require more attention to be given to uses of the rivers that affect the fish .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Possible destinations included Guiana on the northeast coast of South America where the Dutch had established Essequibo colony , or another site near the Virginia settlements . Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony might offer better security and trade opportunities ; however , they also felt that they should not settle too near , since that might inadvertently duplicate the political environment back in England . The London Company administered a territory of considerable size in the region , and the intended settlement location was at the mouth of the Hudson River ( which instead became the Dutch colony of New Netherland ) . This plan allayed their concerns of social , political , and religious conflicts , but still promised the military and economic benefits of being close to an established colony .
Hudson Valley
In 1497 , John Cabot traveled along the coast and claimed the entire country for England ; he is credited with the Old World 's discovery of continental North America . In 1524 , Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano visited the bay of New York , in service of Francis I of France . On his voyage , Verrazzano sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard , starting in the Carolinas . Verrazzano sailed all the way to New York Harbor , which he thought was the mouth of a major river . Verrazzano sailed his boat into the harbor and possibly sailed over what is now Battery Park ( Battery Park was created with landfill ) . However , Verrazzano never sailed up the Hudson River and left the harbor shortly thereafter . A year later , Estevan Gomez , a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain in search of the Northwest Passage visited New York Bay . The extent of his explorations in the bay is unknown . Yet as Charles H. Winfield has noted , as late as 1679 , there was a tradition among the First Nations that the Spanish arrived before the Dutch , and that from them it was that the natives obtained the maize or Spanish wheat . Maps of that era based on Gomez 's map labeled the coast from New Jersey to Rhode Island , as the `` land of Estevan Gomez '' .
Hudson Valley
The Mid-Hudson Bridge , connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland The pedestrian Walkway over the Hudson , also connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland Newburgh - Beacon Bridge Bear Mountain Bridge , connecting northern Westchester and Rockland counties The Tappan Zee Bridge , presently connecting southern Westchester and Rockland counties
Hudson Valley
Major interstates in the Hudson Valley include The New York State Thruway ) , a small section of Interstate 95 in Southeastern Westchester County , Interstate 287 serving Westchester and Rockland Counties , Interstate 84 serving Putnam , Dutchess , and Orange Counties , and Interstate 684 serving Westchester and Putnam Counties . parkways in the region include the Bronx River Parkway , the Cross County Parkway , the Hutchinson River Parkway , the Sprain Brook Parkway , and the Saw Mill River Parkway serving solely Westchester County , the Taconic State Parkway serving Westchester , Putnam , Dutchess , and Columbia Counties , and the Palisades Interstate Parkway serving Rockland and a very small portion of southwestern Orange County . New York State Route 17 operates as a freeway in much of Orange County and will be designated Interstate 86 in the future .
Hudson Valley
Once Washington retreated to Pennsylvania , New England militias had to fortify the Hudson Highlands , a choke point on the river north of Haverstraw Bay . As a result , the Continentals started building Fort Clinton on the other side of the river from Fort Montgomery . In the year 1777 , Washington expected General Howe to sail his army north to Saratoga in order to meet up with General Burgoyne . This would result in the Hudson River being sealed off . However , Howe surprised Washington by sailing his army south to Philadelphia , conquering the Patriot capital . Washington was out of position and sought to defend Philadelphia , but to no avail . Meanwhile , Howe left Sir Henry Clinton in charge of a smaller force to be docked in New York City , with the permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time . On October 5 , 1777 , Clinton 's army did so . At the Battle of the Hudson Highlands , Clinton 's force sailed up the Hudson River and attacked the twin forts . Along the way , the army looted and pillaged the village of Peeksill . The Continentals fought hard at the battle , but they were badly outnumbered and were fighting in unfinished forts . Washington 's men were caught between defending Philadelphia and defending the Hudson Valley . In the end , the British took the fort , as well as taking Philadelphia around the same time . However , Clinton and his men returned to New York City soon afterward .
New Amsterdam
The threat of attack from other European colonial powers prompted the directors of the Dutch West India Company to formulate a plan to protect the entrance to the Hudson River . In 1624 , 30 families were sponsord by Dutch West India Company moving from Nut Island to Manhattan Island , where a citadel to contain Fort Amsterdam was being laid out by Cryn Frederickz van Lobbrecht at the direction of Willem Verhulst . By the end of 1625 , the site had been staked out directly south of Bowling Green on the site of the present U.S. Custom House . The Mohawk - Mahican War in the Hudson Valley led the company to relocate even more settlers to the vicinity of the new Fort Amsterdam . In the end , colonizing was a prohibitively expensive undertaking , only partly subsidized by the fur trade . This led to a scaling back of the original plans . By 1628 , a smaller fort was constructed with walls containing a mixture of clay and sand .
The impact of geography on colonial America
These colonies included New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware . New York is dominated by farms , forests , rivers , mountains , and lakes . Manhattan Island is a well known location of New York , originally called New Amsterdam . Lake Erie is the great lake that New York shares a border with . The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania is bordered by New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , West Virginia and Ohio . This region also shares a border with Lake Erie . Many rivers run through the state including the Ohio and Delaware Rivers . On the Eastern Seaboard of the United States , Delaware is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay , as well as by the states of New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Maryland . The area of Delaware , Pennsylvania , and New York is known as the Highlands . The Atlantic Coastal Plain is a region along the middle colonies primarily composed of marsh , rivers and swampland .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions : Lower , Middle , and Upper . The following is a list of the counties within the Hudson Valley sorted by region . The Lower Hudson Valley is typically considered part of the Downstate New York region due to its geographical and cultural proximity to New York City .
Hudson Valley
The New York , West Shore and Buffalo Railway began at Weehawken Terminal and ran up the west shore of the Hudson as a competitor to the merged New York Central and Hudson River Railroad . Construction was slow , and was finally completed in 1884 ; the New York Central purchased the line the next year .
Hudson River
Along the river , the Palisades are of metamorphic basalt , or diabases , the Highlands are primarily granite and gneiss with intrusions , and from Beacon to Albany , shales and limestones , or mainly sedimentary rock .
United States
In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times
Hudson Valley
The Continentals later decided to build the Great West Point Chain in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson River in a similar manner as during the previous battle . The chain that was by the forts was simply circumvented by the British army via attacking on the shores . The new chain , designed by engineer Captain Thomas Machin , could have theoretically been lowered in order to let friendly ships sail down the river , but the chain was never tested , and was later discarded after the war .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Despite the new efficiencies introduced by the turnpikes and canals , travel along these routes was still time - consuming and expensive . The idea of integrating a steam boiler and propulsion system can be first attributed to John Fitch and James Rumsey who both filed for patents or state monopolies on steamboats in the late 1780s . However , these first steamboats were complicated , heavy , and expensive . It would be almost 20 years until Robert R. Livingston contracted a civil engineer named Robert Fulton to develop an economical steamboat . Fulton 's paddle steamer , The North River Steamboat ( erroneously referred to as the Clermont ) , made its first trip from New York City north on the Hudson River to Albany on August 17 , 1807 . By 1820 , steamboat services had been established on all the Atlantic tidal rivers and Chesapeake Bay . The shallow - bottomed boats were also ideally suited navigating the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and the number of boats on these rivers increased from 17 boats to 727 boats between 1817 and 1855 . The speed of the steamboats decreased travel times between coastal ports and upstream cities by weeks and costs for transporting goods along these rivers by as much as 90 % .
George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge -- known informally as the GW Bridge , the GWB , the GW , or the George -- is a double - decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River between the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City and Fort Lee , New Jersey . As of 2016 , the George Washington Bridge carried over 103 million vehicles per year , making it the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . It is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , a bi-state government agency that operates several bridges , tunnels and airports , as well as marine seaports , and the PATH rapid transit system .
River Thames
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Henry Hudson
Besides being the namesake of numerous geographical features , Hudson is also the namesake of the Hudson 's Bay Company that explored and traded in the vast Hudson Bay watershed in the following centuries .
The Bronx
The Bronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough , emptying into the East River ; it is the only entirely freshwater river in New York City . A smaller river , the Hutchinson River ( named after the religious leader Anne Hutchinson , killed along its banks in 1641 ) , passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay .
George Washington Bridge
On the New York side , the 12 - lane Trans - Manhattan Expressway heads east across the narrow neck of upper Manhattan , from the bridge to the Harlem River , providing access from both decks to 178th Street , the Henry Hudson Parkway and Riverside Drive on the West Side of Manhattan , and to Amsterdam Avenue and the Harlem River Drive on the East Side . The Expressway connects directly with the Alexander Hamilton Bridge , which spans the Harlem River as part of the Cross-Bronx Expressway ( I - 95 ) , providing access to the Major Deegan Expressway ( I - 87 ) . Heading towards New Jersey , local access to the bridge is available from 179th Street . There are also ramps connecting the bridge to the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal , a commuter bus terminal with direct access to the New York City Subway at the 175th Street ( A train ) station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line .