vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Roman Empire
The early years of Tiberius 's reign were relatively peaceful . Tiberius secured the overall power of Rome and enriched its treasury . However , his rule soon became characterized by paranoia . He began a series of treason trials and executions , which continued until his death in 37 . He left power in the hands of the commander of the guard , Lucius Aelius Sejanus . Tiberius himself retired to live at his villa on the island of Capri in 26 , leaving administration in the hands of Sejanus , who carried on the persecutions with contentment . Sejanus also began to consolidate his own power ; in 31 he was named co-consul with Tiberius and married Livilla , the emperor 's niece . At this point he was `` hoist by his own petard '' : the emperor 's paranoia , which he had so ably exploited for his own gain , turned against him . Sejanus was put to death , along with many of his associates , the same year . The persecutions continued until Tiberius ' death in 37 .
Powers of the President of the United States
President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a `` bully pulpit '' from which to raise issues nationally , for when a president raises an issue , it inevitably becomes subject to public debate . A president 's power and influence may be limited , but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and , furthermore , is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans .
Abu Simbel temples
Each temple had its own priest that represents the king in daily religious ceremonies . In theory , the Pharaoh would have been the only celebrant in daily religious ceremonies performed in different temples throughout Egypt . In reality , the high priest also played that role . To reach that position , an extensive education in art and science was necessary , like the one pharaoh had . Reading , writing , engineering , arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , space measurement , time calculations , were all part of this learning . The priests of Heliopolis , for example , became guardians of sacred knowledge and earned the reputation of wise men .
Leo Wyatt
When Leo was promoted to be an Elder he had to leave his family behind . However , he managed to watch over them , especially his son , as he was given rights to visit him . However his appointment cost him his marriage to Piper . Chris Perry , the whitelighter from the future , had taken his place as the Charmed Ones ' new whitelighter .
Analects
Confucius believed that the social chaos of his time was largely due to China 's ruling elite aspiring to , and claiming , titles of which they were unworthy . When the ruler of the large state of Qi asked Confucius about the principles of good government , Confucius responded : `` Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler , the minister being a minister , the father being a father , and the son being a son '' ( Analects 12.11 ) . Confucius 's analysis of the need to raise officials ' behavior to reflect the way that they identify and describe themselves is known as the rectification of names , and he stated that the rectification of names should be the first responsibility of a ruler upon taking office ( Analects 13.3 ) . Confucius believed that , because the ruler was the model for all who were under him in society , the rectification of names had to begin with the ruler , and that afterwards others would change to imitate him ( Analects 12.19 ) .
Moai
Originally , Easter Islanders had a paramount chief or single leader . Through the years the power levels veered from sole chiefs to a warrior class , known as `` matatoa '' . The therianthropic figure of a half bird and half man was the symbol of the matatoa ; the distinct character connected the sacred site of Orongo . The new cult prompted battles of tribes over worship of ancestry . Creating the moai was one way the islanders would honor their ancestors ; during the height of the birdman cult there is evidence which suggests that the construction of moai stopped .
Magic in Harry Potter
Other known Parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants , including the Gaunts and Voldemort . Dumbledore can also understand Parseltongue ; however , he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability . In Half - Blood Prince he repeats Morfin Gaunt 's words `` the big house over the way '' , which were spoken in Parseltongue .
Thunderstorm
Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations . Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus , who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus . Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird , who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit . The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight Jötnar , with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mjölnir . Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms . Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle 's original work , called Meteorologica , that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God . These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century .
Pluto (mythology)
Hesychius identifies Pluto with Eubouleus , but other ancient sources distinguish between these two underworld deities . In the Mysteries Eubouleus plays the role of a torchbearer , possibly a guide for the initiate 's return . In the view of Lewis Richard Farnell , Eubouleus was originally a title referring to the `` good counsel '' the ruler of the underworld was able to give and which was sought at Pluto 's dream oracles ; by the 2nd century BC , however , he had acquired a separate identity .
Napoleon
Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France . He was considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents . His critics charge that he was not troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands , turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike . His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France 's overseas colonies are controversial and affect his reputation .
Fortress of Solitude
A detailed depiction of the Fortress and its contents forms the background to DC Special Series # 26 ( 1981 ) ; `` Superman and his Incredible Fortress of Solitude '' , in which Superman minutely inspects the Fortress , suspecting an enemy has planted an Earth - destroying bomb within it . Another noteworthy appearance of this version of the Fortress was in 1985 's Superman Annual # 11 , a story by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons titled `` For the Man Who Has Everything '' , in which it served as a battleground for Superman , Batman , Robin , and Wonder Woman against the alien would - be overlord Mongul . This story was adapted to animation in Justice League Unlimited .
Potentiality and actuality
Already in Aristotle 's own works , the concept of a distinction between energeia and dunamis was used in many ways , for example to describe the way striking metaphors work , or human happiness . Polybius about 150 BC , in his work the Histories uses Aristotle 's word energeia in both an Aristotelian way and also to describe the `` clarity and vividness '' of things . Diodorus Siculus in 60 - 30 BC used the term in a very similar way to Polybius . However Diodorus uses the term to denote qualities unique to individuals . Using the term in ways that could translated as `` vigor '' or `` energy '' ( in a more modern sense ) ; for society , `` practice '' or `` custom '' ; for a thing , `` operation '' or `` working '' ; like vigor in action .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Sometime afterwards , once Finn was strong enough , Freya asked him to take her to Mikael , their father , who Finn had been using as a sacrificial power source in his battle with their brothers . Although Mikael was sceptical at first , he eventually recognized his long - lost daughter , and father and daughter happily reunited . Telling Mikael about the truth behind her disappearance and the threat posed by Dahlia , Freya then met with her brothers Klaus and Elijah , who had confronted Finn in the City of the Dead . Removing Finn 's spirit from his host and placing him in her pendant , Freya told her brothers that Hope had nothing to fear from her or from Finn now that he was neutralized . She then told them that they needed to ally if they wanted to stop Dahlia , who was far more powerful than any witch they had ever come across . Although Klaus refused her help , especially when he learnt of her alliance with Mikael , Elijah was willing to hear her out and even ally with her but he told her that he did not trust her . Freya hoped that she would be able to one day win her younger brother 's trust .
Leo Wyatt
Shortly after the Charmed Ones discovered their powers , Leo , posing as a handyman , was hired to fix up their house . Since he was not supposed to reveal himself as their Whitelighter , he used this as an opportunity to keep watch on them Piper and Phoebe became attracted to him . As Leo worked on their house , Piper and Phoebe competed for his attention , though his feelings were reciprocated with Piper .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant with super-strength , agility , reflexes and enhanced speed . Hoult plays the character in scenes set in 1973 while Grammer makes a cameo appearance as Beast in the future setting . The cameo was added because the writers felt Hoult 's Beast was `` such a sweet , young character '' that audiences would want to learn he survived . Once Grammer learned of this opportunity to return as Beast , a character he had enjoyed playing in The Last Stand , he called Singer asking to get involved , and was flown from New York in secret to avoid drawing attention .
Whigs (British political party)
This arrangement changed during the reign of George III , who hoped to restore his own power by freeing himself from the great Whig magnates , thus George promoted his old tutor , Lord Bute , to power and broke with the old Whig leadership surrounding the Duke of Newcastle . After a decade of factional chaos , with distinct `` Grenvillite '' , `` Bedfordite '' , `` Rockinghamite '' and `` Chathamite '' factions successively in power and all referring to themselves as `` Whigs '' , a new system emerged with two separate opposition groups . The Rockingham Whigs claimed the mantle of `` Old Whigs '' , as the purported successors of the party of the Pelhams and the great Whig families . With such noted intellectuals as Edmund Burke behind them , the Rockingham Whigs laid out a philosophy which for the first time extolled the virtues of faction , or at least their faction . The other group were the followers of Lord Chatham , who as the great political hero of the Seven Years ' War generally took a stance of opposition to party and faction .
John C. Calhoun
Why , then , confer on the President the extensive and unlimited powers provided in this bill ? Why authorize him to use military force to arrest the civil process of the State ? But one answer can be given : That , in a contest between the State and the General Government , if the resistance be limited on both sides to the civil process , the State , by its inherent sovereignty , standing upon its reserved powers , will prove too powerful in such a controversy , and must triumph over the Federal Government , sustained by its delegated and limited authority ; and in this answer we have an acknowledgment of the truth of those great principles for which the State has so firmly and nobly contended .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
Magnus ' mother and step - father began to fear him when he started nearing the age of ten , after they realised he was n't fully human . It is revealed that his mother was in fact tricked into sleeping with a demon who disguised himself as her husband , and when she realized , some time after Magnus ' birth , that Magnus was a warlock ( in other words , someone half - human , half - demon ) and not her husband 's child , she hanged herself in her family 's barn . Soon after , his step - father tried to drown him , and Magnus burned him alive in an attempt to save himself . He was then brought up by the Silent Brothers of Madrid , who also came up with his name . Cassandra Clare revealed on Twitter that Magnus was born in what was once Batavia of the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Jakarta , Indonesia ) . Camille does state in City of Lost Souls that his biological father is a Prince of Hell , therefore implying he is a high - ranked demon . Whenever asked who his father is , Magnus always avoids the question or changes the subject . In City of Heavenly Fire , his father is revealed to be Asmodeus , the Greater Demon of Lust and ruler of Edom . Because Asmodeus is also a fallen angel , Magnus is capable of interacting with witchlights -- he can make them glow red .
Creon
The Creon of Oedipus Rex is in some ways different and in some ways similar to the Creon of Antigone . In Oedipus Rex , he appears to favor the will of the gods above decrees of state . Even when Oedipus says that , once dethroned , he must be exiled , Creon waits for the approval of the gods to carry out the order once he has been crowned king .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The Macedonian kings , who wielded absolute power and commanded state resources such as gold and silver , facilitated mining operations to mint currency , finance their armies and , by the reign of Philip II , a Macedonian navy . Unlike the other diadochi successor states , the imperial cult fostered by Alexander was never adopted in Macedonia , yet Macedonian rulers nevertheless assumed roles as high priests of the kingdom and leading patrons of domestic and international cults of the Hellenistic religion . The authority of Macedonian kings was theoretically limited by the institution of the army , while a few municipalities within the Macedonian commonwealth enjoyed a high degree of autonomy and even had democratic governments with popular assemblies .
Prometheus
Before his theft of fire , Prometheus played a decisive role in the Titanomachy , securing victory for Zeus and the other Olympians . Zeus 's torture of Prometheus thus becomes a particularly harsh betrayal . The scope and character of Prometheus ' transgressions against Zeus are also widened . In addition to giving humankind fire , Prometheus claims to have taught them the arts of civilization , such as writing , mathematics , agriculture , medicine , and science . The Titan 's greatest benefaction for humankind seems to have been saving them from complete destruction . In an apparent twist on the myth of the so - called Five Ages of Man found in Hesiod 's Works and Days ( wherein Cronus and , later , Zeus created and destroyed five successive races of humanity ) , Prometheus asserts that Zeus had wanted to obliterate the human race , but that he somehow stopped him . Heracles
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Both William and Anne appointed and dismissed Cabinet members , attended meetings , made decisions , and followed up on actions . Relieving the Sovereign of these responsibilities and gaining control over the Cabinet 's composition was an essential part of evolution of the Premiership . This process began after the Hanoverian Succession . Although George I ( 1714 -- 1727 ) attended Cabinet meetings at first , after 1717 he withdrew because he did not speak fluent English and was bored with the discussions . George II ( 1727 -- 1760 ) occasionally presided at Cabinet meetings but his grandson , George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) , is known to have attended only two during his 60 - year reign . Thus , the convention that Sovereigns do not attend Cabinet meetings was established primarily through royal indifference to the everyday tasks of governance . The Prime Minister became responsible for calling meetings , presiding , taking notes , and reporting to the Sovereign . These simple executive tasks naturally gave the Prime Minister ascendancy over his Cabinet colleagues .
Mycenaean Greece
The state was ruled by a king , the wanax ( ϝάναξ ) , whose role was religious and perhaps also military and judicial . The wanax oversaw virtually all aspects of palatial life , from religious feasting and offerings to the distribution of goods , craftsmen and troops . Under him was the lāwāgetas ( `` the leader of the people '' ) , whose role appears mainly religious . His activities possibly overlap with the wanax and is usually seen as the second - in - command . Both wanax and lāwāgetas were at the head of a military aristocracy known as the eqeta ( `` companions '' or `` followers '' ) . The land possessed by the wanax is usually the témenos ( te - me - no ) . There is also at least one instance of a person , Enkhelyawon , at Pylos , who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as probably a king .
Powers of the President of the United States
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget , although Congress was required to approve it . The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget . Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit , however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause . The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office . The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large - scale power exercises by President Nixon . The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget .
Democracy
Elite upper houses of legislatures , which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure , were common in many nations . Over time , these either had their powers limited ( as with the British House of Lords ) or else became elective and remained powerful ( as with the Australian Senate ) . Republic
Prometheus
In his dialogue titled Protagoras , Plato contrasts Prometheus with his dull - witted brother Epimetheus , `` Afterthinker '' . In Plato 's dialogue Protagoras , Protagoras asserts that the gods created humans and all the other animals , but it was left to Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus to give defining attributes to each . As no physical traits were left when the pair came to humans , Prometheus decided to give them fire and other civilizing arts . Athenian
Concordat of Worms
There exists a misconception concerning the power of the pope in the Middle Ages . Tradition affords him more power and authority than he actually possessed . It is likely the pope in modern ages is much more powerful than those in mediaeval times . The most powerful of all mediaeval popes was Innocent III . His pronouncements on doctrinal matters and the judgments of his court were considered definitive and final . Opposing the mediaeval pope was the primary and unyielding authority of the state . The struggle over investiture between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV , Holy Roman Emperor had dramatised the clash between church and state . The Concordat of Worms had eased the situation for a generation . But in the end , it solved nothing . Practically speaking , the king retained a decisive voice in the selection of the hierarchy . All kings supported King John of England 's defiance of Pope Innocent III ninety years after the Concordat of Worms in the matter concerning Stephen Langton . In theory , the pope named his bishops and cardinals . In reality , more often than not , Rome consecrated the clergy once it was notified by the kings who the incumbent would be . Recalcitrance by Rome would lead to problems in the kingdom . For the most part it was a no - win situation for Rome . In this , the Concordat of Worms changed little . The growth of canon law in the Ecclesiastical Courts was based on the underlying Roman law and increased the strength of the Roman Pontiff .
Tabula rasa
This idea was further developed in Ancient Greek philosophy by the Stoic school . Stoic epistemology emphasizes that the mind starts blank , but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it . The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as `` When a man is born , the Stoics say , he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon . '' Diogenes Laërtius attributes a similar belief to the Stoic Zeno of Citium when he writes in Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers that :
List of Watchmen characters
Before Watchmen : Silk Spectre # 1 revealed that Laurie got her start as a super-hero being trained by her mother to continue the family legacy , before running away from home at the age of 16 and relocating to San Francisco with her boyfriend .
Steve Trevor
Steve Trevor was portrayed as a blonde military hero who often fought battles both alone and alongside Wonder Woman . At the same time , he was also a traditional superhero 's love interest and gentleman - in - jeopardy : getting kidnapped and requiring rescuing from peril by Wonder Woman , as well as pining after the superheroine in the red - and - blue outfit while failing to notice her resemblance to his meek , bespectacled secretary Diana Prince . Although , at times , Steve has rescued Wonder Woman . Silver
Zuko
Zuko is a handsome young man with pale skin , golden eyes , and black hair . The majority of the left side of his face is taken up by a distinctive scar he received from a disastrous Agni Kai against his father Ozai . In Book One , Zuko has a shaved head with a ponytail . In Book Two , he cuts off his ponytail in the season premiere and allows his hair to grow back . He obtains a topknot in Book Three , but is usually seen without it outside the royal palace . Zuko has a muscular physique in Book One but becomes thinner as the series progresses before regaining weight in Book Three . In Legend of Korra , the elderly Zuko sports a lengthy beard and long white hair , much like his Avatar great - grandfather Roku . He is still quite fit and powerful despite being in his early nineties ( by the time of Book 4 ) .
American Revolution
The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued :
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
Old Ones : Ancient and immortal , the Old Ones are mystical beings who possess great magical power . They are found in all parts of the world and are of many races and cultures . Capable of performing many seemingly impossible feats , including freezing time and controlling the elements , they serve the Light in the war against the Dark . The Great Lords of the Dark have many similar characteristics and abilities but are not Old Ones . The two factions struggle to determine the destiny of mankind ; while the Light fights for freedom and free will , the Dark fights for chaos , confusion and the subversion of man 's agency .
Book of Revelation
Tradition links him to John the Apostle , but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book 's composition , the reign of Domitian , and the author never states that he knew Jesus . All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet , probably belonging to a group of such prophets , and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter . His precise identity remains unknown , and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos ( Rev. 1 : 9 -- `` I was put on the Island of Patmos '' ) .