vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sabbath in Christianity
The founder of the Moody Bible Institute declares , `` Sabbath was binding in Eden , and it has been in force ever since . This fourth commandment begins with the word ' remember , ' showing that the Sabbath already existed when God wrote the law on the tables of stone at Sinai . How can men claim that this one commandment has been done away with when they will admit that the other nine are still binding ? ''
Curling
Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out .
Shofar
The shofar is sounded just before , during and after the Musaf prayer on Rosh Hashanah . For the sounding just before Musaf , after the Torah reading , relevant verses from the Bible are recited , followed by two blessings : one on the Biblical commandment of `` hearing the sound of the shofar '' and the blessing of Shehecheyanu . After that , thirty shofar blasts are sounded . In the Musaf prayer itself , the shofar is sounded three times during the silent prayer , and then again three times during the leader 's repetition . For each of these soundings , ten appropriate selections from the Bible are recited , followed by a benediction , followed finally by a series of ten shofar blasts . After leader 's repetition of the Musaf prayer is completed , a final series of ten ( or eleven , depending on the community 's custom ) shofar blasts are sounded , yielding a total of 100 or 101 blasts . ( Some communities do not blow the shofar during the silent Musaf prayer , instead blowing the 30 blasts after the leader 's repetition . ) After the service is over , it is customary to blow another series of thirty blasts `` to confuse the Adversary '' .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
299 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 + Tanzania 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 n / a n / a n / a Seychelles 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 n / a 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 Bangladesh 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a South Africa 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a Yemen 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a n / a Kenya 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 n / a n / a Madagascar n / a n / a n / a n / a 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 + Total ~ 184,167 ~ 230,273 ~ 125,000 ~ 45,752 ~ 1.74 million
Russian Orthodox Church
In 1914 , there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox churches and 29,593 chapels , 112,629 priests and deacons , 550 monasteries and 475 convents with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns in Russia .
Battle of Towton
Contemporary sources declare that the two armies were huge , stating that more than 100,000 men fought in the battle . An account in William Gregory 's Chronicle of London ( 15th century ) by a soldier who had served in the Wars , claimed that the Yorkists had 200,000 soldiers , while the Lancastrian army had even more . Later historians believe that these figures were exaggerated and that a combined figure of around 50,000 is more likely . Nevertheless , the armies gathered at Towton were among the largest at the time . An analysis of skeletons found in a mass grave in 1996 showed that the soldiers came from all walks of life ; they were on average 30 years old and several were veterans of previous engagements . Many knights and noblemen , approximately three - quarters of the English peers fought in the battle . Eight of them were sworn to the Yorkist cause whereas the Lancastrians had at least 19 .
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
In respect of the UNSCOP report , the Sub-Committee concluded that the earlier population '' estimates must , however , be corrected in the light of the information furnished to the Sub-Committee by the representative of the United Kingdom regarding the Bedouin population . According to the statement , 22,000 Bedouins may be taken as normally residing in the areas allocated to the Arab State under the UNSCOP 's majority plan , and the balance of 105,000 as resident in the proposed Jewish State . It will thus be seen that the proposed Jewish State will contain a total population of 1,008,800 , consisting of 509,780 Arabs and 499,020 Jews . In other words , at the outset , the Arabs will have a majority in the proposed Jewish State . ''
Trafficking of children
While concrete figures are difficult to determine , the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) recently reported that there are at least 600,000 children involved in forced begging . The problem may be much more extensive , however , with China 's Ministry of Civil Affairs reporting that as many as 1.5 million children are forced into begging . Additionally , a recent study done in Senegal by Human Rights Watch projected that a minimum of 50,000 children within the country and neighboring nations have been trafficked for the purposes of begging. Begging is often the primary source of income for street children in a number of countries , with a current study conducted by UNICEF finding that 45.7 % of children who work on the streets of Zimbabwe engaged in begging , though there is no way of knowing whether it was through forced means .
Athenian democracy
Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case . Water
Hard disk drive
The total capacity of HDDs is given by manufacturers using SI decimal prefixes such as gigabytes ( 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes ) and terabytes ( 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes ) . This practice dates back to the early days of computing ; by the 1970s , `` million '' , `` mega '' and `` M '' were consistently used in the decimal sense for drive capacity . However , capacities of memory are quoted using a binary interpretation of the prefixes , i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000 .
Diamond
Roughly 49 % of diamonds originate from Central and Southern Africa , although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in Canada , India , Russia , Brazil , and Australia . They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes , which can bring diamond crystals , originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form , to the surface . The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of blood diamonds or conflict diamonds by African paramilitary groups . The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses , and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world .
Probability
Consider an experiment that can produce a number of results . The collection of all possible results is called the sample space of the experiment . The power set of the sample space is formed by considering all different collections of possible results . For example , rolling a dice can produce six possible results . One collection of possible results gives an odd number on the dice . Thus , the subset ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is an element of the power set of the sample space of dice rolls . These collections are called `` events '' . In this case , ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) is the event that the dice falls on some odd number . If the results that actually occur fall in a given event , the event is said to have occurred .
Maya calendar
Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a supplementary series , which provides information on the lunar phase , number of the current lunation in a series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night rules .
Encyclopédie
Print run : 4,250 copies ( note : even single - volume works in the 18th Century seldom had a print run of more than 1,500 copies ) .
When You Believe
ARIA ) 79 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 70 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 57 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 89 France ( SNEP ) 86 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 151 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 110 Chart ( 1999 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 58 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 60 France ( SNEP ) 64 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 50 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 32 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 99 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 260,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
Colombian emeralds
Geologically speaking , Colombian emeralds are said to be the purest emeralds in the world because Colombian emerald deposits are the only ones on earth found in sedimentary host rock rather than in Igneous rock . The tectonic movements that created the Andes Mountains force the raw materials of emeralds -- beryllium , chromium , and vanadium -- found in the ground into liquid and gaseous states . These materials , in such states , find their way into cracks in the already sedimentary medium surrounding them and then eventually cool and crystallize . A saline solution found in the sedimentary rock eventually washes out impurities such as iron that cloud other beryls from forming onto the crystallizing stone . This intricate process produces the emeralds found in the mines of Colombia .
Second Sino-Japanese War
With Chiang Kai - shek as the highest commander , the NRA is recognized as the unified armed force of China during the war . Throughout its lifespan , it employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars , in 370 Standard Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 正式 师 ; traditional Chinese : 正式 師 ) , 46 New Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 新 编 师 ; traditional Chinese : 新編 師 ) , 12 Cavalry Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 骑兵 师 ; traditional Chinese : 騎兵 師 ) , eight New Cavalry Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 新 编 骑兵 师 ; traditional Chinese : 新編 騎兵 師 ) , 66 Temporary Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 暂 编 师 ; traditional Chinese : 暫 編 師 ) , and 13 Reserve Divisions ( simplified Chinese : 预备 师 ; traditional Chinese : 預備 師 ) , for a grand total of 515 divisions .
Church of Ireland
Doctrine , canon law , church governance , church policy , and liturgical matters are decided by the church 's General Synod . The General Synod comprises two Houses , the House of Bishops and the House of Representatives . The House of Bishops includes the 10 diocesan bishops and two archbishops , forming one order . The House of Representatives is made up of two orders , clergy and laity . The order of clergy holds one third of the seats while the laity holds two thirds of the seats . As of 2017 , there are 216 clergy members and 432 lay members in the House of Representatives . The membership of the House of Representatives is made up of delegates from the dioceses , with seats allocated to each diocese 's clergy and laity in specific numbers ; these delegates are elected every three years .
Geologic time scale
The following four timelines show the geologic time scale . The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present , but this gives little space for the most recent eon . Therefore , the second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon . In a similar way , the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline , and the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline . Millions
Evidence of common descent
Scientific literature concerning vestigial structures abounds . One study complied 64 examples of vestigial structures found in the literature across a wide range of disciplines within the 21st century . The following non-exhaustive list summarizes Senter et al. alongside various other examples :
Easter Island
Terevaka formed around 0.77 Ma of tholeiitic to alkali basalts , followed by the collapse of its summit into a caldera . Then at about 0.3 Ma , cinder cones formed along a NNE - SSW trend on the western rim , while porphyritic benmoreitic lava filled the caldera , and pahoehoe flowed towards the northern coast , forming lava tubes , and to the southeast . Lava domes and a vent complex formed in the Maunga Puka area , while breccias formed along the vents on the western portion of Rano Aroi crater . This volcano 's southern and southeastern flanks are composed of younger flows consisting of basalt , alkali basalt , hawaiite , mugearite , and benmoreite from eruptive fissures starting at 0.24 Ma . The youngest lava flow , Roiho , is dated at 0.11 Ma . The Hanga O Teo embayment is interpreted to be a 200 m high landslide scarp .
Great Pyramid of Giza
One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years .
Israel
Israel has 15 cities with populations over 100,000 . In all , there are 77 municipalities granted `` city '' status by the Ministry of Interior . Two more cities are planned : Kasif , a planned city to be built in the Negev , and Harish , originally a small town currently being built into a large city .
Earth
Chemical composition of the crust Compound Formula Composition Continental Oceanic silica SiO 60.6 % 48.6 % alumina Al 2O 15.9 % 16.5 % lime CaO 6.41 % 12.3 % magnesia MgO 4.66 % 6.8 % iron oxide FeO 6.71 % 6.2 % sodium oxide Na 2O 3.07 % 2.6 % potassium oxide 2O 1.81 % 0.4 % titanium dioxide TiO 0.72 % 1.4 % phosphorus pentoxide 2O 5 0.13 % 0.3 % manganese oxide MnO 0.10 % 1.4 % Total 100.1 % 99.9 %
Zimbabwe
In terms of carats produced , the Marange field is one of the largest diamond producing projects in the world , estimated to produce 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million . Zimbabwe is the biggest trading partner of South Africa on the continent .
Brittany
There is a very old pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh ( tour of Brittany ) , where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one of the seven founder saints to another . Historically , the pilgrimage was made in one trip ( a total distance of around 600 km ) for all seven saints . Nowadays , however , pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years . In 2002 , the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales , symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol , Sant Brieg , and Sant Samzun .
Plate tectonics
Depending on how they are defined , there are usually seven or eight `` major '' plates : African , Antarctic , Eurasian , North American , South American , Pacific , and Indo - Australian . The latter is sometimes subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates .
Time
The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time . They were used in navigation . Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe ( 1522 ) .
Column
All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made some use of columns . In Ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds ; in later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common . Egyptian columns are famously present in the Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak ( ca . 1224 BC ) , where 134 columns are lined up in 16 rows , with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres . Plan
Monte Carlo
Additionally , there are 74 suites and junior suites which are grouped similarly , offering more luxury than the rooms . There are single and double suites as well as courtyard junior suites and Sea / Casino Junior suites . There is also one Presidential suite .
Ashoka
Ashoka is often credited with the beginning of stone architecture in India , possibly following the introduction of stone - building techniques by the Greeks after Alexander the Great . Before Ashoka 's time , buildings were probably built in non-permanent material , such as wood , bamboo or thatch . Ashoka may have rebuilt his palace in Pataliputra by replacing wooden material by stone , and may also have used the help of foreign craftmen . Ashoka also innovated by using the permament qualities of stone for his written edicts , as well as his pillars with Buddhist symbolism . Pillars
Moai
Around the same time , archaeologist Charles Love experimented with a 10 - tonne replica . His first experiment found rocking the statue to walk it was too unstable over more than a few hundred yards . He then found that placing the statue upright on two sled runners atop log rollers , 25 men were able to move the statue 150 feet ( 46 m ) in two minutes . In 2003 , further research indicated this method could explain supposedly regularly spaced post holes ( his research on this claim has not yet been published ) where the statues were moved over rough ground . He suggested the holes contained upright posts on either side of the path so that as the statue passed between them , they were used as cantilevers for poles to help push the statue up a slope without the requirement of extra people pulling on the ropes and similarly to slow it on the downward slope . The poles could also act as a brake when needed .
Elgin Marbles
Until cleaning of the remaining marbles was completed in 2005 , black crusts and coatings were present on the marble surface . The laser technique applied on the 14 slabs that Elgin did not remove revealed a surprising array of original details , such as the original chisel marks and the veins on the horses ' bellies . Similar features in the British Museum collection have been scraped and scrubbed with chisels to make the marbles look white . Between January 20 and the end of March 2008 , 4200 items ( sculptures , inscriptions small terracotta objects ) , including some 80 artefacts dismantled from the monuments in recent years , were removed from the old museum on the Acropolis to the new Parthenon Museum . Natural disasters have also affected the Parthenon . In 1981 , an earthquake caused damage to the east façade .
Diamond
Brown - colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production , and were predominantly used for industrial purposes . They were seen as worthless for jewelry ( not even being assessed on the diamond color scale ) . After the development of Argyle diamond mine in Australia in 1986 , and marketing , brown diamonds have become acceptable gems . The change was mostly due to the numbers : the Argyle mine , with its 35,000,000 carats ( 7,000 kg ) of diamonds per year , makes about one - third of global production of natural diamonds ; 80 % of Argyle diamonds are brown .
Battle of the Hornburg
In the book The Lord of the Rings , The Two Towers , the size of the initial garrison at Helm 's Deep for Rohan was nearly 1,000 , but many more were coming into the fort from across Rohan . The estimated number of total Rohirrim defenders was 2,000 by the time Saruman 's army arrived . Merry says that the force that left Isengard numbered 10,000 at least , most marching towards Helm 's Deep and others heading off to the Fords of Isen . This number is later qualified by Gandalf : `` I have about ten thousand Orcs to manage '' , so considerably more than 10,000 when the Men of Dunland are added . Though the battle appears severely lopsided , as Uruk - hai were much better in battle than simple orcs , the defenders managed to hold the fort until a force of almost 1,000 men on foot led by Gandalf along with a forest of Huorns arrived at dawn in the rear of the hosts of Isengard and surround the Uruks .
Japanese swordsmithing
In traditional Japanese sword making , the low - carbon iron is folded several times by itself , to purify it . This produces the soft metal to be used for the core of the blade . The high - carbon steel and the higher - carbon cast - iron are then forged in alternating layers . The cast - iron is heated , quenched in water , and then broken into small pieces to help free it from slag . The steel is then forged into a single plate , and the pieces of cast - iron are piled on top , and the whole thing is forge welded into a single billet , which is called the age - kitae process . The billet is then elongated , cut , folded , and forge welded again . The steel can be folded transversely , ( from front to back ) , or longitudinally , ( from side to side ) . Often both folding directions are used to produce the desired grain pattern . This process , called the shita - kitae , is repeated from 8 to as many as 16 times . After 20 foldings , ( 2 , or about a million individual layers ) , there is too much diffusion in the carbon content . The steel becomes almost homogeneous in this respect , and the act of folding no longer gives any benefit to the steel . Depending on the amount of carbon introduced , this process forms either the very hard steel for the edge ( hagane ) , or the slightly less hardenable spring steel ( kawagane ) which is often used for the sides and the back . Katana
Brown Sugar (The Rolling Stones song)
Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) South Africa 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 38 Canada Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box 38
Democracy
According to Freedom House , in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies ( up from 40 in 1972 ) . According to World Forum on Democracy , electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 percent of the world 's population . At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population .