vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan 's final proposal , on November 20 , offered to withdraw their forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia provided that the U.S. , the UK , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . However the day before the Hull Note was delivered , on November 26 in Japan , the main Japanese attack fleet left port for Pearl Harbor .
Foreign trade of the United States
According to Michael Lind , protectionism was America 's de facto policy from the passage of the Tariff of 1816 to World War II , `` switching to free trade only in 1945 '' . It has been argued that one of the underlying motivations for the American Revolution itself was a desire to industrialize , and reverse the trade deficit with Britain , which had grown by a factor of ten in the space of a few decades , from £ 67,000 ( 1721 -- 30 ) to £ 739,000 ( 1761 -- 70 ) .
Canada–United States relations
The United States had become Canada 's largest market , and after the war the Canadian economy became dependent on smooth trade flows with the United States so much that in 1971 when the United States enacted the `` Nixon Shock '' economic policies ( including a 10 % tariff on all imports ) it put the Canadian government into a panic . This led in a large part to the articulation of Prime Minister Trudeau 's `` Third Option '' policy of diversifying Canada 's trade and downgrading the importance of Canada -- United States relations . In a 1972 speech in Ottawa , Nixon declared the `` special relationship '' between Canada and the United States dead .
Perry Expedition
There were increasing sightings and incursions of foreign ships in Japanese waters , and this led to considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan 's economic and political sovereignty . In May 1851 , American Secretary of State Daniel Webster authorized Commodore John H. Aulick , commander of the East India Squadron , to attempt to return seventeen shipwrecked Japanese then in San Francisco , which might provide the opportunity for opening commercial relations with Japan . On May 10 , 1851 , Webster drafted a letter addressed to the `` Japanese Emperor '' with assurances that the expedition had no religious purpose , but was only to request `` friendship and commerce '' and supplies of coal needed by ships en route to China . The letter also boasted of American expansion across the North American continent and its technical prowess , and was signed by President Fillmore . However , Aulick became involved in a diplomatic row with a Brazilian diplomat and quarrels with the captain of his flagship , and was relieved of his command before he could undertake the Japan expedition . His replacement , Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry ( 1794 -- 1858 ) was a senior - ranking officer in the United States Navy , and had extensive diplomatic experience .
History of United States foreign policy
While European powers , and Japan , engaged in a intense scramble for colonial possessions in Africa and Asia , the United States stood aloof . This all changed 1893 to 1900 , with the result of American ownership of Hawaii , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and a dominant role temporarily in Cuba .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Japanese rule of Korea also resulted in the theft of tens of thousands of cultural artifacts to Japan . The issue over where these articles should be located began during the U.S. occupation of Japan . In 1965 , as part of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea , Japan returned roughly 1,400 artifacts to Korea , and considered the diplomatic matter to have been resolved . Korean artifacts are retained in the Tokyo National Museum and in the hands of many private collectors .
Causes of World War II
Other than a few coal and iron deposits , and a small oil field on Sakhalin Island , Japan lacked strategic mineral resources . At the start of the 20th century in the Russo - Japanese War , Japan had succeeded in pushing back the East Asian expansion of the Russian Empire in competition for Korea and Manchuria .
Marshall Plan
The United Kingdom insisted on special status as a longstanding belligerent during the war , concerned that if it were treated equally with the devastated continental powers it would receive virtually no aid . The Americans were pushing the importance of free trade and European unity to form a bulwark against communism . The Truman administration , represented by William L. Clayton , promised the Europeans that they would be free to structure the plan themselves , but the administration also reminded the Europeans that implementation depended on the plan 's passage through Congress . A majority of Congress members were committed to free trade and European integration , and were hesitant to spend too much of the money on Germany . However , before the Marshall Plan was in effect , France , Austria , and Italy needed immediate aid . On December 17 , 1947 , the United States agreed to give $40 million to France , Austria , China , and Italy .
Treaty of Versailles
On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers . The reasons were twofold : German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives ; and the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram , urging for Mexico to declare war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions .
Surrender of Japan
The logistical demands of the surrender were formidable . After Japan 's capitulation , more than 5,400,000 Japanese soldiers and 1,800,000 Japanese sailors were taken prisoner by the Allies . The damage done to Japan 's infrastructure , combined with a severe famine in 1946 , further complicated the Allied efforts to feed the Japanese POWs and civilians .
History of the United States (1945–64)
While Roosevelt was confident he could deal with Stalin after the war , Truman was much more suspicious . The United States provided loans , and large - scale grants to Western Europe under the Marshall Plan ( 1948 - 1951 ) , And its economy recovered rapidly The Soviet Union was turned down for loans , and refused to allow Eastern European countries to receive American aid . Instead it Took control of the economies and governments of Eastern Europe . Britain , in deep financial trouble , : the United States to assume its role in Greece , where a civil war with communists was underway . With bipartisan support in Congress , Truman responded with the Truman Doctrine in 1947 . Truman followed the intellectual leadership of the State Department , which , especially under the guidance of George F. Kennan , called for containment of Soviet communist expansion . The idea was that internal contradictions , such as diverse nationalism , would ultimately undermine Soviet ambitions .
History of United States foreign policy
In 1893 the business community in Kingdom of Hawaii overthrew the Queen and sought annexation by President Harrison , who forwarded the proposal to the Senate for approval . But the newly elected President Cleveland withdrew the proposed annexation ; Hawaii formed an independent Republic of Hawaii . Unexpectedly foreign - policy became a central concern of American politics . Historian Henry Graff says that at first , `` Public opinion at home seemed to indicate acquiescence ... '' Unmistakably , the sentiment at home was maturing with immense force for the United States to join the great powers of the world in a quest for overseas colonies . ''
History of United States foreign policy
By 1797 the French were openly seizing American ships , leading to an undeclared war known as the Quasi-War of 1798 -- 99 . President John Adams tried diplomacy ; it failed . In 1798 , the French demanded American diplomats pay huge bribes in order to see the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand , which the Americans rejected . The Jeffersonian Republicans , suspicious of Adams , demanded the documentation , which Adams released using X , Y and Z as codes for the names of the French diplomats . The XYZ Affair ignited a wave of nationalist sentiment . Overwhelmed , the U.S. Congress approved Adams ' plan to organize the navy . Adams reluctantly signed the Alien and Sedition Acts as a wartime measure . Adams broke with the Hamiltonian wing of his Federalist Party and made peace with France in 1800 .
Gold standard
Following Germany 's decision after the 1870 -- 1871 Franco - Prussian War to extract reparations to facilitate a move to the gold standard , Japan gained the needed reserves after the Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 . For Japan , moving to gold was considered vital for gaining access to Western capital markets .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
In July 1941 , IJN headquarters informed Emperor Hirohito its reserve bunker oil would be exhausted within two years if a new source was not found . In August 1941 , Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoe proposed a summit with President Roosevelt to discuss differences . Roosevelt replied Japan must leave China before a summit meeting could be held . On September 6 , 1941 , at the second Imperial Conference concerning attacks on the Western colonies in Asia and Hawaii , Japanese leaders met to consider the attack plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters . The summit occurred one day after the emperor had reprimanded General Hajime Sugiyama , chief of the IJA General Staff , about the lack of success in China and the speculated low chances of victory against the United States , the British Empire and their allies .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning , Yamamoto supported Nagumo 's withdrawal without launching a third wave . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and the oil tank farm meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike .
Causes of World War II
Japan stepped in as a mediator for the French - Thai war in May 1941 , allowing its ally to occupy bordering provinces in Cambodia and Laos . In July 1941 , as operation Barbarossa had neutralized the Soviet threat , the faction of the Japanese military junta supporting the `` Southern Strategy '' , pushed through the occupation of the rest of French Indochina .
Foreign trade of the United States
While the United States has always participated in international trade , it did not take a leading role in global trade policy - making until the Great Depression . Congress and The Executive Branch came into conflict in deciding the mix of trade promotion and protectionism . In order to stimulate employment , Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 , allowing the executive branch to negotiate bilateral trade agreements for a fixed period of time . During the 1930s the amount of bilateral negotiation under this act was fairly limited , and consequently did little to expand global trade .
Surrender of Japan
Japan 's sudden surrender after the unexpected use of atomic weapons surprised most governments outside the US and UK . The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō . Unlike the Soviet occupations of eastern Germany and northern Korea , however , these plans were frustrated by the opposition of President Truman .
History of United States foreign policy
In 1948 the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , which supplied Western Europe -- including Germany -- with $13 billion USD in reconstruction aid . Staff on vetoed any participation by East European nations . A similar program was operated by the United States to restore the Japanese economy . The U.S. actively sought allies , which it subsidized with military and economic `` foreign aid '' , as well as diplomatic support . Most nations aligned with either the Western or Eastern camp , but after 1960 the Soviets broke with China as the Communist movement worldwide became divided . Some countries , such as India and Yugoslavia , tried to be neutral . Rejecting the rollback of Communism by force because it risked nuclear war , Washington developed a new strategy called containment to oppose the spread of communism . The containment policy was developed by U.S. diplomat George Kennan in 1947 . Kennan characterized the Soviet Union as an aggressive , anti-Western power that necessitated containment , a characterization which would shape US foreign policy for decades to come . The idea of containment was to match Soviet aggression with force wherever it occurred while not using nuclear weapons . The policy of containment created a bipolar , zero - sum world where the ideological conflicts between the Soviet Union and the United States dominated geopolitics . Due to the antagonism on both sides and each countries ' search for security , a tense worldwide contest developed between the two states as the two nations ' governments vied for global supremacy militarily , culturally , and influentially .
Surrender of Japan
His Majesty the Emperor , mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greater evil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all the belligerent powers , desires from his heart that it may be quickly terminated . But so long as England and the United States insist upon unconditional surrender , the Japanese Empire has no alternative but to fight on with all its strength for the honor and existence of the Motherland .
World War II
Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 .
History of United States foreign policy
However , the Antis could not stop the even more energetic forces of imperialism . They were led by Secretary of State John Hay , naval strategist Alfred T. Mahan , Republican congressman Henry Cabot Lodge , Secretary of War Elihu Root , and young politician Theodore Roosevelt . These expansionist had vigorous support from newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , whipping up popular excitement . Mahan and Roosevelt designed a global strategy calling for a competitive modern navy , Pacific bases , an isthmian canal through Nicaragua or Panama , and , above all , an assertive role for America as the largest industrial power . President McKinley 's position was that Hawaii could never survive on its own . It would quickly be gobbled up by Japan -- already a fourth of the islands ' population was Japanese . Japan would then dominate the Pacific and undermine American hopes for large - scale trade with Asia . While the Democrats could block a treaty in the benate By denying it a two thirds majority , McKinley annexed Hawaii through a joint resolution , which required only a majority vote in each house . Hawaii became a territory in 1898 with full U.S. citizenship for its residents . It became the 50th state in 1959 .
British Empire
The changing world order that the war had brought about , in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers , and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland , caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy . Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States . This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression , for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations . The issue of the empire 's security was a serious concern in Britain , as it was vital to the British economy .
Perry Expedition
Perry also demanded greater latitude in his orders from Webster , a demand the Secretary of State granted just before his death in October 1852 . Perry thus sailed for Japan with `` full and discretionary powers , '' including possible use of force if the Japanese tried to treat him as they had the unfortunate Commodore Biddle . Perry also refused to allow any professional diplomats to accompany the expedition . He asked the German painter William Heine and pioneer daguerreotype photographer Eliphalet M. Brown , Jr. to join the expedition as official artists . Agricultural specialist Dr. James Morrow was assigned by the US State Department . Several Japanese castaways were also taken on as unofficial interpreters .
United States embargo against Cuba
The European Union resented the Helms - Burton Act because it felt that the U.S. was dictating how other nations ought to conduct their trade and challenged it on that basis . The EU eventually dropped its challenge in favor of negotiating a solution .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . ''
World War II
These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt .
Surrender of Japan
The cabinet immediately convened and unanimously ratified the Emperor 's wishes . They also decided to destroy vast amounts of material pertaining to war crimes and the war responsibility of the nation 's highest leaders . Immediately after the conference , the Foreign Ministry transmitted orders to its embassies in Switzerland and Sweden to accept the Allied terms of surrender . These orders were picked up and received in Washington at 02 : 49 , August 14 .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to `` quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us . '' He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . ''
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Americans decided the best defense against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground , or else in the air long before they approached the fleet . The Navy called for more fighters , and more warning , which meant combat air patrols circling the big ships , more radar picket ships ( which themselves became prime targets ) , and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies . Japan suspended Kamikaze attacks in May 1945 , because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks if the Allies dared to invade their home islands . The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes , and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip , the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further . Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target , the proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing . Japan 's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945 . However , the quality of construction was very poor , and many new planes crashed during training or before reaching targets .
Causes of the Great Depression
One of the reasons for setting the currencies at parity with the pre-war price was the prevailing opinion at that time that deflation was not a danger , while inflation , particularly the inflation in the Weimar Republic , was an unbearable danger . Another reason was that those who had loaned in nominal amounts hoped to recover the same value in gold that they had lent . Because of the reparations that Germany had to pay France , Germany began a credit - fueled period of growth in order to export and sell enough goods abroad to gain gold to pay the reparations . The U.S. , as the world 's gold sink , loaned money to Germany to industrialize , which was then the basis for Germany paying back France , and France paying back loans to the U.K. and the U.S. This arrangement was codified in the Dawes Plan .
German declaration of war against the United States
Hitler 's reasons for declaring war against the US when he was not obligated to were numerous . One was an emotional response : the Japanese tactic of using a surprise attack without making a declaration of war appealed to him -- he had done the same thing when he attacked the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 ; indeed , he told the Japanese ambassador `` ( O ) ne should strike -- as hard as possible -- and not waste time declaring war . '' Also , the prospect of a worldwide war fed Hitler 's tendency towards grandiose thinking , and reinforced his feeling that he was a world - historical figure of destiny . As he said in his declaration speech to the Reichstag :
History of United States foreign policy
The same pattern which emerged with the first world war continued with the second : warring European powers , blockades , official U.S. neutrality but this time President Roosevelt tried to avoid all of Wilson 's mistakes . American policy substantially favored Britain and its allies , and the U.S. getting caught up in the war . Unlike the loans in World War I , the United States made large - scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend - Lease . Industries greatly expanded to produce war materials . The United States officially entered World War II against Germany , Japan , and Italy in December 1941 , following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . This time the U.S. was a full - fledged member of the Allies of World War II , not just an `` associate '' as in the first war . During the war , the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts . After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals , the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries .