vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indian elephant
Elephants are classified as megaherbivores and consume up to 150 kg ( 330 lb ) of plant matter per day . They are generalist feeders , and both grazers and browsers . In a study area of 1,130 km ( 440 sq mi ) in southern India , elephants were recorded to feed on 112 different plant species , most commonly of the order Malvales , and the legume , palm , sedge and true grass families . They graze on the tall grasses , but the portion consumed varies with season . When the new flush appears in April , they remove the tender blades in small clumps . Later , when grasses are higher than 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) , they uproot entire clumps , dust them skilfully and consume the fresh leave tops , but discard the roots . When grasses are mature in autumn , they clean and consume the succulent basal portions with the roots , and discard the fibrous blades . From the bamboos , they eat seedlings , culms and lateral shoots . During the dry season from January to April , they mainly browse on both leaves and twigs preferring the fresh foliage , and consume thorn bearing shoots of acacia species without any obvious discomfort . They feed on the bark of white thorn and other flowering plants , and consume the fruits of wood apple , tamarind , kumbhi and date palm .
Common basilisk
This basilisk is an omnivore ; its diet consists of insects for example beetles or dragon flies , flowers , and small vertebrates such as snakes , birds , eggs , and fish .
Centipede
Centipedes are predominantly generalist predators , which means they have adapted to eat a variety of different available prey . Examination of centipede gut contents suggests that plant material is an unimportant part of their diets , although centipedes have been observed to eat vegetable matter when starved during laboratory experiments .
Agama (lizard)
Agamas are mainly insectivores . Their incisor - like front teeth are designed for quick cutting and chewing of their prey . They may also eat grass , berries , seeds and even the eggs of smaller lizards .
Moose
Moose are not grazing animals but browsers ( concentrate selectors ) . Like giraffes , moose carefully select foods with less fiber and more concentrations of nutrients . Thus , the moose 's digestive system has evolved to accommodate this relatively low - fiber diet . Unlike most hooved , domesticated animals ( ruminants ) , moose can not digest hay , and feeding it to a moose can be fatal . The moose 's varied and complex diet is typically expensive for humans to provide , and free - range moose require a lot of forested acreage for sustainable survival , which is one of the main reasons moose have never been widely domesticated .
Moose
The moose is a herbivore and is capable of consuming many types of plant or fruit . The average adult moose needs to consume 9,770 kcal ( 40.9 MJ ) per day to maintain its body weight . Much of a moose 's energy is derived from terrestrial vegetation , mainly consisting of forbs and other non-grasses , and fresh shoots from trees such as willow and birch . These plants are rather low in sodium , and moose generally need to consume a good quantity of aquatic plants . While much lower in energy , these plants provide the moose with its sodium requirements , and as much as half of their diet usually consists of aquatic plant life . In winter , moose are often drawn to roadways , to lick salt that is used as a snow and ice melter . A typical moose , weighing 360 kg ( 794 lb ) , can eat up to 32 kg ( 71 lb ) of food per day .
Cashew
Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption , alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels , can be used to feed livestock . Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees .
Mourning dove
Mourning doves show a preference for the seeds of certain species of plant over others . Foods taken in preference to others include pine nuts , sweetgum seeds , and the seeds of pokeberry , amaranth , canary grass , corn , sesame , and wheat . When their favorite foods are absent , mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants , including buckwheat , rye , goosegrass and smartweed .
Centipede
Centipedes are mostly nocturnal . Studies on their activity rhythms confirm this , although a few observations of centipedes active during the day have been made , and one species , Strigamia chinophila , is diurnal . What centipedes actually eat is not well known because of their cryptic lifestyles and thorough mastication of food . Laboratory feeding trials support that they will feed as generalists , taking almost anything that is soft - bodied and in a reasonable size range . Earthworms may provide the bulk of diets for geophilomorphs , since they burrow through the soil and earthworm bodies would be easily pierced by their venom claws . Geophilomorphs probably can not subdue earthworms larger than themselves , so smaller earthworms may be a substantial proportion of their diet .
Great Pacific garbage patch
Besides the particles ' danger to wildlife , on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater , including PCBs , DDT , and PAHs . Aside from toxic effects , when ingested , some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol , causing hormone disruption in the affected animal . These toxin - containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish , which are then eaten by fish . Many of these fish are then consumed by humans , resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals . While eating their normal sources of food , plastic ingestion can be unavoidable or the animal may mistake the plastic as a food source .
Olmec
The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish , turtle , snake , and mollusks from the nearby rivers , and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas . Birds were available as food sources , as were game including peccary , opossum , raccoon , rabbit , and in particular , deer . Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available , midden surveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein .
Leopard
A study at Wolong Reserve in China demonstrated variation in the leopards ' diet over time ; over the course of seven years , the vegetative cover receded , and leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming tufted deer to pursuing bamboo rats and other smaller prey . A study estimated average daily consumption rates at 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) for males and 2.8 kg ( 6.2 lb ) for females . A study in the southern Kalahari showed that leopards met their water requirements by the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants ; they drink water every two to three days , and feed infrequently on moisture - rich plants such as gemsbok cucumbers ( Acanthosicyos naudinianus ) , tsamma melon ( Citrullus lanatus ) and Kalahari sour grass ( Schmidtia kalahariensis ) . A few instances of cannibalism have been reported .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
The southern colonies can be culturally divided between the uplands and the lowlands , and this distinction is seen in diet and food preparation in the two regions . The diet of the uplands often included cabbage , string beans , white potatoes , while most affluent whites in the uplands avoided crops imported from Africa because they were associated with , and reflected the social inferiority of , black slaves . Those who could grow or afford wheat often had biscuits on their table for breakfast , along with healthy portions of pork . Salted pork was a staple of any meal , as it was used in the preparations of vegetables for flavor , in addition to its direct consumption as a protein .
Cross River gorilla
The cross river gorilla 's diet consists largely of fruit , herbaceous vegetation , liana , and tree bark . Much like their nesting habits , what they eat is contingent on the season . Observations of the gorilla indicate that it seems to prefer fruit , but will settle for other sources of nutrition during the dry season of about 4 -- 5 months in northern regions . Cross River gorillas eat more liana and tree bark throughout the year , and less fruit during dry periods of scarcity .
Black-eyed pea
In Cyprus , Greece , and Turkey ( börülce salatası ) , black - eyed peas are eaten with vegetables , oil , salt , and lemon .
Ancient Greek cuisine
The information from Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ) is more difficult to define . The Comedic authors such as Aristophanes and Alexis described Pythagoreans as strictly vegetarian , with some of them living on bread and water alone . Other traditions contented themselves with prohibiting the consumption of certain vegetables , such as the broad bean , or of sacred animals such as the white cock or selected animal parts .
Dodo
In addition to fallen fruits , the dodo probably subsisted on nuts , seeds , bulbs , and roots . It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten crabs and shellfish , like their relatives the crowned pigeons . Its feeding habits must have been versatile , since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys . Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons , the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season , when food was scarce ; contemporary reports describe the bird 's `` greedy '' appetite . France Staub suggested that they mainly fed on palm fruits , and he attempted to correlate the fat - cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms .
Polistes carolina
P. carolina wasps feed mostly on caterpillars and nectar fluids . They have also been observed to prey on Chrysomelidae larvae and cicadas . They have even been found to eat sweet food discarded by humans . Females feed offspring by putting their heads into the cells containing the larvae . Feeding of larvae can involve visible transfers of food , such as caterpillar flesh held in their jaws or invisible transfers of nectar fluids .
Polar bear
Being both curious animals and scavengers , polar bears investigate and consume garbage where they come into contact with humans . Polar bears may attempt to consume almost anything they can find , including hazardous substances such as styrofoam , plastic , car batteries , ethylene glycol , hydraulic fluid , and motor oil . The dump in Churchill , Manitoba was closed in 2006 to protect bears , and waste is now recycled or transported to Thompson , Manitoba . Dietary
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
Unlike the north , the south did not have a central cultural origin or a single culinary tradition . The southern colonies were also more diverse in their agricultural products . Slaves and poor Europeans in the South shared a similar diet , based on many of the indigenous New World crops . The rural poor often hunted and ate squirrel , opossum , rabbit , and other woodland animals . Salted or smoked pork often supplemented the vegetable diet . Those on the `` rice coast '' ate ample amounts of rice , while the southern poor and slaves used cornmeals in breads and porridges . Wheat was not an option for most poorer residents in the southern colonies .
Water buffalo
Water buffalo thrive on many aquatic plants and during floods , will graze submerged , raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants . They eat reeds , Arundo donax , a kind of Cyperaceae , Eichhornia crassipes , and Juncaceae . Some of these plants are of great value to local peoples . Others , such as E. crassipes , are a major problem in some tropical valleys and water buffalo may help to keep waterways clear .
Captive killer whales
On average , an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily , or as much as 227 kg ( 500 lb ) of food for a six - ton male . Their diet in the wild depends on what is available , and may include fish , walruses , seals , sea lions , penguins , squid , sea turtles , sharks and whales . According to SeaWorld , each of their adult orcas receives 140 to 240 pounds of food per day , primarily herring , capelin , salmon and mackerel . To maintain their alertness , the killer whales are fed at sporadic intervals throughout the day ( as would happen in the wild ) and feeding is often combined with training and shows . Each batch of fish is carefully tested to determine its nutritive composition , and each killer whale 's weight , activity and health is carefully monitored to determine any special dietary requirements .
Rabbit
The chewed plant material collects in the large cecum , a secondary chamber between the large and small intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins . The pellets are about 56 % bacteria by dry weight , largely accounting for the pellets being 24.4 % protein on average . The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard feces . After being excreted , they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach . The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach ; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates . This double - digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut , as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat . This process serves the same purpose in the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep .
Zimbabwe
This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner , usually with sides such as gravy , vegetables ( spinach , chomolia , or spring greens / collard greens ) , beans , and meat ( stewed , grilled , roasted , or sundried ) . Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk ( sour milk ) , commonly known as `` lacto '' ( mukaka wakakora ) , or dried Tanganyika sardine , known locally as kapenta or matemba . Bota is a thinner porridge , cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter , milk , butter , or jam . Bota is usually eaten for breakfast .
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings , voles , ringed seal pups , fish , waterfowl , and seabirds . It also eats carrion , berries , seaweed , and insects and other small invertebrates . Arctic foxes form monogamous pairs during the breeding season and they stay together to raise their young in complex underground dens . Occasionally , other family members may assist in raising their young . Natural predators of the Arctic fox are the red fox , golden eagles , wolverines , wolves , and grizzly bears .
Brown bear
In Denali National Park , Arctic ground squirrels represent about 8 % of the year - round diet of grizzly bears and are the most consistent source of animal protein for grizzlies there . An even more important dietary relationship with a small mammal occurs in the Tibetan blue bear , which is apparently the most completely carnivorous brown bear race , foraging most regularly for plateau pikas ( Ochotona curzoniae ) , a species about one - sixth the weight of an Arctic ground squirrel . As many as 25 pikas have been found in a single bear 's stomach and in Changtang , 60 % of the diet consisted of pikas . Where plateau pikas are absent , as in the Mustang region of Nepal , Himalayan marmots ( Marmota himalayana ) become the dietary staple of the bear , occurring in about half of nearly a thousand scats . Large rodents such as beavers ( Castor spp . ) and North American porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum ) are rare prey items , mostly due to differing habitat preferences , as well as the obvious defenses of the latter . Up to five species of cetacean have been recorded as a food source in the coastal regions of Alaska , the Central Arctic and ( formerly ) California when beached .
Red fox
Red foxes are usually together in pairs or small groups consisting of families , such as a mated pair and their young , or a male with several females having kinship ties . The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits . The species primarily feeds on small rodents , though it may also target rabbits , game birds , reptiles , invertebrates and young ungulates . Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes . Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators , including other fox species , it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators , such as wolves , coyotes , golden jackals and medium - and large - sized felines .
Primate
Like catarrhines , howler monkeys ( a family of platyrrhines ) show routine trichromatism that has been traced to an evolutionarily recent gene duplication . Howler monkeys are one of the most specialized leaf - eaters of the New World monkeys ; fruits are not a major part of their diets , and the type of leaves they prefer to consume ( young , nutritive , and digestible ) are detectable only by a red - green signal . Field work exploring the dietary preferences of howler monkeys suggests that routine trichromaticism was selected by environment .
Brittany
Crêpes and galettes are the two most iconic Breton dishes . The crêpes , made and served with butter , are eaten for dessert and the galettes are usually salty and made with buckwheat . They traditionally replaced bread as basic food and they can be served with cheese , sausages , bacon , mushrooms or eggs . They can be accompanied by Breton buttermilk called lait ribot . Brittany also has a dish similar to the pot - au - feu known as the kig ha farz , which consists of stewed pork or beef with buckwheat dumplings .
Platypus
The platypus is a carnivore : it feeds on annelid worms , insect larvae , freshwater shrimp , and freshwater yabby that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming . It uses cheek - pouches to carry prey to the surface , where it is eaten . The platypus needs to eat about 20 % of its own weight each day , which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food .
Anemia
In cats and dogs after eating either raw or cooked plants from the genus Allium , for example , onions or garlic . In dogs after ingestion of zinc , for example , after eating U.S. pennies minted after 1982 . In horses which eat dry or wilted red maple leaves .
Indian elephant
In Nepal 's Bardia National Park , elephants consume large amounts of the floodplain grass , particularly during the monsoon season . They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season . During a study in a tropical moist mixed deciduous forested area of 160 km ( 62 sq mi ) in Assam , elephants were observed to feed on about 20 species of grasses , plants and trees . Grasses such as Imperata cylindrica and Leersia hexandra constituted by far the most predominant component of their diet . A
Starving Time
There are few records of the hardships the colonists experienced in Virginia that winter . Arms and valuable work tools were traded to the Powhatans for a pittance in food . Houses were used as firewood . Archaeologists have found evidence that they ate cats , dogs , horses , and rats . Cannibalism has been confirmed to have occurred in at least one case ; the remains of a teenage girl of about fourteen years of age has been forensically analyzed and shown to have telltale marks consistent with butchering meat . A scientist has suggested another sinister possibility : arsenic poisoning .
Ceviche
Fish kinilaw typically use tanigue ( Spanish mackerels ) , malasugi ( marlins or swordfish ) , and anchovies . The raw fish are cubed and then marinated in vinegar , souring agents ( usually calamansi , but can also be other sour fruits ) , and salt and spices like black pepper , ginger , onions , and chili peppers ( commonly siling labuyo or bird 's eye chili ) . Variants can also use other ingredients , like shrimp , squid , clams , oysters , crabs , sea urchin roe , seaweed , shipworms ( tamilok ) , vegetables , and cooked meat ( usually goat meat , pork , beef , or chicken ) .
Brown bear
Brown bears will also commonly consume animal matter , which in summer and autumn may regularly be in the form of insects , larvae and grubs , including beehives . Most insects eaten are of the highly social variety found in colonial nests , which provide a likely greater quantity of food , although they will also tear apart rotten logs on the forest floor , turn over rocks or simply dig in soft earth in attempts to consume individual invertebrates such as bugs , beetles and earthworms . Honey bees and wasps are important supplemental foods in Eurasia from the furthest west of their range , in Spain , to the furthest east , in Hokkaido . Bears in Yellowstone and Montana eat an enormous number of moths during the summer , sometimes consuming as many as 40,000 army cutworm moths ( Euxoa auxiliaris ) in a single day , and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects . In Europe , a variety of species of ants have been found to factor heavily into the diet in some areas such as Scandinavia and eastern Europe . In Slovenia , for example , up to 25 % of the dry mass consumed by bears was ants . Locally heavy consumption of ants has been reported in North America as well , as in west - central Alberta , 49 % of scat contained ants . This species mainly feed on ants with a passive response to the colony being dug out and low levels of formic acid , therefore carpenter ants ( Camponotus ssp . ) , which are accessed through rotten logs rather than underground colonies , are preferred where available . Other important insect aggregations that brown bears feed heavily on in some regions include ladybirds and caddisfly . Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and clams . In Alaska 's Katmai National Park and Preserve , bears along the beaches of estuaries regularly dig through the sand for soft - shell clam ( Mya arenaria ) and Pacific razor clam ( Siliqua patula ) , providing a more nutritious source of dietary energy in spring than plant life before fish become available there . The zarigani ( Cambaroides japonicus ) , a type of crayfish , of Hokkaido is also an important , protein - rich dietary supplement for bears there .
Black-eyed pea
In the Southern United States , eating black - eyed peas or Hoppin ' John ( a traditional soul food ) on New Year 's Day is thought to bring prosperity in the new year . The peas are typically cooked with a pork product for flavoring ( such as bacon , fatback , ham bones , or hog jowls ) and diced onion , and served with a hot chili sauce or a pepper - flavored vinegar . The traditional meal also includes collard , turnip , or mustard greens , and ham . The peas , since they swell when cooked , symbolize prosperity ; the greens symbolize money ; the pork , because pigs root forward when foraging , represents positive motion . Cornbread , which represents gold , also often accompanies this meal .
Spider
Various species are known to feed on dead arthropods ( scavenging ) , web silk , and their own shed exoskeletons . Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten , and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen . In captivity , several spider species are also known to feed on bananas , marmalade , milk , egg yolk and sausages .
Elk
Elk are ruminants and therefore have four - chambered stomachs . Unlike white - tailed deer and moose , which are primarily browsers , elk are similar to cattle in that they are primarily grazers . But like other deer , they also browse . Elk have a tendency to do most of their feeding in the mornings and evenings , seeking sheltered areas in between feedings to digest . Their diets vary somewhat depending on the season , with native grasses being a year - round supplement , tree bark being consumed in winter and forbs and tree sprouts during the summer . Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms ( 20 lb ) of various vegetation daily . Particularly fond of aspen sprouts which rise in the spring , elk have had some impact on aspen groves which have been declining in some regions where elk exist .