vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franchising
Franchising is one of the few means available to access venture capital without the need to give up control of the operation of the chain and build a distribution system for servicing it . After the brand and formula are carefully designed and properly executed , franchisors are able to sell franchises and expand rapidly across countries and continents using the capital and resources of their franchisees while reducing their own risk .
Business
Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership ( either formed with or without limited liability ) . Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations . The relationships and legal rights of shareholders , limited partners , or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized . Generally speaking , shareholders in a corporation , limited partners in a limited partnership , and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity , which is legally treated as a separate `` person '' . This means that unless there is misconduct , the owner 's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed .
Perfect competition
Another way to state the rule is that a firm should compare the profits from operating to those realized if it shutdown and select the option that produces the greater profit . A firm that is shutdown is generating zero revenue and incurring no variable costs . However , the firm still has to pay fixed cost . So the firm 's profit equals fixed costs or − FC . An operating firm is generating revenue , incurring variable costs and paying fixed costs . The operating firm 's profit is R − VC − FC . The firm should continue to operate if R − VC − FC ≥ − FC , which simplified is R ≥ VC . The difference between revenue , R , and variable costs , VC , is the contribution to fixed costs and any contribution is better than none . Thus , if R ≥ VC then firm should operate . If R < VC the firm should shut down .
Franchising
The Singer Company implemented a franchising plan in the 1850s to distribute its sewing machines . The operation failed , though , because the company did not earn much money even though the machines sold well . The dealers , who had exclusive rights to their territories , absorbed most of the profits because of deep discounts . Some failed to push Singer products , so competitors were able to outsell the company . Under the existing contract , Singer could neither withdraw rights granted to franchisees nor send in its own salaried representatives . So , the company started repurchasing the rights it had sold . The experiment proved to be a failure . That may have been one of the first times a franchisor failed , but it was by no means the last . ( Even Colonel Sanders did not initially succeed in his Kentucky Fried Chicken franchising efforts . ) Still , the Singer venture did not put an end to franchising .
Ryan Howard (The Office)
Ryan shows more immoral traits in `` Garage Sale '' , when he sells jars of his mother 's homemade Pesto sauce , which she intended to just be for family , for his own profits . Ryan is also in the group that helps Michael think of a good way to propose to Holly . When Michael does propose to Holly , he has some employees jokingly ask Holly to marry them . He states that Ryan was the only one he was concerned about .
Samoa
The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector , encouragement of investment , and continued fiscal discipline . Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances . The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure , political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries , and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint - venture between the government and Virgin Australia ( then Virgin Blue ) .
Extinction
In modern times , commercial and industrial interests often have to contend with the effects of production on plant and animal life . However , some technologies with minimal , or no , proven harmful effects on Homo sapiens can be devastating to wildlife ( for example , DDT ) . Biogeographer Jared Diamond notes that while big business may label environmental concerns as `` exaggerated '' , and often cause `` devastating damage '' , some corporations find it in their interest to adopt good conservation practices , and even engage in preservation efforts that surpass those taken by national parks .
Fair trade
There are several recognized fair trade certifiers , including Fairtrade International ( formerly called FLO , Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ) , IMO , Make Trade Fair and Eco-Social . Additionally , Fair Trade USA , formerly a licensing agency for the Fairtrade International label , broke from the system and is implementing its own fair trade labelling scheme , which has resulted in controversy due to its inclusion of independent smallholders and estates for all crops . In 2008 , Fairtrade International certified approximately ( € 3.4 B ) of products . The World Trade Organization publishes annual figures on the world trade of goods and services .
Perfect competition
Profit can , however , occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run , as firms jostle for market position . Once risk is accounted for , long - lasting economic profit in a competitive market is thus viewed as the result of constant cost - cutting and performance improvement ahead of industry competitors , allowing costs to be below the market - set price .
Fair trade
Fairtrade certification purports to guarantee not only fair prices , but also the principles of ethical purchasing . These principles include adherence to ILO agreements such as those banning child and slave labour , guaranteeing a safe workplace and the right to unionise , adherence to the United Nations charter of human rights , a fair price that covers the cost of production and facilitates social development , and protection and conservation of the environment . The Fairtrade certification system also attempts to promote long - term business relationships between buyers and sellers , crop prefinancing , and greater transparency throughout the supply chain and more .
Franchising
There are a number franchise businesses which are not members of the BFA and many which do not meet the BFA membership criteria . Part of the BFA 's role in self - regulation is to work with franchisors through the application process and recommend changes which will lead to the franchise business meeting BFA standards . A number of businesses that refer to themselves as franchises do not conform to the BFA Code of Ethics are therefore excluded from membership .
Fair trade
Producers organize and strive for Fair Trade certification for several reasons , either through religious ties , wants for social justice , wants for autonomy , political liberalization , or simply because they want to be paid more for their labor efforts and products . Farmers are more likely to identify with organic farming than Fair Trade farming practices because organic farming is a very visible way that these farmers are different than their neighbors and it actually influences the way they farm . They place a significant importance on natural growing methods . Fair Trade farmers are also more likely to attribute their higher paid prices to the quality of their products rather than fair market prices .
Fair trade
The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming countries , using mostly the same importing , packing , distributing and retailing firms . Some independent brands operate a `` virtual company '' , paying importers , packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand , for cost reasons . In the producing country , fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives , while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives ( as uncertified coffee ) , by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders .
Air New Zealand
In 2002 , Air New Zealand reconfigured its domestic operations under a low - cost airline business plan , and the New Zealand government weighed ( and later refused ) a proposal from Qantas to purchase a one - fifth stake in the carrier . Air New Zealand returned to profitability in 2003 , reporting a net profit of $ NZ165. 7 million for that year . The carrier saw increasing profits through 2004 and 2005 . In 2004 , the airline announced a comprehensive relaunch of its long - haul product , featuring the introduction of new seats in its business , premium economy , and economy class cabins .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
He was overprotective of the egg in the episode `` Paternal Egg - Stinct '' , though given how his team mates were treating it ( Skipper put it through a dangerous obstacle course , Kowalski tried shock treatments to increase its intelligence , and Rico was flying it with a hang glider ) , this was rational . Private is very good at deciphering code , communications and peace treaties , and in some degrees , common sense .
Free market
A free market does not require the existence of competition , however it does require a framework that allows new market entrants . Hence , in the lack of coercive barriers , and in markets with low entry cost it is generally understood that competition flourishes in a free - market environment . It often suggests the presence of the profit motive , although neither a profit motive or profit itself are necessary for a free market . All modern free markets are understood to include entrepreneurs , both individuals and businesses . Typically , a modern free market economy would include other features , such as a stock exchange and a financial services sector , but they do not define it .
Business
Sales are activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period .
Franchising
* It make the agreement effective against third parties * It permits the remittance of payments * It qualifies the franchisee for tax deductions .
Starbucks
Starbucks began drafting plans for corporate social responsibility in 1994 . Since Starbucks has partnered with Conservation International ( CI ) to draft plans and audit its coffee and farmer equity ( C.A.F.E. ) program , Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices are based on a rating system of 249 indicators . Farmers who earn high overall scores receive higher prices than those who achieve lower scores . Ratings categories include economic accountability , social responsibility , environmental leadership in coffee growing and processing . Indicators for social responsibility have evolved and now include ' zero tolerance ' indicators that require workers to be paid in cash , check , or direct deposit , ensure that all workers are paid the established minimum wage , that workplaces are free of harassment and abuse , that workplaces are nondiscriminatory and do not employ persons under the age of 14 , and several more . Starbucks has moved 90 % of its coffee purchases to preferred C.A.F.E. certified providers , and the company is approaching its stated goal to purchase 100 % of its coffee through C.A.F.E. or other ' ethically sourced ' certification systems . Washington State University Assistant Professor Daniel Jaffee argues that Starbucks ' C.A.F.E. practices merely ' green wash ' `` to burnish their corporate image . '' Additionally , Professor Marie - Christine Renard of Rural Sociology of Chapingo University in Mexico wrote a case study of Starbucks ' , Conservation International 's , and Agro-industries United of Mexico ( AMSA ) joint conservation effort in Chiapas , Mexico in which she concluded that `` ( w ) hile the CI - Starbucks - AMSA Alliance paid better prices , it did not allow the producers to appropriate the knowledge that was necessary for the organizations to improve the quality of their coffee . ''
Business
Businesses often have important `` intellectual property '' that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable . This could require patents , copyrights , trademarks , or preservation of trade secrets . Most businesses have names , logos , and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking . Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law , while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law . Because of the nature of intellectual property , a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors . Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property , and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties . In order to protect trade secrets , companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee 's interactions with stakeholders , and competitors .
Fair trade
The company 's founder , Martin Rapaport , as well as Kimberley Process initiators Ian Smillie and Global Witness , are among several industry insiders and observers who have called for greater checks and certification programs among many other programs that would ensure protection for miners and producers in developing countries . Smillie and Global Witness have since withdrawn support for the Kimberley Process . Other concerns in the diamond industry include working conditions in diamond cutting centers as well as the use of child labor . Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat , India . Gold
Lobbying in the United States
Wealthy lobbyists often encourage other lobbying clients to donate to a particular cause , in the hope that favors will be returned at a later date . Lobbyist Gerald Cassidy encouraged other clients to give for causes dear to a particular client engaged in a current lobbying effort . Some lobbyists give their own money : Cassidy reportedly donated a million dollars on one project , according to one report , which noted that Cassidy 's firm received `` many times that much in fees from their clients '' paid in monthly retainers . And their clients , in turn , had received `` hundreds of millions in earmarked appropriations '' and benefits worth `` hundreds of millions more '' .
Fair trade
The concept of a Fair Trade school or Fair Trade university emerged from the United Kingdom , where the Fairtrade Foundation now maintains a list of colleges and schools that comply with the needed requirements to be labeled such a university . In order to be considered a Fair Trade University , a school or university must have established a Fairtrade School Steering Group . They must have a written and implemented a school - wide Fair Trade Policy . The school or university must be dedicated to selling and using Fair Trade products . They have to learn and educate about Fair Trade issues . Finally , the Fairtrade Foundation requires that schools promote Fair Trade not only within the school , but throughout the wider community .
Franchising
A service can be successful if equipment and supplies are purchased at a fair price from the franchisor or sources recommended by the franchisor . A coffee brew , for example , can be readily identified by the trademark if its raw materials come from a particular supplier . If the franchisor requires purchase from her stores , it may come under anti-trust legislation or equivalent laws of other countries . So too the purchase things like uniforms of personnel and signs , as well as the franchise sites , if they are owned or controlled by the franchisor .
Business
Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation , for example , public utilities , investment securities , banking , insurance , broadcasting , aviation , and health care providers . Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses .
Fair trade
Additional certifiers include IMO ( Fair for Life , Social and Fair Trade labels ) , Eco-Social and Fair Trade USA . The Fair Trade Federation ( FTF ) , created in 1994 , is an association of Canadian and American fair trade wholesalers , importers , and retailers . The organization links its members to fair trade producer groups while acting as a clearinghouse for information on fair trade and providing resources and networking opportunities to its members . Members self - certify adherence to defined fair trade principles for 100 % of their purchasing / business . Those who sell products certifiable by Fairtrade International must be 100 % certified by FI to join FTF .
Child care
Non-profit day cares have some structural advantages over for - profit operations : They may receive preferential treatment in rents especially if they are affiliated with a church that is otherwise unoccupied during the week , or with a school that has surplus space . Location within a school may have the advantage of coordinated programs with the school and the advantage of a single location for parents who have older school - age children as well . Parents are typically the legal owners of the non-profit day care and will routinely provide consulting services in areas in which they are professionally qualified ( for example accounting , legal advice , or human resources ) for free . ( There are some non-profits not operated by parents , but by a board of directors made up of community representatives who want what is good for the children . ) Non-profits have an advantage in fund - raising , as most people will not donate to a for - profit childcare organization . Non-profits , however , are typically limited in size to a single location , as the parent - owners have no motivation to manage other locations where their children are not present . They may suffer from succession issues as children grow and parents leave the management of the day care to other parents .
Mars, Incorporated
The company was named by Fortune magazine as one of the top 100 companies to work for in 2013 , citing the example that employees of the pet food division can take their dogs to work .
Fair trade
In the spring of 2010 , the University of California , San Diego became the second Fair Trade University in the United States . The University of California at San Diego understood the efforts of the Fairtrade Foundation in the UK , but they recognized they wanted to be more detailed about how their declaration as a Fair Trade University would make an actual change in the way on - campus franchises do business with the university . They also required constant assessment and improvement . The main premise of being a Fair Trade University for the University of California at San Diego is the promise between the university and the students about the continual effort by the university to increase the accessibility of Fair Trade Certified food and drinks and to encourage sustainability in other ways , such as buying from local , organic farmers and decreasing waste .
Perfect competition
Economic profit does not occur in perfect competition in long run equilibrium ; if it did , there would be an incentive for new firms to enter the industry , aided by a lack of barriers to entry until there was no longer any economic profit . As new firms enter the industry , they increase the supply of the product available in the market , and these new firms are forced to charge a lower price to entice consumers to buy the additional supply these new firms are supplying as the firms all compete for customers ( See `` Persistence '' in the Monopoly Profit discussion ) . Incumbent firms within the industry face losing their existing customers to the new firms entering the industry , and are therefore forced to lower their prices to match the lower prices set by the new firms . New firms will continue to enter the industry until the price of the product is lowered to the point that it is the same as the average cost of producing the product , and all of the economic profit disappears . When this happens , economic agents outside of the industry find no advantage to forming new firms that enter into the industry , the supply of the product stops increasing , and the price charged for the product stabilizes , settling into an equilibrium .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
It is perhaps the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world ... soundness and high potential of the MGNREGA are well established ... That , at any rate , is one of the main messages emerging from this extensive review of research on MGNREGA . It is also a message that comes loud and clear from the resounding popularity of MGNREGA -- today , about one - fourth of all rural households participate in the programme every year .
New Mexico
New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state , including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions . Most of the incentives are based on job creation .
Utilitarianism
William Shaw suggests that the problem can be avoided if a distinction is made between potential people , who need not concern us , and actual future people , who should concern us . He says , `` utilitarianism values the happiness of people , not the production of units of happiness . Accordingly , one has no positive obligation to have children . However , if you have decided to have a child , then you have an obligation to give birth to the happiest child you can . ''
Wellington
In recent years , tourism , arts and culture , film , and ICT have played a bigger role in the economy . Wellington 's median income is well above the average in New Zealand , and the highest of all New Zealand cities . It has a much higher proportion of people with tertiary qualifications than the national average . Major companies with their headquarters in Wellington include :
Martie Maguire
Erwin and Strayer co-wrote a song , `` So Hard '' , about their own personal experiences with infertility and their need to rely on other methods to conceive . They speak out about the difficulties they faced , but also their good fortune ; both having options that for many women are financially prohibitive . Mentioning the stigma attached to IVF , Erwin said , `` I think we feel a responsibility to break down some barriers . It 's much more of a common problem than people realize . '' A final concern Erwin mentioned was the question of what to do with all the unused frozen embryos .
Fair trade
To become certified fair trade producers , the primary cooperative and its member farmers must operate to certain political standards , imposed from Europe . FLO - CERT , the for - profit side , handles producer certification , inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them .
Economy of New Zealand
Property analysis company CoreLogic says 45 % of house purchases in New Zealand are now made by investors who already own a home , while another 28 % are made by people moving from one property to another . Approximately 8 % are being made by overseas cash buyers primarily Australians , Chinese , and British -- although most economists believe foreign investment is currently too small to have a significant affect on property prices .