vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indian Rebellion of 1857
By the end of June 1857 , the Company had lost control of much of Bundelkhand and eastern Rajasthan . The Bengal Army units in the area , having rebelled , marched to take part in the battles for Delhi and Cawnpore . The many princely states that made up this area began warring amongst themselves . In September and October 1857 , the Rani led the successful defence of Jhansi against the invading armies of the neighbouring rajas of Datia and Orchha .
Aung San Suu Kyi
During the crisis , the previous democratically elected Prime Minister of Burma , U Nu initiated to form an interim government and invited opposition leaders to join him . Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had signaled his readiness to recognize the interim government . However , Aung San Suu Kyi categorically rejected U Nu 's plan by saying `` the future of the opposition would be decided by masses of the people '' . Ex-Brigadier General Aung Gyi , another influential politician at the time of the 8888 crisis and the first chairman in the history of the NLD , followed the suit and rejected the plan after Suu Kyi 's refusal . Aung Gyi later accused several NLD members of being communists and resigned from the party . Suu
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The inhabitants of the Punjab were not as sympathetic to the sepoys as they were elsewhere in India , which limited many of the outbreaks in the Punjab to disjointed uprisings by regiments of sepoys isolated from each other . In some garrisons , notably Ferozepore , indecision on the part of the senior European officers allowed the sepoys to rebel , but the sepoys then left the area , mostly heading for Delhi . At the most important garrison , that of Peshawar close to the Afghan frontier , many comparatively junior officers ignored their nominal commander ( the elderly General Reed ) and took decisive action . They intercepted the sepoys ' mail , thus preventing their coordinating an uprising , and formed a force known as the `` Punjab Movable Column '' to move rapidly to suppress any revolts as they occurred . When it became clear from the intercepted correspondence that some of the sepoys at Peshawar were on the point of open revolt , the four most disaffected Bengal Native regiments were disarmed by the two British infantry regiments in the cantonment , backed by artillery , on 22 May . This decisive act induced many local chieftains to side with the British . Marble
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The British soon arrested Bahadur Shah , and the next day the British agent William Hodson had his sons Mirza Mughal , Mirza Khazir Sultan , and grandson Mirza Abu Bakr shot under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza ( the bloody gate ) near Delhi Gate . On hearing the news Zafar reacted with shocked silence while his wife Zinat Mahal was content as she believed her son was now Zafar 's heir . Shortly after the fall of Delhi , the victorious attackers organised a column that relieved another besieged Company force in Agra , and then pressed on to Cawnpore , which had also recently been retaken . This gave the Company forces a continuous , although still tenuous , line of communication from the east to west of India .
Partition of India
The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 , nor the earlier separations of Burma ( now Myanmar ) and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from the administration of British India . The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions , nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad , Junagadh , and Jammu and Kashmir , though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition . It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947 -- 1954 , nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961 . Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947 , Sikkim , Bhutan , Nepal , and the Maldives were unaffected by the partition .
Vallabhbhai Patel
After suffering a massive heart attack ( his second ) , Patel died at 9 : 37 a.m. on 15 December 1950 at Birla House in Bombay . In an unprecedented and unrepeated gesture , on the day after his death more than 1,500 officers of India 's civil and police services congregated to mourn at Patel 's residence in Delhi and pledged `` complete loyalty and unremitting zeal '' in India 's service . Numerous governments and world leaders sent messages of condolence upon Patel 's death , including Trygve Lie , the Secretary - General of the United Nations , President Sukarno of Indonesia , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan and Prime Minister Clement Attlee of the United Kingdom .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In September 1917 , Patel had already a speech in Borsad , encouraging Indians nationwide to sign Gandhi 's petition demanding Swaraj -- self - rule -- from Britain . A month later , he met Gandhi for the first time at the Gujarat Political Conference in Godhra . On Gandhi 's encouragement , Patel became the secretary of the Gujarat Sabha , a public body that would become the Gujarati arm of the Indian National Congress . Patel now energetically fought against veth -- the forced servitude of Indians to Europeans -- and organised relief efforts in the wake of plague and famine in Kheda . The Kheda peasants ' plea for exemption from taxation had been turned down by British authorities . Gandhi endorsed waging a struggle there , but could not lead it himself due to his activities in Champaran . When Gandhi asked for a Gujarati activist to devote himself completely to the assignment , Patel volunteered , much to Gandhi 's delight . Though his decision was made on the spot , Patel later said that his desire and commitment came after intense personal contemplation , as he realised he would have to abandon his career and material ambitions .
Modern history
The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers . The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor - General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance .
Axis powers
Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932 , with Puyi as head of state . He was proclaimed the Emperor of Manchukuo a year later . The new Manchu nation was recognized by 23 of the League of Nations ' 80 members . Germany , Italy , and the Soviet Union were among the major powers who recognised Manchukuo . Other countries who recognized the State were the Dominican Republic , Costa Rica , El Salvador , and Vatican City . Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states , including Mengjiang , the Burmese government of Ba Maw , Thailand , the Wang Jingwei regime , and the Indian government of Subhas Chandra Bose . The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China . This precipitated Japanese withdrawal from the League . The Manchukuoan state ceased to exist after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 . Philippines
Round Table Conferences (India)
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930 -- 32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India . They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930 . Demands for swaraj , or self - rule , in India had been growing increasingly strong . By the 1930s , many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status . However , there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve .
Vallabhbhai Patel
National Unity Day celebrates the birthday of Patel because , during his term as Home Minister of India , he is credited for the integration of over 550 independent princely states into India from 1947 - 49 by Independence Act ( 1947 ) . He is known as the `` Bismarck of India '' . The celebration is complemented with the speech of Prime Minister of India followed by the `` Run for Unity '' . The theme for 2016 celebrations was `` Integration of India '' .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 3 February , Sir Hugh Rose broke the 3 - month siege of Saugor . Thousands of local villagers welcomed him as a liberator , freeing them from rebel occupation .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Although the British East India Company had established a presence in India as far back as 1612 , and earlier administered the factory areas established for trading purposes , its victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of its firm foothold in eastern India . The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar , when the East India Company army defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . After his defeat , the emperor granted the Company the right to the `` collection of Revenue '' in the provinces of Bengal , Bihar , and Odisha , known as `` Diwani '' to the Company . The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; later , the Anglo - Mysore Wars ( 1766 -- 1799 ) and the Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1772 -- 1818 ) led to control of even more of India .
British Empire
During the middle decades of the 18th century , there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent , the Carnatic Wars , as the English East India Company ( often known simply as `` the Company '' ) and its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) , struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire . The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India . France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states , ending French hopes of controlling India . In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys .
Afghanistan
In 1838 , the British marched into Afghanistan and arrested Dost Mohammad , sent him into exile in India and replaced him with the previous ruler , Shah Shuja . Following an uprising , the 1842 retreat from Kabul of British - Indian forces , and the Battle of Kabul that led to its recapture , the British placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power and withdrew their military forces from Afghanistan . In 1878 , the Second Anglo - Afghan War was fought over perceived Russian influence , Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan , and Britain gained control of Afghanistan 's foreign relations as part of the Treaty of Gandamak of 1879 . In 1893 , Mortimer Durand made Amir Abdur Rahman Khan sign a controversial agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun and Baloch territories were divided by the Durand Line . This was a standard divide and rule policy of the British and would lead to strained relations , especially with the later new state of Pakistan . Zahir
British Empire
A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence . Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war - time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts . This led to tension , particularly in the Punjab region , where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre . In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre , between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy , and those who viewed it with revulsion . The subsequent Non-Co - Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident , and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years .
Quit India Movement
Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time , even went to the extent of writing a letter titled `` Stick to your Posts '' , in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be `` members of municipalities , local bodies , legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts '' across the country , and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost .
Garhwal Kingdom
Next important ruler was Fateh Shah , remained the King of Garhwal from 1684 to 1716 , and is most known for taking part in the Battle of Bhangani on 18 September 1688 , where combined forces of many Rajas of the Shivalik Hills ( Pahari rajas ) fought with Gobind Singh 's army . During his reign , Sikh Guru and the ex-communicated eldest son of Har Rai , Ram Rai settled here , upon recommendations of Aurangzeb , which eventually led to the establishment of modern town of Dehradun . Fateh Shah died in 1716 , and his son Upendra Shah died within a year of ascending to the throne in 1717 , subsequently Pradip Shah ascended and his ruled led to rising fortunes of the Kingdom , this in turn attracted invaders , like Najib - ud - daula Governor of Saharanpur , who invaded in 1757 along with his Rohilla Army and captured Dehradun . However , in 1770 , the Garhwali forces defeated the Rohillas and retrieved possession of the Dun region . ( 2 ) .
Early Nationalists
In the beginning , the British Government looked upon the actions of the Early Nationalists favourably , and expressed no animosity towards them . Furthermore , a few government officials attended the first session of the Early Nationalists and took part in its deliberations . The Nationalists were invited to a garden party held by the Viceroy , Lord Dufferin in Calcutta in 1886 and another hosted by the Governor of Chennai in 1887 . Official attitudes soon changed ; Lord Dufferin tried to divert the National Movement by suggesting to Hume that the Early Nationalists should devote themselves to social rather than political affairs . However , rather than emerging as a tool in the hands of the authorities , the Early Nationalists gradually became the focus of Indian nationalism .
Subhas Chandra Bose
He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist authoritarianism , on the lines of Turkey 's Kemal Atatürk , for at least two decades . For politically reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at Ankara . During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments but only the Labour Party and Liberal politicians agreed to meet with him . Conservative Party officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony . In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even Dominion status for India . It was during the Labour Party government of 1945 -- 1951 , with Attlee as the Prime Minister , that India gained independence .
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests . When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908 , a British newspaper compared the event to the Boston Tea Party . When Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the Indian salt protest campaign , Gandhi took some duty - free salt from his shawl and said , with a smile , that the salt was `` to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party . ''
Reservation in India
The British Raj introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence . A significant one emerged from the Round Table Conference of June 1932 , when the Prime Minister of Britain , Ramsay MacDonald , proposed the Communal Award , according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo - Indians , and Europeans . The depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote , although they could also vote in other seats . The proposal was controversial : Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes , including their leader , B.R. Ambedkar , favoured it . After negotiations , Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate , with Dalits having seats reserved within it . Electorates for other religions , such as Islam and Sikhism , remained separate . This became known as the Poona Pact ( September 1932 ) .
Gupta Empire
Samudragupta , Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335 , and ruled for about 45 years , until his death in 380 . He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign . He then attacked the Malwas , the Yaudheyas , the Arjunayanas , the Maduras and the Abhiras , all of which were tribes in the area . By his death in 380 , he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna . He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch . Historian Vincent Smith described him as the `` Indian Napoleon '' . He performed Ashwamedha Yajna in which a horse with an army is sent to all the nearby territories of friends and foes . These territorial kings on arrival either accept the king 's alliance , who is performing this Yajna , or fight if they do not . The stone replica of the horse , then prepared , is in the Lucknow Museum . The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar , now in Akbar 's Fort at Allahabad , is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known , on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael - Smyth , the unsympathetic commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry , ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills . All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges . On 9 May , the remaining 85 men were court martialled , and most were sentenced to 10 years ' imprisonment with hard labour . Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years ' imprisonment . The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles . As they were marched off to jail , the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them .
Nationalist Movements in India
Nizamiyat , the local nawabs of Oudh and Bengal and other smaller powers . Each was a strong regional power influenced by its religious and ethnic identity . However , the East India Company ultimately emerged as the predominant power . One of the results of the social , economic and political changes instituted in the country throughout the greater part of 18th century was the growth of the Indian middle class . Although from different backgrounds and different parts of India , this middle class and its varied political leaderships contributed to a growing `` Indian '' identity `` . The realisation and refinement of this concept of national identity fed a rising tide of nationalism in India in the last decades of the 19th century .
The Emergency (India)
Raj Narain , who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi , lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the Allahabad High Court . Shanti Bhushan fought the case for Narain . Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister .
The Emergency (India)
In the 1971 general elections , the people rallied behind Indira 's populist slogan of Garibi Hatao ! ( get rid of poverty ! ) to award her a huge majority ( 352 seats out of 518 ) . `` By the margin of its victory , '' historian Ramachandra Guha later wrote , Congress ( R ) came to be known as the real Congress , `` requiring no qualifying suffix . '' In December 1971 , under her proactive war leadership , India routed arch - enemy Pakistan in a war that led to the independence of Bangladesh , formerly East Pakistan . Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month , she was at her greatest peak ; for her biographer Inder Malhotra , `` The Economist 's description of her as the ' Empress of India ' seemed apt . '' Even opposition leaders , who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a personality cult , referred to her as Durga , a Hindu goddess .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Criticism arose from the media and other politicians that Patel 's home ministry had failed to protect Gandhi . Emotionally exhausted , Patel tendered a letter of resignation , offering to leave the government . Patel 's secretary persuaded him to withhold the letter , seeing it as fodder for Patel 's political enemies and political conflict in India . However , Nehru sent Patel a letter dismissing any question of personal differences or desire for Patel 's ouster . He reminded Patel of their 30 - year partnership in the independence struggle and asserted that after Gandhi 's death , it was especially wrong for them to quarrel . Nehru , Rajagopalachari , and other Congressmen publicly defended Patel . Moved , Patel publicly endorsed Nehru 's leadership and refuted any suggestion of discord , and dispelled any notion that he sought to be prime minister . Though the two committed themselves to joint leadership and non-interference in Congress party affairs , they would criticise each other in matters of policy , clashing on the issues of Hyderabad 's integration and UN mediation in Kashmir . Nehru declined Patel 's counsel on sending assistance to Tibet after its 1950 invasion by the People 's Republic of China and on ejecting the Portuguese from Goa by military force . Nehru also tried to scuttle Patel 's plan with regards to Hyderabad . During a meeting , according to the then civil servant MKK Nair in his book `` With No Ill Feeling to Anybody '' , Nehru shouted and accused Patel of being a communalist . Patel also one on occasion called Nehru , a Maulana , for appeasing Muslims .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
The United Kingdom Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership , with the aim of preserving India 's unity and granting it independence . Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee , the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , the mission had Lord Pethick - Lawrence , the Secretary of State for India , Sir Stafford Cripps , President of the Board of Trade , and A.V. Alexander , the First Lord of the Admiralty . Lord Wavell , the Viceroy of India , did not participate in every step but was present .