vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Pyramid of Giza
Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly .
International System of Units
This section is missing information about all 22 named derived units of SI . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( December 2017 )
Ryukyuan religion
Ishiganto are extremely prevalent in the RyuKyu archipelago . The largest numbers of these stone tablets are located on the main island of Okinawa . Generally older traditional ishiganto in Okinawa are place 20 - 30 centimeters off the ground . This is done to ward off evil spirits that enter the area by crawling on the ground . Presently it is not uncommon to see an ishiganto embedded in the middle to upper part of a wall . Kikai - jima ( island ) is known to have a triangular like font that is very comparable to a Japanese chess game called shogi . Today ishiganto are still being made and are in demand . There are stone companies on Okinawa that still make a traditional ishiganto . Other versions of these tablets are sold on line in a much cheaper fashion and are generally mass - produced . ( Takahashi & Matsui , 2011 )
Diamond
Diamond extraction from primary deposits ( kimberlites and lamproites ) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the Diamond Fields in South Africa . Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4,500,000,000 carats ( 900,000 kg ) have been mined since that date . Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years , and during the last 10 years , nine new mines have started production ; four more are waiting to be opened soon . Most of these mines are located in Canada , Zimbabwe , Angola , and one in Russia .
Automated teller machine
There are no hard international or government - compiled numbers totaling the complete number of ATMs in use worldwide . Estimates developed by ATMIA place the number of ATMs currently in use at 3 million units , or approximately 1 ATM per 3000 people in the world .
Motte-and-bailey castle
Regardless of the sequencing , artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth ; this work was undertaken by hand , using wooden shovels and hand - barrows , possibly with picks as well in the later periods . Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents , because of the volumes of earth involved . The largest mottes in England , such as Thetford , are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man - days of work ; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000 . Contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days , although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate , or that they refer to the construction of a smaller design than that later seen on the sites concerned . Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period , historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build . This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period , which typically took up to ten years to build . Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles , which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available , as was the case after the Norman invasion of England . Where the local workforce had to be paid -- such as at Clones in Ireland , built in 1211 using imported labourers -- the costs would rise quickly , in this case reaching £ 20 . A
Radioactive decay
For a summary table showing the number of stable and radioactive nuclides in each category , see radionuclide . There are 28 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive , consisting of 33 radionuclides ( 5 elements have 2 different radionuclides ) that date before the time of formation of the solar system . These 33 are known as primordial nuclides . Well - known examples are uranium and thorium , but also included are naturally occurring long - lived radioisotopes , such as potassium - 40 . Another 50 or so shorter - lived radionuclides , such as radium and radon , found on Earth , are the products of decay chains that began with the primordial nuclides , or are the product of ongoing cosmogenic processes , such as the production of carbon - 14 from nitrogen - 14 in the atmosphere by cosmic rays . Radionuclides may also be produced artificially in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors , resulting in 650 of these with half - lives of over an hour , and several thousand more with even shorter half - lives . ( See here for a list of these sorted by half life . )
Lundy
23 cist graves were found during this excavation . Considering that the excavation only uncovered a small area of the cemetery , there may be as many as 100 graves . Inscribed
Supreme Court of India
According to supreme court newsletter , there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court , out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year , at the end of 2011 . Excluding connected cases , there are still 33,892 pending cases . As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court , the total number of pending cases in the supreme court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters ( miscellaneous ) and 23,099 regular hearing matters . In May , 2014 , former Chief Justice of India , Justice R.M. Lodha , proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year ( instead of the present system of having long vacations , specially in the higher courts ) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts ; however , as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year as per their choice ; but , the Bar Council of India rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year .
Llano Uplift
Granitic sills that intrude these rocks have been dated from 1.255 to 1.250 Ga . The Coal Creek domain consists of a 6.4 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) - long mass of serpentinite that is surrounded by meta - igneous quartz - plagioclase gneiss of the Big Branch Gneiss . The gneiss has been dated at 1.33 to 1.30 Ga and was metamorphosed about 1.29 Ga , earlier than any other Llano metamorphic rocks . Coal Creek domain also contains diorite plutons , gabbro , amphibolite , mafic schist , minor talc , and smaller serpentinite bodies , all of which were metamorphosed about 1.26 Ga . The Coal Creek domain appears to represent fragments of an island arc with a slice of oceanic mantle faulted into it .
Atom
About 339 nuclides occur naturally on Earth , of which 254 ( about 75 % ) have not been observed to decay , and are referred to as `` stable isotopes '' . However , only 90 of these nuclides are stable to all decay , even in theory . Another 164 ( bringing the total to 254 ) have not been observed to decay , even though in theory it is energetically possible . These are also formally classified as `` stable '' . An additional 34 radioactive nuclides have half - lives longer than 80 million years , and are long - lived enough to be present from the birth of the solar system . This collection of 288 nuclides are known as primordial nuclides . Finally , an additional 51 short - lived nuclides are known to occur naturally , as daughter products of primordial nuclide decay ( such as radium from uranium ) , or else as products of natural energetic processes on Earth , such as cosmic ray bombardment ( for example , carbon - 14 ) .
Aihole
Scattered in the pre historic period meghalithic site behind the Meguti temple are many dolmens , numbering about 45 and more are destroyed by treasure hunters . ( 1 ) Local people call it Morera mane ( Morera tatte ) or Desaira Mane . Each dolmen has three sides upright square slabs and large flat slab on top forms roof , front side upright slab had circular hole .
Hard disk drive
As bit cell size decreases , more data can be put onto a single drive platter . In 2013 , a production desktop 3 TB HDD ( with four platters ) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit / in which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains ( 11 by 1.6 grains ) . Since the mid-2000s areal density progress has increasingly been challenged by a superparamagnetic trilemma involving grain size , grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write . In order to maintain acceptable signal to noise smaller grains are required ; smaller grains may self - reverse ( electrothermal instability ) unless their magnetic strength is increased , but known write head materials are unable to generate a magnetic field sufficient to write the medium . Several new magnetic storage technologies are being developed to overcome or at least abate this trilemma and thereby maintain the competitiveness of HDDs with respect to products such as flash memory - based solid - state drives ( SSDs ) .
Aihole
The Durga temple complex consists of seven Hindu monuments . Next to the Durga temple is the Suryanarayana temple with a pyramidal shikara on top . It has a Surya statue with each hand holding a lotus flower in its garbha griya ( sanctum ) , in a chariot and seven small horses carved at the bottom . The temple outline is intact , but most of the details are damaged . Stone
I Have a Dream
The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . ''
Apothecaries' system
The Sicilian apothecaries ' ounce was divided in 10 drachms . Since the scruple was divided in only 20 grains , like in the northern countries , an ounce consisted of 600 grains . This was not too different from the situation in most of the other mediterranean countries , where an ounce consisted of 576 grains .
Moai
Eleven or more moai have been removed from the island and transported to locations around the world , including six out of the thirteen moai that were carved from basalt . Ahu
Cahokia
Beyond Monks Mound , as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center . To date , 109 mounds have been located , 68 of which are in the park area . The mounds are divided into three different types : platform , conical , and ridge - top . Each appeared to have had its own meaning and function . In general terms , the city center seems to have been laid out in a diamond - shaped pattern approximately 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from end to end , while the entire city is 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) across from east to west .
Carbon
Diamond production of primary deposits ( kimberlites and lamproites ) only started in the 1870s after the discovery of the Diamond fields in South Africa . Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4.5 billion carats have been mined since that date . About 20 % of that amount has been mined in the last 5 years alone , and during the last ten years 9 new mines have started production while 4 more are waiting to be opened soon . Most of these mines are located in Canada , Zimbabwe , Angola , and one in Russia .
Heart of the Ocean
The third and final design was not used in the film . After the film 's success , Asprey & Garrard were commissioned to create an authentic Heart of the Ocean necklace using the original design . The result was a platinum - set , 171 - carat ( 34.2 g ) heart - shaped Ceylon sapphire surrounded by 103 diamonds . This design featured a much larger inverted pear shaped Ceylon sapphire with a subtle cleft to resemble a heart . The chain for this necklace also featured a mix of round , pear , and marquise cut white diamonds . The bail also featured a heart cut white diamond with another round cut diamond attached to an inverted pear shape diamond which was then attached to the cage of the main stone . The necklace was donated to Sotheby 's auction house in Beverly Hills for an auction benefiting the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Southern California 's Aid For AIDS . It was sold to an unidentified Asprey client for $1.4 million , under the agreement that Celine Dion would wear it two nights later at the 1998 Academy Awards ceremony . This necklace has since not been made available for public viewing .
Easter Island
One of the highest - quality examples of Easter Island stone masonry is the rear wall of the ahu at Vinapu . Made without mortar by shaping hard basalt rocks of up to 7 tonnes to match each other exactly , it has a superficial similarity to some Inca stone walls in South America . Stone
Hawaii
There are eight main Hawaiian islands , seven of which are permanently inhabited . The island of Ni ʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson ; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island 's owners . Access to uninhabited Kahoʻolawe island is also restricted .
History of calendars
The Sacred Round of 260 days is composed of two smaller cycles : the numbers 1 through 13 , coupled with 20 different day names : Imix , Ik , Akbal , Kan , Chicchan , Cimi , Manik , Lamat , Muluc , Oc , Chuen , Eb , Ben , Ix , Men , Cib , Caban , Eiznab , Cauac , and Ahau . The Sacred Round was used to determine important activities related to the gods and humans : name individuals , predict the future , decide on auspicious dates for battles , marriages , and so on .
Llano Uplift
The Precambrian rocks consist of multiply deformed , metasedimentary , metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks that range in age from 1.37 to 1.23 Ga . These metamorphic rocks have been intruded by 1.13 to 1.07 Ga , syntectonic to post-tectonic granites . These rocks can be divided into three fault - bounded blocks of strata called domains . They are called the Valley Spring , Packsaddle , and Coal Creek domains . Each of these domains contain distinctive rock types and ages and were either erupted , intruded , or deposited in three separate areas and later tectonically juxtaposed during the Grenville Orogeny . The Valley spring domain consists mainly of gneiss that is composed of quartz and microcline feldspar with minor biotite and hornblende . Likely , this gneiss consists of highly metamorphosed sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks that include rhyolite lava flows and ash - flow tuffs ; igneous intrusions ; and arkose interbedded with minor limestone , and shale . The age of these metamorphic rocks range from range from 1.29 to 1.23 Ga . The Packsaddle domain consists mainly of ( schist ) ) s composed of hornblende , biotite , muscovite , and actinolite ; marbles and calc - silicate rocks ; quartzites ; and quart - feldspar gneiss . These rocks were likely originally marine limestone , shale , and sandstone interbedded with mafic and felsic volcanic rocks and intrusive sills . They date from 1.27 to 1.25 Ga . Granitic sills that intrude these rocks have been dated from 1.255 to 1.250 Ga . The Coal Creek domain consists of a 6.4 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) - long mass of serpentinite that is surrounded by meta - igneous quartz - plagioclase gneiss of the Big Branch Gneiss . The gneiss has been dated at 1.33 to 1.30 Ga and was metamorphosed about 1.29 Ga , earlier than any other Llano metamorphic rocks .
Solomon's Temple
Hekhal is used 80 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible . Of these , 70 refer to the House of the LORD ( in Hebrew Bible בֵּית יְהוָה beit Yahweh ) , the other 10 are references to palaces . There is no reference to any part of the tabernacle using this term in the Hebrew Bible .
Moai
Oral histories recount how various people used divine power to command the statues to walk . The earliest accounts say a king named Tuu Ku Ihu moved them with the help of the god Makemake , while later stories tell of a woman who lived alone on the mountain ordering them about at her will . Scholars currently support the theory that the main method was that the moai were `` walked '' upright ( some assume by a rocking process ) , as laying it prone on a sledge ( the method used by the Easter Islanders to move stone in the 1860s ) would have required an estimated 1500 people to move the largest moai that had been successfully erected . In 1998 , Jo Anne Van Tilburg suggested fewer than half that number could do it by placing the sledge on lubricated rollers . In 1999 , she supervised an experiment to move a nine - tonne moai . They attempted to load a replica on a sledge built in the shape of an A frame that was placed on rollers . A total of 60 people pulled on several ropes in two attempts to tow the moai . The first attempt failed when the rollers jammed up . The second attempt succeeded when they embedded tracks in the ground . This was on flat ground and used eucalyptus wood rather than the native palm trees that would have lived on the island . Sign
Forbidden City
Today , there are over a million rare and valuable works of art in the permanent collection of the Palace Museum , including paintings , ceramics , seals , steles , sculptures , inscribed wares , bronze wares , enamel objects , etc . A new inventory of the Museum 's collections was conducted between 2004 and 2010 . Subsequently , the Palace Museum was shown to hold a total of 1,807,558 artefacts and includes 1,684,490 items designated as nationally protected `` valuable cultural relics . '' At the end of 2016 , the Palace Museum held a press conference , announcing that 55,132 previously unlisted items had been discovered in an inventory check carried out from 2014 to 2016 . The total number of items in the Palace Museum collection is presently at 1,862,690 objects .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery .
Promotion (chess)
This suggests that about 3 % of all promotions are underpromotions . The frequency of truly significant underpromotions is , however , less than this . Note that the promoted piece does not have to be a piece that has previously been captured . A player may promote to any piece they wish , regardless of whether or not such a piece has been captured . In theory , a player could have nine queens , ten knights , ten bishops or ten rooks , though these are highly improbable scenarios . Some chess sets come with an extra queen of each color to use for promoted pawns . If an extra queen is unavailable , it is often represented by an upside - down rook instead .
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands - administratively making the Marquesas Islands subdivision ( 12 high islands and 1 atoll ) ; Society Islands - administratively subdivided into the Windward Islands subdivision ( 5 high islands ) and the Leeward Islands District ( 5 atolls ) ; Tuamotu Archipelago - administratively part of the Tuamotu - Gambier subdivision ( 80 atolls , grouping over 3,100 islands or islets ) ; Gambier Islands - administratively part of the Tuamotu - Gambier subdivision ( 2 atolls in genesis ) ; Austral Islands - administratively part of the Austral Islands subdivision : ( 5 atolls ) ; Bass Islands - administratively part of the Austral Islands subdivision ( 2 atolls ) .
Lake Michigan
In 2007 , a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley , professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College . This formation lies 40 feet ( 12 m ) below the surface of the lake . One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon . So far the formation has not been authenticated .
Curling
The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about ​ 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest .
Horn of Africa
In the field of technology , the Great Stele of Axum , at over 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , was the largest single stone ever quarried in the ancient world .
Hard disk drive
For RAID subsystems , data integrity and fault - tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity . For example , a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring , while a RAID 5 array with x drives loses 1 / x of capacity ( which equals to the capacity of a single drive ) due to storing parity information . RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user , but provide fault tolerance . Most RAID vendors use checksums to improve data integrity at the block level . Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes , or by using separate 512 - byte sectors for the checksum data .
Gambler's fallacy
The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail , and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152 . Therefore , it is equally likely to flip 21 heads as it is to flip 20 heads and then 1 tail when flipping a fair coin 21 times . Furthermore , these two probabilities are equally as likely as any other 21 - flip combinations that can be obtained ( there are 2,097,152 total ) ; all 21 - flip combinations will have probabilities equal to 0.5 , or 1 in 2,097,152 . From these observations , there is no reason to assume at any point that a change of luck is warranted based on prior trials ( flips ) , because every outcome observed will always have been as likely as the other outcomes that were not observed for that particular trial , given a fair coin . Therefore , just as Bayes ' theorem shows , the result of each trial comes down to the base probability of the fair coin : 1 / 2 .
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain is a pluton , a type of igneous intrusion . Primarily composed of quartz monzonite , the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300 -- 350 million years ago ( during the Carboniferous period ) , part of the Appalachian Mountains . It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth 's crust . This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface .