vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Muhammad Yunus
A Danish documentary , Caught in Micro Debt , produced and directed by journalist Tom Heinemann , aired on Norwegian national television NRK in November 2010 . It made a number of allegations against Yunus and Grameen Bank . Those allegations were disproved by later inquiries . The documentary falsely accused Yunus and Grameen Bank of diverting 7 billion taka ( about 100 million US dollars ) given by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation ( NORAD ) from Grameen Bank to another organisation called Grameen Kalyan in 1996 . This allegation was widely spread in the Bangladeshi electronic media in December 2010 . On 6 December , NORAD published a statement clearing Yunus and the Bank from any wrongdoing on this point , following a comprehensive review of NORAD 's support commissioned by the Minister of International Development .
Central Intelligence Agency
Perhaps the most disruptive period involving counterintelligence was James Jesus Angleton 's search for a mole , based on the statements of a Soviet defector , Anatoliy Golitsyn . A second defector , Yuri Nosenko , challenged Golitsyn 's claims , with the two calling one another Soviet double agents . Many CIA officers fell under career - ending suspicion ; the details of the relative truths and untruths from Nosenko and Golitsyn may never be released , or , in fact , may not be fully understood . The accusations also crossed the Atlantic to the British intelligence services , who also were damaged by molehunts .
Certified teacher
Private market - based teacher certification is an emerging concept in India with several teachers starting to take up independent certifications such as those offered by Centre for Teacher Accreditation ( CENTA ) or the training followed by certification offered by Cambridge .
Obstructing the field
Yusuf Pathan of India was dismissed obstructing the field on 15 May 2013 while playing for the Kolkata Knight Riders against the Pune Warriors India in Match 65 of the 2013 Indian Premier League for deliberately kicking the ball while rotating the strike . He became the first player to be dismissed in T20 cricket in this fashion .
Porus
The only information available on Porus is from Greek sources . Historians however have reasoned that based on his name and the location of his domain , Porus was likely to have been a descendant of the Puru tribe mentioned in the Rig Veda .
Yuvraj Singh
In 2011 , Yuvraj was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment in Boston and Indianapolis . In March 2012 , he was discharged from the hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April . He made his international comeback in a Twenty20 match in September against New Zealand shortly before the 2012 World Twenty20 .
Marble Falls, Texas
Gerald Lyda ( 1923 -- 2005 ) , general contractor and cattle rancher , born and raised in Marble Falls Leonel Manzano , silver medal winner in the 1500m at the 2012 London Olympics , NCAA 1500m Champion , member of the USA 2008 Beijing Olympic Team and the USA 2012 London Olympic Team John Arthur Martinez , second - place winner on USA Network 's Nashville Star , taught English and tennis at Marble Falls High School .
Libya
Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to Westernization and political liberalism , including Ugandan President Idi Amin , Central African Emperor Jean - Bédel Bokassa , Ethiopian strongman Haile Mariam Mengistu , Liberian President Charles Taylor , and Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević .
Muhammad Yunus
Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize , along with Grameen Bank , for their efforts to create economic and social development . In the prize announcement The Norwegian Nobel Committee mentioned : Yunus
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Professor Otto Lidenbrock : a professor of geology . Axel : the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock , overcautious and unadventurous student . Hans Bjelke : a Danish - speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide ; dependable , resourceful and imperturbable . Gräuben : the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love , from the Vierlande area of Hamburg . Martha : the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock .
Qazi Muhammad Essa
Pakistan Postal Services issued a commemorative postage stamp in Qazi Muhammad Essa 's honor in its ' Pioneers of Freedom ' series in 1990 . His best friend and also cast vise was Kazi Ghazanfar Hussain and he was a Division Judge .
Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)
# Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather , George Baugh 's mysterious disappearance in 1938 . She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children . The episode reveals that Baugh 's new family emigrated to Australia in 1961 , and had lived there until Baugh 's death in 1974 . 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather , whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II . He discovers that his great - grandfather was blind , married three times , and meets a cousin he never knew he had . He also discovers how syphilis ( a common disease at the time ) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s .
Non-cooperation movement
When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921 , the image of a storm confronts my eyes . From the time I became aware , I have witnessed numerous movements , however , I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did . From the most humble huts to the high places , from villages to cities , everywhere there was a ferment , a loud echo .
Non-cooperation movement
Mahatma Gandhi felt that the revolt was veering off - course , and was disappointed that the revolt had lost its non-violent nature . He did not want the movement to degenerate into a contest of violence , with police and angry mobs attacking each other back and forth , victimizing civilians in between . Gandhi appealed to the Indian public for all resistance to end , went on a fast lasting 3 weeks , and called off the non-cooperation movement .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
The actions of SNCC , CORE , and SCLC forced the Kennedy Administration to briefly provide federal protection to temporarily abate mob violence . Local FBI offices were usually staffed by Southern whites ( there were no Black FBI agents at that time ) who refused to intervene to protect civil rights workers or local Blacks who were attempting to register to vote . Participatory
History of the United States (1945–64)
Although they had white supporters and sympathizers , the Civil Rights Movement was designed , led , organized , and manned by African - Americans , who placed themselves and their families on the front lines in the struggle for freedom . Their heroism was brought home to every American through newspaper , and later , television reports as their peaceful marches and demonstrations were violently attacked by law enforcement . Officers used batons , bullwhips , fire hoses , police dogs , and mass arrests to intimidate the protesters . The second characteristic of the movement is that it was not monolithic , led by one or two men . Rather it was a dispersed , grass - roots campaign that attacked segregation in many different places using many different tactics . While some groups and individuals within the civil rights movement -- such as Malcolm X -- advocated Black Power , black separatism , or even armed resistance , the majority of participants remained committed to the principles of nonviolence , a deliberate decision by an oppressed minority to abstain from violence for political gain . Using nonviolent strategies , civil rights activists took advantage of emerging national network - news reporting , especially television , to capture national attention .
Soweto uprising
The violence escalated , as bottle stores and beer halls -- seen as outposts of the apartheid government -- were targeted , as were the official outposts of the state . The violence abated by nightfall . Police vans and armoured vehicles patrolled the streets throughout the night .
United States free speech exceptions
The Supreme Court has held that `` advocacy of the use of force '' is unprotected when it is `` directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action '' and is `` likely to incite or produce such action '' . In Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court unanimously reversed the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan group for `` advocating ... violence ... as a means of accomplishing political reform '' because their statements at a rally did not express an immediate , or imminent intent to do violence . This rule amended a previous decision of the Court , in Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) , which simply decided that a `` clear and present danger '' could justify a congressional rule limiting speech . The primary distinction is that the latter test does not criminalize `` mere advocacy '' . Incitement
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Many within SNCC had grown skeptical about the tactics of nonviolence and integration . After the Democratic convention of 1964 , the group began to split into two factions -- one favoring a continuation of nonviolent , integration - oriented redress of grievances within the existing political system , and the other moving towards Black Power and Marxism .
Quit India Movement
The committee , therefore , resolves to sanction for the vindication of India 's inalienable right to freedom and independence , the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale , so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle ... they ( the people ) must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement .
Letter from Birmingham Jail
The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit - ins and marches . To this , King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create `` constructive '' tension . This tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure , without which true civil rights could never be achieved . Citing previous failed negotiations , King wrote that the black community was left with `` no alternative . '' `` We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor ; it must be demanded by the oppressed . ''
Non-cooperation movement
Contemporary historians and critics suggest that the movement was successful enough to break the back of British rule , and possibly even the catalyst for the movement that lead to independence in 1947 .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
With funding from the Voter Education Project , SNCC expanded its voter registration efforts into the Mississippi Delta around Greenwood , Southwest Georgia around Albany , and the Alabama Black Belt around Selma . All of these projects endured police harassment and arrests ; KKK violence including shootings , bombings , and assassinations ; and economic terrorism against those blacks who dared to try to register .
French Revolution
The March to Versailles is but one example of feminist militant activism during the French Revolution . While largely left out of the thrust for increasing rights of citizens , as the question was left indeterminate in the Declaration of the Rights of Man , activists such as Pauline Léon and Théroigne de Méricourt agitated for full citizenship for women . Women were , nonetheless , `` denied political rights of ' active citizenship ' ( 1791 ) and democratic citizenship ( 1793 ) . ''
Caste system in India
Independent India has witnessed caste - related violence . According to a 2005 UN report , approximately 31,440 cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996 . The UN report claimed 1.33 cases of violent acts per 10,000 Dalit people . For context , the UN reported between 40 and 55 cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005 . One example of such violence is the Khairlanji massacre of 2006 .
Swadeshi movement
Other than boycott and burning of foreign goods , people also resorted to ' peaceful picketing ' which destined to become a normal feature in almost every type of political agitation in future . All these gave the police a good opportunity to interfere . The volunteers were roughly handled and if they resisted , the police beat them with lathis . These ' Regulation Lathis ' , as they were called , were freely used by the police in the first instance to drive away the picketers and to disperse crowds , whether rioters or peaceful , if they were supposed to be sympathetic to the picketing volunteers . The uttering of Vande Mataram was an indisputable evidence of such sympathy and later it was made illegal to shout Vande Mataram in a public place .
Non-cooperation movement
On 5 February 1922 a clash took place at Chauri Chaura , a small town in the district of Gorakhpur , Uttar Pradesh . A police officer had attacked some volunteers picketing a liquor shop . A whole crowd of peasants that had gathered there went to the police chowki ( pron. - chau key ) ( station ) . The mob set fire to the police chowki with some 22 police men inside it .
Apartheid
Serious political violence was a prominent feature from 1985 -- 89 , as Black townships became the focus of the struggle between anti-apartheid organisations and the Botha government . Throughout the 1980s , township people resisted apartheid by acting against the local issues that faced their particular communities . The focus of much of this resistance was against the local authorities and their leaders , who were seen to be supporting the government . By 1985 , it had become the ANC 's aim to make Black townships `` ungovernable '' ( a term later replaced by `` people 's power '' ) by means of rent boycotts and other militant action . Numerous township councils were overthrown or collapsed , to be replaced by unofficial popular organisations , often led by militant youth . People 's courts were set up , and residents accused of being government agents were dealt extreme and occasionally lethal punishments . Black town councillors and policemen , and sometimes their families , were attacked with petrol bombs , beaten , and murdered by necklacing , where a burning tyre was placed around the victim 's neck , after they were restrained by wrapping their wrists with barbed wire . This signature act of torture and murder was embraced by the ANC and its leaders .
Great Migration (African American)
In the late summer and autumn of 1919 , racial tensions became violent and came to be known as the Red Summer . This period of time was defined by violence and prolonged rioting between blacks and whites in major United States cities . The reasons for this violence vary . Cities that were affected by the violence included Washington D.C. , Chicago , Omaha , Knoxville , and Elaine .
Women's March on Versailles
When the October journées took place , France 's revolutionary decade , 1789 -- 1799 , had barely begun . The revolution 's capacity for violence was as yet not fully realized . The storming of the Bastille had occurred less than three months earlier . Flush with newly discovered power , the common citizens of France -- particularly in the teeming capital , Paris -- felt a newly discovered desire to participate in politics and government . The poorest among them were almost exclusively concerned with the issue of food : most workers spent nearly half their income on bread . In the post-Bastille period , price inflation and severe shortages in Paris became commonplace , as did local incidents of violence in the marketplaces .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Most of SNCC 's early activity took place in Georgia and Mississippi . In the early 1960s , they mainly focused on voter registration projects in the South , and multiple chapters were established throughout the region . The Freedom Rides , in which interracial groups rode buses together and challenged segregated seating arrangements , brought them media attention and helped raise awareness in the North . In 1963 , they played an important role in the March on Washington .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
The civil rights activists crossed the bridge on the third attempt , with the aid of a federal court order barring authorities from interfering with the march . It was part of a five - day march to Montgomery , Alabama , that helped dramatize the need for a Voting Rights Act . During this period , SNCC activists became more and more disenchanted with nonviolence , integration as a strategic goal , and cooperation with white liberals or the Federal government .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Expressing SNCC 's evolving policy on nonviolence / violence , Carmichael first argued that blacks should be free to use violence in self - defense ; later he advocated revolutionary violence to overthrow oppression . Carmichael rejected the civil - rights legislation as mere palliatives . The Department of Defense stated in 1967 : `` SNCC can no longer be considered a civil rights group . It has become a racist organization with black supremacy ideals and an expressed hatred for whites . '' ( Martin Luther King 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference was classified as a `` hate - type '' group by the federal government during the same period ) .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
After the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1965 , more of SNCC 's members sought to break their ties with the mainstream civil rights movement and the liberal organizations that supported it . They argued instead that blacks needed to build power of their own , rather than seeking accommodations from the power structure in place . SNCC migrated from a philosophy of nonviolence to one of greater militancy after the mid-1960s , as an advocate of the burgeoning black power movement , a facet of late 20th - century black nationalism . The shift was personified by Stokely Carmichael , who replaced John Lewis as SNCC chairman in 1966 -- 67 .
Great Migration (African American)
The race riots peaked in Chicago , for the most violence and death occurred there during the riots . According to The Negro in Chicago ; a study of race relations and a race riot , an official report from 1922 on race relations in Chicago , came to the conclusion that there were many factors that led to the violent outbursts in Chicago . Principally , many blacks were assuming the jobs of white men as they went to go fight in World War I. As the war ended in 1918 , many men returned home to find out their job had been taken by a black man who was willing to work for far less . By the time the rioting and violence had subsided in Chicago , 38 people had lost their life , with hundreds more injured . In other cities across the nation many more had been affected by the violence of the Red Summer . The Red Summer enlightened many to the growing racial tension in America . The violence in these major cities prefaced the soon to follow Harlem Renaissance , an African - American cultural revolution , in the 1920s .
Second line (parades)
The overwhelming majority of second line events have been peaceful , but like any other public event where large numbers of people gather , violence has marred some parades in recent years , most notoriously in the gang - related May 12 , 2013 Mother 's Day Parade shooting where 19 were wounded and one trampled , and again on November 22 , 2015 , at Bunny Friend Park , where 17 were wounded , three critically .
Ida B. Wells
... ( L ) ynchings were more frequent in years when the `` constant dollar '' price of cotton was declining and inflationary pressure was increasing . The relative size of the black population was also positively related to lynching . We conclude that mob violence against southern black people responded to economic conditions affecting the financial fortunes of southern whites -- especially marginal white farmers .
Population pyramid
Heinsohn claims that most historical periods of social unrest lacking external triggers ( such as rapid climatic changes or other catastrophic changes of the environment ) and most genocides can be readily explained as a result of a built - up youth bulge , including European colonialism , 20th - century fascism , rise of Communism during the Cold War , and ongoing conflicts such as that in Darfur and terrorism . This factor has been also used to account for the Arab Spring events . Economic recessions , such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Late 2000 's recession , are also claimed to be explained in part due to a large youth population who can not find jobs . Youth bulge can be seen as one factor among many in explaining social unrest and uprisings in society . A 2016 study finds that youth bulges increases the chances of non-ethnic civil wars , but not ethnic civil wars .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
In 1961 SNCC began expanding its activities from direct - action protests against segregation into other forms of organizing , most notably voter registration . Under the leadership of Bob Moses , SNCC 's first voter - registration project was in McComb , Mississippi , an effort suppressed with arrests and savage white violence , resulting in the murder of local activist Herbert Lee .
Southern United States
Pockets of resistance to integration in public places broke out in violence during the 1960s by the shadowy Ku Klux Klan , which caused a backlash among moderates . Major resistance to school busing extending into the 1970s .
Non-cooperation movement
Indian Muslims who had participated in the Khilafat movement to restore the status of the Caliph gave their support to the non-cooperation movement . In response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and other violence in Punjab , the movement sought to secure Swaraj , independence for India . Gandhi promised Swaraj in one year if his Non-Cooperation programme was fully implemented . The other reason to start the non-cooperation movement was that Gandhi lost faith in constitutional methods and turned from cooperator of British rule to non-cooperator .
United States free speech exceptions
Threats of violence that are directed at a person or group of persons that has the intent of placing the target at risk of bodily harm or death are generally unprotected . However , there are several exceptions . For example , the Supreme Court has held that `` threats may not be punished if a reasonable person would understand them as obvious hyperbole '' , he writes . Additionally , threats of `` social ostracism '' and of `` politically motivated boycotts '' are constitutionally protected . However , sometimes even political speech can be a threat , and thus becomes unprotected .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC activist Bernice Johnson Reagon described the Civil Rights Movement as the `` ' borning struggle ' of the decade , in that it stimulated and informed those that followed it , '' including the modern feminist movement . The influence of the Civil Rights movement inspired mass protests and awareness campaigns as the main methods to obtain sexual equality .