vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Child care
The day care industry is a continuum from personal parental care to large , regulated institutions . Some childminders care for children from several families at the same time , either in their own home ( commonly known as `` family day care '' in Australia ) or in a specialized child care facility . Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment . For - profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies . Research shows that not - for - profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . For all providers , the largest expense is labor . Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers , affecting staffing requirements . In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities ( washroom , eating , sleeping , lighting levels , etc . ) .
Child care
Independent studies suggest that good daycare for non-infants is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Bad daycare puts the child at physical , emotional and attachment risk . Higher quality care was associated with better outcomes . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 41⁄2 years of life than those in lower quality care . They were also somewhat more cooperative than those who experienced lower quality care during the first 3 years of life .
History of the United Kingdom
The era was pro as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe . The South Sea Bubble was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal . The South Sea Company was a private business corporation set up in London ostensibly to grant trade monopolies in South America . Its actual purpose was to re-negotiate previous high - interest government loans amounting to £ 31 million through market manipulation and speculation . It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors . Prices kept soaring every day , from £ 130 a share to £ 1,000 , with insiders making huge paper profits . The Bubble collapsed overnight , ruining many speculators . Investigations showed bribes had reached into high places -- even to the king . Robert Walpole managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage , although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide .
Economy of New Zealand
Through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade , New Zealand also provides international aid and development funding to help stimulate sustainable economic development in underdeveloped economies . The New Zealand Aid Programme , allocated about $550 ma year , is focused primarily on promoting development in the Pacific . The allocation of $550 million represents about 0.26 % of New Zealand 's gross national income ( GNI ) .
New Zealand
Wool was New Zealand 's major agricultural export during the late 19th century . Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues , but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers . In contrast dairy farming increased , with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007 , to become New Zealand 's largest export earner . In the year to June 2009 , dairy products accounted for 21 % ( $9.1 billion ) of total merchandise exports , and the country 's largest company , Fonterra , controls almost one - third of the international dairy trade . Other agricultural exports in 2009 were meat 13.2 % , wool 6.3 % , fruit 3.5 % and fishing 3.3 % . New Zealand 's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy , the number of vineyards doubling over the same period , overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007 .
The One with the Embryos
In a 2001 review , Entertainment Weekly rated the episode A+ , stating that `` Thanks to the trivia contest alone , Embryos is quite possibly Friends ' finest moment '' . The article singles out Rachel 's line `` He 's a transpon - transpondster ! '' ( in response to the question `` What is Chandler Bing 's job ? '' ) as the best line of the episode . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends called it a `` sure - fire contender for the best episode of all time ... not one to be missed under any circumstances '' . In 2004 , Tara Ariano of MSNBC.com wrote that the character trivia is `` revealed in a manner completely organic to the plot . Beautifully written and acted , ' The One With The Embryos ' encapsulates the whole series in a single episode '' . The episode was ranked # 21 on TV Guide 's list of `` TV 's Top 100 Episodes of All Time '' .
Chick-fil-A
Chick - fil - A vigorously protects its intellectual property , sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks . The corporation has successfully protested at least 30 instances of the use of an `` eat more '' phrase , saying that the use would cause confusion of the public , dilute the distinctiveness of their intellectual property , and diminish its value .
Business
In legal parlance , the owners of a company are normally referred to as the `` members '' . In a company limited or unlimited by shares ( formed or incorporated with a share capital ) , this will be the shareholders . In a company limited by guarantee , this will be the guarantors . Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions . Examples include `` segregated portfolio companies '' and restricted purpose companies .
Executive compensation
Supporters of stock options say they align the interests of CEOs to those of shareholders , since options are valuable only if the stock price remains above the option 's strike price . Stock options are now counted as a corporate expense ( non-cash ) , which impacts a company 's income statement and makes the distribution of options more transparent to shareholders . Critics of stock options charge that they are granted without justification as there is little reason to align the interests of CEOs with those of shareholders . Empirical evidence shows since the wide use of stock options , executive pay relative to workers has dramatically risen . Moreover , executive stock options contributed to the accounting manipulation scandals of the late 1990s and abuses such as the options backdating of such grants . Finally , researchers have shown that relationships between executive stock options and stock buybacks , implying that executives use corporate resources to inflate stock prices before they exercise their options .
Gynaecology
There have been a number of legal challenges in the US against healthcare providers who have started hiring based on gender of physicians . Dr Mircea Veleanu argued , in part , that his former employers discriminated against him by accommodating the wishes of female patients who had requested female doctors for intimate exams . A male nurse complained about an advert for an all - female obstetrics and gynaecology practice in Columbia , Maryland claiming this was a form of sexual discrimination . Dr David Garfinkel , a New Jersey - based ob - gyn sued his former employer after being fired due to , as he claimed , `` because I was male , I was n't drawing as many patients as they 'd expected '' .
Plant breeding
Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century . Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders in England was established in the 1890s by John Garton , who was one of the first to commercialize new varieties of agricultural crops created through cross-pollination . The firm 's first introduction was Abundance Oat , one of the first agricultural grain varieties bred from a controlled cross , introduced to commerce in 1892 .
Social exchange theory
If worth is a positive number , it is a positive relationship . On the contrary , a negative number indicates a negative relationship . The worth of a relationship influences its outcome , or whether people will continue with a relationship or terminate it . Positive relationships are expected to endure , whereas negative relationships will probably terminate . In a mutually beneficial exchange , each party supplies the wants of the other party at lower cost to self than the value of the resources the other party provides . In such a model , mutual relationship satisfaction ensures relationship stability .
Economy of New Zealand
The United States is New Zealand 's third largest trading partner . In 2013 , bilateral trade between the two countries was valued at NZ $11.8 billion . New Zealand 's main exports to the United States are beef , dairy products and lamb . Imports from the US include specialised machinery , pharmaceutical products , oil and fuel . In addition to trade , there is a high level of corporate and individual investment between the two countries and the US is a major source of tourists coming to New Zealand . In March 2012 , the United States had a total of $44 billion invested in New Zealand . A number of US companies have subsidiary branches in New Zealand . Many operate through local agents , with some joint venture associations . The United States Chamber of Commerce is active in New Zealand , with a main office in Auckland and a branch committee in Wellington .
Sustainability
Treating the environment as an externality may generate short - term profit at the expense of sustainability . Sustainable business practices , on the other hand , integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones ( i.e. , the triple bottom line ) . Growth that depletes ecosystem services is sometimes termed `` uneconomic growth '' as it leads to a decline in quality of life . Minimizing such growth can provide opportunities for local businesses . For example , industrial waste can be treated as an `` economic resource in the wrong place '' . The benefits of waste reduction include savings from disposal costs , fewer environmental penalties , and reduced liability insurance . This may lead to increased market share due to an improved public image . Energy efficiency can also increase profits by reducing costs .
Franchising
Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organisation as a strategy for business expansion . Where implemented , a franchiser licenses its know - how , procedures , intellectual property , use of its business model , brand ; and rights to sell its branded products and services to a franchisee . In return the franchisee pays certain fees and agrees to comply with certain obligations , typically set out in a Franchise Agreement .
Franchising
New Zealand is served by around 423 franchise systems operating 450 brands , giving it the highest proportion of franchises per capita in the world . Despite ( or because of ) the recession , the total number of franchised units increased by 5.3 % from 2009 to 2010 . There is no separate law covering franchises , so they are covered by normal commercial law . This functions very well in New Zealand and includes law as it applies to contracts , restrictive trade practices , intellectual property and the law of misleading or deceptive conduct .
Fair trade
A Fair Trade University is one that develops all aspects of Fair Trade practices in their coursework . In 2007 , the Director of the Environmental Studies program at the University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh , David Barnhill , started a push to become the first Fair Trade University . This push received positive reactions from faculty and students . To begin the process , the University as a whole agreed that it would need support from four institutional groups -- faculty , staff , support staff , and students -- to maximize support and educational efforts . The University officially endorsed the Earth Charter and created a Campus Sustainability Plan to align with the efforts of becoming a Fair Trade University .
Utilitarianism
One objection to this interpretation of utility is that there may not be a single good ( or indeed any good ) which rationality requires us to seek . But if we understand `` utility '' broadly enough to include all potentially desirable ends -- pleasure , knowledge , friendship , health and so on -- it 's not clear that there is a unique correct way to make the tradeoffs between different goods so that each outcome receives a utility . There may be no good answer to the question of whether the life of an ascetic monk contains more or less good than the life of a happy libertine -- but assigning utilities to these options forces us to compare them .
Big Boy Restaurants
Big Boy 's origins as a drive in restaurant , required a much smaller investment to open and much lower costs to operate : a small building having no dining room or limited counter space . Thus persons of modest assets could become Big Boy operators . It was the profits from these operations which allowed not only additional drive ins , but operators to build the modern restaurants with large pleasant dining rooms . Many of the early successful franchisees would probably not have assets ( converted to present value ) sufficient to join Big Boy today .
Bay of Plenty
Significant horticultural , forestry and tourism industries are well established in the region . However , the Bay of Plenty is the third-most economically deprived region in New Zealand , with the eastern districts being among the least economically developed in the country . However , in 2011 Business & Economic Research Limited ( BERL ) identified the Bay of Plenty as one of the top performing regions in economic development , ranking second behind Auckland . It had the highest employment and GDP growth for 2011 and had the fastest growing medium term GDP . Tauranga , the region 's largest commercial centre , was named New Zealand 's top city for economic performance for the 2011 year .
Torrey DeVitto
Outside of work , DeVitto dedicates much of what free time she has to philanthropy . She is a Hospice Ambassador going on five years and also supports PETA and The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) . She shares , `` To most , death is an incredibly scary and taboo idea . Hospice provides a shoulder to lean on ... and the important duty of easing the fears and doubts that naturally reside in our minds as we approach the end of our lifetime . There is nothing I am more proud or passionate about than being a part of this work . It is a life - long commitment for me . A passion that I find to be more gratifying than anything I have ever known . My hope is to inspire others to join me in this fulfilling journey . ''
APA Ethics Code
Opponents of the movement object that all psychotherapies are equally effective ( termed `` the Dodo bird verdict '' ) and assert that restricting therapists to only evidence - based treatments limits opportunities to discover new techniques . Further complicating the issue is the fact that there is debate about what kind of evidence is needed to constitute `` good research support '' for or against a treatment .
Income inequality in the United States
Economist Dean Baker argues that the existence of tax loopholes , deductions , and credits for the corporate income tax contributes to rising income inequality by permitting large corporations with many accountants to reduce their tax burden and by permitting large accounting firms to receive payments from smaller businesses in exchange for helping these businesses reduce their tax burden . He says that this redistributes large sums of money that would otherwise be taxed to individuals who are already wealthy yet contribute nothing to society in order to obtain this wealth . He further argues that since a large portion of corporate income is reinvested in the business , taxing corporate income amounts to a tax on reinvestment , which he says should be left untaxed . He concludes that eliminating the corporate income tax , while needing to be offset by revenue increases elsewhere , would reduce income inequality .
Tariff
On the positive externalities , if an industry generates technological spinoffs for the rest of the economy , then free trade can let that industry be destroyed by foreign competition because the economy ignores its hidden value . Some industries generate new technologies , allow improvements in other industries and stimulate technological advances throughout the economy ; losing these industries means losing all industries that would have resulted in the future . Unrealistic
Bay of Plenty
Agriculture , natural resources and tourism are the major industries . Most ( 96 per cent ) of the region is defined as ' rural ' , with 22 % of land usage representing farm land and 38 % representing nature reserve land . The most common agricultural land uses are horticulture , dairy , grazing and sheep farming . Notable horticultural crops include kiwifruit , apples and avocadoes . The region also has an abundance of coastal , forestry and geothermal resources . Forestry emerged as a vital industry in the 1950s , with radiata pine being planted during the early 20th century . Forestry is commercially planted and managed , mostly using planted foreign tree species , and timber is sent to the Port of Tauranga for export . Geothermal activity is a source of tourism , and geothermal energy is emerging as a major regional source of electricity . Tourism is the other notable industry , accounting for 15 % of the region 's GDP from March 2000 to 2004 .
Perfect competition
However , a firm can not continue to incur losses indefinitely . In the long run , the firm will have to earn sufficient revenue to cover all its expenses and must decide whether to continue in business or to leave the industry and pursue profits elsewhere . The long - run decision is based on the relationship of the price and long - run average costs . If P ≥ AC then the firm will not exit the industry . If P < AC , then the firm will exit the industry . These comparisons will be made after the firm has made the necessary and feasible long - term adjustments . In the long run a firm operates where marginal revenue equals long - run marginal costs .
Economy of New Zealand
For many years New Zealand 's economy was built on a narrow range of agricultural products , such as wool , meat and dairy . These products became New Zealand 's staple and most valuable exports , underpinning the success of the economy , from the 1850s until the 1970s . For example , from 1920 to the late 1930s , the dairy export quota was usually around 35 % of New Zealand 's total exports , and in some years made up almost 45 % . Due to the high demand for these primary products , manifested by the New Zealand wool boom of 1951 , New Zealand had one of the highest standards of living in the world for 70 years .
Wellington
The Government sector has long been a mainstay of the economy , which has typically risen and fallen with it . Traditionally , its central location meant it was the location of many head offices of various sectors -- particularly finance , technology and heavy industry -- many of which have since relocated to Auckland following economic deregulation and privatisation .
Fair trade
Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainable farming . Members of the movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters , as well as improved social and environmental standards . The movement focuses in particular on commodities , or products which are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries , but also consumed in domestic markets ( e.g. Brazil , India and Bangladesh ) most notably handicrafts , coffee , cocoa , wine , sugar , fresh fruit , chocolate , flowers and gold . The movement seeks to promote greater equity in international trading partnerships through dialogue , transparency , and respect . It promotes sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to , and securing the rights of , marginalized producers and workers in developing countries . Fair trade is grounded in three core beliefs ; first , producers have the power to express unity with consumers . Secondly , the world trade practices that currently exist promote the unequal distribution of wealth between nations . Lastly , buying products from producers in developing countries at a fair price is a more efficient way of promoting sustainable development than traditional charity and aid .
Fair trade
Large transnational companies have begun to use fair trade commodities in their products . In April 2000 , Starbucks began offering fair trade coffee in all of their stores . In 2005 , the company promised to purchase ten million pounds of fair trade coffee over the next 18 months . This would account for a quarter of the fair trade coffee purchases in the United States and 3 % of Starbucks ' total coffee purchases . The company maintains that increasing its fair trade purchases would require an unprofitable reconstruction of the supply chain . Fair trade activists have made gains with other companies : Sara Lee Corporation in 2002 and Procter & Gamble ( the maker of Folgers ) in 2003 agreed to begin selling a small amount of fair trade coffee . Nestlé , the world 's biggest coffee trader , began selling a blend of fair trade coffee in 2005 . In 2006 , The Hershey Company acquired Dagoba , an organic and fair trade chocolate brand .
Fair trade
There have been efforts to introduce fair trade practices to the luxury industry , particularly for gold and diamonds . Diamonds
Lobbying in the United States
Our current tax system with all its complexities is in part designed to make it easier for candidates , in particular congressmen , to raise money to get back to congress ... All sorts of special exceptions which expire after a limited period of time are just a reason to pick up the phone and call somebody and say ' Your exception is about to expire , here 's a good reason for you to help us fight to get it to extend . ' And that gives them the opportunity to practice what is really a type of extortion -- shaking the trees of money in the private sector into their campaign coffers so that they can run for congress again . --
Fair trade
The Harkin - Engel Protocol , also commonly known as the Cocoa Protocol , is an international agreement that was created to end some of the world 's worst forms of child labor , as well as forced labor in the cocoa industry . It was first negotiated by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative Eliot Engel after watching a documentary that showed the cocoa industry 's widespread issue of child slavery and trafficking . The parties involved agreed to a six - article plan :