vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rice production in Thailand
Due to a program started over forty years ago by a local monk , Surin Province produces about 4,200 tons of organic jasmine rice per year . A local cooperative , the Rice Fund Surin Organic Agriculture Cooperative Ltd , exports its rice to France , Hong Kong , Singapore , Switzerland , and the United States . Surin organic rice farmers receive fifteen baht ( US $0.43 ) per kilogram of paddy , compared with the market price of nine baht / kilo for non-organic jasmine . As the organic rice farmers are not paying for chemical inputs , each can earn about 80,000 baht ( US $2,285 ) per crop , on an average - sized farm of 15 rai ( 2.4 hectares ) . The success of the organic rice cooperative has been identified as one factor in the significant reduction in poverty in Surin as compared with its neighboring province , Sisaket , a province with similar demographics and geography .
History of the United Kingdom
Between 1951 and 1963 , wages rose by 72 % while prices rose by 45 % , enabling people to afford more consumer goods than ever before . Between 1955 and 1967 , the average earnings of weekly - paid workers increased by 96 % and those of salaried workers by 95 % , while prices rose by about 45 % in the same period . The rising affluence of the Fifties and Sixties was underpinned by sustained full employment and a dramatic rise in workers ' wages . In 1950 , the average weekly wage stood at £ 6.8 s , compared with £ 11.2 s. 6d in 1959 . As a result of wage rises , consumer spending also increased by about 20 % during this same period , while economic growth remained at about 3 % . In addition , food rations were lifted in 1954 while hire - purchase controls were relaxed in the same year . As a result of these changes , large numbers of the working classes were able to participate in the consumer market for the first time . As noted by Harriet Wilson :
Economy of Scotland
Whisky is probably the best known of Scotland 's manufactured products . Exports have increased by 87 % in the past decade and it contributes over £ 4.25 billion to the UK economy , making up a quarter of all its food and drink revenues . It is also one of the UK 's overall top five manufacturing export earners and it supports around 35,000 jobs . Principal whisky producing areas include Speyside and the Isle of Islay , where there are eight distilleries providing a major source of employment . In many places , the industry is closely linked to tourism , with many distilleries also functioning as attractions worth £ 30 million GVA each year .
Tea culture
In 2004 , Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea ( 6.4 % of the world 's total tea production ) , which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world , with 120,000 tons being consumed in Turkey , and the rest being exported . In 2010 Turkey had the highest per capita consumption in the world at 2.7 kg . As of 2013 , the per - capita consumption of Turkish tea exceeds 10 cups per day and 13.8 kg per year . Tea is grown mostly in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast .
Factory Acts
Hobhouse 's Bill also sought to limit hours worked to eleven a day ; the Act as passed ( the Cotton Mills Regulation Act : 6 Geo. IV. , c. 63 ) improved the arrangements for enforcement , but kept a twelve - hour day Monday - Friday with a shorter day of nine hours on Saturday . The 1819 Act had specified that a mealbreak of an hour should be taken between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. ; a subsequent Act ( 60 Geo . III. , c. 5 ) allowing water - powered mills to exceed the specified hours in order to make up for lost time widened the limits to 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; Hobhouse 's Act of 1825 set the limits to 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. A parent 's assertion of a child 's age was sufficient , and relieved employers of any liability should the child in fact be younger . JPs who were millowners or the fathers or sons of millowners could not hear complaints under the Act .
Glycolysis
The elucidation of fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate was accomplished by measuring CO levels when yeast juice was incubated with glucose . CO production increased rapidly then slowed down . Harden and Young noted that this process would restart if an inorganic phosphate ( Pi ) was added to the mixture . Harden and Young deduced that this process produced organic phosphate esters , and further experiments allowed them to extract fructose diphosphate ( F - 1 , 6 - DP ) .
Rice production in Thailand
As Europe was starting to come together on many issues including agricultural policy ( including price supports ) , Thailand was starting to protect its rice farmers less and work with merchants more . The government started worrying about increasing production and extracting more surplus from the rice industry . Thailand turned to the merchants to put on this pressure and it worked very well . Rice
Economic history of World War I
Rubber had long been the main export of the Belgian Congo and production levels held up during the war but its importance fell from 77 % of exports ( by value ) to only 15 % . New resources were opened , especially copper mining in Katanga Province . The Union Minière du Haut Katanga company dominated the copper industry , exporting its product along a direct rail line to the sea at Beira . The war caused a heavy demand for copper , and production soared from 997 tons in 1911 to 27,000 tons in 1917 , then fell off to 19,000 tons in 1920 . Smelters operate at Elisabethville . Before the war the copper was sold to Germany and , in order to prevent loss of capacity , the British purchased all the Congo 's wartime output with the revenues going to the Belgian government in exile . Diamond and gold mining also expanded during the war . The Anglo - Dutch firm Lever Bros. greatly expanded the palm oil business during the war and there was an increased output of cocoa , rice and cotton . New rail and steamship lines opened to handle the expanded export traffic .
Savannah, Georgia
Agriculture was essential to Savannah 's economy during its first two centuries . Silk and indigo production , both in demand in England , were early export commodities . By 1767 , almost a ton of silk per year was exported to England .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Between 1946 and 1960 , the United States witnessed a significant expansion in the consumption of goods and services . GNP rose by 36 % and personal consumption expenditures by 42 % , cumulative gains which were reflected in the incomes of families and unrelated individuals . While the number of these units rose sharply from 43.3 million to 56.1 million in 1960 , a rise of almost 23 % , their average incomes grew even faster , from $3940 in 1946 to $6900 in 1960 , an increase of 43 % . After taking inflation into account , the real advance was 16 % . The dramatic rise in the average American standard of living was such that , according to sociologist George Katona :
United States
Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops .
Sugar Act
The Sugar Act , also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act , was a revenue - raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5 , 1764 . The preamble to the act stated : `` it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same . '' The earlier Molasses Act of 1733 , which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses , had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion . By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax , the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. These incidents increased the colonists ' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution .
Plant breeding
With an increasing population , the production of food needs to increase with it . It is estimated that a 70 % increase in food production is needed by 2050 in order to meet the Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security . But with the degradation of agricultural land , simply planting more crops is no longer a viable option . New varieties of plants can in some cases be developed through plant breeding that generate an increase of yield without relying on an increase in land area . An example of this can be seen in Asia , where food production per capita has increased twofold . This has been achieved through not only the use of fertilisers , but through the use of better crops that have been specifically designed for the area .
What's that got to do with the...?
The difference in prices from the first load to the later ones was so high that the original price which was paid for the tea in China was quite unimportant . So the `` price of tea in China '' was something that really did n't matter for the ship owners . They had to have the tea in England as fast as possible .
Cocoa production in Ghana
Plantation divestiture proceeded slowly , however , with only seven of fifty - two plantations sold by the end of 1990 . Although Ghana was the world 's largest cocoa producer in the early 1960s , by the early 1980s production had dwindled almost to the point of insignificance . The drop from an average of more than 450,000 tons per year to a low of 159,000 tons in 1983 - 84 has been attributed to aging trees , widespread disease , bad weather , and low producer prices . In addition , bush fires in 1983 destroyed some 60,000 hectares of cocoa farms , so that the 1983 - 84 crop was barely 28 percent of the 557,000 tons recorded in 1964 - 65 . Output then recovered to 228,000 tons in 1986 - 87 . Revised figures show that production amounted to 301,000 tons in 1988 - 89 , 293,000 tons in 1990 - 91 , and 305,000 tons in 1992 - 93 . After declining to 255,000 tons in 1993 - 94 , the crop was projected to return to the 300,000 ton range in 1994 - 95 .
History of agriculture
In the past century agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity , the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor , water pollution , and farm subsidies . Other applications of scientific research since 1950 in agriculture include gene manipulation , hydroponics , and the development of economically viable biofuels such as ethanol .
Economic history of World War I
Despite fears in 1916 that munitions production was lagging , the output was more than adequate . The annual output of artillery grew from 91 guns in 1914 to 8039 in 1918 . Warplanes soared from 200 in 1914 to 3200 in 1918 , while the production of machine guns went from 300 to 121,000 .
History of agriculture
In the Andes region of South America , with civilizations including the Inca , the major crop was the potato , domesticated approximately 7,000 -- 10,000 years ago . Coca , still a major crop to this day , was domesticated in the Andes , as were the peanut , tomato , tobacco , and pineapple . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC . Animals were also domesticated , including llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs .
Rice production in Thailand
In 2016 , a state - appointed committee ordered that Yingluck be fined 35.7 billion baht ( US $1.03 billion ) as a penalty for the 178 billion baht losses reportedly racked up by the rice subsidy scheme between 2012 and 2014 . By holding Yingluck responsible , the military junta can snuff out the political influence of the Shinawatra family .
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
In addition to greenhouse studies , field and satellite measurements attempt to understand the effect of increased CO in more natural environments . In free - air carbon dioxide enrichment ( FACE ) experiments plants are grown in field plots and the CO concentration of the surrounding air is artificially elevated . These experiments generally use lower CO levels than the greenhouse studies . They show lower gains in growth than greenhouse studies , with the gains depending heavily on the species under study . A 2005 review of 12 experiments at 475 - 600 ppm showed an average gain of 17 % in crop yield , with legumes typically showing a greater response than other species and C4 plants generally showing less . The review also stated that the experiments have their own limitations . The studied CO levels were lower , and most of the experiments were carried out in temperate regions . Satellite measurements found increasing leaf area index for 25 % to 50 % of Earth 's vegetated area Earth over the past 35 years , providing evidence for a positive CO fertilization effect .
Andrew Carnegie
The second was in his vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials . In the late 1880s , Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron , steel rails , and coke in the world , with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig metal per day . In 1883 , Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Steel Works , which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields , a 425 - mile ( 684 km ) long railway , and a line of lake steamships . Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company .
Factory Acts
The Act excluded domestic workshops carrying out straw - plait making , pillow lace making or glove - making and empowered the Home Secretary to extend this exemption . The Act also excluded domestic workshops involving non-strenuous work carried out intermittently and not providing the principal source of income of the family .
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln , `` I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah , with one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition , also about twenty - five thousand bales of cotton . '' On December 26 , the president replied in a letter :
Coal
A 2017 study in the Economic Journal found that for Britain during the period 1851 -- 1860 , `` a one standard deviation increase in coal use raised infant mortality by 6 -- 8 % and that industrial coal use explains roughly one - third of the urban mortality penalty observed during this period . ''
History of agriculture
The Green Revolution was a series of research , development , and technology transfer initiatives , between the 1940s and the late 1970s . It increased agriculture production around the world , especially from the late 1960s . The initiatives , led by Norman Borlaug and credited with saving over a billion people from starvation , involved the development of high - yielding varieties of cereal grains , expansion of irrigation infrastructure , modernization of management techniques , distribution of hybridized seeds , synthetic fertilizers , and pesticides to farmers .
History of agriculture
The historical processes that have allowed agricultural crops to be cultivated and eaten well beyond their centers of origin continues in the present through globalization . On average , 68.7 % of a nation 's food supplies and 69.3 % of its agricultural production are of crops with foreign origins .
Christmas tree cultivation
In the United States , the National Christmas Tree Association ( NCTA ) promotes the environmental benefits of live Christmas trees over the competing artificial alternative . The NCTA stated that every acre of Christmas trees in production produced the daily oxygen requirement for 18 people ; with 500,000 acres ( 200,000 ha ) in production in the U.S. alone , that amounts to oxygen for 9 million people per day . The NCTA also stated that the farms help to stabilize the soil , protect water supplies and provide wildlife habitat . In addition , the industry points to the reduction of carbon dioxide through Christmas tree farming . An independent Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg of greenhouse gases whereas the artificial tree will produce 8.1 kg per year .
Molasses Act
The Molasses Act of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain ( citation 6 Geo II . c. 13 ) , which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-English colonies . Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies . The Act was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue , but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies . The Molasses Act greatly affected the significant colonial molasses trade .
Atlantic slave trade
Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the `` Williams thesis '' in academia . David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1 % of domestic investment in Britain . Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade ( e.g. , shipping costs , slave mortality , mortality of British people in Africa , defense costs ) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade , the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5 % of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution . Engerman 's 5 % figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument , not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain , but also because it carries the full - employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain 's national income . Historian Richard Pares , in an article written before Williams ' book , dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution , stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation , not before .
War of 1812
Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom .
Maple syrup
Until the 1930s , the United States produced most of the world 's maple syrup . Today , after rapid growth in the 1990s , Canada produces more than 80 percent of the world 's maple syrup , producing about 73,000,000 litres ( 19,000,000 US gal ) in 2016 . The vast majority of this comes from the province of Quebec , which is the world 's largest producer , with about 70 percent of global production .
Missouri Compromise
Agriculturally , the land comprising the lower reaches of the Missouri River , from which that new state would be formed , had no prospects as a major cotton producer . Suited for diversified farming , the only crop regarded as promising for slave labor was hemp culture . On that basis , southern planters immigrated with their chattel to Missouri , the slave population rising from 3,100 in 1810 to 10,000 in 1820 . In a total population 67,000 , slaves represented about 15 percent .
Sugar Act
George Grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt , but he did expect the Americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense . Estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the Continental colonies and the West Indies to be approximately £ 200,000 annually , Grenville devised a revenue - raising program that would raise an estimated £ 79,000 per year .
Agriculture in Sudan
Only a few crops had been found suitable for cultivation in the cracking clay area . Sorghum had been the principal one , and during the early 1980s it was planted on an average of about 80 percent of the sown area . Sesame and short - fiber cotton were also grown successfully but in smaller quantities , sesame on about 15 percent of the land and cotton on about 5 percent . Soil fertility has reportedly been declining because of the continued planting of sorghum and the lack of crop rotation . Yields have apparently decreased , but in view of the area 's greatly varying climatic conditions and the uncertain production data , definitive conclusions on trends appeared premature .
Economy of Mexico
The study projects overall increments from domestic reforms to be on the order of $31.8 billion , equivalent to 22.4 percent of total Mexican manufacturing exports for 2000 -- 03 . On the imports side , the corresponding figures are $17.1 billion and 11.2 percent , respectively . Increases in exports , including textiles , would result primarily from improvements in port efficiency and the regulatory environment . Exports of transport equipment would be expected to increase by the greatest increment from improvements in port efficiency , whereas exports of food and machinery would largely be the result of improvements in the regulatory environment . On the imports side , Mexican improvements in port efficiency would appear to be the most important factor , although for imports of transport equipment , improvements in service sector infrastructure would also be of relative importance .
Rice production in Thailand
In 2011 , farmers in Thailand could sell a kilogram of rice for 16 baht ( US $0.50 ) . In 2016 , to make 16 baht , a farmer has to sell three kilograms as the worldwide price of rice has declined . The fall in price has prompted the military government to introduce rice farmer subsidies of 38 billion baht ( US $1.1 billion ; £ 860 million ) .
Rice production in Thailand
Thailand exported 10.8 million tons of milled rice valued at US $5.37 billion in 2014 , the highest figures in its history . 2014 rice exports represented an increase of 64 percent in volume and 22 percent value in compared to 6.6 million tonnes worth US $4.42 billion exported in 2013 . Exports declined in 2015 , to 9.8 million tonnes , worth US $4.61 billion . Exports in 2016 are expected to amount to nine million tonnes , worth US $4.3 billion .
Social development theory
The Green Revolution was so successful that it helped India achieve food self - sufficiency within five years and double food production within ten years . This was totally unexpected , and took even many experts by surprise . More than the increased food production , the elevation of agricultural operation in India to a higher level of organization was a more noteworthy achievement . It was a perfect demonstration of the success that a planned initiative could achieve when implemented with the required knowledge and awareness. ( Citation needed )
History of Puerto Rico
In 1899 , the United States took over rich lands that influenced Puerto Rico 's economy that soon made Puerto Rico a state that was more capitalized in operation . There was no limit in their treads to the United States , the sugar industry had expanded and irrigation payments . The taxes Hollander Act was taxing 2 percent on rural property in 1901 . This made the people very angry and the people protested . The people were able to bring the tax down to 1 percent but this still forced landowners to sell their land .
Plasmodesma
The size of molecules that can pass through plasmodesmata is determined by the size exclusion limit . This limit is highly variable and is subject to active modification . For example , MP - 30 is able to increase the size exclusion limit from 700 Daltons to 9400 Daltons thereby aiding its movement through a plant . Also , increasing calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm , either by injection or by cold - induction , has been shown to constrict the opening of surrounding plasmodesmata and limit transport .