vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
In the earliest versions , the word on is not present at the beginning of each verse -- for example , the first verse begins simply `` The first day of Christmas '' . On was added in Austin 's 1909 version , and became very popular thereafter . In the early versions `` my true love sent '' me the gifts . However , a 20th - century variant has `` my true love gave to me '' ; this wording has become particularly common in North America . In one nineteenth century variant , the gifts come from `` my mother '' rather than `` my true love '' . Some variants have `` juniper tree '' or `` June apple tree '' rather than `` pear tree '' , presumably a mishearing of `` partridge in a pear tree . The 1780 version has `` four colly birds '' -- colly being a regional English expression for `` black '' ( the name of the collie dog breed may come from this word ) . This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century : `` canary birds '' , `` colour 'd birds '' , `` curley birds '' , and `` corley birds '' are found in its place . Frederic Austin 's 1909 version , which introduced the now - standard melody , also altered the fourth day 's gift to four `` calling '' birds , and this variant has become the most popular , although `` colly '' is still found . The `` five gold rings '' may become `` five golden rings '' , especially in North America . In the standard melody , this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note . The gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered . For example , the pipers may be on the ninth day rather than the eleventh .
Qaumi Taranah
The Urdu lyrics , written by the Pakistani Urdu - language poet , Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 , have commonality with Persian , making them understandable in both languages . No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated . The anthem has heavy Persian poetic vocabulary and only uses one exclusively Urdu word ' kā ' .
Lectionary
A lectionary ( Latin : Lectionarium ) is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion . There are sub-types such as a `` gospel lectionary '' or evangeliary , and an epistolary with the readings from the New Testament Epistles .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In Quebec , a child may receive free public education in English only if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in English . In the rest of Canada , a child may receive free public education in French if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in French , or if at least one parent has French as his or her mother tongue ( defined in section 23 as `` first language learned and still understood '' ) .
A Tale of Two Cities
Dickens uses literal translations of French idioms for characters who can not speak English , such as `` What the devil do you do in that galley there ? ! ! '' and `` Where is my wife ? -- - Here you see me . '' The Penguin Classics edition of the novel notes that `` Not all readers have regarded the experiment as a success . ''
Colonial history of the United States
New Englanders wrote journals , pamphlets , books , and especially sermons -- more than all of the other colonies combined . Boston minister Cotton Mather published Magnalia Christi Americana ( The Great Works of Christ in America , 1702 ) , while revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work A Careful and Strict Enquiry Into ... Notions of ... Freedom of Will ... ( 1754 ) . Most music had a religious theme , as well , and was mainly the singing of Psalms . Because of New England 's deep religious beliefs , artistic works that were insufficiently religious or too `` worldly '' were banned , especially the theater . The leading theologian and philosopher of the colonial era was Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts , an interpreter of Calvinism and the leader of the First Great Awakening .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The number five is also found in the structure of the poem itself . Sir Gawain is 101 stanzas long , traditionally organised into four ' Fits ' of 21 , 24 , 34 , and 22 stanzas . These divisions , however , have since been disputed ; scholars have begun to believe that they are the work of the copyist and not of the poet . The surviving manuscript features a series of capital letters added after the fact by another scribe , and some scholars argue that these additions were an attempt to restore the original divisions . These letters divide the manuscript into nine parts . The first and last parts are 22 stanzas long . The second and second - to - last parts are only one stanza long , and the middle five parts are eleven stanzas long . The number eleven is associated with transgression in other medieval literature ( being one more than ten , a number associated with the Ten Commandments ) . Thus , this set of five elevens ( 55 stanzas ) creates the perfect mix of transgression and incorruption , suggesting that Gawain is faultless in his faults .
He's Got the Whole World in His Hands
The song was first published in the paperbound hymnal Spirituals Triumphant , Old and New in 1927 . In 1933 , it was collected by Frank Warner from the singing of Sue Thomas in North Carolina . It was also recorded by other collectors such as Robert Sonkin of the Library of Congress , who recorded it in Gee 's Bend , Alabama in 1941 . That version is still available at the Library 's American Folklife Center .
Flowers for Algernon
Flowers for Algernon is on the American Library Association 's list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 1999 at number 43 . The reasons for the challenges vary , but usually center on those parts of the novel in which Charlie struggles to understand and express his sexual desires . Many of the challenges have proved unsuccessful , but the book has occasionally been removed from school libraries , including some in Pennsylvania and Texas .
To Kill a Mockingbird
One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 -- 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are `` most often cited as making a difference '' . It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel .
Haiku
Modern Japanese haiku ( 現代 俳句 , gendai - haiku ) are increasingly unlikely to follow the tradition of 17 on or to take nature as their subject , but the use of juxtaposition continues to be honored in both traditional and modern haiku . There is a common , although relatively recent , perception that the images juxtaposed must be directly observed everyday objects or occurrences .
To Autumn
Critical and scholarly praise has been unanimous in declaring `` To Autumn '' one of the most perfect poems in the English language . A.C. Swinburne placed it with `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' as `` the nearest to absolute perfection '' of Keats 's odes ; Aileen Ward declared it `` Keats 's most perfect and untroubled poem '' ; and Douglas Bush has stated that the poem is `` flawless in structure , texture , tone , and rhythm '' ; Walter Evert , in 1965 , stated that `` To Autumn '' is `` the only perfect poem that Keats ever wrote -- and if this should seem to take from him some measure of credit for his extraordinary enrichment of the English poetic tradition , I would quickly add that I am thinking of absolute perfection in whole poems , in which every part is wholly relevant to and consistent in effect with every other part . ''
John Lennon
Lennon 's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was 24 . Harry writes that In His Own Write ( 1964 ) was published after `` Some journalist who was hanging around the Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff . They said , ' Write a book ' and that 's how the first one came about '' . Like the Daily Howl it contained a mix of formats including short stories , poetry , plays and drawings . One story , `` Good Dog Nigel '' , tells the tale of `` a happy dog , urinating on a lamp post , barking , wagging his tail -- until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o'clock '' . The Times Literary Supplement considered the poems and stories `` remarkable ... also very funny ... the nonsense runs on , words and images prompting one another in a chain of pure fantasy '' . Book Week reported , `` This is nonsense writing , but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off . While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play , many others have not only double meaning but a double edge . '' Lennon was not only surprised by the positive reception , but that the book was reviewed at all , and suggested that readers `` took the book more seriously than I did myself . It just began as a laugh for me '' .
Iliad
George Chapman published his translation of the Iliad , in installments , beginning in 1598 , published in `` fourteeners '' , a long - line ballad metre that `` has room for all of Homer 's figures of speech and plenty of new ones , as well as explanations in parentheses . At its best , as in Achilles ' rejection of the embassy in Iliad Nine ; it has great rhetorical power '' . It quickly established itself as a classic in English poetry . In the preface to his own translation , Pope praises `` the daring fiery spirit '' of Chapman 's rendering , which is `` something like what one might imagine Homer , himself , would have writ before he arrived at years of discretion '' .
The Catcher in the Rye
Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche - parody `` Catcher in the Rhine '' , based on his daughter 's mishearing of Salinger 's title . In this short story , an unnamed narrator , who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems , goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied . This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail , edited by Esther Friesner , Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy ! ( 2010 ) . It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010 .
New Testament
Jump up ^ Though widely regarded as non-canonical , the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom 's traditions related to Mary , the mother of Jesus . ^ Jump up to : The Diatessaron , Tatian 's gospel harmony , became a standard text in some Syriac - speaking churches down to the 5th century , when it gave - way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta . ^ Jump up to : Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources ; in some cases , are thought to be later additions , and have therefore not appeared historically in every Biblical tradition . They are as follows : Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , John 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 , the Comma Johanneum , and portions of the Western version of Acts . To varying degrees , arguments for the authenticity of these passages -- especially for the one from the Gospel of John -- have occasionally been made . Jump up ^ Skeireins , a commentary on the Gospel of John in the Gothic language , was included in the Wulfila Bible . It exists today only in fragments . ^ Jump up to : The Acts of Paul and Thecla , the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul , and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are all portions of the greater Acts of Paul narrative , which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus , but has survived only in fragments . Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately . ^ Jump up to : These four works were questioned or `` spoken against '' by Martin Luther , and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this , but he did not leave them out , nor has any Lutheran body since . Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed `` Lutheran '' order . The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical . ^ Jump up to : The Peshitta excludes 2 John , 3 John , 2 Peter , Jude , and Revelation , but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books .
Child care
In Germany , preschool education is the domain of the Kindertagesstätte ( literally `` children 's day site '' , often shortened to Kita or KITA ) , which is usually divided into the Kinderkrippe ( crèche ) for toddlers ( age up to 3 years ) , and the Kindergarten for children who are older than three years and before school . Children in their last Kindergarten year may be grouped into a Vorschule ( `` preschool '' ) and given special pedagogic attention ; special preschool institutions comparable to the US - American kindergarten are the exception .
Tao
The diversity of Taoist interpretations of the Tao can be seen across four texts representative of major streams of thought within Taoism . All four texts are used in modern Taoism with varying acceptance and emphasis among sects . The Tao Te Ching is the oldest text and representative of a speculative and philosophical approach to the Tao . The Tao T'i Lun is an eighth century exegesis of the Tao Te Ching , written from a well - educated and religious viewpoint , that represents the traditional scholarly perspective . The devotional perspective of the Tao is expressed in the Ch'ing Ching Ching , a liturgical text that was originally composed during the Han dynasty and is used as a hymnal in religious Taoism , especially among eremites . The Zhuangzi ( also spelled Chuang Tzu ) uses literary devices such as tales , allegories , and narratives to relate the Tao to the reader , illustrating a metaphorical method of viewing and expressing the Tao . A
Curious George
A children 's bookstore in Harvard Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts , was known as Curious George and Friends ( formerly Curious George Goes To Wordsworth ) , and carried a considerable amount of licensed Curious George merchandise . It was the last remaining property of Wordsworth Books , a former local general interest bookstore that closed in the the beginning of the 2000s . This store was closed in June 2011 . A new store opened in 2012 at the same address , called The World 's Only Curious George Store , Harvard Square .
Haiku
In 1958 , An Introduction to Haiku : An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Bashô to Shiki by Harold G. Henderson was published by Doubleday Anchor Books . This book was a revision of Henderson 's earlier book titled The Bamboo Broom ( Houghton Mifflin , 1934 ) . After World War II , Henderson and Blyth worked for the American Occupation in Japan and for the Imperial Household , respectively , and their shared appreciation of haiku helped form a bond between the two .
Apple of my eye
The Bible references below ( from the King James Version , translated in 1611 ) contain the English idiom `` apple of my eye . '' However the `` apple '' reference comes from English idiom , not biblical Hebrew . The Hebrew literally says , `` dark part of the eye . '' The Hebrew idiom also refers to the pupil , and has the same meaning , but does not parallel the English use of `` apple . ''
Journey to the Center of the Earth
The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled `` The Boys Journal '' . The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page . If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year . This `` True '' first edition also found in an octavo normal book size ( not Annual size ) , has been overlooked by bibliographers . It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal . The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts .
Child labour
In southeast Asian colonies , such as Hong Kong , child labour such as the Mui Tsai ( 妹 仔 ) , was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities . The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with , `` it is a way to save these children from a worse fate . '' Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children , and in exchange provided religious education , not secular education . Elsewhere , the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so - called Breaches of Contract Act , stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers .
Haiku
Elsewhere the Ecuadorian poet and diplomat Jorge Carrera Andrade included haiku among the 31 poems contained in Microgramas ( Tokio 1940 ) and the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges in the collection La cifra ( 1981 ) . After several early false starts in Portungese - speaking Brazil , including a collection of 56 by Waldomiro Siqueira Jr. ( 1912 - ? ) in his Haikais ( São Paulo 1933 ) , the form was popularised by Guilherme de Almeida , first through his 1937 magazine article Os Meus Haicais and then in his collection Poesia Vária ( 1947 ) .
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
This piece is found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years . On one of these sheets , nearly a century old , it is entitled `` An Old English Carol , '' but it can scarcely be said to fall within that description of composition , being rather fitted for use in playing the game of `` Forfeits , '' to which purpose it was commonly applied in the metropolis upwards of forty years since . The practice was for one person in the company to recite the first three lines ; a second , the four following ; and so on ; the person who failed in repeating her portion correctly being subjected to some trifling forfeit .
Tree of life
The `` Tree of Immortality '' ( Arabic : شجرة الخلود ) is the tree of life motif as it appears in the Quran . It is also alluded to in hadiths and tafsir . Unlike the biblical account , the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden , also called the tree of immortality , which Allah specifically forbade to Adam and Eve . Satan , disguised as a serpent , repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree , and eventually both Adam and Eve did so , thus disobeying Allah . The hadiths also speak about other trees in heaven .
Cinderella
A version of the story , Ye Xian , appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi around 860 . In this version , the protagonist is Ye Xian , a hardworking and lovely girl , who befriends a fish , which is the reincarnation of her deceased mother . Her stepmother and sister kill the fish , but Ye Xian saves the bones , which are magic , and they help her dress appropriately for the New Year Festival . Her stepfamily recognizes her at the festival , causing her to flee and accidentally lose her slipper . Afterwards , the king finds her slipper and falls in love with her ( eventually rescuing her from her cruel stepmother ) . Variants of the story are also found in many ethnic groups in China . Sumiyoshi
Waiting for Godot
Waiting for Godot ( / ˈɡɒdoʊ / GOD - oh ) is a play by Samuel Beckett , in which two characters , Vladimir and Estragon , wait for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives , and while waiting they engage in a variety of discussions and encounter three other characters . Waiting for Godot is Beckett 's translation of his own original French play , En attendant Godot , and is subtitled ( in English only ) `` a tragicomedy in two acts '' . The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949 . The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Théâtre de Babylone , Paris . The English language version was premiered in London in 1955 . In a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the `` most significant English language play of the 20th century '' .
One Thousand and One Nights
What is common throughout all the editions of the Nights is the initial frame story of the ruler Shahryār and his wife Scheherazade and the framing device incorporated throughout the tales themselves . The stories proceed from this original tale ; some are framed within other tales , while others begin and end of their own accord . Some editions contain only a few hundred nights , while others include 1,001 or more . The bulk of the text is in prose , although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion . Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains , although some are longer .
One-child policy
One - child policy A Chinese mother and son at a market in Jiayuguan , China Chinese 独生子 女 政策 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dúshēng zǐnǚ zhèngcè
Afrikaans
The first official translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by J.D. du Toit , E.E. van Rooyen , J.D. Kestell , H.C.M. Fourie , and BB Keet . This monumental work established Afrikaans as ' n suiwer en ordentlike taal , that is `` a pure and proper language '' for religious purposes , especially amongst the deeply Calvinist Afrikaans religious community that previously had been sceptical of a Bible translation that varied from the Dutch version that they were used to .
La Vie en rose
`` La Vie en rose '' Single by Édith Piaf from the album Chansons Parisiennes B - side `` Un refrain courait dans la rue '' Released 1947 Format 10 '' Genre Traditional pop Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Édith Piaf ( lyrics ) Louiguy and Marguerite Monnot ( melody ) Édith Piaf singles chronology `` Les trois cloches '' ( 1946 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1947 ) `` Si tu partais '' ( 1947 ) `` Les trois cloches '' ( 1946 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1947 ) `` Si tu partais '' ( 1947 ) Columbia
William Tyndale
Of the first ( 1526 ) edition of Tyndale 's New Testament only three copies survive . The only complete copy is part of the Bible Collection of Württembergische Landesbibliothek , Stuttgart . The copy of the British Library is almost complete , lacking only the title page and list of contents . Another rarity is Tyndale 's Pentateuch , of which only nine remain .
The Land of Stories
The Land of Stories Cover of the first book in the series The Wishing Spell ( 2012 ) The Enchantress Returns ( 2013 ) A Grimm Warning ( 2014 ) Beyond the Kingdoms ( 2015 ) An Author 's Odyssey ( 2016 ) Worlds Collide ( 2017 ) Author Chris Colfer Illustrator Brandon Dorman Country United States Language English Genre Children 's fiction , adventure and fantasy Publisher Little , Brown Books for Young Readers Published 2012 -- 2017 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 6 Website thelandofstories.com
Ramcharitmanas
An unpublished English poetic translation of Ramcharitmanas is provided by ( Late ) Binda Prasad Khattri of New Market , Banda , Uttar Pradesh . Apparently , the translation can be sung essentially in the same way and with the same rhythm as the original Hindi work .
Yahoo! Answers
Yahoo ! Answers A screenshot of a Yahoo ! Answers question . Type of site Collaboration Available in Chinese , English , French , German , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Portuguese , Spanish , Thai , Vietnamese Website answers.yahoo.com Commercial No Launched June 28 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) Current status Active