vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
House of Burnett
Gilbert Burnet ( 1643 -- 1715 ) , a Scottish historian , author , theologian and the Bishop of Salisbury . He was educated at Marischal College , Aberdeen where he studied law , divinity and history . In 1663 he was a probationer of the Scottish church and in 1664 he studied Hebrew in Amsterdam . Burnett was a professor of divinity at Glasgow in 1669 and was the king 's chaplain to Charles II of England until he was dismissed by that monarch c. 1674 . He was appointed the Bishop of Salisbury in 1689 . The Bishop died in 1715 . James Burnett , Lord Monboddo ( 1714 -- 1799 ) , a member of the Scottish bar he was appointed to the Court of Session where he assumed the title Lord Monboddo in 1767 . He was the author of Of the Origin and Progress of Language ( 6 vol. , 1773 -- 92 ) . Also the Decisions of the Court of Session 1738 -- 60 . His pre-Darwinian theories traced the origins of man to the orangutan earning him a reputation as an eccentric . Yet he was regarded as a cultured original thinker of great intellect . George Burnett ( 1822 -- 1890 ) , born at Kimnay , admitted to the Scottish barin 1845 , and appointed Lyon Depute at the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1863 . In 1866 he became the Lord Lyon King of Arms which office he held until his death on 23 January 1890 . Major - General Sir James Burnett of Leys , the 13th Baronet was a colonel of the Gordon Highlanders and commanded a brigade during the World War I. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order twice , mentioned in dispatches eleven times and was appointed as a companion of the Order of the Bath by Britain and the Légion d'honneur by France . Charles Burnett ( 1940 -- ) , a Scottish antiquarian , museum curator , and officer of arms at the Court of the Lord Lyon . In 1983 he was appointed Dingwall Pursuivant of Arms , and from 1988 -- 2010 he served as Ross Herald of Arms . In 2011 he became the Ross Heraldof Arms Extraordinary which post he holds currently . Major - General Sir James Burnett of Leys , the 13th Baronet was a colonel of the Gordon Highlanders and commanded a brigade during the World War I. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order twice , mentioned in dispatches eleven times and was appointed as a companion of the Order of the Bath by Britain and the Légion d'honneur by France .
Shakespeare's influence
`` When my love swears that she is made of truth , I do believe her , though I know she lies - '' --
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English : Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt ) is a late 14th - century Middle English chivalric romance . It is one of the best known Arthurian stories , with its plot combining two types of folklore motifs , the beheading game and the exchange of winnings . The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ . Written in stanzas of alliterative verse , each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel , it draws on Welsh , Irish , and English stories , as well as the French chivalric tradition . It is an important poem in the romance genre , which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess , and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J.R.R. Tolkien , Simon Armitage , and others , as well as through film and stage adaptations .
Three Witches
One of Shakespeare 's principal sources for the Three Witches is found in the account of King Duncan in Raphael Holinshed 's history of Britain , The Chronicles of England , Scotland , and Ireland ( 1587 ) . In Holinshed , the future King Macbeth of Scotland and his companion Banquo encounter `` three women in strange and wild apparell , resembling creatures of elder world '' who hail the men with glowing prophecies and then vanish `` immediately out of their sight '' . Holinshed observes that `` the common opinion was that these women were either the Weird Sisters , that is ... the goddesses of destiny , or else some nymphs or fairies endued with knowledge of prophecy by their necromantical science ''
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Several scholars have attempted to find a real - world correspondence for Gawain 's journey to the Green Chapel . The Anglesey islands , for example , are mentioned in the poem . They exist today as a single island off the coast of Wales . In line 700 , Gawain is said to pass the `` Holy Head '' , believed by many scholars to be either Holywell or the Cistercian abbey of Poulton in Pulford . Holywell is associated with the beheading of Saint Winifred . As the story goes , Winifred was a virgin who was beheaded by a local leader after she refused his sexual advances . Her uncle , another saint , put her head back in place and healed the wound , leaving only a white scar . The parallels between this story and Gawain 's make this area a likely candidate for the journey .
Joan of Arc
The trial for heresy was politically motivated . The tribunal was composed entirely of pro-English and Burgundian clerics , and overseen by English commanders including the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Warwick . In the words of the British medievalist Beverly Boyd , the trial was meant by the English Crown to be `` ... a ploy to get rid of a bizarre prisoner of war with maximum embarrassment to their enemies '' . Legal proceedings commenced on 9 January 1431 at Rouen , the seat of the English occupation government . The procedure was suspect on a number of points , which would later provoke criticism of the tribunal by the chief inquisitor who investigated the trial after the war .
Church of Ireland
Claims of legitimacy for the Norman invasion of Ireland were derived from a Papal Bull of 1155 -- Laudabiliter , although the governing structures in Ireland had never acknowledged any external authority over Ireland . The bull claimed to give King Henry II of England the right to invade Ireland , ostensibly as a means of reforming the church in Ireland more directly under the control of the Holy See . The authorisation from the Holy See was based upon the putative Donation of Constantine which claimed to make every Christian island in the western Roman Empire the property of the Papacy , though as Ireland was never a part of the Roman Empire , it had no real relevance . By the time of the English Reformation , the Donation had been exposed as a forgery , and Henry VIII sought to undo by enforcing laws regarding praemunire the historic royal homage to the Papacy that was delivered by John , King of England before him .
Nation state
one effect of this approach has been to privilege historical winners , aspects of medieval Europe that became important in later centuries , above all the nation state ... Arguably the liveliest cultural innovation in the 13th century was Mediterranean , centered on Frederick II 's polyglot court and administration in Palermo ... Sicily and the Italian South in later centuries suffered a long slide into overtaxed poverty and marginality . Textbook narratives therefore focus not on medieval Palermo , with its Muslim and Jewish bureaucracies and Arabic - speaking monarch , but on the historical winners , Paris and London .
Novel
But the change of taste was brief and Fénelon 's Telemachus ( 1699 / 1700 ) already exploited a nostalgia for the old romances with their heroism and professed virtue . Jane Barker explicitly advertised her Exilius as `` A new Romance '' , `` written after the Manner of Telemachus '' , in 1715 . Robinson Crusoe spoke of his own story as a `` romance '' , though in the preface to the third volume , published in 1720 , Defoe attacks all who said `` that ( ... ) the Story is feign 'd , that the Names are borrow 'd , and that it is all a Romance ; that there never were any such Man or Place '' .
Windsor Castle
Edward IV seized power in 1461 . When Edward captured Henry 's wife , Margaret of Anjou , she was brought back to be detained at the castle . Edward began to revive the Order of the Garter , and held a particularly lavish feast in 1472 . Edward began the construction of the present St. George 's Chapel in 1475 , resulting in the dismantling of several of the older buildings in the Lower Ward . By building the grand chapel Edward was seeking to show that his new dynasty were the permanent rulers of England , and may also have been attempting to deliberately rival the similar chapel that Henry VI had ordered to be constructed at nearby Eton College . Richard III made only a brief use of Windsor Castle before his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , but had the body of Henry VI moved from Chertsey Abbey in Surrey to the castle to allow it to be visited by pilgrims more easily .
Southern strategy
Gareth Davies argues that `` ( t ) he scholarship of those who emphasize the southern strategizing Nixon is not so much wrong -- it captures one side of the man -- as it is unsophisticated and incomplete . Nixon and his enemies needed one another in order to get the job done '' . Lawrence McAndrews makes a similar argument , saying Nixon pursued a mixed strategy :
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
In contrast to this perception of the colonial lands , others argue that the land of Hautdesert , Bertilak 's territory , has been misrepresented or ignored in modern criticism . They suggest that it is a land with its own moral agency , one that plays a central role in the story . Bonnie Lander , for example , argues that the denizens of Hautdesert are `` intelligently immoral '' , choosing to follow certain codes and rejecting others , a position which creates a `` distinction ... of moral insight versus moral faith '' . Lander thinks that the border dwellers are more sophisticated because they do not unthinkingly embrace the chivalric codes but challenge them in a philosophical , and -- in the case of Bertilak 's appearance at Arthur 's court -- literal sense . Lander 's argument about the superiority of the denizens of Hautdesert hinges on the lack of self - awareness present in Camelot , which leads to an unthinking populace that frowns on individualism . In this view , it is not Bertilak and his people , but Arthur and his court , who are the monsters .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
A silver boom occurred in England after the discovery of silver near Carlisle in 1133 . Huge quantities of silver were produced from a semicircle of mines reaching across Cumberland , Durham and Northumberland -- up to three to four tonnes of silver were mined each year , more than ten times the previous annual production across the whole of Europe . The result was a local economic boom and a major uplift to 12th - century royal finances . Tin mining was centred in Cornwall and Devon , exploiting alluvial deposits and governed by the special Stannary Courts and Parliaments . Tin formed a valuable export good , initially to Germany and then later in the 14th century to the Low Countries . Lead was usually mined as a by - product of mining for silver , with mines in Yorkshire , Durham and the north , as well as in Devon . Economically fragile , the lead mines usually survived as a result of being subsidised by silver production .
Hundred Years' War
The Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French , largely credited to the longbowmen and the French king , who allowed his army to attack before it was ready . Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England . King David II of Scotland responded by invading northern England , but his army was defeated and he was captured at the Battle of Neville 's Cross , on 17 October 1346 . This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland . In France , Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of Calais on the English Channel , capturing it in 1347 . This became an important strategic asset for the English , allowing them to safely keep troops in northern France . Calais would remain under English control , even after the end of the Hundred Years ' War , until the successful French siege in 1558 .
The White Queen (TV series)
5 `` War at First Hand '' Jamie Payne Malcolm Campbell 14 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 14 September 2013 4.56 0.929 Lancaster is restored to the throne in the form of the demented Henry VI , and Margaret Beaufort brings her son to receive his blessing . Margaret of Anjou sails for England with her new daughter - in - law Anne Neville by her side , to take her place beside her husband . However , news that Edward is returning with an army unsettles the court . As Warwick and the Lancastrians raise an army to confront Edward , in a desperate attempt to protect her husband on the battlefield , Elizabeth again turns to supernatural forces . Margaret Beaufort is horrified when her husband decides to fight for York ; he is seriously wounded in the battle . Edward 's rule is assured by his victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury ( during which Warwick and Prince Edward are killed ) and the capture of Margaret of Anjou . Anne , grieving for her father , is nearly assaulted by Yorkist troops , but is rescued and brought to court by Richard . Elizabeth rejoices at her husband 's return , but is dismayed when he and his brothers murder Henry VI in order to remove all Lancastrian opposition . 6 `` Love and Marriage '' `` Love and Death '' Jamie Payne Nicole Taylor 21 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 21 September 2013 4.59 0.859 Although Warwick , Henry VI and Edward of Lancaster are all dead , the court is unsettled . Elizabeth is concerned by Edward 's growing attraction to his new mistress , Jane Shore . She is devastated by the death of a baby son shortly after birth , coinciding with the death of her mother Jacquetta ; her distress causes Edward to reaffirm his love for her . Meanwhile , George attempts to control the widowed Anne Neville and obtain sole access to the Neville inheritance by locking her away and threatening her with a convent . Anne 's upset is further increased as Isabel sides with George ; her only friend is the King 's youngest brother , Richard , who eventually snatches Anne from Clarence 's grasp and marries her . The fanatical Margaret Beaufort tries to increase her power by re-marrying to one of King Edward 's closest advisers , Thomas Stanley .
Novel
The rise of the word novel at the cost of its rival , the romance , remained a Spanish and English phenomenon , and though readers all over Western Europe had welcomed the novel ( la ) or short history as an alternative in the second half of the 17th century , only the English and the Spanish had , however , openly discredited the romance .
English Civil War
In 1643 the Royalist forces won at Adwalton Moor , and gained control of most of Yorkshire . In the Midlands , a Parliamentary force under Sir John Gell besieged and captured the cathedral city of Lichfield , after the death of the original commander , Lord Brooke . This group subsequently joined forces with Sir John Brereton to fight the inconclusive Battle of Hopton Heath ( 19 March 1643 ) , where the Royalist commander , the Earl of Northampton , was killed . Subsequent battles in the west of England at Lansdowne and at Roundway Down also went to the Royalists . Prince Rupert could then take Bristol . In the same year , Oliver Cromwell formed his troop of `` Ironsides '' , a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership ability . With their assistance , he won a victory at the Battle of Gainsborough in July .
Hundred Years' War
Arms Historical Figure Life Notes Isabella of France 1295 -- 1358 Queen consort of England , wife of Edward II , mother of Edward III , regent of England , sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France King Edward III 1312 -- 1377 , reigned 1327 -- 1377 Philip IV 's grandson Henry of Grosmont , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1310 -- 1361 Commander Edward , the Black Prince 1330 -- 1376 Edward III 's son John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster 1340 -- 1399 Edward III 's son King Richard II 1367 -- 1400 , reigned 1377 -- 1399 Son of the Black Prince , Edward III 's grandson King Henry IV 1367 -- 1413 , reigned 1399 -- 1413 John of Gaunt 's son , Edward III 's grandson King Henry V 1387 -- 1422 , reigned 1413 -- 1422 Henry IV 's son Catherine of Valois 1401 -- 1437 Queen consort of England , daughter of Charles VI of France , mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford 1389 -- 1435 , regent 1422 -- 1435 Henry IV 's son Sir John Fastolf 1380 -- 1459 Commander John Talbot , 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 1387 -- 1453 Commander King Henry VI 1421 -- 1471 , reigned 1422 -- 1461 ( also 1422 -- 1453 as king Henry II of France ) Henry V 's son Richard Plantagenet , 3rd Duke of York 1411 -- 1460 Commander
A Song of Ice and Fire
The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books .
Tower of London
The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Some towns , such as York , suffered from Norman sacking during William 's northern campaigns . Other towns saw the widespread demolition of houses to make room for new motte and bailey fortifications , as was the case in Lincoln . The Norman invasion also brought significant economic changes with the arrival of the first Jews to English cities . William I brought over wealthy Jews from the Rouen community in Normandy to settle in London , apparently to carry out financial services for the crown . In the years immediately after the invasion , a lot of wealth was drawn out of England in various ways by the Norman rulers and reinvested in Normandy , making William immensely wealthy as an individual ruler .
Game of Thrones (season 3)
The third season is based on the first half of the novel A Storm of Swords . Benioff had previously said that A Storm of Swords would need to be adapted in two seasons on account of its length . Benioff and Weiss also noted that they thought of Game of Thrones as an adaptation of the series as a whole , rather than of individual novels , which gave them the liberty to move scenes back and forth across novels according to the requirements of the screen adaptation . According to Benioff , the third season contains a particularly memorable scene from A Storm of Swords , the prospect of filming which was part of their motivation to adapt the novels for television in the first place . The writing credits for the third season now state `` Written for television by '' , instead of the usual `` Written by '' credit .
Tudor rose
During his reign , Henry VIII had the legendary `` Round Table '' at Winchester Castle -- then believed to be genuine -- repainted . The new paint scheme included a Tudor rose in the centre . Though previous to this , his father Henry VII had built a chapel at Westminster Abbey dedicated to himself ( it was later used for the site of his tomb ) and it was decorated principally with the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis -- as a form of propaganda to define his claim to the throne .
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Fifteen months before BBC visited the set in December 1974 , the Monty Python troupe assembled the first version of the screenplay . When half of the resulting material was set in the Middle Ages , and half was set in the present day , the group opted to focus on the Middle Ages , revolving on the legend of the Holy Grail . By the fourth or fifth version of their screenplay , the story was complete , and the cast joked the fact that the Grail was never retrieved would be `` a big let - down ... a great anti-climax '' . Graham Chapman said a challenge was incorporating scenes that did not fit the Holy Grail motif .
Battle of the Hornburg
Peter Jackson gave himself a cameo appearance as one of the Rohirrim ; he throws a javelin at the Uruks . Producer Barrie Osborne has a similar cameo , as a Rohirrim throwing a rock down on them .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
After the writing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , several similar stories followed . The Greene Knight ( 15th -- 17th century ) is a rhymed retelling of nearly the same tale . In it , the plot is simplified , motives are more fully explained , and some names are changed . Another story , The Turke and Gowin ( 15th century ) , begins with a Turk entering Arthur 's court and asking , `` Is there any will , as a brother , To give a buffett and take another ? '' At the end of this poem the Turk , rather than buffeting Gawain back , asks the knight to cut off his head , which Gawain does . The Turk then praises Gawain and showers him with gifts . The Carle of Carlisle ( 17th century ) also resembles Gawain in a scene in which the Carle ( Churl ) , a lord , takes Sir Gawain to a chamber where two swords are hanging and orders Gawain to cut off his head or suffer his own to be cut off . Gawain obliges and strikes , but the Carle rises , laughing and unharmed . Unlike the Gawain poem , no return blow is demanded or given .
Creon
Creon is portrayed as a tyrant in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Knight 's Tale , and in a later adaptation of the same story , William Shakespeare 's and John Fletcher 's play The Two Noble Kinsmen . As in Antigone , he refuses to allow the burial of defeated enemies . His enemies ' widows appeal to Theseus , who defeats Creon in battle . Though much discussed , he does not appear as a character in either version .