vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Qing dynasty
In 1884 , pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup . Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising . Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin , an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously , but the First Sino - Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation . The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan . The terms might have been harsher , but when Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang , an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them . The original agreement stipulated the cession of Liaodong Peninsula to Japan , but Russia , with its own designs on the territory , along with Germany and France , in what was known as the Triple Intervention , successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula . Painting
Korea under Japanese rule
Article 1 : His Majesty the Emperor of Korea concedes completely and definitely his entire sovereignty over the whole Korean territory to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan . Article 2 : His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the concession stated in the previous article and consents to the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan .
Korea under Japanese rule
In 1907 , the Japanese government passed the Newspaper Law which effectively prevented the publication of local papers . Only the Korean - language newspaper Taehan Maeil Sinbo ( 大韓 每 日 新報 ) continued its publication , because it was run by a foreigner named Ernest Bethell . For the first decade of colonial rule , therefore , there were no Korean - owned newspapers whatsoever , although books were steadily printed and there were several dozen Korean - owned magazines . In 1920 these laws were relaxed , and in 1932 Japan eliminated a significant double standard which had been making Korean publication significantly more difficult than Japanese publication . Even with these relaxed rules , however , the government still seized newspapers without warning : there are over a thousand recorded seizures between 1920 and 1939 . Revocation of publishing rights was relatively rare , and only three magazines had their rights revoked over the entire colonial period . In 1940 , as the Pacific War increased in intensity , Japan shut down all Korean language newspapers again .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Daewongun , who remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the West , helped organize the Mutiny of 1882 , an anti-Japanese outbreak against Queen Min and her allies . Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops , the Daewongun 's forces , or `` old military '' , killed Japanese training cadre , and attacked the Japanese legation . Japanese diplomats , policemen , students and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident . The Daewongun was briefly restored to power , only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder .
Korea under Japanese rule
Imperial Japanese rule over Korea ended in 1945 , when U.S. and Soviet forces captured the peninsula . In 1965 the unequal treaties between Joseon - ruled Korea and Imperial Japan , especially those of 1905 and 1910 , were declared `` already null and void '' at the time of their promulgation ( i.e. `` dead on arrival '' , implicitly a declaration of their illegality ) by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .
Korea under Japanese rule
Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted , about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan ( including Karafuto Prefecture , present - day Sakhalin , now part of Russia ) for civilian labor . Those who were brought to Japan were often forced to work under appalling and dangerous conditions . Apparently Koreans were better treated than laborers from other countries , but still their work hours , food and medical care were such that large numbers died . This is clear from the 60,000 Korean laborers that died in Japan out of the near 670,000 that were brought there in the years 1939 to 1945 ( line 119a ) . The total number of deaths of Korean forced laborers in Korea and Manchuria is estimated to be between 270,000 and 810,000 . The 43,000 ethnic Koreans in Karafuto , which had been occupied by the Soviet Union just prior to Japan 's surrender , were refused repatriation to either mainland Japan or the Korean peninsula , and were thus trapped in Sakhalin , stateless ; they became the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote .
World War II
By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended .
Emperor of Japan
Until 1912 , the Emperors of Japan were usually buried in Kyoto . From the Taishō Emperor onward , the Emperors have been buried at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Tokyo .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . The Japanese government did not react . Emperor Hirohito , the government , and the war council considered four conditions for surrender : the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea , or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government .
Surrender of Japan
The low quality of the recording , combined with the Classical Japanese language used by the Emperor in the Rescript , made the recording very difficult to understand for most listeners .
Korea under Japanese rule
The primary building of Gyeongbokgung palace was demolished and the Japanese General Government Building was built in its exact location . The Japanese colonial authorities destroyed 85 percent of all the buildings in Gyeongbokgung . Sungnyemun , the gate in Seoul that was an iconic symbol of Korea , was altered by the addition of large , Shinto - style golden horns near the roofs ( later removed by the South Korean government after independence ) . Christianity
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
When the Lytton Commission issued a report on the invasion , despite its statements that China had to a certain extent provoked Japan , and China 's sovereignty over Manchuria was not absolute , Japan took it as an unacceptable rebuke and withdrew from the already declining League of Nations , which also helped create international isolation .
Emperor of Japan
The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights . Under its terms , the Emperor of Japan is `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty .
Surrender of Japan
For the most part , Suzuki 's military - dominated cabinet favored continuing the war . For the Japanese , surrender was unthinkable -- Japan had never been successfully invaded or lost a war in its history . Only Mitsumasa Yonai , the Navy minister , was known to desire an early end to the war . According to historian Richard B. Frank :
History of the Catholic Church
Elsewhere , Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier introduced the Catholic Church in Japan , and by the end of the 16th century tens of thousands of Japanese adhered . Church growth came to a halt in 1597 under the Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi who , in an effort to isolate the country from foreign influences , launched a severe persecution of Christians . Japanese were forbidden to leave the country and Europeans were forbidden to enter . Despite this , a minority Christian population survived into the 19th century .
Samurai
In an account of Japan sent to Father Ignatius Loyola at Rome , drawn from the statements of Anger ( Han - Siro 's western name ) , Xavier describes the importance of honor to the Japanese ( Letter preserved at College of Coimbra ) :
Korea under Japanese rule
Another point of view is that it was only after the end of Japanese rule with World War II that Korea saw true , democratic rise in public education as evidenced by the rise of adult literacy rate from 22 percent in 1945 to 87.6 percent by 1970 and 93 % by the late 1980s . Though free public education was made available for elementary schools during Japanese rule , Korea as a country did not experience secondary - school enrollment rates comparable to those of Japan prior to the end of World War II .
Institution
As an example , Lustick cites Amyx 's analysis of the gradual rise of the Japanese economy and its seemingly sudden reversal in the so - called `` Lost Decade '' . According to Amyx , Japanese experts were not unaware of the possible causes of Japan 's economic decline . Rather , to return Japan 's economy back to the path to economic prosperity , policymakers would have had to adopt policies that would first cause short - term harm to the Japanese people and government . Under this analysis , says Ian Lustick , Japan was stuck on a `` local maxima , '' which it arrived at through gradual increases in its fitness level , set by the economic landscape of the 1970s and 80s . Without an accompanying change in institutional flexibility , Japan was unable to adapt to changing conditions , and even though experts may have known which changes the country needed , they would have been virtually powerless to enact those changes without instituting unpopular policies that would have been harmful in the short - term .
Grand jury
After World War II , under the influence of the Allies , Japan passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12 , 1948 , which created the Kensatsu Shinsakai ( or Prosecutorial Review Commission ( PRC ) system ) , a figure analogue to the grand jury system . However , until 2009 the PCR 's recommendations were not binding , and were only regarded as advisory . Additionally , a survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office on October 1990 showed that 68 . 8 % of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system . On May 21 , 2009 , the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC 's decisions binding . A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens , is appointed to a six - month term , and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting . It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat misfeasance in public officials .
Surrender of Japan
After the war , Suzuki and others from his government and their apologists claimed they were secretly working towards peace , and could not publicly advocate it . They cite the Japanese concept of haragei -- `` the art of hidden and invisible technique '' -- to justify the dissonance between their public actions and alleged behind - the - scenes work . However , many historians reject this . Robert J.C. Butow wrote :
Emperor of Japan
Outside Japan , the previous Emperor is usually called Hirohito in English , although he was never referred to as Hirohito in Japan , and was renamed Shōwa Tennō after his death , which is the only name that Japanese speakers currently use when referring to him .
Samurai
Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD , which led to a retreat from Korean affairs , Japan underwent widespread reform . One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform , issued by Prince Naka - no - Ōe ( Emperor Tenji ) in 646 AD . This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure , bureaucracy , culture , religion , and philosophy . As part of the Taihō Code of 702 AD , and the later Yōrō Code , the population was required to report regularly for the census , a precursor for national conscription . With an understanding of how the population was distributed , Emperor Monmu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3 -- 4 adult males were drafted into the national military . These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons , and in return were exempted from duties and taxes . This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system . It was called `` Gundan - Sei '' ( ja : 軍団 制 ) by later historians and is believed to have been short - lived . The Taihō Code classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks , each divided into two sub-ranks , 1st rank being the highest adviser to the Emperor . Those of 6th rank and below were referred to as `` samurai '' and dealt with day - to - day affairs . Although these `` samurai '' were civilian public servants , the modern word is believed to have derived from this term . Military men , however , would not be referred to as `` samurai '' for many more centuries .
Korea under Japanese rule
Ironically , by the 1930s , the growth of the urban economy and the exodus of farmers to the cities had gradually weakened the hold of the landlords . With the growth of the wartime economy , the government recognized landlordism as an impediment to increased agricultural productivity , and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation of the Central Agricultural Association , a compulsory organization under the wartime command economy .
Surrender of Japan
Following the signing of the instrument of surrender , many further surrender ceremonies took place across Japan 's remaining holdings in the Pacific . Japanese forces in Southeast Asia surrendered on September 2 , 1945 , in Penang , September 10 in Labuan , September 11 in Kingdom of Sarawak and September 12 in Singapore . Taiwan 's Retrocession Day ( October 25 ) , marked the end of Japanese rule of Taiwan and the subsequent rule by the Republic Of China government . It was not until 1947 that all prisoners held by America and Britain were repatriated . As late as April 1949 , China still held more than 60,000 Japanese prisoners . Some , such as Shozo Tominaga , were not repatriated until the late 1950s .
Korea under Japanese rule
Integration of Korean students in Japanese language schools and Japanese students in Korean language schools was discouraged but steadily increased over time . While official policy promoted equality between ethnic Koreans and ethnic Japanese , in practice this was rarely the case . Korean history and language studies would be taught side by side with Japanese history and language studies until the early 1940s under a new education ordinance that saw wartime efforts increased and the hybrid system slowly weakened .
Korea under Japanese rule
In Japan , the term `` Chōsen ( Korea ) of the Japanese - Governed Period '' ( 日本 統治 時代 の 朝鮮 , Nippon Tōchi - jidai no Chōsen ) has been used .
Korea under Japanese rule
After suppression of the uprising , some aspects of Japanese rule considered most objectionable to Koreans were removed . The military police were replaced by a civilian force , and freedom of the press was permitted to a limited extent . Two of the three major Korean daily newspapers , the Dong - a Ilbo and the Chosun Ilbo , were established in 1920 .
Great Depression
This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists , especially those in the army , culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident . This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government . From 1934 , the military 's dominance of the government continued to grow . Instead of reducing deficit spending , the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced , but did not eliminate inflation , which remained a problem until the end of World War II .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . ''
Korea under Japanese rule
In August 1882 , the Treaty of Jemulpo ( Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 ) indemnified the families of the Japanese victims , paid reparations to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen , and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul . Gapsin
United States Secret Service
The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II . The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community .
Emperor of Japan
In the succession , children of the empress were preferred over sons of secondary consorts . Thus it was significant which quarters had preferential opportunities in providing chief wives to imperial princes , i.e. supplying future empresses .
Korea under Japanese rule
By 1910 , an estimated 7 to 8 % of all arable land was under Japanese control . This ratio increased steadily ; during the years 1916 , 1920 , and 1932 , the ratio of Japanese land ownership increased from 36.8 to 39.8 to 52.7 % . The level of tenancy was similar to that of farmers in Japan itself ; however , in Korea , the landowners were mostly Japanese , while the tenants were all Koreans . As was often the case in Japan itself , tenants were forced to pay over half their crop as rent , forcing many to send wives and daughters into factories or prostitution so they could pay taxes .
Emperor of Japan
Japanese monarchs have been , as much as others elsewhere , dependent on making alliances with powerful chiefs and other monarchs . Many such alliances were sealed by marriages . The specific feature in Japan has been the fact that these marriages have been soon incorporated as elements of tradition which controlled the marriages of later generations , though the original practical alliance had lost its real meaning . A repeated pattern has been an imperial son - in - law under the influence of his powerful non-imperial father - in - law .
Great Depression
The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan . The Japanese economy shrank by 8 % during 1929 -- 31 . Japan 's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies : first , by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending ; and second , by devaluing the currency . Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures . Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective .
Emperor of Japan
There are two Japanese words equivalent to the English word `` Emperor '' : tennō ( 天皇 , `` heavenly sovereign '' ) , which is used exclusively to refer to the Emperor of Japan , and kōtei ( 皇帝 , the title used for all other foreign Emperors ) , which is used primarily to describe non-Japanese Emperors . Sumeramikoto ( `` the Imperial person '' ) was also used in Old Japanese . The term tennō was used by the Emperors up until the Middle Ages ; then , following a period of disuse , it was used again from the 19th century . In English , the term mikado ( 御門 or 帝 ) , literally meaning `` the honorable gate '' ( i.e. the gate of the imperial palace , which indicates the person who lives in and possesses the palace ) , was once used ( as in The Mikado , a 19th - century operetta ) , but this term is now obsolete . ( Compare Sublime Porte , an old term for the Ottoman government . )
Surrender of Japan
Public reaction to the Emperor 's speech varied -- many Japanese simply listened to it , then went on with their lives as best they could , while some Army and Navy officers chose suicide over surrender . A small crowd gathered in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo and cried , but as author John Dower notes , the tears they shed `` reflected a multitude of sentiments ... anguish , regret , bereavement and anger at having been deceived , sudden emptiness and loss of purpose '' .
British Hong Kong
The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial élite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups . The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the élite and the middle class , with far less terror than in other Chinese cities . Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony , with Japanese businesses replacing the British . However , the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic . The overlords became more brutal and corrupt , and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted . With the surrender of Japan , the transition back to British rule was smooth , for on the mainland the Nationalist and Communist forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong . In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British .
Korea under Japanese rule
The public curriculum for most of the period was taught by Korean educators under a hybrid system focused on assimilating Koreans into the Japanese empire while emphasizing Korean cultural education . This focused on the history of the Japanese Empire as well as inculcating reverence for the Imperial House of Japan and instruction in the Imperial Rescript on Education .
Korea under Japanese rule
Many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . According to the secretary - general of a group named Peace Project Network , `` there were a total of 70,000 Korean victims in both cities '' . Japan paid South Korea 4 billion yen and built a welfare center in the name of humanitarian assistance , not as compensation to the victims .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The Western media reported on the events with accounts of atrocities such as bombing civilians , or firing upon shell - shocked survivors . It aroused considerable antipathy to Japan , which lasted until the end of World War II .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Governor - General of Korea instituted a law in 1933 in order to preserve Korea 's most important historical artifacts . The system established by this law , retained as the present - day National Treasures of South Korea and National Treasures of North Korea , was intended to counter the deleterious effects of the speed of economic development as well as the lack of concern by Japanese developers for Korean cultural heritage on Korean historical artifacts , including those not yet unearthed .