vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Testament
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
Citations may be accompanied by metadata , though it is not mandatory . Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the COinS standard . Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user , for instance by providing links to their library 's online copies of the cited works . In articles that format citations manually , metadata may be added manually in a span , according to the COinS specification .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
While most articles use footnote citations as described in the above sections , some articles use a parenthetical referencing style . Here , short citations in parentheses , such as ( Smith 2010 , p. 1 ) , are placed within the article text itself . Full details of each source used are given in a full citation , e.g. , Smith , John . Name of Book . Cambridge University Press , 2010 . The full citations are listed in alphabetical order , according to the authors ' surnames , at the end of the article in a `` References '' section .
Novel
A novel is a long , fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences . The novel in the modern era usually makes use of a literary prose style , and the development of the prose novel at this time was encouraged by innovations in printing , and the introduction of cheap paper , in the 15th century .
Shakespeare's influence
Shakespeare united the three main streams of literature : verse , poetry , and drama . To the versification of the English language , he imparted his eloquence and variety giving highest expressions with elasticity of language . The second , the sonnets and poetry , was bound in structure . He imparted economy and intensity to the language . In the third and the most important area , the drama , he saved the language from vagueness and vastness and infused actuality and vividness . Shakespeare 's work in prose , poetry , and drama marked the beginning of modernization of English language by introduction of words and expressions , style and form to the language .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
name of the author ( s ) title of the book in italics translated title of the book in square brackets after the title if not in English volume when appropriate name of the publisher city of publication is optional edition number if not the first edition year of publication of the particular edition being referenced chapter or page number ( s ) if appropriate ISBN is optional
Shakespeare's influence
Shakespeare is cited as an influence on a large number of writers in the following centuries , including major novelists such as Herman Melville , Charles Dickens , Thomas Hardy and William Faulkner . Examples of this influence include the large number of Shakespearean quotations throughout Dickens ' writings and the fact that at least 25 of Dickens ' titles are drawn from Shakespeare , while Melville frequently used Shakespearean devices , including formal stage directions and extended soliloquies , in Moby - Dick . In fact , Shakespeare so influenced Melville that the novel 's main antagonist , Captain Ahab , is a classic Shakespearean tragic figure , `` a great man brought down by his faults . '' Shakespeare has also influenced a number of English poets , especially Romantic poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge who were obsessed with self - consciousness , a modern theme Shakespeare anticipated in plays such as Hamlet . Shakespeare 's writings were so influential to English poetry of the 1800s that critic George Steiner has called all English poetic dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson `` feeble variations on Shakespearean themes . ''
One Thousand and One Nights
An early example of the `` story within a story '' technique can be found in the One Thousand and One Nights , which can be traced back to earlier Persian and Indian storytelling traditions , most notably the Panchatantra of ancient Sanskrit literature . The Nights , however , improved on the Panchatantra in several ways , particularly in the way a story is introduced . In the Panchatantra , stories are introduced as didactic analogies , with the frame story referring to these stories with variants of the phrase `` If you 're not careful , that which happened to the louse and the flea will happen to you . '' In the Nights , this didactic framework is the least common way of introducing the story , but instead a story is most commonly introduced through subtle means , particularly as an answer to questions raised in a previous tale .
Novel
As the novel became a platform of modern debate , national literatures were developed that link the present with the past in the form of the historical novel . Alessandro Manzoni 's I Promessi Sposi ( 1827 ) did this for Italy , while novelists in Russia and the surrounding Slavonic countries , as well as Scandinavia , did likewise .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Neutrality issues apart , there are other ways in - text attribution can mislead . The sentence below suggests The New York Times has alone made this important discovery :
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article :
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Wikipedia 's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged , and for all quotations , anywhere in article space .
New Testament
Over the course of history , those works of early Christian literature that survived but that did not become part of the New Testament have been variously grouped by theologians and scholars . Drawing upon , though redefining , an older term used in early Christianity and among Protestants when referring to those books found in the Christian Old Testament although not in the Jewish Bible , modern scholars began to refer to these works of early Christian literature not included in the New Testament as `` apocryphal '' , by which was meant non-canonical .
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
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Novel
An example of this genre of fiction is Samuel Richardson 's Pamela , or Virtue Rewarded ( 1740 ) , composed `` to cultivate the Principles of Virtue and Religion in the Minds of the Youth of Both Sexes '' focuses on the potential victim , a heroine of all the modern virtues vulnerable through her social status and her occupation as servant of the libertine who falls in love with her . Eventually , she shows the power to reform her antagonist .
The Big Bang Theory
This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main
Great Expectations
Although the novel is written in first person , the reader knows -- as an essential prerequisite -- that Great Expectations is not an autobiography but a novel , a work of fiction with plot and characters , featuring a narrator - protagonist . In addition , Sylvère Monod notes that the treatment of the autobiography differs from David Copperfield , as Great Expectations does not draw from events in Dickens 's life ; `` at most some traces of a broad psychological and moral introspection can be found '' .
Copyright
But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication ( or distribution of derivative work , such as a film based on a book protected by copyright ) outside the U.S. , the terms of copyright around the world must be considered . If the author has been dead more than 70 years , the work is in the public domain in most , but not all , countries .
Conflict (narrative)
Even in modern non-dramatic literature , critics have observed that the agon is the central unit of the plot . The easier it is for the protagonist to triumph , the less value there is in the drama . In internal and external conflict alike , the antagonist must act upon the protagonist and must seem at first to overmatch him or her . For example , in William Faulkner 's The Bear , nature might be the antagonist . Even though it is an abstraction , natural creatures and the scenery oppose and resist the protagonist . In the same story , the young boy 's doubts about himself provide an internal conflict , and they seem to overwhelm him .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
As with other citation formats , articles should not undergo large - scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so . Citing
Wikipedia:Citing sources
improving existing citations by adding missing information , such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations : an improvement because it aids verifiability , and fights linkrot ; replacing some or all general references with inline citations : an improvement because it provides more verifiable information to the reader , and helps maintain text -- source integrity ; imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles ( e.g. , some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references ) : an improvement because it makes the citations easier to understand and edit ; fixing errors in citation coding , including incorrectly used template parameters , and < ref > markup problems : an improvement because it helps the citations to be parsed correctly ; combining duplicate citations ( see § Duplicate citations , above ) .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Remove convenience links : If the material was published on paper ( e.g. , academic journal , newspaper article , magazine , book ) , then the dead URL is not necessary . Simply remove the dead URL , leaving the remainder of the reference intact . Find a replacement source : Search the web for quoted text , the article title , and parts of the URL . Consider contacting the website / person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it . Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else , including the user who added the reference . Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question . Remove hopelessly lost web - only sources : If the source material does not exist offline , and if there is no archived version of the web page ( be sure to wait ~ 24 months ) , and if you can not find another copy of the material , then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation . If it is material that is specifically required by policy to have an inline citation , then please consider tagging it with ( ( citation needed ) ) . It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation , and notify the editor who added the now - dead link .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Publication dates , for both older and recent sources , should be written with the goal of helping the reader find the publication and , once found , confirm that the correct publication has been located . For example , if the publication date bears a date in the Julian calendar , it should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar .
Public domain
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain . For example , the Bible and the inventions of Archimedes are in the public domain , but copyright may exist in translations , or new formulations , or digitized editions of these works , so for example most translations of the Bible into foreign languages and the digital editions of these are copyrighted .
Novel
The French churchman and scholar Pierre Daniel Huet 's Traitté de l'origine des romans ( 1670 ) laid the ground for a greater acceptance of the novel as literature in the early 18th century . The theologian had not only dared to praise fictions , but he had also explained techniques of theological reading , for the interpretation of fiction , which was a novelty : an individual could read novels and romances to gain insight into foreign and distant cultures as well as into his or her own culture .
Ramayana
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Spanish Armada
This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 )
Novel
That fictional histories shared the same space with academic histories and modern journalism had been criticized by historians since the end of the Middle Ages : fictions were `` lies '' and therefore hardly justifiable at all . The climate , however , changed in the 1670s .
Book of Revelation
Many literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation . Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but , nevertheless , found in Revelation a source of inspiration . Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash . Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration , or the parallels with Greek drama . In recent years , theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended .
Novel
The historic advantage of genres is to allow the direct marketing of fiction . While the reader of so - called elitist literature will follow public discussions of novels , the popular production has to employ the traditionally more direct and short - term marketing strategies with the open declarations of their content . The most popular novels are based entirely on the expectations for the particular genre , and this includes the creation of a series of novels with an identifiable brand name . i.e. the Sherlock Holmes series by Arthur Conan Doyle
New Testament
One might refer to the Epistle to the Laodiceans and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians as examples of works identified as pseudonymous . Since the early centuries of the church , there has been debate concerning the authorship of the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews , and contemporary scholars generally reject Pauline authorship .
Dei verbum
`` But since Sacred Scripture is inspired , there is another and no less important principle of correct interpretation , without which Scripture would remain a dead letter . ' Sacred Scripture must be read and interpreted in the light of the same Spirit by whom it was written . ' ''
Public domain
Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge , examples include data , facts , ideas , theories , and scientific principle . Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart 's symphonies . Promoting education , through the spread of information , ideas , and scientific principles . Enabling follow - on innovation , through for example expired patents and copyright . Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties , through for example expired copyrighted works or patents , and non-original data compilation . Promoting public health and safety , through information and scientific principles . Promoting the democratic process and values , through news , laws , regulation , and judicial opinion . Enabling competitive imitation , through for example expired patents and copyright , or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection .
Novel
The shift from verse to prose dates from the early 13th century . The Prose Lancelot or Vulgate Cycle includes passages from that period . This collection indirectly led to Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur of the early 1470s . Prose became increasingly attractive because it enabled writers to associate popular stories with serious histories traditionally composed in prose , and could also be more easily translated .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
The use of ibid. or Id. ( or similar abbreviations ) is discouraged , as these may become broken as new references are added ( op . cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article ; however , not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms ) . If the use of ibid is extensive , use the ( ( ibid ) ) template . Duplicate
Hamlet
Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play . Actors
Romeo and Juliet
Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text -- source relationships are maintained . References need not be moved solely to maintain the chronological order of footnotes as they appear in the article , and should not be moved if doing so might break the text - source relationship .
Origin of language
To focus on mental states is to accept fictions -- inhabitants of the imagination -- as potentially informative and interesting . Take the use of metaphor . A metaphor is , literally , a false statement . Think of Romeo 's declaration , ' Juliet is the sun ! ' Juliet is a woman , not a ball of plasma in the sky , but human listeners are not ( or not usually ) pedants insistent on point - by - point factual accuracy . They want to know what the speaker has in mind . Grammaticalization is essentially based on metaphor . To outlaw its use would be to stop grammar from evolving and , by the same token , to exclude all possibility of expressing abstract thought .
Great Expectations
Amongst the narrative devices that Dickens uses , according to Earle Davis , are caricature , comic speech mannerisms , intrigue , Gothic atmosphere , and a central character who gradually changes . Davis also mentions the close network of the structure and balance of contrasts , and praises the first - person narration for providing a simplicity that is appropriate for the story while avoiding melodrama . Davis sees the symbolism attached to `` great expectations '' as reinforcing the novel 's impact .
John Steinbeck
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Novel
Early works of extended fictional prose , or novels , include works in Latin like the Satyricon by Petronius ( c. 50 AD ) , and The Golden Ass by Apuleius ( c. 150 AD ) , works in Ancient Greek such as Daphnis and Chloe by Longus ( c. late second century AD ) , works in Sanskrit such as the 6th -- or 7th - century Daśakumāracarita by Daṇḍin , and in the 7th - century Kadambari by Banabhatta , Murasaki Shikibu 's 11th - century Japanese work The Tale of Genji , the 12th - century Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( or Philosophus Autodidactus , the 17th - century Latin title ) by Ibn Tufail , who wrote in Arabic , the 13th - century Theologus Autodidactus by Ibn al - Nafis , another Arabic novelist , and Blanquerna , written in Catalan by Ramon Llull ( 1283 ) , and the 14th - century Chinese Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong .
Ecclesiastes
Also unresolved is whether the author and narrator of Kohelet are one and the same person . Some scholars have argued that the third - person narrative structure is an artificial literary device along the lines of Uncle Remus , although the description of the Teacher in 12 : 8 -- 14 seems to favour a historical person whose thoughts are presented by the narrator . The question , however , has no theological importance , and one scholar ( Roland Murphy ) has commented that Kohelet himself would have regarded the time and ingenuity put into interpreting his book as `` one more example of the futility of human effort '' .
New Testament
In addition , there are so many quotes from the New Testament in early church documents and commentaries that the entire New Testament could also be assembled from these alone . Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers . For example , the Gnostic writings of Valentinus come from the 2nd century AD , and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church . The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties , but it also gives scholars a better idea of how close modern Bibles are to the original versions .
Romanticism
In literature , Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past , the cult of `` sensibility '' with its emphasis on women and children , the isolation of the artist or narrator , and respect for nature . Furthermore , several romantic authors , such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne , based their writings on the supernatural / occult and human psychology . Romanticism tended to regard satire as something unworthy of serious attention , a prejudice still influential today .
Conflict (narrative)
As with other literary terms , these have come about gradually as descriptions of common narrative structures . Conflict was first described in ancient Greek literature as the agon , or central contest in tragedy . According to Aristotle , in order to hold the interest , the hero must have a single conflict . The agon , or act of conflict , involves the protagonist ( the `` first fighter '' ) and the antagonist ( a more recent term ) , corresponding to the hero and villain . The outcome of the contest can not be known in advance , and according to later critics such as Plutarch , the hero 's struggle should be ennobling .