vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Society of the United States
Since the 1970s , traditional gender roles of male and female have been increasingly challenged by both legal and social means . Today , there are far fewer roles that are legally restricted by one 's sex .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) , the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of `` person '' and `` within its jurisdiction '' in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans , but would extend to other races , colors , and nationalities such as ( in this case ) legal aliens in the United States who are Chinese citizens :
History of immigration to the United States
In 1950 , after the start of the Korean War , the Internal Security Act barred admission of Communists , who might engage in activities `` which would be prejudicial to the public interest , or would endanger the welfare or safety of the United States . ''
Visa requirements for British citizens
France 1 January 1947 Belgium 15 February 1947 Luxembourg 15 February 1947 Norway 1 March 1947 Denmark 22 March 1947 Sweden 1 April 1947 Netherlands 15 April 1947 Switzerland 24 June 1947 Liechtenstein 24 June 1947 Iceland 1 July 1947 Italy 1 January 1948 Monaco 8 November 1948 Austria 15 May 1955 Paraguay 27 November 1966 United States 1 July 1988 Ukraine 1 May 2005 Georgia 1 June 2006 Moldova 1 January 2007 Kyrgyzstan 27 July 2012 Armenia 10 January 2013 Kazakhstan 15 July 2014 Indonesia 13 June 2015 Vietnam 1 July 2015 Belarus 12 February 2017
History of immigration to the United States
In 1952 , the McCarran Walter Immigration Act affirmed the national - origins quota system of 1924 and limited total annual immigration to one - sixth of one percent of the population of the continental United States in 1920 , or 175,455 . This exempted the spouses and children of U.S. citizens and people born in the Western Hemisphere from the quota . In 1953 , the Refugee Relief Act extended refugee status to non-Europeans .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Iran , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt .
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004 . The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statues based on sex , race , age , religion , creed , disability , or national origin , but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity .
Xbox Live
Users were formerly forbidden to use strings such as gay or refer to homosexuality in any way in their Gamertag or profile due to it being considered `` content of a sexual nature '' , even if the string occurs in a legitimate surname . Incidents where a woman was suspended from the service for identifying herself as a lesbian , and an incident where a male user was suspended for using his surname `` Gaywood '' in his username attracted controversy . In February 2009 , Xbox Live Lead Program Manager for Enforcement Stephen Toulouse clarified the service 's policy on sexual identification , stating that `` Expression of any sexual orientation ( ... ) is not allowed in Gamertags '' but that the company is `` examining how we can provide it in a way that wo n't get misused . '' Changes announced in March 2010 permit Xbox Live members to express sexual orientation in their gamertags and profiles .
Society of the United States
Asian Americans were also marginalized during much of US history . Between 1882 and 1943 the United States government instituted the Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the nation . During the second world war roughly 120,000 Japanese Americans , 62 % of whom were U.S. citizens , were imprisoned in Japanese internment camps . Hispanic Americans also faced segregation and other types of discrimination ; they were regularly subject to second class citizen status , in practice if not by law .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The Refugee Act of 1980 established policies for refugees , redefining `` refugee '' according to United Nations norms . A target for refugees was set at 50,000 and the worldwide ceiling for immigrants was reduced to 270,000 annually .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
Naturalization numbers have ranged from about 500,000 to just over 1,000,000 per year since the early 1990s , with peak years in 1996 and 2008 each around 1,040,000 . These numbers add up to more than the number of visas issued in those years because as many as 2.7 million of those who were granted amnesty by IRCA in 1986 have converted or will convert to citizenship . In general , immigrants become eligible for citizenship after five years of residence . Many do not immediately apply , or do not pass the test on the first attempt . This means that the counts for visas and the counts for naturalization will always remain out of step , though in the long run the naturalizations add up to somewhat less than the visas .
Right-to-work law
According to the Legal Defense Foundation , right - to - work laws prohibit union security agreements , or agreements between employers and labor unions , that govern the extent to which an established union can require employees ' membership , payment of union dues , or fees as a condition of employment , either before or after hiring . Right - to - work laws do not aim to provide general guarantee of employment to people seeking work , but rather are a government regulation of the contractual agreements between employers and labor unions that prevents them from excluding non-union workers , or requiring employees to pay a fee to unions that have negotiated the labor contract all the employees work under .
United States home front during World War II
After World War II , there was also the Truman Directive of 1945 , which did not allow more people to migrate , but did use the immigration quotas to let in more displaced people after the war . There was also the War Brides Act of 1945 , which allowed spouses of US soldiers to get an expedited path towards citizenship . In contrast , the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act , also known as the McCarran - Walter Act , turned away migrants based not on their country of origin but rather whether they are moral or diseased .
Australian permanent resident
Few limitations on employment in Australia . Some job opportunities , largely federal governmental work , require citizenship as opposed to permanent residence . The right to apply for Australian citizenship after fulfilling some criteria . For permanent residents accepted under the humanitarian program and enrolled in a Commonwealth supported place , the right to defer payment of their student contribution under the HECS - HELP scheme . The right to sponsor relatives for permanent residence , subject to fulfilling residence criteria and assurance of support requirements . Children born inside Australia will be Australian citizens by birth . The right to access medical and social security benefits , though there is a 2 - year waiting period for some benefits . The right to travel to New Zealand without applying for a New Zealand visa . ( This right is granted by the New Zealand government . ) Unrestricted rights to live , work and study in New Zealand . ( This right is granted by the New Zealand government . )
History of immigration to the United States
Shortly after the U.S. Civil War , some states started to pass their own immigration laws , which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility . In 1875 , the nation passed its first immigration law , the Page Act of 1875 , also known as the Asian Exclusion Act , outlawing the importation of Asian contract laborers , any Asian woman who would engage in prostitution , and all people considered to be convicts in their own countries .
Official bilingualism in Canada
This provides a legal definition for the otherwise vague requirement that services be provided in the minority official languages wherever there is `` significant demand . '' The definition used in the regulations is complex , but basically an area of the country is served in both languages if at least 5,000 persons in that area , or 5 % of the local population ( whichever is smaller ) , belongs to that province 's English or French linguistic minority population .
United States home front during World War II
During World War II the trend in immigration policies were both more and less restrictive . The United States immigration policies focused more on national security and were driven by foreign policy imperatives . Legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was finally repealed . This Act was the first law in the United States that excluded a specific group - the Chinese from migrating to the United States . But during World War II , with the Chinese as allies , the United States passed the Magnuson Act , also known as the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 . There was also the Nationality Act of 1940 , which clarified how to become and remain a citizen . Specifically , it allowed immigrants who were not citizens , like the Filipinos or those in the outside territories to gain citizenship by enlisting in the army . In contrast , the Japanese and Japanese - Americans were subject to internment in the U.S. There was also legislation like the Smith Act , also known as the Alien Registration Act of 1940 , which required indicted communists , anarchists and fascists . Another program was the Bracero Program , which allowed over two decades , nearly 5 million Mexican workers to come and work in the United States .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
In 1921 the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , which established national immigration quotas . The quotas were based on the number of foreign - born residents of each nationality who were living in the United States as of the 1910 census .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit required to purchase ? Yes Yes Firearms purchases are subject to the requirements of US federal law Firearm registration ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? Yes Yes Carry permits required ? No Yes May - Issue according to law , but permits are rarely granted to ordinary citizens . Unrestricted concealed carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to October 31 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's restrictive permitting policy for concealed carry . Open carry ? No No Permitless open carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to November 16 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision on November 16 , 2016 . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court has declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's ban on open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms , short barreled shotguns , and silencers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies .
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party platform opposed the inclusion of gay people in the military from 1992 to present .
Godparent
In 2015 , the Vatican declared that transgender Catholics can not become godparents , stating in response to a transgender man 's query that transgender status `` reveals in a public way an attitude opposite to the moral imperative of solving the problem of sexual identity according to the truth of one 's own sexuality '' and that , `` ( t ) herefore it is evident that this person does not possess the requirement of leading a life according to the faith and in the position of godfather and is therefore unable to be admitted to the position of godfather or godmother . ''
History of immigration to the United States
In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act . By excluding all Chinese laborers from entering the country , the Chinese Exclusion Act severely curtailed the number of immigrants of Chinese descent allowed into the United States for 10 years . The law was renewed in 1892 and 1902 . During this period , Chinese migrants illegally entered the United States through the loosely guarded U.S. - Canadian border . Illustration
Democratic Party (United States)
Some Democratic officeholders have championed consumer protection laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations . Most Democrats oppose sodomy laws and believe that government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The act excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years and was the first immigration law passed by Congress . Laborers in the United States and laborers with work visas received a certificate of residency and were allowed to travel in and out of the United States . Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return , and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin . The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another ten years , and in 1902 with no terminal date . It was repealed in 1943 , although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965 .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates .
Jim Crow laws
power music Wife selling Witch - hunt Policies ( show ) Segregation age racial religious sex Age of candidacy Blood quantum Cleanliness of blood Crime of apartheid Disabilities Jewish Catholic Ethnocracy Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Jim Crow laws Law for Protection of the Nation McCarthyism MSM blood donor controversy Nonpersons Numerus clausus ( as religious or racial quota ) Nuremberg Laws One - drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same - sex marriage ( laws and issues prohibiting ) Sodomy law Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures ( show ) Affirmative action Animal rights Anti-discrimination law Classism Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Desegregation Diversity training Empowerment Ethnopluralism Feminism Fighting Discrimination Human rights Intersex rights Multiculturalism Racial integration Religious persecution Self - determination Social integration Toleration Related topics ( show ) Allophilia Anti-cultural sentiment Assimilation Bias Christian privilege Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Power distance Prejudice Racial bias in criminal news Racism by country Regressive left Religious intolerance Second - generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social stigma Stereotype threat White privilege Discrimination portal Cover
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
In 1932 President Hoover and the State Department essentially shut down immigration during the Great Depression as immigration went from 236,000 in 1929 to 23,000 in 1933 . This was accompanied by voluntary repatriation to Europe and Mexico , and coerced repatriation and deportation of between 500,000 and 2 million Mexican Americans , mostly citizens , in the Mexican Repatriation . Total immigration in the decade of 1931 to 1940 was 528,000 averaging less than 53,000 a year .
Australian permanent resident
Citizens of New Zealand are allowed to enter Australia to live and work indefinitely under the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement , without applying for a visa but instead are automatically granted a Special Category Visa on arrival . Despite having the ability to reside with no time limit , the visa is still considered temporary . If they decided to become Australian citizens , then they need to apply for permanent residency visa first .
Sanctuary city
On September 5 , 2007 , Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told a House committee that he certainly would n't tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block his `` Basic Pilot Program '' that requires employers to validate the legal status of their workers . `` We 're exploring our legal options . I intend to take as vigorous legal action as the law allows to prevent that from happening , prevent that kind of interference . ''
History of immigration to the United States
This all changed with passage of the Hart - Celler Act in 1965 , a by - product of the civil rights revolution and a jewel in the crown of President Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society programs . The measure had not been intended to stimulate immigration from Asia , the Middle East , Africa , and elsewhere in the developing world . Rather , by doing away with the racially based quota system , its authors had expected that immigrants would come from `` traditional '' societies such as Italy , Greece , and Portugal , places that labored under very small quotas in the 1924 law . The law replaced the quotas with preferential categories based on family relationships and job skills , giving particular preference to potential immigrants with relatives in the United States and with occupations deemed critical by the U.S. Department of Labor . After 1970 , however , following an initial influx from European countries , immigrants from places like Korea , China , India , the Philippines , and Pakistan , as well as countries in Africa became more common .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required Rwanda Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival !
History of immigration to the United States
In 1934 , the Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided independence of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Until 1965 , national origin quotas strictly limited immigration from the Philippines . In 1965 , after revision of the immigration law , significant Filipino immigration began , totaling 1,728,000 by 2004 .
Mexico City
The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country , whether with the support of the federal government , as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s , or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly . The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions , becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons , to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy . In December 2009 , the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize same - sex marriage .
Freedom of speech by country
Most of the limitations of the free speech in the Czech Republic aim at protection of rights of individuals or minority groups . Unlike in some other European countries there are no limits on speech criticizing or denigrating government , public officials or state symbols . Denmark