vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korea under Japanese rule
Within Korea itself , anti-Japanese rallies continued on occasion . Most notably , the Gwangju Students Anti-Japanese Movement on 3 November 1929 led to the strengthening of Japanese military rule in 1931 , after which freedom of the press and freedom of expression were curbed . Many witnesses , including Catholic priests , reported that Japanese authorities dealt with insurgency severely . When villagers were suspected of hiding rebels , entire village populations are said to have been herded into public buildings ( especially churches ) and massacred when the buildings were set on fire . In the village of Jeam - ni , Hwaseong , for example , a group of 29 people were gathered inside a church which was then set afire . Such events deepened the hostility of many Korean civilians towards the Japanese government .
History of United States prison systems
Former slaves who migrated to Southern cities , where they often received the lowest - paying jobs , were generally affected more acutely by economic downturns than their rural counterparts . Five years after the Civil War , 90 percent of the black population of Savannah , Georgia , owned no property . Increases in black property crime prosecutions in Savannah correlate to major economic downturns of the post-war period .
Correlation does not imply causation
This could easily be the other way round ; that is , violent children like watching more TV than less violent ones .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
A further effect of the opposition was that many college campuses were completely shut down due to protests . These protests led to wear on the government who tried to mitigate the tumultuous behavior and return the colleges back to normal . The colleges involved in the anti-war movement included ones such as , Brown University , Kent State University , and the University of Massachusetts . Even at The College of William and Mary unrest occurred with protests by the students and even some faculty members that resulted in `` multiple informants '' hired to report to the CIA on the activities of students and faculty members . At the University of Massachusetts , `` The 100th Commencement of the University of Massachusetts yesterday was a protest , a call for peace '' , `` Red fists of protest , white peace symbols , and blue doves were stenciled on black academic gowns , and nearly every other senior wore an armband representing a plea for peace . '' Additionally , `` At Boston College , a Catholic institution , six thousand people gathered that evening in the gymnasium to denounce the war . '' At Kent State University , `` on May 4 , when students gathered to demonstrate against the war , National Guardsmen fired into the crowd . Four students were killed . '' Finally , `` At the Brown University commencement in 1969 , two - thirds of the graduating class turned their backs when Henry Kissinger stood up to address them . '' Basically , from all of the evidence here provided by the historians , Zinn and McCarthy , the second effect was very prevalent and it was the uproar at many colleges and universities as an effect of the opposition to the United States ' involvement in Vietnam .
Women's March on Versailles
The Women 's March on Versailles , also known as The October March , The October Days , or simply The March on Versailles , was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution . The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who , on the morning of 5 October 1789 , were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread . Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries , who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France . The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands . Encouraged by revolutionary agitators , they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles . The crowd besieged the palace , and in a dramatic and violent confrontation , they successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI . The next day , the crowd compelled the king , his family , and most of the French Assembly to return with them to Paris .
Swadeshi movement
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History of United States prison systems
Few immigrants or free blacks lived in the rural South in the pre-Civil War years , and slaves remained under the dominant control of a separate criminal justice system administered by planters throughout the period . Thus , most criminal defendants were Southern - born whites ( and all socio - economic classes were represented on criminal dockets ) . Blacks occasionally came within the purview of the conventional criminal justice apparatus from their dealings with whites in the `` gray market , '' among other offenses . But the danger to whites and blacks alike from illicit trading , the violence that often erupted at their meetings , and the tendency of whites to take advantage of their legally impotent black counterparties all made these occurrences relatively rare .
Soulja Boy
Way 's music has been banned from some school dances for alleged sexual or violent content and / or innuendos . However , he has denied these claims . In the original YouTube video for `` Shootout '' , Way demonstrates his dance while holding a handgun in each hand and pretending to shoot into the audience .
Apartheid
Violence persisted right up to the 1994 elections . Lucas Mangope , leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland , declared that it would not take part in the elections . It had been decided that , once the temporary constitution had come into effect , the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa , but Mangope did not want this to happen . There were strong protests against his decision , leading to a coup d'état in Bophuthatswana on 10 March that deposed Mangope , despite the intervention of white right - wingers hoping to maintain him in power . Three AWB militants were killed during this intervention , and harrowing images were shown on national television and in newspapers across the world .
French Revolution
At the peak of the terror , the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thoughts or activities ( or , as in the case of Jacques Hébert , revolutionary zeal exceeding that of those in power ) could place one under suspicion , and trials did not always proceed according to contemporary standards of due process . Sometimes people died for their political opinions or actions , but many for little reason beyond mere suspicion , or because some others had a stake in getting rid of them . Most of the victims received an unceremonious trip to the guillotine in an open wooden cart ( the tumbrel ) . In the rebellious provinces , the government representatives had unlimited authority and some engaged in extreme repressions and abuses . For example , Jean - Baptiste Carrier became notorious for the Noyades ( `` drownings '' ) he organised in Nantes ; his conduct was judged unacceptable even by the Jacobin government and he was recalled . Guillotining
1935 Labor Day hurricane
In the same issue of The New Masses appeared an editorial charging criminal negligence and a cartoon by Russell T. Limbach , captioned , An Act of God , depicting burning corpses . A Washington Post editorial on Sept. 5 , titled Ruin in the Veterans ' Camps , stated the widely held opinion that the '' camps were havens of rest designed to keep Bonus Marchers away from Washington ... Most of these veterans are drifters , psychopathic cases or habitual troublemakers ... Those who are nor physically or mentally handicapped have no claim whatsoever to special rewards in return for bonus agitation . '' Investigation
Southern United States
In the early 20th century , invasion of the boll weevil devastated cotton crops in the South , producing an additional catalyst to African Americans ' decisions to leave the South . From 1910 to 1940 , and then from the 1940s to 1970 , more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities , defecting from persistent lynching , violence , segregation , poor education , and inability to vote . Black migration transformed many Northern cities , creating new cultures and music . Many African Americans , like other groups , became industrial workers ; others started their own businesses within the communities . Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities , especially Chicago and Detroit , where they took jobs in the booming new auto industry . Photo
Denver
During the 1960s and 1970s , Denver was one of the epicenters of the Chicano Movement . The boxer - turned - activist Rodolfo `` Corky '' Gonzales formed an organization called the Crusade for Justice , which battled police brutality , fought for bilingual education , and , most notably , hosted the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in March 1969 .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action .
Conflict theories
Gene Sharp ( born 21 January 1928 ) is a Professor Emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth . He is known for his extensive writings on nonviolent struggle , which have influenced numerous anti-government resistance movements around the world . In 1983 he founded the Albert Einstein Institution , a non-profit organization devoted to studies and promotion of the use of nonviolent action in conflicts worldwide . Sharp 's key theme is that power is not monolithic ; that is , it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power . For Sharp , political power , the power of any state -- regardless of its particular structural organization -- ultimately derives from the subjects of the state . His fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects ' obedience to the orders of the ruler ( s ) . If subjects do not obey , leaders have no power . Sharp has been called both the `` Machiavelli of nonviolence '' and the `` Clausewitz of nonviolent warfare . '' Sharp 's scholarship has influenced resistance organizations around the world . Most recently the protest movement that toppled President Mubarak of Egypt drew extensively on his ideas , as well as the youth movement in Tunisia and the earlier ones in the Eastern European colour revolutions that had previously been inspired by Sharp 's work .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
From July 2009 through the weeks leading up to the 100th anniversary , the Coalition served as a clearinghouse to network some 200 activities as varied as academic conferences , films , theater performances , art shows , concerts , readings , awareness campaigns , walking tours , and parades that were held in and around New York City , and in cities across the nation , including San Francisco , Los Angeles , Chicago , Minneapolis , Boston and Washington , D.C.
Democracy
The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s , most prominently in South Africa . Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998 , the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia , the Rose Revolution in Georgia , the Orange Revolution in Ukraine , the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon , the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan , and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia .
History of women in the United States
Notable radical feminist groups included Redstockings , founded in 1969 . The group focused on power dynamics in gender and promoted consciousness - raising and distributed movement literature for free . Cell 16 , founded in 1968 , was a much more militant group arguing that women were conditioned by their sex - roles . The Feminists , founded by Ti - Grace Atkinson in 1968 , claimed women were complicit in their oppression and needed to shed conventional gender roles . New York Radical Feminists , founded in 1969 , also found maleness to be the greater issue than power roles . They were interested in building a larger movement through mass numbers in New York City .
Vietnam War
Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the `` breakdown '' of the U.S. armed forces , especially among combat troops , as reflecting the opinions of `` angry colonels '' who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War . Although acknowledging serious problems , he questions the alleged `` near mutinous '' conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat . Investigating one combat refusal incident , a journalist declared , `` A certain sense of independence , a reluctance to behave according to the military 's insistence on obedience , like pawns or puppets ... The grunts ( infantrymen ) were determined to survive ... they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die . '' The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription ( the draft ) were important factors leading to the creation of an all - volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription . The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973 . The all - volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks .
Conflict (narrative)
Where man stands against a man - made institution ( such as slavery or bullying ) , `` man against man '' conflict may shade into `` man against society '' . In such stories , characters are forced to make moral choices or frustrated by social rules in meeting their own goals . The Handmaid 's Tale and Fahrenheit 451 are examples of `` man against society '' conflicts . So is Charlotte 's Web , in which the pig Wilbur fights for his survival against a society that raises pigs for food .
Southern United States
Secret vigilante organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan -- an organization sworn to perpetuate white supremacy -- had arisen quickly after the war 's end and used lynching , physical attacks , house burnings and other forms of intimidation to keep African Americans from exercising their political rights . Although the first Klan was disrupted by prosecution by the Federal government in the early 1870s , other groups persisted . By the mid-to - late - 1870s , elite Southerners created increasing resistance to the altered social structure . Paramilitary organizations such as the White League in Louisiana ( 1874 ) , the Red Shirts in Mississippi ( 1875 ) and rifle clubs , all `` White Line '' organizations , used organized violence against Republicans , both black and white , to remove Republicans from political office , repress and bar black voting , and restore the Democratic Party to power . In 1876 white Democrats regained power in most of the state legislatures . They began to pass laws designed to strip African Americans and poor whites from the voter registration rolls . The success of late - 19th century interracial coalitions in several states inspired a reaction among some white Democrats , who worked harder to prevent both groups from voting .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
A Gallup poll in May shows that 56 % of the public believed that sending troops to Vietnam was a mistake , 61 % of those over 50 expressed that belief compared to 49 % of those between the ages of 21 -- 29 . On June 13 , President Nixon established the President 's Commission on Campus Unrest . The commission was directed to study the dissent , disorder , and violence breaking out on college and university campuses . In July 1970 . the award - winning documentary The World of Charlie Company was broadcast . `` It showed GI 's close to mutiny , balking at orders that seemed to them unreasonable . This was something never seen on television before . '' The documentary was produced by CBS News . On August 24 , 1970 , near 3 : 40 a.m. , a van filled with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture was detonated on the University of Wisconsin - Madison in the Sterling Hall bombing . One researcher was killed and three others were injured . Vortex I : A Biodegradable Festival of Life : To avert potential violence arising from planned anti-war protests , a government - sponsored rock festival was held near Portland , Oregon from August 28 to September 3 , attracting 100,000 participants . The festival , arranged by the People 's Army Jamboree ( an ad hoc group ) and Oregon governor Tom McCall , was set up when the FBI told the governor that President Nixon 's planned appearance at an American Legion convention in Portland could lead to violence worse than that seen at 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago . The Chicano Moratorium : on August 29 , some 25,000 Mexican - Americans participated in the largest anti-war demonstration in Los Angeles . Police attacked the crowd with billyclubs and tear gas ; two people were killed . Immediately after the marchers were dispersed , sheriff 's deputies raided a nearby bar , where they shot and killed Rubén Salazar , KMEX news director and Los Angeles Times columnist , with a tear - gas projectile .
Gilded Age
As immigration increased in cities , poverty rose as well . The poorest crowded into low - cost housing such as the Five Points and Hell 's Kitchen neighborhoods in Manhattan . These areas were quickly overridden with notorious criminal gangs such as the Five Points Gang and the Bowery Boys . Overcrowding spread germs ; the death rates in big city tenements vastly exceeded those in the countryside .
Karachi
Known as the `` City of Lights '' in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife , Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic , sectarian , and political conflict in the 1980s with the arrival of weaponry during the Soviet -- Afghan War . The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime , but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals , the MQM political party , and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers . The city 's murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75 % compared to 2013 , and kidnappings decreased by 90 % , with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real - estate prices .
Hijab
Similar behaviour was displayed by Hamas itself during the First Intifada in Palestine . Though a relatively small movement at this time , Hamas exploited the political vacuum left by perceived failures in strategy by the Palestinian factions to call for a `` return '' to Islam as a path to success , a campaign that focused on the role of women . Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures , including insisting women stay at home , segregation from men and the promotion of polygamy . In the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed , with the result that the hijab was being worn `` just to avoid problems on the streets '' .
United Nations
The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures . In many cases , member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions . Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971 , the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s , and the Rwandan genocide in 1994 . Similarly , UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992 -- 93 during the Somali Civil War . UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape , soliciting prostitutes , and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Haiti , Liberia , Sudan and what is now South Sudan , Burundi , and Ivory Coast . Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010 -- 13 Haiti cholera outbreak , which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake .
Labor history of the United States
The police strike chilled union interest in the public sector in the 1920s . The major exception was the emergence of unions of public school teachers in the largest cities ; they formed the American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) , affiliated with the AFL . In suburbs and small cities , the National Education Association ( NEA ) became active , but it insisted it was not a labor union but a professional organization .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Somewhere along the line , the church and labor people had been told that this was a march to support the administration 's Civil Rights Bill , which was passed in 1964 , after Kennedy 's death . Who did this and how it happened , I do not know . But people all over the country thought they were marching for jobs and freedom when in actuality the sellout leadership of the March on Washington was playing patsy with the Kennedy administration as part of the whole liberal - labor politics of Rustin , Wilkins , Randolph , Reuther , King , the Catholic and Protestant hierarchy . If people had known they had come to Washington to aid the Kennedy administration , they would not have come in the numbers they did .
Cheka
Lenin himself seemed unfazed by the killings . On 12 January 1920 , while addressing trade union leaders , he said : `` We did not hesitate to shoot thousands of people , and we shall not hesitate , and we shall save the country . '' . On 14 May 1921 , the Politburo , chaired by Lenin , passed a motion `` broadening the rights of the ( Cheka ) in relation to the use of the ( death penalty ) . ''
Labor history of the United States
In response to both the Norris - La Guardia Act and the NIRA , workers who were previously unorganized in a number of industries -- such as rubber workers , oil and gas workers and service workers -- began to look for organizations that would allow them to band together . The NIRA strengthened workers ' resolve to unionize and instead of participating in unemployment or hunger marches , they started to participate in strikes for union recognition in various industries `` . In 1933 , the number of work stoppages jumped to 1,695 , double its figure from 1932 . In 1934 , 1,865 strikes occurred , involving more than 1.4 million workers .
Vietnam War
Of the portion of war - crimes which were reported to military authorities , sworn statements by witnesses and status reports indicated that 320 war - crimes incidents had a factual basis . The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed ; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths , 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted ; one hundred and forty - one cases of U.S. soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists , sticks , bats , water or electric shock . Journalism in the ensuing years has documented large numbers of overlooked and uninvestigated war crimes involving every army division that was active in Vietnam , with one prominent non-investigated war - crime being the Tiger Force atrocities . Rummel estimated that American forces committed around 5,500 intentional democidal killings between 1960 and 1972 , from a range of between 4,000 and 10,000 killed . Napalm
Brave New World
The following list includes some notable incidents in which it has been censored , banned , or challenged :