vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Heart
Heart failure is defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body . Patients with heart failure may experience breathlessness especially when lying flat , as well as ankle swelling , known as peripheral oedema . Heart failure is the end result of many diseases affecting the heart , but is most commonly associated with ischaemic heart disease , valvular heart disease , or high blood pressure . Less common causes include various cardiomyopathies . Heart failure is frequently associated with weakness of the heart muscle in the ventricles ( systolic heart failure ) , but can also be seen in patients with heart muscle that is strong but stiff ( diastolic heart failure ) . The condition may affect the left ventricle ( causing predominantly breathlessness ) , the right ventricle ( causing predominantly swelling of the legs and an elevated jugular venous pressure ) , or both ventricles . Patients with heart failure are at higher risk of developing dangerous heart rhythm disturbances or arrhythmias . Cardiomyopathies
Tooth decay
As the enamel and dentin are destroyed , the cavity becomes more noticeable . The affected areas of the tooth change color and become soft to the touch . Once the decay passes through enamel , the dentinal tubules , which have passages to the nerve of the tooth , become exposed , resulting in pain that can be transient , temporarily worsening with exposure to heat , cold , or sweet foods and drinks . A tooth weakened by extensive internal decay can sometimes suddenly fracture under normal chewing forces . When the decay has progressed enough to allow the bacteria to overwhelm the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth , a toothache can result and the pain will become more constant . Death of the pulp tissue and infection are common consequences . The tooth will no longer be sensitive to hot or cold , but can be very tender to pressure .
White blood cell
A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells . This type of white blood cell decreased is usually the neutrophil . In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia . Less commonly , a decrease in lymphocytes ( called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia ) may be seen . Neutropenia
Protein folding
The correct three - dimensional structure is essential to function , although some parts of functional proteins may remain unfolded , so that protein dynamics is important . Failure to fold into native structure generally produces inactive proteins , but in some instances misfolded proteins have modified or toxic functionality . Several neurodegenerative and other diseases are believed to result from the accumulation of amyloid fibrils formed by misfolded proteins . Many allergies are caused by incorrect folding of some proteins , because the immune system does not produce antibodies for certain protein structures .
Diphtheria
The disease may remain manageable , but in more severe cases , lymph nodes in the neck may swell , and breathing and swallowing are more difficult . People in this stage should seek immediate medical attention , as obstruction in the throat may require intubation or a tracheotomy . Abnormal cardiac rhythms can occur early in the course of the illness or weeks later , and can lead to heart failure . Diphtheria can also cause paralysis in the eye , neck , throat , or respiratory muscles . Patients with severe cases are put in a hospital intensive care unit and given a diphtheria antitoxin . Since antitoxin does not neutralize toxin that is already bound to tissues , delaying its administration is associated with an increase in mortality risk . Therefore , the decision to administer diphtheria antitoxin is based on clinical diagnosis , and should not await laboratory confirmation .
Pleurisy
If large amounts of fluid , air , or blood are not removed from the pleural space , they may cause the lung to collapse .
Human musculoskeletal system
Disorders of muscles from another body system can bring about irregularities such as : impairment of ocular motion and control , respiratory dysfunction , and bladder malfunction . Complete paralysis , paresis , or ataxia may be caused by primary muscular dysfunctions of infectious or toxic origin ; however , the primary disorder is usually related to the nervous system , with the muscular system acting as the effector organ , an organ capable of responding to a stimulus , especially a nerve impulse .
Sickle cell disease
An acute sickle cell crisis is often precipitated by infection . Therefore , a urinalysis to detect an occult urinary tract infection , and chest X-ray to look for occult pneumonia should be routinely performed .
White blood cell
Inherited immune deficiency - severe combined immunodeficiency , common variable immune deficiency , ataxia - telangiectasia , Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome , immunodeficiency with short - limbed dwarfism , immunodeficiency with thymoma , purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency , genetic polymorphism Blood cell dysfunction - aplastic anemia Infectious diseases - viral ( AIDS , SARS , West Nile encephalitis , hepatitis , herpes , measles , others ) , bacterial ( TB , typhoid , pneumonia , rickettsiosis , ehrlichiosis , sepsis ) , parasitic ( acute phase of malaria ) Medications - chemotherapy ( antilymphocyte globulin therapy , alemtuzumab , glucocorticoids ) Radiation Major surgery Miscellaneous - ECMO , kidney or bone marrow transplant , hemodialysis , kidney failure , severe burn , celiac disease , severe acute pancreatitis , sarcoidosis , protein - losing enteropathy , strenuous exercise , carcinoma Immune dysfunction - arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , Sjogren syndrome , myasthenia gravis , systemic vasculitis , Behcet - like syndrome , dermatomyositis , granulomatosis with polyangiitis Nutritional / Dietary - alcohol abuse , zinc deficiency
Apoptosis
The many different types of apoptotic pathways contain a multitude of different biochemical components , many of them not yet understood . As a pathway is more or less sequential in nature , removing or modifying one component leads to an effect in another . In a living organism , this can have disastrous effects , often in the form of disease or disorder . A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical , but the concept overlying each one is the same : The normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis . This results in a cell that lives past its `` use - by - date '' and is able to replicate and pass on any faulty machinery to its progeny , increasing the likelihood of the cell 's becoming cancerous or diseased .
Sickle cell disease
One of the earliest clinical manifestations is dactylitis , presenting as early as six months of age , and may occur in children with sickle cell trait . The crisis can last up to a month . Another recognised type of sickle crisis , acute chest syndrome , is characterised by fever , chest pain , difficulty breathing , and pulmonary infiltrate on a chest X-ray . Given that pneumonia and sickling in the lung can both produce these symptoms , the patient is treated for both conditions . It can be triggered by painful crisis , respiratory infection , bone - marrow embolisation , or possibly by atelectasis , opiate administration , or surgery . Hematopoietic ulcers may also occur .
Border Collie
Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome ( TNS ) is a hereditary disease in which the bone marrow produces neutrophils ( white cells ) but is unable to effectively release them into the bloodstream . Affected puppies have an impaired immune system and will eventually die from infections they can not fight . The mutation responsible for TNS has been found in Border Collies in English working dogs , in show dogs that had originated in Australia and New Zealand , and in unrelated Australian working dogs . This indicates that the gene is widespread and probably as old as the breed itself . TNS was identified by Jeremy Shearman in the laboratory of Dr. Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales . There is no cure , but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs .
Red blood cell distribution width
Mixed Deficiency ( Iron + B12 or folate ) anemia : usually presents with high RDW and variable MCV
Heart
Cardiomyopathies are diseases affecting the muscle of the heart . Some cause abnormal thickening of the heart muscle ( hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ) , some cause the heart to abnormally expand and weaken ( dilated cardiomyopathy ) , some cause the heart muscle to become stiff and unable to fully relax between contractions ( restrictive cardiomyopathy ) and some make the heart prone to abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy ) . These conditions are often genetic and can be inherited , but some such as dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by damage from toxins such as alcohol . Some cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomopathy are linked to a higher risk of sudden cardiac death , particularly in athletes . Many cardiomyopathies can lead to heart failure in the later stages of the disease . Valvular
Pleurisy
Pleurisy and other disorders of the pleurae can be serious , depending on what caused them . Generally , pleurisy treatment has an excellent prognosis , but if left untreated it can cause severe complications . For example , a resulting pulmonary heart disease cor pulmonale , which manifests itself with an inflammation of the arms and legs , can lead to heart failure . If the conditions that caused the pleurisy or other pleural disorders were adequately diagnosed and treated early , one can expect a full recovery . Help of a pulmonologist ( respiratory physician in the U.K. and Australia ) may be enlisted to address the underlying cause and chart post-illness rehabilitation .
Apoptosis
Research on apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s . In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon , defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases . Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy , whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation , such as cancer . Some factors like Fas receptors and caspases promote apoptosis , while some members of the Bcl - 2 family of proteins inhibit apoptosis .
Sinoatrial node
Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node ( most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease ) can therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node . This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node , and can result in sick sinus syndrome .
Nervous system
Although nerves tend to lie deep under the skin except in a few places such as the ulnar nerve near the elbow joint , they are still relatively exposed to physical damage , which can cause pain , loss of sensation , or loss of muscle control . Damage to nerves can also be caused by swelling or bruises at places where a nerve passes through a tight bony channel , as happens in carpal tunnel syndrome . If a nerve is completely transected , it will often regenerate , but for long nerves this process may take months to complete . In addition to physical damage , peripheral neuropathy may be caused by many other medical problems , including genetic conditions , metabolic conditions such as diabetes , inflammatory conditions such as Guillain -- Barré syndrome , vitamin deficiency , infectious diseases such as leprosy or shingles , or poisoning by toxins such as heavy metals . Many cases have no cause that can be identified , and are referred to as idiopathic . It is also possible for nerves to lose function temporarily , resulting in numbness as stiffness -- common causes include mechanical pressure , a drop in temperature , or chemical interactions with local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine .
Infertility
The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering . Advances in assisted reproductive technologies , such as IVF , can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available , although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability . The medicalization of infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience , which include distress , loss of control , stigmatization , and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood .
Polycythemia
Conditions where the secondary polycythemia is not as a result of physiologic adaptation and occurs irrespective of body needs include :
Glycolysis
Glycolytic mutations are generally rare due to importance of the metabolic pathway , this means that the majority of occurring mutations result in an inability for the cell to respire , and therefore cause the death of the cell at an early stage . However , some mutations are seen with one notable example being Pyruvate kinase deficiency , leading to chronic hemolytic anemia .
Red blood cell distribution width
Anemia in the presence of a normal RDW may suggest thalassemia . A low Mentzer Index , calculated from CBC data , may suggest this disorder but a hemoglobin electrophoresis would be diagnostic .
Thalidomide
It can cause liver damage and severe skin reactions like Stevens - Johnson Syndrome . It tends to make people sleepy , which creates risk for driving and operating other machinery . As it kills cancer cells , it can cause tumor lysis syndrome . Thalidomide can prevent menstruation .
Collagen
Osteogenesis imperfecta -- Caused by a mutation in type 1 collagen , dominant autosomal disorder , results in weak bones and irregular connective tissue , some cases can be mild while others can be lethal . Mild cases have lowered levels of collagen type 1 while severe cases have structural defects in collagen .
Sickle cell disease
Haemolytic crises are acute accelerated drops in haemoglobin level . The red blood cells break down at a faster rate . This is particularly common in patients with coexistent G6PD deficiency . Management is supportive , sometimes with blood transfusions .
Thalidomide
Common ( reported by 1 - 10 % of people ) adverse effects include confusion , depressed mood , reduced coordination , heart failure , difficulty breathing , interstitial lung disease , lung inflammation , vomiting , dry mouth , rashes , dry skin , fever , weakness , and a sense of unwellness .
BRCA1
A mutated BRCA1 gene usually makes a protein that does not function properly . Researchers believe that the defective BRCA1 protein is unable to help fix DNA damage leading to mutations in other genes . These mutations can accumulate and may allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor . Thus , BRCA1 inactivating mutations lead to a predisposition for cancer .
Spinal cord
Spinal cord injuries can be caused by trauma to the spinal column ( stretching , bruising , applying pressure , severing , laceration , etc . ) . The vertebral bones or intervertebral disks can shatter , causing the spinal cord to be punctured by a sharp fragment of bone . Usually , victims of spinal cord injuries will suffer loss of feeling in certain parts of their body . In milder cases , a victim might only suffer loss of hand or foot function . More severe injuries may result in paraplegia , tetraplegia ( also known as quadriplegia ) , or full body paralysis below the site of injury to the spinal cord .
Myocardial infarction
Complications may occur immediately following the myocardial infarction or may take time to develop . Disturbances of heart rhythms , including atrial fibrillation , ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation and heart block can arise as a result of ischemia , cardiac scarring , and infarct location . Stroke is also a risk , either as a result of clots transmitted from the heart during PCI , as a result of bleeding following anticoagulation , or as a result of disturbances in the heart 's ability to pump effectively as a result of the infarction . Regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve is possible , particularly if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle . Cardiogenic shock as a result of the heart being unable to adequately pump blood may develop , dependent on infarct size , and is most likely to occur within the days following an acute myocardial infarction . Cardiogenic shock is the largest cause of in - hospital mortality . Rupture of the ventricular dividing wall or left ventricular wall may occur within the initial weeks . Dressler 's syndrome , a reaction following larger infarcts and a cause of pericarditis is also possible .
Infertility
A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility .
Anemia
There are a number of definitions of anemia ; reviews provide comparison and contrast of them . A strict but broad definition is an absolute decrease in red blood cell mass , however , a broader definition is a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen . An operational definition is a decrease in whole - blood hemoglobin concentration of more than 2 standard deviations below the mean of an age - and sex - matched reference range .
Mount Everest
Brain cells are extremely sensitive to a lack of oxygen . Some brain cells start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears . As a result , brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or death . --
pH
The pH of different cellular compartments , body fluids , and organs is usually tightly regulated in a process called acid - base homeostasis . The most common disorder in acid - base homeostasis is acidosis , which means an acid overload in the body , generally defined by pH falling below 7.35 . Alkalosis is the opposite condition , with blood pH being excessively high .
Virus
The range of structural and biochemical effects that viruses have on the host cell is extensive . These are called cytopathic effects . Most virus infections eventually result in the death of the host cell . The causes of death include cell lysis , alterations to the cell 's surface membrane and apoptosis . Often cell death is caused by cessation of its normal activities because of suppression by virus - specific proteins , not all of which are components of the virus particle . The distinction between cytopathic and harmless is gradual . Some viruses , such as Epstein -- Barr virus , can cause cells to proliferate without causing malignancy , while others , such as papillomaviruses , are established causes of cancer .
Thymus
The immune system is a multicomponent interactive system . It effectively protects the host from various infections . An improperly functioning immune system can cause discomfort , disease or even death . The type of malfunction falls into one or more of the following major groups : hypersensitivity or allergy , auto - immune disease , or immunodeficiency .
White blood cell
Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils -- hereditary neutrophilia , chronic idiopathic neutrophilia Pelger -- Huet anomaly Down syndrome Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Familial cold urticaria Leukemia ( chronic myelogenous ( CML ) ) and other myeloproliferative disorders Surgical removal of spleen
Tooth decay
Amelogenesis imperfecta , which occurs in between 1 in 718 and 1 in 14,000 individuals , is a disease in which the enamel does not fully form or forms in insufficient amounts and can fall off a tooth . In both cases , teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth .
White blood cell
Neoplasia of WBCs can be benign but is often malignant . Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph , cancers of WBCs can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas , although those categories overlap and are often grouped as a pair .
Red blood cell distribution width
Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia : usually presents with high RDW and high MCV
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Cavaliers can notably be prone to mitral valve disease , which leads to heart failure . This appears in many Cavaliers at some point in their lives and is the most common cause of death . Some serious genetic health problems , including early - onset mitral valve disease ( MVD ) , the potentially severely painful syringomyelia ( SM ) , hip dysplasia , luxating patellas , and certain vision and hearing disorders are health problems for this breed . As today 's Cavaliers all descend from only six dogs , any inheritable disease present in at least one of the original founding dogs can be passed on to a significant proportion of future generations . This is known as the founder effect and is the likely cause of the prevalence of MVD in the breed . The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease , luxating patella , and hereditary eye issues such as cataracts and retinal dysplasia . Cavaliers are also affected by ear problems , a common health problem among spaniels of various types , and they can have such other general conditions as hip dysplasia , which are common across many types of dog breeds .
Collagen
Collagen - related diseases most commonly arise from genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies that affect the biosynthesis , assembly , postranslational modification , secretion , or other processes involved in normal collagen production .
White blood cell
The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers ( proliferative disorders ) and those causing insufficient numbers ( leukopenias ) . Leukocytosis is usually healthy ( e.g. , fighting an infection ) , but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative . WBC proliferative disorders can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative . Some are autoimmune , but many are neoplastic .
Gene
DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate , however errors ( mutations ) do occur . The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 per nucleotide per replication , whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10 . This means that each generation , each human genome accumulates 1 -- 2 new mutations . Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted . Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense ( change a codon to encode a different amino acid ) or nonsense ( a premature stop codon ) . Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication , deletion , rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome . Additionally , DNA repair mechanisms can introduce mutational errors when repairing physical damage to the molecule . The repair , even with mutation , is more important to survival than restoring an exact copy , for example when repairing double - strand breaks .
Myelin
When a peripheral fiber is severed , the myelin sheath provides a track along which regrowth can occur . However , the myelin layer does not ensure a perfect regeneration of the nerve fiber . Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers , and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system die without regrowth . Damage to the myelin sheath and nerve fiber is often associated with increased functional insufficiency .
Anemia
Anemia is the most common blood disorder , affecting about a third of the global population . Iron - deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion people . In 2013 , anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths -- down from 213,000 deaths in 1990 . It is more common in women than men , during pregnancy , and in children and the elderly . Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person 's productivity through a decreased ability to work . The name is derived from Ancient Greek : ἀναιμία anaimia , meaning `` lack of blood '' , from ἀν - an - , `` not '' and αἷμα haima , `` blood '' .