vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Geography of China
Eastward from Bhutan and north of the Brahmaputra River ( Yarlung Zangbo Jiang ) lies a large area controlled and administered by India but claimed by the Chinese . The area was demarcated by the British McMahon Line , drawn along the Himalayas in 1914 as the Sino - Indian border ; India accepts and China rejects this boundary . In June 1980 China made its first move in twenty years to settle the border disputes with India , proposing that India cede the Aksai Chin area in Jammu and Kashmir to China in return for China 's recognition of the McMahon Line ; India did not accept the offer , however , preferring a sector - by - sector approach to the problem . In July 1986 China and India held their seventh round of border talks , but they made little headway toward resolving the dispute . Each side , but primarily India , continued to make allegations of incursions into its territory by the other . Most of the mountainous and militarized boundary with India is still in dispute , but Beijing and New Delhi have committed to begin resolution with discussions on the least disputed middle sector . India does not recognize Pakistan 's ceding lands to China in a 1964 boundary agreement .
Berlin Wall
Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union .
Chinese Buddhism
Buddhism appealed to Chinese intellectuals and elites and the development of gentry Buddhism was sought as an alternative to Confucianism and Daoism , since Buddhism 's emphasis on morality and ritual appealed to Confucianists and the desire to cultivate inner wisdom appealed to Daoists . Gentry Buddhism was a medium of introduction for the beginning of Buddhism in China , it gained imperial and courtly support . By the early 5th century Buddhism was established in south China . During this time , Indian monks continued to travel along the Silk Road to teach Buddhism , and translation work was primarily done by foreign monks rather than Chinese . The
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki .
Forbidden City
The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the `` Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' , due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture . It is currently administered by the Palace Museum , which is carrying out a sixteen - year restoration project to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state .
Standard of living in China
Housing construction lagged behind urban population growth . A 1978 survey of housing conditions in 192 cities found that their combined population had increased by 83 percent between 1949 and 1978 , but housing floor space had only grown by 46.7 percent . In 1978 there were only 3.6 square meters of living space per inhabitant in these cities , a reduction of 0.9 square meter since 1949 . To remedy this problem , construction of modern urban housing became a top priority in the late 1970s , and by the mid-1980s new high - rise apartment blocks and the tall cranes used in their construction were ubiquitous features of large cities . Some apartments in the new buildings had their own lavatories , kitchens , and balconies , but others shared communal facilities . Nearly all were of much higher quality than older houses , many of which were built of mud bricks and lacked plumbing .
Yemen
The Old Walled City of Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut , inscribed by UNESCO in 1982 , two years after Yemen joined the World Heritage Committee , is nicknamed `` Manhattan of the Desert '' because of its `` skyscrapers . '' Surrounded by a fortified wall made of mud and straw , the 16th - century city is one of the oldest examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction .
Qing dynasty
Northern and southern circuits of Tian Shan ( later became Xinjiang province ) -- sometimes the small semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate and Turfan Khanate are placed into an `` Eastern Circuit '' Outer Mongolia -- Khalkha , Kobdo league , Köbsgöl , Tannu Urianha Inner Mongolia -- 6 leagues ( Jirim , Josotu , Juu Uda , Shilingol , Ulaan Chab , Ihe Juu ) Other Mongolian leagues -- Alshaa khoshuu ( League - level khoshuu ) , Ejine khoshuu , Ili khoshuu ( in Xinjiang ) , Köke Nuur league ; directly ruled areas : Dariganga ( Special region designated as Emperor 's pasture ) , Guihua Tümed , Chakhar , Hulunbuir Tibet ( Ü - Tsang and western Kham , approximately the area of present - day Tibet Autonomous Region ) Manchuria ( Northeast China , later became provinces )
Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino - Japanese War Major engagements in bold Begun in 1931 -- 37 Mukden Manchuria Jiangqiao Nenjiang Bridge Jinzhou Harbin Shanghai ( 1932 ) Pacification of Manchukuo Rehe Great Wall Inner Mongolia Suiyuan Begun in 1937 -- 39 Marco Polo Bridge Beiping -- Tianjin Chahar Shanghai ( 1937 ) Sihang Warehouse Beiping -- Hankou Railway Tianjin -- Pukou Railway Taiyuan Pingxingguan Xinkou Nanjing Xuzhou Taierzhuang N. - E. Henan Lanfeng Amoy Chongqing Wuhan Wanjialing Canton Hainan Nanchang Suixian -- Zaoyang Swatow 1st Changsha S. Guangxi Kunlun Pass Winter Offensive West Suiyuan Wuyuan Begun in 1940 -- 42 Zaoyang -- Yichang Hundred Regiments N. Vietnam C. Hubei S. Henan W. Hebei Shanggao S. Shanxi 2nd Changsha 3rd Changsha Yunnan - Burma Road Tachiao Oktwin Toungoo Yenangyaung Zhejiang -- Jiangxi Sichuan invasion Begun in 1943 -- 45 W. Hubei N. Burma - W. Yunnan Changde Ichi - Go C. Henan 4th Changsha Hengyang Guilin -- Liuzhou Mt . Song W. Henan -- N. Hubei W. Hunan 2nd Guangxi Others Aerial engagements
Prague
The Hunger Wall , a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area , was built during a famine in the 1360s . The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Initially the Japanese scored major victories , capturing both Shanghai and the Chinese capital of Nanking in 1937 . After failing to stop the Japanese in the Battle of Wuhan , the Chinese central government was relocated to Chongqing ( Chungking ) in the Chinese interior . By 1939 , after Chinese victories in Changsha and Guangxi , and with Japan 's lines of communications stretched deep into the Chinese interior , the war reached a stalemate . The Japanese were also unable to defeat the Chinese communist forces in Shaanxi , which waged a campaign of sabotage and guerrilla warfare against the invaders . While Japan ruled the large cities , they lacked sufficient manpower to control China 's vast countryside . During this time , Chinese communist forces launched a counter offensive in Central China while Chinese nationalist forces launched a large scale winter offensive .
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory . The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards .
Chinese Buddhism
Mahāyāna Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk Lokakṣema ( Ch . 支 婁 迦 讖 , active c. 164 -- 186 CE ) , who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhāra . Lokakṣema translated important Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , as well as rare , early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as samādhi , and meditation on the buddha Akṣobhya . These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism . This corpus of texts often includes emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling , and absorption in states of meditative concentration :
Geography of China
The People 's Republic of China has an area of about 9,600,000 km ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) . The exact land area is sometimes challenged by border disputes , most notably about Taiwan , Aksai Chin , the Trans - Karakoram Tract , and South Tibet . The area of the People 's Republic of China is 9,596,960 km ( 3,705,410 sq mi ) according to the CIA 's The World Factbook . The People 's Republic of China is either the third or fourth largest country in the world , being either slightly larger or slightly smaller than the United States depending on how the area of the United States is measured . Both countries are smaller than Russia and Canada and larger than Brazil .
Berlin Wall
The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East
Geography of Asia
Different sources give different estimates of the area enclosed by the imaginary border of Asia . The New York Times Atlas of the World gives 43,608,000 km ( 16,837,000 sq mi ) . Chambers World Gazetteer rounds off to 44,000,000 km ( 17,000,000 sq mi ) , while the Concise Columbia Encyclopedia gives 44,390,000 km ( 17,140,000 sq mi ) . The 2011 Pearson 's has 44,030,000 km ( 17,000,000 sq mi ) . The methods of obtaining these figures and exactly what areas they include have not been divulged .
East China Sea
The dispute between the PRC and Japan concerns the different application of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) , which both nations have ratified . China and Japan both claim 200 nautical miles EEZ rights , but the East China Sea width is only 360 nautical miles . China proposed the application of UNCLOS , considering the natural prolongation of its continental shelf , advocating that the EEZ extends as far as the Okinawa Trough . Its Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that `` the natural prolongation of the continental shelf of China in the East China Sea extends to the Okinawa Trough and beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of China is measured , '' which is applicable to the relevant UNCLOS provisions that support China 's right to the natural shelf . In 2012 , China presented a submission under the UNCLOS concerning the outer limits of the continental shelf to the UN . However , Japan claims about 40,000 square kilometers part of this territory as its own EEZ because it is within 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from its coast , and thus proposed the Median line division of the EEZ . View
Geography of China
Like other densely populated areas of China , the plain is subject to floods and earthquakes . The mining and industrial center of Tangshan , 165 km ( 103 mi ) east of Beijing , was leveled by an earthquake in July 1976 , it was believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll .
Geography of China
The world 's tallest mountains , the Himalayas , Karakorum , Pamirs and Tian Shan divide China from South and Central Asia . Eleven of the 17 tallest mountain peaks are located on China 's western borders . They include world 's tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8848m ) in the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and the world 's second tallest peak , K2 ( 8611m ) on the border with Pakistan . From these towering heights in the west , the land descends in steps like a terrace .
Geography of China
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Golden Gate Bridge
Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) .
Geography of China
Northwest of the Tibetan Plateau , between the northern slope of Kunlun and southern slope of Tian Shan , is the vast Tarim Basin of Xinjiang , which contains the Taklamakan Desert . The Tarim Basin , the largest in China , measures 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) from east to west and 600 km ( 370 mi ) from north to south at its widest parts . Average elevation in the basin is 1,000 m . To the east , the basin descends into the Hami - Turpan Depression of eastern Xinjiang , where the dried lake bed of Lake Ayding , at − 154m below sea level , is the lowest surface point in China and the third - lowest in the world . With temperatures that have reached 49.6 C. , the lake bed ranks as one of the hottest places in China . North of Tian Shan is Xinjiang 's second great basin , the Junggar , which contains the Gurbantünggüt Desert . The Junggar Basin is enclosed to the north by the Altay Mountains , which separate Xinjiang from Russia and Mongolia .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid .
Mount Everest
The 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) height given is officially recognised by Nepal and China , although Nepal plans a new survey .
Gobi Desert
Gobi Desert Говь 戈壁 ( 沙漠 ) Gēbì ( shāmò ) Gobi Desert landscape in Ömnögovi Province , Mongolia The Gobi Desert lies in the territory of the People 's Republic of China and Mongolia . Length 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) Width 800 km ( 500 mi ) Area 1,295,000 km ( 500,000 sq mi ) Geography Countries China and Mongolia Mongolian Aimags List ( show ) Bayankhongor Dornogovi Dundgovi Govi - Altai Govisümber Ömnögovi Sükhbaatar Region Inner Mongolia Coordinates 42 ° 35 ′ N 103 ° 26 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 42.59 ° N 103.43 ° E ﻿ / 42.59 ; 103.43
Gobi Desert
The Gobi measures over 1,600 km ( 1,000 mi ) from southwest to northeast and 800 km ( 500 mi ) from north to south . The desert is widest in the west , along the line joining the Lake Bosten and the Lop Nor ( 87 ° -- 89 ° east ) . It occupies an arc of land 1,295,000 km ( 500,000 sq mi ) in area as of 2007 ; it is the fifth - largest desert in the world and Asia 's second largest . Much of the Gobi is not sandy but has exposed bare rock .
Mount Everest
On 9 October 2005 , after several months of measurement and calculation , the Chinese Academy of Sciences and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping officially announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m ( 29,017.16 ft ) with accuracy of ± 0.21 m ( 8.3 in ) . They claimed it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date . This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it . The Chinese team also measured a snow - ice depth of 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) , which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) . The snow and ice thickness varies over time , making a definitive height of the snow cap impossible to determine .
East China Sea
The East China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of roughly 1,249,000 square kilometres ( 482,000 sq mi ) . It is bounded on the east by Kyūshū and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan , on the south by the South China Sea , and on the west by the Asian continent . It connects with the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait ; it opens in the north to the Yellow Sea .
Geography of China
North of the Himalayas and east of the Karakorum / Pamirs is the vast Tibetan Plateau , the largest and highest plateau in the world , also known as the `` Roof of the World . '' The plateau has an average elevation of 4,000 m above sea level and covers an area of 2.5 million square kilometers , or about one - fifth of China 's land mass . In the north , the plateau is hemmed in by the Kunlun Mountains , which extends eastward from the intersection of the Pamirs , Karakorum and Tian Shan .
Small intestine
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly , from as short as 2.75 m ( 9.0 ft ) to as long as 10.49 m ( 34.4 ft ) . The average length in a living person is 3m - 5m . The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured . Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty .
Geography of China
East of the Tibetan Plateau , deeply folded mountains fan out toward the Sichuan Basin , which is ringed by mountains with 1,000 -- 3,000 m elevation . The floor of the basin has an average elevation of 500 m and is home to one of the most densely farmed and populated regions of China . The Sichuan Basin is capped in the north by the eastward continuation of the Kunlun range , the Qinling , and the Dabashan . The Qinling and Dabashan ranges form a major north - south divide across China Proper , the traditional core area of China . Southeast of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the Sichuan Basin is the Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau , which occupies much of southwest China . This plateau , with an average elevation of 2,000 m , is known for its limestone karst landscape .
Geography of China
Northeast of Shanhaiguan a narrow sliver of flat coastal land opens up into the vast Manchurian Plain . The plains extend north to the crown of the `` Chinese rooster , '' near where the Greater and Lesser Hinggan ranges converge . The Changbai Mountains to the east divide China from the Korean peninsula . Compared with the rest of the area of China , here live the most Chinese people due to its adequate climate and topography .
Geography of China
The Qin Mountains , a continuation of the Kunlun Mountains , divides the North China Plain from the Yangtze River Delta and is the major physiographic boundary between the two great parts of China Proper . It is a cultural boundary as it influences the distribution of customs and language . South of the Qinling mountain range divide are the densely populated and highly developed areas of the lower and middle plains of the Yangtze River and , on its upper reaches , the Sichuan Basin , an area encircled by a high barrier of mountain ranges .
East China Sea
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China . The East China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of roughly 1,249,000 square kilometres ( 482,000 sq mi ) . To the east lies the Japanese islands of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands , to the south , lies the South China Sea , and to the west by the Asian continent . The sea connects with the Sea of Japan ( East Sea ) through the Korea Strait and opens to the north into the Yellow Sea ( West Sea ) . The countries which border the sea include South Korea , Japan , Taiwan and China .
Tightrope walking
His final performances took place during Skywalk 2012 with a world record submission of 11.81 miles ( 19.01 km ) in cumulative distance skywalking from the Skylon Tower at a height of 520 feet ( 160 m ) traversing the 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) highwire to the pinnacle of the Hilton Fallsview Hotel at 581 feet ( 177 m ) . Adili Wuxor , Chinese ( Uyghur ) , from Xinjiang , performer of the Uyghur tradition of highwire - walking called dawaz ; record - holder for highest wire - walk , in 2010 he set a Guinness Book world record by living on wire for 60 days , at Beijing 's Bird Nest Stadium Maurizio Zavatta , Holder of highest tightrope walk while blindfolded . Set on 16 November 2016 in Wulong , Chongqing ( China ) .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
A number of nuclear reactor safety system lessons emerged from the incident . The most obvious was that in tsunami - prone areas , a power station 's sea wall must be adequately tall and robust . At the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , closer to the epicenter of 11 March earthquake and tsunami , the sea wall was 14 meters ( 46 ft ) tall and successfully withstood the tsunami , preventing serious damage and radioactivity releases .
Qing dynasty
The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor ( r . 1723 -- 1735 ) and his son , the Qianlong Emperor ( r . 1735 -- 1796 ) , marked the height of Qing power . During this period , the Qing Empire ruled over 13 million square kilometers of territory . Yet , as the historian Jonathan Spence puts it , the empire by the end of the Qianlong reign was `` like the sun at midday '' . In the midst of `` many glories , '' he writes , `` signs of decay and even collapse were becoming apparent '' .
Chernobyl disaster
Span : 270 m ( 886 ft ) Height : 100 m ( 330 ft ) Length : 150 m ( 492 ft )
Old City (Jerusalem)
The current walls of the Old City were built in 1535 -- 42 by the Ottoman Turkish sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . The walls stretch for approximately 4.5 km ( 2.8 miles ) , and rise to a height of between 5 and 15 metres ( 16.4 -- 49 ft ) , with a thickness of 3 metres ( 10 feet ) at the base of the wall . Altogether , the Old City walls contain 35 towers , most of which ( 15 ) are in the more exposed northern wall . Suleiman 's wall had six gates , to which a seventh , the New Gate , was added in 1887 ; several other , older gates , have been walled up over the centuries . The Golden Gate was at first rebuilt and left open by Suleiman 's architects , only to be walled up a short while later . The New Gate was opened in the wall surrounding the Christian Quarter during the 19th century . Two secondary gates were reopend in recent times on the southeastern side of the city walls as a result of aarchaeological work .
Afghanistan
At 652,230 km ( 251,830 sq mi ) , Afghanistan is the world 's 41st largest country , slightly bigger than France and smaller than Burma , about the size of Texas in the United States . It borders Pakistan in the south and east ; Iran in the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan in the north ; and China in the far east .