vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Foreign policy of the United States
Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate , the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations , but treaties enter into force if ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , and as such has broad authority over the armed forces . Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state - to - state diplomacy .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Boeing submitted its Model 345 on 11 May 1940 , in competition with designs from Consolidated Aircraft ( the Model 33 , later to become the B - 32 ) , Lockheed ( the Lockheed XB - 30 ) , and Douglas ( the Douglas XB - 31 ) . Douglas and Lockheed soon abandoned work on their projects , but Boeing received an order for two flying prototypes , given the designation XB - 29 , and an airframe for static testing on 24 August 1940 , with the order being revised to add a third flying aircraft on 14 December . Consolidated continued to work on its Model 33 as it was seen by the Air Corps as a backup in case of problems with Boeing 's design . Boeing received an initial production order for 14 service test aircraft and 250 production bombers in May 1941 , this being increased to 500 aircraft in January 1942 . The B - 29 featured a fuselage design with circular cross-section for strength . The need for pressurization in the cockpit area also led to the B - 29 being one of very few American combat aircraft of World War II to have a stepless cockpit design , without a separate windscreen for the pilots .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand produced a humorous safety video in 2010 , promoting the New Zealand national rugby union team , the All Blacks . One scene involved safety video regular William Coxhead requesting a peck on the cheek from All Black Richard Kahui after seeing a female flight attendant do the same , only for Kahui to chicken out . The scene was cut in December 2010 after Air New Zealand drew criticism from some LGBT groups .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Crew : 11 ( Pilot , Co-pilot , Bombardier , Flight Engineer , Navigator , Radio Operator , Radar Observer , Right Gunner , Left Gunner , Central Fire Control , Tail Gunner ) Length : 99 ft 0 in ( 30.18 m ) Wingspan : 141 ft 3 in ( 43.06 m ) Height : 27 ft 9 in ( 8.45 m ) Wing area : 1,736 sq ft ( 161.3 m2 ) Aspect ratio : 11.50 : 1 Empty weight : 74,500 lb ( 33,800 kg ) Loaded weight : 120,000 lb ( 54,000 kg ) Max . takeoff weight : 133,500 lb ( 60,560 kg ) ; 135,000 lb plus combat load Zero - lift drag coefficient : 0.0241 Drag area : 41.16 sq ft ( 3.824 m ) Powerplant : 4 × Wright R - 3350 - 23 Duplex - Cyclone turbosupercharged radial engines , 2,200 hp ( 1,640 kW ) each
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison .
Tower Bridge
The Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident occurred on 5 April 1968 when a Royal Air Force Hawker Hunter FGA. 9 jet fighter from No. 1 Squadron , flown by Flt Lt Alan Pollock , flew through Tower Bridge . Unimpressed that senior staff were not going to celebrate the RAF 's 50th birthday with a fly - past , Pollock decided to do something himself . Without authorisation , Pollock flew the Hunter at low altitude down the Thames , past the Houses of Parliament , and continued on toward Tower Bridge . He flew the Hunter beneath the bridge 's walkway , remarking afterwards that it was an afterthought when he saw the bridge looming ahead of him . Pollock was placed under arrest upon landing , and discharged from the RAF on medical grounds without the chance to defend himself at a court martial .
The Return of Superman (TV series)
The show is filmed with set up cameras and cameraman hiding in tents and playhouses in each of the celebrities ' actual home . Family and friends of the celebrity dads will occasionally show up in each episode . On each episode , as the show moves from one family to the next , a brief narration by the narrator is given to introduce the next segment of the episode .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
The B - 29D lead progressively to the XB - 44 , and the family of B - 50 Superfortress ( which was powered by four 3,500 hp ( 2,600 kW ) Pratt & Whitney R - 4360 - 35 Wasp Major engines ) .
The Mountain Between Us (film)
On July 19 , 2017 , Winslet and Elba were spotted in London re-shooting some scenes for the film .
Republic of Ireland
Despite Irish neutrality during World War II , Ireland had more than 50,000 participants in the war through enlistment in the British armed forces . During the Cold War , Irish military policy , while ostensibly neutral , was biased towards NATO . During the Cuban Missile Crisis , Seán Lemass authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the CIA . Ireland 's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq through Shannon Airport . The airport had previously been used for the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 , as well as the First Gulf War .
Hot air balloon
To relight the burner if the pilot light goes out and the optional piezo ignition fails , the pilot should have ready access to a means of backup ignition , such as a flint spark lighter . Many systems , especially those that carry passengers , have completely duplicate fuel and burner systems : two fuel tanks , connected to two separate hoses , which feed two distinct burners . This enables a safe landing in the case of a blockage somewhere in one system or if a system must be disabled because of a fuel leak .
Non-commissioned officer
The title of superintendent is used by the Air Force as the title of the non-commissioned officer in charge ( NCOIC ) of a section , flight , squadron , group , staff agency , directorate , or similar organization . These positions are assigned to senior non-commissioned officers ( SNCOs ) , as opposed to the titles NCOIC and chief ( which are held by junior NCOs ) . The titles of commander and director are used for commissioned officers assigned as commanding officer of a unit or the head of a staff agency , directorate , or similar organization , respectively .
The Tuskegee Airmen
Originally intended as a HBO made - for - TV project , the network invested more into the production , a reputed $8.5 million ( the largest investment in a telefilm project to date ) striving for historical accuracy . Although most of the lead characters were fictitious composites of real pilots , the inclusion of Eleanor Roosevelt and General Benjamin `` B.O. '' Davis was based on actual events . When First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt visited Tuskegee Army Air Field in 1941 , she insisted on flying with C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson , the first African American to earn his pilot 's license and the first flight instructor of the Civilian Pilot Training Program ( CPTP ) organized at the Tuskegee Institute . She had the photograph of her in a training aircraft with a black pilot at the controls widely circulated . Other than some differences in physical appearance and profile , Andre Braugher 's portrayal of `` B.O. '' Davis and his role as the commanding officer pointedly was an accurate depiction of the unit 's first commander 's personality and character .
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) built an eight - foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane . A biplane model with a two - foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching . Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter 's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel . The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM 's parking spaces for two months . It was built in eight - foot sections , with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through . Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen ; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen , but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot . Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded . Several hundred tim - birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane ; for the closer shots , ILM dropped feather - coated crosses onto the camera . These only looked convincing because the scene 's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls . ILM 's Wes Takahashi supervised the film 's effects sequences . Indiana
Fast Times at Ridgemont High
Heckerling , in the DVD audio commentary , states that the 1970s `` classic rock '' artists , like the Eagles , were introduced by one of the film 's producers . Coincidentally , Irving Azoff , one of the film 's producers , was the personal manager for the Eagles and Stevie Nicks .
History of photography
The history of photography has roots in remote antiquity with the discovery of two critical principles , that of the camera obscura image projection and the fact that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light , as discovered by observation . Apart from a very uncertain process used on the Turin Shroud there are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate that anyone even imagined capturing images with light sensitive materials before the 18th century . Around 1717 Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut - out letters on a bottle of a light - sensitive slurry , but he apparently never thought of making the results durable . Around 1800 Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented , although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form . His experiments did produce detailed photograms , but Wedgwood and his associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix these images .
Judge Judy
Judge Judy tapes at the Sunset Bronson Studios on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . In alternating weeks , Sheindlin , who owns a home in New York among other cities / states , flies out on her private jet to tape Tuesday , Wednesday , and Thursday .
Technology during World War II
German aircraft rapidly achieved air superiority over France in early 1940 , allowing the Luftwaffe to begin a campaign of strategic bombing against British cities . Utilizing France 's airfields near the English Channel the Germans were able to launch raids on London and other cities during the Blitz , with varying degrees of success .
Time
A similar study of the Pormpuraawans , an aboriginal group in Australia , revealed a similar distinction in which when asked to organize photos of a man aging `` in order , '' individuals consistently placed the youngest photos to the east and the oldest photos to the west , regardless of which direction they faced . This directly clashed with an American group which consistently organized the photos from left to right . Therefore , this group also appears to have an allocentric MTL , but based on the cardinal directions instead of geographical features .
The Tuskegee Airmen
After a briefing with the cadets , Major Joy sends each cadet up on flights in their PT - 17 training aircraft with an instructor pilot . It would end tragically for cadet Johns ( Pheifer ) , as he struggled to get his aircraft out of a stall . The instructor also tries to regain control but it was too late , as the plane crashed into a building , exploding on impact and killing both Johns and his instructor . Afterwards , cadet Leroy Cappy ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) begins to let self - doubt creep in after seeing John 's deadly crash & watching others leave the program . Cadets Lee & Peoples give Cappy a stern pep talk , telling him not to quit . The cadets continue on with their training , flying with their instructor pilots and controlling the planes on their own . Major Joy even let cadet Lee make several solo flights around the base . While watching a film on air combat , Lt. Glen steps in and begins to teach the cadets . Cadet Peoples questioned Lt. Glen on why he , not Major Joy , was teaching air combat class . At this point , Lt. Glen reveals to the cadets ( most notably Peoples ) that he had joined the Royal Canadian Air Force , where he was credited with three kills , making him the only Army Air Corps officer on the base with actual air combat experience .
Hot air balloon
For commercial passenger balloons , a pilot restraint harness is mandatory in some countries . This consists of a hip belt and a webbing line that together allow for some movement while preventing the pilot from being ejected from the basket during a hard landing .
Air New Zealand
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Scientific method
Depending on the predictions , the experiments can have different shapes . It could be a classical experiment in a laboratory setting , a double - blind study or an archaeological excavation . Even taking a plane from New York to Paris is an experiment which tests the aerodynamical hypotheses used for constructing the plane .
History of photography
The commercial introduction of computer - based electronic digital cameras in the 1990s soon revolutionized photography . During the first decade of the 21st century , traditional film - based photochemical methods were increasingly marginalized as the practical advantages of the new technology became widely appreciated and the image quality of moderately priced digital cameras was continually improved . Especially since cameras became a standard feature on smartphones , taking pictures ( and instantly publishing them online ) has become an ubiquitous everyday practice around the world .
History of photography
A practical means of color photography was sought from the very beginning . Results were demonstrated by Edmond Becquerel as early as 1848 , but exposures lasting for hours or days were required and the captured colors were so light - sensitive they would only bear very brief inspection in dim light .
Chroma key
For decades , travelling matte shots had to be done `` locked - down '' , so that neither the matted subject nor the background could shift their camera perspective at all . Later , computer - timed , motion - control cameras alleviated this problem , as both the foreground and background could be filmed with the same camera moves .
Grip (job)
Feathering -- A process of slowing down and speeding up a camera dolly extremely smoothly . For example , starting from a full stop , still position , the camera dolly must smoothly move up to the desired speed to capture the shot and then ease equally smoothly back to a complete stop .
Technology during World War II
The bombing of Shanghai by the Imperial Japanese Navy on January 28 , 1932 , and August 1937 and the bombings during the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , had demonstrated the power of strategic bombing , and so air forces in Europe and the United States came to view bomber aircraft as extremely powerful weapons which , in theory , could bomb an enemy nation into submission on their own . As a result , the fear of bombers triggered major developments in aircraft technology .
History of photography
The coining of the word `` photography '' is usually attributed to Sir John Herschel in 1839 . It is based on the Greek φῶς ( phōs ) , ( genitive : phōtós ) meaning `` light '' , and γραφή ( graphê ) , meaning `` drawing , writing '' , together meaning `` drawing with light '' .
Military history of the United States during World War II
`` Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination . These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude , dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage . They tailed our friendlies home , used decoy planes , and came in at any altitude or on the water . ''
Friday Night Lights (TV series)
The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances .
History of photography
Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals ( photochemical effect ) in 1694 .
Rotation
In flight dynamics , the principal rotations are known as yaw , pitch , and roll ( known as Tait -- Bryan angles ) . This terminology is also used in computer graphics . See
Attack on Pearl Harbor
At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down .
History of photography
The first durable color photograph was a set of three black - and - white photographs taken through red , green , and blue color filters and shown superimposed by using three projectors with similar filters . It was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 for use in a lecture by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell , who had proposed the method in 1855 . The photographic emulsions then in use were insensitive to most of the spectrum , so the result was very imperfect and the demonstration was soon forgotten . Maxwell 's method is now most widely known through the early 20th century work of Sergei Prokudin - Gorskii . It was made practical by Hermann Wilhelm Vogel 's 1873 discovery of a way to make emulsions sensitive to the rest of the spectrum , gradually introduced into commercial use beginning in the mid-1880s .
Lebanon
In the field of photography , the Arab Image Foundation has a collection of over 400,000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East . The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the collection . Fairuz
Technology during World War II
Aircraft saw rapid and broad development during the war to meet the demands of aerial combat and address lessons learned from combat experience . From the open cockpit airplane to the sleek jet fighter , many different types were employed , often designed for very specific missions . Aircraft were used in anti-submarine warfare against German U-Boats , by the Germans to mine shipping lanes and by the Japanese against previously formidable Royal Navy battleships such as HMS Prince of Wales ( 53 ) .
Air New Zealand
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Furious 7
While all the cars landed on their drop zones , 70 % landed perfectly and 30 % did n't . For the close - up scenes which show the actors inside their cars , a giant gimbal with a 360 - degree range of movement were attached to each of the cars and was filmed against a green screen to reproduce their tumble through the sky . The last part of the scene , which shows the cars hitting the road was shot separately . To get that right , the team set up a pulley system that had cars six to ten feet above the ground . When they were dropped from the cranes , the stuntmen who were sitting in the driver 's seats raced their engines at about 35 to 40 miles per hour and slid to the ground at full speed . Those cranes were then later removed from the film with computers . Razatos admits that the air drop sequence was `` all real '' and that it would be `` hard to top '' .
History of photography
Although Thomas Wedgwood felt inspired by Scheele 's writings in general , he must have missed or forgotten these experiments : he found no method to fix the photogram and shadow images he managed to capture around 1800 ( see below ) .
Air New Zealand
The TV ad and in - flight safety video both used the track `` Under My Skin '' by New Zealand singer Gin Wigmore .
Chernobyl disaster
On the subject of the disconnection of safety systems , Valery Legasov said , in 1987 , that `` ( i ) t was like airplane pilots experimenting with the engines in flight '' .
London Bridge
On Remembrance Day 2004 , several bridges in London were furnished with red lighting as part of a night - time flight along the river by wartime aircraft . London Bridge was the one bridge not subsequently stripped of the illuminations , which are regularly switched on at night .
Air New Zealand
The campaign website Nothing To Hide contained both videos complete with bloopers and behind the scenes most of which are still on YouTube . On YouTube the in - flight safety video gathered over 7 million views by the start of 2013 . The campaign was reported by international networks such as CNN and the BBC .
Google Street View
In June 2012 , Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View , comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads , covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities . Coverage includes much of North and South America , from Cambridge Bay , Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands . Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral , in the Grand Canyon , inside museums , and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback . In a ten - day trek with Apa Sherpa , Google documented Khumbu , Nepal with its Mount Everest , Sherpa communities , monasteries and schools .
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched a pre-emptive strike on Indian Air Force bases on 3 December 1971 . The attack was modelled on the Israeli Air Force 's Operation Focus during the Six - Day War , and intended to neutralise the Indian Air Force planes on the ground . The strike was seen by India as an open act of unprovoked aggression , which marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War . As a response to the attack , both India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the `` existence of a state of war between the two countries '' even though neither government had formally issued a declaration of war .
St Paul's Cathedral
One of the best known images of London during the war was a photograph of St Paul 's taken on 29 December 1940 during the `` Second Great Fire of London '' by photographer Herbert Mason , from the roof of a building in Tudor Street showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke . Lisa Jardine of Queen Mary , University of London , has written :
The Star-Spangled Banner
During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The
Jordan River
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