vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Second Sino-Japanese War
From December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on the USS Panay and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion , which prompted the United States , the United Kingdom , and France to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to China . Australia also prevented a Japanese government - owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia , and banned iron ore exports in 1938 . However , in July 1939 , negotiations between Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Khatira and the British Ambassador in Tokyo , Robert Craigie , led to an agreement by which Great Britain recognized Japanese conquests in China . At the same time , the US government extended a trade agreement with Japan for six months , then fully restored it . Under the agreement , Japan purchased trucks for the Kwantung Army , machine tools for aircraft factories , strategic materials ( steel and scrap iron up to October 16 , 1940 , petrol and petroleum products up to June 26 , 1941 ) , and various other much - needed supplies . A
Surrender of Japan
Indeed , We declared war on America and Britain out of Our sincere desire to ensure Japan 's self - preservation and the stabilization of East Asia , it being far from Our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Expecting increased resistance , including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded , the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war , hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary . U.S.
Appeasement
In September 1931 , Japan , a member of the League of Nations , invaded Manchuria in northeast China , claiming that its population was not only Chinese , but was a multi-ethnic region . China appealed to the League and the United States for assistance . The Council of the League asked the parties to withdraw to their original positions to permit a peaceful settlement . The United States reminded them of their duty under the Kellogg - Briand Pact to settle matters peacefully . Japan was undeterred and went on to occupy the whole of Manchuria . The League set up a commission of inquiry that condemned Japan , the League duly adopting the report in February 1933 . In response Japan resigned from the League and continued its advance into China ; neither the League nor the United States took any action . However , the U.S. issued the Stimson Doctrine and refused to recognize Japan 's conquest , which played a role in shifting U.S. policy to favour China over Japan late in the 1930s . Some historians , such as David Thomson , assert that the League 's `` inactivity and ineffectualness in the Far East lent every encouragement to European aggressors who planned similar acts of defiance . ''
Foreign policy of the United States
The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938 , but then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan . As a result of intense internal debate , the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy , that is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers . Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms , which ought to be enjoyed by people `` everywhere in the world '' ; these included the freedom of speech and religion , as well as freedom from want and fear . Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among potential allies at the Atlantic Conference ; specific points were included to correct earlier failures , which became a step toward the United Nations . American policy was to threaten Japan , to force it out of China , and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union . However , Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , and the United States was at war with Japan , Germany , and Italy . Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I , the United States provided Lend - Lease grants of $50,000,000,000 . Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain , and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union , Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan , then into North Africa against Italy and Germany , and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans . The American economy roared forward , doubling industrial production , and building vast quantities of airplanes , ships , tanks , munitions , and , finally , the atomic bomb . Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers , which flattened the cities of Japan and Germany . Cold
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
In their final proposal on November 20 , Japan offered to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in southeast Asia provided the U.S. , Britain , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counterproposal of November 26 ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China , without conditions , and to conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Japan was politically disturbed both from the security threat to Japan because of the initial defeat of South Korea and from left - wing activities in support of North Korea and aiming to bring about a communist revolution in Japan . Additionally , as American occupation armies were dispatched to Korean peninsula , Japan 's security became problematic . Under United States guidance , Japan established Reserved Police , later the Japan Self - Defense Forces ( 自衛隊 ) . The signing of the Treaty of Peace with Japan ( 日本 国 と の 平和 条約 ; popularly known as the Treaty of San Francisco ) was also hastened to return Japan back into international communities . In the eyes of some American policy makers , the non-belligerency clause in the Constitution was already being considered a `` mistake '' by 1953 .
Woodrow Wilson
In an early foreign policy matter , Wilson responded to an angry protest by the Japanese government when the state of California proposed legislation that excluded Japanese people from land ownership in the state . Japan 's sense of humiliation remained high for decades to come .
Foreign policy of the United States
In 1951 , the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960 , relations since then have been excellent . The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies , and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country . The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka , which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet . The JSDF , or Japanese Self Defense Force , cross train with the U.S. Military , often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games . When the U.S. President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009 , he said the relationship with Japan as the `` cornerstone of security in East Asia '' . After the several years of critical moment during Japan 's Democratic Party administration , President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe reconfirmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership .
World War II
German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan honored its alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . Japan wanted economic control and responsibility for southeast Asia . Japan refused to leave mainland China ( without Manchoukuo ) .
Great Depression in the United States
The US government 's commitment to the gold standard prevented it from engaging in expansionary monetary policy . High interest rates needed to be maintained , in order to attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold . However , the high interest also inhibited domestic business borrowing . The US interest rates were also affected by France 's decision to raise their interest rates to attract gold to their vaults . In theory , the U.S. would have two potential responses to that : Allow the exchange rate to adjust , or increase their own interest rates to maintain the gold standard . At the time , the U.S. was pegged to the gold standard . Therefore , Americans converted their dollars into francs to buy more French assets , the demand for the U.S. dollar fell , and the exchange rate increased . The only thing the US could do to get back into equilibrium was increase interest rates .
History of the United States (1945–64)
In addition to the huge domestic market for consumer items , the United States became `` the world 's factory '' , as it was the only major power whose soil had been untouched by the war . American money and manufactured goods flooded into Europe , South Korea , and Japan and helped in their reconstruction . US manufacturing dominance would be almost unchallenged for a quarter - century after 1945 .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan 's ground forces , logistics , and resources were already fully committed , not only to the Second Sino - Japanese War but also for offensives in Southeast Asia that were planned to occur almost simultaneously with the Pearl Harbor attack . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) insisted it needed to focus on operations in China and Southeast Asia , and refused to provide substantial support elsewhere . Because of a lack of cooperation between the services , the IJN never discussed the Hawaiian invasion proposal with the IJA . Most of the senior officers of the Combined Fleet , in particular Admiral Nagano , believed an invasion of Hawaii was too risky .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
With an invasion ruled out , it was agreed a massive carrier - based three wave airstrike against Pearl Harbor to destroy the Pacific Fleet would be sufficient . Japanese planners knew that Hawaii , with its strategic location in the Central Pacific , would serve as a critical base from which the United States could extend its military power against Japan . However , the confidence of Japan 's leaders that the conflict would be over quickly and that the United States would choose to negotiate a compromise , rather than fight a long , bloody war , overrode this concern .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Because of Japanese advances in French Indochina and China , the United States , in coordination with the British and Dutch , cut off all oil supplies to Japan , which had imported 90 % of its oil . The oil embargo threatened to grind the Japanese military machine to a halt . Japan refused American demands to leave China and decided that war with the United States was inevitable ; its only hope was to strike first . President Roosevelt had months earlier transferred the American fleet to Hawaii from California in order to deter the Japanese . Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto argued the only way to win the war was to knock out the powerful main American fleet immediately . His elaborately trained fleet approached within 200 miles of Hawaii without being detected . Admiral Chūichi Nagumo held tactical command . Over a five - hour period his six carriers sent two waves of 360 dive - bombers , torpedo planes , and fighters . They destroyed or severely damaged eight battleships , ten smaller warships , and 230 aircraft ; 2,403 American servicemen and civilians were killed . Japanese losses were negligible -- 29 planes shot down ( several American planes were also shot down by anti-aircraft fire ) . Commander Minoru Genda , the chief planner of the raid , begged Nagumo to strike again at the shore facilities , oil storage tanks , and submarines , and to hunt down the American carriers that were supposedly nearby . But Nagumo , having just smashed the Americans in one of the greatest victories of naval history , decided not to risk further action . Japanese success was due to courage , good equipment , excellent pilots , total surprise , and above all , a daring and imaginative plan . To even reach Pearl Harbor , they had to learn how to refuel at sea ( a technique the US Navy already had worked out ) ; to sink all those ships they used their superb electric torpedoes and perfected shallow - water bombing tactics . Surprise was decisive . While everyone knew that war was imminent , no one at Pearl expected an attack . Despite later rumors , there was no advance knowledge of the Japanese plan . The commanders had been complacent about routine defensive measures . Even if the defense had been more alert , the surprise and overwhelming power of the Japanese strike probably would have been decisive . In broader perspective , the attack was a failure .
Korea under Japanese rule
The debate concerned Korea , then in the sphere of influence of Qing China , which certain elements in the Japanese government sought to separate from Chinese influence and establish as a puppet state . Those in favor also saw the issue as an opportunity to find meaningful employment for the thousands of out - of - work samurai , who had lost most of their income and social standing in the new Meiji socioeconomic order . Further , the acquisition of Korea would provide both a foothold on the Asian continent for Japanese expansion and a rich source of raw materials for Japanese industry . The arguments against such designs were outlined in Ōkubo Toshimichi 's `` 7 Point Document '' , dated October 1873 , in which he argued that the action against Korea was premature , as Japan itself was in the process of modernization and an expedition would be far too costly for Japan to sustain . Okubo 's views were supported by the antiwar faction , which mostly consisted of those returning from the Iwakura Mission in 1873 . Iwakura Tomomi , the diplomat who had led the mission , persuaded the emperor to reconsider , thus putting an end to the `` Korean crisis '' debate .
New trade theory
Some economists , such as Ha - Joon Chang , had argued that protectionist policies had facilitated the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s , when quotas and regulations prevented import competition . Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90 % of parts domestically within five years . Japanese consumers suffered in the short term by being unable to buy superior vehicles produced by the world market , but eventually gained by having a local industry that could out - compete their international rivals .
United States
The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day .
Surrender of Japan
On June 22 , the Emperor summoned the Big Six to a meeting . Unusually , he spoke first : `` I desire that concrete plans to end the war , unhampered by existing policy , be speedily studied and that efforts made to implement them . '' It was agreed to solicit Soviet aid in ending the war . Other neutral nations , such as Switzerland , Sweden , and the Vatican City , were known to be willing to play a role in making peace , but they were so small they were believed unable to do more than deliver the Allies ' terms of surrender and Japan 's acceptance or rejection . The Japanese hoped that the Soviet Union could be persuaded to act as an agent for Japan in negotiations with America and Britain .
Surrender of Japan
It should be clearly made known to Russia that she owes her victory over Germany to Japan , since we remained neutral , and that it would be to the advantage of the Soviets to help Japan maintain her international position , since they have the United States as an enemy in the future .
Korean War
One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . ''
Perry Expedition
From 1797 to 1809 , several American ships traded in Nagasaki under the Dutch flag , upon the request of the Dutch , who were not able to send their own ships because of their conflict against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars . In 1837 , an American businessman in Canton named Charles W. King saw an opportunity to open trade by trying to return to Japan three Japanese sailors ( among them , Otokichi ) who had been shipwrecked a few years before on the coast of Washington . He went to Uraga Channel with Morrison , an unarmed American merchant ship . The ship was attacked several times , and sailed back without completing its mission . In 1846 , Commander James Biddle , anchored in Edo Bay on an official mission with two ships , including one warship armed with 72 cannons , asking for ports to be opened for trade , but his requests for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful . In 1849 , Captain James Glynn sailed to Nagasaki , leading at last to the first successful negotiation by an American with Japan . James Glynn recommended to the United States Congress that negotiations to open Japan be backed up by a demonstration of force , thus paving the way for Perry 's expedition .
World War II
Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS
Surrender of Japan
Such being the case , how are We to save the millions of Our subjects , or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors ? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers ...
Perry Expedition
Perry was well aware of the difficulties involving attempting to establish relations with Japan , and initially protested that he would prefer to command the Mediterranean Squadron of the US Navy instead of being assigned to yet another doomed attempt to `` open '' Japan . These precedents included :
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
On November 3 , 1941 , Nagano presented a complete plan for the attack on Pearl Harbor to Hirohito . At the Imperial Conference on November 5 , Hirohito approved the plan for a war against the United States , Great Britain and the Netherlands , scheduled to start at the beginning of December if an acceptable diplomatic settlement were not achieved before then . Over the following weeks , Tōjō 's military regime offered a final deal to the United States . They offered to leave only Indochina , but in return for large American economic aid . On November 26 , the so - called Hull Memorandum ( or Hull Note ) rejected the offer and demanded that , in addition to leaving Indochina , the Japanese must leave China ( without Manchoukuo ) and agree to an Open Door Policy in the Far East . Kōichi
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
At several stages during 1941 , Japan 's military leaders discussed the possibility of launching an invasion to seize the Hawaiian Islands ; this would provide Japan with a strategic base to shield its new empire , deny the United States any bases beyond the West coast and further isolate Australia and New Zealand .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Prime Minister Konoe argued for more negotiations and possible concessions to avert war . However , military leaders such as Sugiyama , Minister of War General Hideki Tōjō , and chief of the IJN General Staff Fleet Admiral Osami Nagano asserted time had run out and that additional negotiations would be pointless . They urged swift military actions against all American and European colonies in Southeast Asia and Hawaii . Tōjō argued that yielding to the American demand to withdraw troops would wipe out all the gains of the Second Sino - Japanese War , depress Army morale , endanger Manchukuo and jeopardize control of Korea ; hence , doing nothing was the same as defeat and a loss of face .
United States declaration of war on Japan
Whereas the Imperial Government of Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America : Therefore
Causes of World War II
The stage was then set for the Danzig crisis to become the immediate trigger of the war in Europe started on 1 September 1939 . Following the Fall of France in June 1940 , the Vichy regime signed an armistice , which tempted the Empire of Japan to join the Axis powers and invade French Indochina to improve their military situation in their war with China . This provoked the then neutral United States to respond with an embargo . The Japanese leadership , whose goal was Japanese domination of the Asia - Pacific , thought they had no option but to pre-emptively strike at the US Pacific fleet , which they did by attacking Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 .