vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt , Churchill , and Stalin met for a second time at the February 1945 Yalta Conference . With the end of the war in Europe approaching , Roosevelt 's primary focus was on convincing Stalin to enter the war against Japan ; the Joint Chiefs had estimated that an American invasion of Japan would cause as many as one million American casualties . In return for the Soviet Union 's entrance into the war against Japan , the Soviet Union was promised control of Asian territories such as Sakhalin Island . The three leaders agreed to hold a conference in 1945 to establish the United Nations , and they also agreed on the structure of the United Nations Security Council , which would be charged with ensuring international peace and security . Roosevelt did not push for the immediate evacuation of Soviet soldiers from Poland , but he won the issuance of the Declaration on Liberated Europe , which promised free elections in countries that had been occupied by Germany . Germany itself would not be dismembered , but would be jointly occupied by the United States , France , Britain , and the Soviet Union . Against Soviet pressure , Roosevelt and Churchill refused to consent to imposing huge reparations and deindustrialization on Germany after the war . Roosevelt 's role in the Yalta Conference has been controversial ; critics charge that he naively trusted the Soviet Union to allow free elections in Eastern Europe , while supporters argue that there was little more that Roosevelt could have done for the Eastern European countries given the Soviet occupation and the need for cooperation with the Soviet Union during and after the war . Course
Causes of World War II
In 1937 Japan invaded Manchuria and China proper . Under the guise of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , with slogans as `` Asia for the Asians ! '' Japan sought to remove the Western powers ' influence in China and replace it with Japanese domination .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Japanese army , which was not based in the cities , was largely undamaged by the raids . The Army was short of food and gasoline , but , as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved , it was capable of ferocious resistance . The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a satisfactory peace , the Kamikaze . Kamikaze
Military history of the United States
In response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia , the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed , which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war . President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain , however , and in 1940 signed the Lend - Lease Act , which permitted an expansion of the `` cash and carry '' arms trade to develop with Britain , which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes .
Samurai
The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry 's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853 . Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade . Prior to that only a few harbor towns , under strict control from the shogunate , were allowed to participate in Western trade , and even then , it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another ( in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology , which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai ) .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor . War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation 's military forces planned for in the 1920s , though real tension did not begin until the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan . Over the next decade , Japan expanded slowly into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese war in 1937 . In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China , including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted the United States to embargo all oil exports , leading the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining and to support the existing plans to seize oil resources in the Dutch East Indies . Planning had been underway for some time on an attack on the `` Southern Resource Area '' to add it to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific .
Jay Treaty
a shrewd bargain for the United States . It bet , in effect , on England rather than France as the hegemonic European power of the future , which proved prophetic . It recognized the massive dependence of the American economy on trade with England . In a sense it was a precocious preview of the Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) , for it linked American security and economic development to the British fleet , which provided a protective shield of incalculable value throughout the nineteenth century . Mostly , it postponed war with England until America was economically and politically more capable of fighting one .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan .
Surrender of Japan
That is why we felt compelled to undertake the long and uncertain and costly labor of discovery and production .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
By 1915 , Germany was attempting to use submarines to maintain a naval blockade of Britain by sinking cargo ships , including many passenger vessels . Submarines , however , depending on stealth and incapable of withstanding a direct attack by a surface ship ( possibly a Q - ship disguised as a merchant ship ) , found it difficult to give warning before attacking or to rescue survivors , which meant that civilian death tolls were high . This was a major factor in galvanizing neutral opinion against the Central Powers , as countries like the United States suffered casualties and loss to their trade , and was one of the causes of the eventual entry of the US into the war . In Sovereignty at Sea : U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I , historian Dr. Rodney Carlisle asserts that it was , in fact , the sinking of nine U.S. merchant ships that utilmately induced President Wilson to ask Congress to declare war .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Part of the Japanese plan for the attack included breaking off negotiations with the United States 30 minutes before the attack began . Diplomats from the Japanese embassy in Washington , including the Japanese ambassador , Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura and special representative Saburō Kurusu , had been conducting extended talks with the State Department regarding the U.S. reactions to the Japanese move into French Indochina in the summer .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Japanese were incensed by the embargo and Japanese leaders became determined to attack the United States unless it lifted the embargo . The Roosevelt administration was unwilling to reverse policy , and Secretary of State Hull blocked a potential summit between Roosevelt and Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe . After diplomatic efforts to end the embargo failed , the Privy Council of Japan authorized a strike against the United States . The Japanese believed that the destruction of the United States Asiatic Fleet ( stationed in the Philippines ) United States Pacific Fleet ( stationed at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii ) was vital to the conquest of Southeast Asia . On the morning of December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack , knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians . At the same time , separate Japanese task forces attacked Thailand , British Hong Kong , the Philippines , and other targets . Roosevelt called for war in his famous `` Infamy Speech '' to Congress , in which he said : `` Yesterday , December 7 , 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan . '' In a nearly unanimous vote , Congress declared war on Japan . After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor , antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight . On December 11 , 1941 , Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States , which responded in kind .
Perry Expedition
By the time of Perry 's return , the Tokugawa shogunate had decided to accept virtually all the demands in Fillmore 's letter . However , negotiators procrastinated for weeks over the site for negotiations , with Perry insisting on Edo , and the Japanese offering various other locations . Perry eventually lost his temper and threatened to bring 100 ships ( more than the actual size of the US Navy at the time ) within 20 days to war on Japan . Both sides eventually compromised on the tiny village of Yokohama , where a purpose - built hall was erected .
Axis powers
Japan 's military leaders were divided on diplomatic relationships with Germany and Italy and the attitude towards the United States . The Imperial Japanese Army was in favour of war with the United States , but the Imperial Japanese Navy was generally strongly opposed . When Prime Minister of Japan General Hideki Tojo refused American demands that Japan withdraw its military forces from China , a confrontation became more likely . War with the United States was being discussed within the Japanese government by 1940 . Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was outspoken in his opposition , especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact , saying on 14 October 1940 : `` To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world . But it has been decided . So I will fight the best I can . Doubtless I shall die on board Nagato ( his flagship ) . Meanwhile Tokyo will be burnt to the ground three times . Konoe and others will be torn to pieces by the revengeful people , I ( should n't ) wonder . '' In October and November 1940 , Yamamoto communicated with Navy Minister Oikawa , and stated , `` Unlike the pre-Tripartite days , great determination is required to make certain that we avoid the danger of going to war . ''
United States home front during World War II
In 1942 the War Department demanded that all enemy nationals be removed from war zones on the West Coast . The question became how to evacuate the estimated 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living in California . Roosevelt looked at the secret evidence available to him : the Japanese in the Philippines had collaborated with the Japanese invasion troops ; most of the adult Japanese in California had been strong supporters of Japan in the war against China . There was evidence of espionage compiled by code - breakers that decrypted messages to Japan from agents in North America and Hawaii before and after the attack on Pearl Harbor . These MAGIC cables were kept secret from all but those with the highest clearance , such as Roosevelt . On February 19 , 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 which set up designated military areas `` from which any or all persons may be excluded . '' The most controversial part of the order included American born children and youth who had dual U.S. and Japanese citizenship . Germans and Italians were not interned , as shown from the Korematsu v. United States case .
World War II
In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate .
Perry Expedition
The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan , involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy , which took place during 1853 -- 54 . The goals of this expedition included exploration , surveying , and the establishment of diplomatic relations and negotiation of trade agreements with various nations of the region ; opening contact with the government of Japan was considered a top priority of the expedition , and was one of the key reasons for its inception . The expedition was commanded by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , under orders from American President Millard Fillmore . Perry 's primary goal was to force an end to Japan 's 220 - year - old policy of isolation and to open Japanese ports to American trade , through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary . The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western `` Great Powers '' , and eventually to the collapse of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Japanese Navy seemed unstoppable as they seized the Dutch East Indies to gain its rich oil resources . The American , British , Dutch , and Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
After the embargoes and the asset freezes , the Japanese ambassador to Washington , Kichisaburō Nomura , and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull held multiple meetings in order to resolve Japanese - American relations . No solution could be agreed upon for three key reasons :
Jay Treaty
Without warning American officials , the British government used the Royal Navy to capture nearly 250 neutral American merchant ships carrying goods from French colonies in the West Indies . Americans were outraged and Republicans in Jefferson 's coalition demanded a declaration of war , but Madison instead called for an embargo on trade with Britain . British officials told First Nations near the Canada -- U.S. border that the border no longer existed and sold weapons to them . Congress voted for a trade embargo against Britain in March 1794 .
Military history of the United States
Starting in 1940 ( 18 months before Pearl Harbor ) , the nation mobilized , giving high priority to air power . American involvement in World War II in 1940 -- 41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain , the Soviet Union , and the Republic of China . The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Japanese forces soon seized American , Dutch , and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia , except for Australia , which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese records , admitted into evidence during congressional hearings on the attack after the war , established that Japan had not even written a declaration of war until hearing news of the successful attack . The two - line declaration was finally delivered to U.S. ambassador Grew in Tokyo about ten hours after the completion of the attack . Grew was allowed to transmit it to the United States , where it was received late Monday afternoon ( Washington time ) .
Korea under Japanese rule
From 1939 , labor shortages as a result of conscription of Japanese males for the military efforts of World War II led to organized official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan , initially through civilian agents , and later directly , often involving elements of coercion . As the labor shortage increased , by 1942 , the Japanese authorities extended the provisions of the National Mobilization Law to include the conscription of Korean workers for factories and mines on the Korean peninsula , Manchukuo , and the involuntary relocation of workers to Japan itself as needed .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view , among them : a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they were militarily unnecessary , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign . This , together with the naval blockade , could also have eventually led to a Japanese surrender . At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . `` The Soviet entry into the war '' , argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' .
World War II
Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong .
Japan–Netherlands relations
When formal trade relations were established in 1609 by requests from Englishman William Adams , the Dutch were granted extensive trading rights and set up a Dutch East India Company trading outpost at Hirado. They traded exotic Asian goods such as spices , textiles , porcelain , and silk . When the Shimabara uprising of 1637 happened , in which Christian Japanese started a rebellion against the Tokugawa shogunate , it was crushed with the help of the Dutch . As a result , all Christian nations who gave aid to the rebels were expelled , leaving the Dutch the only commercial partner from the West . Among the expelled nations was Portugal who had a trading post in Nagasaki harbor on an artificial island called Dejima . In a move of the shogunate to take the Dutch trade away from the Hirado clan , the entire Dutch trading post was moved to Dejima .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The year 1940 marked a change in attitude in the United States . The German victories in France , Poland and elsewhere , combined with the Battle of Britain , led many Americans to believe that the United States would be forced to fight soon . In March 1941 , the Lend - Lease program began shipping money , munitions , and food to Britain , China , and ( by that fall ) the Soviet Union .
German declaration of war against the United States
Regardless of Hitler 's reasons for the declaration , the decision is generally seen as an enormous strategic blunder on his part , as it allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Allies without much public opposition , while still facing the Japanese threat in the Pacific . Hitler had , in fact , committed Germany to fight the US while in the midst of a war of extermination against Russia , and without having first defeated the UK , instead of taking the option of putting off a conflict with the US for as long as possible , forcing it to concentrate on the war in the Pacific against Japan , and making it much more difficult for it to become involved in the European war . At least to some extent he had held in his hands the power to control the timing of the intervention of the US , and instead , by declaring war against America , he freed Roosevelt and Churchill to act as they saw fit .
Canada–United States relations
Anti-Americanism reached a shrill peak in 1911 in Canada . The Liberal government in 1911 negotiated a Reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower trade barriers . Canadian manufacturing interests were alarmed that free trade would allow the bigger and more efficient American factories to take their markets . The Conservatives made it a central campaign issue in the 1911 election , warning that it would be a `` sell out '' to the United States with economic annexation a special danger . Conservative slogan was `` No truck or trade with the Yankees '' , as they appealed to Canadian nationalism and nostalgia for the British Empire to win a major victory .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
After the German invasion of Poland , the primary concern of both Roosevelt and his top military staff was on the war in Europe , but Japan also presented foreign policy challenges . Relations with Japan had continually deteriorated since its invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , and they had further worsened with Roosevelt 's support of China . With the war in Europe occupying the attention of the major colonial powers , Japanese leaders eyed vulnerable colonies such as the Dutch East Indies , French Indochina , and British Malaya . After Roosevelt announced a $100 million loan to China in reaction to Japan 's occupation of northern French Indochina , Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy . The pact bound each country to defend the other against attack , and Germany , Japan , and Italy became known as the Axis powers . Overcoming those who favored invading the Soviet Union , the Japanese Army high command successfully advocated for the conquest of Southeast Asia to ensure continued access to raw materials . In July 1941 , after Japan occupied the remainder of French Indochina , Roosevelt cut off the sale of oil to Japan , depriving Japan of more than 95 percent of its oil supply . He also placed the Philippine military under American command and reinstated General Douglas MacArthur into active duty to command U.S. forces on the Philippines . Roosevelt
Military history of the United States
In the Pacific , the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944 , but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives . The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership , which quickly caused the surrender of Japan . Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945 , ending 35 years of Japanese occupation of Korean Peninsula . American forces under General John R. Hodge arrived at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula on 8 September 1945 , while the Soviet Army and some Korean Communists had stationed themselves in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula .