vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Snake River
Agricultural runoff from farms and ranches in the Snake River Plain and many other areas has severely damaged the ecology of the river throughout the 20th century . After the first irrigation dams on the river began operation in the first decade of the 20th century , much of the arable land in a strip a few miles wide along the Snake River was cultivated or turned to pasture , and agricultural return flows began to pollute the Snake . Runoff from several feedlots was dumped into the river until laws made the practice illegal . Fertilizer , manure and other chemicals and pollutants washed into the river greatly increase the nutrient load , especially of phosphorus , fecal coliforms and nitrogen . During low water , algae blooms occur throughout the calm stretches of the river , depleting its oxygen supply . Dams
Blue Nile
The distance of the river from its source to its confluence has been variously reported as being between 1,460 kilometres ( 910 mi ) and 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) . This uncertainty over the length might partially result from the fact that the river flows through a series of virtually impenetrable gorges cut in the Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of some 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) -- a depth comparable to that of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in the United States .
Boise, Idaho
The new location was selected because it was near the intersection of the Oregon Trail with a major road connecting the Boise Basin ( Idaho City ) and the Owyhee ( Silver City ) mining areas , both of which were booming . During the mid-1860s , Idaho City was the largest city in the Northwest , and as a staging area , Fort Boise grew rapidly ; Boise was incorporated as a city 154 years ago in 1863 . The first capital of the Idaho Territory was Lewiston in north central Idaho , which in 1863 was the largest community , exceeding the populations of Olympia and Seattle , Washington Territory and Portland , Oregon combined . The original territory was larger than Texas . But following the creation of Montana Territory , Boise was made the territorial capital of a much reduced Idaho in a controversial decision which overturned a district court ruling by a one - vote majority in the territorial supreme court along geographic lines in 1866 .
Narmada River
The Narmada , also called the Rewa and previously also known as Nerbudda , even Shankari , is a river in central India and the sixth longest river in the Indian subcontinent . It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India , after the Godavari , and the Krishna . It is also known as `` Life Line of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh '' for its huge contribution to the state of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in many ways . Narmada rises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district . It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km ( 815.2 mi ) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km ( 18.6 mi ) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat .
Godavari River
The Godavari is India 's second longest river after the Ganga . Its source is in Triambakeshwar , Maharashtra . It flows east for 1,465 kilometres ( 910 mi ) draining the states of Maharashtra ( 48.6 % ) , Telangana ( 18.8 % ) , Andhra Pradesh ( 4.5 % ) , Chhattisgarh ( 10.9 % ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 10.0 % ) , Odisha ( 5.7 % ) , Karnataka ( 1.4 % ) and Puducherry ( Yanam ) and emptying into Bay of Bengal through its extensive network of tributaries . Measuring up to 312,812 km ( 120,777 sq mi ) , it forms one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent , with only the Ganges and Indus rivers having a larger drainage basin . In terms of length , catchment area and discharge , the Godavari river is the largest in peninsular India , and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga -- Ganges of the South .
Yellowstone River
The division of water rights to the entire Yellowstone River Basin among Wyoming , Montana and North Dakota , governed by a 1950 compact , was disputed in a 2010 lawsuit brought directly in the U.S. Supreme Court by Montana against Wyoming . Oral argument took place in January 2011 . On May 2 , 2011 , the Court held 7 - 2 ( by Justice Thomas , with Justice Scalia dissenting ) that Montana had no valid claim for diminution of its water , since Wyoming was irrigating the same acreage as always , albeit by a more modern method that returned less runoff to go downstream to Montana . ( A subsequent 2011 Supreme Court case , in which Montana asserted ownership of Missouri Basin riverbottoms , so as to collect decades of back rent from a hydropower company , is unrelated . On February 22 , 2012 , Montana lost that case too . )
Boise, Idaho
The name may instead derive from earlier mountain men , who named the river that flows through it . In the 1820s , French Canadian fur trappers set trap lines in the vicinity . Set in a high - desert area , the tree - lined valley of the Boise River became a distinct landmark , an oasis dominated by cottonwood trees . They called this `` La rivière boisée '' , which means `` the wooded river . '' Main
Snake River
Early fur traders and explorers noted regional trading centers , and archaeological evidence has shown some to be of considerable antiquity . One such trading center in the Weiser area existed as early as 4,500 years ago . The Fremont culture may have contributed to the historic Shoshones , but it is not well understood . Another poorly understood early cultural component is called the Midvale Complex . The introduction of the horse to the Snake River Plain around 1700 helped in establishing the Shoshone and Northern Paiute cultures .
Godavari River
Pranhita is the largest tributary covering about 34 % of its drainage basin . Though the river proper flows only for 113 km ( 70 mi ) , by virtue of its extensive tributaries Wardha , Wainganga , Penganga , the sub-basin drains all of Vidharba region as well as the southern slopes of the Satpura Ranges . Indravati is the 2nd largest tributary , known as the `` lifeline '' of the Kalahandi , Nabarangapur of Odisha & Bastar district of Chhattisgarh . Due to their enormous sub-basins both Indravati and Pranhita are considered rivers in their own right . Manjira is the longest tributary and holds the Nizam Sagar reservoir . Purna is a prime river in the water scarce Marathwada region of Maharashtra .
Yellowstone River
Yellowstone River Yellowstone Falls in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone Country United States States Wyoming , Montana , North Dakota Tributaries - left Gardner River , Shields River - right Lamar River , Boulder River , Stillwater River , Big Horn River , Tongue River , Powder River Source Confluence of North and South Forks - location Absaroka Range , Wyoming - coordinates 43 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 109 ° 55 ′ 45 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.98833 ° N 109.92917 ° W ﻿ / 43.98833 ; - 109.92917 Mouth Missouri River - location McKenzie County , near Buford , North Dakota - coordinates 47 ° 58 ′ 42 '' N 103 ° 58 ′ 56 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 47.97833 ° N 103.98222 ° W ﻿ / 47.97833 ; - 103.98222 Coordinates : 47 ° 58 ′ 42 '' N 103 ° 58 ′ 56 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 47.97833 ° N 103.98222 ° W ﻿ / 47.97833 ; - 103.98222 Length 692 mi ( 1,114 km ) Basin 70,000 sq mi ( 181,299 km ) Discharge for Sidney , MT - average 13,773 cu ft / s ( 390 m / s ) - max 159,000 cu ft / s ( 4,502 m / s ) - min 3,108 cu ft / s ( 88 m / s ) Map of the Yellowstone River watershed
Oklahoma
Oklahoma is the 20th - largest state in the United States , covering an area of 69,898 square miles ( 181,035 km ) , with 68,667 square miles ( 177,847 km ) of land and 1,281 square miles ( 3,188 km ) of water . It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states . It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri , on the north by Kansas , on the northwest by Colorado , on the far west by New Mexico , and on the south and near - west by Texas . Much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen , a failed continental rift . The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River .
Boise, Idaho
The area was called Boise long before the establishment of Fort Boise by the federal government . The original Fort Boise was 40 miles ( 64 km ) west , near Parma , down the Boise River near its confluence with the Snake River at the Oregon border . This private sector defense was erected by the Hudson 's Bay Company in the 1830s . It was abandoned in the 1850s , but massacres along the Oregon Trail prompted the U.S. Army to re-establish a fort in the area in 1863 during the U.S. Civil War .
Missouri
Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor , Tennessee . No state in the U.S. touches more than eight . Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north ; by Illinois , Kentucky , and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east ; on the south by Arkansas ; and by Oklahoma , Kansas , and Nebraska ( the last across the Missouri River ) on the west . Whereas the northern and southern boundaries are straight lines , the Missouri Bootheel protrudes southerly into Arkansas . The two largest rivers are the Mississippi ( which defines the eastern boundary of the state ) and the Missouri River ( which flows from west to east through the state ) essentially connecting the two largest metros of Kansas City and St. Louis .
Geography of China
China has 50,000 rivers , each with a catchment area greater than 100 square kilometers . The rivers in China have a total length of 420,000 kilometers. 1,500 of Chinese rivers have a catchment area exceeding 1,000 square kilometers . The majority of rivers flow west to east into the Pacific Ocean . The Yangtze ( Chang Jiang ) rises in Tibet , flows through Central China and enters the East China Sea near Shanghai . The Yangtze is 6,300 kilometers long and has a catchment area of 1.8 million square kilometers . It is the third longest river in the world , after the Amazon and the Nile . The second longest river in China is the Huang He ( Yellow River ) . It rises in Tibet and travels circuitously for 5,464 kilometers through North China , it empties into the Bo Hai Gulf on the north coast of the Shandong Province . It has a catchment area of 752,000 square kilometers . The Heilongjiang ( Heilong or Black Dragon River ) flows for 3,101 kilometers in Northeast China and an additional 1,249 kilometers in Russia , where it is known as the Amur . The longest river in South China is the Zhujiang ( Pearl River ) , which is 2,214 kilometers long . Along with its three tributaries , the Xi ( West ) , Dong ( East ) , and Bei ( North ) rivers , it forms the Pearl River Delta near Guangzhou , Zhuhai , Macau , and Hong Kong . Other major rivers are the Liaohe in the northeast , Haihe in the north , Qiantang in the east , and Lancang in the southwest . West
Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon ( Hopi : Ongtupqa ; Yavapai : Wi : kaʼi : la , Navajo : Tsékooh Hatsoh , Spanish : Gran Cañón ) is a steep - sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona , United States . The Grand Canyon is 277 miles ( 446 km ) long , up to 18 miles ( 29 km ) wide and attains a depth of over a mile ( 6,093 feet or 1,857 meters ) .
Great Basin
The Great Basin Divide separates the Great Basin from the watersheds draining to the Pacific Ocean . The southernmost portion of the Great Basin is the watershed area of the Laguna Salada . The Great Basin 's longest and largest river is the Bear River of 350 mi ( 560 km ) , and the largest single watershed is the Humboldt River drainage of roughly 17,000 sq mi ( 44,000 km ) . Most Great Basin precipitation is snow , and the precipitation that neither evaporates nor is extracted for human use will sink into groundwater aquifers , while evaporation of collected water occurs from geographic sinks . Lake Tahoe , North America 's largest alpine lake , is part of the Great Basin 's central Lahontan subregion .
Amazon River
A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area , a peer - reviewed journal of the Royal Geographic Society , however , identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage . A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence , showing the longer length of the Mantaro . Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured , which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin ( and therefore in the entire Amazon basin ) . The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence ( performed by Contos ) . Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV -- V nature of each of these rivers , especially in their lower `` Abyss '' sections . Ultimately , they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt . Mismi in the Apurímac drainage , and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought . Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source ( finishing November 2012 ) , a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Cities that rely on more or less polluted surface water from the lower reaches of rivers have to rely on extensive and costly water purification plants . The Las Vegas Valley obtains 90 % of its water from Lake Mead on the Colorado River , which has been affected by drought . To supply a portion of the future water supply , Las Vegas plans to buy water rights in the Snake Valley in White Pine County , 250 mi ( 400 km ) north of the city straddling the Utah border and other areas , pumping it to Las Vegas through a US $2 billion pipeline . Phoenix draws about half of its drinking water from the Salt River -- Verde River watershed , and about 40 % from the Colorado River further downstream at Lake Havasu through the Central Arizona Project . Los Angeles obtains about half of its drinking water from the Owens River and Mono Lake through the Los Angeles Aqueduct , with additional supplies from Lake Havasu through the Colorado River Aqueduct . San Diego imports nearly 90 percent of its water from other areas , specifically northern California and the Colorado River . The
Amazon River
The Amazon basin , the largest in the world , covers about 40 % of South America , an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,722,020 sq mi ) . It drains from west to east , from Iquitos in Peru , across Brazil to the Atlantic . It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude . Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau , just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean . The locals often refer to it as `` El Jefe Negro '' , referring to an ancient god of fertility .
Great Basin
The Great Basin Floristic Province was defined by botanist Armen Takhtajan to extend well beyond the boundaries of the hydrographically defined Great Basin : it includes the Snake River Plain , the Colorado Plateau , the Uinta Basin , and parts of Arizona north of the Mogollon Rim .
Yellowstone River
The name is widely believed to have been derived from the Minnetaree Indian name Mi tse a-da - zi ( Yellow Rock River ) ( Hidatsa : miʔciiʔriaashiish ' ) . Common lore states that the name came from the yellow - colored rocks along the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone , but the Minnetaree never lived along the upper stretches of the Yellowstone . Some scholars think that the river was named after yellow - colored sandstone bluffs on the lower Yellowstone , instead . The Crow Indians , who lived along the upper Yellowstone in Southern Montana , called it E-chee - dick - karsh - ah - shay ( Elk River ) . Translating the Minnetaree name , French trappers called the river Roche Jaune ( Yellow Rock ) , a name used by mountain men until the mid-19th century . Independently , Lewis and Clark recorded the English translation of Yellow Stone for the river , after encountering the Minnetaree in 1805 . With expanding settlement by people from the United States , the English name eventually became the most widely used . The river was explored in 1806 by William Clark during the return voyage of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Clark 's Fork of the river was named for him . The
River Thames
The River Thames ( / tɛmz / ( listen ) TEMZ ) is a river that flows through southern England , most notably through London . At 215 miles ( 346 km ) , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom , after the River Severn . It also flows through Oxford ( where it is called Isis ) , Reading , Henley - on - Thames and Windsor . The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London .
Boise, Idaho
Boise ( / bɔɪsi / ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Idaho , as well as the county seat of Ada County . Located on the Boise River in southwestern Idaho , the population of Boise at the 2010 Census was 205,671 , the 99th largest in the nation . Its estimated population in 2016 was 223,154 . Downtown
Indus River
That night in the tent ( next to Senge Khabab ) I ask Sonmatering which of the Indus tributaries which we crossed this morning is the longest . All of them , he says , start at least a day 's walk away from here . The Bukhar begins near the village of Yagra . The Lamolasay 's source is in a holy place : there is a monastery there . The Dorjungla is a very difficult and long walk , three days perhaps , and there are many sharp rocks ; but its water is clear and blue , hence the tributary 's other name , Zom - chu , which Karma Lama translates as `` Blue Water '' . The Rakmajang rises from a dark lake called the Black Sea .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the Congo River , which flows through the entire country . The Congo River is the world 's deepest river and the world 's second largest river by discharge . The Comité d'études du haut Congo ( `` Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo '' ) , established by King Leopold II of Belgium in 1876 , and the International Association of the Congo , established by him in 1879 , were also named after the river .
Missouri
Originally the state 's western border was a straight line , defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth , the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River . The river has moved since this designation . This line is known as the Osage Boundary . In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes , making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River . This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time ( about 66,500 square miles ( 172,000 km ) to Virginia 's 65,000 square miles , which then included West Virginia ) . Fur
Amazon River
A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile . Using Nevado Mismi , which in 2001 was labelled by the National Geographic Society as the Amazon 's source , these scientists made new calculations of the Amazon 's length . They calculated the Amazon 's length as 6,992 kilometres ( 4,345 mi ) . Using the same techniques , they calculated the length of the Nile as 6,853 kilometres ( 4,258 mi ) , which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon . They made it possible by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then , after a sharp turn back , following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire length . Guido Gelli , director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) , told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world . However , other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001 , and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists . The length of both the Amazon and the Nile remains open to interpretation and continued debate .
Victoria Falls
While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world , Victoria Falls is classified as the largest , based on its combined width of 1,708 metres ( 5,604 ft ) and height of 108 metres ( 354 ft ) , resulting in the world 's largest sheet of falling water . Victoria Falls is roughly twice the height of North America 's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls . In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil 's Iguazu Falls . See table for comparisons .
Great Basin
The Great Basin physiographic section of the Basin and Range Province contains the Great Basin , but extends into eastern Oregon , southern Idaho , and the Colorado River watershed ( including the Las Vegas metropolitan area and the northwest corner of Arizona ) . The Basin and Range region is the product of geological forces stretching the earth 's crust , creating many north - south trending mountain ranges . These ranges are separated by flat valleys or basins . These hundreds of ranges make Nevada the most mountainous state in the country .
Yellowstone River
After the US achieved victory the tribes were forced onto reservations . The Sioux and allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming : some bands fled to Canada , while others suffered forced removal to distant reservations , primarily in present - day South Dakota and Nebraska west of the Missouri River . Crow warriors had enlisted as scouts with the US Army during the war and the Crow Indian Reservation was established in south - central Montana . The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation is south of the Yellowstone in Montana .
Rocky Mountains
Sir Alexander MacKenzie ( 1764 -- March 11 , 1820 ) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793 . He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year , completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico . He arrived at Bella Coola , British Columbia , where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean .
Mississippi River
Old Vicksburg Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Natchez - Vidalia Bridge John James Audubon Bridge -- The second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere ; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana . It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez . This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011 , due to the 2011 floods . Huey P. Long Bridge -- A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 ( Airline Highway ) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana . Horace Wilkinson Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana . It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River . Sunshine Bridge Gramercy Bridge Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge Huey P. Long Bridge -- In Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana . Crescent City Connection -- Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans , Louisiana ; the fifth - longest cantilever bridge in the world .