vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and cognition
Folate and vitamin B play a vital role in the synthesis of S - adenosylmethionine , which is of key importance in the maintenance and repair of all cells , including neurons . In addition , folate has been linked to the maintenance of adequate brain levels of cofactors necessary for chemicals reactions that lead to the synthesis of serotonin and catecholamine neurotransmitters . Concentrations of blood plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations are inversely related , such that an increase in dietary folate decreases homocysteine concentration . Thus , dietary intake of folate is a major determinant of homocysteine levels within the body . The relationship between folate and B is so interdependent that deficiency in either vitamin can result in megaloblastic anemia , characterized by organic mental change .
Glycolysis
The burning sensation in muscles during hard exercise can be attributed to the release of hydrogen ions during the shift to glucose fermentation from glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide and water , when aerobic metabolism can no longer keep pace with the energy demands of the muscles . These hydrogen ions form a part of lactic acid . The body falls back on this less efficient but faster method of producing ATP under low oxygen conditions . This is thought to have been the primary means of energy production in earlier organisms before oxygen reached high concentrations in the atmosphere between 2000 and 2500 million years ago ( see diagram above right ) , and thus would represent a more ancient form of energy production than the aerobic replenishment of NAD in cells .
Fitness culture
During the Cold War , a focus on physical fitness emerged in both the United States and the Soviet Union . Senator Hubert Humphrey gravely warned that communist dominance came from superior sports and fitness programs . His remarks reflected the growing American paranoia of communism . In response , leaders of the military , civilian government , and private sector began crafting a `` cult and ritual of toughness '' . President John F. Kennedy issued a call to the nation urging Americans to prioritize their physical fitness across the country . Fitness was clearly described as a `` matter of achieving an optimum state of well - being '' that required exercise from both young and old . This focus on fitness also opened the doors for female athletes in both The U.S. and the USSR to become more prominent as contenders in the Olympics .
Primate
Primates exploit a variety of food sources . It has been said that many characteristics of modern primates , including humans , derive from an early ancestor 's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy . Most primates include fruit in their diets to obtain easily digested carbohydrates and lipids for energy . However , they require other foods , such as leaves or insects , for amino acids , vitamins and minerals . Primates in the suborder Strepsirrhini ( non-tarsier prosimians ) are able to synthesize vitamin C , like most other mammals , while primates of the suborder Haplorrhini ( tarsiers , monkeys and apes ) have lost this ability , and require the vitamin in their diet .
Avocado
The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit , mostly monounsaturated fat , and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to other fatty foods ( high - fat meats and fish , dairy products ) . Having a high smoke point , avocado oil is expensive compared to common salad and cooking oils , and mostly used for salads or dips .
Adolescence
Despite some genetic sex differences , environmental factors play a large role in biological changes during adolescence . For example , girls tend to reduce their physical activity in preadolescence and may receive inadequate nutrition from diets that often lack important nutrients , such as iron . These environmental influences in turn affect female physical development .
Eating disorder
People with gastrointestinal disorders may be more risk of developing disordered eating practices than the general population , principally restrictive eating disturbances . An association of anorexia nervosa with celiac disease has been found . The role that gastrointestinal symptoms play in the development of eating disorders seems rather complex . Some authors report that unresolved symptoms prior to gastrointestinal disease diagnosis may create a food aversion in these persons , causing alterations to their eating patterns . Other authors report that greater symptoms throughout their diagnosis led to greater risk . It has been documented that some people with celiac disease , irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease who are not conscious about the importance of strictly following their diet , choose to consume their trigger foods to promote weight loss . On the other hand , individuals with good dietary management may develop anxiety , food aversion and eating disorders because of concerns around cross contamination of their foods . Some authors suggest that medical professionals should evaluate the presence of an unrecognized celiac disease in all people with eating disorder , especially if they present any gastrointestinal symptom ( such as decreased appetite , abdominal pain , bloating , distension , vomiting , diarrhea or constipation ) , weight loss , or growth failure ; and also routinely ask celiac patients about weight or body shape concerns , dieting or vomiting for weight control , to evaluate the possible presence of eating disorders , specially in women .
Glycolysis
When glucose has been converted into G6P by hexokinase or glucokinase , it can either be converted to glucose - 1 - phosphate ( G1P ) for conversion to glycogen , or it is alternatively converted by glycolysis to pyruvate , which enters the mitochondrion where it is converted into acetyl - CoA and then into citrate . Excess citrate is exported from the mitochondrion back into to the cytosol , where ATP citrate lyase regenerates acetyl - CoA and oxaloacetate ( OAA ) . The acetyl - CoA is then used for fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis , two important ways of utilizing excess glucose when its concentration is high in blood . The rate limiting enzymes catalyzing these reactions perform these functions when they have been dephosphorylated through the action of insulin on the liver cells . Between meals , during fasting , exercise or hypoglycemia , glucagon and epinephrine are released into the blood . This causes liver glycogen to be converted back to G6P , and then converted to glucose by the liver - specific enzyme glucose 6 - phosphatase and released into the blood . Glucagon and epinephrine also stimulate gluconeogenesis , which coverts non-carbohydrate substrates into G6P , which joins the G6P derived from glycogen , or substitutes for it when the liver glycogen store have been depleted . This is critical for brain function , since the brain utilizes glucose as an energy source under most conditions . The simultaneously phosphorylation of , particularly , phosphofructokinase , but also , to a certain extent pyruvate kinase , prevents glycolysis occurring at the same time as gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis . Hexokinase
Glycogen
Muscle cell glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available glucose for muscle cells . Other cells that contain small amounts use it locally , as well . As muscle cells lack glucose - 6 - phosphatase , which is required to pass glucose into the blood , the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells . This is in contrast to liver cells , which , on demand , readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organs .
Thermal comfort
Food and drink habits may have an influence on metabolic rates , which indirectly influences thermal preferences . These effects may change depending on food and drink intake . Body shape is another factor that affects thermal comfort . Heat dissipation depends on body surface area . A tall and skinny person has a larger surface - to - volume ratio , can dissipate heat more easily , and can tolerate higher temperatures more than a person with a rounded body shape .
Autonomic nervous system
Caffeine is capable of increasing work capacity while individuals perform strenuous tasks . In one study , caffeine provoked a greater maximum heart rate while a strenuous task was being performed compared to a placebo . This tendency is likely due to caffeine 's ability to increase sympathetic nerve outflow . Furthermore , this study found that recovery after intense exercise was slower when caffeine was consumed prior to exercise . This finding is indicative of caffeine 's tendency to inhibit parasympathetic activity in non-habitual consumers . The caffeine - stimulated increase in nerve activity is likely to evoke other physiological effects as the body attempts to maintain homeostasis .
Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
Contestants train and prepare for the event in different ways . Some fast , others prefer liquid - only diets before the event . Takeru Kobayashi meditates , drinks water and eats cabbage , then fasts before the event . Several contestants , such as Ed `` Cookie '' Jarvis , aim to be `` hungry , but not too hungry '' and have a light breakfast the morning of the event .
Zinedine Zidane
In November 2010 , Zidane was appointed as a special adviser to Real Madrid 's first team in response to an appeal made by then - Real Madrid coach José Mourinho for the former Real midfielder to work more closely with the team . In his new role , Zidane was expected to participate in Champions League events and functions and was also to travel with the first team on a regular basis and participate in pre-match gatherings , training sessions and meetings with the head coach . In July 2011 , it was announced that he would become Real Madrid 's new sporting director . In 2013 , Zidane was appointed assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti at Real Madrid .
Cristiano Ronaldo
Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . ``
Sleep
A 2010 review of published scientific research suggested that exercise generally improves sleep for most people , and helps sleep disorders such as insomnia . The optimum time to exercise may be 4 to 8 hours before bedtime , though exercise at any time of day is beneficial , with the exception of heavy exercise taken shortly before bedtime , which may disturb sleep . However , there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep . Sleeping medications such as Ambien and Lunesta are an increasingly popular treatment for insomnia . Although these nonbenzodiazepine medications are generally believed to be better and safer than earlier generations of sedatives , they have still generated some controversy and discussion regarding side - effects . White noise appears to be a promising treatment for insomnia .
Boxer (dog)
Boxer are very energetic even at old ages . They need plenty of exercise which means their diet should be high in quality calories . The main source of these calories should be lean animal protein , which include lean chicken , turkey , lamb and fish .
Mount Everest
`` We estimate that during our informal survey on Everest spring 2012 , at least two - thirds of climbers we contacted were prescribed several performance enhancing drugs ( PEDs ) and had intent to use them not for rescue , but to increase their chances of summit success '' --
Testosterone
In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication , for instance in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men and breast cancer in women . Since testosterone levels decrease as men age , testosterone is sometimes used in older men to counteract this deficiency . It is also used illicitly to enhance physique and performance , for instance in athletes . For more information on testosterone as a medication , see the testosterone ( medication ) article .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid . Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs , dry beans , and nuts , such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats , as meat alternatives . These include tofu , products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy , eggs , and cheeses . For those who do not consume meat or animal products ( see Vegetarianism , veganism and Taboo food and drink ) , meat analogs , tofu , beans , lentils , chick peas , nuts and other high - protein vegetables are also included in this group . The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2 -- 3 servings per day . One serving of meat is 4 oz ( 110 g ) , about the size of a deck of cards .
Penn State Nittany Lions football
The Penn State football team has worked in coordination with Uplifting Athletes , a non-profit organization , to raise awareness and funds for the Kidney Cancer Association . In 2003 the team turned their annual weight - lifting competition into a fund - raiser when a player 's father was diagnosed with Kidney Cancer . The event that is now known as Lift for Life , has raised more than $225,000 since its inception .
Height in sports
In weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg ( 231 lb ) + group . Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort . So at professional level , it is more advantageous to have short stature .
Golf ball
A golf ball is a special ball designed to be used in the game of golf .
Rover's Morning Glory
Week 1 - Drinking a blender concoction of disgusting items including chewed bubble gum , live earth worms , tobacco juice , clam juice , anchovies , sardines , wet dog food , dry dog food , live crickets , apple cider vinegar , poached fish testicles , hot sauce , curdled milk , raw eggs , cigarette butts , and tomato juice strained through used panties . Who ever could drink the concoction quickest without puking , won . Week 2 - Targets were painted on the bare chest of each competitor . The opponent would then shoot paintballs at the target of the opponent to garner points . Highest point total won . Week 3 - Only two competitors competed in barefoot cactus soccer . The winner was determined by who scored the most goals in a finite time period . Finals Week 1 - Dieter and Dumb competed in a tackle football game , where the ground was littered with thumb tacks . The competition was named `` The Field of Screams . ''
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10 : 10 project which encourages individuals , businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues . They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint . To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models , they turned down their heating dials and took less short - haul flights among a host of other things . After working with 10 : 10 for one year , they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by 14 % .
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption ( EPOC , informally called afterburn ) is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity . In historical contexts the term `` oxygen debt '' was popularized to explain or perhaps attempt to quantify anaerobic energy expenditure , particularly as regards lactic acid / lactate metabolism ; in fact , the term `` oxygen debt '' is still widely used to this day . However , direct and indirect calorimeter experiments have definitively disproven any association of lactate metabolism as causal to an elevated oxygen uptake .
Nutrition and cognition
Foods that are rich in omega - 3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease risk of getting Alzheimer 's disease . Omega - 3 fatty acids , primarily docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , which is the most prevalent omega - 3 fatty acid found in neurons , have been studied extensively for use in possible prevention and therapy of Alzheimer 's disease . Some studies ( cross-sectional ) suggest that reduced intake or low brain levels of DHA are associated with earlier development of cognitive deficits or development of dementia , including Alzheimer 's disease . Several clinical trials suggest that omega - 3 fatty acid supplementation does not have significant effects in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease -- which in turn may suggest that the protective benefits of omega - 3 fatty acid supplementation could depend on the scope of the disease and other confounding factors . A diet that is rich in antioxidants will also help get rid of free radicals in the body , which could be a cause for Alzheimer 's . The buildup of Beta Amyloid plaques , a marker highly associated with Alzheimer 's disease , generates cell damaging free radicals . Therefore , the role of antioxidants as protectants against Alzheimer 's disease has become a hot topic of study . Simple dietary modification , towards fewer highly processed carbohydrates and relatively more fats ad cholesterol , is likely a protective measure against Alzheimer 's disease .
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
EPOC is accompanied by an elevated consumption of fuel . In response to exercise , fat stores are broken down and free fatty acids ( FFA ) are released into the blood stream . In recovery , the direct oxidation of free fatty acids as fuel and the energy consuming re-conversion of FFAs back into fat stores both take place .
Autophagy
Research suggests that autophagy is required for the lifespan - prolonging effects of caloric restriction . A 2010 French study of nematodes , mice and flies showed that inhibition of autophagy exposed cells to metabolic stress . Resveratrol and the dietary restriction prolonged the lifespan of normal , autophagy - proficient nematodes , but not of nematodes in which autophagy had been inhibited by knocking out Beclin 1 ( a known autophagic modulator ) .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
In some Western countries , Catholics have been encouraged to adopt non-dietary forms of abstinence during Lent . For example , in 2009 Monsignor Benito Cocchi , Archbishop of Modena , urged young Catholics to give up text messaging for Lent .
Semen
Some dietary supplements have been marketed with claims to increase seminal volume . Like other supplements , including so - called herbal viagra , these are not approved or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration ( as licensed medications would be ) , and none of the claims have been scientifically verified . Similar claims are made about traditional aphrodisiac foods , with an equal lack of verification .
Nickel
Dietary nickel may affect human health through infections by nickel - dependent bacteria , but it is also possible that nickel is an essential nutrient for bacteria residing in the large intestine , in effect functioning as a prebiotic . The U.S. Institute of Medicine has not confirmed that nickel is an essential nutrient for humans , so neither a Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) nor an Adequate Intake have been established . The Tolerable Upper Intake Level of dietary nickel is 1000 μg / day as soluble nickel salts . Dietary intake is estimated at 70 to 100 μg / day , with less than 10 % absorbed . What is absorbed is excreted in urine . Relatively large amounts of nickel -- comparable to the estimated average ingestion above -- leach into food cooked in stainless steel . For example , the amount of nickel leached after 10 cooking cycles into one serving of tomato sauce averages 88 μg .
Nutrition and cognition
Relatively speaking , the brain consumes an immense amount of energy in comparison to the rest of the body . The mechanisms involved in the transfer of energy from foods to neurons are likely to be fundamental to the control of brain function . Human bodily processes , including the brain , all require both macronutrients , as well as micronutrients .
Fitness culture
Leading up to and during World War II , totalitarian regimes used gymnastics as a way to promote their ideologies . Physical fitness was at the core of Nazi philosophy , and the German government financed the construction of sports and wellness facilities . In 1922 , the Nazi Party established the Hitler Youth , where children and adolescents participated in physical activities to develop both their physical and mental fitness . Nazi sports imagery served the purpose of promoting the myth of `` Aryan '' racial superiority , and in 1933 , an `` Aryans only '' policy was instituted in all German athletic organizations .
Plant breeding
There are many classical and modern breeding techniques that can be utilized for crop improvement in organic agriculture despite the ban on genetically modified organisms . For instance , controlled crosses between individuals allow desirable genetic variation to be recombined and transferred to seed progeny via natural processes . Marker assisted selection can also be employed as a diagnostics tool to facilitate selection of progeny who possess the desired trait ( s ) , greatly speeding up the breeding process . This technique has proven particularly useful for the introgression of resistance genes into new backgrounds , as well as the efficient selection of many resistance genes pyramided into a single individual . Unfortunately , molecular markers are not currently available for many important traits , especially complex ones controlled by many genes .
Tooth decay
For dental health , frequency of sugar intake is more important than the amount of sugar consumed . In the presence of sugar and other carbohydrates , bacteria in the mouth produce acids that can demineralize enamel , dentin , and cementum . The more frequently teeth are exposed to this environment , the more likely dental caries is to occur . Therefore , minimizing snacking is recommended , since snacking creates a continuous supply of nutrition for acid - creating bacteria in the mouth . Also , chewy and sticky foods ( such as candy , cookies , potato chips , and crackers ) tend to adhere to teeth longer . However , dried fruits such as raisins and fresh fruit such as apples and bananas disappear from the mouth quickly , and do not appear to be a risk factor . For children , the American Dental Association and the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry recommend limiting the frequency of consumption of drinks with sugar , and not giving baby bottles to infants during sleep ( see earlier discussion ) . Mothers are also recommended to avoid sharing utensils and cups with their infants to prevent transferring bacteria from the mother 's mouth .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Because of this , some Catholic parishes in the United States sponsor a fish fry during Lent . In predominantly Roman Catholic areas , restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu in an attempt to appeal to Roman Catholics . However , the same USCCB website says that :
Cristiano Ronaldo
In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation .