vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The rapid expansion of government programs that occurred during Roosevelt 's term redefined the role of the government in the United States , and Roosevelt 's advocacy of government social programs was instrumental in redefining liberalism for coming generations . Roosevelt firmly established the United States ' leadership role on the world stage , with his role in shaping and financing World War II . His isolationist critics faded away , and even the Republicans joined in his overall policies . He also created a new understanding of the presidency , permanently increasing the power of the president at the expense of Congress . After his death , his widow , Eleanor , continued to be a forceful presence in US and world politics , serving as delegate to the conference which established the United Nations and championing civil rights and liberalism generally . Many members of his administration played leading roles in the administrations of Truman , Kennedy and Johnson , each of whom embraced Roosevelt 's political legacy . Reflecting on Roosevelt 's presidency , `` which brought the United States through the Great Depression and World War II to a prosperous future '' , said FDR biographer Jean Edward Smith in 2007 , `` He lifted himself from a wheelchair to lift the nation from its knees . ''
Franklin D. Roosevelt
During his presidency , and continuing to a lesser extent afterwards , there has been much criticism of Roosevelt , some of it intense . Critics have questioned not only his policies , positions , and the consolidation of power that occurred due to his responses to the crises of the Depression and World War II , but also his breaking with tradition by running for a third term as president . Long after his death , new lines of attack criticized Roosevelt 's policies regarding helping the Jews of Europe , incarcerating the Japanese on the West Coast , and opposing anti-lynching legislation .
Military history of Italy during World War II
About Mussolini 's declaration of war in France , President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said :
New Deal
Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . However , Roosevelt gave a radio address , held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat , in which he explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis , what the government will do and how the population could help . He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Germany annexed Austria in 1938 , and soon turned its attention to its eastern neighbors . Roosevelt made it clear that , in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia , the U.S. would remain neutral . After completion of the Munich Agreement and the execution of Kristallnacht , American public opinion turned against Germany , and Roosevelt began preparing for a possible war with Germany . Relying on an interventionist political coalition of Southern Democrats and business - oriented Republicans , Roosevelt oversaw the expansion U.S. airpower and war production capacity .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The main foreign policy initiative of Roosevelt 's first term was the Good Neighbor Policy , which was a re-evaluation of U.S. policy towards Latin America . The United States had frequently intervened in Latin America following the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 , and the United States had occupied several Latin American nations in the Banana Wars that had occurred following the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . After Roosevelt took office , he withdrew U.S. forces from Haiti and reached new treaties with Cuba and Panama , ended their status as U.S. protectorates . In December 1933 , Roosevelt signed the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States , renouncing the right to intervene unilaterally in the affairs of Latin American countries . Roosevelt also normalized relations with the Soviet Union , which the United States had refused to recognize since the 1920s . Roosevelt hoped to renegotiate the Russian debt from World War I and open trade relations , but no progress was made on either issue , and `` both nations were soon disillusioned by the accord . ''
1935 Labor Day hurricane
On February 18 , 1939 , President Roosevelt had the opportunity to see the memorial for himself . His motorcade passed through Islamorada on the way to Key West where he was to begin a visit with the battle fleet on maneuvers . But there is no record that he made a stop ; no mention in newspaper reports , the President 's daily calendar , or in a press conference held during a lunch stop at the CCC camp on West Summerland Key ( renamed Scout Key in 2010 ) . This omission is puzzling in that he had sent a telegram to the dedication in which he expressed `` heartfelt sympathy '' and said `` the disaster which made desolate the hearts of so many of our people brought a personal sorrow to me because some years ago I knew many residents of the keys . '' The welcoming committee included Key West Mayor Willard M. Albury , and other local officials . Dedication
Franklin D. Roosevelt
After Kristallnacht in 1938 , Roosevelt helped expedite Jewish immigration from Germany and allowed Austrian and German citizens already in the United States to stay indefinitely . He was prevented from accepting more Jewish immigrants by the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924 , the prevalence of nativism and antisemitism among voters and members of Congress , and some resistance in the American Jewish community to the acceptance of Eastern European Jewish immigrants . Hitler chose to implement the `` Final Solution '' -- the extermination of the European Jewish population -- by January 1942 , and American officials learned of the scale of the Nazi extermination campaign in the following months . Against the objections of the State Department , Roosevelt convinced the other Allied leaders to jointly issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations , which condemned the ongoing Holocaust and promised to try its perpetrators as war criminals . In January 1944 , Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board to aid Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities . Aside from these actions , Roosevelt believed that the best way to help the persecuted populations of Europe was to end the war as quickly as possible . Top military leaders and War Department leaders rejected any campaign to bomb the extermination camps or the rail lines leading to the camps , fearing it would be a diversion from the war effort . According to biographer Jean Edward Smith , there is no evidence that anyone ever proposed such a campaign to Roosevelt himself .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1942 , with the United States now in the conflict , war production increased dramatically , but fell short of the goals established by the president , due in part to manpower shortages . The effort was also hindered by numerous strikes , especially among union workers in the coal mining and railroad industries , which lasted well into 1944 . Nonetheless , between 1941 and 1945 , the United States produced 2.4 million trucks , 300,000 military aircraft , 88,400 tanks , and 40 billion rounds of ammunition . The production capacity of the United States dwarfed that of other countries ; for example , in 1944 , the United States produced more military aircraft than the combined production of Germany , Japan , Britain , and the Soviet Union . The White House became the ultimate site for labor mediation , conciliation or arbitration . One particular battle royale occurred between Vice President Wallace , who headed the Board of Economic Warfare , and Jesse H. Jones , in charge of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ; both agencies assumed responsibility for acquisition of rubber supplies and came to loggerheads over funding . Roosevelt resolved the dispute by dissolving both agencies . In 1943 , Roosevelt established the Office of War Mobilization to oversee the home front ; the agency was led by James F. Byrnes , who came to be known as the `` assistant president '' due to his influence . Play
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In the 1932 presidential election , Roosevelt defeated Republican President Herbert Hoover in a landslide . Roosevelt took office while the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression , the worst economic crisis in the country 's history . During the first 100 days of the 73rd United States Congress , Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal -- a variety of programs designed to produce relief , recovery , and reform . He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs . He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance , communications , and labor , and presided over the end of Prohibition . The economy having improved rapidly from 1933 to 1936 , Roosevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936 . Even so , the economy then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937 and 1938 . After the 1936 election , Roosevelt galvanized opposition by seeking passage of the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 ( the `` court packing plan '' ) , which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States . The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of the bill and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms . Major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the Securities and Exchange Commission , the National Labor Relations Act , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Social Security .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Following his defeat in the Senate primary , Roosevelt refocused on the Navy Department . World War I broke out in July 1914 , with the Central Powers of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire seeking to defeat the Allied Powers of Britain , France , and Russia . Though he remained publicly supportive of Wilson , Roosevelt sympathized with the Preparedness Movement , whose leaders strongly favored the Allied Powers and called for a military build - up . The Wilson administration initiated an expansion of the Navy after the sinking of the RMS Lusitania by a German submarine , and Roosevelt helped establish the United States Navy Reserve and the Council of National Defense . In April 1917 , after Germany declared it would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare and attacked several U.S. ships , Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war . Congress approved the declaration of war on Germany on April 6 .
United States non-interventionism
Theodore Roosevelt 's administration is credited with inciting the Panamanian Revolt against Colombia in order to secure construction rights for the Panama Canal ( begun in 1904 ) .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Upon taking office , Roosevelt proposed the construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants and sought to address the ongoing farm crisis of the 1920s . Relations between Roosevelt and Smith suffered after Roosevelt chose not to retain key Smith appointees like Robert Moses . Roosevelt and Eleanor established a political understanding that would last for the duration of his political career ; she would dutifully serve as the governor 's wife but would also be free to pursue her own agenda and interests . He also began holding `` fireside chats '' , in which he directly addressed his constituents via the radio , often using these chats to pressure the New York State Legislature to advance his agenda . Months into his tenure , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred , and the country began sliding into the Great Depression . While President Hoover and many state governors believed that the economic crisis would subside , Roosevelt saw the seriousness of the situation and established a state employment commission . He also became the first governor to publicly endorse the idea of unemployment insurance .
Lucille Ball
In a 1944 British Pathé newsreel , titled Fund Raising for Roosevelt , Ball was featured prominently among several stage and film stars at events in support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's fundraising campaign for the March of Dimes . She stated that in the 1952 US Presidential Election , she voted for Republican Dwight Eisenhower .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's declining physical health had been kept secret from the general public . His death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world . President Truman dedicated Victory in Europe Day and its celebrations to Roosevelt 's memory , and kept the flags across the U.S. at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period , saying that his only wish was `` that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day '' . When World War II finally ended with the surrender of Japan , Truman would preside over the demobilization of the war effort and the establishment of the United Nations and other postwar institutions envisioned during Roosevelt 's presidency .
Powers of the President of the United States
On occasion , the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation . For example , President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II ; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's third term was dominated by World War II . By 1940 , re-armament was in high gear , partly to expand and re-equip the Army and Navy and partly to become the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' for Britain and other countries . With his famous Four Freedoms speech in January 1941 , Roosevelt laid out the case for an American defense of basic rights throughout the world . Assisted by Willkie , Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the Lend - Lease program , which directed massive military and economic aid to Britain and China . In sharp contrast to the loans of World War I , there would be no repayment after the war . As Roosevelt took a firmer stance against Japan , Germany , and Italy , American isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh and the America First Committee vehemently attacked Roosevelt as an irresponsible warmonger . When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend - Lease to the Soviets . Thus , Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the Allied side with a policy of `` all aid short of war . ''
Latin America
Once the German submarines attacked unarmed Brazilian trading ships , President Vargas met with the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss how they could retaliate . On January 22 , 1942 , Brazil officially ended all relations with Germany , Japan , and Italy , becoming a part of the Allies .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt presided over the establishment of several agencies and measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and others in need . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) , under the leadership of Harry Hopkins , was designed to distribute relief to state governments . The Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , under the leadership of Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes , was created to oversee the construction of large - scale public works such as dams , bridges , and schools . The most popular of all New Deal agencies -- and Roosevelt 's favorite -- was the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , which hired 250,000 unemployed young men to work on local rural projects . Roosevelt also expanded a Hoover agency , the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , making it a major source of financing for railroads and industry . Congress gave the Federal Trade Commission broad new regulatory powers and provided mortgage relief to millions of farmers and homeowners . Roosevelt also made agricultural relief a high priority and set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . The AAA tried to force higher prices for commodities by paying farmers to leave land uncultivated and to cut herds .
We Didn't Start the Fire
Harry Truman was inaugurated as U.S. president after being elected in 1948 to his second and final presidential term ; previously he was sworn in following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt . He authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan during World War II , on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . Doris Day enters the public spotlight with the films My Dream Is Yours and It 's a Great Feeling as well as popular songs like `` It 's Magic '' . Red China : The Communist Party of China wins the Chinese Civil War , establishing the People 's Republic of China . Johnnie Ray signs his first recording contract with Okeh Records , although he would not become popular for another two years . South Pacific , the prize - winning musical , opens on Broadway on April 7 . Walter Winchell is an aggressive radio and newspaper journalist credited with inventing the gossip column . Joe DiMaggio and the New York Yankees go to five World Series in the 1940s , winning four of them .
United States non-interventionism
On September 1 , 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; Britain and France subsequently declared war on Germany , marking the start of World War II . In an address to the American People two days later , President Roosevelt assured the nation that he would do all he could to keep them out of war . However , his words showed his true goals . `` When peace has been broken anywhere , the peace of all countries everywhere is in danger , '' Roosevelt said . Even though he was intent on neutrality as the official policy of the United States , he still echoed the dangers of staying out of this war . He also cautioned the American people to not let their wish to avoid war at all costs supersede the security of the nation .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt was elected in November 1932 but , like his predecessors , would not take office until the following March . After the election , Hoover sought to convince Roosevelt to renounce much of his campaign platform and to endorse the Hoover administration 's policies . Roosevelt refused Hoover 's request to develop a joint program to stop the downward economic spiral , claiming that it would tie his hands , and that Hoover had all the power to act if necessary . The economy spiraled downward until the banking system began a complete nationwide shutdown as Hoover 's term ended . Roosevelt used the transition period to select the personnel for his incoming administration , and he chose Howe as his chief of staff , Farley as Postmaster General , and Frances Perkins as Secretary of Labor . William H. Woodin , a Republican industrialist close to Roosevelt , was the choice for Secretary of the Treasury , while Roosevelt chose Senator Cordell Hull of Tennessee as Secretary of State . Harold L. Ickes and Henry A. Wallace , two progressive Republicans , were selected for the roles of Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Agriculture , respectively . In February 1933 , Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara , who expressed a `` hate for all rulers . '' Attempting to shoot Roosevelt , Zangara instead mortally wounded Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak , who was sitting alongside Roosevelt .
New Deal
The Roosevelt administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938 . Production and profits declined sharply . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in May 1937 to 19.0 % in June 1938 . The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle , but until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance . That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937 .
Great Depression
Shortly after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933 , drought and erosion combined to cause the Dust Bowl , shifting hundreds of thousands of displaced persons off their farms in the Midwest . From his inauguration onward , Roosevelt argued that restructuring of the economy would be needed to prevent another depression or avoid prolonging the current one . New Deal programs sought to stimulate demand and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending and the institution of financial reforms .
The Man in the High Castle
In the novel 's parallel history , U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt was assassinated by Giuseppe Zangara in 1934 leading to the continuation of the Great Depression and U.S. isolationism during the opening of World War II . Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany to conquer most of Europe and the Soviet Union , murdering Jews , Roma , Slavs , and other groups . Meanwhile , Imperial Japan occupied China , before taking control of India and Oceania . The Nazis then helped Italy conquer most of Africa . As Japan invaded the U.S. West Coast , Germany invaded the U.S. East Coast and most of South America . By 1947 , the U.S. and the remaining Allies surrendered to the Axis , ending the war .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt maintained contacts with the Democratic Party during the 1920s , and he remained active in New York politics while also establishing contacts in the South , particularly in Georgia . Roosevelt issued an open letter endorsing Al Smith 's successful campaign in New York 's 1922 gubernatorial election , which both aided Smith and showed Roosevelt 's continuing relevance as a political figure . Roosevelt and Smith came from different backgrounds and never fully trusted one another , but Roosevelt supported Smith 's progressive policies , while Smith was happy to have the backing of the prominent and well - respected Roosevelt . Roosevelt gave presidential nominating speeches for Smith at the 1924 and 1928 Democratic National Conventions ; the speech at the 1924 convention marked a return to public life following his illness and convalescence . The Democrats were badly divided between an urban wing , led by Smith , and a conservative , rural wing , led by William Gibbs McAdoo , and the party suffered a landslide defeat in the 1924 presidential election . Like many others throughout the United States , Roosevelt did not abstain from alcohol during the Prohibition era , but publicly he sought to find a compromise on Prohibition acceptable to both wings of the party .
History of Mexico
Mexico played a relatively minor role militarily in World War Two in terms of sending troops , but there were other opportunities for Mexico to contribute significantly . Relations between Mexico and the U.S. had been warming in the 1930s , particularly after U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt implemented the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin American countries . Even before the outbreak of hostilities between the Axis and Allied powers , Mexico aligned itself firmly with the United States , initially as a proponent of `` belligerent neutrality '' which the U.S. followed prior to the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941 . Mexico sanctioned businesses and individuals identified by the U.S. government as being supporters of the Axis powers ; in August 1941 , Mexico broke off economic ties with Germany , then recalled its diplomats from Germany , and closed the German consulates in Mexico . The Confederation of Mexican Workers ( CTM ) and the Confederation of Mexican Peasants ( CNC ) staged massive rallies in support of the government . Immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , Mexico went on a war footing .