vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy 's last remaining blockade - running port , Wilmington , North Carolina , was lost . When the Union broke through Lee 's lines at Petersburg , Richmond fell immediately . Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House , Virginia , on April 9 , 1865 . `` The Surrender '' marked the end of the Confederacy . The CSS Stonewall sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March ; on making Havana , Cuba it surrendered . Some high officials escaped to Europe , but President Davis was captured May 10 ; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865 . The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without post-surrender insurgency or guerrilla warfare against them , but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence , feuding and revenge killings . The last confederate military unit , the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah , surrendered on November 6 , 1865 in Liverpool .
Spanish–American War
The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation
Confederate States of America
In late 1861 the seizure of two senior Confederate diplomats aboard a British ship by the U.S. navy outraged Britain and led to a war scare in the Trent Affair . Queen Victoria insisted on giving the Americans an exit route and Lincoln took it , releasing the two diplomats . Tensions cooled , and the Confederacy gained no advantage . In recent years most historians argue that the risk of actual war over the Trent Affair was small , because it would have hurt both sides . Lord
Confederate States of America
In April 1863 , the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy , many of whom were British . Wilmington and Charleston had more shipping while `` blockaded '' than before the beginning of hostilities . The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce destroying cruisers , which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900 % . Commodore Tattnall unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad again in 1863 . Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad CSS Albemarle engaged Union gunboats and sank or cleared them for six months on the Roanoke River North Carolina . The Federals closed Mobile Bay by sea - based amphibious assault in August , ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River . In December , the Battle of Nashville ended Confederate operations in the western theater .
Flag of the United States
This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments ; the US flag was largely a `` military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory '' that rarely appeared outside of forts , embassies , and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April of 1861 , when Major Robert Anderson was forced to surrender Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor to Confederates . Anderson was celebrated in the North as a hero and U.S. citizens throughout Northern states co-opted the national flag to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism :
American Civil War
Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
Even before the war , British Prime Minister Viscount Palmerston urged a policy of neutrality . His international concerns were centred in Europe , where he had to watch both Napoleon III 's ambitions in Europe and Otto von Bismarck 's rise in Germany . During the Civil War , British reactions to American events were shaped by past British policies and their own national interests , both strategically and economically . In the Western Hemisphere , as relations with the United States improved , Britain had become cautious about confronting the US over issues in Central America . As a naval power , Britain had a long record of insisting that neutral nations abide by its blockades , a perspective that led from the earliest days of the war to de facto support for the Union blockade and frustration in the South .
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States . Historian Mark Neely found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total . The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North . Neely argues :
Confederate States of America
( See also Atlanta in the Civil War , Charleston , South Carolina , in the Civil War , Nashville in the Civil War , New Orleans in the Civil War , Wilmington , North Carolina , in the American Civil War , and Richmond in the Civil War ) .
Confederate States of America
Indian Territory was never formally ceded into the Confederacy by American Indian councils , but like Missouri and Kentucky , the Five Civilized Nations received representation in the Confederate Congress and their citizens were integrated into regular Confederate Army units . After 1863 the tribal governments sent representatives to the Confederate Congress : Elias Cornelius Boudinot representing the Cherokee and Samuel Benton Callahan representing the Seminole and Creek people . The Cherokee Nation , aligning with the Confederacy , alleged northern violations of the Constitution , waging war against slavery commercial and political interests , abolishing slavery in the Indian Territory , and that the North intended to seize additional Indian lands . Capitals
Border states (American Civil War)
During the war , a faction known as the Russellville Convention formed a Confederate government of Kentucky , which was recognized by the Confederate States of America as a member state . Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag .
Confederate States of America
Unionism was widespread in the Confederacy , especially in the mountain regions of Appalachia and the Ozarks . Unionists , led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson , took control of eastern Tennessee in 1863 . Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia but never effectively held more than half the counties that formed the new state of West Virginia . Map
American Civil War
Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union
New Mexico
New Mexico played a role in the Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory . In 1861 , the Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own Arizona Territory and waged the ambitious New Mexico Campaign in an attempt to control the American Southwest and open up access to Union California . Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862 . However , the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas , and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war . Additionally , more than 8,000 men from New Mexico Territory served in the Union Army .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
During its existence , the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe ; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills . James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria , and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III . Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials , but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy . Britain and the US were at sword 's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861 . Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship . Queen Victoria 's husband , Prince Albert , helped calm the situation , and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell and so the episode was no help to the Confederacy .
Turning point of the American Civil War
By mid-1861 , eleven states had seceded , but four more slave - owning states remained in the Union -- Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware . Kentucky was considered the most at risk ; the state legislature had declared neutrality in the dispute , which was seen as a moderately pro-Confederate stance . The loss of Kentucky might have been catastrophic because of its control of the strategic Tennessee and Ohio Rivers and its position from which the vital state of Ohio could be invaded . Lincoln wrote , `` I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . ''
History of New York (state)
Due to New York City 's trade ties to the South , there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the American Civil War and the mayor proposed secession . Far from any of the battles , New York ultimately sent the most men and money to support the Union cause . Thereafter , the state helped create the industrial age and consequently was home to some of the first labor unions .
Confederate States of America
With the chaos of the war , a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy . The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation , especially to and from the men who were away serving in an army . Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons . Because of the Union blockade , basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy . Volumes of material have been written about the Blockade runners who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol , usually at night , and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war . Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is Prisoner of War mail and Blockade mail as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities . The postal history of the Confederacy along with surviving Confederate mail has helped historians document the various people , places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded .
American Civil War
After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union .
American Civil War
The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward , who at the time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , Fort Taylor and Fort Sumter , located at the cockpit of secession in Charleston , South Carolina .
American Civil War
Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky .
American Civil War
From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation
Confederate States of America
Across the South , widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection . Patrols were stepped up . The slaves did become increasingly independent , and resistant to punishment , but historians agree there were no insurrections . In the invaded areas , insubordination was more the norm than loyalty to the old master ; Bell Wiley says , `` It was not disloyalty , but the lure of freedom . '' Many slaves became spies for the North , and large numbers ran away to federal lines .
American Civil War
As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress .
American Civil War
However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South .
Confederate States of America
The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important , as the Confederate `` freedom of roll - call voting ( was ) unprecedented in American legislative history . Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to ( 1 ) suspension of habeas corpus , ( 2 ) military concerns such as control of state militia , conscription and exemption , ( 3 ) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves , goods and scorched earth , and ( 4 ) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace .
United States presidential election, 1860
Despite minimal support in the South , Lincoln won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote . The divisions among the Republicans ' opponents were not in themselves decisive in ensuring the Republican capture of the White House , as Lincoln received absolute majorities in states that combined for a majority of the electoral votes . Lincoln 's main opponent in the North was Douglas , who finished second in several states but only won the slave state of Missouri and three electors from the free state of New Jersey . Bell won three Southern states , while Breckinridge swept the remainder of the South . The election of Lincoln led to the secession of several states in the South , and the Civil War would begin with the Battle of Fort Sumter . The election was the first of six consecutive victories for the Republican Party .
Confederate States of America
Confederate military policy innovated to slow the invaders , but at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure . The Confederates burned bridges , laid land mines in the roads , and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines ( called `` torpedos '' at the time ) . Coulter reports :
Vermont
During the American Civil War , Vermont sent 33,288 men into United States service . 5,224 Vermonters , over 15 % , were killed or mortally wounded in action or died of disease .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
To a large extent , the American Civil War was fought in cities and farms of Tennessee , as only Virginia saw more battles . However , Tennessee is the only state to have major battles or skirmishes fought in every single county . Tennessee was the last of the Southern states to declare secession from the Union as a substantial portion of the population were against secession , but saw more than its share of the devastation resulting from years of warring armies criss - crossing the state . Its rivers were key arteries to the Deep South , and , from the early days of the war , Union efforts focused on securing control of those transportation routes , as well as major roads and mountain passes such as the Cumberland Gap . Tennessee was also considered `` the Bread Basket '' of the Confederacy , for its rich farmland that fed both armies during the war .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
East Tennessee thus came under Confederate control from 1861 to 1863 . Nevertheless East Tennessee supplied significant numbers of troops to the Federal army . ( See also Nickajack ) . Many East Tennesseans engaged in guerrilla warfare against state authorities by burning bridges , cutting telegraph wires , and spying for the North . East Tennessee became an early base for the Republican Party in the South . Strong support for the Union challenged the Confederate commanders who controlled East Tennessee for most of the war . Generals Felix K. Zollicoffer , Edmund Kirby Smith , and Sam Jones oscillated between harsh measures and conciliatory gestures to gain support , but had little success whether they arrested hundreds of Unionist leaders or allowed men to escape the Confederate draft . Union forces finally captured the region in 1863 .
Border states (American Civil War)
After years of small - scale civil war , Kansas was admitted into the Union as a free state under the `` Wyandotte Constitution '' on January 29 , 1861 . Most people gave strong support to the Union cause . However , guerrilla warfare and raids from pro-slavery forces , many spilling over from Missouri , occurred during the Civil War . Although only one battle of official forces occurred in Kansas , there were 29 Confederate raids into the state during the war and numerous deaths caused by the guerrillas . Lawrence came under attack on August 21 , 1863 , by guerrillas led by William Clarke Quantrill . He was retaliating for `` Jayhawker '' raids against pro-Confederate settlements in Missouri . His forces left more than 150 people dead in Lawrence .
Confederate States of America
Many thousands of slaves served as laborers , cooks , and pioneers . Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy , primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina , but their officers deployed them for `` local defense , not combat '' . Depleted by casualties and desertions , the military suffered chronic manpower shortages . In early 1865 , the Confederate Congress , influenced by the public support by General Lee , approved the recruitment of black infantry units . Contrary to Lee 's and Davis 's recommendations , the Congress refused `` to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers '' . No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised . Raising
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Refugees poured into Nashville during the war , because jobs were plentiful in the depots , warehouses and hospitals serving the war effort , and furthermore the city was much safer place than the countryside . Unionists and Confederate sympathizers both flooded in , as did free blacks and escaped slaves , and businessmen from the North .
American Civil War
Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling .
American Civil War
The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . ''