vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the United Kingdom
The Lloyd George ministry fell apart in 1922 . Stanley Baldwin , as leader of the Conservative Party ( 1923 -- 37 ) and as Prime Minister ( in 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 29 and 1935 -- 37 ) , dominated British politics . His mixture of strong social reforms and steady government proved a powerful election combination , with the result that the Conservatives governed Britain either by themselves or as the leading component of the National Government . He was the last party leader to win over 50 % of the vote ( in the general election of 1931 ) . Baldwin 's political strategy was to polarize the electorate so that voters would choose between the Conservatives on the right and the Labour Party on the left , squeezing out the Liberals in the middle . The polarization did take place and while the Liberals remained active under Lloyd George , they won few seats and were a minor factor until they joined a coalition with the Conservatives in 2010 . Baldwin 's reputation soared in the 1920s and 1930s , but crashed after 1945 as he was blamed for the appeasement policies toward Germany , and as admirers of Churchill made him the Conservative icon . Since the 1970s Baldwin 's reputation has recovered somewhat .
Windsor Castle
George IV came to the throne in 1820 intending to create a set of royal palaces that reflected his wealth and influence as the ruler of an increasingly powerful Britain . George 's previous houses , Carlton House and the Brighton Pavilion were too small for grand court events , even after expensive extensions . George expanded the Royal Lodge in the castle park whilst he was Prince Regent , and then began a programme of work to modernise the castle itself once he became king .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
In the aftermath of the attack on Fort Sumter , Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and began to imprison suspected Confederate sympathizers . In 1861 , Seward set up a special office in the State Department designed to monitor internal security , and the federal government and local police officers worked together to suppress those suspected of actively supporting the Confederacy . Among those imprisoned was John Merryman , an officer of the Maryland militia who had cut telegraph lines leading to Washington . In the subsequent case of Ex parte Merryman , Chief Justice Taney asserted that only Congress had the right to suspend habeas corpus . In a message to Congress delivered in July 1861 , Lincoln responded by arguing that his actions had been constitutional and necessary given the threat posed by the Confederacy . Congress later passed the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863 , which provided congressional authorization to the president to suspend habeas corpus and placed limits on the administration 's ability to indefinitely hold prisoners .
Labour Party (UK)
The financial crisis grew worse and decisive government action was needed as the leaders of both the Conservative and Liberal Parties met with King George V , and MacDonald , at first to discuss support for the spending cuts but later to discuss the shape of the next government . The king played the central role in demanding a National government be formed . On 24 August , MacDonald agreed to form a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence . The new cabinet had four Labourites ( who formed a `` National Labour '' group ) who stood with MacDonald , plus four Conservatives ( led by Baldwin , Chamberlain ) and two Liberals . MacDonald 's moves aroused great anger among a large majority of Labour Party activists who felt betrayed . Labour unions were strongly opposed and the Labour Party officially repudiated the new National government . It expelled MacDonald and his supporters and made Henderson the leader of the main Labour party . Henderson led it into the general election on 27 October against the three - party National coalition . It was a disaster for Labour , which was reduced to a small minority of 52 seats . The Conservative dominated National Government , led by MacDonald won the largest landslide in British political history .
Political party
As the century wore on , the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge . The Whig party 's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants . As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch 's power , the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty , and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants , or dissenters . A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke , and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The British Prime Minister , the Duke of Newcastle , had acceded to the premiership in 1754 following the sudden death of his brother Henry Pelham , and led a government made up largely of Whigs . Newcastle had thirty years ' experience as a Secretary of State and was a leading figure on the diplomatic scene . Despite enjoying a comfortable majority in the House of Commons he was extremely cautious and vulnerable to attacks led by men such as William Pitt , leader of the Patriot Party . Newcastle fervently believed that peace in Europe was possible so long as the `` Old System '' and the alliance with Austria prevailed and devoted much of his efforts to the continuance of this .
Townshend Acts
In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also sent a letter to Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard , instructing him to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter . By a vote of 92 to 17 , the House refused to comply , and Bernard promptly dissolved the legislature .
English Reformation
On 28 June 1540 Cromwell , Henry 's longtime advisor and loyal servant , was executed . Different reasons were advanced : that Cromwell would not enforce the Act of Six Articles ; that he had supported Barnes , Latimer and other heretics ; and that he was responsible for Henry 's marriage to Anne of Cleves , his fourth wife . Many other arrests under the Act followed . Cranmer lay low .
Clan Munro
In 1495 King James of Scotland assembled an army at Glasgow and many of the Highland chiefs made their submissions to him , including the Munro and Mackenzie chiefs . In 1497 MacDonald of Lochalsh rebelled against the king , invading the lands of Ross - shire where , according to early 19th - century historian Donald Gregory , he was defeated at the Battle of Drumchatt by the Munros and Mackenzies . However late 19th - century historian Alexander Mackenzie disputes the Munros ' presence at the battle of 1497 , quoting 17th - century historian Sir Robert Gordon whose account does not include the Munros . Alexander Mackenzie states that the Munros and Mackenzies actually fought each other at Drumchatt in 1501 .
English Civil War
Unable to raise revenue without Parliament and unwilling to convene it , Charles resorted to other means . One method was reviving certain conventions , often long - outdated . For example , a failure to attend and to receive knighthood at Charles 's coronation was a finable offence with the fine paid to the Crown . The King also tried to raise revenue through the ship money tax , by exploiting a naval - war scare in 1635 , demanding that the inland English counties pay the tax for the Royal Navy . Established law supported this policy , but authorities had ignored it for centuries , and many regarded it as yet another extra-Parliamentary ( and therefore illegal ) tax . Some prominent men refused to pay ship money , arguing that the tax was illegal , but they lost in court , and the fines imposed on them for refusing to pay ship money ( and for standing against the tax 's legality ) aroused widespread indignation .
Townshend Acts
The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act of 1767 , which was intended to make the tea of the British East India Company more competitive with smuggled Dutch tea . The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to England , allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies . This tax cut in England would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies . The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of writs of assistance , or general search warrants , which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
For all his contributions , Walpole was not a Prime Minister in the modern sense . The King -- not Parliament -- chose him ; and the King -- not Walpole -- chose the Cabinet . Walpole set an example , not a precedent , and few followed his example . For over 40 years after Walpole 's fall in 1742 , there was widespread ambivalence about the position . In some cases , the Prime Minister was a figurehead with power being wielded by other individuals ; in others there was a reversion to the `` chief minister '' model of earlier times in which the Sovereign actually governed . At other times , there appeared to be two Prime Ministers . During Britain 's participation in the Seven Years ' War , for example , the powers of government were divided equally between the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham , leading to them both alternatively being described as Prime Minister . Furthermore , many thought that the title `` Prime Minister '' usurped the Sovereign 's constitutional position as `` head of the government '' and that it was an affront to other ministers because they were all appointed by and equally responsible to the Sovereign .
Cornwallis in India
Another area of reform that Cornwallis implemented was the reduction of nepotism and political favouritism as means for advancement and positions within the company . Seeking instead to advance the company 's interests , he sought out and promoted individuals on the basis of merit , even refusing requests by the Prince of Wales to assist individuals in the latter 's good graces .
Townshend Acts
On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized the Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . With John Adams serving as his lawyer , Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice-admiralty court , but the charges were eventually dropped .
Norman conquest of England
After his victory at Hastings , William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders , but instead Edgar the Ætheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot , with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar , Stigand , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and Ealdred , the Archbishop of York . William therefore advanced , marching around the coast of Kent to London . He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark , but being unable to storm London Bridge he sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route .
Parliamentary sovereignty
During the 17th century in England , a notion developed that Parliament ( made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons ) shared in sovereignty with the King , based on an entirely erroneous notion of the history of parliament . It was not until the changing of the Coronation Oath in the Coronation Oath Act 1688 as part of the Glorious Revolution that Parliament was recognised as part of the constitutional structure , with laws being considered to emanate from Parliament and not just the King . The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 were passed the following year which asserted certain rights of the Parliaments of England ( which at the time included Wales ) and Scotland and limited the powers of the monarch . Furthermore , in 1698 parliament created the Civil List , a financial arrangement that left the monarch reliant on parliament for income .
Boston Tea Party
The North ministry 's solution was the Tea Act , which received the assent of King George on May 10 , 1773 . This act restored the East India Company 's full refund on the duty for importing tea into Britain , and also permitted the company , for the first time , to export tea to the colonies on its own account . This would allow the company to reduce costs by eliminating the middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London . Instead of selling to middlemen , the company now appointed colonial merchants to receive the tea on consignment ; the consignees would in turn sell the tea for a commission . In July 1773 , tea consignees were selected in New York , Philadelphia , Boston , and Charleston .
Restoration (England)
The Glorious Revolution ended the Restoration . The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) . William 's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England , James ' daughter .
Jury trial
If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands , liberties , or anything else in England or in Wales , without the lawful judgement of their equals , these are at once to be returned to them . A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals . English law shall apply to holdings of land in England , Welsh law to those in Wales , and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches . The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way .
English Reformation
Outwardly , the destruction and removals for sale had changed the church forever . Many churches had concealed their vestments and their silver , and had buried their stone altars . There were many disputes between the government and parishes over church property . Thus , when Edward died in July 1553 and the Duke of Northumberland attempted to have the Protestant Lady Jane Grey made Queen , the unpopularity of the confiscations gave Mary the opportunity to have herself proclaimed Queen , first in Suffolk , and then in London to the acclamation of the crowds .
Battle of Long Island
Lee remained in New York City until March , when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina ; the defenses ' construction was left to General William Alexander ( Lord Stirling ) . Troops were in limited supply , so Washington found the defenses incomplete , but Lee had concluded that it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea . He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict heavy casualties upon the British if any move was made to take and hold ground . Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city , and the bastion of Fort Stirling across the East River in Brooklyn Heights , facing the city . Lee also saw that the immediate area was cleared of Loyalists .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
In 2010 , Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather Charles Lightoller claimed that the helmsman Robert Hitchens initially panicked and turned the rudder the wrong way and that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered the boat to continue `` Slow Ahead '' in the belief that Titanic was unsinkable . This , allegedly , had never been revealed because of the insurance implications . Diagram
Whigs (British political party)
Until the decline of the Liberal Party in the early 20th century , it was de rigueur for Liberal MPs and Peers to be members of the Reform Club , being regarded as an unofficial party headquarters . However , in 1882 the National Liberal Club was established under William Ewart Gladstone 's chairmanship , designed to be more `` inclusive '' towards Liberal grandees and activists throughout the United Kingdom .
House of Lords
By contrast with the House of Commons , the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for putting sanctions on its members . When a cash for influence scandal was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009 , the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members . After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern , the committee decided that the House `` possessed an inherent power '' to suspend errant members , although not to withhold a writ of summons nor to expel a member permanently . When the House subsequently suspended Lord Truscott and Lord Taylor of Blackburn for their role in the scandal , they were the first to meet this fate since 1642 .
History of the United Kingdom
The Stuart line died with Anne in 1714 , although a die - hard faction with French support supported pretenders . The Elector of Hanover became king as George I ( 1714 -- 1727 ) . He paid more attention to Hanover and surrounded himself with Germans , making him an unpopular king . However he did build up the army and created a more stable political system in Britain and helped bring peace to northern Europe . Jacobite factions seeking a Stuart restoration remained strong ; they instigated a revolt in 1715 -- 1716 . The son of James II planned to invade England , but before he could do so , John Erskine , Earl of Mar , launched an invasion from Scotland , which was easily defeated .
Women's March on Versailles
No one understood this so viscerally as the king himself . After arriving at the dilapidated Tuileries Palace , abandoned since the reign of Louis XIV , he was asked for his orders and he replied with uncharacteristic diffidence , `` Let everyone put himself where he pleases ! '' Then , with a sullen poignancy , he asked for a history of the deposed Charles I of England to be brought from the library .
Quit India Movement
The movement had less support in the princely states , as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition .
The Emergency (India)
Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court 's decision in the Supreme Court . Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer , on 24 June 1975 , upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped , and that she be debarred from voting . However , she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal . JP Narayan and Morarji Desai called for daily anti-government protests . The next day , JP organised a large rally in Delhi , where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was Mahatma Gandhi 's motto during the freedom struggle . Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country . Later that day , Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to issue a proclamation of a state of emergency . Within three hours , the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition arrested . The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet , who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning .
Subhas Chandra Bose
By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President. He stood for unqualified Swaraj ( self - governance ) , including the use of force against the British . This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi , who in fact opposed Bose 's presidency , splitting the Indian National Congress party . Bose attempted to maintain unity , but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet . The rift also divided Bose and Nehru . Bose appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher . He was elected president again over Gandhi 's preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya . U. Muthuramalingam Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute . Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose . However , due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi - led clique in the Congress Working Committee , Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency .
Quit India Movement
Mukherjee reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government , along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha , would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this :
India
A two - year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996 . Several short - lived alliances shared power at the centre . The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996 ; it was followed by two comparatively long - lasting United Front coalitions , which depended on external support . In 1998 , the BJP was able to form a successful coalition , the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) . Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the NDA became the first non-Congress , coalition government to complete a five - year term . In the 2004 Indian general elections , again no party won an absolute majority , but the Congress emerged as the largest single party , forming another successful coalition : the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) . It had the support of left - leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP . The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers , and it no longer required external support from India 's communist parties . That year , Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five - year term . In the 2014 general election , the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without the support of other parties . The Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi , who was formerly Chief Minister of Gujarat . On 20 July 2017 , Ram Nath Kovind was elected India 's 14th President and took the oath of office on 25 July 2017 .
The Emergency (India)
However , the claims of RSS leaders have been contested by some political observers like political scientist Professor DL Sheth , who is Honorary Senior Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies . He goes on to say these organisations have never borne the brunt Indira 's oppressive regime . He argues that the RSS projects itself as the champion of anti-Emergency struggle because it was a lifeline for them . This is the only thing they have to celebrate . ( 1 ) In an article which appeared in the Hindu daily in 2000 , Dr. Subrahmanian Swamy , who is currently an MP in the Upper House of Indian Parliament , representing the BJP , and who is known to have waged a war against Indira 's autocracy , had alleged that several Sangh leaders were hobnobbing with Indira . He added that the Sangh , at the instance of Vajpayee , even went farther to sign a peace accord with Indira Gandhi. ( 2 )