vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ode on a Grecian Urn
On the one hand there are very many people who , if they read any poetry at all , try to take all its statements seriously -- and find them silly ... This may seem an absurd mistake but , alas ! it is none the less common . On the other hand there are those who succeed too well , who swallow ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty ... , ' as the quintessence of an aesthetic philosophy , not as the expression of a certain blend of feelings , and proceed into a complete stalemate of muddle - mindedness as a result of their linguistic naivety .
Shakespeare's reputation
After Ben Jonson pioneered the canonisation of modern plays by printing his own works in folio ( the luxury book format ) in 1616 , Shakespeare was the next playwright to be honoured by a folio collection , in 1623 . That this folio went into another edition within 9 years indicates he was held in unusually high regard for a playwright . The dedicatory poems by Ben Jonson and John Milton in the 2nd folio were the first to suggest Shakespeare was the supreme poet of his age . These expensive reading editions are the first visible sign of a rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare for readers , a rift that was to widen over the next two centuries . In his 1630 work ' Timber ' or ' Discoveries ' , Ben Jonson praised the speed and ease with which Shakespeare wrote his plays as well as his contemporary 's honesty and gentleness towards others .
One Thousand and One Nights
Modern authors influenced by the Nights include James Joyce , Marcel Proust , Jorge Luis Borges and John Barth .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The most commonly suggested candidate for authorship is John Massey of Cotton , Cheshire . He is known to have lived in the dialect region of the Pearl Poet and is thought to have written the poem St. Erkenwald , which some scholars argue bears stylistic similarities to Gawain . St. Erkenwald , however , has been dated by some scholars to a time outside the Gawain poet 's era . Thus , ascribing authorship to John Massey is still controversial and most critics consider the Gawain poet an unknown .
Haiku
Subsequent to Paul - Louis Couchoud 's popularisation of the form in France through his essays and translations , the next major haiku collection to appear there was the sequence of war poems by Julien Vocance , Cent visions de guerre ( 1916 ) . Later haiku by him were included among the work of the twelve published together in the Nouvelle Revue Française ( No. 84 , September 1920 ) , among whom was the young Paul Éluard . This was followed by the anthology Le Haïkaï Français in 1923 .
Shakespeare's reputation
In his own time , William Shakespeare ( 1564 -- 1616 ) was rated as merely one among many talented playwrights and poets , but since the late 17th century he has been considered the supreme playwright and poet of the English language .
Shakespeare's reputation
The belief in the unappreciated 18th - century Shakespeare was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century by the Romantics , in support of their view of 18th - century literary criticism as mean , formal , and rule - bound , which was contrasted with their own reverence for the poet as prophet and genius . Such ideas were most fully expressed by German critics such as Goethe and the Schlegel brothers . Romantic critics such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Hazlitt raised admiration for Shakespeare to worship or even `` bardolatry '' ( a sarcastic coinage from bard + idolatry by George Bernard Shaw in 1901 , meaning excessive or religious worship of Shakespeare ) . To compare him to other Renaissance playwrights at all , even for the purpose of finding him superior , began to seem irreverent . Shakespeare was rather to be studied without any involvement of the critical faculty , to be addressed or apostrophised -- almost prayed to -- by his worshippers , as in Thomas De Quincey 's classic essay `` On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth '' ( 1823 ) : `` O , mighty poet ! Thy works are not as those of other men , simply and merely great works of art ; but are also like the phenomena of nature , like the sun and the sea , the stars and the flowers , -- like frost and snow , rain and dew , hail - storm and thunder , which are to be studied with entire submission of our own faculties ... '' .
Anthony Eden
Eden was notoriously `` unclubbable '' and offended Churchill by declining to join The Other Club . He also declined honorary membership in the Athenaeum . However , he maintained friendly relations with Opposition MPs ; for example , George Thomas received a kind two - page letter from Eden on learning that his stepfather had died . Eden was a Trustee of the National Gallery ( in succession to MacDonald ) between 1935 and 1949 . He also had a deep knowledge of Persian poetry and of Shakespeare and would bond with anybody who could display similar knowledge .
E. E. Cummings
Cummings is known for controversial subject matter , as he wrote numerous erotic poems .
James Russell Lowell
Lowell was elected the poet of the class of 1838 and , as was tradition , was asked to recite an original poem on Class Day , the day before Commencement on July 17 , 1838 . He was suspended , however , and not allowed to participate . Instead , his poem was printed and made available thanks to subscriptions paid by his classmates . He had composed the poem in Concord , where he had been exiled by the Harvard faculty to the care of the Rev. Barzallai Frost because of his neglect of his studies . During his stay in Concord , he became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and got to know the other Transcendentalists . His Class Day poem satirized the social movements of the day ; abolitionists , Thomas Carlyle , Emerson , and the Transcendentalists were treated .
The Raven
In part due to its dual printing , `` The Raven '' made Edgar Allan Poe a household name almost immediately , and turned Poe into a national celebrity . Readers began to identify poem with poet , earning Poe the nickname `` The Raven '' . The poem was soon widely reprinted , imitated , and parodied . Though it made Poe popular in his day , it did not bring him significant financial success . As he later lamented , `` I have made no money . I am as poor now as ever I was in my life -- except in hope , which is by no means bankable '' .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Poet and critic T.S. Eliot , in his 1929 `` Dante '' essay , responded to Richards :
Dejection: An Ode
Rosemary Ashton believes that `` Coleridge 's special genius scarcely surfaced , though it would do so once more in his great poem ' Dejection : An Ode ' '' .
Romanticism
Other notable figures of Portuguese Romanticism are the famous novelists Camilo Castelo Branco and Júlio Dinis , and Soares de Passos , Bulhão Pato and Pinheiro Chagas .
One-hit wonder
Other examples of classical one - hit wonders are Vittorio Monti 's Csárdás , Enrico Toselli 's Serenata ' Rimpianto ' Op. 6 No. 1 , popularly known as `` Toselli 's Serenade '' , and Jean Paul Egide Martini 's Plaisir d'Amour .
Haiku
Buson is recognized as one of the greatest masters of haiga ( an art form where painting is combined with haiku or haikai prose ) . His affection for painting can be seen in the painterly style of his haiku .
Dada
Dada in itself was relatively unknown in Russia , however , avant - garde art was widespread due to the Bolshevik 's revolutionary agenda . The Nichevoki ( ru ) , a literary group sharing Dadaist ideals achieved infamy after one of its members suggested that Vladimir Mayakovsky should go to the `` Pampushka '' ( Pameatnik Pushkina -- Pushkin monument ) on the `` Tverbul '' ( Tverskoy Boulevard ) to clean the shoes of anyone who desired it , after Mayakovsky declared that he was going to cleanse Russian literature .
First they came ...
The best - known versions of the speech are the poems that began circulating by the 1950s . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum quotes the following text as one of the many poetic versions of the speech :
Seven virtues
A list of seven virtues that oppose the seven deadly sins appeared later in an epic poem titled Psychomachia , or Battle / Contest of the Soul . Written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius , a Christian governor who died around 410 AD , it entails the battle between good virtues and evil vices . The enormous popularity of this work in the Middle Ages helped to spread the concept of holy virtue throughout Europe .
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens ( / ˈdɪkɪnz / ; 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity .
Kīlauea
Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Volcano of Ki - Rau - E-A , a poem by L.E.L.
Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character that uses it . Friar Lawrence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech .
Indigenous Australians
Many notable works have been written by non-indigenous Australians on Aboriginal themes . Examples include the poems of Judith Wright ; The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith by Thomas Keneally and the short story by David Malouf : `` The Only Speaker of his Tongue '' .
Prometheus
Prometheus is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , in which a character based on the mythic Prometheus addresses God ( as Zeus ) in a romantic and misotheist tone of accusation and defiance . The poem was written between 1772 and 1774 . It was first published fifteen years later in 1789 . It is an important work as it represents one of the first encounters of the Prometheus myth with the literary Romantic movement identified with Goethe and with the Sturm und Drang movement .
Israel
In 1966 , Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs . Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai , Nathan Alterman , Leah Goldberg , and Rachel Bluwstein . Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz , Etgar Keret and David Grossman . The Israeli - Arab satirist Sayed Kashua ( who writes in Hebrew ) is also internationally known . Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers : Emile Habibi , whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed : The Pessoptimist , and other writings , won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature ; and Mahmoud Darwish , considered by many to be `` the Palestinian national poet . '' Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel , but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization .
Dejection: An Ode
Coleridge wrote in his notebook about Hutchinson and possible poems : `` Can see nothing extraordinary in her -- a Poem nothing all the virtues of the mild & retired kind ( ... ) Poem on this night on Helvellin / William & Dorothy & Mary / -- Sara & I -- ( ... ) Poem on the length of our acquaintance / all the hours that I have been thinking of her &c . '' During this time in 1802 , Coleridge was separated from his family and he eventually returned home during March . The relationship between him and his wife was restarted and they had a daughter in December 1802 . However , of the poems he intended to write about Hutchinson , he managed to complete one and an early draft was sent to her in a letter on 4 April 1802 .
Hamlet
English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . ''
Russian culture
Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for animation films , or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko ( Ilya Muromets , Sadko ) and Aleksandr Rou ( Morozko , Vasilisa the Beautiful ) . Some Russian poets , including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov , created a number of well - known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales , and in some cases , like that of Alexander Pushkin , also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular .
Medieval music
One of the most important extant sources of Ars Subtilior chansons is the Chantilly Codex . For information about specific composers writing music in Ars subtilior style , see Anthonello de Caserta , Philippus de Caserta ( aka Philipoctus de Caserta ) , Johannes Ciconia , Matteo da Perugia , Lorenzo da Firenze , Grimace , Jacob Senleches , and Baude Cordier .
Romanticism
Though they have modern critical champions such as György Lukács , Scott 's novels are today more likely to be experienced in the form of the many operas that composers continued to base on them over the following decades , such as Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor and Vincenzo Bellini 's I puritani ( both 1835 ) . Byron is now most highly regarded for his short lyrics and his generally unromantic prose writings , especially his letters , and his unfinished satire Don Juan . Unlike many Romantics , Byron 's widely publicised personal life appeared to match his work , and his death at 36 in 1824 from disease when helping the Greek War of Independence appeared from a distance to be a suitably Romantic end , entrenching his legend . Keats in 1821 and Shelley in 1822 both died in Italy , Blake ( at almost 70 ) in 1827 , and Coleridge largely ceased to write in the 1820s . Wordsworth was by 1820 respectable and highly regarded , holding a government sinecure , but wrote relatively little . In the discussion of English literature , the Romantic period is often regarded as finishing around the 1820s , or sometimes even earlier , although many authors of the succeeding decades were no less committed to Romantic values .
Haiku
Bashō was deified by both the imperial government and Shinto religious headquarters one hundred years after his death because he raised the haikai genre from a playful game of wit to sublime poetry . He continues to be revered as a saint of poetry in Japan , and is the one name from classical Japanese literature that is familiar throughout the world .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday The Boo Radleys Symposium Catatonia Silver Sun Cake Simon Warner Luna Earl Brutus Pecadiloes Mainstream Eels The Wannadies Gorky 's Zygotic Mynci Death in Vegas Tiger Travis Puressence Royal Trux Goldblade You Am I Warm Jets Rude Club The Verve Audioweb Asian Dub Foundation Embrace Subcircus Bennet Hurricane # 1 Mogwai Snug Arnold Toaster Lower
E. E. Cummings
In 1961 , Pierre Boulez composed `` Cummings ist der dichter '' from poems by E.E. Cummings . Aribert Reimann set Cummings to music in `` Impression IV '' ( 1961 ) for soprano and piano . The Icelandic singer Björk used lines from Cummings 's poem `` I Will Wade Out '' for the lyrics of `` Sun In My Mouth '' on her 2001 album Vespertine . On her next album , Medúlla ( 2004 ) , Björk used his poem `` It May Not Always Be So '' as the lyrics for the song `` Sonnets / Unrealities XI . '' The American composer Eric Whitacre wrote a cycle of works for choir titled The City and the Sea , which consists of five poems by Cummings set to music . Others who have composed settings for his poems include Dominic Argento , William Bergsma , Leonard Bernstein , Marc Blitzstein , John Cage , Romeo Cascarino , Aaron Copland , Serge de Gastyne , David Diamond , John Duke , Margaret Garwood , Daron Hagen , Michael Hedges , Richard Hundley , Barbara Kolb , Leonard Lehrman , Robert Manno , Salvatore Martirano , William Mayer , John Musto , Paul Nordoff , Tobias Picker , Vincent Persichetti , Ned Rorem , Peter Schickele , Elie Siegmeister , Aki Takase , Hugo Weisgall , Dan Welcher , and James Yannatos , among many others .
My Cup Runneth Over
In Fate / Zero , the lines `` yea , though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death , I will fear no evil : for thou art with me ; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me . Thou prepares a table before me in the presence of mine enemies : thou anointest my head with oil ; my cup runneth over , '' by Kirei Kotomine .
Renaissance
In England , the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , Edmund Spenser , Sir Thomas More , Francis Bacon , Sir Philip Sidney , as well as great artists , architects ( such as Inigo Jones who introduced Italianate architecture to England ) , and composers such as Thomas Tallis , John Taverner , and William Byrd .
Ring Out, Wild Bells
`` Ring Out , Wild Bells '' is a poem by Alfred , Lord Tennyson . Published in 1850 , the year he was appointed Poet Laureate , it forms part of In Memoriam , Tennyson 's elegy to Arthur Henry Hallam , his sister 's fiancé who died at the age of twenty - two .
Romanticism
This late arrival of a truly personal Romantic style would be revived on to the beginning of the 20th century , notably through the works of poets linked to the Portuguese Renaissance ( Renascença Portuguesa ) , such as Teixeira de Pascoais , Jaime Cortesão , Mário Beirão , among others , who can be considered as Neo-Romantics . Júlio Dantas also featured Neo-Romantic characteristics . However , an early Portuguese expression of Romanticism is found already in Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage , especially in his sonnets dated at the end of the 18th century .
Ancient Greece
Some of the well - known philosophers of ancient Greece were Plato and Socrates , among others . They have aided in information about ancient Greek society through writings such as The Republic , by Plato .
Romanticism
Alexandre Herculano is , alongside Almeida Garrett , one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism . All of his poetry and prose are ( unlike Almeida Garrett 's ) entirely Romantic , rejecting Greco - Roman mythology and history . He sought inspiration in medieval Portuguese troubadours and chronicle - writers and in the Bible . His work is vast and covers many different genres , such as historical essays , poetry , novels , opuscules and theatre , where he brings back a whole world of Portuguese legends , tradition and history , especially in Eurico , o Presbítero ( `` Eurico , the Priest '' ) and Lendas e Narrativas ( `` Legends and Narratives '' ) . His work was largely influenced by Walter Scott , the Old Testament Psalms and French Romantic poets . Portuguese
United States
Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo .
Haiku
Masaoka Shiki ( 1867 -- 1902 ) Kawahigashi Hekigotō ( ja ) ( 1873 -- 1937 ) Takahama Kyoshi ( 1874 -- 1959 ) Samukawa Sokotsu ( 1875 -- 1954 ) Taneda Santōka ( 1882 -- 1940 ) Ozaki Kōyō ( 1882 -- 1926 ) Ogiwara Seisensui ( 1884 -- 1976 ) Natsume Sōseki ( 1867 -- 1916 ) Ryūnosuke Akutagawa ( 1892 -- 1927 )
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
What is known today about the poet is largely general . As J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , after reviewing the text 's allusions , style , and themes , concluded in 1925 :
Ecuador
Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include Eugenio Espejo , a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times ; Jose Joaquin de Olmedo ( born in Guayaquil ) , famous for his ode to Simón Bolívar titled Victoria de Junin ; Juan Montalvo , a prominent essayist and novelist ; Juan Leon Mera , famous for his work `` Cumanda '' or `` Tragedy among Savages '' and the Ecuadorian National Anthem ; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa ' ; , Dolores Veintimilla ; and others .
Jephthah
The 18th - century French philosopher Voltaire noted the similarities between Jepththa and the mythical Cretan general , Idomeneus , speculating whether one story had in fact imitated the other . Idomeneus had asked the gods to calm a storm , promising in return that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw upon his return , which turned out to be his son .
James Russell Lowell
Contemporary critic and editor Margaret Fuller wrote , `` his verse is stereotyped ; his thought sounds no depth , and posterity will not remember him . '' Duyckinck thought Lowell was too similar to other poets like William Shakespeare and John Milton . Ralph Waldo Emerson noted that , though Lowell had significant technical skill , his poetry `` rather expresses his wish , his ambition , than the uncontrollable interior impulse which is the authentic mark of a new poem ... and which is felt in the pervading tone , rather than in brilliant parts or lines . '' Even his friend Richard Henry Dana Jr. questioned Lowell 's abilities , calling him `` very clever , entertaining & good humored ... but he is rather a trifler , after all . '' In the twentieth century , poet Richard Armour dismissed Lowell , writing : `` As a Harvard graduate and an editor for the Atlantic Monthly , it must have been difficult for Lowell to write like an illiterate oaf , but he succeeded . '' The poet Amy Lowell featured her relative James Russell Lowell in her poem A Critical Fable ( 1922 ) , the title mocking A Fable for Critics . Here , a fictional version of Lowell says he does not believe that women will ever be equal to men in the arts and `` the two sexes can not be ranked counterparts '' . Modern literary critic Van Wyck Brooks wrote that Lowell 's poetry was forgettable : `` one read them five times over and still forgot them , as if this excellent verse had been written in water . '' Nonetheless , in 1969 the Modern Language Association established a prize named after Lowell , awarded annually for `` an outstanding literary or linguistic study , a critical edition of an important work , or a critical biography . ''
Friedrich Engels
Engels 's interests included poetry , fox hunting , and hosting regular Sunday parties for London 's left - wing intelligentsia where , as one regular put it , `` no one left before two or three in the morning . '' His stated personal motto was `` take it easy '' , while `` jollity '' was listed as his favourite virtue .