vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Operation Barbarossa
Finland was divided into two operational zones . Northern Finland was the staging area for Army Norway . Its goal was to execute a two - pronged pincer movement on the strategic port of Murmansk , named Operation Silver Fox . Southern Finland was still under the responsibility of the Finnish Army . The goal of the Finnish forces was , at first , to recapture Finnish Karelia at Lake Ladoga as well as the Karelian Isthmus , which included Finland 's second largest city Vyborg .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War
Axis powers
Although Hungary did not initially participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union , Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union on 27 June 1941 . Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front . All five of Hungary 's field armies ultimately participated in the war against the Soviet Union ; a significant contribution was made by the Hungarian Second Army . Hungarian
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War
Surrender of Japan
Some Japanese holdouts , especially on small Pacific Islands , refused to surrender at all ( believing the declaration to be propaganda or considering surrender against their code ) . Some may never have heard of it . Teruo Nakamura , the last known holdout , emerged from his hidden retreat in Indonesia in December 1974 , while two other Japanese soldiers , who had joined Communist guerrillas at the end of the war , fought in southern Thailand until 1991 .
Allies of World War II
The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where American and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . Colonies
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack .
Spratly Islands dispute
1941 Japan forcibly occupied the island group and remained in control until the end of World War II , administering the area as part of Taiwan . Japan established a submarine base on Itu Aba Island . 1945 After Japan 's surrender at the end of World War II , the Republic of China claimed the Paracel and Spratly Islands . The Republic of China sent troops to Itu Aba Island ; forces erected sovereignty markers and named it Taiping Island . 1946 France dispatched warships to the islands several times , but no attempts were made to evict Chinese forces . 1947 China produced a map with 9 undefined dotted lines , and claimed all of the islands within those lines . France demanded the Chinese withdraw from the islands . 1948 France ceased maritime patrols near the islands and China withdrew most of its troops . 1951 At the 1951 San Francisco Conference on the Peace Treaty with Japan , the Soviet Union proposed that the Spratlys belonged to China . The delegates overwhelmingly rejected this suggestion . The delegates from Vietnam , which at that time was a French protectorate , declared sovereignty over the Paracel and the Spratly Islands , which was not opposed by any delegate at the conference . China did not attend the conference and was not a signatory of the treaty . 1956 On 15 June 1956 , Vice-Foreign Minister Un Van Khiem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam received Li Zhimin , Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of the Chinese Embassy in Vietnam , and told him that , `` according to Vietnamese data , the Xisha and Nansha Islands are historically part of Chinese territory '' . Le Loc , Acting Director of the Asian Department of the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry was present and specifically cited Vietnamese data and pointed out that `` judging from history , these islands were already part of China at the time of the Song dynasty '' . 1956 Tomas Cloma , director of the Maritime Institute of the Philippines , claimed sovereignty over the northwestern two - thirds of the Spratly Islands , naming his territory Kalaya'an ( `` Freedomland '' ) . The People 's Republic of China , the Republic of China , France , South Vietnam , the United Kingdom and the Netherlands all issued protests . The Republic of China and South Vietnam sent naval units to the islands , though South Vietnam left no permanent garrison .
Korean War
Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Inchon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control from Japan after the 1945 surrender of Japan , since the Allied powers assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area .
Allies of World War II
Even though the Republic of China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . Communists
Axis powers
After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill , Ryti 's successor as president , Marshall Mannerheim , dismissed the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets , which resulted in a ceasefire on 4 September and the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944 . Under the terms of the armistice , Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory , which resulted in the Lapland War . Finland signed a peace treaty with the Allied powers in 1947 .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
In addition to the logistical problems associated with operations from China , the B - 29 could only reach a limited part of Japan while flying from Chinese bases . The solution to this problem was to capture the Mariana Islands , which would bring targets such as Tokyo , about 1,500 mi ( 2,400 km ) north of the Marianas within range of B - 29 attacks . The Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed in December 1943 to seize the Marianas .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people ( most of whom were civilians ) and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare .
Korean War
On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . Three
History of Antarctica
A suitable cover story was the need to deny use of the area to the enemy . The Kriegsmarine was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points and as shelters for commerce raiders , U-boats and supply ships . Also , in 1941 , there existed a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the Falkland Islands , either as a base or to hand them over to Argentina , thus gaining political advantage for the Axis and denying their use to Britain .
World War II
By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong .
Soviet Union in World War II
Correctly calculating that Hitler would direct efforts to capture Moscow , Stalin concentrated his forces to defend the city , including numerous divisions transferred from Soviet eastern sectors after he determined that Japan would not attempt an attack in those areas . By December , Hitler 's troops had advanced to within 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of the Kremlin in Moscow . On 5 December , the Soviets launched a counteroffensive , pushing German troops back c. 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Moscow in what was the first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the war . Iconic
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . Nagasaki
Causes of World War II
The invasion was launched by the bombing of many cities such as Shanghai , Nanjing and Guangzhou . The latest , which began on 22 and 23 September 1937 , called forth widespread protests culminating in a resolution by the Far Eastern Advisory Committee of the League of Nations . The Imperial Japanese Army captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing , and committed war crimes in the Nanjing massacre . The war tied down large numbers of Chinese soldiers , so Japan set up three different Chinese puppet states to enlist some Chinese support .
Korean War
After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory .
Soviet Union in World War II
In 1943 , Stalin ceded to his generals ' call for the Soviet Union to take a defensive stance because of disappointing losses after Stalingrad , a lack of reserves for offensive measures and a prediction that the Germans would likely next attack a bulge in the Soviet front at Kursk such that defensive preparations there would more efficiently use resources . The Germans did attempt an encirclement attack at Kursk , which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets after Hitler cancelled the offensive , in part , because of the Allied invasion of Sicily , though the Soviets suffered over 800,000 casualties . Kursk also marked the beginning of a period where Stalin became more willing to listen to the advice of his generals .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Following their rapid advance , the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942 . The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal , before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign . This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign .
Allies of World War II
In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union .
Operation Barbarossa
Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941 . The debate began in the late - 1980s when Viktor Suvorov published a journal article and later the book Icebreaker in which he claimed that Stalin had seen the outbreak of war in Western Europe as an opportunity to spread communist revolutions throughout the continent , and that the Soviet military was being deployed for an imminent attack at the time of the German invasion . This view had also been advanced by former German generals following the war . Suvorov 's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians , including Valeri Danilov , Joachim Hoffmann , Mikhail Meltyukhov , and Vladimir Nevezhin , and attracted public attention in Germany , Israel , and Russia . It has been strongly rejected by most historians , and Icebreaker is generally considered to be an `` anti-Soviet tract '' in Western countries . David Glantz and Gabriel Gorodetsky wrote books to rebut Suvorov 's arguments . The majority of historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941 , as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces .
Soviet Union in World War II
Timothy C. Dowling estimates that in the 1,417 days of war , the Soviet Union `` lost about 800 dead every minute '' and that this is equivalent of the entire US population in 1940 living west of the Missouri River .
Arctic Ocean
In World War II , the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested : the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces .
Axis powers
Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany . Germans and Finns did work closely together during Operation Silverfox , a joint offensive against Murmansk . Finland refused German requests to participate actively in the Siege of Leningrad , and also granted asylum to Jews , while Jewish soldiers continued to serve in its army .
Operation Barbarossa
The reasons for the postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 ( a 38 - day delay ) are debated . The reason most commonly cited is the unforeseen contingency of invading Yugoslavia in April 1941 . Historian Thomas B. Buell indicates that Finland and Romania , who were n't involved in initial German planning , needed additional time to prepare to participate in the invasion . Buell adds that an unusually wet winter kept rivers at full flood until late spring . The full floods could have discouraged an earlier attack , even if it was unlikely to have happened before the end of the Balkans Campaign . OKH
Surrender of Japan
The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . As the Big Six had done , the cabinet split , with neither Tōgō 's position nor Anami 's attracting a majority . Anami told the other cabinet ministers that , under torture , a captured American P - 51 Mustang fighter pilot had told his interrogators that the United States possessed 100 atom bombs and that Tokyo and Kyoto would be bombed `` in the next few days '' . The pilot , Marcus McDilda , was lying . McDilda , who had been shot down off the coast of Japan two days after the Hiroshima bombing , knew nothing of the Manhattan Project and simply told his interrogators what he thought they wanted to hear to end the torture . The lie , which caused him to be classified as a high - priority prisoner , probably saved him from beheading . In reality , the United States would not have had the third bomb ready for use until around August 19 , with a fourth in September 1945 and then approximately three a month thereafter . The third bomb would have probably been used against Sapporo , primarily to demonstrate America 's ability to deliver the weapon to even the most far flung regions of the home islands .