vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Emancipation Proclamation
While the Proclamation had freed most slaves as a war measure , it had not made slavery illegal . Of the states that were exempted from the Proclamation , Maryland , Missouri , Tennessee , and West Virginia prohibited slavery before the war ended . In 1863 , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana . Only 10 % of the state 's electorate had to take the loyalty oath . The state was also required to abolish slavery in its new constitution . Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee . By December 1864 , the Lincoln plan abolishing slavery had been enacted in Louisiana . However , in Delaware and Kentucky , slavery continued to be legal until December 18 , 1865 , when the Thirteenth Amendment went into effect .
Midwestern United States
The civil conflict in Kansas was a product of the political fight over slavery . Federal troops were not used to decide a political question , but they were used by successive territorial governors to pacify the territory so that the political question of slavery in Kansas could finally be decided by peaceful , legal , and political means . An
American Civil War
Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish -- American War . American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15 , 1898 in Havana Harbor . As public political pressure from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists built up for war , the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant Republican President William McKinley to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19 , 1898 . Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe , but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war .
Confederate States of America
Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1 , 1863 , changed the legal status of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free '' . The long - term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery , and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force . Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation , and became free by escaping to federal lines , or by advances of federal troops . Many freed slaves served as volunteers in the federal army as teamsters , cooks , laundresses and laborers , and eventually as soldiers . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By `` Juneteenth '' ( June 19 , 1865 , in Texas ) , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and had liberated all its slaves . Their owners never received compensation .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War .
Whiskey Rebellion
Other accounts describe the indictment of 24 men for high treason . Most of the accused had eluded capture , so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court . Of these , only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted . Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house ; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail . Both men were sentenced to death by hanging , but they were pardoned by President Washington . Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers , securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting . While violent opposition to the whiskey tax ended , political opposition to the tax continued . Opponents of internal taxes rallied around the candidacy of Thomas Jefferson and helped him defeat President John Adams in the election of 1800 . By 1802 , Congress repealed the distilled spirits excise tax and all other internal Federal taxes . Until the War of 1812 , the Federal government would rely solely on import tariffs for revenue , which quickly grew with the Nation 's expanding foreign trade .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln became more vociferously anti-slavery as the war continued , as exemplified by his authorization of the arming of black soldiers . In December 1863 , a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was introduced in Congress ; though the Senate voted for the amendment with the necessary two - thirds majority , the amendment did not receive sufficient support in the House . On accepting the 1864 National Union nomination , Lincoln told the party that he would seek to ratify a constitutional amendment that would abolish slavery in the United States . After winning re-election , Lincoln made ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment ( as it would become known ) a priority . With the aid of large majorities in both houses of Congress , Lincoln believed that the could permanently end the institution of slavery in the United States . Though he had largely avoided becoming involved in Congressional legislative processes , Lincoln gave the ratification struggle his full attention . Rather than waiting for the 39th Congress to convene in March , Lincoln pressed the lame duck session of the 38th Congress to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment as soon as possible . Lincoln and Seward engaged in an extensive lobbying campaign to win their votes . In a vote held on January 31 , the House narrowly cleared the two - thirds threshold in a 119 - 56 vote . The Thirteenth Amendment was sent to the states for ratification , and Secretary of State Seward proclaimed its adoption on December 18 , 1865 .
Confederate States of America
The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston . Bombardment
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The Army of Northern Virginia surrendered on April 9 around noon followed by General St. John Richardson Liddell 's troops some six hours later . Mosby 's Raiders disbanded on April 21 , General Joseph E. Johnston and his various armies surrendered on April 26 , the Confederate departments of Alabama , Mississippi and East Louisiana surrendered on May 4 , and the Confederate District of the Gulf , commanded by Major General Dabney Herndon Maury , surrendered on May 5 . Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10 , along with the Confederate Departments of Florida and South Georgia , commanded by Confederate Major General Samuel Jones . Also on May 10 , U.S. President Andrew Johnson declared the rebellion 's armed resistance virtually ended . Thompson 's Brigade surrendered on May 11 , Confederate forces of North Georgia surrendered on May 12 , and Kirby Smith surrendered on May 26 ( officially signed June 2 ) . The last battle of the American Civil War was the Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas on May 12 and 13 . The last significant Confederate active force to surrender was the Confederate allied Cherokee Brigadier General Stand Watie and his Indian soldiers on June 23 . The last Confederate surrender occurred on November 6 , 1865 , when the Confederate warship CSS Shenandoah surrendered at Liverpool , England . President Johnson formally declared the end of the war on August 20 , 1866 .
Turning point of the American Civil War
The reelection of Abraham Lincoln in 1864 is beyond the final point at which a positive conclusion for the Confederacy could have been contemplated . His opponent , former general George B. McClellan , ran on a Democratic Party platform that favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy . Although McClellan disavowed this platform , the South would have likely seen his election as a strategic victory . Thus , Lincoln 's success may have further emboldened belief , on both sides , in the notion that the war would eventually end with the Union 's original ambition achieved .
Military history of the United States
The American Civil War is sometimes called the `` first modern war '' due to the mobilization and destruction of the civilian base -- total war -- and due to by many technical military innovations involving railroads , telegraphs , rifles , trench warfare , and ironclad warships with turret guns .
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln further alienated many in the Union two days after issuing the preliminary copy of the Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus . His opponents linked these two actions in their claims that he was becoming a despot . In light of this and a lack of military success for the Union armies , many War Democrat voters who had previously supported Lincoln turned against him and joined the Copperheads in the off - year elections held in October and November .
History of Arkansas
Following the war , the Southern economy was in shambles , including Arkansas . The cost of the war effort , loss of human capital , and Confederate currency losing value were serious issues for the south in addition to the destruction of property , infrastructure , and crops . Emancipated blacks also rushed out of the south following the war . Abraham Lincoln 's moderate ten percent plan allowed the Confederate states to return once 10 % of their 1860 voters pledged allegiance to the United States and emancipation . A constitutional convention elected Isaac Murphy provisional governor , the lone vote against secession in the 1861 convention . Confederate loyalists quickly labeled Murphy as a traitor and compromised his effectiveness . Arkansas 's two senators Elisha Baxter and William Fishback were denied seating in Washington by the Radical Republicans who thought Lincoln 's policies were too lenient . Confederate governor Harris Flanagin brought state documents back from Washington and retired after the war . The Arkansas Constitution was redrawn in 1864 with the provisions necessitated by the 10 % plan . When Lincoln was shot April 15 , 1865 , the hopes of a painless restoration of the Union died as well .
History of United States foreign policy
Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesman , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the and American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . ''
Confederate States of America
Throughout the early years of the war , British foreign secretary Lord John Russell , Emperor Napoleon III of France , and , to a lesser extent , British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston , showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war . William Ewart Gladstone , the British Chancellor of the Exchequer ( finance minister , in office 1859 - 1866 ) , whose family wealth was based on slavery , was the key Minister calling for intervention to help the Confederacy achieve independence . He failed to convince prime minister Palmerston . By September 1862 the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam , Lincoln 's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities . The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high : the immediate loss of American grain - shipments , the end of British exports to the U.S. , and the seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities . War would have meant higher taxes in Britain , another invasion of Canada , and full - scale worldwide attacks on the British merchant fleet . Outright recognition would have meant certain war with the United States ; in mid-1862 fears of race war ( as had transpired in the Haitian Revolution of 1791 -- 1804 ) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation did not lead to interracial violence , let alone a bloodbath , but it did give the friends of the Union strong talking points in the arguments that raged across Britain .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
When the state Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of African American suffrage in 1867 , the reaction became stronger . The Nashville Republican Banner on January 4 , 1868 , published an editorial calling for a revolutionary movement of white Southerners to unseat the one - party state rule imposed by the Republican Party and restore the legal inferiority of the region 's black population .
Confederate States of America
The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862 . To restore the Union by military force , the Federal strategy was to ( 1 ) secure the Mississippi River , ( 2 ) seize or close Confederate ports , and ( 3 ) march on Richmond . To secure independence , the Confederate intent was to ( 1 ) repel the invader on all fronts , costing him blood and treasure , and ( 2 ) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections . General
Tennessee in the American Civil War
On March 7 , the Memphis Daily Appeal wrote that the abolitionists were attempting to deprive the South of territories won during the U.S. - Mexican War . It pointed out that the slave states had furnished twice as many volunteers as the free states and territories , though it did not note that slave states were the ones who most supported the war .
Emancipation Proclamation
In the 1862 elections , the Democrats gained 28 seats in the House as well as the governorship of New York . Lincoln 's friend Orville Hickman Browning told the president that the Proclamation and the suspension of habeas corpus had been `` disastrous '' for his party by handing the Democrats so many weapons . Lincoln made no response . Copperhead William Javis of Connecticut pronounced the election the `` beginning of the end of the utter downfall of Abolitionism in the United States '' .
American Civil War
The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Despite recent setbacks in the Western Theater of the war , the June 1864 National Union National Convention nominated Lincoln for president . Though Hamlin hoped to be re-nominated as vice president , the convention instead nominated Andrew Johnson , the military governor of Tennessee . Lincoln had refused to weigh in on his preferred running mate , and the convention chose to nominate Johnson , a Southern War Democrat , in order to boost the party 's appeal to Unionists of both parties . The party platform called for the unconditional surrender of the Confederacy , and also endorsed open immigration policies , the construction of a transcontinental railroad , and the establishment of a national currency .
Confederate States of America
Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats , river transport and supply , the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of Vicksburg , Mississippi , and Port Hudson in July , ending Southern access to the trans - Mississippi West . July brought short - lived counters , Morgan 's Raid into Ohio and the New York City draft riots . Robert E. Lee 's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania despite Pickett 's famous charge and other acts of valor . Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as `` The Confederates did not gain a victory , neither did the enemy . ''
English Civil War
Hobbes offered a unique contribution to historical interpretation of the civil war through his Behemoth by connecting the civil war to the motivations of intellectuals who Hobbes reports caused it by trying to spread certain ideas throughout the nation , largely for the sake of displaying their own wisdom and learning .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
On April 15 , Lincoln declared that a state of rebellion existed , and called up a force of seventy - five thousand state militiamen to serve three - month terms . While Northern states rallied to the request , border states such as Missouri refused to provide soldiers . Lincoln called Congress into a special session to begin in July . Though an in - session Congress could potentially affect his freedom of action , Lincoln needed Congress to authorize funds to fight the war against the Confederacy . On the advice of Winfield Scott , Lincoln asked a political ally to offer General Robert E. Lee command of the Union forces , but Lee ultimately chose to serve the Confederacy . Union soldiers in Southern states burned federal facilities to prevent Southern forces from taking control of them , while Confederate sympathizers led a riot in Baltimore . To ensure the security of the capital , Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in Maryland , and ignored a court order ordering him to release a detained prisoner . While Lincoln struggled to maintain order in Maryland and other border states , Virginia , North Carolina , Arkansas , and Tennessee all seceded from the Union . North Carolina was the last state to secede , doing so on May 20 .
Border states (American Civil War)
In the border states there was widespread concern with military coercion of the Confederacy . Many if not a majority were definitely opposed to it . When Abraham Lincoln called for troops to march south to recapture Fort Sumter and other national possessions , southern Unionists were dismayed . Secessionists in Arkansas , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia were successful in getting those states to declare their secession from the U.S. and to join the Confederate States of America .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
On April 2 , the Memphis Daily Appeal ran a satirical obituary for Uncle Sam , proclaiming him to have died of `` irrepressible conflict disease , '' after having met Abraham Lincoln . One Robertson County slave owner complained that she could not rent her slaves out for `` half ( of what ) they were worth '' because `` the negros think when Lincoln takes his last , they will all be free . ''
The Star-Spangled Banner
In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era .
American Civil War
American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate army Confederate marines Confederate navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead
Whiskey Rebellion
The Washington administration 's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval . The episode demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws . It was , therefore , viewed by the Washington administration as a success , a view that has generally been endorsed by historians . The Washington administration and its supporters usually did not mention , however , that the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect , and that many westerners continued to refuse to pay the tax . The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States , a process already underway . The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson 's Republican Party came to power in 1801 , which opposed the Federalist Party of Hamilton and Washington .
United States presidential election, 1860
The United States had become increasingly divided during the 1850s over sectional disagreements , especially regarding the extension of slavery into the territories . Incumbent President James Buchanan , like his predecessor Franklin Pierce , was a northern Democrat with sympathies for the South . During the mid-to - late 1850s , the anti-slavery Republican Party became a major political force in the wake of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court 's decision in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford . By 1860 , the Republican Party had replaced the defunct Whig Party as the major opposition to the Democrats . A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party , which sought to avoid secession by pushing aside the issue of slavery .