vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jay Treaty
The outbreak of war between France and Great Britain ( and other countries ) in 1793 ended the long peace that had enabled the new nation to flourish in terms of trade and finance . The United States now emerged as an important neutral country with a large shipping trade . From the British perspective , improving relations with the United States was a high priority lest it move into the French orbit . British negotiators ignored elements that wanted harsher terms in order to get a suitable treaty . From the American viewpoint , the most pressing foreign policy issues were normalizing the trade relations with Britain , the United States ' leading trading partner , and resolving issues left over from the Treaty of Paris . As one observer explained , the British government was `` well disposed to America ... They have made their arrangements upon a plan that comprehends the neutrality of the United States , and are anxious that it should be preserved . ''
Industrial Revolution
In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west .
History of United States foreign policy
When the French Revolution led to war in 1793 between Britain ( America 's leading trading partner ) , and France ( the old ally , with a treaty still in effect ) , Washington and his cabinet decided on a policy of neutrality . In 1795 Washington supported the Jay Treaty , designed by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to avoid war with Britain and encourage commerce . The Jeffersonians vehemently opposed the treaty , but Washington 's support proved decisive , and the U.S. and Britain were on friendly terms for a decade . However the foreign policy dispute polarized parties at home , leading to the First Party System .
Containment
The U.S. initially refused to recognize the Soviet Union , but President Franklin D. Roosevelt reversed the policy in 1933 in the hope to expand American export markets .
Japan–Netherlands relations
Japanese -- Dutch relations ( Dutch : Japans - Nederlandse betrekkingen , Japanese : 日 蘭 関係 ) describes the foreign relations between Japan and the Netherlands . Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609 , when the first formal trade relations were established .
Surrender of Japan
On April 5 , the Soviet Union gave the required 12 months ' notice that it would not renew the five - year Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( which had been signed in 1941 following the Nomonhan Incident ) . Unknown to the Japanese , at the Tehran Conference in November -- December 1943 , it had been agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated . At the Yalta conference in February 1945 , the United States had made substantial concessions to the Soviets to secure a promise that they would declare war on Japan within three months of the surrender of Germany . Although the five - year Neutrality Pact did not expire until April 5 , 1946 , the announcement caused the Japanese great concern , because Japan had amassed its forces in the South to repel the inevitable US attack , thus leaving its Northern islands vulnerable to Soviet invasion . Russian Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , in Moscow , and Yakov Malik , Soviet ambassador in Tokyo , went to great lengths to assure the Japanese that `` the period of the Pact 's validity has not ended '' . Foreign
Japan–Netherlands relations
The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship . The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II , brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia , as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could , weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory . Under diplomatic pressure from the United States , the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 ( see United States of Indonesia ) .
Axis powers
Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies during the war . Japan planned to transform these territories into a client state of Indonesia and sought alliance with Indonesian nationalists including future Indonesian President Sukarno , however these efforts did not deliver the creation of an Indonesian state until after Japan 's surrender .
Perry Expedition
On 9 July , a yoriki from the Uraga bugyō , Nakajima Saburosuke , accompanied interpreter Hori Tatsunosuke , rowed out to Susquehanna , but were at first refused permission to come on board . After some negotiation , they were permitted to board , where they displayed the order that no foreign ships were allowed into Japanese ports . Perry remained in his cabin and refused to meet them , sending word through his officers that as he carried a letter from the President of the United States , he would only deal with officials of sufficient stature and authority .
Causes of the Great Depression
Beginning late in the 1920s , European demand for U.S. goods began to decline . That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive , and partly because some European nations ( most notably Weimar Germany ) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas . However , the central issue causing the destabilization of the European economy in the late 1920s was the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I .
Iowa-class battleship
Another factor was the `` escalator clause '' of the Second London Naval Treaty , which raised the standard displacement limit of battleships from 35,000 tons to 45,000 tons and gun caliber from 14 - inch to 16 - inch . Japan refused to sign the treaty and in particular refused to accept the 14 - inch gun caliber limit or the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio of warship tonnage limits for Britain , United States , and Japan respectively . This , in addition to circulation of rumors of Japanese capital ships violating naval treaties , resulted in the three treaty powers , the United States , Britain , and France , invoking the escalator clause in June 1938 .
War of 1812
In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . ''
Surrender of Japan
Although the Potsdam Conference was mainly concerned with European affairs , the war against Japan was also discussed in detail . Truman learned of the successful Trinity test early in the conference and shared this information with the British delegation . The successful test caused the American delegation to reconsider the necessity and wisdom of Soviet participation , for which the U.S. had lobbied hard at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences . High on the United States ' list of priorities was shortening the war and reducing American casualties -- Soviet intervention seemed likely to do both , but at the cost of possibly allowing the Soviets to capture territory beyond that which had been promised to them at Tehran and Yalta , and causing a postwar division of Japan similar to that which had occurred in Germany .
Foreign trade of the United States
The country has trade relations with many other countries . Within that , the trade with Europe and Asia is predominant . To fulfill the demands of the industrial sector , the country has to import mineral oil and iron ore on a large scale . Machinery , cotton yarn , toys , mineral oil , lubricants , steel , tea , sugar , coffee , and many more items are traded . The country 's export list includes food grains like wheat , corn , and soybean . Aeroplane , cars , computers , paper , and machine tools required for different industries . In 2016 United States current account balance was - $469,400,000,000 .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers .
Surrender of Japan
Once the Emperor had left , Suzuki pushed the cabinet to accept the Emperor 's will , which it did . Early that morning ( August 10 ) , the Foreign Ministry sent telegrams to the Allies ( by way of the Swiss `` Federal Political Department '' ( Department of Foreign Affairs ) and Max Grässli in particular ) announcing that Japan would accept the Potsdam Declaration , but would not accept any peace conditions that would `` prejudice the prerogatives '' of the Emperor . That effectively meant no change in Japan 's form of government -- that the Emperor of Japan would remain a position of real power .
United States non-interventionism
As 1940 became 1941 , the actions of the Roosevelt administration made it more and more clear that the United States was on a course to war . This policy shift , driven by the President , came in two phases . The first came in 1939 with the passage of the Fourth Neutrality Act , which permitted the United States to trade arms with belligerent nations , as long as these nations came to America to retrieve the arms , and pay for them in cash . This policy was quickly dubbed , ' Cash and Carry . ' The second phase was the Lend - Lease Act of early 1941 . This act allowed the President `` to lend , lease , sell , or barter arms , ammunition , food , or any ' defense article ' or any ' defense information ' to ' the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States . ' '' American public opinion supported Roosevelt 's actions . As United States involvement in the Battle of the Atlantic grew with incidents such as the sinking of the USS Reuben James ( DD - 245 ) , by late 1941 72 % of Americans agreed that `` the biggest job facing this country today is to help defeat the Nazi Government '' , and 70 % thought that defeating Germany was more important than staying out of the war .
Military history of the United States during World War II
U.S. submarines participated in the majority of naval battles in the Pacific theatre , but the submarines were most decisive in their blockade of Japan , for which Japan was dependent on its sea transport to provide resources for its war effort .
Surrender of Japan
American cryptographers had broken most of Japan 's codes , including the Purple code used by the Japanese Foreign Office to encode high - level diplomatic correspondence . As a result , messages between Tokyo and Japan 's embassies were provided to Allied policy - makers nearly as quickly as to the intended recipients .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In the opening weeks of the war , Japan conquered the Philippines and the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia . The Japanese advance reached its maximum extent by June 1942 , when the U.S. Navy scored a decisive victory at the Battle of Midway . American and Australian forces then began a slow and costly progress called island hopping or leapfrogging through the Pacific Islands , with the objective of gaining bases from which strategic airpower could be brought to bear on Japan and from which Japan could ultimately be invaded . In contrast to Hitler , Roosevelt took no direct part in the tactical naval operations , though he approved strategic decisions . Roosevelt gave way in part to insistent demands from the public and Congress that more effort be devoted against Japan , but he always insisted on Germany first . The strength of the Japanese navy was decimated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and by April 1945 the Allies had re-captured much of their lost territory in the Pacific . Japan would eventually surrender to the Allies in September 1945 , following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet entry into the war . Home
Causes of World War II
the new order in East Asia has appeared to include , among other things , depriving Americans of their long established rights in China , and to this the American people are opposed ... American rights and interests in China are being impaired or destroyed by the policies and actions of the Japanese authorities in China .
Surrender of Japan
It was decided to issue a statement , the Potsdam Declaration , defining `` Unconditional Surrender '' and clarifying what it meant for the position of the emperor and for Hirohito personally . The American and British governments strongly disagreed on this point -- the United States wanted to abolish the position and possibly try him as a war criminal , while the British wanted to retain the position , perhaps with Hirohito still reigning . The Potsdam Declaration went through many drafts until a version acceptable to all was found .
Marshall Plan
By the end of World War II , much of Europe was devastated . Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities , and industrial facilities were especially hard - hit . The region 's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted ; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies . Food shortages were severe , especially in the harsh winter of 1946 -- 47 . From July 1945 through June 1946 , the United States shipped 16.5 million tons of food , primarily wheat , to Europe and Japan . It amounted to one - sixth of the American food supply and provided 35 trillion calories , enough to provide 400 calories a day for one year to 300 million people .
Foreign policy of the United States
The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which the United States , along with allied powers , defeated its enemies and increased its international reputation . President Wilson 's Fourteen Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fighting militarism so as to end any wars . It became the basis of the German Armistice ( really a surrender ) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The resulting Treaty of Versailles , due to European allies ' punitive and territorial designs , showed insufficient conformity with these points and the U.S. signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries ; due to Senate objections also , the U.S. never joined the League of Nations , which was established as a result of Wilson 's initiative . In the 1920s , the United States followed an independent course , and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament , and refunding the German economy . Operating outside the League it became a dominant player in diplomatic affairs . New York became the financial capital of the world , but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the Western industrialized world into the Great Depression . American trade policy relied on high tariffs under the Republicans , and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats , but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s . World
Gold standard
Devalued notes or leaving silver as a store of value caused economic problems . Governments , demanding specie as payment , could drain the money out of the economy . Economic development expanded need for credit . The need for a solid basis in monetary affairs produced a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed . Japan
Causes of World War II
On 7 December 1941 , without any prior declaration of war , the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor . At the same time , other Japanese forces attacked the U.S. - held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . These attacks led both the USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
The Philippines , at that time an American territory , were also a Japanese target . The Japanese military concluded an invasion of the Philippines would provoke an American military response . Rather than seize and fortify the islands , and wait for the inevitable U.S. counterattack , Japan 's military leaders instead decided on the preventive Pearl Harbor attack , which they assumed would negate the American forces needed for the liberation and reconquest of the islands .
North Korea–South Korea relations
The Korean peninsula had been occupied by Japan from 1910 . On August 9 , 1945 , in the closing days of World War Two , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and advanced into Korea . Though the Soviet declaration of war had been agreed by the Allies at the Yalta Conference , the US government became concerned at the prospect of all of Korea falling under Soviet control . The US government therefore requested Soviet forces halt their advance at the 38th parallel north , leaving the south of the peninsula , including the capital , Seoul , to be occupied by the US . This was incorporated into General Order No. 1 to Japanese forces after the Surrender of Japan on August 15 . On August 24 , the Red Army entered Pyongyang and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel . American forces landed in the south on September 8 and established the United States Army Military Government in Korea .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Early in the period , an active foreign policy was pursued to help Western Europe and Asia recover from the devastation of World War II . The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe rebuild from wartime devastation . The main American goal was to contain the expansion of Communism , which was controlled by the Soviet Union until China broke away about 1960 . An arms race escalated through increasingly powerful nuclear weapons . The Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of European satellites to oppose the American - led North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance . The U.S. fought a bloody , inconclusive war in Korea and was escalating the war in Vietnam as the period ended . The Communists took power in Cuba , and when the USSR sent in nuclear missiles to defend it , the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was triggered with the U.S. , the most dangerous point of the era .
British Empire in World War II
Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East . In the circumstances envisaged , it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East . We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there .
Perry Expedition
After the signing of the treaty , the Americans presented the Japanese with a miniature steam locomotive , a telegraph apparatus , various agricultural tools , and small arms , as well as one hundred gallons of whiskey , clocks , stoves , and books about the United States . The Japanese responded with gold - lacquered furniture and boxes , bronze ornaments , porcelain goblets and upon learning of Perry 's personal hobby , a collection of seashells . Japanese
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
August 15 , 1945 -- Japan surrenders to the Allies . In Indochina , the Japanese administration allows Hồ Chí Minh to take over control of the country . This is called the August Revolution . Hồ Chí Minh fights with a variety of other political factions for control of the major cities . August 1945 -- A few days after the Vietnamese `` revolution '' , Nationalist Chinese forces enter from the north and , as previously planned by the allies , establish an administration in the country as far south as the 16th parallel north . September 26 , 1945 : Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) officer Lieutenant Colonel A. Peter Dewey -- working with the Viet Minh to repatriate Americans captured by the Japanese -- is mistaken for a Frenchman , shot and killed by the Viet Minh . He thus became the first American casualty in Vietnam . ( Not precisely accurate . Prior to 1950 the area later recognized as Viet Nam was known as French Indochina . Thus , LTC Dewey was the first American casualty in French Indochina ) . October 1945 -- British troops land in southern Vietnam and establish a provisional administration . The British free French soldiers and officials imprisoned by the Japanese . The French begin taking control of cities within the British zone of occupation . February 1946 -- The French sign an agreement with China . France gives up its concessions in Shanghai and other Chinese ports . In exchange , China agrees to assist the French in returning to Vietnam north of the 17th parallel . March 6 , 1946 -- After negotiations with the Chinese and the Viet Minh , the French sign an agreement recognizing Vietnam within the French Union . Shortly after , the French land at Haiphong and occupy the rest of northern Vietnam . The Viet Minh use the negotiating process with France and China to buy time to use their armed forces to destroy all competing nationalist groups in the north . December 1946 -- Negotiations between the Viet Minh and the French break down . The Viet Minh are driven out of Hanoi into the countryside . 1947 -- 1949 -- The Viet Minh fight a limited insurgency in remote rural areas of northern Vietnam . 1949 -- Chinese communists reach the northern border of Indochina . The Viet Minh drive the French from the border region and begin to receive large amounts of weapons from the Soviet Union and China .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Finally , Order number 9 , issued on 1 December 1941 by Nagano , instructed Yamamoto to crush hostile naval and air forces in Asia , the Pacific and Hawaii , promptly seize the main U.S. , British , and Dutch bases in East Asia and `` capture and secure the key areas of the southern regions '' .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
Roosevelt declines repeated requests from the French to assist France 's attempts to recolonize Vietnam .
Axis powers
The South Pacific Mandate were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I , that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands . Japan received these as a reward by the Allies of World War I , when Japan was then allied against Germany .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
On February 19 , 1945 , the United States invaded Iwo Jima as part of its island - hopping strategy to defeat Japan . Iwo Jima originally was not a target , but the relatively quick fall of the Philippines left the Americans with a longer - than - expected lull prior to the planned invasion of Okinawa . Iwo Jima is located halfway between Japan and the Mariana Islands , where American long - range bombers were based , and was used by the Japanese as an early warning station , radioing warnings of incoming American bombers to the Japanese homeland . The Americans , after capturing the island , weakened the Japanese early warning system , and used it as an emergency landing strip for damaged bombers .