vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Amazon River
A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary , from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó , would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) . If only the river 's main channel is considered , between the islands of Curuá ( state of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of Pará ) , the width falls to about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528 , it spanned a considerable area ; by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations . Extending southward from the Ancomayo , which is now known as the Patía River , in southern present - day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile , and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles , the empire covered some of the most mountainous terrain on Earth . In less than a century , the Inca had expanded their empire from about 400,000 km2 ( 155,000 sq mi ) in 1448 , to 1,800,000 km2 ( 690,000 sq mi ) in 1528 , just before the arrival of the Spanish . This vast area of land varied greatly in cultures and in climate . Because of the diverse cultures and geography , the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders , who were watched and monitored by Inca officials . However , under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca , all parts of the empire answered to , and were ultimately under the direct control of , the Emperor . Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire numbered more than 16,000,000 .
Venezuela
In 1498 , during his third voyage to the Americas , Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the Gulf of Paria . Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward , Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth ( terrestrial paradise ) :
Costa Maya
Río Bec Chennes Río Bec Chacchoben Calakmul Chicanná Río Azul ( Guatemala ) Becán Naachtúm ( Guatemala ) Xpuhil Uaxactún ( Guatemala ) Dzibanche Tikal ( Guatemala ) Kohunlich Nakum ( Guatemala ) Mutul ( Guatemala ) Tayasal ( Guatemala ) Naranjo ( Belize )
First Transcontinental Railroad
One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility .
History of Mexico
In general the ' Spanish conquest of Mexico ' denotes the conquest of the central region of Mesoamerica where the Aztec Empire was based . The fall of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521 was a decisive event , but Spaniards conquered other regions of Mexico , such as Yucatán , extended long after Spaniards consolidated control of central Mexico . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is the much longer campaign , from 1551 to 1697 , against the Maya peoples of the Maya civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America .
Costa Maya
At the end of the 19th Century , the Mexican Navy took control over what is today the state of Quintana Roo . In 1897 , during the presidency of Porfirio Diaz , a treaty was signed which established the territorial limits between British Honduras ( now Belize ) and Mexico . This caused serious problems for Mexico because the territorial limit was at the center of Boca Bacalar Chico canal . This natural canal separates the Xcalak peninsula from Ambergris Key , and as a result , Mexican military vessels lost access to Chetumal Bay and remain at the mercy of Belize for permits .
North America
The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) .
New Spain
New Spain ( Spanish : Nueva España ) was a colonial territory of the Spanish Empire in the New World north of the Isthmus of Panama . It was established following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521 , and following additional conquests , it was made a viceroyalty ( Spanish : virreinato ) in 1535 . The first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas , it comprised Mexico , Central America , much of the Southwestern and Central United States , and Spanish Florida as well as the Philippine , Mariana and Caroline Islands .
Mississippi River
When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century , natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River . When he found the Chicago Portage , he remarked that a canal of `` only half a league '' ( less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , 3 km ) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes . In 1848 , the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River . This both accelerated the development , and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) ; however , the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly and is not a well - defined measure ( see Coastline paradox ) . Of the total 10,500 miles ( 16,900 km ) of shoreline , Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles ( 8,400 km ) , while the remaining 5,300 miles ( 8,500 km ) are bordered by the United States . Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States , bordering roughly 3,288 miles ( 5,292 km ) of shoreline , followed by Wisconsin ( 820 miles ( 1,320 km ) ) , New York ( 473 miles ( 761 km ) ) , and Ohio ( 312 miles ( 502 km ) ) . Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half - way around the world at the equator .
United States
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures .
Conquistador
In 1540 , expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of Yuma and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city , as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point . Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza ( 1774 ) .
Amazon rainforest
During the mid-Eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch . Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin . As the Andes Mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the Solimões Basin . Within the last 5 -- 10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch , joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic .
Caribbean Sea
From the 16th century , Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the `` South Sea '' ( the Pacific Ocean , to the south of the isthmus of Panama ) as opposed to the `` North Sea '' ( the Caribbean Sea , to the north of the same isthmus ) . Tulum
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise , which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean , with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge . This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing the oceanic crust and lithosphere . This divergent boundary first formed in the Triassic period , when a series of three - armed grabens coalesced on the supercontinent Pangaea to form the ridge . Usually , only two arms of any given three - armed graben become part of a divergent plate boundary . The failed arms are called aulacogens , and the aulacogens of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge eventually became many of the large river valleys seen along the Americas and Africa ( including the Mississippi River , Amazon River and Niger River ) . The Fundy Basin on the Atlantic coast of North America between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada is evidence of the ancestral Mid-Atlantic Ridge .
Midwestern United States
European settlement of the area began in the 17th century following French exploration of the region and became known as New France . The French period began with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with their expulsion by the British , who split New France with Spain in 1763 . Marquette
North America
The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier .
New Mexico
Its history has given New Mexico the highest percentage of Hispanic and Latino Americans , and the second - highest percentage of Native Americans as a population proportion ( after Alaska ) . Three federally - protected Native American tribes -- the Navajo , Pueblo , and Apache peoples -- inhabit New Mexico ; historically the Ancestral Puebloans , Mogollon , and the modern extant Comanche and Utes inhabited the state . The largest Hispanic and Latino groups represented include the Hispanos of New Mexico , Chicanos , and Mexican Americans . The flag of New Mexico features the state 's Spanish origins with the same scarlet and gold coloration as Spain 's Cross of Burgundy , along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia , a Pueblo - related tribe .
American Revolutionary War
In Central America , the defense of Guatemala was a priority for Spain . The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region . After inadequate first attempts , 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October , and they captured the fort on 20 October . However , the British suffered terribly due to disease and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November ; Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied it . In 1780 , Jamaica 's governor John Dalling planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two by capturing Granada , which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River . A British expedition set out on 3 February 1780 , led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson . They reached Fort San Juan on 17 March and laid siege , capturing it on 29 April . The British were ravaged by disease and were running low on food due to poor logistics . They withdrew on 8 November , the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished , making it the costliest British disaster of the war . India
North America
Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well .
North America
Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles ( 160 km ) downstream from New Orleans . Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat , but the United States Geological Survey 's number is 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days .
Lake Michigan
The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee - Tombigbee Waterway ( combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy .
Gulf of Mexico
Mexico and United States of America : Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary , of November 23 , 1970 ; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean ) , of May 4 , 1978 , and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) , of June 9 , 2000 .
Mississippi River
In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru , Illinois . The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways . In 1900 , the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . The second canal , in addition to shipping , also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues ( typhoid fever , cholera and other waterborne diseases ) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan .
New Spain
Until the 18th century , when Spain saw its claims in North America threatened by other European powers , much of what were called the Spanish borderlands consisted of territory now part of the United States . This was not occupied by many Spanish settlers and were considered more marginal to Spanish interests than the most densely populated and lucrative areas of central Mexico . To shore up its claims in North America starting in the late 18th century , Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest explored and claimed the coast of what is now British Columbia and Alaska . On the mainland , the administrative units included Las Californias , that is , the Baja California peninsula , still part of Mexico and divided into Baja California and Baja California Sur ; Alta California ( present - day Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah , western Colorado , and south Wyoming ) ; ( from the 1760s ) Louisiana ( including the western Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin ) ; Nueva Extremadura ( the present - day states of Coahuila and Texas ) ; and Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( parts of Texas and New Mexico ) .
Columbian Exchange
Prior to the trans - Atlantic slave trade , Columbus directly participated in and championed the slave trade . Upon landing in what is now known and assumed to be San Salvador Island , Columbus encountered the Taíno . In his journal of 1492 , Columbus noted that
Pre-Columbian era
The biggest Mesoamerican cities , such as Teotihuacan , Tenochtitlan , and Cholula , were among the largest in the world . These cities grew as centers of commerce , ideas , ceremonies , and theology , and they radiated influence outwards onto neighboring cultures in central Mexico .
Great Lakes region
Lake Superior is unlike the other lakes . The greater part of its basin occupies a depression in the upland area , independent of the overlap of Palaeozoic strata . The western half of the basin occupies a trough of synclinal structure . The Great Lakes are peculiar in receiving the drainage of but a small peripheral land area , enclosed by an ill - defined water - parting from the rivers that run to Hudson Bay or the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the north and to the Gulf of Mexico on the south . An
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean 's depth in its wider basins and deep water temperatures are similar to those of the Atlantic . Atlantic deep water is thought to spill into the Caribbean and contribute to the general deep water of its sea . The surface water ( 30 feet ; 100 m ) acts as an extension of the northern Atlantic as the Guiana Current and part of the North Equatorial Current enter the sea on the east . On the western side of the sea the trade winds influence a northerly current which causes an upwelling and a rich fishery near Yucatán .
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján ( 1510 -- 22 September 1554 ) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present - day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542 . Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola , often referred to now as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold , which is a term not invented until American gold - rush days in the 1800s . His expedition marked the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River , among other landmarks . His name is often Anglicized as `` Vasquez de Coronado '' .
Conquistador
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 's 1540 -- 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold , but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west , he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it . With the guidance of Hopi Indians , Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon . However , Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon , assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet ( 1.8 m ) and estimating 300 - foot - tall ( 91 m ) rock formations to be the size of a man . After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river , they left the area , defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are also connected by canal to the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Illinois River ( from the Chicago River ) and the Mississippi River . An alternate track is via the Illinois River ( from Chicago ) , to the Mississippi , up the Ohio , and then through the Tennessee -- Tombigbee Waterway ( a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals ) , to Mobile Bay and the Gulf . Commercial tug - and - barge traffic on these waterways is heavy .
Mississippi River
The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811 . Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 -- 12 . The Upper Mississippi was treacherous , unpredictable and to make traveling worse , the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed . Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable .
Amazon River
Branco Casiquiare canal Caqueta River Huallaga Putumayo ( or Içá River ) Javary Juruá Madeira Marañón Morona Nanay Napo Negro Pastaza Purús Tambo Tapajós Tigre Tocantins Trombetas Ucayali Xingu Yapura
Amazon River
In what is currently Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , and Venezuela , a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade , slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest , such as the Urarina . In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz , apostle of the Omaguas , established some forty mission villages .
New Mexico
At the turn of the 19th century , the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico , north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , was still claimed by France , which sold it in 1803 to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase . The United States assigned this portion of New Mexico as part of the Louisiana Territory until 1812 ; that year Louisiana was admitted as a state . The US then reclassified this area as part of the Missouri Territory . This region of the state ( along with territory that makes up present - day southeastern Colorado , the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles , and southwestern Kansas ) was ceded to Spain under the Adams - Onis Treaty in 1819 .