vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south - eastern region of Vietnam , 1,760 km ( 1,090 mi ) south of Hanoi . The average elevation is 19 metres ( 62 ft ) above sea level . It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north , Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa -- Vũng Tàu Province to the east , Long An Province to the west and the East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km ( 9 mi ) long . The city covers an area of 2,095 km ( 809 sq mi or 0.63 % of the surface of Vietnam ) , extending up to Củ Chi District ( 12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border ) and down to Cần Giờ on the South China Sea . The distance from the northernmost point ( Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune , Củ Chi District ) to the southernmost one ( Long Hòa Commune , Cần Giờ District ) is 102 km ( 63 mi ) , and from the easternmost point ( Long Bình ward , District Nine ) to the westernmost one ( Bình Chánh Commune , Bình Chánh District ) is 47 km ( 29 mi ) .
Colosseum
Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides , the Colosseum is an entirely free - standing structure . It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back . It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft / 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft / 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 24,000 square metres ( 6 acres ) . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft / 165 Roman feet ) . The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet ) . The central arena is an oval 87 m ( 287 ft ) long and 55 m ( 180 ft ) wide , surrounded by a wall 5 m ( 15 ft ) high , above which rose tiers of seating .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E ﻿ / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E ﻿ / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata )
Silk Road
At the end of its glory , the routes brought about the largest continental empire ever , the Mongol Empire , with its political centres strung along the Silk Road ( Beijing in North China , Karakorum in central Mongolia , Sarmakhand in Transoxiana , Tabriz in Northern Iran , Sarai and Astrakhan in lower Volga , Solkhat in Crimea , Kazan in Central Russia , Erzurum in eastern Anatolia ) , realising the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods .
Novel
The novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction , followed by the novella . However , in the 17th century , critics saw the romance as of epic length and the novel as its short rival . A precise definition of the differences in length between these types of fiction , is , however , not possible. The requirement of length has been traditionally connected with the notion that a novel should encompass the `` totality of life . ''
Metrology
SI base units and standards Base quantity Name Symbol Definition Length metre m The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299792458 of a second Mass kilogram kg The mass of the international prototype kilogram ( IPK ) Time second s The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium - 133 atom Electric current ampere A constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section , placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum , would produce a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newtons per metre Thermodynamic temperature kelvin The fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Amount of substance mole mol The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon - 12 Luminous intensity candela cd The luminous intensity , in a given direction , of a source emitting monochromatic radiation of a frequency of 7014540000000000000 ♠ 540 × 10 Hz with a radiant intensity in that direction of 1 / 683 watt per steradian
Berlin Wall
At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany .
Berlin Wall
On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along .
Bed size
Most beds are 200 cm ( 79 in ) cm long . Extra long beds are usually 220 cm ( 87 in ) , but they are rare .
Qing dynasty
The sixty - one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor . Kangxi 's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the `` High Qing '' , during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social , economic and military power . Kangxi 's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father . To prevent a repeat of Dorgon 's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency , the Shunzhi Emperor , on his deathbed , hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son . The four ministers -- Sonin , Ebilun , Suksaha , and Oboi -- were chosen for their long service , but also to counteract each other 's influences . Most important , the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne . However , as time passed , through chance and machination , Oboi , the most junior of the four , achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat . Even though Oboi 's loyalty was never an issue , his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor . In 1669 Kangxi , through trickery , disarmed and imprisoned Oboi -- a significant victory for a fifteen - year - old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander .
Hawaii (island)
The Great Crack is an eight - mile - long ( 12,875 m ) , 60 - foot - wide ( 18 m ) and 60 - foot - deep ( 18 m ) fissure in the island , in the district of Kau . According to the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) , the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea . While neither the earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack , lava welled out of the lower 6 miles ( 10 km ) of the Great Crack in 1823 .
Hōryū-ji
The kondō , located side - by - side to the Pagoda in Sai - in , is another one of the oldest wood buildings extant in the world . The hall measures 18.5 meters by 15.2 meters . The hall is two storied , with roofs curved in the corners but only the first story has a double roof ( 裳 階 mokoshi ) . This was added later in the Nara period with extra posts to hold up the original first roof because it extended more than four meters past the building .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat .
Bachelor's degree
Since the undergraduate education system in China is modeled after its American counterpart , all the degrees are adapted from those of the United States excepting the release of the degree certificate . Once a student has fulfilled his / her course requirements , a graduate certificate will be given . In order to get the degree , a student must finish and pass the dissertation stage ; only then will he or she be awarded a degree credentialed by the Ministry of Education of the People 's Republic of China . Four years of education is the standard length , although some private small colleges not credentialed by the Ministry of Education do offer three - year programs . Normally , about 90 % of graduates are able to obtain a degree ; however , no degree is awarded with excellence or honor . It is also referred to as a `` Xueshi '' ( 學士 ) . Fiji
Meander
Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach , which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width . The length of the stream is measured by channel , or thalweg , length over the reach , while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach .
SS Great Britain
When completed in 1845 , Great Britain was a revolutionary vessel -- the first ship to combine an iron hull with screw propulsion , and at 322 ft ( 98 m ) in length and with a 3,400 - ton displacement , more than 100 ft ( 30 m ) longer and 1,000 tons larger than any ship previously built . Her beam was 50 ft 6 in ( 15.39 m ) and her height from keel to main deck , 32 ft 6 in ( 9.91 m ) . She had four decks , including the spar ( upper ) deck , a crew of 120 , and was fitted to accommodate a total of 360 passengers , along with 1,200 tons of cargo and 1,200 tons of coal for fuel .
Ural Mountains
The Polar Urals extend for about 385 kilometers ( 239 mi ) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga River in the south ; they have an area of about 25,000 km ( 9,700 sq mi ) and a strongly dissected relief . The maximum height is 1,499 m ( 4,918 ft ) at Payer Mountain and the average height is 1,000 to 1,100 m ( 3,300 to 3,600 ft ) .
Forbidden City
The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing , China . The former seat of Imperial Chinese Dragon Throne from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty -- the years 1420 to 1912 , it now houses the Palace Museum . The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years .
Masters Tournament
The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq. mi ( 58,026 km ) ; ( 13,237 square miles , 34,284 km lying in Michigan state , 7,358 square miles , 19,056 km in Wisconsin , 234 square miles , 606 km in Indiana , & 1,576 square miles , 4,079 km in Illinois ) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ( Lake Baikal , in Russia , is larger by water volume ) , and the fifth - largest lake in the world . It is the larger half of Lake Michigan -- Huron , which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . It is 307 miles ( 494 km ) long by 118 miles ( 190 km ) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles ( 2,640 km ) long . The lake 's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet ( 279 ft ; 85 m ) , while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet ( 923 ft ; 281 m ) . It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles ( 4,918 km3 ) of water . Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay . Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay . Lake Michigan 's deepest region , which lies in its northern - half , is called Chippewa Basin ( named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa ) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin , by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau .
Geography of China
The China - Burma border issue was settled October 1 , 1960 , by the signing of the Sino - Burmese Boundary Treaty . The first joint inspection of the border was completed successfully in June 1986 .
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world 's oceans . It is located in the western Pacific Ocean , an average of 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) to the east of the Mariana Islands , in the Western Pacific east of Philippines . It is a crescent - shaped scar in the Earth 's crust , and measures about 2,550 km ( 1,580 mi ) long and 69 km ( 43 mi ) wide on average . It reaches a maximum - known depth of 10,994 metres ( 36,070 ft ) ( ± 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ) at a small slot - shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep , at its southern end , although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) . For comparison : if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point , its peak would still be over 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) underwater . In 2009 , the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument .
Qing dynasty
On 12 February 1912 , after rounds of negotiations , Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi . This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism . The unorganized political and economic systems combined with a widespread criticism of Chinese culture led to questioning and doubt about the future . In July 1917 , there was an abortive attempt to restore the Qing dynasty led by Zhang Xun , which was quickly reversed by republican troops . In the 1930s , the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932 , with Puyi as its emperor . After the invasion by the Soviet Union , Manchukuo fell in 1945 .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
The 9.0 M Tōhoku earthquake occurred at 14 : 46 on Friday , 11 March 2011 , with the epicenter near Honshu , the largest island of Japan . It produced maximum ground g - forces of 0.56 , 0.52 , 0.56 ( 5.50 , 5.07 and 5.48 m / s , 18.0 , 16.6 and 18.0 ft / s ) at units 2 , 3 , and 5 respectively . This exceeded the earthquake tolerances of 0.45 , 0.45 , and 0.46 g ( 4.38 , 4.41 and 4.52 m / s , 14.4 , 14.5 and 14.8 ft / s ) . The shock values were within the design tolerances at units 1 , 4 , and 6 .
Río de la Plata
The river is about 290 kilometres ( 180 mi ) long , and it widens from about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) at its source to about 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) at its mouth . It forms part of the border between Argentina and Uruguay , with the major ports and capital cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo on its western and northern shores , respectively . The coasts of La Plata are the most densely populated areas of Argentina and Uruguay .
Victoria Falls
First Gorge : the one the river falls into at Victoria Falls Second Gorge : 250 m south of falls , 2.15 km long ( 270 yd south , 2350 yd long ) , spanned by the Victoria Falls Bridge Third Gorge : 600 m south , 1.95 km long ( 650 yd south , 2100 yd long ) , containing the Victoria Falls Power Station Fourth Gorge : 1.15 km south , 2.25 km long ( 1256 yd south , 2460 yd long ) Fifth Gorge : 2.55 km south , 3.2 km long ( 1.5 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) Songwe Gorge : 5.3 km south , 3.3 km long , ( 3.3 mi south , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) long ) named after the small Songwe River coming from the north - east , and the deepest at 140 m ( 460 ft ) , the level of the river in them varies by up to 20 meters ( 65 ft ) between wet and dry seasons .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The conflict lasted for eight years , two months and two days ( measured from July 7 , 1937 , to September 9 , 1945 ) . The casualties from this war in 1937 -- 1945 were more that half of total casualties of the Pacific War .
Gobi Desert
In its broadest definition , the Gobi includes the long stretch of desert extending from the foot of the Pamirs ( 77 ° east ) to the Greater Khingan Mountains , 116 ° - 118 ° east , on the border of Manchuria ; and from the foothills of the Altay , Sayan , and Yablonoi mountain ranges on the north to the Kunlun , Altyn - Tagh , and Qilian mountain ranges , which form the northern edges of the Tibetan Plateau , on the south .
Geography of China
China 's territorial waters are principally marginal seas of the western Pacific Ocean . These waters lie on the indented coastline of the mainland and approximately 5,000 islands . The Yellow Sea , East China Sea , and South China Sea are marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean . More than half the coastline , predominantly in the south , is rocky ; most of the remainder is sandy . The Bay of Hangzhou roughly divides the two kinds of shoreline .
British Army during World War I
By the end of 1914 , the war on the Western Front had reached stalemate and the trench lines extended from the Belgian coast to the Swiss frontier . By September 1915 , the length of the British front line stretched some 70 mi ( 110 km ) . Soldiers were in the front or reserve line trenches for about eight days at a time , before being relieved .
Axis powers
Japan entered into conflict against the Chinese in 1937 . The Japanese invasion and occupation of parts of China resulted in numerous atrocities against civilians , such as the Nanking massacre and the Three Alls Policy . The Japanese also fought skirmishes with Soviet -- Mongolian forces in Manchukuo in 1938 and 1939 . Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a non-aggression pact with it in 1941 . The
Second Sino-Japanese War
Local Chinese resistance forces , organized separately by both the communists and KMT , continued their resistance in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast land area of China difficult . In 1940 , the Chinese Red Army launched a major offensive in north China , destroying railways and a major coal mine . These constant harassment and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Imperial Japanese Army and led them to employ the `` Three Alls Policy '' ( kill all , loot all , burn all ) ( 三光 政策 , Hanyu Pinyin : Sānguāng Zhèngcè , Japanese On : Sankō Seisaku ) . It was during this period that the bulk of Japanese war crimes were committed .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Using the repair of the Nen River Bridge as the pretext , the Japanese sent a repair party in early November under the protection of Japanese troops . Fighting erupted between the Japanese forces and troops loyal to the acting governor of Heilongjiang province Muslim General Ma Zhanshan , who chose to disobey the Kuomintang government 's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion .
History of the United States (1945–64)
In 1949 , the communist leader Mao Zedong won control of mainland China in a civil war , proclaimed the People 's Republic of China , then traveled to Moscow where he negotiated the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship . China had thus moved from a close ally of the U.S. to a bitter enemy , and the two fought each other starting in late 1950 in Korea . The Truman administration responded with a secret 1950 plan , NSC 68 , designed to confront the Communists with large - scale defense spending . The Russians had built an atomic bomb by 1949 -- much sooner than expected ; Truman ordered the development of the hydrogen bomb . Two of the spies who gave atomic secrets to Russia were tried and executed .
Siege
However , the Chinese were not completely defenseless , and from AD 1234 until 1279 , the Southern Song Chinese held out against the enormous barrage of Mongol attacks . Much of this success in defense lay in the world 's first use of gunpowder ( i.e. with early flamethrowers , grenades , firearms , cannons , and land mines ) to fight back against the Khitans , the Tanguts , the Jurchens , and then the Mongols .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After five months of fighting , Japan established the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 , and installed the last emperor of China , Puyi , as its puppet ruler . Militarily too weak to challenge Japan directly , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . The League 's investigation led to the publication of the Lytton Report , condemning Japan for its incursion into Manchuria , causing Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations . No country took action against Japan beyond tepid censure .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After Ma evacuated his positions in Gansu , Kuomintang troops from central China flooded the area , and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang , gradually reclaiming it and forcing Sheng Shicai to break with the Soviets . The Kuomintang ordered Ma Bufang several times to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate the pro-Soviet Governor Sheng Shicai . This helped provide protection for Chinese settling in Xinjiang .
World War II
From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history .
Causes of World War II
In 1931 Japan took advantage of China 's weakness in the Warlord Era and fabricated the Mukden Incident in 1931 to set up the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria , with Puyi , who had been the last emperor of China , as its emperor . In 1937 the Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After the Mukden Incident in 1931 , Chinese public opinion was strongly critical of Manchuria 's leader , the `` young marshal '' Zhang Xueliang , for his nonresistance to the Japanese invasion , even though the Kuomintang central government was also responsible for this policy , giving Zhang an order to `` improvise '' while not offering support . After losing Manchuria to the Japanese , Zhang and his Northeast Army were given the duty of suppressing the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party ( CPC ) in Shaanxi after their Long March . This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army , which received no support in manpower or weaponry from Chiang Kai - shek .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union provided aid to China at the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War . By 1940 the United States had become China 's main diplomatic , financial and military supporter .
World War II
In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed .