vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Storm drain
Separation of undesired runoff can be achieved by installing devices within the storm sewer system . These devices are relatively new and can only be installed with new development or during major upgrades . They are referred to as oil - grit separators ( OGS ) or oil - sediment separators ( OSS ) . They consist of a specialized manhole chamber , and use the water flow and / or gravity to separate oil and grit .
Storm drain
Basins can be filled with concrete up to the pipe level to prevent this reservoir from forming . Without proper maintenance , the functionality of the basin is questionable , as these catch basins are most commonly not cleaned annually as is needed to make them perform as designed . The trapping of debris serves no purpose because once filled they operate as if no basins were present , but continue to allow a shallow area of water retention for the breeding of mosquito . Moreover , even if cleaned and maintained , the water reservoir remains filled , accommodating the breeding of mosquitoes .
Storm drain
American English British English Comments Combined sewer A sewer designed and intended to serve as a sanitary sewer and a storm sewer , or as an industrial sewer and a storm sewer . Same as American English Stormwater mixed with sewage Storm sewer , Surface water sewer , or surface sewer A sewer designed and intended to carry only storm waters , surface runoff , street wash waters , and drainage . A sewer designed and intended to carry only rainwater runoff . Only stormwater Stormwater bypass Same as British English A combined sewer discharge pipeline intended to bypass wastewater treatment plants during a peak runoff events . Stormwater mixed with sewage Road channel See roadside ditch A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces . Only stormwater Road gully See roadside ditch Consists of a gully grating on a chamber that connects to a surface water sewer / drain , ditch , or watercourse Only stormwater Roadside ditch A roadside channel to prevent uncontrolled runoff along roadway surfaces . See road gully Only stormwater
Storm drain
In the United States , unlike the plumbing trap , the catchbasin does not necessarily prevent sewer gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping . However , in the United Kingdom , where they are called gully pots , they are designed as true water - filled traps and do block the egress of gases and rodents .
Storm drain
In several large American cities , homeless people live in storm drains . At least 300 people live in the 200 miles of underground storm drains of Las Vegas , many of them making a living finding unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines . An organization called Shine a Light was founded in 2009 to help the drain residents after over 20 drowning deaths occurred in the preceding years . A man in San Diego was evicted from a storm drain after living there for nine months in 1986 .
Transpiration stream
The water passes from the soil to the root by osmosis . The long and thin shape of root hairs maximizes surface area so that more water can enter . There is greater water potential in the soil than in the cytoplasm of the root hair cells . As the cell 's surface membrane of the root hair cell is semi-permeable , osmosis can take place ; and water passes from the soil to the root hairs . The next stage in the transpiration stream is water passing into the xylem vessels . The water either goes through the cortex cells ( between the root cells and the xylem vessels ) or it bypasses them -- going through their cell walls . After this , the water moves up the xylem vessels to the leaves through diffusion : A pressure change between the top and bottom of the vessel . Diffusion takes place because there is a water potential gradient between water in the xylem vessel and the leaf ( as water is transpiring out of the leaf ) . This means that water diffuses up the leaf . There is also a pressure change between the top and bottom of the xylem vessels , due to water loss from the leaves . This reduces the pressure of water at the top of the vessels . This means water moves up the vessels . The last stage in the transpiration stream is the water moving into the leaves , and then the actual transpiration . First , the water moves into the mesophyll cells from the top of the xylem vessels . Then the water evaporates out of the cells into the spaces between the cells in the leaf . After this , the water leaves the leaf ( and the whole plant ) by diffusion through stomata .
Storm drain
Pipes can come in many different cross-sectional shapes ( rectangular , square , bread - loaf - shaped , oval , inverted pear - shaped , egg shaped , and most commonly , circular ) . Drainage systems may have many different features including waterfalls , stairways , balconies and pits for catching rubbish , sometimes called Gross Pollutant Traps ( GPTs ) . Pipes made of different materials can also be used , such as brick , concrete , high - density polyethylene or galvanized steel . Fibre reinforced plastic is being used more commonly for drain pipes and fittings .
Storm drain
There are several related terms which are used differently in American and British English :
Storm drain
Catchbasins act as a first - line pretreatment for other treatment practices , such as retention basins , by capturing large sediments and street litter from urban runoff before it enters the storm drainage pipes . A
Storm drain
Building codes and local government ordinances vary greatly on the handling of storm drain runoff . New developments might be required to construct their own storm drain processing capacity for returning the runoff to the water table and bioswales may be required in sensitive ecological areas to protect the watershed .
Storm drain
The performance of catchbasins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the design of the catchbasin ( for example , the size of the sump ) , and on routine maintenance to retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment . Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that perform this task .
Storm drain
Catch basins are commonly designed with a sump area below the outlet pipe level which is a reservoir for water and debris to help prevent the pipe from clogging . Unless they are constructed with permeable bottoms to allow water to infiltrate into the underlying soil , this subterranean basin can become a perfect mosquito breeding area because it is cool , dark , and retains stagnant water for long periods of time . Combined with standard grates which have holes large enough for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin , this is a major problem in mosquito control .
Hurricane Harvey
Extraction of oil and groundwater from underground aquifers leaves unsupported voids resulting in ground collapse , a process called subsidence . Houston itself is in a very large subsidence bowl , with smaller bowls within that area showing greater subsidence : in some cases as much as 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) . These result in drainage systems no longer having the required gradient to operate efficiently , so storm water drains more slowly . The coastline near Houston has seen sea level increasing by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in recent decades due to subsidence combined with the effects of climate change .
Meander
After a cutoff meander is formed , river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta - like feature into either end of it during floods . These delta - like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel and independent of the river . During floods , the flood waters deposit fine - grained sediment into the oxbow lake . As a result , oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine - grained , organic - rich sediments over time .
Hurricane Harvey
The area is a very flat flood plain at shallow gradient , slowly draining rainwater through an intricate network of channels and bayous to the sea . The main waterways , the San Jacinto River and the Buffalo Bayou , meander slowly , laden with mud , and have little capacity for carrying storm water .
Storm drain
In the United States , cities , suburban communities and towns with over 10,000 population are required to obtain discharge permits for their storm sewer systems , under the Clean Water Act . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) issued stormwater regulations for large cities in 1990 and for other communities in 1999 . The permits require local governments to operate stormwater management programs , covering both construction of new buildings and facilities , and maintenance of their existing municipal drainage networks . Many municipalities have revised their local ordinances covering management of runoff . State government facilities , such as roads and highways , are also subject to the stormwater management regulations . Many local municipalities have placed ordinances for both commercial and residential stormwater management practices to be designed , implemented , and approved before an occupancy permit is released .
Hurricane Katrina
Finally , as part of the cleanup effort , the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain , a process that took 43 days to complete . These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage , bacteria , heavy metals , pesticides , toxic chemicals , and oil , which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying .
St. Johns River
All of Florida 's abundant fresh water is the result of precipitation that returns to the atmosphere in a process called evapotranspiration that involves evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants . As rains fall , most of the water is directed to lakes , streams , and rivers . However , a significant amount of fresh water is held underground but close to the surface in aquifers . A surficial aquifer consisting mostly of clay , shells , and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials . Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer , which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content . Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below . The Floridan Aquifer , underneath the confining layer , underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia , Alabama , and South Carolina . It is particularly accessible in the northern part of Florida , serving as the fresh water source of metropolitan areas from St. Petersburg north to Jacksonville and Tallahassee .
Valparaiso Moraine
The Valparaiso Moraine forms part of the Saint Lawrence River Divide , bounding the Great Lakes Basin . Water on one side of the moraine flows into Lake Michigan , through the Great Lakes , and eventually into the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River , while water on the other side flows into tributaries of the Mississippi River , which eventually flows into the Gulf of Mexico .
Rainwater harvesting
Traditionally , stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose . However , optimized real - time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity . This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events , thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse . This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events .
St. Johns River
Dissolved oxygen in fresh water is measured to indicate the health of plant and animal life . It enters water through the atmosphere and from aquatic plant photosynthesis , and is affected by water pressure and temperature . Rapid decomposition of organic materials will decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river , as will nutrients added to the water artificially by wastewater treatment runoff or drainage from fertilized agricultural fields . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Florida recommend no less than 5 mg of oxygen per liter . Several locations on the St. Johns or its tributaries reported at or below these minimums in the 1990s , including the mouth of the Wekiva River , the St. Johns at the town of Christmas , and in the early 2000s at Blue Spring and Blackwater Creek . Sustained low levels of dissolved oxygen may create algal blooms , which may also cause a further decrease in dissolved oxygen .
St. Johns River
Nitrates and phosphorus used as lawn and crop fertilizers wash into the St. Johns . Broken septic systems and seepage from cattle grazing lands create pollution that also finds its way into the river . Storm water washes from street drains directly to the river and its tributaries : in the 1970s , the Econlockhatchee River received 8,000,000 US gallons ( 30,000,000 L ) of treated wastewater every day . Wetlands were drained and paved , unable to filter pollutants from the water , made worse by the river 's own slow discharge . Algal blooms , fish kills , and deformations and lesions on fish occur regularly in the river from Palatka to Jacksonville . Although most of the pollutants in the river are washed from the southern parts of the river , the Jacksonville area produces approximately 36 percent of them found in the lower basin .
Rainwater harvesting
In the United Kingdom , water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on allotments to collect rainwater , which is then used to water the garden . However , the British government 's Code For Sustainable Homes encouraged fitting large underground tanks to newly built homes to collect rainwater for flushing toilets , watering , and washing . Ideal designs had the potential to reduce demand on mains water supply by half . The code was revoked in 2015 .
Copper in architecture
Hung copper gutters are supported by brass - or copper brackets or hangers , or by brass straps . Copper gutter linings are often built into wood framed supporting structures . Scuppers are used to provide an outlet through parapet walls or gravel stops on flat and built - up roofs to allow drainage of excess water . They can be used in conjunction with gutters and downspouts to divert water flow to the desired location . Copper roof sumps are generally used for draining small roof areas such as canopies . Roof sump drains are not recommended for general roof drainage systems . Custom
Storm drain
Most catchbasins will contain stagnant water during the drier parts of the year , and can , in warm countries , be used by mosquitos for breeding . Larvicides or disruptive larval hormones , sometimes released from `` mosquito biscuits '' , have been used to control mosquito breeding in catchbasins . Mosquitoes may be physically prevented from reaching the standing water or migrating into the sewer proper by the use of an `` inverted cone filter '' . Another method of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the surface of stagnant water , interfering with the breathing tubes of mosquito larvae .
Hurricane Harvey
Heavy rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana , with the state recording up to 14.88 in ( 37.8 cm ) of precipitation near the town of Iowa . In the town of Lake Charles , water reached 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) in height , with homes flooded and hundreds of people forced to evacuate in one neighborhood alone . Throughout the state , about 500 people were rescued by August 28 , while 269 people went to a shelter in southwest Louisiana , about 200 of whom were rescued from their homes . An EF2 tornado near Evangeline damaged four homes , one of which was destroyed . The tornado also damaged fences , a motorcycle , a pickup truck , and toppled three electrical poles .
Mississippi River
Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river , it is normally dry on both sides . Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood , the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location . During the 2011 floods , the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1 / 4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft / sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream , this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system .
Thunderstorm
Typically , if there is little wind shear , the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and ' rain itself out ' , but , if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction , the downdraft will be separated from the updraft , and the storm may become a supercell , where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours .
Meander
Since the flow velocity is diminished , so is the centrifugal pressure . However , the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails , developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside . The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside . This entire situation is very similar to the Tea leaf paradox . This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering .
Irrigation tank
4 . There are several streams which become torrential during rainy season . The only way to make best use of this water is to impound it by constructing embankments and building tanks . Otherwise this water would go to waste and into the sea .
Water in California
The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct carries water from the Tuolumne River to San Francisco and other Bay Area regions . The system starts in Hetch Hetchy Valley , inside Yosemite National Park . The system also generates up to 400MW of electrical power , depending on rainfall , most of which is sent to San Francisco via city - owned power lines . After water leaves Hetch Hetchy , it passes through tunnels towards powerhouses . Three pipes then bring the water across the Central Valley . Concerns about the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct 's ability to withstand earthquakes led to a $1.7 billion bond , approved by voters in November 2002 .
Environmental impact of mining
Sub-surface mining often progresses below the water table , so water must be constantly pumped out of the mine in order to prevent flooding . When a mine is abandoned , the pumping ceases , and water floods the mine . This introduction of water is the initial step in most acid rock drainage situations .
Ancient Roman architecture
Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone , being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone , brick or concrete . Most were buried beneath the ground , and followed its contours ; obstructing peaks were circumvented or , less often , tunnelled through . Where valleys or lowlands intervened , the conduit was carried on bridgework , or its contents fed into high - pressure lead , ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across . Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks , sluices and distribution tanks to regulate the supply at need .
River Thames
Its tidal section , reaching up to Teddington Lock , includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . Running through some of the driest parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water , the Thames ' discharge is low considering its length and breadth : the Severn has a discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller drainage basin . In Scotland , the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60 % smaller .
Tropical cyclone
When hurricanes surge upon shore from the ocean , salt is introduced to many freshwater areas and raises the salinity levels too high for some habitats to withstand . Some are able to cope with the salt and recycle it back into the ocean , but others can not release the extra surface water quickly enough or do not have a large enough freshwater source to replace it . Because of this , some species of plants and vegetation die due to the excess salt . In addition , hurricanes can carry toxins and acids onto shore when they make landfall . The flood water can pick up the toxins from different spills and contaminate the land that it passes over . The toxins are very harmful to the people and animals in the area , as well as the environment around them . The flooding water can also spark many dangerous oil spills .
Rainwater harvesting
The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run - off water to waste . Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw - off mechanism ( rather than from the base of the tank ) and by using a series of tanks , withdraw from the last in series . Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediment . Prefiltration is important to keep the system healthy .
Cigarette
Discarded cigarette filters usually end up in the water system through drainage ditches and are transported by rivers and other waterways to the ocean .
Copper in architecture
Through - wall flashing diverts moisture that has entered the wall before it can cause damage . Counterflashing diverts water to the base flashing , which , in turn , diverts it to other materials .
Hurricane Katrina
Other factors may have contributed to the flooding . According to the authors of Catastrophe in the Making ( Island Press , 2009 ) , the straight design and lack of outward flow into the Gulf allowed the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal to become `` the perfect shortcut for salt - water intrusion '' which damaged buffering cypress forests and wetlands which historically had protected New Orleans from storm surge . The Army Corps of Engineers built and maintained the canal . Furthermore , according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui :
River Welland
The basin runs in a broadly south - west to north - east direction , with an extension to the north around the West Glen and East Glen rivers . The underlying geology consists of Lias clays at the western end of the catchment , with Lincolnshire limestone in the centre , including the valleys of the Glen . The eastern third is mostly alluvial soils , and it is this part that relies on artificial pumping to prevent flooding . Rainfall over the area varies between 26 and 30 inches ( 660 and 760 mm ) per year , which is quite light , and because the land is efficiently drained during the winter months , there are few reserves , making the area prone to drought in the summer months .
Hurricane Katrina
Hard - hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board . The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans . In the months after the storm , many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes , tracking credit card records , and visiting homes of family and relatives . Hurricane
Hoover Dam
Following the completion of the dam , the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs . The downstream halves of the tunnels following the inner plugs are now the main bodies of the spillway tunnels . The inner diversion tunnels were plugged at approximately one - third of their length , beyond which they now carry steel pipes connecting the intake towers to the power plant and outlet works . The inner tunnels ' outlets are equipped with gates that can be closed to drain the tunnels for maintenance .