vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quit India Movement
Gandhi 's reaction to this statement was ; `` the old policy of divide and rule is to continue . The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone . '' According to the instructions issued by High Command , the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately . Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions . The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League , Mohammad Ali Jinnah . He called the day of 22 December 1939 ' The Day of Deliverance ' . Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day , however , it was futile . At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940 , Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland , Pakistan .
Quit India Movement
However , it proved to be controversial within the party . A prominent Congress national leader , Chakravarti Rajgopalachari , quit the Congress over this decision , and so did some local and regional level organisers . Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call , but backed it and stuck with Gandhi 's leadership until the end . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement , as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan .
Quit India Movement
In 1939 , Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor - General of India , Lord Linlithgow , had brought India into the war without consultation with them . The Muslim League supported the war , but Congress was divided . Public
Quit India Movement
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Quit India Movement
Following the Hindu Mahasabha 's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement , Syama Prasad Mukherjee , leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal , ( which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq ) , wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond , if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to quit India . In this letter , dated July 26 , 1942 he wrote :
Digboi
In 1939 , there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery . The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle ; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah . The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike . The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi , Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union .
Partition of India
The Muslim League conducted its own investigation into the conditions of Muslims under Congress - governed provinces . The findings of such investigations increased fear among the Muslim masses of future Hindu domination . The view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress was now a part of the public discourse of Muslims . With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , the viceroy , Lord Linlithgow , declared war on India 's behalf without consulting Indian leaders , leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest . The Muslim League , which functioned under state patronage , in contrast , organized `` Deliverance Day '' , celebrations ( from Congress dominance ) and supported Britain in the war effort . When Linlithgow , met with nationalist leaders , he gave the same status to Jinnah as he did to Gandhi , and a month later described the Congress as a `` Hindu organization . ''
Quit India Movement
In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress , at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha , Gandhi revealed his plan to launch individual civil oisobedience . Once again , the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British . It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British . Vinoba Bhave , a follower of Gandhi , was selected by him to initiate the movement . Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country , with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the government in its war endeavors . The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis . On 3 December 1941 , the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis . In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program . Subsequently , the movement was withdrawn .
Partition of India
On 14 August 1947 , the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being , with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi . The following day , 15 August 1947 , India , now a smaller Union of India , became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi , and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of prime minister , and the viceroy , Louis Mountbatten , staying on as its first Governor General ; Gandhi , however , remained in Bengal , preferring instead to work with the new refugees from the partitioned subcontinent .
Quit India Movement
After the onset of the war , only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action . Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany , reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance , and soliciting help from the Axis Powers , conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities .
Independence Day (India)
The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi . Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister , and the viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , continued as its first governor general . Gandhi 's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion ; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events . Instead , he marked the day with a 24 - hour fast , during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta , encouraging peace between Hindu and Muslim .
Quit India Movement
In March 1942 , faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops -- especially in Africa -- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent , the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , the Leader of the House of Commons , in what came to be known as the Cripps mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war , in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature . The talks failed , as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self - government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished , essentially making an offer of limited dominion - status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement .
History of India
The Indian National Congress , led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Maulana Azad , denounced Nazi Germany but would not fight it or anyone else until India was independent . Congress launched the Quit India Movement in August 1942 , refusing to co-operate in any way with the government until independence was granted . The government was ready for this move . It immediately arrested over 60,000 national and local Congress leaders , and then moved to suppress the violent reaction of Congress supporters . Key leaders were kept in prison until June 1945 , although Gandhi was released in May 1944 because of his health . Congress , with its leaders incommunicado , played little role on the home front . The Muslim League rejected the Quit India movement and worked closely with the Raj authorities .
Quit India Movement
At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited . The movement had a local impact in some areas . especially at Satara in Maharashtra , Talcher in Odisha , and Midnapore . In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore , the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments , which continued to function , until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944 . A minor uprising took place in Ballia , now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh . People overthrew the district administration , broke open the jail , released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule . It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district . Of special importance in Saurashtra ( in western Gujarat ) was the role of the region 's ' baharvatiya ' tradition ( i.e. going outside the law ) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there . In rural west Bengal , the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants ' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports . There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement .
Partition of India
Late in 1946 , the Labour government in Britain , its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II , decided to end British rule of India , and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948 . However , with the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence , the new viceroy , Louis Mountbatten , advanced the date for the transfer of power , allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence . In June 1947 , the nationalist leaders , including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress , Jinnah representing the Muslim League , B.R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community , and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs , agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines in stark opposition to Gandhi 's views . The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan ; the plan included a partition of the Muslim - majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal . The communal violence that accompanied the announcement of the Radcliffe Line , the line of partition , was even more horrific .
Garhwal Kingdom
During the Quit India Movement people from this region actively worked for the independence of India . Ultimately , when the country was declared independent in 1947 , the inhabitants of Tehri Riyasat ( Garhwal State ) started their movement to free themselves from the clutches of the Maharaja Narendra Shah ( Panwar ) .
Quit India Movement
According to John F. Riddick , from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942 , the Quit India movement :
Quit India Movement
One of the important achievements of the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed . The British , already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India - Burma border , responded by imprisoning Gandhi . All the members of the Party 's Working Committee ( national leadership ) were imprisoned as well . Due to the arrest of major leaders , a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag ; later the Congress party was banned . These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population . Despite lack of direct leadership , large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country . Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called . Not all demonstrations were peaceful , at some places bombs exploded , government buildings were set on fire , electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed . Play
Vallabhbhai Patel
While Nehru , Rajagopalachari , and Maulana Azad initially criticised Gandhi 's proposal for an all - out campaign of civil disobedience to force the British to quit India , Patel was its most fervent supporter . Arguing that the British would retreat from India as they had from Singapore and Burma , Patel urged that the campaign start without any delay . Though feeling that the British would not leave immediately , Patel favoured an all - out rebellion that would galvanise the Indian people , who had been divided in their response to the war , In Patel 's view , such a rebellion would force the British to concede that continuation of colonial rule had no support in India , and thus speed the transfer of power to Indians . Believing strongly in the need for revolt , Patel stated his intention to resign from the Congress if the revolt were not approved . Gandhi strongly pressured the All India Congress Committee to approve an all - out campaign of civil disobedience , and the AICC approved the campaign on 7 August 1942 . Though Patel 's health had suffered during his stint in jail , he gave emotional speeches to large crowds across India , asking them to refuse to pay taxes and to participate in civil disobedience , mass protests , and a shutdown of all civil services . He raised funds and prepared a second tier of command as a precaution against the arrest of national leaders . Patel made a climactic speech to more than 100,000 people gathered at Gowalia Tank in Bombay ( Mumbai ) on 7 August :
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company 's rule in India . In August , by the Government of India Act 1858 , the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown . A new British government department , the India Office , was created to handle the governance of India , and its head , the Secretary of State for India , was entrusted with formulating Indian policy . The Governor - General of India gained a new title , Viceroy of India , and implemented the policies devised by the India Office . Some former East India Company territories , such as the Straits Settlements , became colonies in their own right . The British colonial administration embarked on a program of reform , trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolishing attempts at Westernization . The Viceroy stopped land grabs , decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service , albeit mainly as subordinates .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
League leaders entered the council under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan , the future first Prime Minister of Pakistan who became the finance minister , but the council did not function in harmony , as separate meetings were not held by League ministers , and both parties vetoed the major initiatives proposed by the other , highlighting their ideological differences and political antagonism . At the arrival of the new ( and proclaimed as the last ) viceroy , Lord Mountbatten of Burma in early 1947 , Congress leaders expressed the view that the coalition was unworkable . That led to the eventual proposal , and acceptance of the partition of India . The rejection of cabinet mission plan led to a resurgence of confrontational politics beginning with the Muslim League 's Direct action day and the subsequent killings in Noakhali and Bihar . The portioning of responsibility of the League , the Congress and the British Colonial Administration for the breakdown continues to be a topic of fierce disagreement .
Quit India Movement
At the outbreak of war , the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working - committee in September 1939 , conditionally supporting the fight against fascism , but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return . Gandhi had not supported this initiative , as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war ( he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance , used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , and Hideki Tojo ) . However , at the height of the Battle of Britain , Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort , stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain . However , opinions remained divided . The long - term British policy of limiting investment in India and using the country as a market and source of revenue had left the Indian Army relatively weak and poorly armed and trained and forced the British to become net contributors to India 's budget , while taxes were sharply increased and the general level of prices of doubled : although many Indian businesses benefitted from increased war production , in general business `` felt rebuffed by the government '' and in particular the refusal of the British Raj to give Indians a greater role in organising and mobilising the economy for war time production .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Charles Canning , the Governor - General of India during the rebellion . Lord Dalhousie , the Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 , who devised the Doctrine of Lapse . Lakshmibai , the Rani of Maratha - ruled Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse . Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor , crowned Emperor of India , by the Indian troops , he was deposed by the British , and died in exile in Burma
British Empire
The pro-decolonisation Labour government , elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee , moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire : Indian independence . India 's two major political parties -- the Indian National Congress ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) and the Muslim League ( led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah ) -- had been campaigning for independence for decades , but disagreed as to how it should be implemented . Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state , whereas the League , fearing domination by the Hindu majority , desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim - majority regions . Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948 . When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent , the newly appointed ( and last ) Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947 . The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan . Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa , and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives . Burma , which had been administered as part of the British Raj , and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948 . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth , while Burma chose not to join .
Quit India Movement
In 1939 , with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain , India became a party to the war by being a constituent component of the British Empire . Following this declaration , the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939 , passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans . At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first . Responding to this declaration , the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven with the intention of strengthening peace in the world . He also stated that after the war , the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935 , in accordance to the desires of the Indians .
Quit India Movement
By early 1944 , India was mostly peaceful again , while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated . A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists , while Jinnah and the Muslim League , as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage , criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party .
Quit India Movement
The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years . Gandhi 's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi 's health was failing , despite this Gandhi went on a 21 - day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance . Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944 , he kept up the resistance , demanding the release of the Congress leadership .
Quit India Movement
The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha ( 14 July 1942 ) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government . The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands .
Independence Day (India)
The new viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , advanced the date for the transfer of power , believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League might lead to a collapse of the interim government . He chose the second anniversary of Japan 's surrender in World War II , 15 August , as the date of power transfer . The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of partitioning British India into two states ; the successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth . The Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30 ) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan ( including what is now Bangladesh ) with effect from 15 August 1947 , and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries . The Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947 .
Subhas Chandra Bose
This was along the concept of -- and with support of -- what was then known as the Indian Independence League , headed by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose . The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the Hikari Kikan and Mohan Singh , who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool . Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner - of - war camp . However , the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943 . In July , at a meeting in Singapore , Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose . Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south - east Asia , who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army , as well as financially in response to Bose 's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause . INA had a separate women 's unit , the Rani of Jhansi Regiment ( named after Rani Lakshmi Bai ) headed by Capt . Lakshmi Swaminathan , which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia .