vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Daniel Johnston
In 1990 , Johnston played at a music festival in Austin , Texas . On the way back to West Virginia on a private two - seater plane piloted by his father Bill , Johnston had a manic psychotic episode ; believing he was Casper the Friendly Ghost , Johnston removed the key from the plane 's ignition and threw it outside . His father , a former US Air Force pilot , managed to successfully crash - land the plane , even though `` there was nothing down there but trees '' . Although the plane was destroyed , Johnston and his father emerged with only minor injuries . As a result of this episode , Johnston was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital .
Anthony Eden
He was also prescribed Benzedrine , the wonder drug of the 1950s . Regarded then as a harmless stimulant , it belongs to the family of drugs called amphetamines , and at that time they were prescribed and used in a very casual way . Among the side effects of Benzedrine are insomnia , restlessness , and mood swings , all of which Eden suffered during the Suez Crisis ; indeed , earlier in his premiership he complained of being kept awake at night by the sound of motor scooters . Eden 's drug use is now commonly agreed to have been a part of the reason for his bad judgment while Prime Minister . The Thorpe biography , however , denied Eden 's abuse of Benzedrine , stating that the allegations were `` untrue , as is made clear by Eden 's medical records at Birmingham University , not yet ( at the time ) available for research '' .
The Catcher in the Rye
Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye ... Wonderful book . I loved it . I pursued it . I wanted to make a picture out of it . And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward , my agent , in New York , and said , ' Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off . He 's very , very insensitive . ' And he walked out . That was the entire speech . I never saw him . That was J.D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye .
Anthony Eden
At the end of 1940 Eden returned to the Foreign Office , and in this role became a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive in 1941 . Although he was one of Churchill 's closest confidants , his role in wartime was restricted because Churchill conducted the most important negotiations , with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , himself , but Eden served loyally as Churchill 's lieutenant . In December 1941 , he travelled by ship to Russia where he met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and surveyed the battlefields upon which the Russians had successfully defended Moscow from the German Army attack in Operation Barbarossa .
Second Battle of the Marne
Following the failure of the Spring Offensive to end the conflict , Erich Ludendorff , Chief Quartermaster General and virtual military ruler of Germany , believed that an attack through Flanders would give Germany a decisive victory over the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) . To shield his intentions and draw Allied troops away from Belgium , Ludendorff planned for a large diversionary attack along the Marne .
Andre Gunder Frank
Frank was born in Germany to Jewish parents , pacifist writer Leonhard Frank and his second wife Elena Maqenne Penswehr , but his family fled the country when Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor . Frank received schooling in several places in Switzerland , where his family settled , until they emigrated to the United States in 1941 . Frank 's undergraduate studies were at Swarthmore College . He earned his Ph. D. in economics in 1957 at the University of Chicago . His doctorate was a study of Soviet agriculture entitled Growth and Productivity in Ukrainian Agriculture from 1928 to 1955 . Ironically , his dissertation supervisor was Milton Friedman , a man whose laissez faire approach to economics Frank would later harshly criticize .
Stanley Kubrick's unrealized projects
In a March 2013 , Anthony Frewin , Kubrick 's assistant for many years , wrote in an article in The Atlantic : `` He ( Kubrick ) was limitlessly interested in anything to do with Nazis and desperately wanted to make a film on the subject . '' The article included information on another Kubrick World War II film that was never realized , based on the life story of Dietrich Schulz - Koehn , a Nazi officer who used the pen name `` Dr. Jazz '' to write reviews of German music scenes during the Nazi era . Kubrick had been given a copy of the Mike Zwerin book Swing Under the Nazis ( the front cover of which featured a photograph of Schulz - Koehn ) after he had finished production on Full Metal Jacket . However , a screenplay was never completed and Kubrick 's film adaptation plan was never initiated ( the unfinished Aryan Papers was a factor in the abandonment of the project ) .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Truman confounded all predictions to win election in 1948 , helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour which reinvigorated the New Deal Coalition . In addition , the short - lived GOP dominance of Congress was ended as the Democrat Party regained a comfortable majority in both houses , something they would surrender only once in the next 32 years . His victory validated his domestic liberalism , his foreign policy of containment , and the new federal commitment to civil rights .
Erwin Rommel
After the armistice with the French was signed on 22 June , the division was placed in reserve , being sent first to the Somme and then to Bordeaux to re-equip and prepare for Unternehmen Seelöwe ( Operation Sea Lion ) , the planned invasion of Britain . This invasion was later cancelled as Germany was not able to acquire the air superiority needed for a successful outcome , while the Kriegsmarine was massively outnumbered by the Royal Navy . Execution
Anthony Eden
Eden 's biographer Richard Lamb said that Eden bullied Churchill into going back on commitments to European unity made in opposition . The truth appears to be more complex . Britain was still a world power , or at least trying to be , in 1945 -- 55 , with the concept of sovereignty not as discredited as on the continent . The USA encouraged moves towards European federalism as it wanted to withdraw US troops and get the Germans rearmed under supervision . Eden was less Atlanticist than Churchill and had little time for European federalism . He wanted firm alliances with France and other Western European powers to contain Germany . Half of British trade at that time was with the sterling area , and only a quarter with Western Europe . Despite later talk of `` lost opportunities '' , even Macmillan , who had been an active member of the `` European Movement '' after the war , acknowledged in February 1952 that Britain 's relationship with the USA and the Commonwealth would prevent her from joining a federal Europe at that time . Eden was also irritated by Churchill 's hankering for a summit meeting with the USSR , during the period in 1953 after Stalin 's death and whilst Eden was seriously ill from a botched bile duct operation .
Friedrich Engels
Archaeology Criminology Film theory Geography Historiography Literary criticism Marxism and religion Variants ( show ) Analytical Austro Autonomism Budapest School Classical Council communism De Leonism Democratic socialism Eurocommunism Feminist Frankfurt School Freudian Guevarism Hoxhaism Humanist Impossibilism Instrumental Left communism Leninism Libertarian Luxemburgism Maoism Marxism -- Leninism Neo-Marxism Neue Marx - Lektüre Open Orthodox Post-Marxism Praxis School Right Opposition Social democracy Stalinism Structural Titoism Trotskyism Western People ( show ) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels August Bebel Daniel De Leon Georgi Plekhanov Eduard Bernstein James Connolly Rosa Luxemburg Clara Zetkin Karl Liebknecht Karl Kautsky Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Alexandra Kollontai Nikolai Bukharin Antonio Gramsci Joseph Stalin Walter Benjamin Antonie Pannekoek Bertolt Brecht Wilhelm Reich György Lukács Ho Chi Minh Max Horkheimer Mao Zedong Josip Broz Tito Theodor W. Adorno Herbert Marcuse C. Wright Mills Erich Fromm Salvador Allende Jean - Paul Sartre Enver Hoxha Simone de Beauvoir Che Guevara Raya Dunayevskaya Maximilien Rubel Kim Il - sung Louis Althusser Guy Debord David Harvey Eric Hobsbawm Nelson Mandela Howard Zinn Thomas Sankara Fidel Castro Zygmunt Bauman Slavoj Žižek Richard D. Wolff Yanis Varoufakis Socialism portal Communism portal Philosophy portal
History of chemistry
In 1897 , J.J. Thomson discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube . In 1898 , Wilhelm Wien demonstrated that canal rays ( streams of positive ions ) can be deflected by magnetic fields , and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass - to - charge ratio . This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry in 1912 . Marie
Erwin Rommel
According to Der Spiegel , following the war 's end , West Germany yearned for father figures who were needed to replace the former ones who had been unmasked as criminals . Rommel was chosen because he embodied the decent soldier , cunning yet fair - minded , and if guilty by association , not so guilty that he became unreliable , and additionally , former comrades reported that he was close to the Resistance . While everyone else was disgraced , his star became brighter than ever , and he made the historically unprecedent leap over the threshold between eras : from Hitler 's favourite general , to the young republic 's hero . Cornelia Hecht notes that despite the change of times , Rommel has become the symbol of different regimes and concepts , which is paradoxical , whoever the man he really was . Ulrich vom Hagen reports that Rommel , for the admiration shown towards him by all sides after the war , was used as a unity symbol that led to the `` elegant settlement '' of the conflict between fascistic , small - bourgeois elements and the aristocratic traditionalists during the early years after the formation of the Bundeswehr . Simon Ball describes how various elements in the German and British armies and governments extensively used Rommel 's image in dealing with their inner struggles , promoting aspects of his that each group associated with themselves . Eric Dorman - Smith claimed that it was a `` pity we could not have combined with Rommel to clean up the whole mess on both sides '' .
History of chemistry
In 1702 , German chemist Georg Stahl coined the name `` phlogiston '' for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning . Around 1735 , Swedish chemist Georg Brandt analyzed a dark blue pigment found in copper ore . Brandt demonstrated that the pigment contained a new element , later named cobalt . In 1751 , a Swedish chemist and pupil of Stahl 's named Axel Fredrik Cronstedt , identified an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element , which he named nickel . Cronstedt is one of the founders of modern mineralogy . Cronstedt also discovered the mineral scheelite in 1751 , which he named tungsten , meaning `` heavy stone '' in Swedish .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
To command the invasion of France , Roosevelt chose General Dwight D. Eisenhower , who had successfully commanded a multinational coalition in North Africa and Sicily . Eisenhower chose to launch Operation Overlord on June 6 , 1944 . Supported by 12,000 aircraft and the largest naval force ever assembled , the Allies successfully established a beachhead in Normandy and then advanced further into France . Though reluctant to back an unelected government , Roosevelt recognized Charles de Gaulle 's Provisional Government of the French Republic as the de facto government of France in July 1944 . After most of France had been liberated from German occupation , Roosevelt granted formal recognition to de Gaulle 's government in October 1944 . Over the following months , the Allies liberated more territory from Nazi occupation and began the invasion of Germany . By April 1945 , Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , and Germany soon surrendered .
Erwin Rommel
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Field Marshal Erwin Rommel c. 1942 Birth name Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel Nickname ( s ) `` The Desert Fox '' ( 1891 - 11 - 15 ) 15 November 1891 Heidenheim , Kingdom of Württemberg , German Empire 14 October 1944 ( 1944 - 10 - 14 ) ( aged 52 ) Herrlingen , Nazi Germany Buried Cemetery of Herrlingen Allegiance German Empire ( to 1918 ) Weimar Republic ( to 1933 ) Nazi Germany ( to 1944 ) Service / branch Army of Württemberg Reichsheer German Army Years of service 1911 -- 1944 Rank Generalfeldmarschall Commands held 7th Panzer Division Afrika Korps Panzer Army Africa Army Group Africa Army Group B Battles / wars See battles World War I First Battle of the Argonne ( 1915 ) Masivul Lesului and Oituz Campaigns ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Battle of Caporetto ( 1917 ) World War II Invasion of Poland Fall of France Battle of Arras ( 1940 ) Siege of Lille ( 1940 ) North African Campaign Operation Sonnenblume ( 1941 ) Siege of Tobruk ( 1941 ) Operation Brevity ( 1941 ) Operation Battleaxe ( 1941 ) Operation Crusader ( 1941 ) Battle of Gazala ( 1942 ) Battle of Bir Hakeim ( 1942 ) First Battle of El Alamein ( 1942 ) Battle of Alam Halfa ( 1942 ) Second Battle of El Alamein ( 1942 ) Battle of El Agheila ( 1942 ) Battle of the Kasserine Pass ( 1943 ) Battle of Medenine ( 1943 ) Battle of Normandy ( 1944 ) Awards Iron Cross , First Class Pour le Mérite Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds Spouse ( s ) Lucia Maria Mollin ( m . 1916 ) Relations Manfred Rommel ( 1928 -- 2013 ) , son Gertrud Stemmer ( 1913 -- 2000 ) , daughter Signature
Leslie Fiedler
After an involved police surveillance operation , Fiedler was arrested in 1967 on the charge of maintaining premises where banned substances were being used . Following six weeks of surveillance , the narcotics squad obtained a search warrant . With only one day left in the warrant , the police raided the house and `` found '' small quantities of marijuana and hashish . Marsha Van der Voort later testified under oath that she had planted the illegal substances just prior to the entrance of the police . Even though they had no direct evidence that Fiedler himself had used them , the evidence was sufficient for an arrest . The scandal was disastrous for Fiedler ; his home insurance was canceled by two different providers , and the University of Amsterdam reversed their decision to have him as a Fulbright lecturer . While the legal case was ongoing , Fiedler managed to secure a position as visiting professor in the University of Sussex .
Erwin Rommel
Wanting to exploit the British halt and their apparent disorganisation , on 24 November Rommel counterattacked near the Egyptian border in an operation that became known as the `` dash to the wire '' . Unknown to Rommel , his troops passed within 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) of a major British supply dump . Cunningham asked Auchinleck for permission to withdraw into Egypt , but Auchinleck refused , and soon replaced Cunningham as commander of Eighth Army with Major General Neil Ritchie . The German counterattack stalled as it outran its supplies and met stiffening resistance , and was criticised by the German High Command and some of Rommel 's staff officers .
The Tiger Who Came to Tea
Judith knows about dangerous people who come to your house and take people away . She was told as a young child that her father could be grabbed at any moment by either the Gestapo or the SS - he was in great danger . So I do n't know whether Judith did it consciously or not - I would n't want to go there - but the point is he 's a jokey tiger , but he is a tiger . ( Michael Rosen )
Reichstag fire
Dimitrov : The three officials who arrested and examined Van der Lubbe all agreed that no membership card of the Communist Party was found on him . I should like to know where the report that such a card had been found came from .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel immediately turned back against the British forces , occupying the Mareth Line ( old French defences on the Libyan border ) . While Rommel was at Kasserine at the end of January 1943 , the Italian General Giovanni Messe was appointed commander of Panzer Army Africa , renamed the Italo - German Panzer Army in recognition of the fact that it consisted of one German and three Italian corps . Though Messe replaced Rommel , he diplomatically deferred to him , and the two coexisted in what was theoretically the same command . On 23 February Armeegruppe Afrika was created with Rommel in command . It included the Italo - German Panzer Army under Messe ( renamed 1st Italian Army ) and the German 5th Panzer Army in the north of Tunisia under General Hans - Jürgen von Arnim .
Soviet Union in World War II
The German southern campaign began with a push to capture the Crimea , which ended in disaster for the Red Army . Stalin publicly criticised his generals ' leadership . In their southern campaigns , the Germans took 625,000 Red Army prisoners in July and August 1942 alone . At the same time , in a meeting in Moscow , Churchill privately told Stalin that the British and Americans were not yet prepared to make an amphibious landing against a fortified Nazi - held French coast in 1942 , and would direct their efforts to invading German - held North Africa . He pledged a campaign of massive strategic bombing , to include German civilian targets .
William Hopper
William DeWolf Hopper Jr . ( January 26 , 1915 -- March 6 , 1970 ) was an American stage , film , and television actor . The only child of actor DeWolf Hopper and actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper , he appeared in predominantly minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and ' 40s . After serving in the United States Navy during World War II , he left acting , but in the mid-1950s , he was persuaded by director William Wellman to resume his film career . He became best known for his work in television , as private detective Paul Drake in the CBS series , Perry Mason .
Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley ( January 8 , 1935 -- August 16 , 1977 ) was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the `` King of Rock and Roll '' or simply `` the King '' .
Manhattan Project
The Alsos Mission to Italy questioned staff of the physics laboratory at the University of Rome following the capture of the city in June 1944 . Meanwhile , Pash formed a combined British and American Alsos mission in London under the command of Captain Horace K. Calvert to participate in Operation Overlord . Groves considered the risk that the Germans might attempt to disrupt the Normandy landings with radioactive poisons was sufficient to warn General Dwight D. Eisenhower and send an officer to brief his chief of staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith . Under the codename Operation Peppermint , special equipment was prepared and Chemical Warfare Service teams were trained in its use .
Friedrich Engels
Engels was born on 28 November 1820 in Barmen , Province of Jülich - Cleves - Berg , Prussia ( now Wuppertal , Germany ) . Barmen was an expanding industrial metropolis and he was the eldest son of a wealthy German cotton textile manufacturer Friedrich Sr. ( 1796 -- 1860 ) and Elisabeth `` Elise '' Franziska Mauritia von Haar ( 1797 -- 1873 ) . His parents were Pietist Protestants and Engels was raised accordingly . However , as Engels grew up , he developed atheistic beliefs and his relationship with his parents became strained . His mother wrote to him of her concerns . She said that he had `` really gone too far '' and `` begged '' him `` to proceed no further '' . She continued :
British Empire
In July 1956 , Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal . The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal . Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower , by his lack of consultation , and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion . Another of Eisenhower 's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency . Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives , UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces , and Eden resigned .
Israel
During the 1950s , Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen , nearly always against civilians , mainly from the Egyptian - occupied Gaza Strip , leading to several Israeli counter-raids . In 1956 , Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal , which the Egyptians had nationalized . The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel 's southern population , and recent Arab grave and threatening statements , prompted Israel to attack Egypt . Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal . The war , known as the Suez Crisis , resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration . In the early 1960s , Israel captured Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel for trial . The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust . Eichmann remains the only person executed in Israel by conviction in an Israeli civilian court . Territory
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. ( / ˈroʊzəvəlt / , / - vɛlt / ; January 30 , 1882 -- April 12 , 1945 ) , often referred to by his initials FDR , was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 . A Democrat , he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century . Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression , implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history . As a dominant leader of his party , he built the New Deal Coalition , which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century . His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II . He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents , along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln .
Cold War
The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency .
Marshall Plan
During the first three years of occupation of Germany , the UK and US vigorously pursued a military disarmament program in Germany , partly by removal of equipment but mainly through an import embargo on raw materials , part of the Morgenthau Plan approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt .