vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Medicare (United States)
More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs .
Negative number
The reasoning behind the second example is more complicated . The idea again is that losing a debt is the same thing as gaining a credit . In this case , losing two debts of three each is the same as gaining a credit of six :
Tax protester statutory arguments
26 U.S.C. § 3401 ( c ) . Setting aside the last sentence of this provision , which clearly states that officers of private corporations are considered employees for purposes of determining wages , it is obvious that within the context of this statute that the word `` includes '' is a term of enlargement , not of limitation , and the reference to certain public officers and employees was not intended to exclude all others . See also Sims v. United States , 359 U.S. 108 , 112 - 13 ( 1959 ) ( concluding that similar provision in 26 U.S.C. § 6331 dealing with levies on salaries and wages does not exclude wages of private citizens ) ; Sullivan v. United States , 788 F. 2d 813,815 ( `` ( Section 3401 ( c ) ) does not purport to limit withholding to persons listed therein '' ) ; United States v. Latham , 754 F. 2d 747 , 750 ( 7th Cir. 1985 ) ( the Internal Revenue Code definition of `` employee '' in 26 U.S.C. § 3401 does not exclude privately employed wage earners ) ; . In addition , 26 U.S.C. § 7701 , which provides the definitions of terms used throughout the Internal Revenue Code , states that the `` terms ' includes ' and ' including ' when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined . '' 26 U.S.C. § 7701 ( c ) .
Medicare (United States)
Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance .
Scientific management
Taylor observed that some workers were more talented than others , and that even smart ones were often unmotivated . He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished . This slow rate of work has been observed in many industries and many countries and has been called by various terms . Taylor used the term `` soldiering '' , a term that reflects the way conscripts may approach following orders , and observed that , when paid the same amount , workers will tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does . Taylor describes soldiering as `` the greatest evil with which the working - people ... are now afflicted . ''
Social class in the United States
A stratified society is one marked by inequality , by differences among people that are regarded as being higher or lower ... it is logically possible for a society to be stratified in a continuous gradation between high and low without any sharp lines ... in reality ... there is only a limited number of types of occupations ... People in similar positions ... grow similar in their thinking and lifestyle ... they form a pattern , and this pattern creates social class . --
Lobbying in the United States
Since the 1980s , congresspersons and staffers have been `` going downtown '' -- becoming lobbyists -- and the big draw is money . The `` lucrative world of K Street '' means that former congresspersons with even `` modest seniority '' can move into jobs paying $1 million or more annually , without including bonuses for bringing in new clients . The general concern of this revolving - door activity is that elected officials -- persons who were supposed to represent the interests of citizens -- have instead become entangled with the big - money interests of for - profit corporations and interest groups with narrow concerns , and that public officials have been taken over by private interests .
Medicare (United States)
Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Just one year earlier , the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , which prohibited wage differentials based on sex . The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation . Smith 's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133 . Historians debate Smith 's motivation , whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women , or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women . Smith expected that Republicans , who had included equal rights for women in their party 's platform since 1944 , would probably vote for the amendment . Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions . Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed , `` Smith did n't give a damn about women 's rights ... he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who did n't favor women 's rights , '' and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment .
Society of the United States
Today , Americans derive a great deal of their identity through their work and professional affiliation , especially among individuals higher on the economic ladder . Recently professional identification has led to many clerical and low - level employees giving their occupations new , more respectable titles , such as `` Sanitation service engineer '' instead of `` Janitor . ''
Supreme Court of India
Article 125 of the Indian constitution leaves it to the Indian parliament to determine the salary , other allowances , leave of absence , pension , etc. of the supreme court judges . However , the parliament can not alter any of these privileges and rights to the judge 's disadvantage after his / her appointment . A judge of the supreme court draws a salary of ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) per month , equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary of India , while the chief justice earns ₹ 280,000 ( US $4,300 ) per month .
Medicare (United States)
For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs .
Income inequality in the United States
According to the CBO and others , `` the precise reasons for the ( recent ) rapid growth in income at the top are not well understood '' , but `` in all likelihood , '' an `` interaction of multiple factors '' was involved . `` Researchers have offered several potential rationales . '' Some of these rationales conflict , some overlap . They include :
Executive compensation
Executive stock option pay rose dramatically in the United States after scholarly support from University of Chicago educated Professors Michael C. Jensen and Kevin J. Murphy . Due to their publications in the Harvard Business Review 1990 and support from Wall Street and institutional investors , Congress passed a law making it cost effective to pay executives in equity .
Social exchange theory
A generalized exchange involves indirect reciprocity between three or more individuals . For example , one person gives to another and the recipient responds by giving to another person other than the first person . Productive exchange means that both actors have to contribute for either one of them to benefit . Both people incur benefits and costs simultaneously .
History of United States prison systems
In 1966 , around the time of the Oregon judge 's ruling , the ratio of staff to inmates at the Arkansas penal farms was one staff member for every sixty - five inmates . By contrast , the national average at the time was around one prison staff member for every seven inmates . The state was not the only entity profiting from the farm ; private operators controlled certain of its industries and maintained high profit margins . The physician who ran the farm 's for - profit blood bank , for instance , earned between $130,000 and $150,000 per year off of inmate donations that he sold to hospitals .
Division of the assembly
In the United States Congress , divisions are used , but not in the same manner as in the British Parliament . In Congress , lobbies are not used , and the division is not a final determination of the question . The vote is first taken by voice vote , as is the case in Parliament . Then , any member may demand a division . If a division is demanded , then the Speaker of the House of Representatives ( or , more commonly , a Representative of the majority party designated by the Speaker to preside as Speaker pro tempore ) or the Presiding Officer of the Senate asks those voting Yea to rise and remain standing until counted , and then asks those voting Nay to do the same . A division is the least common method of voting in the Senate .
Taco Bell
The first direct , ongoing payment by a fast - food industry leader to farmworkers in its supply chain to address substandard farm - labor wages ( nearly doubling the percentage of the final retail price that goes to the workers who pick the produce ) . The first enforceable Code of Conduct for agricultural suppliers in the fast - food industry ( which includes the CIW , a worker - based organization , as part of the investigative body for monitoring worker complaints ) . Market incentives for agricultural suppliers willing to respect their workers ' human rights , even when those rights are not guaranteed by law ; Full transparency for Taco Bell 's tomato purchases in Florida ; the agreement commits Taco Bell to buy only from Florida growers who agree to the pass - through and to document and monitor the pass - through , providing complete records of Taco Bell 's Florida tomato purchases and growers ' wage records to the CIW .
Dine and dash
Often , the establishment may make their employees pay the cost of customer theft to give them an incentive to police their customers . They may do so explicitly by deducting unpaid meals from wages or tips , or implicitly through an end - of - shift reconciliation system whereby the server is expected to provide enough cash and credit card receipts to cover the cost of their customers ' meals , and keeps any surplus as tips . This is an illegal form of wage theft , and if the server is held responsible for tabs that are not paid , the employer is liable for paying the server back his or her stolen wages .
Tax protester statutory arguments
McCoy argues she should not have to pay taxes for 1996 - 98 because under Code Section 3401 she was not an `` employee '' which she contends is defined as an elected or appointed employee or official of the federal government . McCoy clearly misconstrues Section 3401 ( c ) . The definition of `` employee '' includes private - sector employees , employees of the federal government , as well as elected and appointed officials . The very language of the Code is inclusive , not limited to the examples of included persons .
Taxation in the United States
Income tax rates differ at the federal and state levels for corporations and individuals . Federal and many state income tax rates are higher ( graduated ) at higher levels of income . The income level at which various tax rates apply for individuals varies by filing status . The income level at which each rate starts generally is higher ( i.e. , tax is lower ) for married couples filing a joint return or single individuals filing as head of household .
Woodrow Wilson
More favorable treatment was extended to those unions that supported the U.S. war effort , such as the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) . Wilson worked closely with Samuel Gompers and the AFL , the railroad brotherhoods , and other ' moderate ' unions , which saw enormous growth in membership and wages during Wilson 's administration . In the absence of rationing consumer prices soared ; income taxes also increased and workers suffered . Despite this , appeals to buy war bonds were highly successful . The purchase of wartime bonds had the result of shifting the cost of the war to the taxpayers of the affluent 1920s .
Economic history of Argentina
Each province had its own money , and the same money had a different value from one province and another , and even among cities in the same province .
Right-to-work law
Proponents such as the Mackinac Center for Public Policy contend that it is unfair that unions can require new and existing employees to either join the union or pay fees for collective bargaining expenses as a condition of employment under union security agreement contracts . Other proponents contend that unions may still be needed in new and growing sectors of the economy , for example , the voluntary and third party sectors , to assure adequate benefits for new immigrant , `` part - time '' aides in America ( e.g. , US Direct Support Workforce ) . Political
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Two federally regulated `` multi-state plans '' ( MSP ) -- one of which must be offered by a non-profit insurer , and the other can not cover abortion services -- become available in a majority of state health insurance exchanges . The MSPs must abide by the same federal regulations required of an individual state 's qualified health plans on the exchanges , and must provide identical cover privileges and premiums in all states . MSPs will be phased in nationally , being available in 60 % of all states in 2014 , 70 % in 2015 , 85 % in 2016 , and 100 % in 2017 . Section 2708 to the Public Health Service Act becomes effective , which prohibits patient eligibility waiting periods in excess of 90 days for group health plan coverage . The 90 - day rule applies to all grandfathered and non-grandfathered group health plans and group health insurance issuers , including multiemployer health plans and single - employer group health plans pursuant to collective bargaining arrangements . Plans will still be allowed to impose eligibility requirements based on factors other than the lapse of time ; for example , a health plan can restrict eligibility to employees who work at a particular location or who are in an eligible job classification . The waiting period limitation means that coverage must be effective no later than the 91st day after the employee satisfies the substantive eligibility requirements . Two years of tax credits will be offered to qualified small businesses . To receive the full benefit of a 50 % premium subsidy , the small business must have an average payroll per full - time equivalent ( `` FTE '' ) employee of no more than $50,000 and have no more than 25 FTEs . For the purposes of the calculation of FTEs , seasonal employees , and owners and their relations , are not considered . The subsidy is reduced by 3.35 percentage points per additional employee and 2 percentage points per additional $1,000 of average compensation . As an example , a 16 FTE firm with a $35,000 average salary would be entitled to a 10 % premium subsidy . A $2,000 per employee penalty will be imposed on employers with more than 50 full - time employees who do not offer health insurance to their full - time workers ( as amended by the reconciliation bill ) -- the ' Employer mandate ' .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
It came to a head in the middle of the war with the writing of a column in the New York World - Telegram by Pegler , who alleged that merchant seamen refused to work on Sundays per union rules , causing sick USMC servicemen to unload their own supplies in an incident off Guadalcanal . He went on to say that these seamen received `` fabulous pay for sailors , including overtime bonuses , whereas the navy men draw only the modest pay for their ratings without extras . '' This was a specific allegation , and in February 1943 , the National Maritime Union , representing seven other unions , filed suit for libel against Hearst Newspapers , publisher of the newspaper , and the Associated Press for its wide dissemination of what was claimed to be an untrue story . As part of their suit , they pointed out that Government allotments for families , low - rate premiums on insurance , hospitalization , dental care , pension , and civil service rating consideration tend to balance the pay of ordinary seamen in civilian service . But they denied the incident ever took place , and were backed by a report of Admiral William F. Halsey , commander of United States forces in the South Pacific , to the Navy Department in which Halsey praised the `` co-operation , efficiency and courage '' of the merchant seamen and asserted that `` In no instance have merchant marine seamen refused to discharge cargo from their vessels or in any other way failed to co-operate with the United States forces ashore in that ( South Pacific ) area . '' They won their suit , but the residual effect would last for decades .
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen 's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms , paid average monthly wages $78.50 ; 12 assistant superintendents , paid average monthly wages 87.00 ; and 163 laborers , paid average monthly wages 11.75 ; as personnel in the state of Virginia . Other personnel included orderlies and guards .
Social equality
Another standard of equality is equality of opportunity , `` the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth , social prestige , and power because the rules of the game , so to speak , are the same for everyone '' . This concept can be applied to society by saying that no one has a head start . This means that , for any social equality issue dealing with wealth , social prestige , power , or any of that sort , the equality of opportunity standard can defend the idea that everyone had the same start . This views society almost as a game and any of the differences in equality are due to luck and playing the `` game '' to one 's best ability . Conley gives an example of this standard of equality by using a game of Monopoly to describe society . He claims that `` Monopoly follows the rules of equality of opportunity '' by explaining that everyone had an equal chance when starting the game and any differences were a result of the luck of the dice roll and the skill of the player to make choices to benefit their wealth . Comparing this example to society , the standard of equality of opportunity eliminates inequality because the rules of the games in society are still fair and the same for all ; therefore making any existing inequalities in society fair . Lesley A. Jacobs , the author of Pursuing Equal Opportunities : The Theory and Practice of Egalitarian Justice , talks about equality of opportunity and its importance relating to egalitarian justice . Jacobs states that
Social class in the United States
Members of the upper class control and own significant portions of corporate America and may exercise indirect power through the investment of capital . The high salaries and the potential for amassing great wealth through stock options have greatly increased the power and visibility of the `` corporate elite '' . There is disagreement over whether the `` nouveau riche '' should be included as members of the upper class or whether this term should exclusively be used for established families . Many sociologists and commentators make a distinction between the upper class ( in the sense of those in the families of inherited wealth ) and the corporate elite . By implication , the upper class is held in lower regard ( as inheritors of idle wealth ) than the self - made millionaires in prestigious occupations . Inherited
Reservation in India
The public sector jobs are divided into 4 categories : Class I ( or Group A ) , Class II ( or Group B ) , Class III ( or Group C ) and Class IV ( or Group D ) . The Class I employees take up 2.2 % of the public sector workforce , the Class II employees take up 3.3 % of the public sector workforce , the Class III employees take up 66.8 % of the public sector workforce , and the Class IV employees take up 27.2 % of the public sector workforce . Below are the percentages of the SC employees in the Central government :
Medicare (United States)
Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
A major criticism of the MNREGA is that a lot of money disbursed by the government gets siphoned off by middlemen , thus leaving a number of MGNREGA workers either with unpaid wages or less than standard wages . In Mahuadand , Jharkhand , most of the people who had worked under the MNREGA did not get paid , while some either got paid less than stipulated or were given 5 kg of rice by private contractors instead .