vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of chemistry
With the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience , the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius wrote De Rerum Natura ( The Nature of Things ) in 50 BC . In the work , Lucretius presents the principles of atomism ; the nature of the mind and soul ; explanations of sensation and thought ; the development of the world and its phenomena ; and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena .
Trafficking of children
In instances where begging is religiously sanctioned it has been suggested by USAid that religious leaders should outwardly condemn this practice . For talibes religious leaders have been asked to take a stance against begging using passages sited in the Quran , such as `` Except paradise , you should not beg anything for the sake of Allah '' ( 8 : 23 ) , which would help strip the practice of its religious foundation . In addition , during the time of president Clinton - a former president of the United States - , he took the responsibility of providing protection against child abuse through Internet Service providers ( ISP ) that can help the law enforcement tracking any suspicious activities including child pornography ( McCabe , 2008 , p. 247 ) .
Tree of life
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a similar quest for immortality . In Mesopotamian mythology , Etana searches for a ' plant of birth ' to provide him with a son . This has a solid provenance of antiquity , being found in cylinder seals from Akkad ( 2390 -- 2249 BCE ) . The
Trinity
Perichoresis effectively excludes the idea that God has parts , but rather is a simple being . It also harmonizes well with the doctrine that the Christian 's union with the Son in his humanity brings him into union with one who contains in himself , in the Apostle Paul 's words , `` all the fullness of deity '' and not a part . ( See also : Divinization ( Christian ) ) . Perichoresis provides an intuitive figure of what this might mean . The Son , the eternal Word , is from all eternity the dwelling place of God ; he is the `` Father 's house '' , just as the Son dwells in the Father and the Spirit ; so that , when the Spirit is `` given '' , then it happens as Jesus said , `` I will not leave you as orphans ; for I will come to you . ''
The Raven
'' This I sat engaged in guessing , but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom 's core ; This and more I sat divining , with my head at ease reclining On the cushion 's velvet lining that the lamp - light gloated o'er , But whose velvet - violet lining with the lamp - light gloating o'er , She shall press , ah , nevermore ! Then , methought , the air grew denser , perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by seraphim whose foot - falls tinkled on the tufted floor . `` Wretch , '' I cried , `` thy God hath lent thee -- by these angels he hath sent thee Respite -- respite and nepenthe , from thy memories of Lenore ; Quaff , oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Prophet ! '' said I , `` thing of evil ! -- prophet still , if bird or devil ! -- Whether Tempter sent , or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore , Desolate yet all undaunted , on this desert land enchanted -- On this home by Horror haunted -- tell me truly , I implore -- Is there -- is there balm in Gilead ? -- tell me -- tell me , I implore ! '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Prophet ! '' said I , `` thing of evil ! -- prophet still , if bird or devil ! By that Heaven that bends above us -- by that God we both adore -- Tell this soul with sorrow laden if , within the distant Aidenn , It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore -- Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore . '' Quoth the Raven `` Nevermore . '' `` Be that word our sign of parting , bird or fiend ! '' I shrieked , upstarting -- `` Get thee back into the tempest and the Night 's Plutonian shore !
Mary Had a Little Lamb
There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem . One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines , less childlike than the first , were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale ; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem .
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
When Harry visits his parents ' grave , the biblical reference `` The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death '' ( 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 ) is inscribed on the grave . The Dumbledores ' family tomb also holds a biblical quote : `` Where your treasure is , there your heart will be also '' , which is from Matthew 6 : 21 . Rowling states , `` They 're very British books , so on a very practical note Harry was going to find biblical quotations on tombstones ... ( but ) I think those two particular quotations he finds on the tombstones at Godric 's Hollow , they sum up -- they almost epitomise the whole series '' .
Ecclesiastes
The final poem of Kohelet ( Ecclesiastes 12 : 1 -- 8 ) has been interpreted in the Targum , Talmud and Midrash , and by the rabbis Rashi , Rashbam and ibn Ezra , as an allegory of old age .
Ring a Ring o' Roses
It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began . Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring , dance in a circle around a person , and stoop or curtsy with the final line . The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the `` rosie '' ( literally : rose tree , from the French rosier ) and takes their place in the center of the ring .
Lectionary
The Narrative Lectionary is a four - year cycle of Bible readings designed for preaching sermons that extends from the Sunday after Labor Day to the Day of Pentecost with texts following the biblical story . The remainder of each year of the cycle may consist of preaching series on biblical books or topics that fall outside the narrative cycle . The cycle is arranged to highlight the major story arcs of the Bible :
Ode to the West Wind
The poem begins with three sections describing the wind 's effects upon earth , air , and ocean . In the last two sections , the poet speaks directly to the wind , asking for its power , to lift him up and make him its companion in its wanderings . The poem ends with an optimistic note which is that if winter days are here then spring is not very far .
Salve Regina
The Salve Regina was one of the Leonine Prayers , in which context the collect at the end was replaced by different text :
Hindu temple
Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text
Lake District
In addition to these residents or natives of the Lake District , a variety of other poets and writers made visits to the Lake District or were bound by ties of friendship with those already mentioned above . These include Percy Bysshe Shelley , Sir Walter Scott , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Arthur Hugh Clough , Henry Crabb Robinson , `` Conversation '' Sharp , Thomas Carlyle , John Keats , Lord Tennyson , Matthew Arnold , Felicia Hemans and Gerald Massey .
Lake District
The Lake District is intimately associated with English literature of the 18th and 19th centuries . Thomas Gray was the first to bring the region to attention , when he wrote a journal of his Grand Tour in 1769 , but it was William Wordsworth whose poems were most famous and influential . Wordsworth 's poem `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' , inspired by the sight of daffodils on the shores of Ullswater , remains one of the most famous in the English language . Out of his long life of eighty years , sixty were spent amid its lakes and mountains , first as a schoolboy at Hawkshead , and afterwards living in Grasmere ( 1799 -- 1813 ) and Rydal Mount ( 1813 -- 50 ) . Wordsworth , Coleridge and Southey became known as the Lake Poets .
United Kingdom
The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time , and his contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson have also been held in continuous high esteem . More recently the playwrights Alan Ayckbourn , Harold Pinter , Michael Frayn , Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism , realism and radicalism .
Because I could not stop for Death
In 1936 Allen Tate wrote , `` ( The poem ) exemplifies better than anything else ( Dickinson ) wrote the special quality of her mind ... If the word great means anything in poetry , this poem is one of the greatest in the English language ; it is flawless to the last detail . The rhythm charges with movement the pattern of suspended action back of the poem . Every image is precise and , moreover , not merely beautiful , but inextricably fused with the central idea . Every image extends and intensifies every other ... No poet could have invented the elements of ( this poem ) ; only a great poet could have used them so perfectly . Miss Dickinson was a deep mind writing from a deep culture , and when she came to poetry , she came infallibly . ''
James Russell Lowell
James Russell Lowell ( / ˈloʊəl / ; February 22 , 1819 -- August 12 , 1891 ) was an American Romantic poet , critic , editor , and diplomat . He is associated with the Fireside Poets , a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets that rivaled the popularity of British poets . These writers usually used conventional forms and meters in their poetry , making them suitable for families entertaining at their fireside .
Haiku
The carving of famous haiku on natural stone to make poem monuments known as kuhi ( 句碑 ) has been a popular practice for many centuries . The city of Matsuyama has more than two hundred kuhi .
Romanticism
Jane Austen Nikoloz Baratashvili William Blake Brontë family Robert Burns Lord Byron Thomas Carlyle Alexander Chavchavadze Samuel Taylor Coleridge Alexandre Dumas Maria Edgeworth Ralph Waldo Emerson Ugo Foscolo Aleksander Fredro Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Nikolai Gogol Nathaniel Hawthorne Victor Hugo Washington Irving John Keats Zygmunt Krasiński Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Herman Melville Adam Mickiewicz Cyprian Kamil Norwid Mikhail Lermontov Alessandro Manzoni Grigol Orbeliani Edgar Allan Poe Alexander Pushkin Mary Robinson George Sand Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Shelley Juliusz Słowacki Henry David Thoreau William Wordsworth
Venus
Venus is a primary feature of the night sky , and so has been of remarkable importance in mythology , astrology and fiction throughout history and in different cultures . Classical poets such as Homer , Sappho , Ovid and Virgil spoke of the star and its light . Romantic poets such as William Blake , Robert Frost , Alfred Lord Tennyson and William Wordsworth wrote odes to it . With the invention of the telescope , the idea that Venus was a physical world and possible destination began to take form .
Napoleon
There were rumors of plots and even of his escape , but in reality no serious attempts were made . For English poet Lord Byron , Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero , the persecuted , lonely , and flawed genius .
Romanticism
French Romantic poets of the 1830s to 1850s include Alfred de Musset , Gérard de Nerval , Alphonse de Lamartine and the flamboyant Théophile Gautier , whose prolific output in various forms continued until his death in 1872 . George Sand took over from Germaine de Staël as the leading female writer , and was a central figure of the Parisian literary scene , famous both for her novels and criticism and her affairs with Chopin and several others .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie continued his business career ; some of his literary intentions were fulfilled . He befriended English poet Matthew Arnold , English philosopher Herbert Spencer , and American humorist Mark Twain , as well as being in correspondence and acquaintance with most of the U.S. Presidents , statesmen , and notable writers .
Haiku
In Spain several prominent poets experimented with haiku , including Joan Alcover , Antonio Machado , Juan Ramón Jiménez and Luis Cernuda . Federico García Lorca also experimented with and learned conciseness from the form while still a student in 1921 . The most persistent , however , was Isaac del Vando , whose La Sombrilla Japonesa ( 1924 ) went through several editions . The form was also used in Catalan by the avant - garde writers Josep Maria Junoy ( 1885 - 1955 ) and Joan Salvat - Papasseit , by the latter notably in his sequence Vibracions ( 1921 ) .
The Tyger
`` The Tyger '' is a poem by the English poet William Blake published in 1794 as part of the Songs of Experience collection . Literary critic Alfred Kazin calls it `` the most famous of his poems '' , and The Cambridge Companion to William Blake says it is `` the most anthologized poem in English '' . It is one of Blake 's most reinterpreted and arranged works .
Haiku
The next famous style of haikai to arise was that of Yosa Buson ( 1716 -- 1783 ) and others such as Kitō , called the Tenmei style after the Tenmei Era ( 1781 -- 1789 ) in which it was created .
United Kingdom
Authors of other nationalities , particularly from Commonwealth countries , the Republic of Ireland and the United States , have lived and worked in the UK . Significant examples through the centuries include Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde , Bram Stoker , George Bernard Shaw , Joseph Conrad , T.S. Eliot , Ezra Pound and more recently British authors born abroad such as Kazuo Ishiguro and Sir Salman Rushdie .
Haiku
The Mexican poet José Juan Tablada is credited with popularising haiku in his country , reinforced by the publication of two collections composed entirely in that form : Un dia ( 1919 ) , and El jarro de flores ( 1922 ) . In the introduction to the latter , Tablada noted that two young Mexicans , Rafael Lozano and Carlos Gutiérrez Cruz , had also begun writing them . They were followed soon after by Carlos Pellicer , Xavier Villaurrutia , and by Jaime Torres Bodet in his collection Biombo ( 1925 ) . Much later , Octavio Paz included many haiku in Piedras Sueltas ( 1955 ) .
Shakespeare's influence
Shakespeare 's influence extends from theatre and literature to present - day movies , Western philosophy , and the English language itself . William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the history of the English language , and the world 's pre-eminent dramatist . He transformed European theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through innovation in characterization , plot , language and genre . Shakespeare 's writings have also impacted a large number of notable novelists and poets over the years , including Herman Melville Charles Dickens , and Maya Angelou , and continue to influence new authors even today . Shakespeare is the most quoted writer in the history of the English - speaking world after the various writers of the Bible ; many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English and other languages .
Haiku
In France , haiku was introduced by Paul - Louis Couchoud around 1906 . Couchoud 's articles were read by early Imagist theoretician F.S. Flint , who passed on Couchoud 's ideas to other members of the proto - Imagist Poets ' Club such as Ezra Pound . Amy Lowell made a trip to London to meet Pound and find out about haiku . She returned to the United States where she worked to interest others in this `` new '' form . Haiku subsequently had a considerable influence on Imagists in the 1910s , notably Pound 's `` In a Station of the Metro '' of 1913 , but , notwithstanding several efforts by Yone Noguchi to explain `` the hokku spirit '' , there was as yet little understanding of the form and its history .
James Russell Lowell
In the 1860s , Lowell 's friend Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy and regularly invited others to help him on Wednesday evenings . Lowell was one of the main members of the so - called `` Dante Club '' , along with William Dean Howells , Charles Eliot Norton and other occasional guests . Shortly after serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of friend and publisher Nathaniel Parker Willis on January 24 , 1867 , Lowell decided to produce another collection of his poetry . Under the Willows and Other Poems was released in 1869 , though Lowell originally wanted to title it The Voyage to the Vinland and Other Poems . The book , dedicated to Norton , collected poems Lowell had written within the previous twenty years and was his first poetry collection since 1848 .
E. E. Cummings
As well as being influenced by notable modernists , including Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound , Cummings in his early work drew upon the imagist experiments of Amy Lowell . Later , his visits to Paris exposed him to Dada and surrealism , which he reflected in his work . He began to rely on symbolism and allegory , where he once had used simile and metaphor . In his later work , he rarely used comparisons that required objects that were not previously mentioned in the poem , choosing to use a symbol instead . Due to this , his later poetry is `` frequently more lucid , more moving , and more profound than his earlier . '' Cummings also liked to incorporate imagery of nature and death into much of his poetry .
E. E. Cummings
Some of Cummings ' most famous poems do not involve much , if any , odd typography or punctuation , but still carry his unmistakable style , particularly in unusual and impressionistic word order .
Convicts in Australia
The poems of Frank the Poet are among the few surviving literary works done by a convict while still incarcerated . His best - known work is `` A Convict 's Tour of Hell '' . A version of the convict ballad `` Moreton Bay '' , detailing the brutal punishments meted out by commandment Patrick Logan and his death at the hands of Aborigines , is also attributed to Frank . Other convict ballads include `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' . The ballad `` Botany Bay '' , which describes the sadness felt by convicts forced to leave their loved ones in England , was written at least 40 years after the end of transportation .
One Thousand and One Nights
The influence of the versions of The Nights on world literature is immense . Writers as diverse as Henry Fielding to Naguib Mahfouz have alluded to the collection by name in their own works . Other writers who have been influenced by the Nights include John Barth , Jorge Luis Borges , Salman Rushdie , Orhan Pamuk , Goethe , Walter Scott , Thackeray , Wilkie Collins , Elizabeth Gaskell , Nodier , Flaubert , Marcel Schwob , Stendhal , Dumas , Gérard de Nerval , Gobineau , Pushkin , Tolstoy , Hofmannsthal , Conan Doyle , W.B. Yeats , H.G. Wells , Cavafy , Calvino , Georges Perec , H.P. Lovecraft , Marcel Proust , A.S. Byatt and Angela Carter .
James Russell Lowell
Shortly after Lincoln 's assassination , Lowell was asked to present a poem at Harvard in memory of graduates killed in the war . His poem , `` Commemoration Ode '' , cost him sleep and his appetite , but was delivered on July 21 , 1865 , after a 48 - hour writing binge . Lowell had high hopes for his performance but was overshadowed by the other notables presenting works that day , including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes . `` I did not make the hit I expected '' , he wrote , `` and am ashamed at having been tempted again to think I could write poetry , a delusion from which I have been tolerably free these dozen years . '' Despite his personal assessment , friends and other poets sent many letters to Lowell congratulating him . Emerson referred to his poem 's `` high thought & sentiment '' and James Freeman Clarke noted its `` grandeur of tone '' . Lowell later expanded it with a strophe to Lincoln .
Age of Enlightenment
The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment . Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery , while other poems were written directly about scientific topics . Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books ( 1712 ) . After Newton 's death in 1727 , poems were composed in his honour for decades . James Thomson ( 1700 -- 1748 ) penned his `` Poem to the Memory of Newton '' , which mourned the loss of Newton , but also praised his science and legacy .
Afghanistan
Classic Persian and Pashto poetry plays an important role in the Afghan culture . Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region , to the level that it has integrated itself into culture . Some notable poets include Rumi , Rabi'a Balkhi , Sanai , Jami , Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Khalilullah Khalili , and Parween Pazhwak .
Haiku
In the 17th century , two masters arose who elevated haikai and gave it a new popularity . They were Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 -- 1694 ) and Ueshima Onitsura ( ja ) ( 1661 -- 1738 ) . Hokku is the first verse of the collaborative haikai or renku , but its position as the opening verse made it the most important , setting the tone for the whole composition . Even though hokku had sometimes appeared individually , they were always understood in the context of renku . The Bashō school promoted standalone hokku by including many in their anthologies , thus giving birth to what is now called `` haiku '' . Bashō also used his hokku as torque points within his short prose sketches and longer travel diaries . This subgenre of haikai is known as haibun . His best - known work , Oku no Hosomichi , or Narrow Roads to the Interior , is counted as one of the classics of Japanese literature and has been translated into English extensively .
Pub
Many of London 's pubs are known to have been used by famous people , but in some cases , such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese , this is speculative , based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby . However , Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese , the Prospect of Whitby , Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others . Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern .
Adam and Eve
John Milton 's Paradise Lost , a famous 17th - century epic poem written in blank verse , explores and elaborates upon the story of Adam and Eve in great detail . As opposed to the Biblical Adam , Milton 's Adam is given a glimpse of the future of mankind , by the archangel Michael , before he has to leave Paradise .
James Russell Lowell
Lowell believed that the poet played an important role as a prophet and critic of society . He used poetry for reform , particularly in abolitionism . However , his commitment to the anti-slavery cause wavered over the years , as did his opinion on African - Americans . He attempted to emulate the true Yankee accent in the dialogue of his characters , particularly in The Biglow Papers . This depiction of the dialect , as well as his many satires , was an inspiration to writers such as Mark Twain and H.L. Mencken .
Wales
The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two , including those of Gwyn Thomas , Vernon Watkins , and Dylan Thomas , whose most famous work Under Milk Wood was first broadcast in 1954 . Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time . Gwyn Thomas became the voice of the English - speaking Welsh valleys with his humorous take on grim lives .