vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Prague
On 5 May 1945 , two days before Germany capitulated , an uprising against Germany occurred . Four days later , the 3rd Shock Army of the Red Army liberated the city . The majority ( about 50,000 people ) of the German population of Prague either fled or were expelled by the Beneš decrees in the aftermath of the war . Cold
History of Germany (1945–90)
On 5 June 1953 , the S.E.D. announced a ' new course ' in which farmers , craftsmen , and factory owners would benefit from a relaxation of controls . The new production quotas remained ; the East German workers protested and up to sixty strikes occurred the following day . One of the window - dressing projects in the ruins of East Berlin was the construction of Stalin Allee , on which the most ' class - conscious ' workers ( in S.E.D. propaganda terms ) were involved . At a meeting , strikers declared `` You give the capitalists ( the factory owners ) presents , and we are exploited ! '' A delegation of building workers marched to the headquarters of the S.E.D. demanding that the production quotas be rescinded . The crowd grew , demands were made for the removal of Ulbricht from office and a general strike called for the following day .
Berlin Wall
Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Western Allies turned over increasing authority to West German officials and moved to establish a nucleus for a future German government by creating a central Economic Council for their zones . The program later provided for a West German constituent assembly , an occupation statute governing relations between the Allies and the German authorities , and the political and economic merger of the French with the British and American zones . On 23 May 1949 , the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) , the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany , was promulgated . Following elections in August , the first federal government was formed on 20 September 1949 , by Konrad Adenauer ( CDU ) . Adenauer 's government was a coalition of the CDU , the CSU and the Free Democrats . The next day , the occupation statute came into force , granting powers of self - government with certain exceptions .
End of World War II in Europe
Hitler 's death : On 30 April , as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ended with American and British occupation , in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city , along with his escape route cut off by the Americans , realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini 's fate , German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun , his long - term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide . In his will , Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , his second - in - command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich . Hitler appointed his successors as follows ; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ( `` President of Germany '' ) and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler ( Chancellor of Germany ) . However , Goebbels committed suicide the following day , leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany .
Berlin Wall
After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship . However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Following the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes , the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany . With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen , the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945 . The Americans then executed a pincer movement , setting up the Ninth Army north , and the First Army south . When the Allies closed the pincer , 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket . The Americans then turned east , first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April . The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Despite or perhaps because of the Bitburg controversy , in 1985 a campaign had been started to build a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust in Berlin . It was felt by at least some Germans that there was something wrong about the Chancellor and the President of the United States honoring the memory of the SS men buried at Bitburg while there was no memorial to any of the people killed in the Holocaust . The campaign to build a Holocaust memorial , which Germany until then lacked , was given a major boost in November 1989 by the call by television journalist Lea Rosh to build the memorial at the site for the former Gestapo headquarters . In April 1992 , the City of Berlin finally decided that a Holocaust memorial could be built . Along the same lines , in August 1987 , protests put a stop to plans by the City of Frankfurt to raze the last remains of the Frankfurt Jewish Ghetto in order to redevelop the land , arguing that the remnants of the Frankfurt ghetto needed to be preserved .
Berlin Wall
The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . ''
History of Germany (1945–90)
Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , a leading FDP official , became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister . Schmidt , a strong supporter of the European Community ( EC ) and the Atlantic alliance , emphasized his commitment to `` the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA '' . Throughout the 1970s , the Red Army Faction had continued its terrorist campaign , assassinating or kidnapping politicians , judges , businessmen , and policemen . The highpoint of the RAF violence came with the German Autumn in autumn 1977 . The industrialist Hanns - Martin Schleyer was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 in order to force the government to free the imprisoned leaders of the Baader - Meinhof Gang . A group from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 to seize further hostages to free the RAF leaders . On 18 October 1977 , the Lufthansa jet was stormed in Mogadishu by the GSG 9 commando unit , who were able to free the hostages . The same day , the leaders of the Baader - Meinhof gang , who had been waging a hunger strike , starved themselves to death , which led to Schleyer being executed by his captors . The Red Army Faction was to continue its terrorist campaign into the 1990s , but the German Autumn of 1977 was the highpoint of its campaign . That the Federal Republic had faced a crisis caused by a terrorist campaign from the radical left without succumbing to dictatorship as many feared that it would , was seen as vindication of the strength of German democracy .
Berlin Wall
Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play
Appeasement
Strangely , when political appeasement seemed to collapse in the aftermath of Kristalnacht , economic appeasement escalated . In January 1939 , London and Berlin representatives helped negotiate an Anglo - German coal cartel . A major trade conference commenced in Dusseldorf that March , although government participation was disrupted by the Prague crisis . The Federation of British Industries and other trade groups proceeded with the meetings nonetheless . By the eve of the war , the two countries had 133 trade agreements in effect .
World War II
On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German
Berlin Wall
On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Until the end of occupation in 1990 , the three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole . Under the new arrangements , the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense , pursuant to stationing and status - of - forces agreements . With the exception of 45,000 French troops , Allied forces were under NATO 's joint defense command . ( France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966 . )
We Didn't Start the Fire
Ernest Hemingway commits suicide on July 2 after a long battle with depression . Adolf Eichmann , a `` most wanted '' Nazi war criminal , is traced to Argentina and captured by Mossad agents . He is covertly taken to Israel where he is put on trial for crimes against humanity during World War II , convicted in 1961 , and hanged the following year , 1962 . Stranger in a Strange Land , written by Robert A. Heinlein , is a breakthrough best - seller with themes of sexual freedom and liberation . Bob Dylan is signed to Columbia Records after a New York Times review by critic Robert Shelton . Berlin is separated into West Berlin and East Berlin , and from the rest of East Germany , when the Berlin Wall is erected on August 13 to prevent citizens escaping to the West . Bay of Pigs Invasion , an attempt by United States - trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro , fails . 1962
End of World War II in Europe
The Federal Republic of Germany , that had been founded on 23 May 1949 ( when its Basic Law was promulgated ) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October .
Berlin Wall
The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation .
Summer Time in Europe
In 1978 , West Germany decided to re-introduce summer time , following the example set by several neighbouring states in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis . However , it only came into effect in 1980 , after West and East Germany reached an agreement to simultaneously observe summer time from the last Sunday in March ( 02 : 00 CET ) to the last Sunday in September ( 03 : 00 CEST ) . Therefore , both German states observed the same time until the German re-unification in 1990 , after which the re-unified Germany retained the laws and thus also the Time Act ( Zeitgesetz ) of West Germany .
History of Germany (1945–90)
On 23 May 1949 , the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones , with Bonn as its `` provisional '' capital . It comprised the area of 11 newly formed states ( replacing the pre-war states ) , with present - day Baden - Württemberg being split into three states until 1952 ) . The Federal Republic was declared `` fully sovereign '' on 5 May 1955 . On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( DDR ) ) , with East Berlin as its capital , was established in the Soviet Zone .
British Empire in World War II
In the afternoon of 15 August 1945 , the Surrender of Japan occurred , effectively ending World War II . On this day the initial announcement of Japan 's surrender was made in Japan , and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States , Western Europe , the Americas , the Pacific Islands , and Australia / New Zealand on 14 August 1945 . The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945 .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The end of the Second World War in China ( end of the Second Sino - Japanese War ) formally took place on 9 September 1945 at 9 : 00 ( the ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month ) . The date was chosen in echo of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ( on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month ) ; and because `` nine '' is homophone of the word for `` long lasting '' in Chinese ( to suggest that the peace won would last forever ) .
Victory in Europe Day
Victory in Europe Day , generally known as V-E Day , VE Day or simply V Day , celebrated on May 8 , 1945 to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany 's unconditional surrender of its armed forces . The formal surrender of the German forces occupying the Channel Islands did not occur until the following day , May 9 , 1945 . It thus marked the end of World War II in Europe .
End of World War II in Europe
End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950 . In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949 , it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war , but the request could not be granted . The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons , and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since `` the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany '' . At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France , the UK , and the US in New York from 12 September -- 19 December 1950 , it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany 's position in the Cold War that the western allies would `` end by legislation the state of war with Germany '' . In 1951 , many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany : Australia ( 9 July ) , Canada , Italy , New Zealand , the Netherlands ( 26 July ) , South Africa , the United Kingdom ( 9 July ) , and the United States ( 19 October ) . The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
On 28 November , West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined the 10 - Point Plan for the peaceful unification of the two German states , based on free elections in East Germany and a unification of their two economies . In December , the East German Volkskammer eliminated the SED monopoly on power , and the entire Politbüro and Central Committee -- including Krenz -- resigned . The SED changed its name to the Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) and the formation and growth of numerous political groups and parties marked the end of the communist system . Prime Minister Hans Modrow headed a caretaker government which shared power with the new , democratically oriented parties . On 7 December 1989 , an agreement was reached to hold free elections in May 1990 and rewrite the East German constitution . On 28 January , all the parties agreed to advance the elections to 18 March , primarily because of an erosion of state authority and because the East German exodus was continuing apace ; more than 117,000 left in January and February 1990 .
Berlin Wall
The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Between 1948 and 1990 , major events such as fairs and festivals were sponsored in West Berlin , and investment in commerce and industry was encouraged by special concessionary tax legislation . The results of such efforts , combined with effective city administration and the West Berliners ' energy and spirit , were encouraging . West Berlin 's morale was sustained , and its industrial production considerably surpassed the pre-war level .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Shortly after World War II , Berlin became the seat of the Allied Control Council , which was to have governed Germany as a whole until the conclusion of a peace settlement . In 1948 , however , the Soviet Union refused to participate any longer in the quadripartite administration of Germany . They also refused to continue the joint administration of Berlin and drove the government elected by the people of Berlin out of its seat in the Soviet sector and installed a communist regime in East Berlin . From then until unification , the Western Allies continued to exercise supreme authority -- effective only in their sectors -- through the Allied Kommandatura . To the degree compatible with the city 's special status , however , they turned over control and management of city affairs to the West Berlin Senate and the House of Representatives , governing bodies established by constitutional process and chosen by free elections . The Allies and German authorities in West Germany and West Berlin never recognized the communist city regime in East Berlin or East German authority there .
Berlin Wall
Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes :
History of Germany (1945–90)
Overcoming Soviet objections to a united Germany 's membership in NATO was of key importance . This was accomplished in July when the alliance , led by President George H.W. Bush , issued the London Declaration on a transformed NATO . On 16 July , President Gorbachev and Chancellor Kohl announced the agreement in principle on a united Germany in NATO . This cleared the way for the signing in Moscow , on 12 September , of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany -- in effect the peace treaty that was anticipated at the end of World War II . In addition to terminating Four Power rights , the treaty mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994 , made clear that the current borders ( especially the Oder - Neisse line ) were viewed as final and definitive , and specified the right of a united Germany to belong to NATO . It also provided for the continued presence of British , French , and American troops in Berlin during the interim period of the Soviet withdrawal . In the treaty , the Germans renounced nuclear , biological , and chemical weapons and stated their intention to reduce the ( combined ) German armed forces to 370,000 within 3 to 4 years after the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , signed in Paris on 19 November 1990 , entered into force .
Big Ben
On 10 May 1941 , a German bombing raid damaged two of the clock 's dials and sections of the tower 's stepped roof and destroyed the House of Commons chamber . Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a new five - floor block . Two floors are occupied by the current chamber , which was used for the first time on 26 October 1950 . The clock ran accurately and chimed throughout the Blitz .
Berlin Wall
Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! ''
1963
September 3 -- Louis MacNeice , Irish poet ( b . 1907 ) September 4 -- Robert Schuman , French statesman , a founding father of the European Union ( b . 1886 ) September 9 -- Edwin Linkomies , 25th Prime Minister of Finland ( b . 1894 ) September 11 -- Suzanne Duchamp , French painter ( b . 1889 ) September 13 -- Eduardo Barrios , Chilean writer and poet ( b . 1884 ) September 12 -- Modest Altschuler , Belarus - born American composer ( b . 1873 ) September 14 -- Feng Zhanhai , Chinese military leader and government official ( b . 1899 ) September 17 -- Eduard Spranger , German philosopher and psychologist ( b . 1882 ) September 19 -- David Low , New Zealand cartoonist ( b . 1891 ) September 25 Alexander Sakharoff , Russian dancer and choreographer ( b . 1886 ) Kurt Zeitzler , German Army officer ( b . 1895 )
End of World War II in Europe
Mussolini 's death : On 25 April 1945 , Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin . On 27 April 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans . It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland ( through the Splügen Pass ) , and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion . On 28 April , Mussolini was executed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ) ; the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there . The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city . On 29 April , Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta . This included Army Group Liguria . Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic . The
Berlin Wall
By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany .
V-weapons
The V - weapon offensive ended in March 1945 , with the last V - 2 landing in Kent on March 27 and the last V - 1 two days later . In terms of casualties their effects had been less than their inventors hoped or their victims feared , though the damage to property was extensive , with 20,000 houses a day being damaged at the height of the campaign , causing a massive housing crisis in south - east England in late 1944 and early 1945 .
End of World War II in Europe
German forces in Breslau surrender : At 18 : 00 on 6 May , General Hermann Niehoff , the commandant of Breslau , a ' fortress ' city surrounded and besieged for months , surrendered to the Soviets .