vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Subhas Chandra Bose
When Japanese funding for the army diminished , Bose was forced to raise taxes on the Indian populations of Malaysia and Singapore . When the Japanese were defeated at the battles of Kohima and Imphal , the Provisional Government 's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever . The INA was forced to pull back , along with the retreating Japanese army , and fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in its Burma campaign , notable in Meiktilla , Mandalay , Pegu , Nyangyu and Mount Popa . However , with the fall of Rangoon , Bose 's government ceased to be an effective political entity . A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan . The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand . Japan 's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army . The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some tried for treason .
Round Table Conferences (India)
Joshi , B. Shiva Rao , V.V. Giri Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth Burma : Sir Padamji Ginwala Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Indian States Delegation Staff : V.T. Krishnamachari ( Baroda ) , Richard Chenevix - Trench ( Hyderabad ) , Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung ( Hyderabad ) , S.M. Bapna ( Indore ) , Amar Nath Atal ( Jaipur ) , J.W. Young ( Jodhpur ) , Ram Chandra Kak ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan ( Rampur ) , K.C. Neogy ( Orissa states ) , L.F. Rushbrook Williams , Jarmani Dass , Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari , K.M. Panikkar , N. Madhava Rao British Delegation Staff : H.G. Haig , V. Dawson , K.S. Fitze , J.G. Laithwaite , W.H. Lewis , P.J. Patrick , J. Coatman , G.T. Garratt , R.J. Stopford British Indian Delegation Staff : Geoffrey Corbett , A. Latifi , Girija Shankar Bajpai , Benegal Rama Rau , Syed Amjad Ali , Prince Aly Khan , A.M. Chaudhury , Mahadev Desai , Govind Malaviya , K.T. Shah , P. Sinha Secretariat - General : R.H.A. Carter , K. Anderson , C.D. Deshmukh , J.M. Sladen , Hugh MacGregor , G.F. Steward , A.H. Joyce , Syed Amjad Ali , Ram Babu Saksena
Indian Rebellion of 1857
After the turn of the 19th century , Governor - General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories . This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation . The subsidiary alliances created the princely states of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs . Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state . The border dispute between Nepal and British India , which sharpened after 1801 , had caused the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 -- 16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence . In 1854 , Berar was annexed , and the state of Oudh was added two years later . For practical purposes , the Company was the government of much of India .
East Pakistan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made a declaration of independence at Dacca on 26 March 1971 . All major Awami League leaders including elected leaders of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly fled to neighbouring India and an exile government was formed headed by Mujibur Rahman . While he was in Pakistan Prison , Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting president with Tazuddin Ahmed as the prime minister . The exile government took oath on 17 April 1971 at Mujib Nagar , within East Pakistan territory of Kustia district and formally formed the government . Colonel MOG Osmani was appointed the Commander in Chief of Liberation Forces and whole East Pakistan was divided into eleven sectors headed by eleven sector commanders . All sector commanders were Bengali officers who had defected from the Pakistan Army . This started the Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters , joined in December 1971 by 400,000 Indian soldiers , faced the Pakistani Armed Forces of 365,000 plus Paramilitary and collaborationist forces . An additional approximately 25,000 ill - equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces . Bloody guerrilla warfare ensued in East Pakistan .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In 1949 a crisis arose when the number of Hindu refugees entering West Bengal , Assam , and Tripura from East Pakistan climbed to over 800,000 . The refugees in many cases were being forcibly evicted by Pakistani authorities , and were victims of intimidation and violence . Nehru invited Liaquat Ali Khan , Prime Minister of Pakistan , to find a peaceful solution . Despite his aversion , Patel reluctantly met Khan and discussed the matter . Patel strongly criticised Nehru 's plan to sign a pact that would create minority commissions in both countries and pledge both India and Pakistan to a commitment to protect each other 's minorities . Syama Prasad Mookerjee and K. C. Neogy , two Bengali ministers , resigned , and Nehru was intensely criticised in West Bengal for allegedly appeasing Pakistan . The pact was immediately in jeopardy . Patel , however , publicly came to Nehru 's aid . He gave emotional speeches to members of Parliament , and the people of West Bengal , and spoke with scores of delegations of Congressmen , Hindus , Muslims , and other public interest groups , persuading them to give peace a final effort .
Swadeshi movement
The proposal of partition of Bengal became publicly known in 1905 , followed by immediate and spontaneous protests all over Bengal . Lord Curzon asked Queen Victoria to separate Bengal . Because they were scared if the Muslims and Hindus got together they could start a war . 500 meetings were held in East Bengal alone . 50,000 copies of pamphlets with a detailed critique of partition were distributed . This phase is marked by moderate techniques of protest such as petitions , public meetings , press campaign , etc. to turn public opinion in India as well as in Britain against nothing else .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Initially , the Indian rebels were able to push back Company forces , and captured several important towns in Haryana , Bihar , the Central Provinces and the United Provinces . When European troops were reinforced and began to counterattack , the mutineers were especially handicapped by their lack of centralized command and control . Although the rebels produced some natural leaders such as Bakht Khan , whom the Emperor later nominated as commander - in - chief after his son Mirza Mughal proved ineffectual , for the most part they were forced to look for leadership to rajahs and princes . Some of these were to prove dedicated leaders , but others were self - interested or inept .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The sepoys were Indian soldiers who were recruited into the Company 's army . Just before the rebellion , there were over 300,000 sepoys in the army , compared to about 50,000 British . The forces were divided into three presidency armies : Bombay , Madras , and Bengal . The Bengal Army recruited higher castes , such as Rajputs and Bhumihar , mostly from the Awadh and Bihar regions , and even restricted the enlistment of lower castes in 1855 . In contrast , the Madras Army and Bombay Army were `` more localized , caste - neutral armies '' that `` did not prefer high - caste men . '' The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for initial mutinies that led to the rebellion . Two
American Revolutionary War
Meanwhile , Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped . Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive , defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781 , Pollilur on 27 August , and Sholinghur on 27 September , expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic . On 18 February 1782 , Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore , taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner . The war had , by this point , reached an uneasy stalemate . On 7 December 1782 , Hyder Ali died , and the rule of Mysore passed to his son , Tipu Sultan .
Cornwallis in India
In the years since he left India , the company 's reach and control over the country had increased significantly , mainly under the governorship of Lord Mornington . Wellesley had decisively defeated Tipu in 1799 and gained control , direct and indirect , over most of southern India . In 1803 the company came into conflict with the Marathas , and Mornington began extending the company 's reach further into the northern territories . His liberal spending and aggressive methods for dealing with the Marathas were not appreciated by the company 's directors , and following military setbacks in 1804 and allegations of improprieties , the directors decided to replace him .
Non-cooperation movement
The calls of early political leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak ( Congress Extremists ) were called major public meetings . They resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services . The British took them very seriously and imprisoned him in mandale in Burma and V.O. Chidambaram Pillai Got 40 years imprisonment . The non-cooperation movement aimed to challenge the colonial economic and power structure , and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the demands of the independence movement .
History of India
The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah , the de facto ruler of the Bengal province , opposed British attempts to use these permits . This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757 , in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company , led by Robert Clive , defeated the French - supported Nawab 's forces . This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India . Clive was appointed by the company as its first ' Governor of Bengal ' in 1757 . This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras , Wandiwash and Pondichéry that , along with wider British successes during the Seven Years ' War , reduced French influence in India . The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal . After the Battle of Buxar in 1764 , the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II ; this marked the beginning of its formal rule , which within the next century engulfed most of India . The East India Company monopolised the trade of Bengal . They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal - like structure in Bengal , often with zamindars set in place .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In 1772 , when Warren Hastings was appointed India 's first Governor - General , one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Company 's army . Since the sepoys from Bengal -- many of whom had fought against the Company in the Battles of Plassey and Buxar -- were now suspect in British eyes , Hastings recruited farther west from the high - caste rural Rajputs and Bhumihar of Awadh and Bihar , a practice that continued for the next 75 years . However , in order to forestall any social friction , the Company also took action to adapt its military practices to the requirements of their religious rituals . Consequently , these soldiers dined in separate facilities ; in addition , overseas service , considered polluting to their caste , was not required of them , and the army soon came officially to recognise Hindu festivals . `` This encouragement of high caste ritual status , however , left the government vulnerable to protest , even mutiny , whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives . '' Stokes argues that `` The British scrupulously avoided interference with the social structure of the village community which remained largely intact . ''
Indian Rebellion of 1857
A major cause of resentment that arose ten months prior to the outbreak of the rebellion was the General Service Enlistment Act of 25 July 1856 . As noted above , men of the Bengal Army had been exempted from overseas service . Specifically , they were enlisted only for service in territories to which they could march . Governor - General Lord Dalhousie saw this as an anomaly , since all sepoys of the Madras and Bombay Armies and the six `` General Service '' battalions of the Bengal Army had accepted an obligation to serve overseas if required . As a result , the burden of providing contingents for active service in Burma , readily accessible only by sea , and China had fallen disproportionately on the two smaller Presidency Armies . As signed into effect by Lord Canning , Dalhousie 's successor as Governor - General , the act required only new recruits to the Bengal Army to accept a commitment for general service . However , serving high - caste sepoys were fearful that it would be eventually extended to them , as well as preventing sons following fathers into an army with a strong tradition of family service .
Early Nationalists
Their successors , the `` Assertives '' , existed from 1905 to 1919 and were followed by nationalists of the Gandhian era , which existed from 1919 until Indian Independence in 1947 .
Subhas Chandra Bose
His stance did not change with the outbreak of the Second World War , which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness . At the outset of the war , he left India , travelling to the Soviet Union , Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , seeking an alliance with each of them to attack the British government in India . With Imperial Japanese assistance , he re-organised and later led the Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army ( INA ) , formed with Indian prisoners - of - war and plantation workers from British Malaya , Singapore , and other parts of Southeast Asia , against British forces . With Japanese monetary , political , diplomatic and military assistance , he formed the Azad Hind Government in exile , and regrouped and led the Indian National Army in failed military campaigns against the allies at Imphal and in Burma .
All-India Muslim League
In response to Jinnah 's speech , the All - India Jamhur Muslim League ( AIJML ) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed 's two - nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan . The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary . Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground . This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
`` The Governor - General is pleased to constitute the territories at present under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam to be for the purposes of the Indian Councils Act 1861 ... a province to which the provisions of that Act touching the making of laws and regulations for the peace and good order of the presidencies of Fort St. George and Bombay shall be applicable and to direct that the said province shall be called and known as the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam ... The Governor - General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October , 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant - Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations . The Governor - General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam , the districts of Dacca , Mymensingh , Faridpur , Backergunge , Tippera , Noakhali , Chittagong , the Chittagong Hill Tracts , Rajashahi , Dinajpur , Jalpaiguri , Rangpur , Bogra , Pabna , and Malda which now form part of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William shall cease to be subject to or included within the limits of that Division , and shall thenceforth be subject to and included within the limits of the Lieutenant - Governorship of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam . ''
Swadeshi movement
Like the Boycott , the Swadeshi as a purely economic measure for the growth of Indian Industry was not an altogether novel idea in India . It was preached by several eminent personalities in the 19th century , Gopal Hari Deshmukh , better known as Lokahitawadi of Bombay , Arya Samaj founder Dayanand Saraswati and Bholanath Chandra of Calcutta . But the seeds sown by them did not germinate till the soil was rendered fertile by the grim resolve of a united people , exasperated beyond measure ; to forge the twin weapons of Boycott and Swadeshi in order to undo the great wrong which was inflicted upon them by an arrogant Government , callous to the voice of the people .
Kargil War
The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July ; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces , the fighting ceased on 26 July . The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . By the end of the war , Pakistan had to withdraw under international pressure and due to pressure from continued fighting at battle front and left India in control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control , as was established in July 1972 as per the Simla Agreement .
Vallabhbhai Patel
This event formed the cornerstone of Patel 's popularity in the post-independence era . Even today he is remembered as the man who united India . He is , in this regard , compared to Otto von Bismarck of Germany , who did the same thing in the 1860s . Under the plan of 3 June , more than 562 princely states were given the option of joining either India or Pakistan , or choosing independence . Indian nationalists and large segments of the public feared that if these states did not accede , most of the people and territory would be fragmented . The Congress as well as senior British officials considered Patel the best man for the task of achieving unification of the princely states with the Indian dominion . Gandhi had said to Patel , `` ( T ) he problem of the States is so difficult that you alone can solve it '' . Patel was considered a statesman of integrity with the practical acumen and resolve to accomplish a monumental task . He asked V. P. Menon , a senior civil servant with whom he had worked on the partition of India , to become his right - hand man as chief secretary of the States Ministry . On 6 May 1947 , Patel began lobbying the princes , attempting to make them receptive towards dialogue with the future government and forestall potential conflicts . Patel used social meetings and unofficial surroundings to engage most of the monarchs , inviting them to lunch and tea at his home in Delhi . At these meetings , Patel explained that there was no inherent conflict between the Congress and the princely order . Patel invoked the patriotism of India 's monarchs , asking them to join in the independence of their nation and act as responsible rulers who cared about the future of their people . He persuaded the princes of 565 states of the impossibility of independence from the Indian republic , especially in the presence of growing opposition from their subjects . He proposed favourable terms for the merger , including the creation of privy purses for the rulers ' descendants . While encouraging the rulers to act out of patriotism , Patel did not rule out force . Stressing that the princes would need to accede to India in good faith , he set a deadline of 15 August 1947 for them to sign the instrument of accession document . All but three of the states willingly merged into the Indian union ; only Jammu and Kashmir , Junagadh , and Hyderabad did not fall into his basket . Somnath
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In September 1857 , sepoys took control of the treasury in Chittagong . The treasury remained under rebel control for several days . Further mutinies on 18 November saw the 2nd , 3rd and 4th companies of the 34th Bengal Infantry Regiment storming the Chittagong Jail and releasing all prisoners . The mutineers were eventually suppressed by the Gurkha regiments . The mutiny also spread to Dacca , the former Mughal capital of Bengal . Residents in the city 's Lalbagh area were kept awake at night by the rebellion . Sepoys joined hands with the common populace in Jalpaiguri to take control of the city 's cantonment . In January 1858 , many sepoys received shelter from the royal family of the princely state of Hill Tippera .
Ashoka
Ashoka Chakravartin A c. 1st century BCE / CE relief from Sanchi , showing Ashoka on his chariot , visiting the Nagas at Ramagrama . 3rd Mauryan emperor Reign c. 268 -- c. 232 BCE Coronation 268 BCE Predecessor Bindusara Successor Dasharatha Pataliputra , modern - day Patna 232 BCE Pataliputra , modern - day Patna Spouse Asandhimitra Devi Karuvaki Padmavati Tishyaraksha Issue Mahendra Tivala Kunala Jalauka Charumati Sanghamitra Dynasty Maurya Father Bindusara Mother Subhadrangi ( also called Dharma )
Round Table Conferences (India)
Muslims : Aga Khan III , Maulana Shaukat Ali , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , A.K. Fazlul Huq , Muhammad Iqbal , Muhammad Shafi , Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Syed Ali Imam , Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi , Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli , A.H. Ghuznavi , Hafiz Hidayat Hussain , Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur , Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan , Jamal Muhammad , khaja Mian Rowther , Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah Hindus : M.R. Jayakar , B.S. Moonje , Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath Liberals : J.N. Basu , C.Y. Chintamani , Tej Bahadur Sapru , V.S. Srinivasa Sastri , Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad Justice Party : Raja of Bobbili , Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar , Sir A.P. Patro , Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav Depressed Classes : B.R. Ambedkar , Rettamalai Srinivasan , Sikhs : Sardar Ujjal Singh , Sardar Sampuran Singh Parsis : Cowasji Jehangir , Homi Mody , Phiroze Sethna Indian Christians : Surendra Kumar Datta , A.T. Pannirselvam Europeans : E.C. Benthall , Sir Hubert Carr , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Sarojini Naidu , Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Raja of Parlakimedi ( Orissa ) , Sir Provash Chandra Mitter Industry : Ghanshyam Das Birla , Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas , Maneckji Dadabhoy Labour : N.M.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Sikhs and Pathans of the Punjab and North - West Frontier Province supported the British and helped in the recapture of Delhi . Historian John Harris has asserted that the Sikhs wanted to avenge the annexation of the Sikh Empire eight years earlier by the Company with the help of Purbiyas ( ' Easterners ' ) , Biharis and those from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh who had formed part of the East India Company 's armies in the First and Second Anglo - Sikh Wars . He has also suggested that Sikhs felt insulted by the attitude of sepoys who , in their view , had beaten the Khalsa only with British help ; they resented and despised them far more than they did the British .
Supreme Court of India
The independence of judiciary was severely curtailed during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 -- 1977 ) of Indira Gandhi . The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under Preventive detention laws passed by the parliament . In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla , popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case , a bench of five senior-most judges of supreme court ruled in favour of state 's right for unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency . Justices A.N. Ray , P.N. Bhagwati , Y.V. Chandrachud , and M.H. Beg , stated in the majority decision :