vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Binomial nomenclature
Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species , a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long . Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature . These names had two separate functions . First , to designate or label the species , and second , to be a diagnosis or description ; however these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible . In a simple genus , containing only two species , it was easy to tell them apart with a one - word genus and a one - word specific name ; but as more species were discovered the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy , for instance Plantago foliis ovato - lanceolatus pubescentibus , spica cylindrica , scapo tereti ( `` Plantain with pubescent ovate - lanceolate leaves , a cylindric spike and a terete scape '' ) , which we know today as Plantago media .
French name
Some French last names include the word De - ( `` of '' ) or Du - ( contraction for de + le = `` of the '' ) , when it is masculine and De la - when it is feminine , but there are regional variations : in the North of France Du - is often rendered by Dele - and in the South of France Del - . When de is separated it is known as a particle . A particle de should not be alphabetized in name lists , whereas a particule du should be because it results from the contraction of an article . The particule generally indicates some land or feudal origin , but this is not always the case . The name de Gaulle , for example , is not a traditional French name with a particule , but a Flemish Dutch name evolved from a form of `` De Walle '' meaning `` the wall '' .
River Thames
Richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames , part of it , where it was too wide to ford , was called * ( p ) lowonida . This gave the name to a settlement on its banks , which became known as Londinium , from the Indo - European roots * pleu - `` flow '' and * - nedi `` river '' meaning something like the flowing river or the wide flowing unfordable river .
Mustang
According to the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , the English word `` mustang '' comes from two essentially synonymous Spanish words , mestengo ( or mesteño ) and mostrenco . Both words referred to horses and cattle defined as `` wild , having no master . '' Mesteño was derived from mesta , associations of graziers , and one of their jobs was to deal with strayed cattle . The OED states that the origin of mostrenco is `` obscure , '' The Spanish word in turn may possibly originate from the Latin expression mixta , referring to beasts of uncertain ownership , which were distributed by ranchers ' associations called mestas in Spain in the Middle Ages .
Avocado
The modern English name comes from an English rendering of the Spanish aguacate as avogato . The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as `` avogato pear '' , a term which was later corrupted as `` alligator pear '' . Because the word avogato sounded like `` advocate '' , several languages reinterpreted it to have that meaning . French uses avocat , which also means lawyer , and `` advocate '' - forms of the word appear in several Germanic languages , such as the ( now obsolete ) German Advogato - Birne , the old Danish advokat - pære ( today it is called `` avocado '' ) and the Dutch advocaatpeer .
Welcome Back, Kotter
The class clown of the Sweathogs , Arnold Horshack , is completely comfortable with his oddball , if naïve , personality . Horshack was known for his unique observations and his wheezing laugh , similar to that of a hyena . ( Palillo revealed on a 1995 episode of The Jenny Jones Show that it originated from the way his father breathed during the last two weeks of his life as he lay dying from lung cancer . ) It is possible that academically he is the smartest Sweathog . He is the only central Sweathog character to be promoted out of remedial academics class , but he soon returns after feeling out of place . He has an affection for acting and enjoys old movies , particularly 1930s musicals . He eventually marries Mary Johnson , a co-worker and fellow Sweathog . Although his surname sounds like a term for a bordello , he claimed it is a `` very old and respected name '' meaning `` the cattle are dying . '' His middle name ( and his mother 's maiden name ) is `` Dingfelder '' .
Species
A species is given a name when a type specimen is described formally by a scientist , in a paper that assigns it a scientific name . The name becomes a validly published name ( in botany ) or an available name ( in zoology ) when the paper is accepted for publication . The type material is provided for other scientists to examine , often in the research collection of a major museum . Scientists are asked to choose names that , in the words of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , are `` appropriate , compact , euphonious , memorable , and do not cause offence . ''
Borneo
The island is known by many names . Internationally it is known as Borneo , after Brunei , derived from European contact with the kingdom in the 16th century during the Age of Exploration . The name Brunei possibly derives from the Sanskrit word `` váruṇa '' ( वरुण ) , meaning either `` water '' or the mythological Varuna , the Hindu god of rain . Indonesian natives called it Kalimantan , which was derived from the Sanskrit word Kalamanthana , meaning `` burning weather island '' ( to describe its hot and humid tropical weather ) .
The Muppet Movie
Just as it seems they are finally on their way , the group is warned by Max that Doc Hopper has hired an assassin named Snake Walker to kill Kermit . Kermit decides he will not be hunted down by a bully any longer and proposes a Western - style showdown in a nearby ghost town occupied by Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and his assistant Beaker , who invent materials that have yet to be tested . While confronting Hopper , Kermit explains his motivations , attempting to appeal to Hopper 's own hopes and dreams , but Hopper is unmoved and orders his henchmen to kill him and all his friends . They are saved only when one of Dr. Bunsen 's inventions , `` insta - grow '' pills , temporarily turns Animal into a giant , causing Hopper and his men to flee while Max turns around , laughs gleefully and waves his hat at the Muppets .
Griot
The Manding term jeliya ( meaning `` musicianhood '' ) is sometimes used for the knowledge of griots , indicating the hereditary nature of the class . Jali comes from the root word jali or djali ( blood ) . This word is also the title given to griots in areas corresponding to the former Mali Empire . Though the usage `` griot '' is far more common in English , some griot advocates such as Bakari Sumano prefer the term jeli .
Parthenon
The origin of the Parthenon 's name is from the Greek word παρθενών ( parthenon ) , which referred to the `` unmarried women 's apartments '' in a house and in the Parthenon 's case seems to have been used at first only for a particular room of the temple ; it is debated which room this is and how the room acquired its name . The Liddell -- Scott -- Jones Greek -- English Lexicon states that this room was the western cella of the Parthenon , as does J.B. Bury . Jamauri D. Green holds that the parthenon was the room in which the peplos presented to Athena at the Panathenaic Festival was woven by the arrephoroi , a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year . Christopher Pelling asserts that Athena Parthenos may have constituted a discrete cult of Athena , intimately connected with , but not identical to , that of Athena Polias . According to this theory , the name of the Parthenon means the `` temple of the virgin goddess '' and refers to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple . The epithet parthénos ( παρθένος ) meant `` maiden , girl '' , but also `` virgin , unmarried woman '' and was especially used for Artemis , the goddess of wild animals , the hunt , and vegetation , and for Athena , the goddess of strategy and tactics , handicraft , and practical reason . It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens ( parthenoi ) , whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city . Parthénos has also been applied to the Virgin Mary , Parthénos Maria , and the Parthenon had been converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the sixth century .
Binomial nomenclature
Nomenclature ( including binomial nomenclature ) is not the same as classification , although the two are related . Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences ; in biological classification , species are one of the kinds of item to be classified . In principle , the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification . This is not the case for binomial names , since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed . Above the rank of genus , binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent ; for example , a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another , unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family , or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus . The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera .
French horn
In English , the term `` French horn '' is often used . Nevertheless , the International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn , despite the ambiguity of the term .
Porridge (TV series)
A genuine neologism was `` nerk '' , which was used in place of the more offensive `` berk '' . `` Berk '' has changed meaning since its inception , and is generally used now to mean `` fool '' while the original rhyming slang meaning refers to female genitalia . Another term was `` scrote '' ( presumably derived from scrotum ) , meaning a nasty , unpleasant person .
Great Wall of China
Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外 堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊 牆 , s 边 墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫 塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土 龍 , s 土 龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' .
Binomial nomenclature
`` Binomial nomenclature '' is the correct term for botany , although it is also used by zoologists . Since 1953 , `` binominal nomenclature '' is the technically correct term in zoology . A binominal name is also called a binomen ( plural binomina ) . Both codes consider the first part of the two - part name for a species to be the `` generic name '' . In the zoological code ( ICZN ) , the second part of the name is a `` specific name '' . In the botanical code ( ICN ) , it is a `` specific epithet '' . Together , these two parts are referred to as a `` species name '' or `` binomen '' in the zoological code ; or `` species name '' , `` binomial '' , or `` binary combination '' in the botanical code . `` Species name '' is the only term common to the two codes . The ICN , the plant Code , does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same ( such a name is called a tautonym ) , whereas the ICZN , the animal Code , does . Thus the American bison has the binomial Bison bison ; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant . The starting points , the time from which these codes are in effect ( retroactively ) , vary from group to group . In botany the starting point will often be in 1753 ( the year Carl Linnaeus first published Species Plantarum ) . In zoology the starting point is 1758 ( 1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus 's Systema Naturae , 10th Edition , and also Clerck 's Aranei Svecici ) . Bacteriology started anew , with a starting point on 1 January 1980 .
Phryne Fisher
Phryne was accidentally named after a famous Greek courtesan who lived in the 4th century BC . At her christening , her father forgot the classical name , Psyche , that her parents had intended for her .
Gotham City
`` Gotham '' was a nickname for New York City that became popular in the nineteenth century ; Washington Irving had first attached it to New York in the November 11 , 1807 edition of his Salmagundi , a periodical which lampooned New York culture and politics . Irving took the name from the village of Gotham , Nottinghamshire , England , a place inhabited , according to folklore , by fools . The village 's name derives from Old English gāt ' goat ' and hām ' home ' , literally `` homestead where goats are kept '' , and is pronounced / ˈɡoʊtəm / GOHT - əm , like the word goat ( cf . Chatham , / ˈtʃætəm / CHAT - əm , a similar name where the letters th represent a `` t '' sound followed by a silent `` h '' rather than a `` th '' sound ) . The Joker references this etymology in Detective Comics # 880 , in which he tells Batman that the word means `` a safe place for goats '' . In contrast , `` Gotham '' as used for New York has a different pronunciation by analogy to other words spelled with `` th '' and is pronounced as / ˈɡɒθəm / GOTH - əm , like the word Goth .
Platypus
The common name `` platypus '' is the latinisation of the Greek word πλατύπους ( platupous ) , `` flat - footed '' , from πλατύς ( platus ) , `` broad , wide , flat '' and πούς ( pous ) , `` foot '' . Shaw assigned the species the Linnaean name Platypus anatinus when he initially described it , but the genus term was quickly discovered to already be in use as the name of the wood - boring ambrosia beetle genus Platypus . It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 ( from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks ) and following the rules of priority of nomenclature , it was later officially recognised as Ornithorhynchus anatinus . The scientific name Ornithorhynchus anatinus is derived from ορνιθόρυγχος ( ornithorhynkhos ) , which literally means `` bird snout '' in Greek ; and anatinus , which means `` duck - like '' in Latin .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners , the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities -- communes .
Macedonia (terminology)
Greece and the Republic of Macedonia each consider this name a compromise : it is opposed by some Greeks for containing the Greek self - identifying name Macedonia , and by many in the Republic of Macedonia for not being the short self - identifying name . Greece uses it in both the abbreviated ( FYROM or ΠΓΔΜ ) and spellout form ( Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας ) .
Bootstrapping
The term is sometimes attributed to a story in Rudolf Erich Raspe 's The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen , but in that story Baron Munchausen pulls himself ( and his horse ) out of a swamp by his hair ( specifically , his pigtail ) , not by his bootstraps -- and no explicit reference to bootstraps has been found elsewhere in the various versions of the Munchausen tales .
French name
Traditionally , the particule de is omitted when citing the name of a person without a preceding given name , title ( baron , duc etc . ) , job description ( général , colonel , etc . ) or polite address ( monsieur , madame , mademoiselle ) . Thus , one would say Monsieur de La Vieuville , but if calling him familiarly by his last name only , La Vieuville ( note the initial capital letter ) ; the same applies for Gérard de La Martinière , who would be called La Martinière . Similarly , Philippe de Villiers talks about the votes he receives as le vote Villiers . However , this usage is now losing ground to a more egalitarian treatment of surnames ; it is , for instance , commonplace to hear people talking of de Villiers .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
The first mention of the village is in a Latin document from 1094 that uses the name Castro Novo . The term castrum or castro in the 11th century was used to denote a fortified village , rather than a castle ( castellum ) . The current French name of `` Châteauneuf '' ( English : `` New Castle '' ) is derived from this early Latin name and not from the ruined 14th - century castle that towers above the village . Just over a century later in 1213 the village was referred to as Castronovum Calcernarium . Other early documents use Castronovo Caussornerio or Castrum Novum Casanerii . The official French name became Châteauneuf Calcernier . The word ' Calcernier ' comes from the presence of important lime kilns in the village . Calcernarium is derived from the Latin calx for lime and cernere means sift or sieve . From the 16th century the village was often referred to as `` Châteauneuf du Pape '' or `` Châteauneuf Calcernier dit de Pape '' , because of the connection with Pope John XXII , but it was not until 1893 that the official name was changed from `` Châteauneuf Calcernier '' to `` Châteauneuf - du - Pape '' .
Montgomery (name)
Montgomery or Montgomerie is a surname from a place name in Normandy . Although there are many stories of its origin , an old theory explains that the name is a corruption of `` Gomer 's Mount '' or `` Gomer 's Hill '' ( Latin : Mons Gomeris ) , any of a number of hills in Europe named in attribution to the biblical patriarch Gomer , but it does not explain the final - y or - ie ( the phonetical evolution would have been * Montgomers ) and it does not correspond to the old mentions of the place name Montgommery in Normandie : Monte Gomeri in 1032 -- 1035 , de Monte Gomerico in 1040 and de Monte Gumbri in 1046 -- 1048 . More relevant is the explanation by the Germanic first name Gumarik , a compound of guma `` man '' ( see bridegroom ) and rik `` powerful '' , that regularly gives the final - ry ( - ri ) in the French first names and surnames ( Thierry , Amaury , Henry , etc . ) . Moreover , the name is still used as a surname in France as Gommery , from the older first name Gomeri .
Brownie points
A popular etymology is an allusion to the merit badges or six points earned by Brownies ( junior Girl Guides / Girl Scouts ) for carrying out good deeds . Brownies were named after a kind of mythological elf that does helpful things around the house .
Timon and Pumbaa
Timon is a wise - cracking and self - absorbed meerkat who is known for claiming Pumbaa 's ideas as his own , while Pumbaa has flatulence issues . However , Pumbaa is also a fierce warrior , charging into battle like a battering ram , and taking great offense if anyone who 's not his friend calls him a pig , at which point he exclaims `` They call me Mister pig ! '' -- a reference to Sidney Poitier 's line `` They call me Mister Tibbs ! '' from the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . Unlike real meerkats , Timon can walk on his hind legs , while in real life , meerkats walk on all four legs and can only stand on their hind ones .
Venus flytrap
Historically , the plant was also known by the slang term `` tipitiwitchet '' or `` tippity twitchet '' , possibly an oblique reference to the plant 's resemblance to human female genitalia .
Red panda
Frédéric Cuvier had received the specimen he described from his brother 's stepson , Alfred Duvaucel , who had sent it `` from the mountains north of India '' . He was the first to use both the binomial name Ailurus fulgens and the vernacular name panda in his description of the species published in 1825 in Histoire naturelle des mammifères . Ailurus is adopted from the ancient Greek word αἴλουρος ( ailouros ) , meaning `` cat '' . The specific epithet fulgens is Latin for `` shining , bright '' . Panda is a Roman goddess of peace and travellers , who was called upon before starting a difficult journey . Whether this is the origin of the French vernacular name panda remains uncertain . Later publications claim the name was adopted from a Himalayan language .
Oyster
First attested in English during the 14th century , the word `` oyster '' comes from Old French oistre , in turn from Latin ostrea , the feminine form of ostreum , which is the latinisation of the Greek ὄστρεον ( ostreon ) , `` oyster '' . Compare ὀστέον ( osteon ) , `` bone '' .
Super Why!
Momotarō -- Momotaro is a Japanese boy who was born from a peach fruit in a story called Momotarō the Peach Boy . He has three talkative animal friends which are Dog , Monkey , and Pheasant who fight and argue causing the ogre to roar . Owen -- A boy who works as a newspaper deliverer boy in the comic book called Attack of the Eraser . Little Boy Blue -- A boy who is close friends with Red . He plays the horn and has glasses . Poppa Pig -- The father of the three pigs who were born in Storybrook Village . As an adult , he wears a blue hard hat with overalls on his shirt . Eldest Pig -- First son of Poppa Pig , wears green . Middle Pig -- Second son of Poppa Pig , wears red . Poppa Pig 's Brothers -- Uncles of the three pigs who were born in Storybrook Village . Three Bears -- Papa Bear , Mama Bear , and Baby Bear live in Storybook Village together as a family . She wears a pink scarf while Papa Bear wears a green necktie and eyeglasses . Charlie -- The main character of his story called Bedtime for Bear . He wears green pajamas , has a teddy bear dressed in blue and lives in his home , a cave . Panda -- A panda bear who lives in a Chinese bamboo forest . From Around the World Adventure , she helps Wigglesbottom travel to Antarctica by giving directions . Baby Dino -- A cute little orange Brachiosaurus who hatched from an egg . Stego -- A Stegosaurus met by Baby Dino . His plates are red . Torosaurus -- A dinosaur with a Mid-Atlantic accent . Mother Goose -- Mother Goose has a light blue dress , a pink hat with two turquoise feathers on it , eyeglasses and pink shoes . She also carries her book and feathered pen to write her nursery rhymes . Her only appearance is The Story of Mother Goose . The Blue Goose -- This talkative fowl only appears in her story called The Goose and the Golden Eggs . Her yellow beak matches her head feathers and she has a purple tail . The Green Dragon first appears in Woofster Finds A Home .
Primate
A primate ( / ˈpraɪmeɪt / ( listen ) PRY - mayt ) is a mammal of the order Primates ( Latin : `` prime , first rank '' ) . In taxonomy , primates include two distinct lineages , strepsirrhines and haplorhines . Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests ; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three - dimensional environment . Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal .
Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy ( from Ancient Greek τάξις ( taxis ) , meaning ' arrangement ' , and - νομία ( - nomia ) , meaning ' method ' ) is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics . Organisms are grouped together into taxa ( singular : taxon ) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank ; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank , thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy . The principal ranks in modern use are domain , kingdom , phylum ( division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum ) , class , order , family , genus and species . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy , as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms .
Howell (name)
Howell Language ( s ) Welsh Origin Region of origin Wales Meaning `` The Sun '' ; `` high , exalted '' Other names Variant ( s ) Hoel , Howel , Hugh , Hywel Footnotes : Frequency Comparisons :