vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of photography
In partnership , Niépce in Chalon - sur - Saône and Louis Daguerre in Paris refined the bitumen process , substituting a more sensitive resin and a very different post-exposure treatment that yielded higher - quality and more easily viewed images . Exposure times in the camera , although substantially reduced , were still measured in hours .
Sound barrier
The comments about restoration of flight control and cessation of buffeting above Mach 1 are very significant in a 1946 document . However , it is not clear where these terms came from , as it does not appear the US pilots carried out such tests .
Nairobi
In 2015 Nairobi was also featured in the British thriller film Eye in the Sky ( 2015 film ) , which is a story about a lieutenant general and a colonel who faced political opposition after ordering a drone missile strike to take out a group of suicide bombers in Nairobi , Kenya .
Grip (job)
Boom up ( Boom down ) -- To raise , or lower , a camera or microphone that is already mounted on a crane or dolly .
Korean War
After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies .
Fingerprint
At the 31st Chaos Communication Congress , hardware hacker starbug presented how DSLRs with high resolution and equipped with a long focus lens can be used to capture images of hands , or more specifically , fingers in order to use them for spoofing .
Color motion picture film
Current color films do this with three layers of differently color - sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base . Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images ( e.g. , three - strip Technicolor ) or adjacent microscopic image fragments ( e.g. , Dufaycolor ) in a one - layer black - and - white emulsion .
Stratovolcano
Apart from possibly affecting the climate , volcanic clouds from explosive eruptions also pose a serious hazard to aviation safety . For example , during the 1982 eruption of Galunggung in Java , British Airways Flight 9 flew into the ash cloud , suffering temporary engine failure and structural damage . During the past two decades , more than 60 airplanes , mostly commercial jetliners , have been damaged by in - flight encounters with volcanic ash . Some of these encounters have resulted in the power loss of all engines , necessitating emergency landings . Luckily , to date no crashes have happened because of jet aircraft flying into volcanic ash . Ashfall is a threat to health when inhaled , and is also a threat to property with enough accumulation . An accumulation of 30 cm ( 12 in ) is sufficient to cause most buildings to collapse . Dense clouds of hot volcanic ash , caused by the collapse of an eruptive column or by being laterally expelled from the partial collapse of a volcanic edifice or lava dome during an explosive eruption , can produce devastating pyroclastic flows which can wipe out everything in their paths .
iOS 11
iOS 11 introduces optical image stabilization , flash photography and high dynamic range for portrait photos .
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings ; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger . Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed . It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow . The lightning was animated . The airport used was at San Francisco 's Treasure Island , which already had appropriate art deco architecture . ILM added a control tower , Nazi banners , vintage automobiles and a sign stating `` Berlin Flughafen '' . The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke . Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings .
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Storyboard artists Simon Duric said `` The security on the film was a challenge . That script was locked in a safe . Most of the time on a film you can sit at your desk with a copy of the script next to you . On this , you could n't . That 's fine but it was tricky in places . We had people flying drones over Pinewood studios trying to take photographs . It was nuts . If a prop was being moved we had to have them covered in a big black sheet . We were told in an email to be ( wary ) of drones . ''
History of photography
Nineteenth - century experimentation with photographic processes frequently became proprietary. The German - born , New Orleans photographer Theodore Lilienthal successfully sought legal redress in an 1881 infringement case involving his `` Lambert Process '' in the Eastern District of Louisiana .
Technology during World War II
In the Western European Theatre of World War II , air power became crucial throughout the war , both in tactical and strategic operations ( respectively , battlefield and long - range ) . Superior German aircraft , aided by ongoing introduction of design and technology innovations , allowed the German armies to overrun Western Europe with great speed in 1940 , largely assisted by lack of Allied aircraft , which in any case lagged in design and technical development during the slump in research investment after the Great Depression . Since the end of World War I , the French Air Force had been badly neglected , as military leaders preferred to spend money on ground armies and static fortifications to fight another World War I - style war . As a result , by 1940 , the French Air Force had only 1562 planes and was together with 1070 RAF planes facing 5,638 Luftwaffe fighters and fighter - bombers . Most French airfields were located in north - east France , and were quickly overrun in the early stages of the campaign . The Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom possessed some very advanced fighter planes , such as Spitfires and Hurricanes , but these were not useful for attacking ground troops on a battlefield , and the small number of planes dispatched to France with the British Expeditionary Force were destroyed fairly quickly . Subsequently , the Luftwaffe was able to achieve air superiority over France in 1940 , giving the German military an immense advantage in terms of reconnaissance and intelligence .
History of photography
A new era in color photography began with the introduction of Kodachrome film , available for 16 mm home movies in 1935 and 35 mm slides in 1936 . It captured the red , green , and blue color components in three layers of emulsion . A complex processing operation produced complementary cyan , magenta , and yellow dye images in those layers , resulting in a subtractive color image . Maxwell 's method of taking three separate filtered black - and - white photographs continued to serve special purposes into the 1950s and beyond , and Polachrome , an `` instant '' slide film that used the Autochrome 's additive principle , was available until 2003 , but the few color print and slide films still being made in 2015 all use the multilayer emulsion approach pioneered by Kodachrome .
iOS 11
Live Photos receives new `` Loop '' , `` Bounce '' and `` Long Exposure '' effects , and uses High Efficiency Image File Format to decrease photo sizes .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The twin campaigns -- the USAAF by day , the RAF by night -- built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas , notably the Ruhr , followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg , Kassel , Pforzheim , Mainz and the often - criticized bombing of Dresden .
Kargil War
The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces , but its effectiveness during the war was limited by the high altitude and weather conditions , which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used . Naval
List of United States Air Force installations
Includes Occupied Austria ( 1945 -- 1955 ) , Occupied Germany ( 1947 -- 1949 ) ; West Germany ( 1949 -- 1990 ) , and Occupied Berlin ( West Berlin ) ( 1947 -- 1990 )
History of photography
The early science fiction novel Giphantie ( 1760 ) by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche described something quite similar to ( colour ) photography , a process that fixes fleeting images formed by rays of light : `` They coat a piece of canvas with this material , and place it in front of the object to capture . The first effect of this cloth is similar to that of a mirror , but by means of its viscous nature the prepared canvas , as is not the case with the mirror , retains a facsimile of the image . The mirror represents images faithfully , but retains none ; our canvas reflects them no less faithfully , but retains them all . This impression of the image is instantaneous . The canvas is then removed and deposited in a dark place . An hour later the impression is dry , and you have a picture the more precious in that no art can imitate its truthfulness . '' De la Roche thus imagined a process that made use of a special substance in combination with the qualities of a mirror , rather than the camera obscura . The hour of drying in a dark place suggests he possibly thought about the light sensitivity of the material , but he attributes the effect to its viscous nature .
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
The airport was closed to commercial air traffic on August 28 , 2005 , shortly before Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans , and it remained closed as floods affected the city . The Associated Press reported on August 31 that MSY would receive humanitarian flights , and that the airport `` has no significant airfield damage and had no standing water in aircraft movement areas '' , although the airport did , as the article put it , `` ( sustain ) damage to its roofs , hangars and fencing . '' In early September , the airport opened only to military aircraft and humanitarian flights , and served as a staging center for evacuees . The airport reopened to commercial flights on September 13 , 2005 .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The Australian squadrons played a limited role in the allied advance from Amiens on 8 August 1918 , with No. 3 Squadron engaged in reconnaissance and contact patrols to help identify the locations of forward troops . They also undertook extensive aerial photography to aid in remapping and the locating of German artillery positions . During this period Nos. 2 and 4 Squadrons were in the Ypres -- Arras area and were involved in patrols and raids on the railways in the vicinity of Lille . With the Germans in retreat during September 1918 , the squadrons felt considerable pressure just keeping up . Regardless , No. 4 Squadron took part in , perhaps its most spectacular action , in the very last weeks of the war . On 29 October , 15 Australian Sopwith Snipes encountered more than 60 German Fokkers , in an action which became one of the largest air battles of the war . The Australians gained the upper hand and 10 Fokkers were shot down for the loss of one Snipe , and the damage of several others .
White House
As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital , the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds .
Sacramento International Airport
On the afternoon of Thursday , August 26 , 2010 , JetBlue Airbus A320 Flight 262 arriving from Long Beach , CA blew four tires upon landing , creating a fire around the plane and causing passengers to evacuate . Out of the 79 passengers and five crew , seven sustained injuries , although none of them were particularly serious . Five passengers were hospitalized . A JetBlue spokesman said that the flight reported an issue with the brakes . The subsequent NTSB investigation showed the first officer had inadvertently engaged the parking brake while engaging the speed brake at an altitude of approximately 5,100 feet ( 1,600 m ) above mean sea level . The subsequent alert via Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring was also canceled by the first officer as part of his routine to preempt the alert associated with disconnecting the autopilot in preparation for landing . At approximately 6 : 30 PM on Tuesday , December 27 , 2011 , Seattle - bound Southwest Airlines Flight 2287 aborted take - off due to two blown - out tires . The plane reportedly made a hard landing , and all 130 passengers aboard survived . Shortly before 6 : 00 PM on Wednesday , October 15 , 2014 , a pilot on an in - bound FedEx Express McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 30 noticed a possible engine fire on one of the engines , with smoke showing . The aircraft declared an emergency and landed successfully . Emergency ground crews reported to the incident and determined that the on - board extinguishers had successfully extinguished the fire . Maintenance crews determined the aircraft could safely be towed to the cargo ramp for inspection and repairs . On Wednesday , November 25 , 2015 around 5 : 45 pm , United Airlines Flight 2005 from SMF to Denver , operated with an Airbus A320 with 114 people on board was forced to turn around soon after takeoff after one of its engines was damaged during a large bird strike . Approximately 10 minutes into the flight , the bird strike and subsequent explosion in the engine forced the plane to return to the airport . It landed at about 6 : 30 p.m. , with no injuries reported . The airliner was taken out of commission to make repairs on the engine .
History of photography
Thomas Wedgwood ( 1771 - 1805 ) is believed to have been the first person to have thought of creating permanent pictures by capturing camera images on material coated with a light - sensitive chemical . He originally wanted to capture the images of a camera obscura , but found they were too faint to have an effect upon the silver nitrate solution that was advised to him as a light - sensitive substance . Wedgwood did manage to copy painted glass plates and captured shadows on white leather as well as on paper moistened with a silver nitrate solution . Attempts to preserve the results with their `` distinct tints of brown or black , sensibly differing in intensity '' failed . It is unclear when Wedgwood 's experiments took place . He may have started before 1790 ; James Watt wrote a letter to Thomas Wedgwood 's father Josiah Wedgwood to thank him `` for your instructions as to the Silver Pictures , about which , when at home , I will make some experiments '' . This letter ( now lost ) is believed to have been written in 1790 , 1791 or 1799 . In 1802 an account by Humphry Davy detailing Wedgwood 's experiments was published in an early journal of the Royal Institution with the title An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings upon Glass , and of Making Profiles , by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver . Davy added that the method could be used for objects that are partly opaque and partly transparent to create accurate representations of for instance `` the woody fibres of leaves and the wings of insects '' . He also found that solar microscope images of small objects were easily captured on prepared paper . Davy , apparently unaware or forgetful about Scheele 's discovery , concluded that substances should be found to get rid of ( or deactivate ) the unexposed particles in silver nitrate or silver chloride `` to render the process as useful as it is elegant '' . Wedgwood may have prematurely abandoned his experiments due to his frail and failing health . He died aged 34 in 1805 .
Air New Zealand
In 1973 , the first of the airline 's McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 - 30s arrived with 1974 British Commonwealth Games `` NZ74 '' logo on both sides of the forward fuselage beneath the cabin windows . In 1984 , pictures of the Buckingham Palace horse guards with ' London , Here We Come ' were placed on the side of the hump of the airline 's new Boeing 747 - 200Bs when Air New Zealand was allowed to fly the Los Angeles -- London leg of the trans - Pacific route in its own name . A special livery featuring an image of the All Blacks front row of Carl Hoeft , Anton Oliver and Kees Meeuws and a black tail was used on the Boeing 747 - 400 aircraft used to transport the team to the 1999 Rugby World Cup . Two other aircraft were wore the special All Blacks scheme : a Boeing 737 - 200QC and a Saab 340 of Air Nelson ; both these aircraft retained their blue teal tail colours . In 1999 , one Boeing 737 - 300 was painted in a ' New Millennium ' livery depicting celebrations and the America 's Cup regatta that was to be held in 2000 . In 2002 and 2003 Air New Zealand marked its position as `` the official airline to Middle Earth '' by decorating three aircraft with The Lord of the Rings imagery , applied as giant decals . The decal material was described in airline publicity as being as thin as clingfilm and weighing more than 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) . The imagery featured actors from the film trilogy The Lord of the Rings against backdrops of New Zealand locations used in the films . In 2008 , one of the airline 's Boeing 737 - 300s was painted into a lime green Air New Zealand ' Holidays ' livery . During 2011 and 2012 , two aircraft -- an Airbus A320 and a Boeing 777 - 300ER -- were painted in an All Blacks - inspired livery . The aircraft were completely black , with a silver fern motif covering the aft section of the fuselage . Some Air New Zealand Link aircraft were also decorated in the scheme : an ATR 72 - 600 operated by Mount Cook Airline ; and two Beechcraft 1900Ds operated by now - defunct subsidiary Eagle Airways .
Copyright
photographic reproductions on paper or any similar medium of works ( excluding sheet music ) provided that the rightholders receives fair compensation , reproduction made by libraries , educational establishments , museums or archives , which are non-commercial archival reproductions of broadcasts , uses for the benefit of people with a disability , for demonstration or repair of equipment , for non-commercial research or private study when used in parody
Nairobi
Eastleigh Airport ; a military base airport . In its earlier years , it was utilised as a landing strip in the pre-jet airline era . It was mostly used as a British Passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town in the 1930s & 1940 's . This route was served by flying boats between Britain and Kisumu and then by land - based aircraft on the routes to the south . Matatu
History of photography
In the mid-1820s , Nicéphore Niépce first managed to fix an image that was captured with a camera , but at least eight hours or even several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very crude . Niépce 's associate Louis Daguerre went on to develop the daguerreotype process , the first publicly announced and commercially viable photographic process . The daguerreotype required only minutes of exposure in the camera , and produced clear , finely detailed results . The details were introduced as a gift to the world in 1839 , a date generally accepted as the birth year of practical photography . The metal - based daguerreotype process soon had some competition from the paper - based calotype negative and salt print processes invented by William Henry Fox Talbot . Subsequent innovations made photography easier and more versatile . New materials reduced the required camera exposure time from minutes to seconds , and eventually to a small fraction of a second ; new photographic media were more economical , sensitive or convenient , including roll films for casual use by amateurs . In the mid-20th century , developments made it possible for amateurs to take pictures in natural color as well as in black - and - white .
History of photography
A natural phenomenon , known as camera obscura or pinhole image , can project a ( reversed ) image through a small opening onto an opposite surface . This principle may have been known and used in prehistoric times . The earliest known written record of the camera obscura is to be found in Chinese writings called Mozi , dated to the 4th century BCE . Until the 16th century the camera obscura was mainly used to study optics and astronomy , especially to safely watch solar eclipses without damaging the eyes . In the later half of the 16th century some technical improvements were developed : a ( biconvex ) lens in the opening ( first described by Gerolamo Cardano in 1550 ) and a diaphragm restricting the aperture ( Daniel Barbaro in 1568 ) gave a brighter and sharper image . In 1558 Giambattista della Porta advised using the camera obscura as a drawing aid in his popular and influential books . Della Porta 's advice was widely adopted by artists and since the 17th century portable versions of the camera obscura were commonly used - first as a tent , later as boxes . The box type camera obscura was the basis for the earliest photographic cameras when photography was developed in the early 19th century . Further
Air New Zealand
On 28 June 2004 , Air New Zealand released details of the upgrade to its long - haul product , which was aimed to turn around the profitability of its international services . Every seat on its Boeing 747 aircraft was equipped with a personal LCD screen with audio video on demand ( AVOD ) . First class was removed , with an upgraded business class and a new premium economy section installed .
1963
December 3 -- The Warren Commission begins its investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy . December 4 -- The second period of the Second Vatican Council closes . December 5 -- The Seliger Forschungs - und - Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO - countries near Cuxhaven . Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated , the Soviet Union protests this action . December 7 -- Tony Verna , a CBS - TV director , debuts an improved version of instant replay during his direction of a live televised sporting event , the Army -- Navy Game of college football played in Philadelphia . This instance is notable as it was the first instant replay system to use videotape instead of film . December 8 A lightning strike causes the crash of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton , Maryland , killing 81 people . Frank Sinatra , Jr. is kidnapped at Harrah 's Lake Tahoe . December 10 In the United States , the X-20 Dyna - Soar spaceplane program is cancelled . Chuck Yeager narrowly escapes death while testing an NF - 104A rocket - augmented aerospace trainer when his aircraft goes out of control at 108,700 feet ( nearly 21 miles up ) and crashes . He parachutes to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless , rapidly falling craft . In this incident he becomes the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights . December 12 -- Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom , with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister . December 19 -- Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom , as a constitutional monarchy under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah . December 21 -- Cyprus Emergency : Inter-communal fighting erupts between Greek and Turkish Cypriots . December 22 -- The cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles ( 290 km ) north of Madeira , with the loss of 128 lives . December 25 Walt Disney releases his 18th feature - length animated motion picture The Sword in the Stone , about the boyhood of King Arthur . It is the penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney .