vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic radiation
In the quantum theory of electromagnetism , EMR consists of photons , the elementary particles responsible for all electromagnetic interactions . Quantum effects provide additional sources of EMR , such as the transition of electrons to lower energy levels in an atom and black - body radiation . The energy of an individual photon is quantized and is greater for photons of higher frequency . This relationship is given by Planck 's equation E = hν , where E is the energy per photon , ν is the frequency of the photon , and h is Planck 's constant . A single gamma ray photon , for example , might carry ~ 100,000 times the energy of a single photon of visible light .
Electric chair
The electrocution of housewife Ruth Snyder at Sing Sing on the evening of January 12 , 1928 , for the March 1927 murder of her husband was made famous when news photographer Tom Howard , working for the New York Daily News , smuggled a hidden camera into the death chamber and photographed her in the electric chair as the current was turned on . The photograph was a front - page sensation the following morning , and remains one of the most famous photojournalism photographs of all time .
List of Ed, Edd n Eddy characters
Edd ( Samuel Vincent ) is the smartest of the Eds and the most polite , mature , and considerate of the three . As a result , he is more socially accepted by the rest of the kids than Ed and Eddy , usually acting as a peacemaker or offering the rest of the kids advice . To differentiate his homophonic name from Ed and Eddy , he is referred to as Double - D. Edd has a high IQ and is top of the class in most subjects at school , though he is the physically weakest of the Eds and despises P.E. and other sporting activities . As the most creative of the trio , he is able to construct things like planes , rocket cars , and roller coasters with junk he comes across and enjoys doing so . He also is able to play pedal steel guitar , but does not like to do so often . He often speaks using complex words and struggles to speak normally in high anxiety situations . His clothing usually consists of an red / orange shirt , purple shorts , red socks , cyan shoes , and a black ski hat with two white lines on it . He sleeps in a footed onesie , and in the later seasons and the movie , he wears a tie when going to school . Double D never willingly removes his hat ( except while bathing ) , so it is unknown what lies under it ; Ed and Eddy see him twice without it . Whatever his hat hides , Edd is self - conscious about it . He is also self - conscious about a gap in his front teeth thanks to Eddy poking fun at it . He is the only one of the trio to be an only child , and his parents leave sticky notes around his house as a means of communicating with him .
The Emergency (India)
D.E.M O'Cracy , beloved husband of T Ruth , loving father of L.I. Bertie , brother of Faith , Hope and Justice , expired on June 26 .
List of Ed, Edd n Eddy characters
Ed ( Matt Hill ) is the strong , airheaded , and usually quite random dogsbody of the group who has very short hair . He wears a red - and - white striped shirt , a green jacket with two white stripes on each sleeve and purple - blue jeans . His skin is yellow , unlike the other characters , and he is known to laugh a lot and is happy most of the time . Ed has amazing physical strength , which is humorously worked into many of the show 's plots . He has no chin and a unibrow , which is noted often by Eddy . His mind is a subculture grab - bag full of comics and monster movies , which he often confuses with reality , and which leads him to speak in non sequiturs almost all the time . Ed ( to the misfortune of many people ) is utterly at the mercy of his tyrannical younger sister Sarah and is an easy target of her manipulations , with Sarah threatening to tell their mother if she does not get her way .
List of Ed, Edd n Eddy characters
Kevin ( Kathleen Barr ) is a stereotypical jock . He is cynical , sarcastic and can be cruel at times . Kevin has a garage full of jawbreakers , due to the fact that his father works at a jawbreaker factory . He loves customizing his bike , skateboards , and snowboards . When not riding his trusty bike , he usually hangs out with Rolf and Nazz in the Lane . He hates the Eds to the point of paranoia , but his animosity towards them is mostly geared towards Eddy . The two are mortal enemies and often go entirely out of their way to humiliate or physically harm each other at the first opportunity ( with Eddy referring to Kevin as `` Shovel Chin '' ) . He tends to call the Eds `` dorks '' and has a habit of coming up with words merged with `` dork '' to suit the situation . Like Edd , Kevin normally wears a hat and rarely takes it off ; in the episode `` Boys Will be Eds '' , Kevin takes off his hat for the first time and is shown to be bald , though a flashback episode reveals that he used to have long hair . In some episodes , he is shown to have a great fear of Eddy 's brother ; Eddy knows this and frequently uses his brother as leverage against Kevin .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In the late 1940s , the Liberian open registry was formed as the brainchild of Edward Stettinius , who had been Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Secretary of State during World War II . Stettinius created a corporate structure that included The Liberia Corporation , a joint - venture with the government of Liberia . The corporation was structured so that one - fourth of its revenue would go to the Liberian government , another 10 % went to fund social programs in Liberia , and the remainder returned to Stettinius ' corporation . The Liberian registry was created at a time when the Panama 's registry was becoming less attractive for several reasons including its unpopularity with the U.S. labor movement and European shipping concerns , political unrest in Panama , and increases in its fees and regulations .
Edmond Halley
Edmond ( or Edmund ) Halley , FRS ( pronounced / ˈɛdmənd ˈhæli / ; 8 November ( O.S. 29 October ) 1656 -- 25 January 1742 ( O.S. 14 January 1741 ) ) was an English astronomer , geophysicist , mathematician , meteorologist , and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of Halley 's Comet . He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain , succeeding John Flamsteed .
The Coquette
Foster 's tale was loosely based on the biography of Elizabeth Whitman ( 1752 -- 88 ) , whose death at 37 in a roadside tavern after giving birth to a stillborn child was widely publicized in the New England papers nine years before the novel 's publication . Like her fictional counterpart , Whitman was accomplished , vivacious , and widely admired . She is known to have been engaged to the Rev. Joseph Howe ( prototype for Foster 's Rev. Hale ) , and then later to the Rev. Joseph Buckminster ( fictionalized as Rev. Boyer ) , but she married neither . Whitman attracted the attention of the poet Joel Barlow ( 1754 -- 1812 ) , who wrote flirtatious letters to Whitman while also courting another woman , Ruth Baldwin , whom he eventually married .
E. E. Cummings
i carry your heart with me ( i carry it in my heart ) i am never without it ( anywhere i go you go , my dear ; and whatever is done by only me is your doing , my darling ) i fear no fate ( for you are my fate , my sweet ) i want no world ( for beautiful you are my world , my true ) and it 's you are whatever a moon has always meant and whatever a sun will always sing is you From
Vermont
Eastern New England English -- also found in New Hampshire , Maine and eastern Massachusetts -- was common in eastern Vermont in the mid-twentieth century and before , but has become rare . There the practice of dropping the r sound in words ending in r ( farmer sounds like `` farm - uh '' ) and adding an r sound to words ending in a vowel ( idea sounds like `` idee - er '' ) was common . Those characteristics in eastern Vermont appear to have been inherited from West Country and Scots - Irish ancestors .
Spirit of Ecstasy
The Spirit of Ecstasy , also called `` Emily '' , `` Silver Lady '' or `` Flying Lady '' , was designed by English sculptor Charles Robinson Sykes , a graduate of London 's Royal College of Art , and carries with it a story about secret passion between Montagu , second Baron Montagu of Beaulieu after 1905 , a pioneer of the automobile movement , and editor of The Car Illustrated magazine from 1902 , and the model for the emblem , Eleanor Velasco Thornton . Eleanor ( also known as Thorn ) was the secretary of John Walter , who fell in love with her in 1902 when she worked for him on the aforesaid motoring magazine . Their secret love was to remain hidden , limited to their circle of friends , for more than a decade . The reason for the secrecy was Eleanor 's impoverished social and economic status , which was an obstacle to their love . On the other hand , Montagu was married to Lady Cecil Victoria Constance Kerr since 1889 . Side
Great Pacific garbage patch
Charles J. Moore , returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpacific Yacht Race in 1997 , claimed to have come upon an enormous stretch of floating debris . Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer , who subsequently dubbed the region the `` Eastern Garbage Patch '' ( EGP ) . The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example of marine pollution .
Edward O'Hare
Lieutenant Commander Edward Henry `` Butch '' O'Hare ( March 13 , 1914 -- November 26 , 1943 ) was an American naval aviator of the United States Navy , who on February 20 , 1942 , became the Navy 's first flying ace when he single - handedly attacked a formation of nine heavy bombers approaching his aircraft carrier . Even though he had a limited amount of ammunition , he managed to shoot down or damage several enemy bombers . On April 21 , 1942 , he became the first naval recipient of the Medal of Honor in World War II .
Edward Augustus Freeman
Freeman was educated at private schools and by a private tutor . Even as a boy , he was interested in religious matters , history and foreign politics . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Oxford , and a second class in the degree examination , and was elected fellow of his college ( 1845 ) . While at Oxford he was much influenced by the High Church movement , and thought seriously of taking orders , but abandoned the idea . He married Eleanor Gutch ( 1818 - 1903 ) daughter of his former tutor , the Reverend Robert Gutch , on 13 April 1847 at Segrave , Leicestershire , England , and entered on a life of study .
Santa Claus
Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the Christian Science movement , wrote : `` the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this ( Christmas ) pastime . A deceit or falsehood is never wise . Too much can not be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood . To mould aright the first impressions of innocence , aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model , man in His image and likeness . ''
Electromagnetic radiation
The last portion of the EM spectrum to be discovered was associated with radioactivity . Henri Becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate through a covering paper in a manner similar to X-rays , and Marie Curie discovered that only certain elements gave off these rays of energy , soon discovering the intense radiation of radium . The radiation from pitchblende was differentiated into alpha rays ( alpha particles ) and beta rays ( beta particles ) by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899 , but these proved to be charged particulate types of radiation . However , in 1900 the French scientist Paul Villard discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium , and after he described it , Rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation , which in 1903 Rutherford named gamma rays . In 1910 British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation , not particles , and in 1914 Rutherford and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths , finding that they were similar to X-rays but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequency , although a ' cross-over ' between X and gamma rays makes it possible to have X-rays with a higher energy ( and hence shorter wavelength ) than gamma rays and vice versa . The origin of the ray differentiates them , gamma rays tend to be a natural phenomena originating from the unstable nucleus of an atom and X-rays are electrically generated ( and hence man - made ) unless they are as a result of bremsstrahlung X-radiation caused by the interaction of fast moving particles ( such as beta particles ) colliding with certain materials , usually of higher atomic numbers .
Quantum mechanics
Following Max Planck 's solution in 1900 to the black - body radiation problem ( reported 1859 ) , Albert Einstein offered a quantum - based theory to explain the photoelectric effect ( 1905 , reported 1887 ) . Around 1900 - 1910 , the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact ; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation , respectively .
Hardy (surname)
Edgar Richard `` Hardy '' Hardcastle ( 1900 -- 1995 ) , British economist Elias Hardy , English - born lawyer and politician in New Brunswick Emmett Hardy ( 1903 -- 1925 ) , American jazz cornet player Ernest George Hardy , classicist Evan Hardy , English rugby union player
Radioactive decay
Other experimenters , including Elihu Thomson and Nikola Tesla , also reported burns . Thomson deliberately exposed a finger to an X-ray tube over a period of time and suffered pain , swelling , and blistering . Other effects , including ultraviolet rays and ozone , were sometimes blamed for the damage , and many physicians still claimed that there were no effects from X-ray exposure at all .
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun admired Dwight 's extemporaneous sermons , his seemingly encyclopedic knowledge , and his awesome mastery of the classics , of the tenets of Calvinism , and of metaphysics . No one , he thought , could explicate the language of John Locke with such clarity .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Peter Raymond Grant Alma mater Cambridge University University of British Columbia Known for Darwin 's finches Spouse ( s ) Rosemary Grant Scientific career Institutions McGill University University of Michigan Princeton University Thesis The significance of some insular characteristics in birds ( 1964 ) Doctoral advisor Ian McTaggart - Cowan Doctoral students Dolph Schluter Peter Boag Influences Miklos Udvardy
Edward O'Hare
Why the confusion for so many years ? Ewing and Lundstrom point out that the `` most influential and oft - cited '' account of O'Hare's last mission came in a 1962 history of the Enterprise by CDR Edward P. Stafford , which relied on action reports and recollections of former Enterprise crew , but did not contain interviews with any of the living participants . By contrast , Ewing and Lundstrom came to their conclusions on what happened to Butch after interviewing the still living survivors of O'Hare's last mission : F6F pilot Skon , TBF radar officer Rand , and TBF gunner Kernan . Ewing and Lundstrom write , `` Through Stafford and other accounts based largely on the action reports , Butch has wrongly become known as one of America 's most famous `` friendly fire '' casualties . ''
Agatha Christie
Christie described her childhood as `` very happy '' . She was surrounded by a series of strong and independent women from an early age . Her time was spent alternating between her home in Devon , her step - grandmother and aunt 's house in Ealing , West London , and parts of Southern Europe , where her family would holiday during the winter . Agatha was raised in a household with various esoteric beliefs and , like her siblings , believed that her mother Clara was a psychic with the ability of second sight . Her mother insisted that she receive a home education , and so her parents were responsible for teaching her to read and write and to be able to perform basic arithmetic , a subject that she particularly enjoyed . They also taught her about music , and she learned to play both the piano and the mandolin . According to biographer Laura Thomson , Clara believed that Agatha should not learn to read till she was eight . However , due to her curiosity , Agatha taught herself to read much earlier . One of the first known photographs of Christie ( now a part of the Christie family 's heirlooms ) depicts her as a little girl with her first dog , whom she called George Washington .
Electromagnetic radiation
A quantum theory of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as electrons is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics .
John Steinbeck
In 1930 , Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts , who became a close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following decade , teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology . Ricketts , usually very quiet , yet likable , with an inner self - sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge of diverse subjects , became a focus of Steinbeck 's attention . Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder Clyde Allee , a biologist and ecological theorist , who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology . Ricketts became a proponent of ecological thinking , in which man was only one part of a great chain of being , caught in a web of life too large for him to control or understand . Meanwhile , Ricketts operated a biological lab on the coast of Monterey , selling biological samples of small animals , fish , rays , starfish , turtles , and other marine forms to schools and colleges .
Electric chair
The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a fact - finding questionnaire to government officials , lawyers , and medical experts all around the state asking for their opinion . The questionnaires were a bit skewed because they pushed forward electrocution and did not include the choice of abolishing the death penalty , but , despite that , a slight majority of respondents recommended hanging over electrocution , and a few recommended the abolition of capital punishment . The commission also contacted electrical experts , including Thomson - Houston Electric Company 's Elihu Thomson ( who recommended high voltage AC connected to the head and the spine ) and the inventor Thomas Edison ( who also recommended AC , as well as using a Westinghouse generator ) . They also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments . Fell was conducting further experiments , electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject .
Incandescent light bulb
In 1925 , Marvin Pipkin , an American chemist , patented a process for frosting the inside of lamp bulbs without weakening them , and in 1947 , he patented a process for coating the inside of lamps with silica .
East Pakistan
Bengalis were hugely under - represented in Pakistan 's bureaucracy and military . In the federal government , only 15 % of offices were occupied by East Pakistanis . Only 10 % of the military were from East Pakistan . Cultural discrimination also prevailed , causing the eastern wing to forge a distinct political identity . There was a bias against Bengali culture in state media , such as a ban on broadcasts of the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore .
Political campaign
It 's evident that SEME can influence unbiased voters heavily , a study by Mr. Ronald E. Robertson ( Senior Research Psychologist at the American Institute of Behavioural Research and Technology and the former editor in chief of Psychology Today )
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels ( / ˈɛŋɡəlz / , / ˈɛŋəlz / ; German : ( ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɛŋəls ) , sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels ; 28 November 1820 -- 5 August 1895 ) was a German philosopher , social scientist , journalist and businessman . His father was an owner of a large textile factory at Manchester , England .
Journey to the Center of the Earth
The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne . However , the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings . For example , Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne 's influence on his own Pellucidar series .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Peter and Rosemary Grant are distinguished for their remarkable long - term studies demonstrating evolution in action in Galápagos finches . They have demonstrated how very rapid changes in body and beak size in response to changes in the food supply are driven by natural selection . They have also elucidated the mechanisms by which new species arise and how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations . The work of the Grants has had a seminal influence in the fields of population biology , evolution , and ecology .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim :
Ellipsis
The most common form of an ellipsis is a row of three periods or full points ( ... ) or a precomposed triple - dot glyph ( ... ) . The usage of the em dash ( -- ) can overlap the usage of the ellipsis , especially in dialogue . Style guides often have their own rules governing the use of ellipses . For example , The Chicago Manual of Style ( Chicago style ) recommends that an ellipsis be formed by typing three periods , each with a space on both sides ( ... ) , while the Associated Press Stylebook ( AP style ) puts the dots together , but retains a space before and after the group .
White House
After September 11 , 2001 , this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse . In response to the Boston Marathon bombing the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days .
Electric chair
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed by electric chair in 1953 , after being convicted of espionage , involving sharing secrets related to the atomic bomb with the Soviet Union .
Electromagnetic radiation
An anomaly arose in the late 19th century involving a contradiction between the wave theory of light and measurements of the electromagnetic spectra that were being emitted by thermal radiators known as black bodies . Physicists struggled with this problem , which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe , unsuccessfully for many years . In 1900 , Max Planck developed a new theory of black - body radiation that explained the observed spectrum . Planck 's theory was based on the idea that black bodies emit light ( and other electromagnetic radiation ) only as discrete bundles or packets of energy . These packets were called quanta . Later , Albert Einstein proposed that light quanta be regarded as real particles . Later the particle of light was given the name photon , to correspond with other particles being described around this time , such as the electron and proton . A photon has an energy , E , proportional to its frequency , f , by
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
In 1909 Bond was succeeded as premier by Edward Morris ( 1859 -- 1935 ) , a prominent Catholic and founder of the new People 's Party . Morris began a grandiose program of building branch railways , and adeptly handled the arbitration at the Hague tribunal on American fishing rights . He introduced old - age pensions , and increased investment in education and rural infrastructure . In the prosperous and peaceful year of 1913 he was reelected . As a result of a wartime crisis over conscription , and the decline of his popularity due to accusations of wartime profiteering and conflict of interest , Morris set up an all - party war government in 1917 to oversee the duration of the war . He retired in 1917 , moved to London , and was given a peerage as first Baron Morris , the only Newfoundlander ever so honored .