vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Football
The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before . Inter-school sporting competitions became possible . However , it was difficult for schools to play each other at football , as each school played by its own rules . The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves , one half played by the rules of the host `` home '' school , and the other half by the visiting `` away '' school .
American football rules
A touchdown is earned when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball touches or goes over the imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team 's goal line . After a touchdown , the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points ( see below ) . A successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head . A touchdown is worth six points , except in the defunct WFL where it was worth seven points .
American football
Repeated concussions ( and possibly sub-concussive head impacts ) can increase a person 's risk in later life for CTE ( chronic traumatic encephalopathy ) and mental health issues such as dementia , Parkinson 's disease , and depression . Concussions are often caused by helmet - to - helmet or upper - body contact between opposing players , although helmets have prevented more serious injuries such as skull fractures . Various programs are aiming to reduce concussions by reducing the frequency of helmet - to - helmet hits ; USA Football 's `` Heads Up Football '' program is aiming to reduce concussions in youth football by teaching coaches and players about the signs of a concussion , the proper way to wear football equipment and ensure it fits , and proper tackling methods that avoid helmet - to - helmet contact . However , a study in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine found that Heads Up Football was ineffective ; the same study noted that more extensive reforms implemented by Pop Warner Little Scholars and its member teams were effective in significantly reducing concussion rates .
Replay review in gridiron football
American and Canadian football leagues vary in their application and use of instant replay review .
National Football League on television
The NFL imposes restrictions on sponsored segments during game coverage ; this does not apply to national or local radio broadcasts . These are permitted only prior to kick off , during halftime , and following the game ; however , these segments ( and other programming with title sponsorships , particularly halftime and post-game shows or other sports properties ) can be advertised a couple of times during game coverage , and `` aerial footage '' providers ( i.e. sponsored blimps ) may be acknowledged , usually once an hour as is standard in other sports . Other acknowledgments ( including HDTV or Skycam - type camera sponsorships ) are limited to pre-kickoff and post-game credits . This is done so that , while competitors of the NFL 's official sponsors may advertise on game broadcasts , they will not potentially become synonymous with the league through in - game and / or title sponsorship .
Southern United States
Basketball is very popular throughout the Southern United States as both a recreational and spectator sport , particularly in the states of North Carolina and Kentucky which are home to several historically prominent college basketball programs . Prominent NBA teams based in the South include the Houston Rockets , San Antonio Spurs , Oklahoma City Thunder , Dallas Mavericks , Washington Wizards , Charlotte Hornets , Atlanta Hawks , Orlando Magic , Memphis Grizzlies , New Orleans Pelicans , and the Miami Heat .
Basketball
Before widespread school district consolidation , most American high schools were far smaller than their present - day counterparts . During the first decades of the 20th century , basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel requirements . In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports , the popularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in many parts of America . Perhaps the most legendary of high school teams was Indiana 's Franklin Wonder Five , which took the nation by storm during the 1920s , dominating Indiana basketball and earning national recognition .
Basketball
Basketball is a limited - contact sport played on a rectangular court . While most often played as a team sport with five players on each side , three - on - three , two - on - two , and one - on - one competitions are also common . The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter and 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court . The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith .
Basketball
Another common shot is called the lay - up . This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket , and to `` lay '' the ball `` up '' and into the basket , typically off the backboard ( the backboard - free , underhand version is called a finger roll ) . The most crowd - pleasing and typically highest - percentage accuracy shot is the slam dunk , in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward , through the basket while touching it . Slow
Basketball
Half - court Perhaps the single most common variation of basketball is the half - court game , played in informal settings without referees or strict rules . Only one basket is used , and the ball must be `` taken back '' or `` cleared '' -- passed or dribbled outside the three - point line each time possession of the ball changes from one team to the other . Half - court games require less cardiovascular stamina , since players need not run back and forth a full court . Half - court raises the number of players that can use a court or , conversely , can be played if there is an insufficient number to form full 5 - on - 5 teams .
Basketball
Streetball Streetball is a less formal variant of basketball , played on playgrounds and in gymnasiums across the world . Often only one half of the court is used , but otherwise the rules of the game are very similar to those of basketball . The number of participants in a game , or a run , may range from one defender and one person on offense ( known as one on one ) to two full teams of five each . Streetball is a very popular game worldwide , and some cities in the United States have organized streetball programs , such as midnight basketball . Many cities also host their own weekend - long streetball tournaments .
Basketball
Basketball 's early adherents were dispatched to YMCAs throughout the United States , and it quickly spread through the USA and Canada . By 1895 , it was well established at several women 's high schools . While the YMCA was responsible for initially developing and spreading the game , within a decade it discouraged the new sport , as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract from the YMCA 's primary mission . However , other amateur sports clubs , colleges , and professional clubs quickly filled the void . In the years before World War I , the Amateur Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States ( forerunner of the NCAA ) vied for control over the rules for the game . The first pro league , the National Basketball League , was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game . This league only lasted five years .
Basketball
FIBA ( International Basketball Federation ) was formed in 1932 by eight founding nations : Argentina , Czechoslovakia , Greece , Italy , Latvia , Portugal , Romania and Switzerland . At this time , the organization only oversaw amateur players . Its acronym , derived from the French Fédération Internationale de Basket - ball Amateur , was thus `` FIBA '' . Men 's basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics , although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904 . The United States defeated Canada in the first final , played outdoors . This competition has usually been dominated by the United States , whose team has won all but three titles . The first of these came in a controversial final game in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union , in which the ending of the game was replayed three times until the Soviet Union finally came out on top . In 1950 the first FIBA World Championship for men , now known as the FIBA Basketball World Cup , was held in Argentina . Three years later , the first FIBA World Championship for Women , now known as the FIBA Women 's Basketball World Cup , was held in Chile . Women 's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976 , which were held in Montreal , Quebec , Canada with teams such as the Soviet Union , Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads .
Basketball
Half - court basketball is usually played 1 - on - 1 , 2 - on - 2 or 3 - on - 3 . The latter variation is gradually gaining official recognition as 3x3 , originally known as FIBA 33 . It was first tested at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau and the first official tournaments were held at the 2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 Youth Olympics , both in Singapore . The first FIBA 3x3 Youth World Championships were held in Rimini , Italy in 2011 , with the first FIBA 3x3 World Championships for senior teams following a year later in Athens . The sport is highly tipped to become an Olympic sport as early as 2016 . In the summer of 2017 , the BIG3 basketball league , a professional 3x3 half court basketball league that features former NBA players , began . The BIG3 features several rule variants including a four - point field goal .
Basketball
Recreational basketball , where fun , entertainment and camaraderie rule rather than winning a game ; Basketball Schools and Academies , where students are trained in developing basketball fundamentals , undergo fitness and endurance exercises and learn various basketball skills . Basketball students learn proper ways of passing , ball handling , dribbling , shooting from various distances , rebounding , offensive moves , defense , layups , screens , basketball rules and basketball ethics . Also popular are the basketball camps organized for various occasions , often to get prepared for basketball events , and basketball clinics for improving skills . College and University basketball played in educational institutions of higher learning . This includes National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) intercollegiate basketball . Disabled basketball played by various disabled groups , such as Bankshot basketball , Deaf basketball , Wheelchair basketball , a sport based on basketball but designed for disabled people in wheelchairs and considered one of the major disabled sports practiced . Ethnic and Religion - based basketball : Examples of ethnic basketball include Indo - Pak or Russian or Armenian leagues in the United States or Canada , for example , or Filipino expatriate basketball leagues in the Gulf or the United States . Religion - based basketball includes , most notably , church - related Christian basketball leagues , Jewish , Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues , and so on . or denominational leagues like Coptic , Syriac / Assyrian basketball leagues in the United States or Canada . Gay basketball played in gay , lesbian , bisexual and transgender communities in gay basketball leagues . The sport of basketball is a major part of events during the Gay Games , World Outgames and EuroGames . Midnight basketball , a basketball initiative to curb inner - city crime in the United States and elsewhere by keeping urban youth off the streets and engaging them with sports alternatives to drugs and crime . Mini basketball played by underage children . Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individuals . Prison basketball , practiced in prisons and penitentiary institutions . Active religious basketball missionary groups also play basketball with prisoners . Some prisons have developed their own prison basketball leagues . At times , non-prisoners may play in such leagues , provided all home and away games are played within prison courts . Film director Jason Moriarty has released a documentary relating to the sport , entitled Prison Ball . Rezball , short for reservation ball , is the avid Native American following of basketball , particularly a style of play particular to Native American teams of some areas .
Basketball
Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of basketball , using common basketball skills and equipment ( primarily the ball and basket ) . Some variations are only superficial rules changes , while others are distinct games with varying degrees of basketball influences . Other variations include children 's games , contests or activities meant to help players reinforce skills .
Basketball
Unicycle Basketball Unicycle basketball is played using a regulation basketball on a regular basketball court with the same rules , for example , one must dribble the ball while riding . There are a number of rules that are particular to unicycle basketball as well , for example , a player must have at least one foot on a pedal when in - bounding the ball . Unicycle basketball is usually played using 24 '' or smaller unicycles , and using plastic pedals , both to preserve the court and the players ' shins . In North America , popular unicycle basketball games are organized .
Basketball
Fantasy basketball was popularized during the 1990s after the advent of the Internet . Those who play this game are sometimes referred to as General Managers , who draft actual NBA players and compute their basketball statistics . The game was popularized by ESPN Fantasy Sports , NBA.com , and Yahoo ! Fantasy Sports . Other sports websites provided the same format keeping the game interesting with participants actually owning specific players .
Basketball
There are principal basketball sports with variations on basketball including Wheelchair basketball , Water basketball , Beach basketball , Slamball , Streetball and Unicycle basketball . An earlier version of basketball , played primarily by women and girls , was Six - on - six basketball . Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by shooting it through a high net ( approximately 1.5 m × 1.5 m ) . The sport is like a combination of polo , rugby , and basketball . There is even a form played on donkeys known as Donkey basketball , but that version has come under attack from animal rights groups . A
Basketball
The NBA - backed Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) began in 1997 . Though it had shaky attendance figures , several marquee players ( Lisa Leslie , Diana Taurasi , and Candace Parker among others ) have helped the league 's popularity and level of competition . Other professional women 's basketball leagues in the United States , such as the American Basketball League ( 1996 -- 98 ) , have folded in part because of the popularity of the WNBA . The WNBA has been looked at by many as a niche league . However , the league has recently taken steps forward . In June 2007 , the WNBA signed a contract extension with ESPN . The new television deal ran from 2009 to 2016 . Along with this deal , came the first ever rights fees to be paid to a women 's professional sports league . Over the eight years of the contract , `` millions and millions of dollars '' were `` dispersed to the league 's teams . '' In a March 12 , 2009 article , NBA commissioner David Stern said that in the bad economy , `` the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA . We 're losing a lot of money among a large number of teams . We 're budgeting the WNBA to break even this year . ''
Basketball
Active religious basketball missionary groups also play basketball with prisoners . Some prisons have developed their own prison basketball leagues . At times , non-prisoners may play in such leagues , provided all home and away games are played within prison courts . Film director Jason Moriarty has released a documentary relating to the sport , entitled Prison Ball . Rezball , short for reservation ball , is the avid Native American following of basketball , particularly a style of play particular to Native American teams of some areas . School or High school basketball , the sport of basketball being one of the most frequently exercised and popular sports in all school systems . Show basketball as performed by entertainment basketball show teams , the prime example being the Harlem Globetrotters . There are even specialized entertainment teams , including Celebrity basketball teams made of celebrities ( actors , singers , and so on . ) playing in their own leagues or in public , often for entertainment and charity events ; Midget basketball teams made up of athletes of short stature offering shows using basketball ; Slamball offered as entertainment events .
Basketball
Dunk Hoops Dunk Hoops ( a.k.a. Dunk Ball ) is a variation of the game of basketball , played on basketball hoops with lowered ( under basketball regulation 10 feet ) rims . It originated when the popularity of the slam dunk grew and was developed to create better chances for dunks with lowered rims and using altered goaltending rules .
Basketball
Typically , a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket . A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand ( the shooting arm ) slightly above the head , with the other hand supporting the side of the ball . The ball is usually shot by jumping ( though not always ) and extending the shooting arm . The shooting arm , fully extended with the wrist fully bent , is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball , known as a follow - through . Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim . The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial , but generally a proper arc is recommended . Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket . Basketball
Basketball
Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball . These round balls from `` association football '' were made , at the time , with a set of laces to close off the hole needed for inserting the inflatable bladder after the other sewn - together segments of the ball 's cover had been flipped outside - in . These laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable . Eventually a lace - free ball construction method was invented , and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith . ( Whereas in American football , the lace construction proved to be advantageous for gripping and remains to this day . ) The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown , and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle , searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike , introduced the orange ball that is now in common use . Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the `` bounce pass '' to teammates . Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement . Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls . Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s , as manufacturing improved the ball shape .
Basketball
The composition of race and ethnicity in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) has changed throughout the league 's history . The first non-white player entered the league in 1947 . According to racial equality activist Richard Lapchick , the NBA in 2011 was composed of 78 percent black players , 17 percent white players , four percent Latinos ( of any race ) , and one percent Asian .
List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players
This is a list of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America . The NBA was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) .
Basketball
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot , passed between players , thrown , tapped , rolled or dribbled ( bouncing the ball while running ) .
Basketball
Women 's basketball development was more structured than that for men in the early years . In 1905 , the Executive Committee on Basket Ball Rules ( National Women 's Basketball Committee ) was created by the American Physical Education Association . These rules called for six to nine players per team and 11 officials . The International Women 's Sports Federation ( 1924 ) included a women 's basketball competition . 37 women 's high school varsity basketball or state tournaments were held by 1925 . And in 1926 , the Amateur Athletic Union backed the first national women 's basketball championship , complete with men 's rules . The Edmonton Grads , a touring Canadian women 's team based in Edmonton , Alberta , operated between 1915 and 1940 . The Grads toured all over North America , and were exceptionally successful . They posted a record of 522 wins and only 20 losses over that span , as they met any team that wanted to challenge them , funding their tours from gate receipts . The Grads also shone on several exhibition trips to Europe , and won four consecutive exhibition Olympics tournaments , in 1924 , 1928 , 1932 , and 1936 ; however , women 's basketball was not an official Olympic sport until 1976 . The Grads ' players were unpaid , and had to remain single . The Grads ' style focused on team play , without overly emphasizing skills of individual players . The first women 's AAU All - America team was chosen in 1929 . Women 's industrial leagues sprang up throughout the United States , producing famous athletes , including Babe Didrikson of the Golden Cyclones , and the All American Red Heads Team , which competed against men 's teams , using men 's rules . By 1938 , the women 's national championship changed from a three - court game to two - court game with six players per team . Brittney
Basketball
Basketball has been adopted by various social groups , which have established their own environments and sometimes their own rules . Such socialized forms of basketball include the following .
Basketball
21 ( also known as American , cutthroat and roughhouse ) 42 Around the world Bounce Firing Squad Fives H-O-R-S-E Hotshot Knockout One - shot conquer Steal The Bacon Tip - it Tips `` The One '' Basketball War . One - on - One , a variation in which two players will use only a small section of the court ( often no more than a half of a court ) and compete to play the ball into a single hoop . Such games tend to emphasize individual dribbling and ball stealing skills over shooting and team play .
LeBron James
Off the court , James has accumulated considerable wealth and fame from numerous endorsement contracts . His public life has been the subject of much scrutiny , and he has been ranked as one of America 's most influential and popular athletes . He has been featured in books , documentaries , and television commercials . He also hosted the ESPY Awards , Saturday Night Live , and appeared in the 2015 film Trainwreck .
Height in sports
Empirically , the over-representation of extremely tall athletes in basketball lends credence to the theory that the sport provides tall players with a very significant advantage . The average American male is 5 ft 9.3 in ( 1.76 m ) and 99 % are 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) or shorter . Yet , the average player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is listed at 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) .
Basketball
Beach basketball A modified version of basketball , played on beaches , was invented by Philip Bryant . Beach basketball is played in a circular court with no backboard on the goal , no out - of - bounds rule with the ball movement to be done via passes or 21⁄2 steps , as dribbling is next to impossible on a soft surface .