vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
Parts of this article ( those related to what happened after September 's wider protests . Did they vanish ? No ? Yes ? Why ? How ? ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 )
Conflict theories
What happened in India , Babylon , Egypt , Greece and Rome may sometime happen in modern Europe . European civilization may perish , over flooded by barbaric tribes . But if any one believes that we are safe from such catastrophes he is perhaps yielding to an all too optimistic delusion . There are no barbaric tribes in our neighbourhood to be sure -- but let no one be deceived , their instincts lie latent in the populace of European states . --
Letter from Birmingham Jail
The Birmingham campaign began on April 3 , 1963 , with coordinated marches and sit - ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham , Alabama . The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights ( ACMHR ) and King 's Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . On April 10 , Circuit Judge W.A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against `` parading , demonstrating , boycotting , trespassing and picketing . '' Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling . On April 12 , King was roughly arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy , ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth and other marchers , while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on .
Swadeshi movement
Students in promoting the boycott and swadeshi movement drew upon them the wrath and violence of the British Raj . Circulars were issued forbidding the students under threat of severe penalty to associate themselves in any way with the Boycott movement . Even the cry of Vande Mataram in streets and other public places was declared to be a punishable offence . Schools or colleges whose students disobeyed the order were not only threatened with the withdrawal of Government grants and even with disaffiliation , but their students were to be declared ineligible for Government Service . The authorities of the educational institutions were asked to keep strict watch over their pupils , and if unable to control them , were to report the names to the Education Department for taking necessary disciplinary action . The magistrates were asked to inform the teachers and those connected with the management of educational institutions , that if necessary they might be enrolled as Special Constables . The Direction of Public Instruction asked the principals of colleges to show causes why their students who took part in the picketing should not be expelled .
Aung San Suu Kyi
Influenced by both Mahatma Gandhi 's philosophy of non-violence and more specifically by Buddhist concepts , Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization , helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988 , but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989 . Offered freedom if she left the country , she refused . Despite her philosophy of non-violence , a group of ex-military commanders and senior politicians who joined NLD during the crisis believed that she was too confrontational and left NLD . However , she retained enormous popularity and support among NLD youths with whom she spent most of her time .
Samoa
The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration . When he resisted , a struggle developed between the police and the Mau . The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun , mounted in preparation for this demonstration , was used to disperse the demonstrators . Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators , screaming `` Peace , Samoa '' . Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons . That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday . The Mau grew , remaining steadfastly non-violent , and expanded to include the highly influential women 's branch .
South Africa
Since 2004 , South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests , some violent , making it , according to one academic , the `` most protest - rich country in the world '' . There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution , leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression , or a decline in political tolerance .
Labor history of the United States
The history of labor disputes in America substantially precedes the Revolutionary period . In 1636 , for instance , there was a fishermen 's strike on an island off the coast of Maine and in 1677 twelve carmen were fined for going on strike in New York City . However , most instances of labor unrest during the colonial period were temporary and isolated , and rarely resulted in the formation of permanent groups of laborers for negotiation purposes . Little legal recourse was available to those injured by the unrest , because strikes were not typically considered illegal . The only known case of criminal prosecution of workers in the colonial era occurred as a result of a carpenters ' strike in Savannah , Georgia , in 1746 .
Democracy
During this period , slavery remained a social and economic institution in places around the world . This was particularly the case in the United States , and especially in the last fifteen slave states that kept slavery legal in the American South until the Civil War . A variety of organisations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The involvement of the clergy did not stop at King though . The analysis entitled `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' expands upon the anti-war movement by taking King , a single religious figurehead , and explaining the movement from the entire clergy 's perspective . The clergy were often forgotten though throughout this opposition . The analysis refers to that fact by saying , `` The research concerning clergy anti-war participation is even more barren than the literature on student activism . '' There is a relationship and correlation between theology and political opinions and during the Vietnam War , the same relationship occurred between feelings about the war and theology . This article basically was a social experiment finding results on how the pastors and clergy members reacted to the war . Based on the results found , they most certainly did not believe in the war and wished to help end it .
Hip hop
Even when hip hop is transplanted to other countries , it often retains its `` vital progressive agenda that challenges the status quo . '' In Gothenburg , Sweden , nongovernmental organizations ( NGOs ) incorporate graffiti and dance to engage disaffected immigrant and working class youths . Hip hop has played a small but distinct role as the musical face of revolution in the Arab Spring , one example being an anonymous Libyan musician , Ibn Thabit , whose anti-government songs fueled the rebellion .
Kent State shootings
The war had appeared to be winding down in 1969 , so the new invasion of Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated the conflict . Across the U.S. , campuses erupted in protests in what Time called `` a nation - wide student strike '' , setting the stage for the events of early May 1970 .
Scientific management
In the middle of 1960 some counter-movements to Taylorism arose . Representatives of the so - called Human Relations movement urged humanization and democratization of the working world . The criticism of Taylorism supports the unilateral approach of labor . Strictly speaking , Taylorism is not a scientific theory . All theories of F.W. Taylor are based on experiments . On the basis of samples , conclusions were made , which were then generalized . There is no representativeness of the selected sample .
Appeasement
British public opinion had been strongly opposed to war and rearmament at the beginning of the 1930s , although this began to shift by mid-decade . At a debate at Oxford University in 1933 , a group of undergraduates passed a motion saying that they would not fight for King and country , which persuaded some in Germany that Britain would never go to war . Baldwin told the House of Commons that in 1933 he had been unable to pursue a policy of rearmament because of the strong pacifist sentiment in the country . In 1935 , eleven million responded to the League of Nations `` Peace Ballot '' by pledging support for the reduction of armaments by international agreement . On the other hand , the same survey also found that 58.7 % of British voters favored `` collective military sanctions '' against aggressors , and public reaction to the Hoare - Laval Pact with Mussolini was extremely unfavorable . Even the left - wing of the pacifist movement quickly began to turn with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and many peace - balloters began signing up for the international brigades to fight Hitler 's ally Francisco Franco . By the height of the Spanish conflict in 1937 , the majority of young pacifists had modified their views to accept that war could be a legitimate response to aggression and fascism .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC was unusual among civil rights groups in the way in which decisions were made . Instead of `` top down '' control , as was the case with most organizations at that time , decisions in SNCC were made by consensus , called participatory democracy . Ms. Ella Baker was extremely influential in establishing that model , as was Rev. James Lawson . Group meetings would be convened in which every participant could speak for as long as they wanted and the meeting would continue until everyone who was left was in agreement with the decision . Because activities were often very dangerous and could lead to prison or death , SNCC wanted all participants to support each activity .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the U.S. government . On August 16 , 1966 the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the NLF , with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal . Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting and 50 were arrested .
Vietnam War
Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones , they were never allowed directly in the field of battle . The women who served in the military were solely volunteers . They faced a plethora of challenges , one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers . Living in a male - dominated environment created tensions between the sexes . By 1973 , approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater . American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes . To address this problem , the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as `` proper , professional and well protected . '' This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the feminism of the 1960s -- 1970s in the United States . Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment , very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported . Master
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
On March 24 , organized by professors against the war at the University of Michigan , a teach - in protest was attended by 2,500 participants . This model was to be repeated at 35 campuses across the country . On March 16 , Alice Herz , an 82 - year - old pacifist , set herself on fire in the first known act of self - immolation to protest the Vietnam War . On April 17 , the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) , a civil rights activist group , led the first of several anti-war marches in Washington , D.C. , with about 25,000 protesters . Draft - card burnings took place at University of California , Berkeley at student demonstrations in May organized by a new anti-war group , the Vietnam Day Committee . Events included a teach - in attended by 30,000 , and the burning in effigy of president Lyndon B. Johnson . A Gallup poll in May showed 48 % of U.S. respondents felt the government was handling the war effectively , 28 % felt the situation was being handled badly , and the rest had no opinion . May -- First anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London was staged outside the U.S. embassy . Protests were held in June on the steps of the Pentagon , and in August , attempts were made by activists at Berkeley to stop the movement of trains carrying troops . A Gallup poll in late August showed that 24 % of Americans view sending troops to Vietnam as a mistake versus 60 % who do not . By mid-October , the anti-war movement had significantly expanded to become a national and even global phenomenon , as anti-war protests drawing 100,000 were held simultaneously in as many as 80 major cities around the US , London , Paris , and Rome . On October 15 , 1965 , the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a sit - in at the Ann Arbor , Michigan draft board . They were sentenced to 10 to 15 days in jail .
French Revolution
In the very cold winter of 1794 -- 95 , with the French army demanding more and more bread , same was getting scarce in Paris as was wood to keep houses warm , and in an echo of the October 1789 March on Versailles , on 1 April 1795 ( 12 Germinal III ) a mostly female crowd marched on the Convention calling for bread . But no Convention member sympathized , they just told the women to return home . Again in May a crowd of 20,000 men and 40,000 women invaded the Convention and even killed a deputy in the halls , but again they failed to make the Convention take notice of the needs of the lower classes . Instead , the Convention banned women from all political assemblies , and deputies who had solidarized with this insurrection were sentenced to death : such allegiance between parliament and street fighting was no longer tolerated .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
`` The Asian American antiwar movement emerged from a belief that the mainstream peace movement was racist in its disregard to Asians ... Steve Louie remembers that while the white antiwar movement had ' this moral thing about no killing , ' Asian Americans sought to bring attention to ' a bigger issue ... genocide . ' ... the broader movement had a hard time with the Asian movement ... because it broadened the issues out beyond where they wanted to go ... the whole question of U.S. imperialism as a system , at home and abroad . ''
Apartheid
Much of the violence in the late - 1980s and early - 1990s was directed at the government , but a substantial amount was between the residents themselves . Many died in violence between members of Inkatha and the UDF - ANC faction . It was later proven that the government manipulated the situation by supporting one side or the other whenever it suited them . Government agents assassinated opponents within South Africa and abroad ; they undertook cross-border army and air - force attacks on suspected ANC and PAC bases . The ANC and the PAC in return detonated bombs at restaurants , shopping centres and government buildings such as magistrates courts . Between 1960 - 1994 , according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths , South African security forces were responsible for 2,700 deaths and the ANC was responsible for 1,300 deaths .
History of United States prison systems
On eve of American Civil War , crime did not pose a major concern in the Southern United States . Southerners in the main considered crime to be a Northern problem . A traditional extra-legal system of remedying slights , based in honor culture made personal violence the hallmark of Southern crime . Southern penitentiary systems brought only the most hardened criminals under centralized state control . Most criminals remained outside of formal state control structures -- especially outside of Southern cities . Antebellum
Apartheid
In 1976 , secondary students in Soweto took to the streets in the Soweto uprising to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans as the only language of instruction . On 16 June , police opened fire on students protesting peacefully . According to official reports 23 people were killed , but the number of people who died is usually given as 176 , with estimates of up to 700 . In the following years several student organisations were formed to protest against apartheid , and these organisations were central to urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 and rural boycotts in 1985 and 1986 .
Conflict theories
Durkheim ( 1858 -- 1917 ) saw society as a functioning organism . Functionalism concerns `` the effort to impute , as rigorously as possible , to each feature , custom , or practice , its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable , cohesive system , '' The chief form of social conflict that Durkheim addressed was crime . Durkheim saw crime as `` a factor in public health , an integral part of all healthy societies . '' The collective conscience defines certain acts as `` criminal . '' Crime thus plays a role in the evolution of morality and law : `` ( it ) implies not only that the way remains open to necessary changes but that in certain cases it directly prepares these changes . ''
Biafra
There has been a renewed , intense agitation for Biafran secession . Since August 2015 , protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria 's south - east . Though peaceful , the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army , with scores of people reportedly killed . Many others have been injured and / or arrested . On 23 December 2015 , the federal government charged Nnamdi Kanu with treasonable felony in the Federal High Court in Abuja .
Freedom of speech by country
Historically , local communities and governments have sometimes sought to place limits upon speech that was deemed subversive or unpopular . There was a significant struggle for the right to free speech on the campus of the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s . And , in the period from 1906 to 1916 , the Industrial Workers of the World , a working class union , found it necessary to engage in free speech fights intended to secure the right of union organizers to speak freely to wage workers . These free speech campaigns were sometimes quite successful , although participants often put themselves at great risk .
Karachi
In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan . Several of Karachi 's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as `` the rule of the mafias . '' Major mafias active in the city included land mafia , water tanker mafia , transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia . Karachi 's highest death rates occurred in the mid 1990s when Karachi was much smaller . In 1995 , 1,742 killings were recorded , when the city had an estimated 6 to 14 million less residents . Karachi
Labor history of the United States
Successes of the UFW include : ( 1 . ) securing a three - year contract with grape growers ; ( 2 . ) securing another 3 - year contract with Minute Maid for 55,000 workers ; ( 3 . ) securing , with political allies , as the result of continuing strikes , an Agricultural Relations Board , after much conflict and union - busting by the Teamsters in the mid-1970s ; and ( 4 . ) maintaining the ability to invoke consumer boycotts . Chavez had a significant political impact ; as Jenkins points out , `` state and national elites no longer automatically sided with the growers . '' Thus , the political insurgency of the UFW was successful because of effective strategizing in the right kind of political environment .
Conflict (narrative)
Although frequently cited , these three types of conflict are not universally accepted . Ayn Rand , for instance , argued that `` man against nature '' is not a conflict because nature has no free will and thus can make no choices . Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described , `` man against society '' . Some of the other types of conflict referenced include `` man against machine '' ( The Terminator , Brave New World ) , `` man against fate '' ( Slaughterhouse Five ) , `` man against the supernatural '' ( The Shining ) and `` man against God '' ( A Canticle for Leibowitz ) .
Second Sino-Japanese War
In 2005 , a history textbook prepared by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform which had been approved by the government in 2001 , sparked huge outcry and protests in China and Korea . It referred to the Nanking Massacre as an `` incident '' , glossed over the issue of comfort women , and made only brief references to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanking . A copy of the 2005 version of a junior high school textbook titled New History Textbook found that there is no mention of the `` Nanjing Massacre '' or the `` Nanjing Incident '' . Indeed , the only one sentence that referred to this event was : `` they ( the Japanese troops ) occupied that city in December '' . As of 2015 , some right - wing Japanese negationists deny that the massacre occurred , and have successfully lobbied for revision and exclusion of information in Japanese schoolbooks .
Forestry in India
Chipko movement in India started in the 1970s around a dispute on how and who should have a right to harvest forest resources . Although the Chipko movement is now practically non-existent in Uttarakhand , the Indian state of its origin , it remains one of the most frequently deployed examples of an environmental and a people 's movement in developing countries such as India . What caused Chipko is now a subject of debate ; some neopopulists theorise Chipko as an environmental movement and an attempt to save forests , while others suggest that Chipko movement had nothing to do with eco-conservation , but was driven primarily to demand equal rights to harvest forests by local communities .