vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Berlin Wall
As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it .
Berlin Wall
United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased .
Old City (Jerusalem)
The city was largely extended westwards after the Neo-Assyrian destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel and the resulting influx of refugees . Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BCE , it was rebuilt on a smaller scale in about 440 BCE , during the Persian period , when , according to the Bible , Nehemiah led the Jews who returned from the Babylonian Exile . An additional , so - called Second Wall , was built by King Herod the Great . In 41 -- 44 CE , Agrippa , king of Judea , started building the so - called `` Third Wall '' around the northern suburbs . The entire city was totally destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE .
Berlin Wall
An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon .
Berlin Wall
Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross .
Forbidden City
Yellow is the color of the Emperor . Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles . There are only two exceptions . The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity ( 文 渊 阁 ) had black tiles because black was associated with water , and thus fire - prevention . Similarly , the Crown Prince 's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood , and thus growth . The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three -- the shape of the Qian triagram , representing Heaven . The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six -- the shape of the Kun triagram , representing the Earth . The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon . The number of statuettes represents the status of the building -- a minor building might have 3 or 5 . The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10 , the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times . As a result , its 10th statuette , called a `` Hangshi '' , or `` ranked tenth '' ( Chinese : 行 十 ; pinyin : Hángshí ) , is also unique in the Forbidden City . The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the Classic of Rites . Thus , ancestral temples are in front of the palace . Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex , and residences in the back .
Berlin Wall
On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 . Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japan increasingly exploited China 's internal conflicts to reduce the strength of its fractious opponents . Even years after the Northern Expedition , the political power of the Nationalist government was limited to just the area of the Yangtze River Delta . Other sections of China were essentially in the hands of local Chinese warlords . Japan sought various Chinese collaborators and helped them establish governments friendly to Japan . This policy was called the Specialization of North China ( Chinese : 華北 特殊 化 ; pinyin : huáběitèshūhùa ) , more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement . The northern provinces affected by this policy were Chahar , Suiyuan , Hebei , Shanxi , and Shandong .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
On 26 October 2012 , TEPCO admitted that it could not stop radioactive material entering the ocean , although emission rates had stabilized . Undetected leaks could not be ruled out , because the reactor basements remained flooded . The company was building a 2,400 - foot - long steel and concrete wall between the site and the ocean , reaching 100 feet ( 30 m ) below ground , but it would not be finished before mid-2014 . Around August 2012 two greenling were caught close to shore . They contained more than 25,000 becquerels ( 0.67 milli curies ) of caesium - 137 per kilogram ( 11,000 Bq / lb ; 0.31 μCi / lb ) , the highest measured since the disaster and 250 times the government 's safety limit .
Second Sino-Japanese War
On December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor , and the following day the United States declared war on Japan . The United States began to aid China by airlifting material over the Himalayas after the Allied defeat in Burma that closed the Burma Road . In 1944 Japan launched the invasion , Operation Ichi - Go , that conquered Henan and Changsha . However , this failed to bring about the surrender of Chinese forces . In 1945 , the Chinese Expeditionary Force resumed its advance in Burma and completed the Ledo Road linking India to China . At the same time , China launched large counteroffensives in South China and retook West Hunan and Guangxi .
Berlin Wall
Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety . Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective .
Ancient Egypt
Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together , using pitch for caulking the seams . The `` Khufu ship '' , a 43.6 - metre ( 143 ft ) vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC , is a full - size surviving example that may have filled the symbolic function of a solar barque . Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints . Seagoing
Chinese Buddhism
Xuanzang 's translations were especially important for the transmission of Indian texts related to the Yogācāra school . He translated central Yogācāra texts such as the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra and the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra , as well as important texts such as the Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra and the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaidūryaprabharāja Sūtra ( Medicine Buddha Sūtra ) . He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun ( Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi Śāstra ) as a commentary on these texts . His translation of the Heart Sūtra became and remains the standard in all East Asian Buddhist sects . The proliferation of these sūtras expanded the Chinese Buddhist canon significantly with high quality translations of some of the most important Indian Buddhist texts . Caves
Berlin Wall
An important reason that crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . )
Tower of London
The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower . While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant , but the plant management estimate is 30 or 40 years . A frozen soil barrier has been constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to totally stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japanese colonial campaigns Meiji period Korea ( 1894 -- 95 ) Liaodong Peninsula ( 1895 ) China ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Manchuria / Korea ( 1904 -- 05 ) Korea ( 1910 ) Taishō period Tsingtao ( 1914 ) Siberia ( 1918 -- 22 ) Shōwa period Manchuria ( 1931 -- 32 ) Soviet Union ( 1932 -- 39 ) China ( 1937 -- 45 ) Vietnam ( 1940 ) Thailand ( 1941 ) Asia - Pacific ( 1941 - 1945 )
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
A frozen soil barrier was constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater by melted - down nuclear fuel , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' .
Chinese Buddhism
Part of a series on Chinese Buddhism 汉 传 佛教 / 漢 傳 佛教 History ( show ) Gandhara Kushan Empire Dharmaguptaka Silk Road transmission Major figures ( show ) Kumārajīva Xuanzang Huiyuan Zhiyi Bodhidharma Huineng Taixu Hsu Yun Hsuan Hua Nan Huai - Chin Traditions ( show ) Chan Tiantai Huayan Pure Land Weishi Sanlun Tangmi Texts ( show ) Chinese Buddhist canon Taishō Tripiṭaka Architecture ( show ) Buddhist architecture in China Bodhimaṇḍas ( show ) Wutai Emei Jiuhua Putuo Culture ( show ) Buddhist Association of China Cuisine Martial arts Diyu
World War II
In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese .
Forbidden City
The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world , with more than 1,000 pieces . The collection contains both Chinese - and foreign - made pieces . Chinese pieces came from the palace 's own workshops , Guangzhou ( Canton ) and Suzhou ( Suchow ) . Foreign pieces came from countries including Britain , France , Switzerland , the United States and Japan . Of these , the largest portion come from Britain .
Coal
China is the largest producer of coal in the world . It is the world 's largest energy consumer , and relies on coal to supply 69 % of its energy needs . An estimated 5 million people worked in China 's coal - mining industry in 2007 .
Great Pyramid of Giza
At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site .
Geography of China
Based on 2005 estimates , 14.86 % ( about 1,400,000 km ( 540,000 sq mi ) ) of China 's total land area is arable . About 1.3 % ( some 116,580 km2 ) is planted to permanent crops and the rest planted to temporary crops . With comparatively little land planted to permanent crops , intensive agricultural techniques are used to reap harvests that are sufficient to feed the world 's largest population and still have surplus for export . An estimated 544,784 km2 of land were irrigated in 2004 . 42.9 % of total land area was used as pasture , and 17.5 % was forest .
Silk Road
Silk Road and artifacts Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Sultanhani caravanserai Sultanhani caravanserai 18th century caravanserai in Sheki , Azerbaijan Orbelian 's Caravanserai , Armenia bridge in Ani , capital of medieval Armenia Taldyk pass Dunhuang Zeinodin Caravanserai Sogdian man on a Bactrian camel , sancai ceramic glaze , Chinese Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) Ancient Chinese customs post on Silk Road near Dunhuang The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang , Gansu province A late Zhou or early Han Chinese bronze mirror inlaid with glass , perhaps incorporated Greco - Roman artistic patterns A Chinese Western Han dynasty ( 202 BCE -- 9 CE ) bronze rhinoceros with gold and silver inlay Han dynasty Granary west of Dunhuang on the Silk Road . Ornamented Trakian sword , 6th century , excavated in Gyerim - ro , South Korea Modern woven carpet illustrating camel caravan on Silk Road , from Kashgar Green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 - 220 CE ) tomb , Guangxi , southern China
Ural Mountains
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Great 's Great Northern War with Sweden , during Stalin 's rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II , and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War . Extreme levels of air , water , and radiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted . Population exodus resulted , and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union , but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration , particularly in the northern Urals , has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment .
Forbidden City
In the south west and south east of the Outer Court are the halls of Military Eminence ( H ) and Literary Glory ( J ) . The former was used at various times for the Emperor to receive ministers and hold court , and later housed the Palace 's own printing house . The latter was used for ceremonial lectures by highly regarded Confucian scholars , and later became the office of the Grand Secretariat . A copy of the Siku Quanshu was stored there . To the north - east are the Southern Three Places ( 南 三 所 ) ( K ) , which was the residence of the Crown Prince .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc .
Second Sino-Japanese War
With Japanese casualties and costs mounting , the Imperial General Headquarters attempted to break Chinese resistance by ordering the air branches of their navy and army to launch the war 's first massive air raids on civilian targets . Japanese raiders hit the Kuomintang 's newly established provisional capital of Chongqing and most other major cities in unoccupied China , leaving millions dead , injured , and homeless .
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E ﻿ / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E ﻿ / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi )
Geography of China
Outside the Himalayas and Karakorum , China 's tallest peaks are Kongur Tagh ( 7649m , 37th ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7546m , 43rd ) in the Pamirs of western Xinjiang , Gongga Shan ( 7556m , 41st ) in the Great Snowy Mountains of western Sichuan ; and Tömür Shan ( 7,439 m , 60th ) , the highest peak of Tian Shan , on the border with Kyrgyzstan .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The constant stream of East Germans fleeing across the Inner German border to West Germany placed great strains on East German - West German relations in the 1950s . East Germany sealed the borders to West Germany in 1952 , but people continued to flee from East Berlin to West Berlin . On 13 August 1961 , East Germany began building the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to slow the flood of refugees to a trickle , effectively cutting the city in half and making West Berlin an enclave of the Western world in communist territory . The Wall became the symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe . Shortly afterward , the main border between the two German states was fortified .