vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rhode Island
From 2000 through 2008 , RIPTA offered seasonal ferry service linking Providence and Newport ( already connected by highway ) funded by grant money from the United States Department of Transportation . Though the service was popular with residents and tourists , RIPTA was unable to continue on after the federal funding ended . Service was discontinued as of 2010 . The service was resumed in 2016 and has been successful . The privately run Block Island Ferry links Block Island with Newport and Narragansett with traditional and fast - ferry service , while the Prudence Island Ferry connects Bristol with Prudence Island . Private ferry services also link several Rhode Island communities with ports in Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New York . The Vineyard Fast Ferry offers seasonal service to Martha 's Vineyard from Quonset Point with bus and train connections to Providence , Boston , and New York . Viking Fleet offers seasonal service from Block Island to New London , Connecticut , and Montauk , New York .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
St. Croix River River The St. Croix River , looking downstream toward Stillwater , Minnesota Country United States States Wisconsin , Minnesota Tributaries - left Sunrise River , Snake River , Kettle River - right Apple River , Yellow River , Namekagon River , Eau Claire River ( St. Croix River ) , Kinnickinnic River Cities St. Croix Falls , WI , Taylors Falls , MN , Osceola , WI , Stillwater , MN , Hudson , WI , Prescott , WI , Somerset , WI , River Falls , WI Source Upper St. Croix Lake - location near Solon Springs , Wisconsin , Douglas County , WI - coordinates 46 ° 23 ′ 19 '' N 91 ° 45 ′ 34 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 46.38861 ° N 91.75944 ° W ﻿ / 46.38861 ; - 91.75944 Mouth Mississippi River - location Prescott , WI , Pierce County , Washington , Dakota , MN , WI - coordinates 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W ﻿ / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278 Coordinates : 44 ° 44 ′ 45 '' N 92 ° 48 ′ 10 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.74583 ° N 92.80278 ° W ﻿ / 44.74583 ; - 92.80278 Length 169 mi ( 272 km ) Map of the St. Croix watershed .
Hudson River
The Hudson is sometimes called , in geological terms , a drowned river . The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation , the most recent ice age , have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river . The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline , Hudson Canyon , is a rich fishing area . The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean , extending to the edge of the continental shelf .
Snake River
The Snake River Plain and the gap between the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range formed a `` moisture channel , '' running as far inland as the headwaters of the Snake River . Rainclouds from the Pacific Ocean blown into the moisture channel travel eastwards over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) . When the Teton Range uplifted about 9 million years ago along a detachment fault running north -- south through the central Rockies , rainclouds began to encounter a barrier at the eastern end of the channel , engorging the headwaters of the Snake River with frequent rainfall . These rains fed the Snake River , helping it to cut through the Tetons , forming the Snake River Canyon of Wyoming . About 6 million years ago , the Salmon River Mountains and Blue Mountains at the far end of the plain began to rise , and as the river cut through the rising mountains , the ancestral Hells Canyon was formed . Lake Idaho , formed during the Miocene , covered a large portion of the Snake River Plain between Twin Falls and Hells Canyon , and its lava dam was finally breached about 2 million years ago . Shoshone
Long Island Sound
Connecticut River - Old Saybrook Housatonic River - Stratford & Milford Mianus River - Greenwich Mill River ( Quinnipiac River ) - New Haven Mill River ( Fairfield ) - Fairfield Norwalk River - Norwalk Pequonnock River - Bridgeport Quinnipiac River - New Haven Rooster River / Ash Creek - Bridgeport & Fairfield Rippowam River - Stamford Saugatuck River - Westport Thames River ( Connecticut ) - Groton & New London West River ( Connecticut ) - West Haven
Hudson River
During the American Revolutionary War , the British realized that the river 's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City . British general John Burgoyne planned the Saratoga campaign , to control the river and therefore cut off the patriot hub of New England ( to the river 's east ) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river 's west . The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states . As a result , numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways . These include the Battle of Long Island , in August 1776 and the Battle of Harlem Heights the following month . Later that year , the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County , culminating in the Battle of White Plains .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson River was a key river during the Revolution . The Hudson River was important for a few reasons . Firstly , the Hudson 's connection to the Mohawk River allowed travelers to get to the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River eventually . In addition , the river 's close proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow the British navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City . In doing so , the British , under General John Burgoyne 's strategy , would be able to cut off the patriot hub of New England ( which is on the eastern side of the Hudson River ) and focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the South and Mid-Atlantic regions . The British knew that total occupation of the colonies would be unfeasible , which is why this strategy was chosen .
Arctic Ocean
Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses . The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 metres ( 3,000 feet ) depth . It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources : Arctic shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water . Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8 Sverdrups and reaches the Chukchi Sea . During the winter , cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea , freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific . The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1 -- 4 cm / s . This process leaves dense , salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline . The
Mississippi River
When measured from it 's traditional source at Lake Itasca , the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . However , besides names given on maps , there are at least 2 other ways to measure the length of a river . The first is the Longest stream source ( most distant source from the sea ) and the second is the largest stream source ( by water volume ) . Using the longest stream , the source would be Brower 's Spring in Montana , the source of the Missouri River . This would give it a an incredible length of 3,710 miles , making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile , Amazon , and Yangtze . Using the Largest Stream measurement , the Ohio River , and by extension the Allegheny river , would be the source and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania .
Water in California
Certain municipalities north of San Francisco Bay , including Santa Rosa and Petaluma , are served by the Sonoma County Water Agency . Their primary water source is the Russian River . However , it must be noted that the Russian River owes its summer flow in large part to the Eel , which is bled off via a tunnel into Potter Valley ( via the Potter Valley Project ) and flows to a reservoir near Ukiah , Lake Mendocino . PG&E now owns the rights to this delivery system , as well as the long controversial history . There are many along the Eel who would like their water back .
River Thames
Charles Dickens Our Mutual Friend ( written in the years 1864 -- 65 ) describes the river in a grimmer light . It begins with a scavenger and his daughter pulling a dead man from the river near London Bridge , to salvage what the body might have in its pockets , and heads to its conclusion with the deaths of the villains drowned in Plashwater Lock upstream . The workings of the river and the influence of the tides are described with great accuracy . Dickens opens the novel with this sketch of the river , and the people who work on it :
Alaska
Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage , this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States . As such , this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase . The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest , the largest national forest in the United States . It contains the state capital Juneau , the former capital Sitka , and Ketchikan , at one time Alaska 's largest city . The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area , as only three communities ( Haines , Hyder and Skagway ) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system . Officially designated in 1963 . Interior
North Carolina
The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range . Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains , Blue Ridge Mountains , and Black Mountains . The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States , and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) , the highest point east of the Mississippi River . Cullasaja
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The St. Croix River was one of the original eight rivers to have significant portions placed under protection by the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 . The upper reaches of the river in Wisconsin below the St. Croix Flowage , 15 miles ( 24 km ) downstream from its source , as well as the Namekagon River , are protected as the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . The free - flowing nature of the river is interrupted only by a hydroelectric dam operated by the Northern States Power Company at St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin .
Henry Hudson
On 4 August the ship was at Cape Cod , from which Hudson sailed south to the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay . Rather than entering the Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north , finding Delaware Bay but continuing on north . On 3 September he reached the estuary of the river that initially was called the `` North River '' or `` Mauritius '' and now carries his name . He was not the first European to discover the estuary , though , as it had been known since the voyage of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 . On 6 September 1609 John Colman of his crew was killed by Indians with an arrow to his neck . Hudson sailed into the upper bay on 11 September , and the following day began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson River . Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river , reaching a point about where the present - day capital of Albany is located .
Vermont
Between 8500 and 7000 BCE , at the time of the Champlain Sea , Native Americans inhabited and hunted in present - day Vermont . During the Archaic period , from the 8th millennium BCE to 1000 BCE , Native Americans migrated year - round . During the Woodland period , from 1000 BCE to 1600 CE , villages and trade networks were established , and ceramic and bow and arrow technology was developed . During colonial times , the state was mainly occupied by an Abenaki tribe known as the Sokoki , or Missiquois . However , the eastern part of the state may have also been home to the Androscoggin and Pennacook peoples . Also , Vermont 's western border is only a rough approximation of their borders with the Iroquoian Mohawk and the Algonquin Mohican peoples . Many of the tribes later formed the Wabanaki Confederacy during King Philip 's War , after which most Abenaki tribes were scattered and defeated . The population in 1500 CE was estimated to be around 10,000 people .
Geography of Illinois
The Mississippi River is the nominal western boundary of the state , except for locations where the river has changed course . Kaskaskia , Illinois , the first state capital , is now west of the river . The Mississippi , due to a flood , destroyed the old town of Kaskaskia , and occupies what was the lower channel of the Kaskaskia River . A portion of Missouri is east of the river , near Grand Tower , Illinois . Similar `` avulsions '' are found along the Ohio River border with Kentucky and the Wabash River border with Indiana .
Snake River
Much of the area along the river , within a few miles of its banks , is irrigated farmland , especially in its middle and lower course . Irrigation dams include American Falls Dam , Minidoka Dam , and C.J. Strike Dam . Aside from water from the river , water is also pulled from the Snake River Aquifer for irrigation . Major cities along the river include Jackson in Wyoming , Twin Falls , Idaho Falls , Boise , and Lewiston in Idaho , and the Tri-Cities in Washington ( Kennewick , Pasco and Richland ) . There are fifteen dams in total along the Snake River , which aside from irrigation , also produce electricity , maintain a navigation channel along part of the river 's route , and provide flood control . However , fish passage is limited to the stretch below Hells Canyon .
Snake River
Since the early 20th century , when Swan Falls Dam was constructed on the middle Snake River upstream of Hells Canyon , the fifteen dams and reservoirs on the river have posed an increasing problem for migrating salmon . Agricultural lands and their resulting runoff have also had a significant impact on the success rate of migrating fish . Salmon can travel up the Snake River as far as Hells Canyon Dam , using the fish passage facilities of the four lower Snake River dams , leaving the Clearwater , Grande Ronde and Salmon river to sustain spawning salmon . Rising in several forks in the Clearwater Mountains of central Idaho , the Clearwater and Salmon River watersheds are nearly undeveloped with the enormous exception of Dworshak Dam on the North Fork Clearwater River . The watershed of the Grande Ronde in northeastern Oregon is also largely undeveloped . The four reservoirs formed by the lower Snake River dams -- Lake Sacagawea , Lake Herbert G. West , Lake Bryan , and Lower Granite Lake -- have also formed problems , as the downstream current in the pools is often not enough for the fish to sense , confusing their migration routes .
Yadkin River
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United States
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . Highest
St. Johns River
From its origins to approximately the area of Sanford , the St. Johns flows north . It takes a sharp turn west near Sanford for a few miles -- which is referred to as the St. Johns River offset , but shortly changes direction to flow north again . Geologists hypothesize that the west - flowing offset may have formed earlier than the north flowing portions , possibly during the late Tertiary or early Pleistocene era 66 to 12 million years ago . Some fracturing and faulting may also be responsible for the offset . Although seismic activity in Florida is mostly insignificant , several minor earthquakes have occurred near the St. Johns River , caused by the trough created by Pangaean rifting .
Snake River
According to legend , the Nez Perce tribe was first founded in the valley of the Clearwater River , one of the Snake River 's lowermost major tributaries . At its height , there were at least 27 Nez Perce settlements along the Clearwater River and 11 more on the Snake between the mouth of the Clearwater and Imnaha Rivers . There were also villages on the Salmon River , Grande Ronde River , Tucannon River , and the lower Hells Canyon area . The Snake River 's annual salmon run , which was estimated at that time to exceed four million in good years , supported the Nez Perce , who lived in permanent , well - defined villages , unlike the nomadic southeastern tribes along the Snake River . The Nez Perce also were involved in trade with the Flathead tribe to the north and other middle Columbia River tribes . However , they were enemies to the Shoshone and the other upstream Snake River tribes .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters with the Ojibwe was signed at St. Peters ( now Mendota ) which ceded to the United States government a vast tract of land in what today is north central Wisconsin and east central Minnesota , roughly bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line in the south , Mississippi River in the west , St. Croix and Chippewa River watersheds in the north , and a 25 - mile parallel east of the Wisconsin River in the east . This opened the region to logging . The river was important to the transportation of lumber downstream , from the areas where it was being cut to the sawmills that processed it . During the 1840s , important sawmills were located at St. Croix Falls and Marine on St. Croix , but as the 1850s progressed Stillwater became the primary lumber destination . During this time the population of Stillwater boomed , several additional sawmills were opened , and the town saw an influx of capital , primarily from lumber companies based downriver in St. Louis , Missouri . In 1856 construction began on a boom site two miles north of Stillwater , which was used to store and sort the lumber floating downstream and remained in operation for over fifty years . The St. Croix Boom Site is now a wayside rest and National Historic Landmark along Minnesota State Highway 95 .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
On Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin ( 1830 ) by John Farmer , the St. Croix River is shown as the `` Chippewa River '' . However , by 1843 , Joseph Nicollet 's Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River reinforced the name provided by Franquelin 's 1688 map .
River Welland
( show ) Point Coordinates ( Links to map resources ) OS Grid Ref Notes Source at Sibbertoft 52 ° 26 ′ 24 '' N 1 ° 00 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 52.4399 ° N 1.0098 ° W ﻿ / 52.4399 ; - 1.0098 ﻿ ( Source at Sibbertoft ) SP674828 Jn with River Jordan 52 ° 28 ′ 18 '' N 0 ° 54 ′ 59 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 52.4716 ° N 0.9165 ° W ﻿ / 52.4716 ; - 0.9165 ﻿ ( Jn with River Jordan ) SP737865 Market Harborough Jn with Medbourne Brook 52 ° 30 ′ 59 '' N 0 ° 48 ′ 59 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 52.5164 ° N 0.8164 ° W ﻿ / 52.5164 ; - 0.8164 ﻿ ( Jn with Medbourne Brook ) SP804916 Jn with Eye Brook 52 ° 31 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 42 ′ 32 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 52.5299 ° N 0.7090 ° W ﻿ / 52.5299 ; - 0.7090 ﻿ ( Jn with Eye Brook ) SP876932 Welland Viaduct 52 ° 34 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 39 ′ 13 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 52.5689 ° N 0.6536 ° W ﻿ / 52.5689 ; - 0.6536 ﻿ ( Welland Viaduct ) SP913976 Jn with River Chater 52
Fur trade
England was slower to enter the American fur trade than France and the Dutch Republic , but as soon as English colonies were established , development companies learned that furs provided the best way for the colonists to remit value back to the mother country . Furs were being dispatched from Virginia soon after 1610 , and the Plymouth Colony was sending substantial amounts of beaver to its London agents through the 1620s and 1630s . London merchants tried to take over France 's fur trade in the St Lawrence River valley . Taking advantage of one of England 's brief wars with France , Sir David Kirke captured Quebec in 1629 and brought the year 's produce of furs back to London . Other English merchants also traded for furs around the Saint Lawrence River region in the 1630s , but these were officially discouraged . Such efforts ceased as France strengthened its presence in Canada . Meanwhile , the New England fur trade expanded , not only inland , but northward along the coast into the Bay of Fundy region . London 's access to high - quality furs was greatly increased with the takeover of New Amsterdam , whereupon the fur trade of that colony ( now called New York ) fell into English hands with the 1667 Treaty of Breda . Fur
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Other options that were being considered included a rail route along the Mina corridor . This rail route would have originated at the Fort Churchill Siding rail line , near Wabuska . The proposed corridor would have proceeded southeast through Hawthorne , Blair Junction , Lida Junction and Oasis Valley . At Oasis Valley , the rail line would have turned north - northeast towards Yucca Mountain . Use of this rail corridor by the Department of Energy would have required permission from the Walker River Paiute Tribe in order to cross their land . As the first 54 miles ( 87 km ) of the proposed corridor was owned by the Department of Defense , additional permission from the DoD would have to have been granted .
Vermont
Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year - round alpine ecosystems , including Mount Mansfield , the highest mountain in the state ; Killington Peak , the second - highest ; Camel 's Hump , the state 's third - highest ; and Mount Abraham , the fifth - highest peak . Areas in Vermont administered by the National Park Service include the Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller National Historical Park ( in Woodstock ) and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail .
Snake River
The headwaters of the Snake River and the high mountains elsewhere in the watershed were historically heavily forested . These include aspen , Douglas fir , and spruce fir , comprising about 20 % of the historic watershed . At the base of mountains and in the Lost River basin , sagebrush was and is the predominant vegetation cover . Because of deforestation , up to one quarter of the forests have been taken over by sagebrush , leaving the remaining forests to cover about 15 % of the watershed . However , the lodgepole pine has increased in number , taking over historic stands of other conifers . There are also up to 118 species of rare or endemic plants that occur in the Snake River watershed .
New Amsterdam
In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England . However , the Mayflower reached Cape Cod ( now part of Massachusetts ) on November 9 , 1620 , after a voyage of 64 days . For a variety of reasons , primarily a shortage of supplies , the Mayflower could not proceed to the Hudson River , and the colonists decided to settle near Cape Cod , establishing the Plymouth Colony . Dutch
Hudson River
Around the time of the last factories ' closing , environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed . For example , GE participated in cleanup efforts to remove PCBs from the site of its old factory in Hudson Falls . The cleanup is part of an EPA Superfund site , and consists of dredging a 40 - mile stretch of the river the Troy Dam to Fort Edward in order to remove the probable carcinogen from the ecosystem . Other conservation efforts also occurred , such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up .