vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
South Africa
In post-apartheid South Africa , unemployment has been extremely high as the country has struggled with many changes . While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes , the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003 . Poverty among whites , previously rare , increased . In addition , the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth . Since the ANC - led government took power , the United Nations Human Development Index of South Africa has fallen , while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s . Some may be attributed to the HIV / AIDS pandemic , and the failure of the government to take steps to address it in the early years .
Olympic Games
In 1948 , Sir Ludwig Guttmann , determined to promote the rehabitation of soldiers after World War II , organised a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics . Guttmann 's event , known then as the Stoke Mandeville Games , became an annual sports festival . Over the next twelve years , Guttmann and others continued their efforts to use sports as an avenue to healing . For the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome , Guttmann brought 400 athletes to compete in the `` Parallel Olympics '' , which became known as the first Paralympics . Since then , the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics . In 2001 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) signed an agreement guaranteeing that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games . The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing , and the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver . Chairman of the London organising committee , Lord Coe , said about the 2012 Summer Paralympics and Olympics in London that ,
United Nations Environment Programme
Following the publication of Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in February 2007 , a `` Paris Call for Action '' read out by French President Jacques Chirac and supported by 46 countries , called for the United Nations Environment Programme to be replaced by a new and more powerful `` United Nations Environment Organization ( UNEO ) '' , also called Global Environment Organisation now supported by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel , to be modelled on the World Health Organization . The 46 countries included the European Union nations , but notably did not include the United States , Saudi Arabia , Russia , and China , the top four emitters of greenhouse gases .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In February 2015 , Guinea recorded a rise in cases for the second week in a row . Health authorities stated that this was related to the fact that they `` were only now gaining access to faraway villages '' , where violence had previously prevented them from entering . On 14 February , violence erupted and an Ebola treatment center near the center of the country was destroyed . Guinean Red Cross teams said they had suffered an average of 10 attacks a month over the previous year ; MSF reported that acceptance of Ebola education remained low and that further violence against their workers might force them to leave .
World Health Organization
Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa , the organization was heavily criticized for its bureaucracy , insufficient financing , regional structure , and staffing profile .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Snow showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company were taking water from sewage - polluted sections of the Thames and delivering it to homes , resulting in an increased incidence of cholera among its customers . Snow 's study is part of the history of public health and health geography . It is regarded as the founding event of epidemiology .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas , initially cut - off from the capital city , Kathmandu , and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities . There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water , the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets .
Venezuela
Two major blocs of political parties are in Venezuela : the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela ( PSUV ) , its major allies Fatherland for All ( PPT ) and the Communist Party of Venezuela ( PCV ) , and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition Mesa de la Unidad Democrática . This includes A New Era ( UNT ) together with allied parties Project Venezuela , Justice First , Movement for Socialism ( MAS ) and others . Hugo Chávez , the central figure of the Venezuelan political landscape since his election to the Presidency in 1998 as a political outsider , died in office in early 2013 , and was succeeded by Nicolás Maduro ( initially as interim President , before narrowly winning the Venezuelan presidential election , 2013 ) . National
European colonization of the Americas
Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use .
Hyperinflation
Venezuela 's hyperinflation began in November 2016 . Inflation of Venezuela 's bolivar fuerte ( VEF ) in 2014 reached 69 % and was the highest in the world . In 2015 , inflation was 181 % , the highest in the world and the highest in the country 's history at that time , 800 % in 2016 and over 4,000 % in 2017 , with Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation . While the Venezuelan government `` has essentially stopped '' producing official inflation estimates as of early 2018 , one estimation of the rate at that time was 5,220 % , according to inflation economist Steve Hanke of Johns Hopkins University .
Climate of the United Kingdom
The UK also holds the title for the highest known ' outbreak ' of tornadoes outside of the United States . The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe . On 23 November 1981 , 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours . Excepting Derbyshire , every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado , while Norfolk was hit by at least 13 . Very fortunately most tornadoes were short - lived and also weak ( the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale ) and no deaths occurred .
World Health Organization
The country office is headed by a WHO Representative ( WR ) . As of 2010 , the only WHO Representative outside Europe to be a national of that country was for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( `` Libya '' ) ; all other staff were international . Those in the Region for the Americas , they are referred to as PAHO / WHO Representatives . In Europe , WHO Representatives also serve as Head of Country Office , and are nationals with the exception of Serbia ; there are also Heads of Country Office in Albania , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkey , and Uzbekistan . The WR is member of the UN system country team which is coordinated by the UN System Resident Coordinator .
World Health Organization
Each year , the organization marks World Health Day and other observances focusing on a specific health promotion topic . World Health Day falls on 7 April each year , timed to match the anniversary of WHO 's founding . Recent themes have been vector - borne diseases ( 2014 ) , healthy ageing ( 2012 ) and drug resistance ( 2011 ) .
Third World
To counter this mode of thought , some scholars began proposing the idea of a change in world dynamics that began in the late 1980s , and termed it the Great Convergence . As Jack A. Goldstone and his colleagues put it , `` in the twentieth century , the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s , then , after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations , in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries '' .
Diphtheria
In 1613 , Spain experienced an epidemic of diphtheria . The year is known as El Año de los Garrotillos ( The Year of Strangulations ) in the history of Spain .
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization operates 147 country offices in all its regions . It also operates several liaison offices , including those with the European Union , United Nations and a single office covering the World Bank and International Monetary Fund . It also operates the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon , France , and the WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe , Japan . Additional offices include those in Pristina ; the West Bank and Gaza ; the US - Mexico Border Field Office in El Paso ; the Office of the Caribbean Program Coordination in Barbados ; and Northern Micronesia office . There will generally be one WHO country office in the capital , occasionally accompanied by satellite - offices in the provinces or sub-regions of the country in question .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Great earthquakes such as the Sumatra - Andaman event , which are invariably associated with megathrust events in subduction zones , have seismic moments that can account for a significant fraction of the global earthquake moment across century - scale time periods . Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005 , roughly one - eighth was due to the Sumatra - Andaman event . This quake , together with the Good Friday earthquake ( Alaska , 1964 ) and the Great Chilean earthquake ( 1960 ) , account for almost half of the total moment .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Since 1900 the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake ( magnitude 9.5 ) and the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Prince William Sound ( 9.2 ) . The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka , Russia , on 4 November 1952 ( magnitude 9.0 ) and Tōhoku , Japan ( magnitude 9.1 ) in March 2011 . Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean . However , the death toll from these was significantly lower , primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts and also due to the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs ( More Economically Developed Countries ) such as Japan .
Economy of New Zealand
Around the world instability was developing in the finance sector . This reached a peak in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers , a major American bank , collapsed propelling the world into the global financial crisis .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In August 2014 it was reported that many airlines had suspended flights to the area . Markets and shops had closed due to travel restrictions , a cordon sanitaire , or fear of human contact , which led to loss of income for producers and traders . Movement of people away from affected areas disturbed agricultural activities . The FAO warned that the outbreak could endanger harvests and food security in West Africa , and that with all the quarantines and movement limitations placed on them , more than 1 million people could be food insecure by March 2015 . By 29 July , the World Bank had given 10,500 tons of maize and rice seed to the 3 hardest - hit countries to help them to rebuild their agricultural systems . Tourism was directly impacted in the affected countries . In April 2014 , Nigeria reported that 75 % of hotel business had been lost due to fears of the outbreak ; the limited Ebola outbreak had cost that country ₦ 8 billion . Other African countries that were not directly affected by the virus also reported adverse effects on tourism . For example , in 2015 , it was reported that Gambia 's tourism had fallen below 50 percent of its normal business during the same period the prior year , Elmina Bay in Ghana had an 80 % decrease in US tourism , and Kenya , Zimbabwe , Senegal , Zambia , and Tanzania also reported a drop . Some foreign mining companies withdrew all non-essential personnel , deferred new investment , and cut back operations . In December 2014 , it was reported that the iron ore mining company , African Minerals , had started the shutdown of its Sierra Leone operations because it was running low on income . In March 2015 , it was reported that Sierra Leone had begun to diversify away from mining , due to the country 's recent problems .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
There are at least 17,000 people who have survived infection from the Ebola virus in West Africa ; some of them have reported lingering health effects . In early November , a WHO consultant reported : `` Many of the survivors are discharged with the so - called Post-Ebola Syndrome . We want to ascertain whether these medical conditions are due to the disease itself , the treatment given or chlorine used during disinfection of the patients . This is a new area for research ; little is known about the post-Ebola symptoms . ''
G20
Since 2011 , when France chaired and hosted the G20 , the summits have been held only once a year . The 2016 summit was held in China , and 2017 summit was held in Hamburg , Germany .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 25 March 2014 , the WHO indicated that Guinea 's Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in four southeastern districts , and that suspected cases in the neighbouring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone were being investigated . In Guinea , a total of 86 suspected cases , including 59 deaths , had been reported as of 24 March . By late May , the outbreak had spread to Conakry , Guinea 's capital -- a city of about two million people . On 28 May , the total number of reported cases had reached 281 , with 186 deaths .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Another study showed that the economic effect of the Ebola outbreak would be felt for years due to preexisting social vulnerability . The economic effects were being felt nationwide in Liberia , such as the termination of expansions in the mining business . Initial scenarios had placed expected economic losses at $25 billion ; however subsequent World Bank estimates were much lower , at about 12 % of the combined GDP of the 3 worst hit countries . The authors went on to state that social vulnerability has multiple factors and proposed a classification based on multiple variables instead of single indicators such as food insecurity or lack of hospitals , which were problems faced by rural Liberians . In spite of the end of civil violence since 2003 and inflows from international donors , the reconstruction of Liberia had been very slow and non-productive -- water delivery systems , sanitation facilities and centralized electricity were practically non-existent , even in Monrovia . Even before the outbreak , medical facilities did not have potable water , lighting or refrigeration . The authors indicated that lack of food and other economic effects would probably continue in the rural population long after the Ebola outbreak had ended .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
As the epidemic waned , following international control efforts , the edition of 8 April 2015 of the WHO 's Ebola Situation Reports stated that a total of 30 cases were reported and in 29 July 2015 , the WHO weekly update reported only 7 cases -- the lowest in more than a year . In October 2015 , the WHO recorded its first week without any new cases , and while the large - scale epidemic appeared to have ended by late 2015 , sporadic new cases continued to be reported .
Diphtheria
In early June 2015 , a case of diphtheria was diagnosed at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona , Spain . The 6 - year - old child who died of the illness had not been previously vaccinated due to parental opposition to vaccination . It was the first case of diphtheria in the country since 1986 as reported by `` El Mundo '' or from 1998 , as reported by WHO .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In a study done by Tulane University , the Broad Institute and Harvard University , in partnership with the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation , researchers provided information about the origin and transmission of the Ebola virus that set the West African outbreak apart from previous ones , including 341 genetic changes in the virion . Five members of the research team became ill and died from Ebola before the study was published in August 2014 . Ebola
Cristiano Ronaldo
In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
By November 2014 , the rate of new infections in Liberia appeared to be declining and the state of emergency was lifted . The drop in cases was believed to be related to an integrated strategy combining isolation and treatment with community behaviour change , including safe burial practices , case finding and contact tracing .
Human rights and development
The Getting to Zero initiative has ten Southeast Asian nations committed to making Zero New HIV Infections , Zero Discrimination and Zero HIV - Related Deaths a reality .
2018 Commonwealth Games
Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
As the outbreak progressed , many hospitals , short on both staff and supplies , were overwhelmed and closed down , leading some health experts to state that the inability to treat other medical needs may have been causing `` an additional death toll ( that is ) likely to exceed that of the outbreak itself '' . Hospital workers , who worked closely with the highly contagious body fluids of the victims , were especially vulnerable to contracting the virus ; in August 2014 , the WHO reported that ten percent of the dead had been healthcare workers . In September 2014 , it was estimated that the affected countries ' capacity for treating Ebola patients was insufficient by the equivalent of 2,122 beds ; however , by December 2014 there were enough beds to treat and isolate all reported cases , although the uneven distribution of cases was resulting in serious shortfalls in some areas .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 31 March 2015 , one year after the first report of the outbreak , the total number of cases was in excess of 25,000 -- with over 10,000 deaths .
G20
All 19 member nations are among the top 33 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for 2014 . Not represented by membership in the G20 are Switzerland ( ranked 20th by the IMF ) , Nigeria ( 21 ) , Taiwan ( 26 ) , Norway ( 27 ) , the United Arab Emirates ( 29 ) , Iran ( 30 ) , Colombia ( 31 ) , and Thailand ( 32 ) , even though they rank higher than some members . The Netherlands ( 17 ) , Sweden ( 22 ) , Poland ( 23 ) , Belgium ( 25 ) , and Austria ( 28 ) are included only as part of the EU , and not independently . Spain ( 14 ) is a permanent guest member .
News of the World (album)
Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 553,600 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 100,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2008 Agora SA album reissue Platinum 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
G20
After the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015 , more `` issues of global significance '' were added to the G20 agenda : migration , digitisation , employment , healthcare , the economic empowerment of women and development aid .
Doctor of Public Health
Brunel University of West London Imperial College London School of Public Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Chester University Teesside University
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The first person reported infected in Sierra Leone was a tribal healer who had been treating Ebola patients from across the nearby border with Guinea and died on 26 May 2014 . According to tribal tradition , her body was washed for burial and this appears to have led to infections in women from neighbouring towns . On 11 June , Sierra Leone shut its borders for trade with Guinea and Liberia and closed some schools in an attempt to slow the spread of the virus . On 30 July , the government began to deploy troops to enforce quarantines , and by 15 October , the last district in Sierra Leone untouched by the disease had declared Ebola cases .
Famine
According to geologist Dale Allen Pfeiffer , coming decades could see rising food prices without relief and massive starvation on a global level . Water deficits , which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries , may soon do the same in larger countries , such as China or India . The water tables are falling in many countries ( including Northern China , the US , and India ) due to widespread overconsumption . Other countries affected include Pakistan , Iran , and Mexico . This will eventually lead to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harvest . Even while overexploiting its aquifers , China has developed a grain deficit , contributing to the upward pressure on grain prices . Most of the three billion people projected to be added worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages .
Virus
As of 2017 , nine orders , 131 families , 46 subfamilies , 803 genera , and 4,853 species of viruses have been defined by the ICTV . The orders are the Caudovirales , Herpesvirales , Ligamenvirales , Mononegavirales , Nidovirales , Ortervirales , Picornavirales , Bunyavirales and Tymovirales .