vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Labour Party (UK)
Harriet Harman became the Leader of the Opposition and acting Leader of the Labour Party following the resignation of Gordon Brown on 11 May 2010 , pending a leadership election subsequently won by Ed Miliband . Miliband emphasised `` responsible capitalism '' and greater state intervention to change the balance of the economy away from financial services . Tackling vested interests and opening up closed circles in British society were themes he returned to a number of times . Miliband also argued for greater regulation of banks and energy companies .
All-India Muslim League
Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution . Furthermore , the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal . Muslim League 's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan . In an interview given to print media , Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests , mass demonstration , and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
By the middle of the decade , open condemnation of the war became more common , with figures like Malcolm X and Robert Parris Moses speaking out . Champion boxer Muhammad Ali risked his career and a prison sentence to resist the draft in 1966 . Soon Martin Luther King , Jr. , Coretta Scott King and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) became prominent opponents of the Vietnam War , and the Black Panther Party vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam . In the beginning of the war , some African Americans did not want to join the war opposition movement because of loyalty to President Johnson for pushing Civil Rights legislation , but soon the escalating violence of the war and the perceived social injustice of the draft propelled involvement in antiwar groups .
Indian general election, 2014
The Indian National Congress had announced , on the fourth anniversary of the second United Progressive Alliance government , that its campaign for the election would be led by incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , INC chairperson Sonia Gandhi and general secretary Rahul Gandhi . Rahul Gandhi was appointed to head a six - member committee to formulate and implement alliances , the party manifesto and general publicity for the election .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan listen ( help info ) ( 5 September 1888 -- 17 April 1975 ) was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the first Vice President of India ( 1952 -- 1962 ) and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967 .
Vedaranyam March
The Vedaranyam March ( also called the Vedaranyam Satyagraha ) was a framework of the nonviolent civil disobedience movement in British India . Modeled on the lines of Dandi March , which was led by Mahatma Gandhi on the western coast of India the month before , it was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in the colonial India .
East Pakistan
East Pakistan was renamed from East Bengal by the One Unit scheme of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra . The Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 replaced the British monarchy with an Islamic republic . Bengali politician H.S. Suhrawardy served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1956 and 1957 . A Bengali bureaucrat Iskandar Mirza became the first President of Pakistan . The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état brought general Ayub Khan to power . Khan replaced Mirza as president and launched a crackdown against pro-democracy leaders . Khan enacted the Constitution of Pakistan of 1962 which ended universal suffrage . By 1966 , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman emerged as the preeminent opposition leader in Pakistan and launched the six point movement for autonomy and democracy . The 1969 uprising in East Pakistan contributed to Ayub Khan 's overthrow . Another general , Yahya Khan , usurped the presidency and enacted martial law . In 1970 , a major tropical cyclone struck East Pakistan , causing major casualties . In the same year , Yahya Khan organized Pakistan 's first federal general election . The Awami League emerged as the single largest party , followed by the Pakistan Peoples Party . The military junta stalled in accepting the results , leading to civil disobedience , the Bangladesh Liberation War and the 1971 Bangladesh genocide . East Pakistan seceded with the help of India .
The Emergency (India)
In March -- April 1974 , a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan , referred to as JP , against the Bihar government . In April 1974 , in Patna , JP called for `` total revolution , '' asking students , peasants , and labour unions to non-violently transform Indian society . He also demanded the dissolution of the state government , but this was not accepted by Centre . A month later , the railway - employees union , the largest union in the country , went on a nationwide railways strike . This strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government , which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters .
Nationalist Movements in India
According to Surendranath Banerji , swadeshi movement changed the entire texture of our social and domestic life . The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore , Rajanikanta Sen and Syed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit for the nationalists . The movement soon spread to the rest of the country and the partition of Bengal had to be firmly inhaled on the first of April , 1912. The people were great .
All-India Muslim League
After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government . In Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan , the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All - India Muslim League . Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( and after Jinnah 's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ) , but suffered with ill - fate following the military intervention in 1958 . One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965 . Furthermore , it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970 . During the successive periods of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan .
Swadeshi movement
But the Indian nationalists saw the design behind partition and condemned it unanimously , starting the anti-partition and the Swadeshi movements . The Swadeshi movement was also known as Vandemataram movement in deltaic Andhra Pradesh .
Swadeshi movement
The Swadeshi partition and the Government measures also finally led to the split of Hindus and Muslims and virtually the formation of Muslim League in 1906 . This was opposed by Mahatma Gandhi as he was against Hindu - Muslim Divergence
Swadeshi movement
To let the British know how unhappy the Indians were at the partition of Bengal , leaders of the anti-partition movement decided to use only Indian goods and to boycott British goods . People gathered at the cross roads and burnt the imported clothes that they had . People picketed the shops selling foreign goods , and imported sugar was boycotted . People also resolved to use things made only in India and this was called the Swadeshi movement .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
By mid-October , the anti-war movement had significantly expanded to become a national and even global phenomenon , as anti-war protests drawing 100,000 were held simultaneously in as many as 80 major cities around the US , London , Paris , and Rome . On October 15 , 1965 , the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a sit - in at the Ann Arbor , Michigan draft board . They were sentenced to 10 to 15 days in jail . On November 2 , Norman Morrison , a 31 - year - old pacifist , set himself on fire below the third - floor window of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at the Pentagon , emulating the actions of the Vietnamese monk Thích Quảng Đức . On November 27 , Coretta Scott King , SDS President Carl Oglesby , and Dr. Benjamin Spock , among others , spoke at an anti-war rally of about 30,000 in Washington , D.C. , in the largest demonstration to date . Parallel protests occurred elsewhere around the nation . On that same day , President Johnson announced a significant escalation of U.S. involvement in Indochina , from 120,000 to 400,000 troops .
Anthony Eden
After the Labour Party won the 1945 election , Eden went into opposition as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party . Many felt that Churchill should have retired and allowed Eden to become party leader , but Churchill refused to consider this . As early as the spring of 1946 , Eden openly asked Churchill to retire in his favour . He was in any case depressed during this period by the break - up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son . Churchill was in many ways only `` part - time Leader of the Opposition '' , given his many journeys abroad and his literary work , and left the day - to - day work largely to Eden . Eden was largely regarded as lacking sense of party politics and contact with the common man . In these opposition years , however , he developed some knowledge about domestic affairs and created the idea of a `` property - owning - democracy '' , which Margaret Thatcher 's government attempted to achieve decades later . His domestic agenda is overall considered centre - left .
Bangladesh Liberation War
On 17 April 1971 , a provisional government was formed in Meherpur District in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , who was in prison in Pakistan , as President , Syed Nazrul Islam as Acting President , Tajuddin Ahmad as Prime Minister , and General Muhammad Ataul Ghani Osmani as Commander - in - Chief , Bangladesh Forces . As fighting grew between the occupation army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini , an estimated 10 million Bengalis sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal .
Non-cooperation movement
The Non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident . Although he had stopped the national revolt single - handedly , on 10 March 1922 , Gandhi was arrested . On 18 March 1922 , he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials . This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders .
Indian general election, 2014
Since the last general election in 2009 , the anti-corruption movement by Anna Hazare , and other similar moves by Baba Ramdev and Arvind Kejriwal ( founder of Aam Aadmi Party ) , gathered momentum and political interest . Kejriwal went on to form a separate political party , Aam Aadmi Party , in November 2012 . The 2012 presidential election resulted in Pranab Mukherjee of Indian National Congress becoming the president . Andhra politics was further shaken following the death of its chief minister , Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy . His son , Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy , then broke from the INC and founded the YSR Congress Party , taking several politicians with him .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition sparked an extremely major political crisis along religious lines . Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions , meetings and processions , forming committees , propaganda through press , and diplomatic pressure . Hitherto untouched sections of Indian society participated in these movements , providing base for later movements . Richness of the movement extended to culture , science and literature . Masses were educated for a bolder form of politics and colonial hegemony was undermined . The Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment , hence , they opposed those movements . Rabindranath Tagore wrote Banglar Mati Banglar Jol as a rallying cry for proponents of annulment of Partition .
All-India Muslim League
From 1947 -- 51 , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League 's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister . After Jinnah and Ali Khan , Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party , primarily due to lack of its social programmes . During this time , the Republican Party , led by Iskander Mirza , had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country . In 1958 , the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan , army chief at that time , imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon , a leader of Muslim League .
Subhas Chandra Bose
When Subash Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai , on an invitation of Muthuramalinga Thevar to amass support for the Forward Bloc , he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak . His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation , he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life . In England , he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British Labour Party leaders and political thinkers like Lord Halifax , George Lansbury , Clement Attlee , Arthur Greenwood , Harold Laski , J.B.S. Haldane , Ivor Jennings , G.D.H. Cole , Gilbert Murray and Sir Stafford Cripps .
Quit India Movement
`` the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law , and in particular , has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942 ''. `` .
Round Table Conferences (India)
Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community . He clashed with the leader of depressed classes , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , over this issue : the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932 .
Forestry in India
According to one set of writers : Since the early 1970s , as they realised that deforestation threatened not only the ecology but their livelihood in a variety of ways , people have become more interested and involved in conservation . The best known popular activist movement is the Chipko Movement , in which local women under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna , decided to fight the government and the vested interests to save trees . The residents declared that they would embrace -- literally `` to stick to '' ( chipkna in Hindi ) -- trees to prevent cutting of ash trees in their district .
Non-cooperation movement
Gandhi 's commitment to non-violence was redeemed when , between 1930 and 1934 , tens of millions again revolted in the Salt Satyagraha which made India 's cause famous worldwide for its unerring adherence to non-violence . The Satyagraha ended in success : the demands of Indians were met , and the Congress Party was recognized as a representative of the Indian people . The Government of India Act 1935 also gave India its first taste in democratic self - governance .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
Jinnah and the League condemned the new government , and vowed to agitate for Pakistan by any means possible . Disorder arose in Punjab and Bengal , including the cities of Delhi , Bombay and Calcutta . On the League - organized Direct Action Day , over 5,000 people were killed across India , and Hindu , Sikh and Muslim mobs began clashing routinely . Wavell stalled the Central government 's efforts to stop the disorder , and the provinces were instructed to leave this to the governors , who did not undertake any major action . To end the disorder and rising bloodshed , Wavell encouraged Nehru to ask the League to enter the government . While Patel and most Congress leaders were opposed to conceding to a party that was organising disorder , Nehru conceded in hope of preserving communal peace .
Appeasement
The Labour Party opposed the Fascist dictators on principle , but until the late 1930s it also opposed rearmament and it had a significant pacifist wing . In 1935 its pacifist leader George Lansbury resigned following a party resolution in favour of sanctions against Italy , which he opposed . He was replaced by Clement Attlee , who at first opposed rearmament , advocating the abolition of national armaments and a world peace - keeping force under the direction of the League of Nations . However , with the rising threat from Nazi Germany , and the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations , this policy eventually lost credibility , and in 1937 Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton persuaded the party to support rearmament and oppose appeasement .
The Emergency (India)
On 18 January 1977 , Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released all political prisoners though the Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977 . The opposition Janata movement 's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between `` democracy and dictatorship . ''
The Emergency (India)
In the Lok Sabha elections , held in March , Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay both lost their Lok Sabha seats , as did all the Congress Candidates in Northern states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh . Many Congress Party loyalists deserted Mrs. Gandhi . The Congress was reduced to just 153 seats , 92 of which were from four of the southern states . The Janata Party 's 298 seats and its allies ' 47 seats ( of a total 542 ) gave it a massive majority . Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India .
Karnataka
As the `` doctrine of lapse '' gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country , Kittur Chennamma , Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830 , nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . However , Kitturu was taken over by the British East India Company even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 . Other uprisings followed , such as the ones at Supa , Bagalkot , Shorapur , Nargund and Dandeli . These rebellions -- which coincided with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 -- were led by Mundargi Bhimarao , Bhaskar Rao Bhave , the Halagali Bedas , Raja Venkatappa Nayaka and others . By the late 19th century , the independence movement had gained momentum ; Karnad Sadashiva Rao , Aluru Venkata Raya , S. Nijalingappa , Kengal Hanumanthaiah , Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century .
History of India
Subhas Chandra Bose ( also called Netaji ) broke with Congress and tried to form a military alliance with Germany or Japan to gain independence . Japan helped him set up the Indian National Army ( INA ) which fought under Japanese direction , mostly in Burma . Bose also headed the Provisional Government of Free India , a government - in - exile based in Singapore . It controlled no Indian territory and was used only to raise troops for Japan .
The Emergency (India)
The Government cited threats to national security , as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded . Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the 1973 oil crisis , the economy was in poor condition . The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly . In the face of massive political opposition , desertion and disorder across the country and the party , Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son Sanjay Gandhi , whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an `` extra-constitutional authority '' . Siddhartha Shankar Ray , the Chief Minister of West Bengal , proposed to the prime minister to impose an `` internal emergency '' . He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation on the basis of information Indira had received that `` there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances '' . He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution .
Indian general election, 2014
The Aam Aadmi Party ( AAP ) , formed in 2012 , contested 432 seats and won 4 seats . The party 's manifesto focused on anti-corruption measures . Earlier in 2013 , the party had made an impressive electoral debut by winning the second highest number of seats in the Delhi Legisltive Assembly elections . After forming a short - lived minority government in Delhi , AAP was seen as a major challenger to the other political parties . However , the party lost deposits on 413 seats , surpassing the record of Doordarshi Party , which had lost deposit on 321 seats in 1991 . AAP 's leader Arvind Kejriwal unsuccessfully contested against the BJP 's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi from Varanasi . Its spokesperson Prashant Bhushan argued that AAP 's national debut performance was better than that of the winning party BJP in its first national elections in 1984 .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Supported by Congress volunteers Narhari Parikh , Mohanlal Pandya , and Abbas Tyabji , Vallabhbhai Patel began a village - by - village tour in the Kheda district , documenting grievances and asking villagers for their support for a statewide revolt by refusing to pay taxes . Patel emphasised the potential hardships and the need for complete unity and non-violence in the face of provocation . He received an enthusiastic response from virtually every village . When the revolt was launched and tax revenue withheld , the government sent police and intimidation squads to seize property , including confiscating barn animals and whole farms . Patel organised a network of volunteers to work with individual villages , helping them hide valuables and protect themselves against raids . Thousands of activists and farmers were arrested , but Patel was not . The revolt evoked sympathy and admiration across India , including among pro-British Indian politicians . The government agreed to negotiate with Patel and decided to suspend the payment of taxes for a year , even scaling back the rate . Patel emerged as a hero to Gujaratis . In 1920 he was elected president of the newly formed Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee ; he would serve as its president until 1945 .
The Emergency (India)
With the leaders of all opposition parties and other outspoken critics of her government arrested and behind bars , the entire country was in a state of shock . Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency , the Sikh leadership convened meetings in Amritsar where they resolved to oppose the `` fascist tendency of the Congress '' . The first mass protest in the country , known as the `` Campaign to Save Democracy '' was organised by the Akali Dal and launched in Amritsar , 9 July . A statement to the press recalled the historic Sikh struggle for freedom under the Mughals , then under the British , and voiced concern that what had been fought for and achieved was being lost . The police were out in force for the demonstration and arrested the protestors , including the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee ( SGPC ) leaders .