vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of ' British Empiricism ' , a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid , and ' Scottish Philosophy ' , sometimes referred to as the ' Scottish School of Common Sense ' . The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are John Locke , George Berkeley and David Hume ; while Dugald Stewart , Thomas Reid and William Hamilton were major exponents of the Scottish `` common sense '' school . Two Britons are also notable for a theory of moral philosophy utilitarianism , first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism . Other eminent philosophers from the UK and the unions and countries that preceded it include Duns Scotus , John Lilburne , Mary Wollstonecraft , Sir Francis Bacon , Adam Smith , Thomas Hobbes , William of Ockham , Bertrand Russell and A.J. `` Freddie '' Ayer . Foreign - born philosophers who settled in the UK include Isaiah Berlin , Karl Marx , Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein .
Haiku
The earliest westerner known to have written haiku was the Dutchman Hendrik Doeff ( 1764 -- 1837 ) , who was the Dutch commissioner in the Dejima trading post in Nagasaki , during the first years of the 19th century . One of his haiku :
Islamic Golden Age
The 13th century Persian poet Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America .
Vespers
The psalms and hymns of the Vespers service have attracted the interest of many composers , including Claudio Monteverdi , Antonio Vivaldi , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and Anton Bruckner . ( Sergei Rachmaninoff 's `` Vespers '' is really a setting of the Eastern Orthodox all - night vigil . )
One Thousand and One Nights
There is an abundance of poetry in One Thousand and One Nights . Characters occasionally provide poetry in certain settings , covering many uses . However , pleading , beseeching and praising the powerful is the most significant .
History of chemistry
During the Renaissance , exoteric alchemy remained popular in the form of Paracelsian iatrochemistry , while spiritual alchemy flourished , realigned to its Platonic , Hermetic , and Gnostic roots . Consequently , the symbolic quest for the philosopher 's stone was not superseded by scientific advances , and was still the domain of respected scientists and doctors until the early eighteenth century . Early modern alchemists who are renowned for their scientific contributions include Jan Baptist van Helmont , Robert Boyle , and Isaac Newton .
Wales
Despite the extinction of the professional poet , the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits . Renaissance scholars such as William Salesbury and John Davies brought humanist ideals from English universities when they returned to Wales . While in 1588 William Morgan became the first person to translate the Bible into Welsh , from Greek and Hebrew . From the 16th century onwards the proliferation of the ' free - metre ' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry , but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular . By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic , fuelled by the eisteddfod , became an obsession with Welsh - language writers . The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality . Initially the eisteddfod was askance with the religious denominations , but in time these bodies came to dominate the competitions , with the bardic themes becoming increasingly scriptural and didactic . The period is notable for the adoption by Welsh poets of bardic names , made popular by the eisteddfod movement .
Belshazzar's feast
1815 : The poem Vision of Belshazzar by Lord Byron in his Hebrew Melodies 1820s : The poem Belsazar by Heinrich Heine 1906 : The play by Hjalmar Procopé 1930s : In Howard Phillips Lovecraft 's novella , The Shadow Over Innsmouth , the character Zadok Allen says `` Mene , mene , tekel , upharsin '' to the narrator .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday Travis Green Day PJ Harvey Iggy Pop The Strokes Eels Run - D.M.C. Lo Fidelity Allstars The Living End The Donnas Manic Street Preachers Fun Lovin ' Criminals Supergrass Feeder Rancid Frank Black and the Catholics ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead OPM Public Domain Terris Eminem ( With D12 ) Marilyn Manson Papa Roach Queens of the Stone Age The Cult Xzibit ( Leeds only ) System of a Down Fear Factory Hed PE Staind Boy Hits Car
Romanticism
Influenced heavily by Lord Byron , Lermontov sought to explore the Romantic emphasis on metaphysical discontent with society and self , while Tyutchev 's poems often described scenes of nature or passions of love . Tyutchev commonly operated with such categories as night and day , north and south , dream and reality , cosmos and chaos , and the still world of winter and spring teeming with life . Baratynsky 's style was fairly classical in nature , dwelling on the models of the previous century .
Samurai
Families such as the Imagawa were influential in the development of warrior ethics and were widely quoted by other lords during their lifetime . The writings of Imagawa Sadayo were highly respected and sought out by Tokugawa Ieyasu as the source of Japanese Feudal Law . These writings were a required study among traditional Japanese until World War II . Edo
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
It is claimed that the harbour at Watchet in Somerset was the primary inspiration for the poem , although some time before , John Cruikshank , a local acquaintance of Coleridge 's , had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors . In September 2003 , a commemorative statue , by Alan B Herriot of Penicuik , Scotland , was unveiled at Watchet harbour .
Prince Hamlet
T.S. Eliot offers a similar view of Hamlet 's character in his critical essay , `` Hamlet and His Problems '' ( The Sacred Wood : Essays on Poetry and Criticism ) . He states , `` We find Shakespeare 's ' Hamlet ' not in the action , not in any quotations that we might select , so much as in an unmistakable tone ... '' .
Spanish Inquisition
Despite repeated publication of the Indexes and a large bureaucracy of censors , the activities of the Inquisition did not impede the development of Spanish literature 's `` Siglo de Oro '' , although almost all of its major authors crossed paths with the Holy Office at one point or another . Among the Spanish authors included in the Index are : Bartolomé Torres Naharro , Juan del Enzina , Jorge de Montemayor , Juan de Valdés and Lope de Vega , as well as the anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes and the Cancionero General by Hernando del Castillo . La Celestina , which was not included in the Indexes of the 16th century , was expurgated in 1632 and prohibited in its entirety in 1790 . Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid , Dante , Rabelais , Ariosto , Machiavelli , Erasmus , Jean Bodin , Valentine Naibod and Thomas More ( known in Spain as Tomás Moro ) . One of the most outstanding and best - known cases in which the Inquisition directly confronted literary activity is that of Fray Luis de León , noted humanist and religious writer of converso origin , who was imprisoned for four years ( from 1572 to 1576 ) for having translated the Song of Songs directly from Hebrew .
Shakespeare's reputation
Many English - language Modernist poets drew on Shakespeare 's works , interpreting in new ways . Ezra Pound , for instance , considered the Sonnets as a kind of apprentice work , with Shakespeare learning the art of poetry through writing them . He also declared the History plays to be the true English epic . Basil Bunting rewrote the sonnets as modernist poems by simply erasing all the words he considered unnecessary . Louis Zukofsky had read all of Shakespeare 's works by the time he was eleven , and his Bottom : On Shakespeare ( 1947 ) is a book - length prose poem exploring the role of the eye in the plays . In its original printing , a second volume consisting of a setting of The Tempest by the poet 's wife , Celia Zukofsky was also included .
Dada
Other artists , such as André Breton and Philippe Soupault , created `` literature groups to help extend the influence of Dada . ''
Mourning dove
References to mourning doves appear frequently in Native American literature . Mourning dove imagery also turns up in contemporary American and Canadian poetry in the work of poets as diverse as Robert Bly , Jared Carter , Lorine Niedecker , and Charles Wright .
Haiku
In Japanese haiku a kireji , or cutting word , typically appears at the end of one of the verse 's three phrases . A kireji fills a role somewhat analogous to a caesura in classical western poetry or to a volta in sonnets . Depending on which cutting word is chosen , and its position within the verse , it may briefly cut the stream of thought , suggesting a parallel between the preceding and following phrases , or it may provide a dignified ending , concluding the verse with a heightened sense of closure .
The Raven
`` The Raven '' was praised by fellow writers William Gilmore Simms and Margaret Fuller , though it was denounced by William Butler Yeats , who called it `` insincere and vulgar ... its execution a rhythmical trick '' . Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson said , `` I see nothing in it . '' A critic for the Southern Quarterly Review wrote in July 1848 that the poem was ruined by `` a wild and unbridled extravagance '' and that minor things like a tapping at the door and a fluttering curtain would only affect `` a child who had been frightened to the verge of idiocy by terrible ghost stories '' . An anonymous writer going by the pseudonym `` Outis '' suggested in the Evening Mirror that `` The Raven '' was plagiarized from a poem called `` The Bird of the Dream '' by an unnamed author . The writer showed 18 similarities between the poems and was made as a response to Poe 's accusations of plagiarism against Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . It has been suggested Outis was really Cornelius Conway Felton , if not Poe himself . After Poe 's death , his friend Thomas Holley Chivers said `` The Raven '' was plagiarized from one of his poems . In particular , he claimed to have been the inspiration for the meter of the poem as well as the refrain `` nevermore '' .
Vaishnavism
The Varkari poet - saints are known for their devotional lyrics , the abhang , dedicated to Vithoba and composed in Marathi . Other devotional literature includes the Kannada hymns of the Haridasa , and Marathi versions of the generic aarti songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity . Notable saints and gurus of the Varkaris include Jñāneśvar , Namdev , Chokhamela , Eknath , and Tukaram , all of whom are accorded the title of Sant .
Paul Revere
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow popularized Paul Revere in The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere , a poem first published in 1863 as part of Tales of a Wayside Inn .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The poem may have been inspired by James Cook 's second voyage of exploration ( 1772 -- 1775 ) of the South Seas and the Pacific Ocean ; Coleridge 's tutor , William Wales , was the astronomer on Cook 's flagship and had a strong relationship with Cook . On this second voyage Cook crossed three times into the Antarctic Circle to determine whether the fabled great southern continent existed . Critics have also suggested that the poem may have been inspired by the voyage of Thomas James into the Arctic .
New York Post
The most famous 19th - century New - York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant . So well respected was New - York Evening Post under Bryant 's editorship , it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill , in 1864 .
Haiku
The former president of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , is a notable haijin ( 俳人 , haiku poets ) and known as `` Haiku Herman . '' He published a book of haiku in April 2010 .
Romanticism
Byron , Keats and Shelley all wrote for the stage , but with little success in England , with Shelley 's The Cenci perhaps the best work produced , though that was not played in a public theatre in England until a century after his death . Byron 's plays , along with dramatizations of his poems and Scott 's novels , were much more popular on the Continent , and especially in France , and through these versions several were turned into operas , many still performed today . If contemporary poets had little success on the stage , the period was a legendary one for performances of Shakespeare , and went some way to restoring his original texts and removing the Augustan `` improvements '' to them . The greatest actor of the period , Edmund Kean , restored the tragic ending to King Lear ; Coleridge said that , `` Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning . '' Scotland
Ramayana
Ramayana written by Bhanubhakta Acharya is one of the most popular verses in Nepal . The popularization of the Ramayana and its tale , originally written in Sanskrit Language was greatly enhanced by the work of Bhanubhakta . Mainly because of his writing of Nepali Ramayana , Bhanubhakta is also called Aadi Kavi or The Pioneering Poet .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Though the real name of `` The Gawain Poet '' ( or poets ) is unknown , some inferences about him can be drawn from an informed reading of his works . The manuscript of Gawain is known in academic circles as Cotton Nero A.x. , following a naming system used by one of its owners , Robert Cotton , a collector of Medieval English texts . Before the Gawain manuscript came into Cotton 's possession , it was in the library of Henry Savile of Banke in Yorkshire . Little is known about its previous ownership , and until 1824 , when the manuscript was introduced to the academic community in a second edition of Thomas Warton 's History edited by Richard Price , it was almost entirely unknown . Even then , the Gawain poem was not published in its entirety until 1839 . Now held in the British Library , it has been dated to the late 14th century , meaning the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer , author of The Canterbury Tales , though it is unlikely that they ever met . The three other works found in the same manuscript as Gawain ( commonly known as Pearl , Patience , and Purity or Cleanliness ) are often considered to be written by the same author . However , the manuscript containing these poems was transcribed by a copyist and not by the original poet . Although nothing explicitly suggests that all four poems are by the same poet , comparative analysis of dialect , verse form , and diction have pointed towards single authorship .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
`` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in May 1819 and published anonymously in the January 1820 , Number 15 , issue of the magazine Annals of the Fine Arts ( see 1820 in poetry ) .
Renaissance
Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious themes and mysticism , with poets such as fray Luis de León , Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross , and treated issues related to the exploration of the New World , with chroniclers and writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las Casas , giving rise to a body of work , now known as Spanish Renaissance literature . The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de Victoria and Antonio de Cabezón .
Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry .
Romanticism
Some authors cite 16th century poet Isabella di Morra as an early precursor of Romantic literature . Her lyrics covering themes of isolation and loneliness which reflected the tragic events of her life are considered `` an impressive prefigurement of Romanticism '' , differing from the Petrarchist fashion of the time based on the philosophy of love .
Jordan (name)
Jordan of Osnabrück , a German political writer Jordan Belfort , American author , The Wolf of Wall Street Jordan Bonel de Confolens , a troubadour Jordan Fantosme , an Anglo - Norman poet and historian Jordan Sonnenblick , an American writer
Medieval music
For information about specific French composers writing in late medieval era , see Jehan de Lescurel , Philippe de Vitry , Guillaume de Machaut , Borlet , Solage , and François Andrieu .
Romanticism
Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality , fantasy and imagination , personality cults , folklore and country life , and the propagation of ideals of freedom . In the second period , many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad , often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas . Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country 's sovereignty . Elements of mysticism became more prominent . There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz ( the prophet ) . The wieszcz ( bard ) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence . The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz .
To Autumn
Scholars have noted a number of literary influences on `` To Autumn '' , from Virgil 's Georgics , to Edmund Spenser 's `` Mutability Cantos '' , to the language of Thomas Chatterton , to Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's `` Frost at Midnight '' , to an essay on autumn by Leigh Hunt , which Keats had recently read .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday The Wonder Stuff The Charlatans Public Image Ltd . PJ Harvey Mega City Four Milltown Brothers The Fatima Mansions Redd Kross Public Enemy Ride EMF Manic Street Preachers The Farm The Smashing Pumpkins Rollins Band Thousand Yard Stare Buffalo Tom Therapy ? Nirvana Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds Mudhoney Teenage Fanclub L7 ( special guests ) Beastie Boys Björn Again Pavement Screaming Trees Melvins
William Tyndale
George Steiner in his book on translation After Babel refers to `` the influence of the genius of Tyndale , the greatest of English Bible translators ... '' ( After Babel p. 366 ) . He has also appeared as a character in two plays dealing with the King James Bible , Howard Brenton 's Anne Boleyn ( 2010 ) and David Edgar 's Written on the Heart ( 2011 ) .
Our Casuarina Tree
Even in France and Italy ( where the poet studied ) , she can hear the tree 's lament . The poet wishes to consecrate the tree 's memory and importance for the sake of those who are now dead - and looks ahead to her own death , hoping that the tree be spared obscurity ( or that no - one will remember it ) . She immortalizes the tree through this poem like how Wordsworth sanctified the Yew trees of Borrowdale . She says `` May love defend thee from Oblivion 's curse ' '' - expressing her wish that love shield her tree against the curse of forgetfulness ( Oblivion ) , that the tree be remembered out of love and not because it can not be forgotten ( Oblivion 's curse , the inability to be forgotten ) .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
`` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' was not well received by contemporary critics . It was only by the mid-19th century that it began to be praised , although it is now considered to be one of the greatest odes in the English language . A long debate over the poem 's final statement divided 20th - century critics , but most agreed on the beauty of the work , despite various perceived inadequacies .
Chinese Buddhism
The translations of Kumārajīva have often remained more popular than those of other translators . Among the most well - known are his translations of the Diamond Sutra , the Amitabha Sutra , the Lotus Sutra , the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra , the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā , and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra . A
Iliad
John Keats praised Chapman in the sonnet On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer ( 1816 ) . John Ogilby 's mid-seventeenth - century translation is among the early annotated editions ; Alexander Pope 's 1715 translation , in heroic couplet , is `` The classic translation that was built on all the preceding versions '' , and , like Chapman 's , it is a major poetic work in its own right . William Cowper 's Miltonic , blank verse 1791 edition is highly regarded for its greater fidelity to the Greek than either the Chapman or the Pope versions : `` I have omitted nothing ; I have invented nothing '' , Cowper says in prefacing his translation .
Lake District
The Lakes has been an inspirations for many notable artists . Some of the most famous artists to depict the region in their work have been Alfred Heaton Cooper and William Heaton Cooper .
Latin America
Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied , ranging from the best - selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant - garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit , Giannina Braschi , Ricardo Piglia , or Roberto Bolaño . There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio , texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú . Finally , a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel .
Dejection: An Ode
`` Dejection : An Ode '' is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1802 . The poem in its original form was written to Sara Hutchinson , a woman who was not his wife , and discusses his feelings of love for her . The various versions of the poem describe Coleridge 's inability to write poetry and living in a state of paralysis , but published editions remove his personal feelings and mention of Hutchinson .
United States
In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' .
Utilitarianism
Although utilitarianism is usually thought to start with Jeremy Bentham , there were earlier writers who presented theories that were strikingly similar . In An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals , David Hume writes :