vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Stephen
Stephen or Steven is a common English first name . It is particularly significant to Christians , as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( Greek Στέφανος Stéphanos ) , an early disciple and deacon who , according to the Book of Acts , was stoned to death ; he is widely regarded as the first martyr ( or `` protomartyr '' ) of the Christian Church . The name `` Stephen '' ( and its more common variant `` Steven '' ) is derived from Greek Στέφανος ( Stéphanos ) , a first name from the Greek word στέφανος ( stéphanos ) , meaning `` wreath , crown '' and by extension `` reward , honor '' , from the verb στέφειν ( stéphein ) , `` to encircle , to wreathe '' . In Ancient Greece , crowning wreaths ( such as laurel wreaths ) were given to the winners of contests . Originally , as the verb suggests , the noun had a more general meaning of any `` circle '' -- including a circle of people , a circling wall around a city , and , in its earliest recorded use , the circle of a fight , which is found in the Iliad of Homer .
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
The Doors : A set of carved oak doors that lead through Time . Old Ones can summon these doors to appear at will to transport themselves through time and space . The doors disappear when the Old Ones pass through them , accompanied by the haunting bell chime music of the Light . Their origin is not explained in the books .
Sundial
The gnomon is usually fixed relative to the dial face , but not always ; in some designs such as the analemmatic sundial , the style is moved according to the month . If the style is fixed , the line on the dial plate perpendicularly beneath the style is called the substyle , meaning `` below the style '' . The angle the style makes with the plane of the dial plate is called the substyle height , an unusual use of the word height to mean an angle . On many wall dials , the substyle is not the same as the noon line ( see below ) . The angle on the dial plate between the noon line and the substyle is called the substyle distance , an unusual use of the word distance to mean an angle .
Divergent boundary
Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth 's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary . This supplies the area with vast amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere ( or upper mantle ) beneath the rift area forming large flood basalt or lava flows . Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time , but when it does occur , it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other .
Japanese cuisine
In Japan , it is customary to say itadakimasu ( `` I ( humbly ) receive '' ) before starting to eat a meal . When saying itadakimasu , both hands are put together in front of the chest or on the lap . Itadakimasu is preceded by complimenting the appearance of food . The Japanese attach as much importance to the aesthetic arrangement of the food as its actual taste . Before touching the food , it is polite to compliment the host on his artistry . It is also a polite custom to wait for the eldest guest at the table to start eating before the other diners start . Another customary and important etiquette is to say go - chisō - sama deshita ( `` It was a feast '' ) to the host after the meal and the restaurant staff when leaving .
Cool jazz
Gioia also identifies cool 's influence upon other idioms , such as new - age , minimalism , pop , folk , and world music .
Love lock
In Fengyuan , Taiwan , love padlocks affixed to an overpass at the city 's train station are often affixed in pairs . These locks are known as `` wish locks '' and local legend holds that the magnetic field generated by trains passing underneath will cause energy to accumulate in the locks and fulfill the wishes . On a fountain in Montevideo in Uruguay , a plaque is affixed to the front of the fountain that provides an explanation in both English and Spanish . The English version of the text reads , `` The legend of this young fountain tells us that if a lock with the initials of two people in love is placed in it , they will return together to the fountain and their love will be forever locked . ''
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Harry discovers an innate talent for flying on broomsticks and is appointed as Seeker on his House 's Quidditch team , a wizards ' sport played in the air . His first game goes well until his broomstick wobbles in mid-air and almost throws him off . Ron and Hermione suspect foul play from Snape , whom they saw behaving oddly . For Christmas , Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source and begins exploring the school at night and investigating the hidden object further . He discovers the Mirror of Erised ( backwards for `` desire '' ) , in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires becoming true .
Brown Sugar (The Rolling Stones song)
The song was performed routinely during the Stones ' 1970 European Tour , occupying a prominent spot near the end of the set list even though audiences were unfamiliar with it . It eventually opened the famed 1972 American Tour shows and has been a Stones concert stalwart since .
Curling
Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . Players
Ancient Roman architecture
In architecture , a monolith is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock . Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings . They were either : quarried without being moved ; or quarried and moved ; or quarried , moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position ( e.g. architraves ) ; or quarried , moved and erected in an upright position ( e.g. columns ) .
Jewish wedding
Today , erusin / kiddushin occurs when the groom gives the bride a ring or other object of value with the intent of creating a marriage . There are differing opinions as to which part of the ceremony constitutes nissuin / chuppah ; they include standing under the canopy - itself called a chuppah - and being alone together in a room ( yichud ) . While historically these two events could take place as much as a year apart , they are now commonly combined into one ceremony .
Hair of the dog
In China , alcohol drunk to relieve hangover is called `` 回 魂 酒 '' , literally translates to `` the drink that brings back your soul ''. The phrase also exists in ( Cheng ) Swahili Slang : In Kenya taking alcohol to relieve a hangover is called `` Kutoa Lock '' Translated into `` removing the Lock ''
Branches of science
Earth science ( also known as geoscience , the geosciences or the Earth sciences ) is an all - embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth . It is arguably a special case in planetary science , the Earth being the only known life - bearing planet . There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences . The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere , hydrosphere , oceans and biosphere , as well as the solid earth . Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics , chemistry , biology , geography , chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works , and how it evolved to its current state . Ecology
Ancient Greek architecture
Doric columns are almost always cut with grooves , known as `` fluting '' , which run the length of the column and are usually 20 in number , although sometimes fewer . The flutes meet at sharp edges called arrises . At the top of the columns , slightly below the narrowest point , and crossing the terminating arrises , are three horizontal grooves known as the hypotrachelion . Doric columns have no bases , until a few examples in the Hellenistic period .
Mycenaean Greece
Cyclopean is the term normally applied to the masonry characteristics of Mycenaean fortification systems and describes walls built of large , unworked boulders more than 8 m ( 26 ft ) thick and weighing several metric tonnes . They were roughly fitted together without the use of mortar or clay to bind them , though smaller hunks of limestone fill the interstices . Their placement formed a polygonal pattern giving the curtain wall an irregular but imposing appearance . At the top it would have been wide enough for a walkway with a narrow protective parapet on the outer edge and with hoop - like crenellations . The term Cyclopean was derived by the latter Greeks of the Classical era who believed that only the mythical giants , the Cyclopes , could have constructed such megalithic structures . On the other hand , cut stone masonry is used only in and around gateways . Another typical feature of Mycenaean megalithic construction was the use of a relieving triangle above a lintel block -- an opening , often triangular , designed to reduce the weight over the lintel . The space was filled with some lighter stone .
Ash Wednesday
Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday , either by being sprinkled over their heads or , in English - speaking countries , more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross . The words ( based on Genesis 3 : 19 ) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are , `` Memento , homo , quia pulvis es , et in pulverem reverteris . '' ( `` Remember , man , that thou art dust , and to dust thou shalt return . '' ) This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great ( c. 540 -- 604 ) . In the 1969 revision of the Roman Rite , an alternative formula ( based on Mark 1 : 15 ) was introduced and given first place `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' and the older formula was translated as `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The old formula , based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin , reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus , implicitly , of their need to repent in time . The newer formula makes explicit what was only implicit in the old .
Diamond
After initial cutting , the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing . Unlike cutting , which is a responsible but quick operation , polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time consuming . The associated technique is well developed ; it is considered as a routine and can be performed by technicians . After polishing , the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws , either remaining or induced by the process . Those flaws are concealed through various diamond enhancement techniques , such as repolishing , crack filling , or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry . Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced . Marketing
Groundling
`` There are separate galleries and there one stands more comfortably and moreover can sit , but one pays more for it . Thus anyone who remains on the level standing pays only one English penny : but if he wants to sit , he is let in at a farther door , and there he gives another penny . If he desires to sit on a cushion in the most comfortable place of all , where he not only sees everything well , but can also be seen then he gives yet another English penny at another door . And in the pauses of the comedy food and drink are carried round amongst the people and one can thus refresh himself at his own cost . ''
List of Cars characters
He is a stereotypical hippie , as he has stickers of the peace sign and flowers with his license plate positioned to resemble a soul patch . His name is a reference to the Fillmore East , a venue that was an epicenter for rock performances throughout the 1960s and 1970s ( The Allman Brothers , The Grateful Dead , and Jimi Hendrix all made notable live recordings there , to name a few ) . He owns an organic fuel shop ( Fillmore 's Organic Fuel ) which features several flavors , and believes gasoline companies are lying to the public . He is implied to smoke marijuana , as it is indirectly referenced when he speaks of his organic fuel use . In the morning , when next - door neighbor Sarge plays Reveille and raises the Flag of the United States , Fillmore interrupts Sarge 's bugle reveille with Jimi Hendrix 's rendition of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . This is much to Sarge 's irritation , as he yells at Fillmore :
Ancient Roman architecture
Insulae have been the subject of great debate for historians of Roman culture , defining the various meanings of the word . Insula was a word used to describe apartment buildings , or the apartments themselves , meaning apartment , or inhabitable room , demonstrating just how small apartments for Plebes were . Urban divisions were originally street blocks , and later began to divide into smaller divisions , the word insula referring to both blocks and smaller divisions . The insula contained cenacula , tabernae , storage rooms under the stairs , and lower floor shops . Another type of housing unit for Plebes was a cenaculum , an apartment , divided into three individual rooms : cubiculum , exedra , and medianum . Common Roman apartments were mainly masses of smaller and larger structures , many with narrow balconies that present mysteries as to their use , having no doors to access them , and they lacked the excessive decoration and display of wealth that aristocrats ' houses contained . Luxury in houses was not common , as the life of the average person did not consist of being in their houses , as they instead would go to public baths , and engage in other communal activities .
History of chemistry
Alchemy is defined by the Hermetic quest for the philosopher 's stone , the study of which is steeped in symbolic mysticism , and differs greatly from modern science . Alchemists toiled to make transformations on an esoteric ( spiritual ) and / or exoteric ( practical ) level . It was the protoscientific , exoteric aspects of alchemy that contributed heavily to the evolution of chemistry in Greco - Roman Egypt , the Islamic Golden Age , and then in Europe . Alchemy and chemistry share an interest in the composition and properties of matter , and prior to the eighteenth century were not separated into distinct disciplines . The term chymistry has been used to describe the blend of alchemy and chemistry that existed before this time .
Clay
Clay is a finely - grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz ( SiO ) , metal oxides ( Al O , MgO etc . ) and organic matter . Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure . Clays are plastic due to particle size and geometry as well as water content , and become hard , brittle and non -- plastic upon drying or firing . Depending on the soil 's content in which it is found , clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange - red . Electron
Storm drain
Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge ( often covered by a grating ) into a canal , river , lake , reservoir , sea or ocean . Other than catchbasins , typically there are no treatment facilities in the piping system . Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry wells . Storm drains may be interconnected using slotted pipe , to make a larger dry well system . Storm drains may discharge into man - made excavations known as recharge basins or retention ponds .
Storm drain
Some of the heavier sediment and small objects may settle in a catchbasin , or sump , which lies immediately below the outlet , where water from the top of the catchbasin reservoir overflows into the sewer proper . The catchbasin serves much the same function as the `` trap '' in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects .
Storm drain
Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and / or storms . When storm drains are inundated , basement and street flooding can occur . In many areas , detention tanks are required to be installed inside a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during heavy rain . Some storm drains lead to a mixing of stormwater ( rainwater ) with sewage , either intentionally -- in the case of combined sewers -- or unintentionally .
Storm drain
The first flush from urban runoff can be extremely dirty . Storm water may become contaminated while running down the road or other impervious surface , or from lawn chemical run - off , before entering the drain . Lack
Storm drain
Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the storm water , untreated , into rivers or streams . Many local governments conduct public awareness campaigns about this , lest waste be dumped into the storm drain system . In the city of Cleveland , Ohio , for example , all new catch basins installed have inscriptions on them not to dump any waste , and usually include a fish imprint as well . Trout Unlimited Canada recommends that a yellow fish symbol be painted next to existing storm drains .
Storm drain
A storm drain , storm sewer ( U.S. and Canada ) , surface water drain / sewer ( United Kingdom ) , or stormwater drain ( Australia and New Zealand ) is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets , car parks , parking lots , footpaths , sidewalks , and roofs . Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems .
Storm drain
Storm drains are typically at shallower depths than combined sewers ; because , while storm drains are designed to accept surface runoff from streets , combined sewers were designed to also accept sewage flows from buildings with basements .
Storm drain
Clogged drains can also contribute to flooding by the obstruction of storm drains . Communities or cities can help reduce this by cleaning leaves from the storm drains which can result in ponding or flooding into yards . Snow in the winter can also clog drains when there is an unusual amount of rain in the winter and snow is plowed atop storm drains .
Storm drain
Drains are fed by street gutters on most motorways , freeways and other busy roads , as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall , flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms . Even the gutters from houses and buildings can be connected to the storm drain . Many storm drainage systems are designed as gravity sewers draining untreated storm water into rivers or streams . As a result , it is not acceptable to pour certain types of chemicals into the drains .
Storm drain
Storm drains are often unable to manage the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and / or storms . When storm drains are inundated , basement and street flooding can occur . Unlike catastrophic flooding events , this type of urban flooding occurs in built - up areas where man - made drainage systems are prevalent . Urban flooding is the primary cause of sewer backups and basement flooding which can affect properties year after year .
Storm drain
New York City , Washington DC , Seattle and other cities with combined systems have this problem due to a large influx of storm water after every heavy rain . Some cities have dealt with this by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold the water until it can be treated . Chicago has a system of tunnels , collectively called the Deep Tunnel , underneath the city for storing its stormwater . In many areas detention tanks or roof detention systems are required to be installed for a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during a heavy rain . An overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher on the outlet side of the detention tank . This overflow would prevent the detention tank from completely filling up . By restricting the flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank or by roof detention public sewers are far less likely to become surcharged .
Storm drain
Many inlets have gratings or grids to prevent people , vehicles , large objects or debris from falling into the storm drain . Grate bars are spaced so that the flow of water is not impeded , but sediment and many small objects can also fall through . However , if grate bars are too far apart , the openings may present a risk to pedestrians , bicyclists , and others in the vicinity . Grates with long narrow slots parallel to traffic flow are of particular concern to cyclists , as the front tire of a bicycle may become stuck , causing the cyclist to go over the handlebars or lose control and fall . Storm drains in streets and parking areas must be strong enough to support the weight of vehicles , and are often made of cast iron or reinforced concrete . Old
Storm drain
Storm drains are separate and distinct from sanitary sewer systems . The separation of storm sewers from sanitary sewers helps to prevent sewage treatment plants becoming overwhelmed by infiltration / inflow during a rainstorm , which can result in untreated sewage being discharged into the environment .
Storm drain
A storm drain discharging into the River Brent in the UK . Iron Cove Creek , Sydney , Australia . Inside of a large reinforced concrete box storm drain in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada . Storm drain in Obertraun , Austria . Storm drain overflowing in Durham , North Carolina . 114 '' pipe installation ; Pipe : 114 '' aluminized type 2 ; Flow : 25 cubic meters / second ; This is a storm drain in Guasave , Mexico . The inlet to a storm drain in Markeaton , Derby allowing a river to overflow into the storm drain . Inside the Markeaton Interceptor Storm Relief Culvert Old storm drain in Kutná Hora , the Czech Republic
Storm drain
There are two main types of stormwater drain ( highway drain or road gully in the UK ) inlets : side inlets and grated inlets . Side inlets are located adjacent to the curb ( kerb ) and rely on the ability of the opening under the backstone or lintel to capture flow . They are usually depressed at the invert of the channel to improve capture capacity .
Storm drain
Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems ( UK term ) or low impact development or green infrastructure practices ( US terms ) into municipal plans . To reduce stormwater from rooftops , flows from eaves troughs ( rain gutters and downspouts ) may be infiltrated into adjacent soil , rather than discharged into the storm sewer system . Storm water runoff from paved surfaces can be directed to unlined ditches ( sometimes called swales or bioswales ) before flowing into the storm sewers , again to allow the runoff to soak into the ground . Permeable paving materials can be used in building sidewalks , driveways and in some cases , parking lots , to infiltrate a portion of the stormwater volume .
Storm drain
An international subculture has grown up around the exploration of stormwater drains . Societies such as the Cave Clan regularly explore the drains underneath cities . This is commonly known as `` urban exploration '' , but is also known as draining when in specific relation to storm drains .
Storm drain
In many areas , detention tanks are required to be installed inside a property and are used to temporarily hold rainwater runoff during heavy rains and restrict the outlet flow to the public sewer . This lessens the risk of the public sewer being overburdened during heavy rain . An overflow outlet may also be utilized which connects higher on the outlet side of the detention tank . This overflow would prevent the detention tank from completely filling up . By restricting the flow of water in this way and temporarily holding the water in a detention tank public sewers are far less likely to become surcharged .