vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Soviet Union in World War II
In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany , on 13 April 1941 , Stalin oversaw the signing of a neutrality pact with Japan . Since the Treaty of Portsmouth , Russia had been competing with Japan for spheres of influence in the Far East , where there was a power vacuum with the collapse of Imperial China . Although similar to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with the Third Reich , that Soviet Union signed Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact with the Empire of Japan , to maintain the national interest of Soviet 's sphere of influence in the European continent as well as the Far East conquest , whilst among the few countries in the world diplomatically recognising Manchukuo , and allowed the rise of German invasion in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia , but the Japanese defeat of Battles of Khalkhin Gol was the forceful factor to the temporary settlement before Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 as the result of Yalta Conference . While Stalin had little faith in Japan 's commitment to neutrality , he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism , to reinforce a public affection for Germany , before military confrontation when Hitler controlled Western Europe and for Soviet Union to take control Eastern Europe . Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union , though Stalin was not aware of Hitler 's further military ambition .
Japan–Netherlands relations
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Causes of World War II
Spain negotiated with joining the Axis but remained neutral during World War II , and did business with both sides . It also sent a volunteer unit to help the Germans against the USSR . Whilst it was considered in the 1940s and 1950s to be a prelude to World War II and It prefigured the war to some extent ( as it changed it into an antifascists contest after 1941 ) , it bore no resemblance to the war that started in 1939 and had no major role in causing it .
Military history of the United States during World War II
On 16 June 1941 , after negotiation with Churchill , Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces . On 22 June 1941 , the US Navy sent Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) from Charleston , South Carolina to assemble at Argentia , Newfoundland . TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego , California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston . Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) sailed from Argentia on 1 July . On 7 July , Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S. - Icelandic defense agreement , and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening . U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July , and disembarkation was completed on 12 July . On 6 August , the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP - 73 PBY Catalinas and VP - 74 PBM Mariners . U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August , and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942 . Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the island , outnumbering adult Icelandic men ( at the time , Iceland had a population of about 120,000 . ) The agreement was for the US military to remain until the end of the war ( although the US military presence in Iceland remained through 2006 , as postwar Iceland became a member of NATO ) .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier .
Causes of World War II
Tensions created by those ideologies and the dissatisfactions of those powers with the interwar international order steadily increased . Italy laid claim on Ethiopia and conquered it in 1935 , Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria in 1931 and expanded beyond in China from 1937 , and Germany systematically flouted the Versailles treaty , reintroducing conscription in 1935 with the Stresa Front 's failure after having secretly started re-armament , remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936 , annexing Austria in March 1938 , and the Sudetenland in October 1938 .
Saudi Arabia
The new kingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues . In 1938 , vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al - Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf , and full - scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US - controlled Aramco ( Arabian American Oil Company ) . Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally .
Spratly Islands dispute
On 11 March 1976 , the first major Philippine oil discovery occurred off the coast of Palawan , near the Spratly Islands territory . In 2010 , these oil fields supplied 15 % of all petroleum consumed in the Philippines . In 1992 , the PRC and Vietnam granted oil exploration contracts to US oil companies that covered overlapping areas in the Spratlys . In May 1992 , the China National Offshore Oil Corporation ( CNOOC ) and Crestone Energy ( a US company based in Denver , Colorado ) signed a co-operation contract for the joint exploration of the Wan'an Bei - 21 block , a 25,155 square kilometres ( 9,710 sq mi ) section of the southwestern South China Sea that includes Spratly Island areas . Part of the Crestone 's contract covered Vietnam 's blocks 133 and 134 , where PetroVietnam , PetroStar Energy ( USA ) and ConocoPhillips Vietnam Exploration & Production , a unit of ConocoPhillips , agreed to evaluate prospects in April 1992 . This led to a confrontation between China and Vietnam , with each demanding that the other cancel its contract .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto .
World War II
After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red
Korea under Japanese rule
Japanese administration of the Korean Peninsula was directed through the General Government . After the Japanese withdrawal from the Korean Peninsula followed by the Japanese surrender to Allied forces at the end of the Second World War , Korea returned to self - government , albeit under two separate governments and economic systems backed ( in the north ) by the Soviet Union and ( in the south ) by the United States .
Standard Oil
Over the next few decades , both companies grew significantly . Jersey Standard , led by Walter C. Teagle , became the largest oil producer in the world . It acquired a 50 percent share in Humble Oil & Refining Co. , a Texas oil producer . Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co. , a major refiner , marketer and pipeline transporter . In 1931 , Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co. , an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 , and a growing Standard Oil spin - off in its own right .
German declaration of war against the United States
From the point of view of Hitler and much of the German political and military elite , declaring war against the U.S. in response to the Pearl Harbor attack was a calculated risk in fighting the U.S. before they were prepared to effectively defend themselves . By that time , the German leadership believed that the United States was effectively acting as a belligerent in the conflict , given actions such as Lend - Lease of supplies to Britain to sustain their war effort , President Roosevelt 's public statements , the deployment of American soldiers and Marines to Iceland , and U.S. Navy escorts of convoys across the Atlantic , which sometimes came into contact with U-boats ; these acts , as well as America 's previous intervention in World War I , led to the assumption that war between them was inevitable . As such , the decision was made to use the attack as a rationale for an official declaration of war in order to drive Britain out of the conflict by widening submarine operations and directly attacking U.S. commercial shipping . While Hitler 's declaration of war against the United States eventually led to his downfall , initially it seemed successful in its objective of more effectively cutting Britain 's supply lines , as the U.S. military 's lack of tactics , equipment , and procedures for fighting U-boats caused 1942 to be the most devastating year of the war for shipping losses ; the war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
On May 12 , twelve young men in New York publicly burned their draft cards to protest the war . August -- Prompted by the Gulf of Tonkin incident , Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . In December 1964 , Joan Baez leads six hundred people in an antiwar demonstration in San Francisco .
World War II
The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Many political activists have begun calling for a phase - out of nuclear power in Japan , including Amory Lovins , who claimed , `` Japan is poor in fuels , but is the richest of all major industrial countries in renewable energy that can meet the entire long - term energy needs of an energy - efficient Japan , at lower cost and risk than current plans . Japanese industry can do it faster than anyone -- if Japanese policymakers acknowledge and allow it '' . Benjamin K. Sovacool asserted that Japan could have exploited instead its renewable energy base . Japan has a total of `` 324 GW of achievable potential in the form of onshore and offshore wind turbines ( 222 GW ) , geothermal power plants ( 70 GW ) , additional hydroelectric capacity ( 26.5 GW ) , solar energy ( 4.8 GW ) and agricultural residue ( 1.1 GW ) . ''
Surrender of Japan
Via Ultra intercepts , the Allies also detected increased diplomatic and military traffic , which was taken as evidence that the Japanese were preparing an `` all - out banzai attack . '' President Truman ordered a resumption of attacks against Japan at maximum intensity `` so as to impress Japanese officials that we mean business and are serious in getting them to accept our peace proposals without delay . '' The United States Third Fleet began shelling the Japanese coast . In the largest bombing raid of the Pacific War , more than 400 B - 29s attacked Japan during daylight on August 14 , and more than 300 that night . A total of 1,014 aircraft were used with no losses .
Cold War
United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases .
Surrender of Japan
These `` twin shocks '' -- the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and the Soviet entry -- had immediate profound effects on Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki and Foreign Minister Tōgō Shigenori , who concurred that the government must end the war at once . However , the senior leadership of the Japanese Army took the news in stride , grossly underestimating the scale of the attack . With the support of Minister of War Anami , they started preparing to impose martial law on the nation , to stop anyone attempting to make peace . Hirohito told Kido to `` quickly control the situation '' because `` the Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us . ''
Military history of the United States during World War II
In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines , the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943 . Moving closer to Japan , the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944 . The goal was building airbases within range of the new B - 29 bomber aimed at Japan 's industrial cities . Liberation
Standard Oil
Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing , transporting , refining , and marketing company . Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation in Ohio , it was the largest oil refinery in the world of its time . Its controversial history as one of the world 's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911 , when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
On November 30 , 1941 , Prince Takamatsu warned his brother , Hirohito , the navy felt the Empire could not fight more than two years against the United States and wished to avoid war . After consulting with Kōichi Kido ( who advised him to take his time until he was convinced ) and Tōjō , the Emperor called Shigetarō Shimada and Nagano , who reassured him that war would be successful . On December 1 , Hirohito finally approved a `` war against United States , Great Britain and Holland '' during another Imperial Conference , to commence with a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at its main forward base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii .
World War II
Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military , but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies . The city was also a communications center , a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns ; children were shown how to construct and hurl gasoline bombs and the wheelchair - bound and bedridden were assembling booby traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu . A new slogan appeared on the walls of Hiroshima : `` FORGET SELF ! ALL OUT FOR YOUR COUNTRY ! '' It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto .
Technology during World War II
The USA added tetra ethyl lead to its aviation fuel , with which it supplied Britain and other Allies . This octane enhancing additive allowed higher compression ratios , allowing higher efficiency , giving more speed and range to Allied Airplanes , and reducing the cooling load .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975 . The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from 20 long years of political and economic action . These had the common incentive of ending the growing communist domination in Vietnam . At the time , French forces , allies of the U.S. , were backed by America -- President Harry S. Truman provided progressively increasing amounts of financial and military assistance to French forces fighting in Vietnam . From the spring of 1950 , their involvement increased from just assisting French troops to providing direct military assistance to the associated states ( Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia ) . Eventually , U.S. missions were carried out at a more constant rate by sending out increasing number of military assistance from the United States . Their main intent was to restrict the Communist domination that was present in the government of Vietnam as it would soon lead to a chain of neighbouring countries adopting the same . This would have resulted in a change in balance of power throughout Southeast Asia . The U.S. foreign policy establishment saw national security interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it . Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society , however , including the US congress. .
Vietnam War
Indochina was a French colony during the 19th century . When the Japanese invaded during World War II , the Viet Minh opposed them with support from the US , the Soviet Union and China . They received some Japanese arms when Japan surrendered . The Viet Minh , a Communist - led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh , then initiated an insurgency against French rule . Hostilities escalated into the First Indochina War ( beginning in December 1946 ) . By the 1950s , the conflict had become entwined with the Cold War . In January 1950 , China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam , based in Hanoi , as the legitimate government of Vietnam . The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French - backed State of Vietnam in Saigon , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , as the legitimate Vietnamese government . The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 .
British Empire in World War II
During the 1930s , a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of right - wing , militaristic governments in Germany , Italy and Japan . Germany threatened Britain itself , while Italy and Japan 's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively . However , there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat , and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time .
History of democracy
Japan had moved towards democracy during the Taishō period during the 1920s , but it was under effective military rule in the years before and during World War II . The country adopted a new constitution during the postwar Allied occupation , with initial elections in 1946 .
Korea under Japanese rule
American forces under General John R. Hodge arrived at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula on 8 September 1945 , while the Soviet Army and some Korean Communists had stationed themselves in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula . U.S. Colonel Dean Rusk proposed to Chischakov , the Soviet military administrator of northern Korea , that Korea should be split at the 38th parallel . This proposal was made at an emergency meeting to determine postwar spheres of influence , which led to the division of Korea .
Surrender of Japan
By 1945 , the Japanese had suffered a string of defeats for nearly two years in the South West Pacific , the Marianas campaign , and the Philippines campaign . In July 1944 , following the loss of Saipan , General Hideki Tōjō was replaced as prime minister by General Kuniaki Koiso , who declared that the Philippines would be the site of the decisive battle . After the Japanese loss of the Philippines , Koiso in turn was replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki . The Allies captured the nearby islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in the first half of 1945 . Okinawa was to be a staging area for Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of the Japanese Home Islands . Following Germany 's defeat , the Soviet Union began quietly redeploying its battle - hardened European forces to the Far East , in addition to about forty divisions that had been stationed there since 1941 , as a counterbalance to the million - strong Kwantung Army .