vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
GEICO advertising campaigns
If You 're a Golf Commentator , You Whisper : Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament , when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people . The commentators continue to describe the scene , calmly and quietly . If You 're the Band Europe , You Love a Final Countdown : In a company break room , an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven ; suddenly , the rock band Europe is in the room with him , singing `` The Final Countdown '' while the timer on the microwave counts down . If You 're Peter Pan , You Stay Young Forever : Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion . If You 're a Mom , You Call at the Worst Time -- An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him . If You 're a Couple , You Fight Over Directions -- Tarzan and Jane are lost . Tarzan is confident about his way , but Jane asks Cheeta for directions . If You Have Alligator Arms , You Avoid Picking up the Check -- A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill , and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it , but he can not reach it because of his tiny arms . If You Sit on Your Phone , You Butt Dial People -- A man is about to propose to his girlfriend , but her brother calls her . She answers , but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event . If You 're a Parrot , You Repeat Things -- A parrot on a pirate 's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone , causing the crew to mutiny against him . The parrot even repeats the voiceover 's GEICO slogan `` It 's What You Do '' . If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone , You Pretend Like You 're Sleeping -- Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber , but fails . After he leaves , Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television .
Adolescence
The relationships adolescents have with their peers , family , and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent . As an adolescent 's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances , they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends . This is not harmful ; however , if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations , this is an aspect of peer pressure . Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with . This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions , which also makes this a sensitive period . Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual . These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities , how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality . `` The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation . In other words , by comparing one person 's personality characteristics to another 's , we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality ( and , ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons ) . '' This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one 's identity and self - concept , which includes ones personality , and underscores the importance of communication , and thus relationships , in one 's development . In social comparison we use reference groups , with respect to both psychological and identity development . These reference groups are the peers of adolescents . This means that who the teen chooses / accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become . Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual . Family
Theory of mind
However , children from Iran and China develop theory of mind in a slightly different order . Although they begin the development of theory of mind around the same time , toddlers from these countries understand knowledge access ( KA ) before Western children but take longer to understand false beliefs ( FB ) . Researchers believe this swap in the developmental order is related to the culture of collectivism in Iran and China , which emphasizes interdependence and shared knowledge as opposed to the culture of individualism in Western countries , which promotes individuality and conflicting opinions . Because of these different cultural values , Iranian and Chinese children might take longer to understand that other people have different , sometimes false , beliefs . This suggests that the development of theory of mind is not universal and solely determined by innate brain processes but also influenced by social and cultural factors .
Eid al-Adha
At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon , Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one other ( Eid Mubarak ) , give gifts and visit one another . Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their non-Muslim friends , neighbours , co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture .
Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
Menus may be customized for a specific dinner service , such as ethnic - themed dishes or plates that resulted from the earlier challenge . One service per season allows for the teams to develop their own menus , which are reviewed by Ramsay for quality and presentation beforehand . Dinner services may include additional challenges . A chef from each team may be asked to serve a table - side meal for their team , serve celebrities sitting at the kitchen 's chef 's table , or act as a server for the evening taking and fulfilling orders . After the chefs are on a single black team , Ramsay will use one dinner service to ask each chef to run the pass to test their quality control , including deliberate mistakes made by the sous chefs or Ramsay himself .
Culture
From the 1970s onward , Stuart Hall 's pioneering work , along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis , Dick Hebdige , Tony Jefferson , and Angela McRobbie , created an international intellectual movement . As the field developed , it began to combine political economy , communication , sociology , social theory , literary theory , media theory , film / video studies , cultural anthropology , philosophy , museum studies , and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts . In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology , nationality , ethnicity , social class , and / or gender . Cultural studies is concerned with the meaning and practices of everyday life . These practices comprise the ways people do particular things ( such as watching television , or eating out ) in a given culture . It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices . Specifically , culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason . Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture , unless referring to the medium of television itself , which may have been selected culturally ; however , schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to `` fit in '' certainly qualifies , since there is no grounded reason for one 's participation in this practice .
Christmas traditions
Slovenes are also visited by another one of their trije dobri možje ( three good guys ) , who bring presents in December : Saint Nicholas , Santa Claus and Dedek Mraz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) . Families mostly celebrate New Year 's Eve at home with extended family members , friends , and sometimes neighbours . Women prepare cabbage sarma , which they will eat on January 1 to symbolize good fortune , and steak tartare , which they eat on New Year 's Eve on toast with butter . At midnight , people go outdoors to watch fireworks , while Dedek Mraz leaves presents under the tree . Epiphany on January 6 marks the end of the Christmas season . Bulgaria
Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 .
Shakespeare's reputation
In the 18th century , Shakespeare dominated the London stage , while Shakespeare productions turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors . After the Licensing Act of 1737 , a quarter of plays performed were by Shakespeare , and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time ( Romeo and Juliet in 1755 and King Lear the next year ) and still commanded audiences . This occasion was a striking example of the growing prominence of Shakespeare stars in the theatrical culture , the big attraction being the competition and rivalry between the male leads at Covent Garden and Drury Lane , Spranger Barry and David Garrick . There appears to have been no issues with Barry and Garrick , in their late thirties , playing adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next . In September 1769 Garrick staged a major Shakespeare Jubilee in Stratford - upon - Avon which was a major influence on the rise of bardolatry . David
Shakespeare's reputation
The incomplete Restoration stage records suggest Shakespeare , although always a major repertory author , was bested in the 1660 -- 1700 period by the phenomenal popularity of Beaumont and Fletcher . `` Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent entertainments of the stage '' , reported fellow playwright John Dryden in 1668 , `` two of theirs being acted through the year for one of Shakespeare 's or Jonson 's '' . In the early 18th century , however , Shakespeare took over the lead on the London stage from Beaumont and Fletcher , never to relinquish it again .
Shakespeare's reputation
No other dramatist has been performed even remotely as often on the world stage as Shakespeare . The plays have often been drastically adapted in performance . During the 18th and 19th centuries , the era of the great acting stars , to be a star on the British stage was synonymous with being a great Shakespearean actor . Then the emphasis was placed on the soliloquies as declamatory turns at the expense of pace and action , and Shakespeare 's plays seemed in peril of disappearing beneath the added music , scenery , and special effects produced by thunder , lightning , and wave machines .
Shakespeare's reputation
It is difficult to assess Shakespeare 's reputation in his own lifetime and shortly after . England had little modern literature before the 1570s , and detailed critical commentaries on modern authors did not begin to appear until the reign of Charles I . The facts about his reputation can be surmised from fragmentary evidence . He was included in some contemporary lists of leading poets , but he seems to have lacked the stature of the aristocratic Philip Sidney , who became a cult figure due to his death in battle at a young age , or of Edmund Spenser . Shakespeare 's poems were reprinted far more frequently than his plays ; but Shakespeare 's plays were written for performance by his own company , and because no law prevented rival companies from using the plays , Shakespeare 's troupe took steps to prevent his plays from being printed . That many of his plays were pirated suggests his popularity in the book market , and the regular patronage of his company by the court , culminating in 1603 when James I turned it into the `` King 's Men , '' suggests his popularity among higher stations of society . Modern plays ( as opposed to those in Latin and Greek ) were considered ephemeral and even somewhat disreputable entertainments by some contemporaries ; the new Bodleian Library explicitly refused to shelve plays . Some of Shakespeare 's plays , particularly the history plays , were reprinted frequently in cheap quarto ( i.e. pamphlet ) form ; others took decades to reach a 3rd edition .
Hamlet
Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging .
Shakespeare's reputation
Clearly there were some exceptions to the official approval of Shakespeare , and the great patriotic plays , most notably Henry V were shelved . But interestingly the reception of The Merchant of Venice was at best lukewarm ( Marlowe 's The Jew of Malta was suggested as a possible alternative ) because it was too ambiguous and not nearly anti-semitic enough for Nazi taste . So Hamlet was by far the most popular play , along with Macbeth and Richard III .
Romeo and Juliet
The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet .
Shakespeare's reputation
During the Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) , all public stage performances were banned by the Puritan rulers . Though denied the use of the stage , costumes and scenery , actors still managed to ply their trade by performing `` drolls '' or short pieces of larger plays that usually ended with some type of jig . Shakespeare was among the many playwrights whose works were plundered for these scenes . Among the most common scenes were Bottom 's scenes from A Midsummer Night 's Dream and the gravedigger 's scene from Hamlet . When the theatres opened again in 1660 after this uniquely long and sharp break in British theatrical history , two newly licensed London theatre companies , the Duke 's and the King 's Company , started business with a scramble for performance rights to old plays . Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , and the Beaumont and Fletcher team were among the most valuable properties and remained popular after Restoration playwriting had gained momentum . The
Shakespeare's reputation
Shakespeare for a variety of reasons had never caught on in France , and even when his plays were performed in France in the 19th century , they were drastically altered to fit in with French tastes with for example Romano and Juliet having a happy ending . Not until 1946 when Hamlet as translated by André Gide was performed in Paris that `` ensured Shakespeare 's elevation to cult status '' in France . The philosopher Jean - Paul Sartre wrote that French intellectuals had been `` abruptly reintegrated into history '' by the German occupation of 1940 - 44 as the old teleological history version of history with the world getting progressively better as led by France not longer held , and as such the `` nihilist '' and `` chaotic '' plays of Shakespeare finally found an audience in France . The Economist observed : `` By the late 1950s , Shakespeare had entered the French soul . No one who has seen the Comédie - Française perform his plays at the Salle Richelieu in Paris is likely to forget the special buzz in the audience , for the bard is the darling of France . ''
Shakespeare's reputation
Shakespeare continued to be considered the greatest English writer of all time throughout the 20th century . Most Western educational systems required the textual study of two or more of Shakespeare 's plays , and both amateur and professional stagings of Shakespeare were commonplace . It was the proliferation of high - quality , well - annotated texts and the unrivalled reputation of Shakespeare that allowed for stagings of Shakespeare 's plays to remain textually faithful , but with an extraordinary variety in setting , stage direction , and costuming . Institutions such as the Folger Shakespeare Library in the United States worked to ensure constant , serious study of Shakespearean texts and the Royal Shakespeare Company in the United Kingdom worked to maintain a yearly staging of at least two plays .
Actor
Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the 1920s . By the 1940s , it was a leading international popular entertainment . With the advent of television in the 1950s , however , radio drama lost some of its popularity , and in some countries has never regained large audiences . However , recordings of OTR ( old - time radio ) survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums , as well as several online sites such as Internet Archive .
Hamlet
From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below .
Shakespeare's influence
His plays exhibited `` spectacular violence , with loose and episodic plotting , and with mingling of comedy with tragedy '' . In King Lear , Shakespeare had deliberately brought together two plots of different origins . Shakespeare 's work is also lauded for its insight into emotion . His themes regarding the human condition make him more acclaimed than any of his contemporaries . Humanism and contact with popular thinking gave vitality to his language . Shakespeare 's plays borrowed ideas from popular sources , folk traditions , street pamphlets , and sermons . Shakespeare also used groundlings widely in his plays . The use of groundlings `` saved the drama from academic stiffness and preserved its essential bias towards entertainment in comedy `` . Hamlet is an outstanding example of `` groundlings '' quickness and response . Use of groundlings enhanced Shakespeare 's work practically and artistically . He represented English people more concretely and not as puppets . His skills have found expression in chronicles , or history plays , and tragedies .
Shakespeare's reputation
Editors and critics of the plays , disdaining the showiness and melodrama of Shakespearean stage representation , began to focus on Shakespeare as a dramatic poet , to be studied on the printed page rather than in the theatre . The rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare on the page was at its widest in the early 19th century , at a time when both forms of Shakespeare were hitting peaks of fame and popularity : theatrical Shakespeare was successful spectacle and melodrama for the masses , while book or closet drama Shakespeare was being elevated by the reverential commentary of the Romantics into unique poetic genius , prophet , and bard . Before the Romantics , Shakespeare was simply the most admired of all dramatic poets , especially for his insight into human nature and his realism , but Romantic critics such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge refactored him into an object of almost religious adoration , George Bernard Shaw coining the term `` bardolatry '' to describe it . These critics regarded Shakespeare as towering above other writers , and regarding his plays not as `` merely great works of art '' but as `` phenomena of nature , like the sun and the sea , the stars and the flowers '' and `` with entire submission of our own faculties '' ( Thomas De Quincey , 1823 ) . To the later 19th century , Shakespeare became in addition an emblem of national pride , the crown jewel of English culture , and a `` rallying - sign '' , as Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1841 , for the whole British empire .
Shakespeare's reputation
English actors started visiting the Holy Roman Empire in the late 16th century to work as `` fiddlers , singers and jugglers '' , and through them the work of Shakespeare had first become known in the Reich . In 1601 , in the Free City of Danzig ( modern Gdańsk , Poland ) , which had a large English merchant colony living within its walls , a company of English actors arrived to put on plays by Shakespeare . By 1610 , the actors were performing Shakespeare in German as his plays had become popular in Danzig . Some of Shakespeare 's work was performed in continental Europe during the 17th century , but it was not until the mid 18th century that it became widely known . In Germany Lessing compared Shakespeare to German folk literature . In France , the Aristotelian rules were rigidly obeyed , and in Germany , a land where French cultural influence was very strong ( German elites preferred to speak French rather than German in the 18th century ) , the Francophile German theatre critics had long denounced Shakespeare 's work as a `` jumble '' that violated all the Aristotelian rules .
Actor
In the 2000s , women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays , such as Shakespearean works with large numbers of male characters in roles where gender is inconsequential .