vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Snake River
There are many reasons why Sockeye Salmon in the Snake River are reduced in number . One reason is that the river runs through three different states , and is over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) long . Salmon swimming upstream in this river are faced with predators and dams . The Snake River has fifteen dams and is extremely difficult for salmon to access because of hydroelectric dams . Hell 's Canyon Dam blocks passage to the entire upper Snake River . The Grand Coulee Dam also blocks spawning grounds to the famous `` June Hogs '' ( legendary Chinook salmon that weighed over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) ) .
Snake River
The Salmon River is the second largest tributary . Although the Salmon has a larger drainage than the Clearwater , the Salmon drains much drier country and therefore has a smaller discharger than the Clearwater , about 8,000,000 acre feet ( 9.9 km ) annually compared to about 11,000,000 acre feet ( 14 km ) annually for the Clearwater River . Henrys
Yellowstone River
On August 19 , 2016 the Montana Department of Fish , Wildlife and Parks Department indefinitely closed the river and its tributaries from the Montana border at Gardiner , Montana to Laurel , Montana to all recreational activity . The 183 - mile ( 295 km ) closure resulted from a massive fish kill attributed to proliferative kidney disease , a rare but serious salmonid disease . The parasite -- Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae -- is not harmful to humans or other mammals . Wildlife officials estimate tens of thousands of fish may have died , mostly mountain whitefish , but Yellowstone cutthroat and rainbow trout have been affected . The closure is expected to cause significant adverse economic impact to businesses which depend on summer tourist and recreational activities along the river .
River Welland
The river , in its upper reaches , supports a wild brown trout population and the occasional grayling . Chub and perch dominate the middle reaches around Stamford , with pike , perch , zander , roach , bream , rudd , ruffe , gudgeon and eels inhabiting the lower lengths around Spalding .
Yellowstone River
Tom Miner Bridge to Emigrant Yellowstone River near Emigrant From the Tom Miner Bridge ( or the Carbella access just downstream ) down to Point of Rocks , there is some excellent water , lots of fast pocket water with several nice pools . Once the river reaches the Point of Rocks , the gradient decreases substantially and the river turns into slower , longer pools . Emigrant to Mallard 's Rest Drift Boat Fly Fishing on the Yellowstone near Grey Owl Just downstream from Emigrant is Grey Owl , one of the best fishing access points on the river . From here down to Mallard 's Rest there is a pleasant mix of big pools and large browns and rainbows . Mallard 's Rest to Carter 's Bridge Armstrong Spring Creek near Mallard 's Rest This section of river known as Paradise Valley provides some of the most spectacular scenery on the Yellowstone , along with some of the best fishing . The scenery is dominated by the Absaroka Mountains to the east and the Gallatin Mountains to the west . Along this stretch numerous spring creeks flow into the river , many of which are blue ribbon trout streams in their own right , such as DePuy Spring Creek . Rainbows dominate this part of the river , but browns can be found here also . Carter 's Bridge to Highway 89 Bridge Winter Ice Near Carter 's Bridge , January 2008 Because the Yellowstone flows right through Livingston between these points , this is known as the `` town stretch '' . Given the presence of the upstream spring creeks for spawning , this reach of fast water is ideal habitat for rainbows which make up most of the population here . The use of a drift boat is the best way to access this stretch , though there are some good access points for walking and wading as well . Highway 89 Bridge to Big Timber This section starts about five miles to the east of Livingston , just off Interstate 90 , where Highway 89 turns north , toward White Sulphur Springs . This lower river , from here on down through Big Timber is similar to the water around Livingston , but the riffles and pools are farther apart so there is more unproductive water . The fish populations are not as high as in the upper river and water through town , but there are some very large rainbows and browns to be caught in this stretch .
Great Lakes
On both sides of the Canada -- United States border , the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied , necessitating more regulatory efforts . Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds . The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 % in general fish harvests by 1875 . The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary .
Snake River
Between 1985 and 2007 , only an average of 18 sockeye salmon returned to Idaho each year . Serious conservation efforts by wildlife biologists and fish hatcheries have captured the few remaining wild sockeye salmon , collected their sperm and eggs , and in a laboratory , have them spawn . Instead of spawning naturally , these sockeye begin their lives in an incubator in a fishery biologist 's laboratory . These baby salmon then are transported by ship , bypassing the dams . ( The dams can hurt juvenile baby sockeye salmon with their powerful tides and currents , which suck the baby salmon down . ) Another conservation effort that has helped the salmon recover , is the destruction of old , outdated dams , such as the Lewiston Dam on the Clearwater River , a tributary of the Snake . After destroying the dam , salmon populations noticeably recovered .
Shenandoah River
The Shenandoah River is a very popular river for canoeing , river tubing , and white - water recreation such as rafting and kayaking ( class I - III in season , II - III+ during the spring run - off ) , and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips and rentals .
Snake River
Later American explorers traveled throughout the Snake River area and up its major tributaries beginning in 1806 , just after Lewis and Clark had returned . The first was John Ordway in 1806 , who also explored the lower Salmon River . John Colter in 1808 was the first to sight the upper headwaters of the Snake River , including the Jackson Hole area . In 1810 , Andrew Henry , along with a party of fur trappers , discovered the Henrys Fork of the Snake River , which is now named after him . Donald Mackenzie sailed the lower Snake River in 1811 , and later explorers included Wilson Price Hunt of the Astor Expedition ( who gave the river the name `` Mad River '' ) , Ramsay Crooks , Francisco Payelle , John Grey , Thyery Goddin , and many others after the 1830s . Many of these later explorers were original members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition who had returned to map and explore the area in greater detail . Even later , American fur trappers scouted the area for beaver streams , but Canadian trappers from the British Hudson 's Bay Company were by now a major competitor .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The St. Croix is a popular recreational river . Common uses include boating , fishing , camping and canoeing . Highways along both sides of the river offer scenic drives punctuated by small towns offering restaurants , shopping ( especially antiques , books and gifts ) , bed and breakfasts , historical tours and other common tourist activities .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
Early on , parts of the Fox River were used for recreational purposes . This only lasted for a short period of time as the water quality deteriorated , and the water was considered unhealthy . Also , fishing was a huge aspect of life on the water as many fisheries were set up along the river . This remained large for a short period of time but also was soon limited by water pollution and the depleted amount of fish . Restrictions were placed on how many and what kind of fish could be caught .
Rocky Mountains
Abandoned mines with their wakes of mine tailings and toxic wastes dot the Rocky Mountain landscape . In one major example , eighty years of zinc mining profoundly polluted the river and bank near Eagle River in north - central Colorado . High concentrations of the metal carried by spring runoff harmed algae , moss , and trout populations . An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values , degraded water quality , and the loss of recreational opportunities . The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3 million in additional revenue from recreation . In 1983 , the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8 million cleanup costs ; five years later , ecological recovery was considerable . A
River Mersey
The river has also faced problems regarding the poaching of fish despite a strict ' catch and release ' policy imposed on anglers for ecological reasons which applies to most UK waterways .
Colonial history of the United States
Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich fishing areas along the Atlantic Coast and financed a large fishing fleet , transporting its catch of mackerel and cod to the West Indies and Europe . Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England . They funded sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding . Hundreds of New England shipwrights built oceangoing ships , which they sold to British and American merchants .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Explorers soon realized that the waters around Newfoundland had the best fishing in the North Atlantic . By 1620 , 300 fishing boats worked the Grand Bank , employing some 10,000 sailors ; many were French or Basques from Spain . They dried and salted the cod on the coast and sold it to Spain and Portugal . Heavy investment by Sir George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore , in the 1620s in wharves , warehouses , and fishing stations failed to pay off . French raids hurt the business , and the weather was terrible , so he redirected his attention to his other colony in Maryland . After Calvert left small - scale entrepreneurs such as Sir David Kirke made good use of the facilities . Kirke became the first governor in 1639 . A triangular trade with New England , the West Indies , and Europe gave Newfoundland an important economic role . By the 1670s there were 1700 permanent residents and another 4500 in the summer months .
Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River had long been an important artery of transportation for Native Americans . In the 19th century , European - American settlers depended on it as well , entering the region by riverboat . The region around the Big Horn , Powder and Tongue rivers is the traditional summer hunting grounds for numerous Native American tribes : Lakota Sioux , Crow , Cheyenne and Cree . Gold was discovered near Virginia City , Montana in the 1860s , and two of the primary routes for accessing the gold fields were the Bozeman Trail and the Bridger Trail both of which followed the Yellowstone for a short length .
Wetland
Concerns are developing over certain aspects of farm fishing , which uses natural waterways to harvest fish for human consumption and pharmaceuticals . This practice has become especially popular in Asia and the South Pacific . Its impact upon much larger waterways downstream has negatively affected many small island developing states .
Vermont
The Vermont constitution and the courts supports the right of a person to walk ( fish and hunt ) on any unposted , unfenced land . That is , trespass must be proven by the owner ; it is not automatically assumed .
Great Lakes
By 1801 , the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels . In the early 19th century , the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario 's tributaries . Other protective legislation was passed , as well , but enforcement remained difficult .
Snake River
Overall , these combined efforts have had good success . In the summer of 2006 , the Snake River reportedly only had 3 sockeye salmon that returned to their spawning grounds . In the summer of 2013 , more than 13,000 sockeye salmon returned to the spawning grounds . The
Yellowstone River
East of Billings , it is joined by the Bighorn River . Further downriver , it is joined by the Tongue near Miles City , and then by the Powder in eastern Montana . It flows into the Missouri River near Buford , North Dakota just upstream from Lake Sakakawea .
Yadkin River
In 1859 the NC Supreme court noted `` it is certain that the Yadkin river is capable of private ownership and that some parts of the riverbed have been granted to private individuals . '' State v. Glen 52 N.C. 321 ( 1956 ) . The court determined that the owners of the dam across the Yadkin could not have his property taken without just compensation .
Atlantic Ocean
The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world 's richest fishing resources . The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the Scotian Shelf , Georges Bank off Cape Cod , the Bahama Banks , the waters around Iceland , the Irish Sea , the Bay of Fundy , the Dogger Bank of the North Sea , and the Falkland Banks . Fisheries have , however , undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic : fisheries in the Eastern Central and South - West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value , the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks . The third group , `` continuously increasing trend since 1950 '' , is only found in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific . Banks
Hudson Valley
The Algonquins in the region lived mainly in small clans and villages throughout the area . One major fortress was called Navish , which was located at Croton Point , overlooking the Hudson River . Other fortresses were located in various locations throughout the Hudson Highlands . Villagers lived in various types of houses , which the Algonquins called Wigwams . The houses could be circular or rectangular . Large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long . At the associated villages , the indigenous peoples grew corn , beans , and squash . They also scavenged for other types of plant foods , such as various types of nuts and berries . In addition to agriculture , they also fished for food in the river , focusing on various species of freshwater fish , as well as several variations of striped bass , sturgeon , herring , and shad . Oyster beds were also common on the river floor , which provided an extra source of nutrition . Land hunting consisted of turkey , deer , rabbits , and other animals .
Canada–United States relations
The United States and Britain had a long - standing dispute about the rights of Americans fishing in the waters near Newfoundland . Before 1776 , there was no question that American fishermen , mostly from Massachusetts , had rights to use the waters off Newfoundland . In the peace treaty negotiations of 1783 , the Americans insisted on a statement of these rights . However , France , an American ally , disputed the American position because France had its own specified rights in the area and wanted them to be exclusive . The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) gave the Americans not rights , but rather `` liberties '' to fish within the territorial waters of British North America and to dry fish on certain coasts .
Industrial Revolution
Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coast lines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe .
Rocky Mountains
Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the United States over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon Dispute became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic . In 1841 James Sinclair , Chief Factor of the Hudson 's Bay Company , guided some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west to bolster settlement around Fort Vancouver in an attempt to retain the Columbia District for Britain . The party crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley , a region of the Rocky Mountain Trench near present - day Radium Hot Springs , British Columbia , then traveled south . Despite such efforts , in 1846 , Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States ; as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute by the Oregon Treaty . Cherokee
Snake River
Another interesting recovery method conservationists and biologists are using is called Fish Transportation . Since many juvenile salmon perish at each dam while swimming out to the ocean , massive ships filter and collect these baby salmon by size and take them out to the ocean for a ride , where they can be guaranteed to make it alive to saltwater . This method raises controversy to the effectiveness and costs , since this method is extremely expensive , almost costing $15 million . Another similar method to transport fish across the dams is the `` Fish Gun '' method . Engineers at Whooshh Innovations have developed a `` Whooshh Fish Transport System '' that literally collects salmon and shoots them above the dam at high speed in an effort to get them across the dams .
Alaska
Some of Alaska 's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race that starts in Anchorage and ends in Nome , World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks , the Blueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan , the Sitka Whale Fest , and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in Wrangell . The Stikine River attracts the largest springtime concentration of American bald eagles in the world .
Alaska
The state is bordered by Yukon and British Columbia in Canada , to the east , the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest , the Bering Sea , Bering Strait , and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to the north . Alaska 's territorial waters touch Russia 's territorial waters in the Bering Strait , as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart . Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U.S. states combined . Alaska
Missouri
Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna . There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River , Missouri River , and Lake of the Ozarks , with numerous smaller tributary rivers , streams , and lakes . North of the Missouri River , the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains , whereas south of the Missouri River , the state is dominated by the Oak - Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest .
River Mersey
Angling has become popular on some stretches of the river as fish such as perch , barbel , grayling , carp , roach , chub , trout , pike , bream and dace have been caught .
Snake River
The Shoshone or Shoshoni were characterized by nomadic groups that took their culture from the earlier Bitterroot culture and Great Basin tribes that migrated north via the Owyhee River . They were the most powerful tribe in the Rocky Mountains area , and were known to many Great Plains tribes as the `` Snakes '' . In the 18th century , Shoshone territory extended beyond the Snake River Plain , extending over the Continental Divide into the upper Missouri River watershed and even further north into Canada . A smallpox epidemic brought by European explorers and fur trappers was responsible for wiping out much of the Shoshone east of the Rocky Mountains , but the Shoshone continued to occupy the Snake River Plain . Eventually , the Shoshone culture merged with that of the Paiute and Bannock tribes , which came from the Great Basin and the Hells Canyon area , respectively . The Bannock brought with them the skill of buffalo hunting and horses they had acquired from Europeans , changing the Shoshone way of life significantly .
River Welland
A collaboration between the Welland Rivers Trust , the Wild Trout Trust and the Environment Agency has resulted in the construction of a rock ramp , to allow migrating sea trout to pass up the river beyond the weir on the Maxey Cut , which was acting as a barrier . Some 300 tons of rock , with 50 tons of finer material forming a top layer , were used to create the ramp . The finer material ensures that water mainly flows over the ramp , rather than through it . The ramp also enables young eels or elvers to move up the river , and provides habitat for stone loach and bullheads .
Snake River
The shipping channel is authorized to be at least 14 feet ( 4 m ) deep and 250 feet ( 76 m ) wide . Where river depths were less than 14 feet ( 4 m ) , the shipping channel has been dredged in most places . Dredging and redredging work is ongoing and actual depths vary over time . With a channel about 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) deeper than the Mississippi River system , the Columbia and Snake rivers can float barges twice as heavy . Agricultural products from Idaho and eastern Washington are among the main goods transported by barge on the Snake and Columbia rivers . Grain , mainly wheat , accounts for more than 85 % of the cargo barged on the lower Snake River . In 1998 , over 123,000,000 US bushels ( 4.3 × 10 l ; 980,000,000 US dry gal ; 950,000,000 imp gal ) of grain were barged on the Snake . Before the completion of the lower Snake dams , grain from the region was transported by truck or rail to Columbia River ports around the Tri-Cities . Other products barged on the lower Snake River include peas , lentils , forest products , and petroleum .
Catawba River
On June 11 , 2008 , South Carolina Governor Mark Sanford signed legislation denoting the Catawba as a state scenic river . The designation carries no land - use restrictions , but it allows the state to convene an advisory group to address river - related concerns .
Evidence of common descent
An example involving the direct observation of gene modification due to selection pressures is the resistance to PCBs in codfish . After General Electric dumped polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) in the Hudson River from 1947 through 1976 , tomcods ( Microgadus tomcod ) living in the river were found to have evolved an increased resistance to the compound 's toxic effects . The tolerance to the toxins is due to a change in the coding section of specific gene . Genetic samples were taken from the cods from 8 different rivers in the New England region : the St. Lawrence River , Miramichi River , Margaree River , Squamscott River , Niantic River , the Shinnecock Basic , the Hudson River , and the Hackensack River . Genetic analysis found that in the population of tomcods in the four southernmost rivers , the gene AHR2 ( aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 ) was present as an allele with a difference of two amino acid deletions . This deletion conferred a resistance to PCB in the fish species and was found in 99 % of Hudson River tomcods , 92 % in the Hackensack River , 6 % in the Niantic River , and 5 % in Shinnecock Bay . This pattern along the sampled bodies of waters infers a direct correlation of selective pressures leading to the evolution of PCB resistance in Atlantic tomcod fish . Urban