vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Wales
Wales lies within the north temperate zone . It has a changeable , maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe . Welsh weather is often cloudy , wet and windy , with warm summers and mild winters . The long summer days and short winter days result from Wales ' northerly latitudes ( between 53 ° 43 ′ N and 51 ° 38 ′ N ) . Aberystwyth , at the midpoint of the country 's west coast , has nearly 17 hours of daylight at the summer solstice . Daylight at midwinter there falls to just over seven and a half hours . The country 's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in sunshine , rainfall and temperature . Average annual coastal temperatures reach 10.5 ° C ( 51 ° F ) and in low lying inland areas , 1 ° C ( 1.8 ° F ) lower . It becomes cooler at higher altitudes ; annual temperatures decrease on average approximately 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) each 100 metres ( 330 feet ) of altitude . Consequently , the higher parts of Snowdonia experience average annual temperatures of 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) . Temperatures in Wales remain higher than would otherwise be expected at its latitude because of the North Atlantic Drift , a branch of the Gulf Stream . The ocean current , bringing warmer water to northerly latitudes , has a similar effect on most of north - west Europe . As well as its influence on Wales ' coastal areas , air warmed by the Gulf Stream blows further inland with the prevailing winds . Tor
North Carolina
Woodland - culture American Indians were in the area around 1000 BCE ; starting around 750 CE , Mississippian - culture Indians created larger political units with stronger leadership and more stable , longer - term settlements . During this time , important buildings were constructed as pyramidal , flat - topped buildings . By 1550 , many groups of American Indians lived in present - day North Carolina , including Chowanoke , Roanoke , Pamlico , Machapunga , Coree , Cape Fear Indians , Waxhaw , Waccamaw , and Catawba .
Climate of the United States
The characteristics of precipitation across the United States differ significantly across the United States and its possessions . Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western , southern , and southeast Alaska annually . During the fall , winter , and spring , Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation . Most of Florida has a subtropical monsoon rainfall pattern ( wet summer and dry winter ) .
Lake District
Although sheltered valleys experience gales on an average of only five days a year , the Lake District is generally very windy with the coastal areas having 20 days of gales , and the fell tops around 100 days of gales per year . The maritime climate means that the Lake District experiences relatively moderate temperature variations through the year . Mean temperature in the valleys ranges from about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) in January to around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in July . ( By comparison , Moscow , at the same latitude , ranges from − 10 to 19 ° C ( 14 to 66 ° F ) . )
Arizona
Due to its large area and variations in elevation , the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions . In the lower elevations , the climate is primarily desert , with mild winters and extremely hot summers . Typically , from late fall to early spring , the weather is mild , averaging a minimum of 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . November through February are the coldest months , with temperatures typically ranging from 40 to 75 ° F ( 4 to 24 ° C ) , with occasional frosts .
Climate of India
The rest of North India , including the Indo - Gangetic Plain and Madhya Pradesh almost never receives snow . Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing , though never for more than one or two days . Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 ° C ( 61 to 70 ° F ) . Nighttime temperatures average 2 -- 8 ° C ( 36 -- 46 ° F ) . In the plains of Punjab , lows can fall below freezing , dropping to around − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) in Amritsar . Frost sometimes occurs , but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog , which frequently disrupts daily life ; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15 -- 20 days annually . In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain , hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June . The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest time . Like the rest of the north , Bihar also experiences dust - storms , thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season . Dust storms having a velocity of 48 -- 64 km / h ( 30 -- 40 mph ) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June . The hot winds ( loo ) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8 -- 16 km / h ( 5 -- 10 mph ) . These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season . Rain follows . The rainy season begins in June . The rainiest months are July and August . The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon . There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm ( 71 in ) . Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state ; the third lies in the area around Netarhat . The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October . Eastern India 's climate is much milder , experiencing moderately warm days and cool nights . Highs range from 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) in Patna to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) ; lows average from 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in Patna to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in Kolkata . In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south - western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels . Capital Bhopal averages low of 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) and high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . Late
Dasht-e Kavir
The Dasht - e Kavir 's climate is arid and receives little rain and snow each year . However , the surrounding mountains on all sides provide plenty of runoff to create vast seasonal lakes , marshlands and playas . Temperatures can reach 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) in summer , and the average temperature in January is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Day and night temperatures during a year can differ up to 70 ° C ( 130 ° F ) . Rain usually falls in winter .
Climate of India
Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters . Winter rainfall -- and occasionally snowfall -- is associated with large storm systems such as `` Nor'westers '' and `` Western disturbances '' ; the latter are steered by westerlies towards the Himalayas . Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon ; occasional tropical cyclones also contribute . Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 in ) in the west to over 2,500 millimetres ( 98 in ) in parts of the northeast . As most of this region is far from the ocean , the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a continental climate predominate ; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions , ranging from 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) in north - central India to 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) in the east .
Climate of the United Kingdom
On occasions blocking anticyclones ( high pressure systems ) may move over the United Kingdom , which can persist for weeks or even months . The subsided , dry air often results in clear skies and few clouds , bringing frosty nights in winter and warm days in the summer .
Sun path
In the moderate latitudes ( between the circles and tropics , where most humans live ) , the length of the day , solar altitude and azimuth vary from one day to the next , and from season to season . The difference between the length of a long summer day and a short winter day increases as one moves farther away from the equator . A
Rhode Island
Most of Rhode Island has a humid continental climate , with warm summers and cold winters . The far southern and coastal portions of the state are the broad transition zone into temperate climate or subtropical climates , with hot summers and cool winters with a mix of rain and snow . The highest temperature recorded in Rhode Island was 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) , recorded on August 2 , 1975 in Providence . The lowest recorded temperature in Rhode Island was − 23 ° F ( − 31 ° C ) on February 5 , 1996 in Greene . Monthly average temperatures range from a high of 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) to a low of 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) .
Savannah, Georgia
Savannah 's climate is classified as humid subtropical ( Köppen Cfa ) . In the Deep South , this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short , mild winters . Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year ( and has rare snowfall ) . Due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast , Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgia 's interior . Nevertheless , the extreme temperatures have officially ranged from 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , on July 20 , 1986 , down to 3 ° F ( − 16 ° C ) during the January 1985 Arctic outbreak .
South Africa
The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot , dry summers , hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket . This area also produces much of the wine in South Africa . This region is also particularly known for its wind , which blows intermittently almost all year . The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors , causing many shipwrecks . Further east on the south coast , rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year , producing a green landscape . This area is popularly known as the Garden Route .
Baja California
Further south along the Pacific coast , the Mediterranean climate transitions into a desert climate but it is milder and not as hot as along the gulf coast . Transition climates , from Mediterranean to Desert , can be found from San Quintin to El Rosario . Further inland and along the Gulf of California the vegetation is scarce and temperatures are very high during the summer months . The islands in the Gulf of California also belong to the desert climate . Some oases can be found in the desert in which few towns are located -- for instance , Catavina , San Borja and Santa Gertrudis .
Rocky Mountains
People from all over the world visit the sites to hike , camp , or engage in mountain sports . In the summer season , examples of tourist attractions are :
Sun path
In the Northern Hemisphere , the sun path near to the summer solstice ( May , June , July ) , the Sun rises in the northeast , peaks out slightly south of overhead point ( lower in the south at higher latitude ) , and then sets in the northwest , whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the sun path near the summer solstice ( November , December , January ) , the Sun rises in the southeast , peaks out slightly north of overhead point ( lower in the north at higher latitude ) , and then sets in the southwest . A simple latitude - dependent equator - side overhang can easily be designed to block 100 % of the direct solar gain from entering vertical equator - facing windows on the hottest days of the year . Roll - down exterior shade screens , interior translucent - or - opaque window quilts , drapes , shutters , movable trellises , etc. can be used for hourly , daily or seasonal sun and heat transfer control ( without any active electrical air conditioning ) .
South Africa
Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region , with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves , flooding and drought . According to computer generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about one degree Celsius along the coast to more than four degrees Celsius in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050 . The Cape Floral Kingdom , been identified as one of the global biodiversity hotspots , it will be hit very hard by climate change . Drought , increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction . Biodiversity
Climate of the United Kingdom
While the United Kingdom is not particularly noted for extreme weather , it does sometimes occur , and events such as floods and drought may be experienced . The summer of 1976 , for example , experienced temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages .
Geography of Chicago
The city lies within the humid continental climate zone , and experiences four distinct seasons . Summers are warm and humid with a July average of 75.5 ° F ( 24.2 ° C ) . Winters are cold , snowy and windy with temperatures below freezing . Spring and fall are mild with moderate humidity . According to the National Weather Service , Chicago 's highest official temperature reading of 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) was recorded on June 1 , 1934 . The lowest temperature of − 27 ° F ( − 33 ° C ) was recorded on January 20 , 1985 . Along with long , hot dry spells in the summer , Chicago can suffer extreme winter cold spells . In the entire month of January 1977 , the temperature did not rise above 31 ° F ( − 0.6 ° C ) . The average temperature that month was around 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) .
Climate of Florida
Statewide , the highest rainfall amounts occur during the summer months . In northern Florida , there is a weak winter secondary maximum while statewide the driest months of the year are during the spring . During El Niño , Florida sees greater rainfall between November and March . Due to the lack of the secondary maximum across the peninsula , a distinct dry season is seen in the averages from winter through spring . This dry season provokes brush fires annually as temperatures rise during the late spring , before they fade during early June as the rainy season gets underway .
Southern United States
The South is a diverse meteorological region with numerous climatic zones , including temperate , sub-tropical , tropical , and arid -- though the South generally has a reputation as hot and humid , with long summers and short , mild winters . Most of the south -- except for the higher elevations and areas near the western , southern and some northern fringes -- fall in the humid subtropical climate zone . Crops grow readily in the South ; its climate consistently provides growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost . Another common environment occurs in the bayous and swamplands of the Gulf Coast , especially in Louisiana and in Texas .
Atlantic hurricane season
A 2011 study analyzing one of the main sources of hurricanes - the African easterly wave ( AEW ) - found that the change in AEWs is closely linked to increased activity of intense hurricanes in the North Atlantic . The synoptic concurrence of AEWs in driving the dynamics of the Sahel greening also appears to increase tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic .
Atlantic Ocean
Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic , but mainly in the northern part of the ocean , rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts . Hurricanes usually form annually between June and November .
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean is a focal area for many hurricanes within the Western Hemisphere . A series of low pressure systems develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way across the Atlantic Ocean . While most of these systems do not become tropical storms , some do . The tropical storms can develop into Atlantic hurricanes , often in the low pressure areas of the eastern Caribbean . The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November , with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September . On average around 9 tropical storms form each year , with 5 reaching hurricane strength . According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900 .
Geography of Florida
Hurricanes pose a severe threat during hurricane season , which lasts from June 1 to November 30 , although some storms have been known to form out of season . Florida is the most hurricane - prone US state , with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline . From 1851 to 2006 , Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes , 37 of them major -- category 3 and above . It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm . For storms , category 4 or higher , 83 % have either hit Florida or Texas . August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida .
Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list . On average , 10.1 named storms occur each season , with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes ( Category 3 or greater ) . The most active season was 2005 , during which 28 tropical cyclones formed , of which a record 15 became hurricanes . The least active season was 1914 , with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year . The Atlantic hurricane season is a time when most tropical cyclones are expected to develop across the northern Atlantic Ocean . It is currently defined as the time frame from June 1 through November 30 , though in the past the season was defined as a shorter time frame . During the season , regular tropical weather outlooks are issued by the National Hurricane Center , and coordination between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center occurs for systems which have not formed yet , but could develop during the next three to seven days .
Atlantic hurricane season
During the hurricane season , the National Hurricane Center routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product , which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones . If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season , special Tropical Weather Outlooks will be issued . Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics , and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future . Possible tropical cyclones are depicted with a closed isobar , while systems with less certainty to develop are depicted as `` spot lows '' with no isobar surrounding them .
Sea breeze
Thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in Florida , a peninsula surrounded on both the east and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico , respectively . During the wet season which typically lasts from June through September / October , any direction that the winds are blowing would always be off the water , thus making Florida the place most often struck by lightning in the United States , and one of the most on Earth . These storms also can produce significant hail due to the tremendous updraft it causes in the atmosphere especially during times when the upper atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall .
Tropical cyclone
The number and strength of Atlantic hurricanes may undergo a 50 -- 70 year cycle , also known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation . Nyberg et al. reconstructed Atlantic major hurricane activity back to the early 18th century and found five periods averaging 3 -- 5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 40 -- 60 years , and six other averaging 1.5 -- 2.5 major hurricanes per year and lasting 10 -- 20 years . These periods are associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation . Throughout , a decadal oscillation related to solar irradiance was responsible for enhancing / dampening the number of major hurricanes by 1 -- 2 per year .
Tropical cyclone
Worldwide , tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer , when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest . However , each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns . On a worldwide scale , May is the least active month , while September is the most active month . November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active .
Key West, Florida
Like most tropical climates , Key West has a two - season wet and dry climate . The period from November through April is normally sunny and quite dry , with only 25 percent of the annual rainfall occurring . May through October is normally the wet season . During the wet season some rain falls on most days , often as brief , but heavy tropical downpours , followed by intense sun . Early morning is the favored time for these showers , which is different from mainland Florida , where showers and thunderstorms usually occur in the afternoon . Easterly ( tropical ) waves during this season occasionally bring excessive rainfall , while infrequent hurricanes may be accompanied by unusually heavy amounts . On average , rainfall markedly peaks between August and October ; the single wettest month in Key West is September , when the threat from tropical weather systems ( hurricanes , tropical storms and tropical depressions ) is greatest . Key West is the driest city in Florida , averaging just under 40 inches of rain per year . This is driven primarily by Key West 's relative dryness in May , June and July . In mainland Florida peninsular areas like Orlando , Tampa / St. Petersburg and Fort Myers , June and July average monthly rainfalls typically reach 7 to 10 inches , while Key West has only half such amounts over the same period . Hurricanes
Sea breeze
In Cuba similar sea breeze collisions with the northern and southern coasts sometimes lead to storms .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes due to its location in New England , catching the brunt of many storms blowing up the Eastern Seaboard . Some hurricanes that have done significant damage in the state are the 1938 New England hurricane , Hurricane Carol ( 1954 ) , Hurricane Donna ( 1960 ) , and Hurricane Bob ( 1991 ) .
Atlantic hurricane season
Period Seasons Individual years Pre-19th century Pre-17th century ( pre 1600 ) , 17th century ( 1600s ) , 18th century ( 1700s ) 1780 1800 -- 1849 1800 -- 1809 , 1810 -- 1819 , 1820 -- 1829 , 1830 -- 1839 , 1840 -- 1849 1842
Climate of Florida
Tropical cyclones have affected Florida in every month of the year but March . Nearly one - third of the cyclones affected the state in September , and nearly three - fourths of the storms affected the state between August and October , which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season . Portions of the coastline have the lowest return period , or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi ( 139 km ) of a given location , in the country . Monroe County was struck by 26 hurricanes since 1926 , which is the greatest total for any county in the United States .
Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased sea surface temperature ( SST ) at tropical latitudes , changes that can be attributed to either the natural Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) or to anthropogenic climate change . A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC ) slowed down by 30 % between 1957 and 2004 . If the AMO were responsible for SST variability , the AMOC would have increased in strength , which is apparently not the case . Furthermore , it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity . Therefore , these changes in SST must be caused by human activities .