vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cold War
Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces .
Famine
Over two million people died in two famines in France between 1693 and 1710 . Both famines were made worse by ongoing wars . Illustration
War of 1812
The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship .
War of 1812
The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . Americans
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The year was rounded out by the news of Wolfe 's victory at Quebec . However while 1759 was acclaimed as Britain 's ' Annus Mirabilis ' , for the Prussians the year had been as disastrous as it had been successful for the British . Prussia 's armies had suffered a string of defeats and lost large numbers of casualties . At times Prussia veered close to total collapse and was now heavily dependent on continued British financial assistance .
Western Front (World War I)
Meanwhile , on 6 April the United States declared war on Germany . In early 1915 , following the sinking of the Lusitania , Germany had stopped its unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict . With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages , however , the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 . They had calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months , while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front . The submarine and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system , bringing a large reduction in shipping losses . British
Napoleon
The French suffered in the course of a ruinous retreat , including from the harshness of the Russian Winter . The Armée had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops , with fewer than 40,000 crossing the Berezina River in November 1812 . The Russians had lost 150,000 in battle and hundreds of thousands of civilians . War
Balkan Wars
The Second Balkan war was a catastrophic blow to Russian policies in the Balkans , which for centuries had focused on access to the `` warm seas '' . First , it marked the end of the Balkan League , a vital arm of the Russian system of defense against Austria - Hungary . Second , the clearly pro-Serbian position Russia had been forced to take in the conflict , mainly due to Bulgaria 's uncompromising aggressiveness , caused a permanent break - up between the two countries . Accordingly , Bulgaria reverted its policy to one closer to the Central Powers ' understanding over an anti-Serbian front , due to its new national aspirations , now expressed mainly against Serbia . As a result , Serbia was isolated militarily against its rival Austria - Hungary , a development that eventually doomed Serbia in the coming war a year later . But , most damaging , the new situation effectively trapped Russian foreign policy : After 1913 , Russia could not afford losing its last ally in this crucial area and thus had no alternatives but to unconditionally support Serbia when the crisis between Serbia and Austria broke out in 1914 . This was a position that inevitably drew her , although unwillingly , into a World War with devastating results for her , since she was less prepared ( both militarily and socially ) for that event than any other Great Power .
Results of the War of 1812
In contrast to Canada , the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today , as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public . Chiefly , this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars , and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement , except for the fact that it kept control of Canada .
War of the Austrian Succession
The War of the Austrian Succession ( German : Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg , 1740 -- 48 ) involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa 's succession to the Habsburg Monarchy . The war included King George 's War in British America , the War of Jenkins ' Ear ( which formally began on 23 October 1739 ) , the First Carnatic War in India , the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland , and the First and Second Silesian Wars .
German declaration of war against the United States
Furthermore , the naval forces of the United States , under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ships .
World War I
The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science . ( Francis ) Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power , and power it was : power to destroy the bodies and souls of men more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency before . This triumph paved the way to other triumphs : improvements in transport , in sanitation , in surgery , medicine , and psychiatry , in commerce and industry , and , above all , in preparations for the next war . --
Aftermath of the Korean War
The Korean War was the last major conflict Canadian forces participated in until the 1991 Persian Gulf War , and the last major combat by ground troops until 2002 in Afghanistan . Canada played a minor role in the fighting in Cyprus in 1974 and in the Balkans at Medak Pocket in the 1990s .
Korean War
During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre .
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War took a heavy toll on Great Britain . The average cost for the war was £ 12 million a year . The British ended the war with a national debt of £ 250 million , which generated a yearly interest of over £ 9.5 million . This debt piled on to the already outstanding debt from the Seven Years ' War . Taxes on the British population increased over the years and duties on some items such as glass and lead were also added , the average tax for the British public being four shillings in every pound . Furthermore , the Royal Navy was not able to ' rule the waves ' as it had done in the Seven Years ' War .
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
Similar to the above quotation was another quotation that , while real , was widely misinterpreted in the US press . Yamamoto , when once asked his opinion on the war , pessimistically said that the only way for Japan to win the war was to dictate terms in the White House . Yamamoto 's meaning was that military victory , in a protracted war against an opponent with as much of a population and industrial advantage as the United States possessed , was completely impossible -- a rebuff to those who thought that winning a major battle against the US Navy would end the war . However , in the US , his words were recast as a jingoistic boast that he would literally dictate peace terms at the White House . This deliberate mistranslation became famous when read by narrator Walter Huston over stock footage of Yamamoto and his men on parade , in Frank Capra 's Why We Fight propaganda films , and spread by word of mouth all over the nation .
Economic history of World War I
As the war went on conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas by 1915 . Causes involved the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military , an overburdened railroad system , shortages of coal , and the British blockade that cut off imports from abroad . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' , because that vegetable , usually fed to livestock , was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers . Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
The U.S. embargoes gave Japan a sense of urgency . It would either have to agree to Washington 's demands or use force to gain access to the resources it needed .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act . The U.S. did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time in part because prevailing sentiment in Washington was that such an action would be an extreme step that Japan would likely consider a provocation , given Japanese dependence on U.S. oil .
Foreign policy of the United States
The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role . In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe , and some to the U.S. , to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly and allow it to build its own empire . There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines , but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898 . Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea . The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about Japan 's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . This in turn caused the Japanese to proceed with plans to take the Dutch East Indies , an oil - rich territory . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that the U.S. was prepared to take steps against Japan if it attacked `` neighboring countries '' . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of Southeast Asia .
Modern history
The Second Sino - Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States ; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan . With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of South East Asia -- specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) . In 1940 , Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . World
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan considered withdrawal from most of China and Indochina after drawing up peace terms with the Chinese . Japan would also adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and would not discriminate in trade , provided all other countries reciprocated . However , these compromises in China were rejected by General Tojo , then War Minister . Responding to Japanese occupation of key airfields in Indochina ( July 24 ) following an agreement between Japan and Vichy France , the U.S. froze Japanese assets on July 26 , 1941 , and on August 1 established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan . The oil embargo was an especially strong response because oil was Japan 's most crucial import , and more than 80 % of Japan 's oil at the time came from the United States .
Causes of World War II
Reacting to Japanese pressure on French authorities of French Indochina to stop trade with China , the U.S. began restricting trade with Japan in July 1940 . The cutoff of all oil shipments in 1941 was decisive , for the U.S. , Britain and the Netherlands provided almost all of Japan 's oil . In September 1940 , the Japanese invaded Vichy French Indochina and occupied Tonkin in order to prevent China from importing arms and fuel through French Indochina along the Sino - Vietnamese Railway , from the port of Haiphong through Hanoi to Kunming in Yunnan . This tightening of the blockade of China made a continuation of the drawn - out Battle of South Guangxi unnecessary . The agreement also allowed Japan to station troops in the rest of Indochina , though this did not happen immediately .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan 's 1940 move into Vichy - controlled Indochina further raised tensions . When combined with its war with China , withdrawal from the League of Nations , alliance with Germany and Italy and increasing militarization , the move provoked an attempt to restrain Japan economically . The United States embargoed scrap metal shipments to Japan and closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping . This hit Japan 's economy particularly hard because 74.1 % of Japan 's scrap iron came from the United States in 1938 . Also , 93 % of Japan 's copper in 1939 came from the United States . In early 1941 , Japan moved into southern Indochina , thereby threatening British Malaya , North Borneo and Brunei .
Causes of World War II
The ongoing conflict in China led to a deepening conflict with the U.S. , where public opinion was alarmed by events such as the Nanking Massacre and growing Japanese power . Lengthy talks were held between the U.S. and Japan . When Japan moved into the southern part of French Indochina , President Roosevelt chose to freeze all Japanese assets in the U.S. The intended consequence of this was the halt of oil shipments from the U.S. to Japan , which had supplied 80 percent of Japanese oil imports . The Netherlands and Britain followed suit . With oil reserves that would last only a year and a half during peace time ( much less during wartime ) , this ABCD line left Japan two choices : comply with the U.S. - led demand to pull out of China , or seize the oilfields in the East Indies from the Netherlands . The Japan government deemed it unacceptable to retreat from China .
Causes of World War II
In Asia , the Empire of Japan harbored expansionist desires towards Manchuria and Republic of China .
Perry Expedition
The growing commerce between America and China , the presence of American whalers in waters off Japan , and the increasing monopolization of potential coaling stations by the British and French in Asia were all contributing factors in the decision by President Fillmore to dispatch an expedition to Japan . The Americans were also driven by concepts of Manifest Destiny and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and the Christian religion on what they perceived as `` backward '' Asian nations . By the early nineteenth century , the Japanese policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge . In 1844 , King William II of the Netherlands sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside . Between 1790 and 1853 at least twenty - seven U.S. ships ( including three warships ) visited Japan , only to be turned away .
Causes of World War II
Japan 's goal after 1931 was economic dominance of most of East Asia , often expressed in Pan-Asian terms of `` Asia for the Asians . '' . Japan was determined to dominate the China market , which the U.S. and other European powers had been dominating . On October 19 , 1939 , the American Ambassador to Japan , Joseph C. Grew , in a formal address to the America - Japan Society stated :
Foreign policy of the United States
President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan 's strength as it defeated a major European power , Russia . He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1905 -- 6 . Anti-Japanese sentiment ( especially on the West Coast ) soured relations in the 1907 -- 24 era . In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan 's seizure of Manchuria ( 1931 ) , its war against China ( 1937 -- 45 ) , and its seizure of Indochina ( Vietnam ) 1940 -- 41 . American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China . The two nations fought an all - out war 1941 -- 45 ; the U.S. won a total victory , with heavy bombing ( including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) that devastated Japan 's 50 largest industrial cities . The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan , 1945 -- 51 , with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful , prosperous and democratic nation .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Beginning in 1938 , the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan . This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939 , further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940 . These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China , or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , officially forming the Axis Powers .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina when peace was made with the Nationalist government , adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and not to discriminate in trade provided all other countries reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on coming to an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . His recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military refused to agree to the withdrawal of all troops from China .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan would take advantage of Hitler 's war in Europe to advance its own ambitions in the Far East . The Tripartite Pact guaranteed assistance if a signatory was attacked by any country not already involved in conflict with the signatory ; this implicitly meant the U.S. By joining the pact , Japan gained geopolitical power and sent the unmistakable message that any U.S. military intervention risked war on both of her shores -- with Germany and Italy on the Atlantic , and with Japan on the Pacific . The Roosevelt administration would not be dissuaded ; believing the American way of life would be endangered if Europe and the Far East fell under military dictatorship , it committed to help the British and Chinese through loans of money and materiel , and pledged sufficient continuing aid to ensure their survival . Thus , the United States slowly moved from being a neutral power to one preparing for war .
Axis powers
The Japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite East Asia under Japanese leadership in a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere that would free East Asians from domination and rule by clients of Western powers and particularly the United States . Japan invoked themes of Pan-Asianism and said that the Asian people needed to be free from Western influence .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Economically , Japan was able to benefit vastly from the war , and the Korean War greatly helped the rise of Japan 's economy and its development into a world power . American requirements for supplies were organized through a Special Procurements system , which allowed for local purchases without the complex Pentagon procurement system . Over $3.5 billion was spent on Japanese companies , peaking at $809 million in 1953 , and the zaibatsu went from being distrusted to being encouraged . Among those who thrived not only on orders from the military but also through American industrial experts , including W. Edwards Deming were Mitsui , Mitsubishi , and Sumitomo . Japanese manufacturing grew by 50 % between March 1950 and 1951 , and by 1952 , pre-war standards of living were reached and output was twice the level of 1949 . Becoming an independent country after the Treaty of San Francisco saved Japan from the burden of expense of the occupation forces .
Axis powers
With the European powers focused on the war in Europe , Japan sought to acquire their colonies . In 1940 Japan responded to the German invasion of France by occupying French Indochina . The Vichy France regime , a de facto ally of Germany , accepted the takeover . The allied forces did not respond with war . However , the United States instituted an embargo against Japan in 1941 because of the continuing war in China . This cut off Japan 's supply of scrap metal and oil needed for industry , trade , and the war effort .
Axis powers
As a result of the internal discord and economic downturn of the 1920s , militaristic elements set Japan on a path of expansionism . As the Japanese home islands lacked natural resources needed for growth , Japan planned to establish hegemony in Asia and become self - sufficient by acquiring territories with abundant natural resources . Japan 's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the League of Nations and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy , who had both pursued similar expansionist policies . Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the Anti-Comintern Pact , in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Tensions between Japan and the prominent Western countries ( the United States , France , Britain and the Netherlands ) increased significantly during the increasingly militaristic early rule of Emperor Hirohito . Japanese nationalists and military leaders increasingly influenced government policy , promoting a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as part of Japan 's alleged `` divine right '' to unify Asia under Hirohito 's rule . Hirohito