vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Political campaign
American political campaigns have become heavily reliant on broadcast media and direct mail advertising ( typically designed and purchased through specialized consultants ) . Though virtually all campaign media are sometimes used at all levels ( even candidates for local office have been known to purchase cable TV ads ) , smaller , lower - budget campaigns are typically more focused on direct mail , low - cost advertising ( such as lawn signs ) , and direct voter contact . This reliance on expensive advertising is a leading factor behind the rise in the cost of running for office in the United States . This rising cost is considered by some to discourage those without well - monied connections , or money themselves , from running for office . Independent
Euthanasia
Euthanasia may be classified into three types , according to whether a person gives informed consent : voluntary , non-voluntary and involuntary .
Smallpox vaccine
As vaccination spread , some European countries made it compulsory . Concern about its safety led to opposition and then repeal of legislation in some instances . Compulsory infant vaccination was introduced in England by the 1853 Vaccination Act . By 1871 , parents could be fined for non-compliance , and then imprisoned for non-payment . This intensified opposition , and the 1898 Vaccination Act introduced a conscience clause . This allowed exemption on production of a certificate of conscientious objection signed by two magistrates . Such certificates were not always easily obtained and a further Act in 1907 allowed exemption by a statutory declaration which could not be refused . Although theoretically still compulsory , the 1907 Act effectively marked the end of compulsory infant vaccination in England .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere . It is estimated to affect 300,000 people a year in the United States and 65,000 people a year in Europe . Infections are most common in the spring and early summer . Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in Old Lyme , Connecticut . It was originally mistaken for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . The bacterium involved was first described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer . Chronic symptoms are well described and are known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome , often called chronic Lyme disease . Some healthcare providers claim that it is due to ongoing infection ; however , this is not believed to be true , due to the inability to detect infectious organisms after standard treatment . A Lyme vaccine was marketed in the US between 1998 and 2002 ; it was withdrawn from the market due to poor sales , originally due to lack of reimbursement by insurance companies and then due to rumors about adverse effects . Research is ongoing to develop new vaccines .
Doctor (title)
The Indonesian titles `` dr . '' is used in front of the name of medical doctor who holds a specification as general practitioner , also when the doctor already holds his specialization to ___ , such as `` Sp. THT '' or `` Spesialis Telinga , Hidung , Tenggorokan '' ( ENT or Ear , Nose , and Throat Specialist ) .
Competitive intelligence
The actual importance of these categories of information to an organization depends on the contestability of its markets , the organizational culture , the personality and biases of its top decision makers , and the reporting structure of competitive intelligence within the company .
CCR5
CCR5 Δ32 can be beneficial to the host in some infections ( e.g. , HIV - 1 , possibly smallpox ) , but detrimental in others ( e.g. , tick - borne encephalitis , West Nile virus ) . Whether CCR5 function is helpful or harmful in the context of a given infection depends on a complex interplay between the immune system and the pathogen .
World Health Organization
On 5 May 2014 , WHO announced that the spread of polio was a world health emergency -- outbreaks of the disease in Asia , Africa , and the Middle East were considered `` extraordinary '' .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The WHO has been widely criticised for its delay in taking action to address the epidemic . On 8 August 2014 , it declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern . By September 2014 , Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders ( MSF ) , the non-governmental organization with the largest working presence in the affected countries , had grown increasingly critical of the international response . Speaking on 3 September , the International President of MSF spoke out concerning the lack of assistance from United Nations ( UN ) member countries : `` Six months into the worst Ebola epidemic in history , the world is losing the battle to contain it . '' In a 26 September statement , the WHO stated that `` ( t ) he Ebola epidemic ravaging parts of West Africa is the most severe acute public health emergency seen in modern times '' and its Director - General called the outbreak `` the largest , most complex and most severe we 've ever seen '' . In March 2015 , the United Nations Development Group reported that due to a decrease in trade , closing of borders , flight cancellations , and drop in foreign investment and tourism activity fuelled by stigma , the epidemic had resulted in vast economic consequences in both the affected areas in West Africa and even in other African nations with no cases of Ebola .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In July 2014 , the WHO convened an emergency meeting of health ministers from eleven countries and announced collaboration on a strategy to co-ordinate technical support to combat the epidemic . In August they published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak , aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6 -- 9 months , and formally designated the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern . This is a legal designation used only twice before ( for the 2009 H1N1 ( swine flu ) pandemic and the 2014 resurgence of polio ) that invokes legal measures on disease prevention , surveillance , control , and response , by 194 signatory countries .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
When the WHO released these estimates , a number of epidemiologists presented data to show that the WHO projection of a total of 20,000 cases was likely an underestimate . On 9 September , Jonas Schmidt - Chanasit of the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Germany , controversially announced that the containment fight in Sierra Leone and Liberia had already been `` lost '' and that the disease would `` burn itself out '' .
Bubonic plague
For over a decade since 2001 , Zambia , India , Malawi , Algeria , China , Peru , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most plague cases with over 1,100 cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone . From 1,000 to 2,000 cases are conservatively reported per year to the WHO . From 2012 and to 2017 and reflecting political unrest and poor hygienic conditions , Madagascar began to host regular epidemics .
United Nations
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication , is another of the UN 's largest agencies . In 1980 , the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed . In subsequent decades , WHO largely eradicated polio , river blindness , and leprosy . The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , begun in 1996 , co-ordinates the organization 's response to the AIDS epidemic . The UN Population Fund , which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV , is the world 's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services .
Bubonic plague
In November 2017 , the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to WHO ( World Health Organization ) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in the country . Unusually most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
An article published in The Lancet indicated that the panel 's recommendations to try to prevent small outbreaks from turning into large outbreaks , and demanded encouragement of early international reporting of outbreaks by following agreed international rules . The report indicated that the response begged strong operational capacity within the WHO as well as the aid system , if outbreaks turned into emergencies . Furthermore , mobilisation of the understanding needed to fight outbreaks would require an international structure of rules to enable access to the benefits of research , and financing to establish technology when commercial motivations were not appropriate . The report also noted that competent governance of the global system demanded political leadership and a WHO that was more focused and appropriately financed and whose integrity was restored through the application of good reforms and leadership . According to them , the epidemic had exposed problems in the national ( and international ) institutions responsible for protecting the public from the human consequences of infectious disease outbreaks like Ebola virus disease . The report further pointed out that the committee responsible for checking the WHO 's actions during the outbreak ( i.e. the WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel ) had delayed responses . These include worries about political resistance from the West African leaders , economic consequences , and a system with the WHO that discouraged open debate about issues such as emergency declarations . The WHO may also have hesitated because it was criticised for creating panic by declaring a public health emergency during the relatively mild 2009 H1N1 pandemic . This , the report states , showed the risks in having such consequential decision - making power in one individual -- a risk made worse when there was no mechanism of responsibility for such leadership failure .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
By September , treatment for Ebola patients had become unavailable in some areas . Speaking on 12 September , WHO Director - General , Margaret Chan , said : `` In the three hardest hit countries , Guinea , Liberia and Sierra Leone , the number of new cases is moving far faster than the capacity to manage them in the Ebola - specific treatment centers . Today , there is not one single bed available for the treatment of an Ebola patient in the entire country of Liberia . '' According to a WHO report released on 19 September , Sierra Leone was meeting only 35 % of its need for patient beds , while for Liberia it was just 20 % .
World Health Organization
An internal WHO report on the Ebola response pointed to underfunding and the lack of `` core capacity '' in health systems in developing countries as the primary weaknesses of the existing system . At the annual World Health Assembly in 2015 , Director - General Margaret Chan announced a $100 million Contingency Fund for rapid response to future emergencies , of which it had received $26.9 million by April 2016 ( for 2017 disbursement ) . WHO has budgeted an additional $494 million for its Health Emergencies Programme in 2016 -- 17 , for which it had received $140 million by April 2016 .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 14 January 2016 , after all the previously infected countries had been declared Ebola - free , the WHO reported that `` all known chains of transmission have been stopped in West Africa '' , but cautioned that further small outbreaks of the disease could occur in the future . The following day , Sierra Leone confirmed its first new case since September 2015 .
World Health Organization
In 1988 , WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio . It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99 % since which partnered WHO with Rotary International , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , and smaller organizations . As of 2011 it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared `` polio - free '' . Recently , a study is conducted ( 2017 ) where researchers explain why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology . Polio is on the verge of extinction , thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive . World Health Organization ( WHO ) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease .
World Health Organization
The program was aimed at rebuilding WHO capacity for direct action , which critics said had been lost due to budget cuts in the previous decade that had left the organization in an advisory role dependent on member states for on - the - ground activities . In comparison , billions of dollars have been spent by developed countries on the 2013 -- 2016 Ebola epidemic and 2015 -- 16 Zika epidemic .
History of West Africa
Ebola virus disease , first identified in 1976 , typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa , including West Africa . From 1976 through 2013 , the World Health Organization reported 1,716 confirmed cases . The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak , which is affecting Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia and Nigeria The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013 , but was not detected until March 2014 , after which it spread to Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Nigeria . The outbreak is caused by the Zaire ebolavirus , known simply as the Ebola virus ( EBOV ) . It is the most severe outbreak of Ebola in terms of the number of human cases and fatalities since the discovery of the virus in 1976 .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Articles related to the West African Ebola virus epidemic Overview Ebola virus disease Timeline of the epidemic Responses to the epidemic Timeline , tables and graphs Ebola virus disease treatment research Post-Ebola virus syndrome Ebola vaccine Nations with widespread cases Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone Other affected nations Mali Nigeria Senegal Spain United States United Kingdom Italy Other outbreaks List of Ebola outbreaks 1976 Zaire outbreak 2014 DR Congo outbreak List of epidemics
West African Ebola virus epidemic
During the height of the epidemic , most schools in the three most affected countries were shut down and remained closed for several months . During the period of closure UNICEF and its partners established strict hygiene protocols to be used when the schools were reopened in January 2015 . They met with thousands of teachers and administrators to work out hygiene guidelines . Their efforts included installing hand - washing stations and distributing millions of bars of soap and chlorine and plans for taking the temperature of children and staff at the school gate . Their efforts were complicated by the fact that less than 50 % of the schools in these three countries had access to running water . In August 2015 , UNICEF released a report that stated , `` Across the three countries , there have been no reported cases of a student or teacher being infected at a school since strict hygiene protocols were introduced when classes resumed at the beginning of the year after a months - long delay caused by the virus . '' Researchers presented evidence indicating that infected people that lived in low socioeconomic areas were more likely to transmit the virus to other socioeconomic status ( SES ) communities , in contrast to individuals in higher SES areas who were infected as well . Another study showed that , in Guinea , a satisfactory knowledge had not altered the level of comprehensive knowledge about the virus . As a consequence , the high level of misinterpretation was responsible for a low comprehensive knowledge about the virus ; 82 % of individuals believed that Ebola was the result of a virus ( 36.2 % thought that a higher power had caused it ) . A study on Nigeria 's success story stated that , in this case , a prompt response by the government and proactive public health measures had resulted in the quick control of the outbreak .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In June 2014 , it was reported that local authorities did not have the resources to contain the disease , with health centres closing and hospitals becoming overwhelmed . There were also reports that adequate personal protection equipment was not being provided for medical personnel . The Director - General of MSF said : `` Countries affected to date simply do not have the capacity to manage an outbreak of this size and complexity on their own . I urge the international community to provide this support on the most urgent basis possible . ''
World Health Organization
The International Sanitary Conferences , originally held on 23 June 1851 , were the first predecessors of the WHO . A series of 14 conferences that lasted from 1851 to 1938 , the International Sanitary Conferences worked to combat many diseases , chief among them cholera , yellow fever , and the bubonic plague . The conferences were largely ineffective until the seventh , in 1892 ; when an International Sanitary Convention that dealt with cholera was passed . Five years later , a convention for the plague was signed . In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences , the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau , and the Office International d'Hygiène Publique were soon founded in 1902 and 1907 , respectively . When the League of Nations was formed in 1920 , they established the Health Organization of the League of Nations . After World War II , the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations , to form the WHO .
Diphtheria
In November and December 2017 , an outbreak of diphtheria occurred in Indonesia with more than 600 cases found and 38 fatalities .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In May 2015 , Dr Margaret Chan indicated , `` demands on WHO were more than ten times greater than ever experienced in the almost 70 - year history of this Organization '' and on 23 March , she stated that `` the world remains woefully ill - prepared to respond to outbreaks that are both severe and sustained . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 4 February 2016 , the last known case tested negative for a second consecutive time and Sierra Leone commenced a second 42 - day countdown towards being declared Ebola - free . On 17 March 2016 , the WHO announced that the Sierra Leone flare - up was over , and that no other chains of transmission were known to be active at that time . Sierra Leone then entered a 90 - day period of heightened surveillance , which was concluded on 15 June 2016 , and it was reported that by 15 July , the country had discontinued testing corpses for the virus . Liberia
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In October 2014 , a nursing assistant , Teresa Romero , who had cared for these patients became unwell and on 6 October tested positive for Ebola , making this the first confirmed case of Ebola transmission outside of Africa . On 19 October , it was reported that Romero had recovered , and on 2 December the WHO declared Spain Ebola - free following the passage of 42 days since Teresa Romero was found to be cured . United
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 12 May 2015 , it was reported that a nurse , who had been working in Sierra Leone , had been diagnosed with Ebola after returning home to the Italian island of Sardinia . He was treated at Spallanzani Hospital , the national reference center for Ebola patients . On 10 June , it was reported that he had recovered and was disease - free and he was released from hospital . Spain
Latin America
According to Goldman Sachs ' BRICS review of emerging economies , by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows : China , United States , India , Japan , Germany , United Kingdom , Brazil and Mexico . Brazil
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In December 2015 , during the 8th meeting of WHO 's `` IHR Emergency Committee regarding Ebola '' , it spoke out against further travel restrictions saying : `` The Committee remains deeply concerned that 34 countries still enact inappropriate travel and transport measures and highlights the need to immediately terminate any such measures due to their negative impact , particularly on recovery efforts . '' In December 2015 , the CDC indicated that it would no longer make the recommendation for US citizens going to Sierra Leone to be extra careful . However , the CDC did further indicate that individuals travelling to the country should take precaution with sick people and body fluids . Additionally , individuals travelling to the country should avoid contact with animals .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The West African Ebola virus epidemic ( 2013 -- 2016 ) was the most widespread outbreak of Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) in history -- causing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region , mainly in the countries of Guinea , Liberia , and Sierra Leone . The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013 ; later , the disease spread to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone , with minor outbreaks occurring elsewhere . It caused significant mortality , with the case fatality rate reported at slightly above 70 % , while the rate among hospitalized patients was 57 -- 59 % . Small outbreaks occurred in Nigeria and Mali , and isolated cases were recorded in Senegal , the United Kingdom and Sardinia . In addition , imported cases led to secondary infection of medical workers in the United States and Spain but did not spread further . The number of cases peaked in October 2014 and then began to decline gradually , following the commitment of substantial international resources . As of 8 May 2016 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and respective governments reported a total of 28,616 suspected cases and 11,310 deaths ( 39.5 % ) , though the WHO believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak .
Virus
Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century ; it is now a pandemic , with an estimated 38.6 million people now living with the disease worldwide . The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognised on 5 June 1981 , making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history . In 2007 there were 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million HIV - related deaths . Ebola
Famine
Some countries , particularly in sub-Saharan Africa , continue to have extreme cases of famine . Since 2010 , Africa has been the most affected continent in the world . As of 2017 , the United Nations has warned some 20 million are at risk in South Sudan , Somalia , Nigeria and Yemen . Agricultural conditions have been fluctuating more and more due to variations in weather , and the distribution of food has been affected by conflict . Most programmes now direct their aid towards Africa .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In Liberia , the disease was reported in both Lofa and Nimba counties in late March 2014 . On 27 July , President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf announced that Liberia would close its borders , with the exception of a few crossing points such as the airport , where screening centres would be established . Schools and universities were closed , and the worst - affected areas in the country were placed under quarantine .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 29 April , WHO reported that Liberia had discharged the last patient and had begun the 42 - day countdown to be declared Ebola - free once more . According to the WHO , tests indicated that the flare - up was likely due to contact with a prior Ebola survivor 's infected body fluids . On 9 June , the flare up was declared over , and the country Ebola - free , due to the passage of the 42 - day period ; Liberia then entered a 90 - day period of heightened surveillance , which ended on 7 September 2016 . In early July 2016 , a trial for males with detectable Ebola RNA in semen , started .