vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Civilian Conservation Corps
The CCC disbanded one year earlier than planned , as the 77th United States Congress ceased funding it . Operations were formally concluded at the end of the federal fiscal year on June 30 , 1942 . The end of the CCC program and closing of the camps involved arrangements to leave the incomplete work projects in the best possible state , the separation of about 1,800 appointed employees , the transfer of CCC property to the War and Navy Departments and other agencies , and the preparation of final accountability records . Liquidation of the CCC was ordered by Congress by the Labor - Federal Security Appropriation Act ( 56 Stat. 569 ) on July 2 , 1942 ; and virtually completed on June 30 , 1943 . Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20 , 1948 .
Great Migration (African American)
The Great Depression wiped out job opportunities in the northern industrial belt , especially for African Americans , and caused a sharp reduction in migration . A second and larger Great Migration began around 1940 as defense industries geared up for World War II . 1.4 million black southerners moved north or west in the 1940s , followed by 1.1 million in the 1950s , and another 2.4 million people in the 1960s and early 1970s . By the late 1970s , as deindustrialization and the Rust Belt crisis took hold , the Great Migration came to an end . But , in a reflection of changing economics , as well as the end of Jim Crow laws in the 1960s and improving race relations in the South , in the 1980s and early 1990s , more black Americans were heading South than leaving that region .
Active and passive citizens
Slavery in France , throughout the Revolution , remained common in the colonies . The abolition of slavery in the colonies would have affected planters who were represented in the assemblies by deputies , particularly the Lameths . The coloured free saw that their rights were being taken from them and finally on this date in 1791 the assembly decided to withdraw their civil rights . However , after the Haitian Revolution and new freedom of blacks in French colonies , in 1794 radical Jacobins reinstated the rights of blacks . Furthermore , slavery was abolished in all French colonies , and free blacks of those colonies were made electable to the French government as colonial representatives . Along with this the rights for free association for workers and the right to strike were also taken away . After a series of strikes on June 14 , 1791 , in workshops located in Paris , the Loi Le Chapelier was passed . The intention was to establish a free labour market by forbidding associations by workers and also the formation of trade unions .
Southern United States
With the opening up of frontier lands after the government forced most Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi , there was a major migration of both whites and blacks to those territories . From the 1820s through the 1850s , more than one million enslaved Africans were transported to the Deep South in forced migration , two - thirds of them by slave traders and the others by masters who moved there . Planters in the Upper South sold slaves excess to their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture . Many enslaved families were broken up , as planters preferred mostly strong males for field work .
Border states (American Civil War)
Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states . Of the states that were exempted from the Proclamation , Maryland ( 1864 ) , Missouri ( 1865 ) , Tennessee ( 1865 ) , and West Virginia ( 1865 ) abolished slavery before the war ended . However , Delaware and Kentucky did not abolish slavery until December 1865 , when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified .
Portuguese Mozambique
Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique by the Portuguese authorities , at the end of the 19th century the Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap -- often forced -- African labour to the mines and plantations of the nearby British colonies and South Africa . The Zambezia Company , the most profitable chartered company , took over a number of smaller prazeiro holdings , and requested Portuguese military outposts to protect its property . The chartered companies and the Portuguese administration built roads and ports to bring their goods to market including a railroad linking present day Zimbabwe with the Mozambican port of Beira . However , the development 's administration gradually started to pass directly from the trading companies to the Portuguese government itself .
United States Declaration of Independence
William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 .
Voting rights in the United States
In the mid-1870s , the insurgencies continued with a rise in more powerful white paramilitary groups , such as the White League , originating in Louisiana in 1874 after a disputed gubernatorial election ; and the Red Shirts , originating in Mississippi in 1875 and developing numerous chapters in North and South Carolina ; as well as other `` White Line '' rifle clubs . They operated openly , were more organized than the KKK , and directed their efforts at political goals : to disrupt Republican organizing , turn Republicans out of office , and intimidate or kill blacks to suppress black voting . They worked as `` the military arm of the Democratic Party '' . For instance , estimates were that 150 blacks were killed in North Carolina before the 1876 elections . Economic tactics such as eviction from rental housing or termination of employment were also used to suppress the black vote . White Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South by the late 1870s , and the federal government withdrew its troops as a result of a national compromise related to the presidency , officially ending Reconstruction .
Child labour
In 1998 , UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children -- many from surrounding countries . In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa -- the main ingredient in chocolate -- in West Africa . Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa . In 2001 , the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa , cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast , and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest .
Child labour
Child labour has existed to varying extents , through most of history . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many children aged 5 -- 14 from poorer families still worked in Europe , the United States and various colonies of European powers . These children mainly worked in agriculture , home - based assembly operations , factories , mining and in services such as news boys . Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours . With the rise of household income , availability of schools and passage of child labour laws , the incidence rates of child labour fell .
Confederate States of America
By 1877 , the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states . Federal troops were withdrawn from the South , where conservative white Southern Democrats had already regained political control of state governments , often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting . Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy . The prewar South had many rich areas ; the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action , ruined infrastructure , and exhausted resources . Continuing to be dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure , the region remained dominated by the planter elite into the 20th century . After 1890 the Democratic - dominated legislatures worked to secure their control by passing new constitutions and amendments at the turn of the 20th century that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites . This exclusion of blacks from the political system , and great weakening of the Republican Party , was generally maintained until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The Solid South of the early 20th century was built on white Democratic control of politics . The region did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after World War II . Texas
Factory Acts
Each apprentice was to be given two sets of clothing , suitable linen , stockings , hats , and shoes , and a new set each year thereafter . Apprentices could not work during the night ( between 9 pm and 6 am ) , and their working hours could not exceed 12 hours a day , excluding the time taken for breaks . A grace period was provided to allow factories time to adjust , but all night - time working by apprentices was to be discontinued by June 1804 .
Labor history of the United States
Lewis expanded his base by organizing the so - called `` captive mines '' , those held by the steel producers such as U.S. Steel . That required in turn organizing the steel industry , which had defeated union organizing drives in 1892 and 1919 and which had resisted all organizing efforts since then fiercely . The task of organizing steelworkers , on the other hand , put Lewis at odds with the AFL , which looked down on both industrial workers and the industrial unions that represented all workers in a particular industry , rather than just those in a particular skilled trade or craft .
Gilded Age
The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . With respect to eras of American history , historical views vary as to when the Gilded Age began , ranging from starting right after the American Civil War ( ended , 1865 ) , or 1873 , or as the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 . The point noted as the end of the Gilded Age also varies . It is generally given as the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s ( sometimes the United States presidential election of 1896 ) but also falls in a range that includes the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , Theodore Roosevelt 's accession to the presidency in 1901 , and even the U.S. entry into World War I ( 1917 ) .
Child labour
Throughout the second half of the 19th century , child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of Trade Unions . The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution . The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803 . As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day . These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work . This act however only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days . Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour .
New Deal
On May 27 , 1935 , the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States . After the end of the NRA , quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935 , which guaranteed that illegal `` hot oil '' would not be sold . By the time NRA ended in May 1935 , well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA , which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday , together with abolishing child labor . These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Housing
Emancipation Proclamation
The Proclamation was issued in two parts . The first part , issued on September 22 , 1862 , was a preliminary announcement outlining the intent of the second part , which officially went into effect 100 days later on January 1 , 1863 , during the second year of the Civil War . It was Abraham Lincoln 's declaration that all slaves would be permanently freed in all areas of the Confederacy that had not already returned to federal control by January 1863 . The ten affected states were individually named in the second part ( South Carolina , Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Texas , Virginia , Arkansas , North Carolina ) . Not included were the Union slave states of Maryland , Delaware , Missouri and Kentucky . Also not named was the state of Tennessee , in which a Union - controlled military government had already been set up , based in the capital , Nashville . Specific exemptions were stated for areas also under Union control on January 1 , 1863 , namely 48 counties that would soon become West Virginia , seven other named counties of Virginia including Berkeley and Hampshire counties , which were soon added to West Virginia , New Orleans and 13 named parishes nearby .
History of immigration to the United States
Large numbers of young men and women came alone as indentured servants . Their passage was paid by employers in the colonies who needed help on the farms or in shops . Indentured servants were provided food , housing , clothing and training but they did not receive wages . At the end of the indenture ( usually around age 21 ) they were free to marry and start their own farms .
Apartheid
The United Kingdom 's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . IV c. 73 ) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation . To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 , which effectively changed the status of slaves to indentured labourers . This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848 , which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery . The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the nineteenth century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers , to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races .
Convict lease
Convict leasing in the United States began during the Reconstruction Period ( 1865 -- 1877 ) after the end of the Civil War , when many southern legislatures were ruled by majority coalitions of blacks and Radical Republicans , and Union generals acted as military governors . Farmers and businessmen needed to find replacements for the labor force once their slaves had been freed . Some southern legislatures passed Black Codes to restrict free movement of blacks and force them into employment with whites . If convicted of vagrancy , blacks could be imprisoned , and they also received sentences for a variety of petty offenses . States began to lease convict labor to the plantations and other facilities seeking labor , as the freedmen were trying to withdraw and work for themselves . This provided the states with a new source of revenue during years when they were financially strapped , and lessees profited by the use of forced labor at below market rates .
Emancipation Proclamation
Winning re-election , Lincoln pressed the lame duck 38th Congress to pass the proposed amendment immediately rather than wait for the incoming 39th Congress to convene . In January 1865 , Congress sent to the state legislatures for ratification what became the Thirteenth Amendment , banning slavery in all U.S. states and territories . The amendment was ratified by the legislatures of enough states by December 6 , 1865 , and proclaimed 12 days later . There were about 40,000 slaves in Kentucky and 1,000 in Delaware who were liberated then .
Mining industry of Nigeria
Gold production began in 1913 and peaked in the 1930s . During the Second World War , production declined . Mines were abandoned by colonial companies , and production never recovered .
List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population
In 1865 , all enslaved Blacks ( African - Americans ) in the United States were emancipated as a result of the Thirteenth Amendment . However , some U.S. states had previously emancipated some or all of their Black population . The table below shows the percentage of free Blacks as a percentage of the total Black population in various U.S. regions and U.S. states between 1790 and 1860 ( the blank areas on the chart below mean that there is no data for those specific regions or states in those specific years ) .
Republican Party (United States)
Republicans have been winning under 15 % of the black vote in recent national elections ( 1980 to 2016 ) . While historically the party had been supporters of rights for African Americans starting in the 1860s , it lost its leadership position in the 1960s . The party abolished slavery under Abraham Lincoln , defeated the Slave Power and gave blacks the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s . Until the New Deal of the 1930s , blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins . Black voters shifted to the Democratic Party beginning in the 1930s , when major Democratic figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt began to support civil rights and the New Deal offered them employment opportunities . They became one of the core components of the New Deal coalition . In the South , after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965 , blacks were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion ( 20 -- 50 % ) of the Democratic vote in that region .
History of Puerto Rico
Sugar mill owners between the period of 1898 and 1945 turned their sugar mills into monocultural plantations in response to the economy of the 20th century . The sugar mills and tobacco , cigar , and cigarette factories gained the United States ' attention due to their fast productions and large amount of produce . Women and children were the primary workers within these industries . Puerto Rican trades went to the United States 95 % of the time . By 1914 , the coffee production that once was steady failed .
Hoover Dam
A second labor action took place in July 1935 , as construction on the dam wound down . When a Six Companies manager altered working times to force workers to take lunch on their own time , workers responded with a strike . Emboldened by Crowe 's reversal of the lunch decree , workers raised their demands to include a $1 - per - day raise . The company agreed to ask the Federal government to supplement the pay , but no money was forthcoming from Washington . The strike ended .
Great Migration (African American)
When the Great Migration started in the 1910s , white Southern elites seemed to be unconcerned , and industrialists and cotton planters saw it as a positive , as it was siphoning off surplus industrial and agricultural labor . As the migration picked up , however , southern elites began to panic , fearing that a prolonged black exodus would bankrupt the south , and newspaper editorials warned of the danger . White employers eventually took notice and began expressing their fears . White southerners soon began trying to stem the flow in order to prevent the hemorrhaging of their labor supply , and some began attempting to address the poor living standards and racial oppression experienced by southern blacks in order to induce them to stay .
Great Migration (African American)
During the wave of migration that took place in the 1940s , white southerners were less concerned , as mechanization of agriculture in the late 1930s had resulted in another labor surplus so southern planters put up less resistance .
History of Texas
In the summer of 1860 , a slave panic erupted in North and East Texas amid rumors of arson by slaves and abolitionists . Called the `` Texas Troubles '' , between 30 and 100 blacks and whites were lynched by vigilantes . The events were used to arouse support for secession .
History of rail transport in the United States
The Esch -- Cummins Act of 1920 terminated the nationalization program and created a Railway Labor Board ( RLB ) to regulate wages and issue non-binding proposals to settle disputes . In 1921 the RLB ordered a twelve percent reduction in employees ' wages , which led to the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 , involving rail shop workers nationwide , followed by a court injunction to end the strike . Congress passed the Railway Labor Act of 1926 to rectify the shortcomings of the RLB procedures .
Indentured servitude
An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee ( indenturee ) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract ( indenture ) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time . The contract often lets the employer sell the labor of an indenturee to a third party . Indenturees usually enter into an indenture for a specific payment or other benefit , or to meet a legal obligation , such as debt bondage . On completion of the contract , indentured servants were given their freedom , and occasionally plots of land . In many countries , systems of indentured labor have now been outlawed , and are banned by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a form of slavery .
Labor history of the United States
However , Lewis opposed Roosevelt on foreign policy grounds in 1940 . He took the Mine Workers out of the CIO and rejoined the AFL . All labor unions strongly supported the war effort after June 1941 ( when Germany invaded the Soviet Union ) . Left - wing activists crushed wildcat strikes . Nonetheless , Lewis realized that he had enormous leverage . In 1943 , the middle of the war , when the rest of labor was observing a policy against strikes , Lewis led the miners out on a twelve - day strike for higher wages . The bipartisan Conservative coalition in Congress passed anti-union legislation over liberal opposition , most notably the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 .
Founding Fathers of the United States
The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina , by 1800 . Finally in 1807 , President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally - enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories . It became a federal crime to import or export a slave . However , the domestic slave trade was allowed , for expansion , or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory .
Rhode Island
In recent years , the presence of the word plantation in the state 's name became a sufficiently contested issue that the Rhode Island General Assembly voted on June 25 , 2009 to hold a general referendum determining whether `` and Providence Plantations '' would be dropped from the official name . Advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word symbolized an alleged legacy of `` disenfranchisement '' for many Rhode Islanders , as well as the proliferation of slavery in the colonies and in the post-colonial United States . ( Rhode Island abolished slavery in 1652 , but the law was not enforced and , by the early 18th century , it was `` the epicenter of the North American slave trade '' , according to the Brown Daily Herald . ) Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic synonym for colony and bore no relation to slavery . The referendum election was held on November 2 , 2010 , and the people voted overwhelmingly ( 78 % to 22 % ) to retain the entire original name .