vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vedaranyam March
C. Rajagopalachari , a close associate of Gandhi , led the march which had close to 150 volunteers , most of whom belonged to the Indian National Congress . It began at Trichinopoly ( now Tiruchirappalli ) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about 150 miles towards the east before culminating at Vedaranyam , a small coastal town in the then Tanjore District . By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law . As a part of the march , Rajagopalachari created awareness among the people by highlighting the importance of khādī as well as social issues like caste discrimination . The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the police . Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months . The march along with the ones at Dandi and Dharasana drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party , nor was he active in the struggle against British rules . He was the politician in shadow . His motivation lay in his pride of Hindu culture , and the defence of Hinduism against `` uninformed Western criticism '' . According to Brown ,
Swadeshi movement
The Swadeshi movement , part of the Indian independence movement and the developing Indian nationalism , was an economic strategy aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India by following the principles of swadeshi and which had some success . Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production processes . L.M. Bhole identifies five phases of the Swadeshi movement .
Quit India Movement
attacked 550 post offices , 250 railway stations , damaged many rail lines , destroyed 70 police stations , and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings . There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut . The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar . The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel was intensely loyal to Gandhi , and both he and Nehru looked to him to arbitrate disputes . However , Nehru and Patel sparred over national issues . When Nehru asserted control over Kashmir policy , Patel objected to Nehru 's sidelining his home ministry 's officials . Nehru was offended by Patel 's decision - making regarding the states ' integration , having consulted neither him nor the Cabinet . Patel asked Gandhi to relieve him of his obligation to serve , believing that an open political battle would hurt India . After much personal deliberation and contrary to Patel 's prediction , Gandhi on 30 January 1948 told Patel not to leave the government . A free India , according to Gandhi , needed both Patel and Nehru. Patel was the last man to privately talk with Gandhi , who was assassinated just minutes after Patel 's departure . At Gandhi 's wake , Nehru and Patel embraced each other and addressed the nation together . Patel gave solace to many associates and friends and immediately moved to forestall any possible violence . Within two months of Gandhi 's death , Patel suffered a major heart attack ; the timely action of his daughter , his secretary , and a nurse saved Patel 's life . Speaking later , Patel attributed the attack to the `` grief bottled up '' due to Gandhi 's death .
Labour Party (UK)
Following the defeat of 1951 the party spent 13 years in opposition . The party suffered an ideological split , between the party 's left - wing followers of Aneurin Bevan ( known as Bevanites ) , and the right - wing of the party following Hugh Gaitskell ( known as Gaitskellites ) while the postwar economic recovery and the social effects of Attlee 's reforms made the public broadly content with the Conservative governments of the time . The ageing Attlee contested his final general election in 1955 , which saw Labour lose ground , and he retired shortly after .
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Bangladesh Liberation War ( Bengali : মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho ) , also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence , or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh , was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self - determination movement in what was then East Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide . It resulted in the independence of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . The war began after the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971 . It pursued the systematic elimination of nationalist Bengali civilians , students , intelligentsia , religious minorities and armed personnel . The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime minister - designate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . The war ended on 16 December 1971 after West Pakistan surrendered .
All-India Muslim League
All - India Muslim League Presiding Leader ( s ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah A.K. Fazlul Huq Aga Khan III Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Sir Feroz Khan Noon Khwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Khaliq - uz - Zaman Mohammad Ali Bogra Founder Nawab Viqar ul Malik Founded 30 December 1906 ( 1906 - 12 - 30 ) at Dacca , British raj ( now in Dhaka , Bangladesh ) Dissolved 15 August 1947 Succeeded by Muslim League in Pakistan , Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India Headquarters Lucknow Newspaper Dawn Student wing AIMSF Paramilitary wing Khaki Ideology Pan-Islamism conservatism Two - nation theory Civil rights for Muslims in India Religion Islam International affiliation All -- India Muslim League ( London Chapter ) Election symbol Crescent and Star Politics of India Political parties Elections
The Emergency (India)
Voters in the electorally largest state of Uttar Pradesh , historically a Congress stronghold , turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state . Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of a strong and united opposition , disunity and weariness inside Congress , an effective underground opposition , and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi 's control of the mass media , which had lost much credibility . The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances , notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies . One grievance often mentioned as the ' nasbandi ' ( vasectomy ) campaign in rural areas . The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India . Meanwhile , Congress hit an all - time low in West Bengal because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party . Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership .
Qazi Muhammad Essa
Qazi Muhammad Essa ( 1913 -- 19 June 1976 ) was a Pakistani politician and one of the prominent leaders of the Pakistan Movement .
Kargil War
According to India 's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik , and many scholars , much of the background planning , including construction of logistical supply routes , had been undertaken much earlier . On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s , the army had given Pakistani leaders ( Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto ) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region , but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all - out war .
Indian general election, 2014
In January , in an interview , Gandhi admitted that some Congress members may have been involved in the 1984 riots and further stated that Modi 's government was responsible for pushing the 2002 riots while the Congress government in 1984 tried to stop the anti Sikh riots . Fellow UPA member , Praful Patel said that the 2002 matter should be put to rest . As Gandhi was reported to have sought an early declaration of the party 's candidates , the INC was scheduled to hold its first meeting of the central election committee on 13 February to finalise all their candidates by the end of the month . Similarly , the screening committees for several unnamed part of the country had already occurred so as to shortlist the candidates . On 8 March , its list of 194 candidates was announced , including 35 % of candidates that were below the age of 50 years . The INC was reported to be concerned by the possibility of a reduced mandate in Gandhi 's seat of Amethi ( Lok Sabha constituency ) amidst an unusual challenge by his high - profile competitor , the BJP 's Smriti Irani . It even led to his mother , Sonia , campaigning there for the first time in 10 years .
The Emergency (India)
The efforts of the Janata administration to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency - era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised , over-complex and politically motivated process of litigation . The Thirty - eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India , put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited judicial reviews of states of emergencies and actions taken during them , also likely played a role in this lack of success . Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged , including Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi , police were unable to submit sufficient evidence for most cases , and only a few low - level officials were convicted of any abuses .
Kargil War
Benazir Bhutto , an opposition leader in the parliament and former prime minister , called the Kargil War `` Pakistan 's greatest blunder '' . Many ex-officials of the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence ( Pakistan 's principal intelligence agency ) also believed that `` Kargil was a waste of time '' and `` could not have resulted in any advantage '' on the larger issue of Kashmir . A retired Pakistan Army 's Lieutenant - General Ali Kuli Khan , lambasted the war as `` a disaster bigger than the East Pakistan tragedy '' , adding that the plan was `` flawed in terms of its conception , tactical planning and execution '' that ended in `` sacrificing so many soldiers '' . The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation .
Indian general election, 2014
Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav claimed that the Third Front government will be formed in the center with the help of his party . To counter the `` Modi - effect '' on other constituencies near Varanasi , Yadav decided to contest from Azamgarh and Mainpuri . The party decided not to field any candidates against the INC 's Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi from Rai Bariely and Amethi , respectively , in response to the INC 's decision not to field any candidates against Mulayam Singh Yadav and Dimple Yadav from Mainpuri and Kannauj , respectively .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
African - American leaders of earlier decades like W.E.B. Du Bois were often anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist . Paul Robeson weighed in on the Vietnamese struggle in 1954 , calling Ho Chi Minh `` the modern day Toussaint L'Overture , leading his people to freedom . '' These figures were driven from public life by McCarthyism , however , and black leaders were more cautious about criticizing US foreign policy as the 1960s began .
Chennai
Chennai is also the birthplace of several regional political movements since the British era . South Indian Welfare Association , one of the earliest regional parties , was founded in 1916 , which later came to be known as the Justice Party , which was the main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state . In 1944 , the party was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam ( DK ) by E.V. Ramasami ( popularly known as ' Periyar ' ) . The party was a non-political party that demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu . However , due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C.N. Annadurai , the party was split . Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) . The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956 .
History of the United Kingdom
In the 1960s , moderate unionist Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill tried to reform the system and give a greater voice to Catholics who comprised 40 % of the population of Northern Ireland . His goals were blocked by militant Protestants led by the Rev. Ian Paisley . The increasing pressures from nationalists for reform and from unionists to resist reform led to the appearance of the civil rights movement under figures like John Hume , Austin Currie and others . Clashes escalated out of control as the army could barely contain the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Ulster Defence Association . British leaders feared their withdrawal would give a `` Doomsday Scenario '' , with widespread communal strife , followed by the mass exodus of hundreds of thousands of refugees . London shut down Northern Ireland 's parliament and began direct rule . By the 1990s , the failure of the IRA campaign to win mass public support or achieve its aim of a British withdrawal led to negotiations that in 1998 produced the ' Good Friday Agreement ' . It won popular support and largely ended the Troubles .
Swadeshi movement
The Swadeshi movement had genesis in the anti-partition movement which started to oppose the British decision to partition Bengal . There was no questioning the fact that Bengal with a population of 70 million had indeed become administratively unwieldy . Equally , there was no escaping the fact that the real motive for partitioning Bengal was political , as Indian nationalism was gaining in strength . The partition was expected to weaken what was perceived as the nerve center of Indian nationalism . Though affected in 1905 , the partition proposals had come onto the public domain as early as 1903 . Therefore , since 1903 , the ground for the launch of the Swadeshi movement had been prepared . In the official note , Risley , the Home Secretary to the Government of India said , `` Bengal united is power ; Bengal divided will pull several different ways '' .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
In 1968 , President Lyndon B. Johnson began his re-election campaign . Eugene McCarthy ran against him for the nomination on an anti-war platform . McCarthy did not win the first primary election in New Hampshire , but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent . The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign , taken together with other factors , led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race . He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Negotiations with Vietnam in that speech . Then , on August 4 , 1969 , U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Many in the peace movement within the U.S. were students , mothers , or anti-establishment hippies . Opposition grew with participation by the African - American civil rights , women 's liberation , and Chicano movements , and sectors of organized labor . Additional involvement came from many other groups , including educators , clergy , academics , journalists , lawyers , physicians ( such as Benjamin Spock ) , and military veterans . Their actions consisted mainly of peaceful , nonviolent events ; few events were deliberately provocative and violent . In some cases , police used violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators . By 1967 , according to Gallup Polls , an increasing majority of Americans considered U.S. military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake , echoed decades later by the then head of American war planning , former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara .
Vedaranyam March
In response to a nationwide protest of the British salt tax , Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a march to Dandi -- then a small village in the Bombay Presidency -- on the western coast of India . When Gandhi 's choice of salt was not welcomed by his peers , C. Rajagopalachari ably supported the idea and took part in the Salt March , which was organised on 12 March 1930 .
The Gambia
The UP was seen as the main opposition party , but it lost power from 1965 to 1970 . In 1975 , the National Convention Party ( NCP ) was formed by Sheriff Mustapha Dibba , and became the new main opposition party to the PPP 's dominance . Both the PPP and NCP were ideologically similar , so in the 1980s a new opposition party emerged , in the form of the radical socialist People 's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism ( PDOIS ) . However , as Edie notes , between the 1966 and 1992 elections , the PPP was `` overwhelmingly dominant '' , winning between 55 % and 70 % of the vote in each election and a large majority of seats continually .
Surat Split
Moderates believed in the policy of settlement of minor issues with the government by deliberations . But the extremists believed in agitation , strikes and boycotts to force their demands . Some nationalists led by Lokmanya Tilak agitated against the moderate behaviour of congress against British rule . The split between these two sections became outward at the end of Banaras Session of congress ( 1905 ) . Lokmanya Tilak and his followers held a separate conference and declared the formation of the Extremist Party . However they decided to work as a part of the Indian National Congress . Difference between moderates and extremists further widened in Calcutta Session of congress ( 1906 ) and there were attempts between them to elect one of them as the president of congress . The moderates opposed the resolutions on Swaraj , Swadeshi , Boycott of foreign goods and National Education and requested to withdraw from the policy laid down in the Calcutta session . But the extremists were not ready to do so .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan started his political career `` rather late in life '' , after his successful academic career . His international authority preceded his political career . In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations Committee for Intellectual Cooperation , where after `` in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society . '' When India became independent in 1947 , Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO ( 1946 -- 52 ) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union , from 1949 to 1952 . He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India . Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice-President of India in 1952 , and elected as the second President of India ( 1962 -- 1967 ) .
Nationalist Movements in India
The Nationalist Movements in India were organized as mass movements emphasizing and raising questions concerning the interests of the people of India . In most of these movements , people were themselves encouraged to take action . Due to several factors , these movements failed to win independence for India . However , they did promote a sense of nationalism among the people of the country . The failure of these movements affected many people as they withdrew from Government offices , schools , factories and services . Though they did manage to get a few concessions such as those won by the Salt March in 1930 , they did not help India much from the point of view of their objective .
Quit India Movement
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them , and as such their other political activities could be overlooked. The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India. The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not , in any way , infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law . The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940 , orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable , and the RSS , in turn , had assured the British authorities that `` it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government '' .
Labour Party (UK)
After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn , and the right represented by Denis Healey . The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980 , and the leftist policies he espoused , such as unilateral nuclear disarmament , leaving the European Economic Community and NATO , closer governmental influence in the banking system , the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party ( Shirley Williams , William Rodgers , Roy Jenkins and David Owen ) forming the Social Democratic Party . Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy . By 1982 , the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party 's constitution . The Militant newspaper 's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983 .
Indian general election, 2014
Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi was chosen to lead the Bharatiya Janata Party 's campaign after a party conclave in Goa . This came amid controversy as Lal Krishna Advani opposed the decision and resigned from his party posts , only to later rescind his resignation . Murli Manohar Joshi and Sushma Swaraj were part of the team for the campaign . Rajnath Singh , Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani were the mentors for the BJP 's campaign . A 12 - member committee , led by Modi , was appointed at the Goa conclave which included M. Venkaiah Naidu , Nitin Gadkari , Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan , Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Raman Singh and Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar .
Malayan Union
The Malays generally opposed the creation of the Union . The opposition was due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans ' approval , the reduction of the Sultans ' powers , and easy granting of citizenship to immigrants . The United Malays National Organisation or UMNO , a Malay political association formed by Dato ' Onn bin Ja'afar on 1 March 1946 , led the opposition against the Malayan Union . Malays also wore white bands around their heads , signifying their mourning for the loss of the Sultans ' political rights .
Kargil War
Soon after the war the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures . The high - powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst K. Subrahmanyam and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security , including former Prime Ministers . The committee 's final report ( also referred to as the `` Subrahmanyam Report '' ) led to a large - scale restructuring of Indian Intelligence . It , however , came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions . The Committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting Brigadier Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time , and for his subsequent conduct . Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and , ultimately , higher government functionaries .