vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Loggerhead sea turtle
Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and 33 , and their mating period may last more than six weeks . They court their mates , but these behaviors have not been thoroughly examined . Male forms of courtship behavior include nuzzling , biting , and head and flipper movements . Studies suggest females produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability . Before mating , the male approaches a female and attempts to mount her , while she resists . Next , the male and female begin to circle each other . If the male has competitors , the female may let the males struggle with each other . The winner then mounts the female ; the male 's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of the female 's shell during this process . Other courting males bite the male while he is attempting to copulate , damaging his flippers and tail , possibly exposing bones . Such damage can cause the male to dismount and may require weeks to heal . While nesting , females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches , and then become quiescent , producing no eggs for two to three years . Unlike other sea turtles , courtship and mating usually do not take place near the nesting beach , but rather along migration routes between feeding and breeding grounds . Recent evidence indicates ovulation in loggerheads is mating - induced . Through the act of mating , the female ovulates eggs which are fertilized by the male . This is unique , as mating - induced ovulation is rare outside of mammals . In the Northern Hemisphere , loggerheads mate from late March to early June . The nesting season is short , between May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and March in the Southern Hemisphere .
Women in Vietnam
There are several patterns in birth rates amongst Vietnamese women . In one 2008 study by Nguyen et al. , most women were found to have given birth by the time they reached age 20 . However , the same study has found that the higher education level a woman received , the later the age at which she gives birth to her first child . Domestic
Obesity in the United States
The long - running REGARDS study , published in the journal of Obesity in 2014 , brought in individuals from the nine census regions and measured their height and weight . The data collected disagreed with the data in the CDC 's phone survey used to create the following chart . REGARDS found that the West North Central region ( North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , and Iowa ) , and East North Central region ( Illinois , Ohio , Wisconsin , Michigan , and Indiana ) were the worst in obesity numbers , not the East South Central region ( Tennessee , Mississippi , Alabama , Kentucky ) as had been previously thought . Dr. P.H. , professor in the Department of Biostatistics in the UAB School of Public Health George Howard explains that `` Asking someone how much they weigh is probably the second worst question behind how much money they make , '' `` From past research , we know that women tend to under - report their weight , and men tend to over-report their height . '' Howard said as far as equivalency between the self - reported and measured data sets , the East South Central region showed the least misreporting . `` This suggests that people from the South come closer to telling the truth than people from other regions , perhaps because there 's not the social stigma of being obese in the South as there is in other regions . ''
Women in Vietnam
Confucianism 's emphasis on the family still impacts Vietnamese women 's lives , especially in rural areas , where it espouses the importance of premarital female virginity and condemns abortion and divorce . According to a 2006 study , over the past decades , little progression in gender relations have been made . Household chores and labor are still primarily performed by Vietnamese women ; however , women in Vietnam have shown increased influence in familial decisions , such as household budgets and the education of the children . In terms of childcare responsibility , men have shown an increased participation at the earlier ages of childcare , though women overall still bear the main responsibility . Women are seen primarily as mothers , and are considered to have shown `` respect '' to their husband 's lineage if they give birth to a boy . While patrilineal ancestor worship shows girls as `` outside lineage '' ( họ ngoại ) , it consider boys to be `` inside lineage '' ( họ nội ) . Vietnamese society tends to follow the ancestral line through males , pushing women to the periphery . Vietnam has a two child policy . Some families want at least one boy , but would prefer two boys to two girls , so they use ultrasound machines to determine the baby 's sex to later abort female offspring .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
The Australian Catholic Bishops ' Conference decreed on Friday 4 October 1985 that Fridays throughout the year , including in Lent ( other than Good Friday ) are not obligatory days of abstinence from meat , provided an alternative form of penance is practised . Although this remains the case to this day , support for the return of obligatory Friday abstinence has been gradually increasing since England and Wales returned to Friday abstinence in 2011 , with some Australian bishops expressing interest . Canada
Migration in China
Left - behind children are also prone to undergo emotional and psychological problems . Liang 's study of 250 left - behind junior high school students suggests that 16.6 % of them felt abandoned , 12.3 % had problems expressing difficulties , and 6.5 % felt `` anguished '' when being left behind . In addition , the earlier those children are separated from parents , more symptoms of depression and anxiety will be reported .
Adolescence
Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent 's life . For example , menarche ( the first menstrual period of a female ) , or semenarche ( the first ejaculation of a male ) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures . In addition to biological factors , an adolescent 's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity . In the United States specifically , adolescents are said to have `` raging hormones '' that drive their sexual desires . These sexual desires are then dramatized regarding teen sex and seen as `` a site of danger and risk ; that such danger and risk is a source of profound worry among adults '' . There is little to no normalization regarding teenagers having sex in the U.S. , which causes conflict in how adolescents are taught about sex education . There is a constant debate about whether abstinence - only sex education or comprehensive sex education should be taught in schools and this stems back to whether or not the country it is being taught in is permissive or restrictive . Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage . These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development , or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur . In less restrictive cultures , there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality , or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces . Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality , while objecting to other aspects . For instance , some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable . Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy , as long as they occur after marriage . In permissive societies , overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable , and is sometimes even encouraged . Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive , there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality . Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is -- in some it is legally inscribed , while in others it is communicated through social convention .
Postterm pregnancy
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Colonial history of the United States
Women were often vulnerable to exploitation and abuse , especially teenage girls who were indentured servants and lacking male protectors . On the other hand , young women had much more freedom in choosing spouses , without parental oversight , and the shortage of eligible women enabled them to use marriage as an avenue to upward mobility . The high death rates meant that Chesapeake wives generally became widows who inherited property ; many widows increased their property by remarrying as soon as possible . The population began to stabilize around 1700 , with a 1704 census listing 30,437 white people present with 7,163 of those being women . Women married younger , remained wed longer , bore more children , and lost influence within the family polity .
Geography and wealth
The 2001 Harvard study mentions high infant mortality as another factor ; since birth rates usually increase in compensation , women may delay their entry into the workforce to care for their younger children . The education of the surviving children then becomes difficult , perpetuating a cycle of poverty .
Luteinizing hormone
The different composition of these oligosaccharides affects bioactivity and speed of degradation . The biologic half - life of LH is 20 minutes , shorter than that of FSH ( 3 -- 4 hours ) and hCG ( 24 hours ) .
Big Five personality traits
Findings from these studies indicate that , consistent with adult personality trends , youth personality becomes increasingly more stable in terms of rank - order throughout childhood . Unlike adult personality research , which indicates that people become agreeable , conscientious , and emotionally stable with age , some findings in youth personality research have indicated that mean - levels of agreeableness , conscientiousness , and openness to experience decline from late childhood to late adolescence . The disruption hypothesis , which proposes that biological , social , and psychological changes experienced during youth result in temporary dips in maturity , has been proposed to explain these findings . Extraversion
Medieval household
As more land was won for cultivation , this trend changed . During the High and Late Middle Ages , women were increasingly married away in their teens , leading to higher birth rates . While women would be married once they reached reproductive age , men had to possess independent means of sustenance -- to be able to provide for a family -- before entering into marriage . For this reason , the average age of marriage for men remained high , in the mid - to late twenties .
One-child policy
The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . ''
New Zealand
Unemployment peaked above 10 % in 1991 and 1992 , following the 1987 share market crash , but eventually fell to a record low ( since 1986 ) of 3.7 % in 2007 ( ranking third from twenty - seven comparable OECD nations ) . However , the global financial crisis that followed had a major impact on New Zealand , with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters , the longest recession in over thirty years , and unemployment rising back to 7 % in late 2009 . Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends , but are consistently higher among youth . In the December 2014 quarter , the general unemployment rate was around 5.8 % , while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6 % . New Zealand has experienced a series of `` brain drains '' since the 1970s that still continue today . Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas , mostly in Australia and Britain , which is the largest proportion from any developed nation . In recent years , however , a `` brain gain '' has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries .
Adolescence
Adolescence marks a time of sexual maturation , which manifests in social interactions as well . While adolescents may engage in casual sexual encounters ( often referred to as hookups ) , most sexual experience during this period of development takes place within romantic relationships . Adolescents can use technologies and social media to seek out romantic relationships as they feel it is a safe place to try out dating and identity exploration . From these social media encounters , a further relationship may begin . Kissing , hand holding , and hugging signify satisfaction and commitment . Among young adolescents , `` heavy '' sexual activity , marked by genital stimulation , is often associated with violence , depression , and poor relationship quality . This effect does not hold true for sexual activity in late adolescence that takes place within a romantic relationship . Some research suggest that there are genetic causes of early sexual activity that are also risk factors for delinquency , suggesting that there is a group who are at risk for both early sexual activity and emotional distress . For older adolescents , though , sexual activity in the context of romantic relationships was actually correlated with lower levels of deviant behavior after controlling for genetic risks , as opposed to sex outside of a relationship ( hook - ups )
Semen
After ejaculation , the latter part of the ejaculated semen coagulates immediately , forming globules , while the earlier part of the ejaculate typically does not . After a period typically ranging from 15 -- 30 minutes , prostate - specific antigen present in the semen causes the decoagulation of the seminal coagulum . It is postulated that the initial clotting helps keep the semen in the vagina , while liquefaction frees the sperm to make their journey to the ova .
Centipede
The Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha lay their eggs singly in holes in the soil , and the female fills the holes with soil and leaves them . The number of eggs laid ranges from about 10 to 50 . Time of development of the embryo to hatching is highly variable and may take from one to a few months . Time of development to reproductive period is highly variable within and among species . For example , it can take 3 years for S. coleoptrata to achieve adulthood , whereas under the right conditions , lithobiomorph species may reach a reproductive period in 1 year . In addition , centipedes are relatively long - lived when compared to insects . For example , the European Lithobius forficatus may live for 5 to 6 years , and the wide - ranging Scolopendra subspinipes can live for over 10 years . The combination of a small number of eggs laid , long gestation period , and long time of development to reproduction has led authors to label lithobiomorph centipedes as K - selected .
Health care in the United States
Recent studies find growing gaps in life expectancy based on income and geography . In 2008 , a government - sponsored study found that life expectancy declined from 1983 to 1999 for women in 180 counties , and for men in 11 counties , with most of the life expectancy declines occurring in the Deep South , Appalachia , along the Mississippi River , in the Southern Plains and in Texas . The difference is as high as three years for men , six years for women . The gap is growing between rich and poor and by educational level , but narrowing between men and women and by race . Another study found that the mortality gap between the well - educated and the poorly educated widened significantly between 1993 and 2001 for adults ages 25 through 64 ; the authors speculated that risk factors such as smoking , obesity and high blood pressure may lie behind these disparities . In 2011 the U.S. National Research Council forecasted that deaths attributed to smoking , on the decline in the US , will drop dramatically , improving life expectancy ; it also suggested that one - fifth to one - third of the life expectancy difference can be attributed to obesity which is the worst in the world and has been increasing . In an analysis of breast cancer , colorectal cancer , and prostate cancer diagnosed during 1990 -- 1994 in 31 countries , the U.S. had the highest five - year relative survival rate for breast cancer and prostate cancer , although survival was systematically and substantially lower in black U.S. men and women .
John Lennon
When Lennon and Ono were reunited , she became pregnant ; she had previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon . She initially said that she wanted to have an abortion , but she changed her mind and agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband , which he agreed to do . Sean was born on 9 October 1975 ( Lennon 's 35th birthday ) and delivered by Caesarean section . Lennon 's subsequent hiatus from producing music would span five years . He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year and created numerous drawings for him , which were posthumously published as Real Love : The Drawings for Sean . Lennon later proudly declared , `` He did n't come out of my belly but , by God , I made his bones , because I 've attended to every meal , and to how he sleeps , and to the fact that he swims like a fish . ''
Chinese marriage
However most law cases filed were before 2000 , and as of 2014 the situation does not really differ from that in western countries . People will not get prosecuted for `` bigamy '' for out - of - marriage relationships as long as they do not register another marriage , but might be required to cede more possessions in divorce cases involving a former wife .
Lithuania
Lithuania has a sub-replacement fertility rate : the total fertility rate ( TFR ) in Lithuania is 1.59 children born / woman ( 2015 estimates ) . As of 2014 , 29 % of births were to unmarried women . The age at first marriage in 2013 was 27 years for women and 29.3 years for men .
Cousin marriage
India 's Muslim minority represents about 14 % of its population and has an overall rate of cousin marriage of 22 % according to a 2000 report . This dichotomy may be a legacy of the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan , when substantial Muslim migration to Pakistan occurred from the eastern parts of the former unified state of Punjab . In south India , by contrast , the rates are fairly constant , except for the South Indian Malabar Muslims of Kerala ( 9 % ) who claim descent from Arab traders who settled permanently in India in the eighth century . Most Indian Muslims , by contrast , are the result of Hindus ' conversions to Islam in the 16th century or later . The lowest rate for a whole Indian region was in East India ( 15 % ) . Consanguinity rates were generally stable across the four decades for which data exist , though second - cousin marriage appears to have been decreasing in favor of first - cousin marriage .
Nuss procedure
Recovery time is generally four to five days as an in - patient , depending on the patient age , activity level , co-morbidities and post-operative complications ( if any ) , followed by time at home to overcome the pain and to let the bar settle into place . Sleep will be hampered because of the pain , discomfort and inability to sleep on either side of the body . Breathing can be difficult because of the stiffness of the bar and post-operative pain , but this generally improves within a few weeks to a month . Patients younger than fifteen often require only two to four weeks at home after being discharged from the hospital for recovery . However , older children and adults typically require a greater recovery time due to the increased ossification ( and thus decreased flexibility ) of their bones .
Parens patriae
In most jurisdictions , this appears in the principle that makes the protection of the best interests of any child the first and single most important concern of the courts . For example , in any proceedings affecting the validity of a marriage , the children will not be parties in their own right , nor will they be parties to any agreement that the spouses may make . In these proceedings , the courts will often be invited to accept and enforce any agreement between a husband and wife regarding parental responsibility for their children . This will usually be done so long as the agreement is seen to be in the best interests and welfare of the children . Courts are not obliged to invoke the parens patriae doctrine in cases involving children and not all courts , particularly newer courts such as the Australian Family Court ( est 1975 ) , have specific parens patriae jurisdiction .
Cousin marriage
China has banned it since passing its 1981 Marriage Law although cross-cousin marriage was commonly practiced in China in the past in rural areas . An article in China Daily from the 1990s reported on the ban 's implementation in the northeastern province of Liaoning , along with a ban on marriage of the physically and mentally handicapped , all justified on `` eugenic '' grounds . Limited existing data indicate some remaining cousin marriage of types besides father 's brother 's daughter in many villages , with percentages usually in the lower single digits . A 2002 Time article claims that an increasing imbalance in the number of males and females is causing more cousin marriages , as `` desperate '' males struggle to find brides . Currently according to the Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China , `` Article 7 No marriage may be contracted under any of the following circumstances : ( 1 ) if the man and the woman are lineal relatives by blood , or collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship . ''
Economy of New Zealand
Deregulation also created a business - friendly regulatory framework which has benefited those able to take advantage of it . A 2008 survey in The Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal ranked New Zealand 99.9 % in `` Business freedom '' , and 80 % overall in `` Economic freedom '' , noting that it takes , on average , only 12 days to establish a business in New Zealand , compared with a worldwide average of 43 days .
Egg donation
Common reasons to donate are to help childless couples and receive monetary compensation . Reluctance to donate may be caused by a sense of ownership and responsibility for the well - being of the offspring .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 km from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure .