vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Prairie dog
On average , these stout - bodied rodents will grow to be between 30 and 40 cm ( 12 and 16 in ) long , including the short tail , and weigh between 0.5 and 1.5 kilograms ( 1 and 3 lb ) . Sexual dimorphism in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136 % between the sexes . Among the species , black - tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic , and white - tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic . Sexual dimorphism peaks during weaning , when the females lose weight and the males start eating more , and is at its lowest when the females are pregnant , which is also when the males are tired from breeding .
Kidney
The human kidney is fairly typical of that of mammals . Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney , in comparison with that of other vertebrates , include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids , and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla . The latter feature is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle ; these are much shorter in birds , and not truly present in other vertebrates ( although the nephron often has a short intermediate segment between the convoluted tubules ) . It is only in mammals that the kidney takes on its classical `` kidney '' shape , although there are some exceptions , such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans .
Dodo
Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was anatomically similar to pigeons in many features . They pointed to the very short keratinous portion of the beak , with its long , slender , naked basal part . Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes , almost reaching their beak , as in dodos . The forehead was high in relation to the beak , and the nostril was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin , a combination of features shared only with pigeons . The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of terrestrial pigeons than of other birds , both in their scales and in their skeletal features . Depictions of the large crop hinted at a relationship with pigeons , in which this feature is more developed than in other birds . Pigeons generally have very small clutches , and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg . Like pigeons , the dodo lacked the vomer and septum of the nostrils , and it shared details in the mandible , the zygomatic bone , the palate , and the hallux . The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the cranium .
Bull Terrier
The Bull Terrier 's most recognizable feature is its head , described as ' egg - shaped ' when viewed from the front ; the top of the skull is almost flat . The profile curves gently downwards from the top of the skull to the tip of the nose , which is black and bent downwards at the tip , with well developed nostrils . The under - jaw is deep and strong . The unique triangular eyes are small , dark , and deep - set . Bull Terriers are the only dogs that have triangular eyes . The body is full and round , with strong , muscular shoulders . The tail is carried horizontally . They are either white , red , fawn , black , brindle , or a combination of these .
Red fox
The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs . The tail , which is longer than half the body length ( 70 per cent of head and body length ) , is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position . Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented . Nictitating membranes are present , but move only when the eyes are closed . The forepaws have five digits , while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws . They are very agile , being capable of jumping over 2 - metre - high ( 6 ft 7 in ) fences , and swim well . Vixens normally have four pairs of teats , though vixens with seven , nine , or ten teats are not uncommon . The testes of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes .
Primate
Sexual dimorphism is often exhibited in simians , though to a greater degree in Old World species ( apes and some monkeys ) than New World species . Recent studies involve comparing DNA to examine both the variation in the expression of the dimorphism among primates and the fundamental causes of sexual dimorphism . Primates usually have dimorphism in body mass and canine tooth size along with pelage and skin color . The dimorphism can be attributed to and affected by different factors , including mating system , size , habitat and diet .
Magic in Harry Potter
The extent of these appearance - altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear . According to Rowling , a Metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely , for instance , from black to white , young to old , handsome to plain and so on . In one example , Tonks changes her facial appearance by reshaping her nose into `` a beaklike protuberance like Snape 's '' , to `` something resembling a button mushroom '' , and `` one like a pig snout '' which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley . The emotional state of a Metamorphmagus can affect their abilities .
New World monkey
New World monkeys are small to mid-sized primates , ranging from the pygmy marmoset ( the world 's smallest monkey ) , at 14 to 16 cm ( 5.5 to 6.5 in ) and a weight of 120 to 190 g ( 4.2 to 6.7 oz ) , to the southern muriqui , at 55 to 70 cm ( 22 to 28 in ) and a weight of 12 to 15 kg ( 26 to 33 lb ) . New World monkeys differ slightly from Old World monkeys in several aspects . The most prominent phenotypic distinction is the nose , which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups . The clade for the New World monkeys , Platyrrhini , means `` flat nosed '' . The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of the Old World monkeys , and have side - facing nostrils . New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails -- in comparison with the shorter , non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World .
Respiratory system
Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants includes anatomical features such as stomata , that are found in various parts of the plant .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Melman Mankiewicz ( Giacomo Manica ) is a male reticulated giraffe . He has a furry coat , whiskers , a snout , a long neck , brown spots , horns , and a tufted tail . He is somewhat of a hypochondriac , having doses of medicine for meals and doctor 's appointments frequently . He even complains about having brown spots on his neck ( the spots , in real life , are natural ) .
Loggerhead sea turtle
Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent in adults . Adult males have longer tails and claws than females . The males ' plastrons are shorter than the females ' , presumably to accommodate the males ' larger tails . The carapaces of males are wider and less domed than the females ' , and males typically have wider heads than females . The sex of juveniles and subadults can not be determined through external anatomy , but can be observed through dissection , laparoscopy ( an operation performed on the abdomen ) , histological examination ( cell anatomy ) , and radioimmunological assays ( immune study dealing with radiolabeling ) .
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
Its body is 14 -- 20 cm long and the tail length is 10 -- 14 cm . It weighs 150 -- 220 g . It is much smaller than the Japanese giant flying squirrel which can reach 1500 g . Its back is covered with grey brown hair , and its belly is white . It has large eyes and a flattened tail . Species of flying squirrels possess a patagium , which is a skin membrane used in gliding . In this particular species of flying squirrel their patagium spans between their wrists and ankles , but not between their legs and tail .
Barn owl
The bird 's head and upper body typically vary between pale brown and some shade of grey ( especially on the forehead and back ) in most subspecies . Some are purer , richer brown instead , and all have fine black - and - white speckles except on the remiges and rectrices ( main wing feathers ) , which are light brown with darker bands . The heart - shaped face is usually bright white , but in some subspecies it is brown . The left ear is slightly above the eyes on the vertical plane , whereas the right ear is slightly below the eyes . The orientation of the ear coverts in relation to the face also differs between the ears , with a difference of about 15 ° . The underparts , including the tarsometatarsal ( lower leg ) feathers , vary from white to reddish buff among the subspecies , and are either mostly unpatterned or bear a varying number of tiny blackish - brown speckles . It has been found that at least in the continental European populations , females with more spotting are healthier than plainer birds . This does not hold true for European males by contrast , where the spotting varies according to subspecies . The beak varies from pale horn to dark buff , corresponding to the general plumage hue , and the iris is blackish brown . The talons , like the beak , vary in colour , ranging from pink to dark pinkish - grey and the talons are black .
Primate
The primate collar bone is retained as prominent element of the pectoral girdle ; this allows the shoulder joint broad mobility . Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula , broad ribcages that are flatter front - to - back , and a shorter , less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys ( with lower vertebrae greatly reduced , resulting in tail loss in some species ) . Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails . New World atelids , including the howler , spider , woolly spider and woolly monkeys , and New World capuchins have prehensile tails . Male primates typically have a pendulous penis and scrotal testes .
Red fox
The winter fur is dense , soft , silky and relatively long . For the northern foxes , the fur is very long , dense and fluffy , but is shorter , sparser and coarser in southern forms . Among northern foxes , the North American varieties generally have the silkiest guard hairs , while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur . There are three main colour morphs ; red , silver / black and cross ( see Mutations ) . In the typical red morph , their coats are generally bright reddish - rusty with yellowish tints . A stripe of weak , diffuse patterns of many brown - reddish - chestnut hairs occurs along the spine . Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades , which , together with the spinal stripe , form a cross . The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour . The flanks are lighter coloured than the back , while the chin , lower lips , throat and front of the chest are white . The remaining lower surface of the body is dark , brown or reddish . During lactation , the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red . The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish , while the paws are black . The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish - rusty red , while the upper lips are white . The backs of the ears are black or brownish - reddish , while the inner surface is whitish . The top of the tail is brownish - reddish , but lighter in colour than the back and flanks . The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw - coloured tint . A black spot , the location of the supracaudal gland , is usually present at the base of the tail . The tip of the tail is white . Mutations
Pharynx
Everted pharynx of Alitta virens ( also known as Nereis virens ) , lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail . Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body . Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species .
Dodo
All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images , around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer . Differences in the depictions led authors such as Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans and Masauji Hachisuka to speculate about sexual dimorphism , ontogenic traits , seasonal variation , and even the existence of different species , but these theories are not accepted today . Because details such as markings of the beak , the form of the tail feathers , and colouration vary from account to account , it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these features , whether they signal age or sex , or if they even reflect reality . Dodo specialist Julian Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits , as seen in the Gelderland , Cornelis Saftleven , Crocker Art Gallery , and Ustad Mansur images . According to this claim , the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that taxidermy specimens were used as models . Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position , unlike flighted pigeons , but similar to ratites such as the ostrich and kiwi . The
Indian elephant
In general , Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head . The tip of their trunk has one finger - like process . Their back is convex or level . Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m ( 6.6 and 11.5 ft ) , weigh between 2,000 and 5,000 kg ( 4,400 and 11,000 lb ) , and have 19 pairs of ribs . Their skin color is lighter than of maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation , but darker than of sumatranus . Females are usually smaller than males , and have short or no tusks .
Lion
The lion 's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species . The mane starts growing when lions are about one year old . Mane colour varies , and darkens with age . Research results indicate that environmental factors such as average ambient temperature influence the mane 's colour and size . Mane length apparently signals fighting success in male -- male relationships . Darker - maned individuals may have longer reproductive lives and higher offspring survival , although they suffer in the hottest months of the year . The presence , absence , colour , and size of the mane is associated with genetic precondition , sexual maturity , climate , and testosterone production ; the rule of thumb is the darker and fuller the mane , the healthier the lion . In the Serengeti National Park , female lions favour males as mates with dense , dark manes . The main purpose of the mane is thought to protect the lion 's neck and throat in territorial fights with rivals .
Briard
The Briard can be tawny , black , grey or blue however there are variations in each color . Briards stand 58 to 69 cm ( 22 to 27 inches ) at the withers . Ear cropping has been common in the breed , although more breeders are leaving the ears in their natural state since ear cropping is becoming illegal in most European countries , including the Briard 's land of origin , France . When cropped , the ears should stand erect and parallel with the base being wide and tapering to a rounded point with hair covering the opening . Their long coat requires an extensive amount of grooming . The outer coat is coarse , hard and dry ( making a dry rasping sound between the fingers ) . It lies down flat , falling naturally in long , slightly waving locks , having the sheen of good health . On the shoulders the length of the hair is generally six inches or more . The undercoat is fine and tight on all the body . The head is well covered with hair which lies down , forming a natural part in the center . The eyebrows do not lie flat but , instead , arch up and out in a curve that lightly veils the eyes . The hair is never so abundant that it masks the form of the head or completely covers the eyes . Briards come in a variety from different colors .
Hippocampus
The hippocampus has a generally similar appearance across the range of mammals , from monotremes such as the echidna to primates such as humans . The hippocampal - size - to - body - size ratio broadly increases , being about twice as large for primates as for the echidna . It does not , however , increase at anywhere close to the rate of the neocortex - to - body - size ratio . Therefore , the hippocampus takes up a much larger fraction of the cortical mantle in rodents than in primates . In adult humans the volume of the hippocampus on each side of the brain is about 3.0 to 3.5 cm as compared to 320 to 420 cm for the volume of the neocortex .
Barn swallow
The adult male barn swallow of the nominate subspecies H. r . rustica is 17 -- 19 cm ( 6.7 -- 7.5 in ) long including 2 -- 7 cm ( 0.79 -- 2.76 in ) of elongated outer tail feathers . It has a wingspan of 32 -- 34.5 cm ( 12.6 -- 13.6 in ) and weighs 16 -- 22 g ( 0.56 -- 0.78 oz ) . It has steel blue upperparts and a rufous forehead , chin and throat , which are separated from the off - white underparts by a broad dark blue breast band . The outer tail feathers are elongated , giving the distinctive deeply forked `` swallow tail '' . There is a line of white spots across the outer end of the upper tail . The female is similar in appearance to the male , but the tail streamers are shorter , the blue of the upperparts and breast band is less glossy , and the underparts paler . The juvenile is browner and has a paler rufous face and whiter underparts . It also lacks the long tail streamers of the adult .
Border Collie
Eye colour varies from brown to blue , and occasionally eyes of differing colour occur ; this is usually seen with merles . The ears of the Border Collie are also variable -- some have fully erect ears , some fully dropped ears , and others semi-erect ears ( similar to those of the rough Collie ) . Although working Border Collie handlers sometimes have superstitions about the appearance of their dogs ( handlers may avoid mostly white dogs due to the unfounded idea that sheep will not respect a white or almost all white dog ) , in general a dog 's appearance is considered by the American Border Collie Association to be irrelevant . It is considered much more useful to identify a working Border Collie by its attitude and ability than by its looks .
World State in Brave New World
In addition to racial harmony , gender roles appear to have been eliminated in the World State . Both men and women are equals in society . However , a third pseudo-sex has been engineered : freemartins , a hermaphroditic group of humans who appear to have been grown as females , but are sterile and exhibit traits of both the male and female sexes . While freemartins appear female , they exhibit some male characteristics , including the growth of facial hair . The purpose of their creation is to allow citizens to engage in sexual intercourse for pleasure without the need for contraception .
Dodo
As no complete dodo specimens exist , its external appearance , such as plumage and colouration , is hard to determine . Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction ( 1598 -- 1662 ) are the primary evidence for its external appearance . According to most representations , the dodo had greyish or brownish plumage , with lighter primary feathers and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end . The head was grey and naked , the beak green , black and yellow , and the legs were stout and yellowish , with black claws . A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were pennaceous rather than plumaceous ( downy ) and most similar to those of other pigeons .
Lion
Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures . A common facial expression is the `` grimace face '' or flehmen response , which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth , raised muzzle , wrinkled nose closed eyes and relaxed ears . Lions also use chemical and visual marking ; male lions will spray and scrape both plots of ground and objects within their territory .
Super Why!
Pig ( Referred to in the credits as `` The Littlest Pig , '' he introduces himself as `` P is for Pig , '' but throughout the show , he is simply known as `` Pig '' ) -- Pig enjoys pretending and dressing up like his father , a construction worker . He is pink and generally wears a construction hat , with a toolkit belt and safety goggles . His superhero form is Alpha Pig . His Alphabet Toolbox has an Alphabet Map , a Lucky Letter Lasso , Brilliant Binoculars , a Mega Magnifying Glass and a Fabulous Flashlight in it . His symbol is a triangle . He has `` alphabet power '' focuses on the alphabet .
Red fox
Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears , tail and postures , with their body markings emphasising certain gestures . Postures can be divided into aggressive / dominant and fearful / submissive categories . Some postures may blend the two together . A
Dodo
About 1638 , as I walked London streets , I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it . It was kept in a chamber , and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock , and so legged and footed , but stouter and thicker and of more erect shape , coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan , and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour . The keeper called it a Dodo , and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones , whereof hee gave it many in our sight , some as big as nutmegs , and the keeper told us that she eats them ( conducing to digestion ) , and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein , yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again .
Crab
Crabs often show marked sexual dimorphism . Males often have larger claws , a tendency which is particularly pronounced in the fiddler crabs of the genus Uca ( Ocypodidae ) . In fiddler crabs , males have one claw which is greatly enlarged and which is used for communication , particularly for attracting a mate . Another conspicuous difference is the form of the pleon ( abdomen ) ; in most male crabs , this is narrow and triangular in form , while females have a broader , rounded abdomen . This is because female crabs brood fertilised eggs on their pleopods . Red
Polistes carolina
Males often have more developed black or brown markings such as spots on the midfemur and sterna . Yellow markings vary , but have been reported on the face and sterna 1 through 4 . Additionally , males have more squarish faces with longer hooked antenna .
Rabbit
Most wild rabbits ( especially compared to hares ) have relatively full , egg - shaped bodies . The soft coat of the wild rabbit is agouti in coloration ( or , rarely , melanistic ) , which aids in camouflage . The tail of the rabbit ( with the exception of the cottontail species ) is dark on top and white below . Cottontails have white on the top of their tails .
Arctic fox
The fox has a low surface area to volume ratio , as evidenced by its generally compact body shape , short muzzle and legs , and short , thick ears . Since less of its surface area is exposed to the Arctic cold , less heat escapes from its body .