vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thunderstorm
Each year , many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning . While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer , they can occur at just about any time of the year .
Climate of Salt Lake City
The summer monsoon rising from Mexico and Arizona passes through the region beginning in mid-July and continuing into September , bringing intense but short - lived thunderstorm activity . Tornadoes have been known to occur during this time period , the most notable recent example being in 1999 when an F2 tornado struck downtown Salt Lake City , causing extensive damage and resulting in one death . Many of these thunderstorms consist of dry lightning , which occurs when humidity is too low to support rainfall and the rain evaporates before reaching the ground . This is the main cause of wildfires in Utah during summer . Smoke from such fires in nearby areas sometimes make their way into the valley . Despite the intensity of the thunderstorms , the low humidity , short duration , and isolationism of the thunderstorms all play a part in making this the driest season . July is the driest month , with only 0.72 in ( 18.3 mm ) of precipitation on average . In late fall , the Pacific Ocean usually begins to kick in again , and starting in late September precipitation begins to increase . During late summer and fall , remnants of tropical cyclones from the East Pacific occasionally reach Utah , resulting in heavy tropical rains . Weather events such as hail , freezing rain , and sleet are uncommon in Salt Lake City . When they do occur , they are of short duration and rarely accumulate . The record precipitation for a single month occurred in September 1982 , with 7.04 inches ( 179 mm ) , largely due to the remnants of Hurricane Olivia . The record 24 ‐ hour precipitation occurred from April 22 -- 23 , 1957 , when 2.41 inches ( 61.2 mm ) fell .
Atlantic hurricane season
This bar chart shows the number of named storms and hurricanes per year from 1851 -- 2018 .
Atlantic hurricane season
Season Tropical Depressions Named Storms Hurricanes Category ≥ 2 Major hurricanes ( Category ≥ 3 ) Category ≥ 4 Category 5 1967 29 8 6 1968 14 8 5 0 0 0 0 1969 20 18 12 7 5 1970 19 10 5 0 0 1971 22 13 6 1972 19 7 0 0 0 1973 24 8 0 0 21 11 0 23 9 6 5 0 1976 23 10 6 0 0 1977 16 6 5 1978 24 12 5 0 1979 26 9 5 1980 15 11 9 5 1981 22 12 7 0 1982 9 6 0 7 0 0 1984 20 13 5 0 1985 14 11 7 0 1986 10 6 0 0 0 14 7 0 0 1988 19 12 5 1989 15 11 7 1990 16 14 8 0 0 1991 12 8 0 1992 10 7 1993 10 8 0 0 1994 12 7 0 0 0 1995 21 19 11 8 5 0 13 13 9 6 6 0 1997 9 8 0 0 1998 14 14 10 7 1999 16 12 8 8 5 5 0 2000 19 15 8 0 2001 17 15 9 5 0 2002 14 12 0 2003 21 16 7 16 15 9 7 6 2005 31 28 15 8 7 5 2006 10 10 5 0 0 2007 17 15 6 2008 17 16 8 6 5 0 2009 11 9 0 21 19 12 9 5 0 2011 20 19 7 0 2012 19 19 10 5 0 0 2013 15 14 0 0 0 0 2014 9 8 6 0 2015 12 11 0 2016 16 15 7 2017 18 17 10 8 6
Climate of Florida
El Niño has the following effects on Florida climate : above average rainfall in the spring . This is followed by wildfire threat when rain dries up . Northern Florida is more susceptible to severe weather ; below normal temperatures , increased number of low pressure systems in the Gulf of Mexico during the winter , and `` almost always '' reduces the frequency of storms and hurricanes .
Hurricane Gloria
Officials advised 95,000 citizens along the New Jersey coastline , an area that rarely experiences hurricanes , to evacuate . Cape May County -- the most vulnerable part of the state and among the most susceptible in the entire country -- would require 36 hours in 2005 to evacuate the 100,000 citizens and 900,000 tourists that were commonly present during busy summer weekends .
Caribbean Sea
Every year hurricanes represent a potential threat to the islands of the Caribbean , due to the extremely destructive nature of these powerful weather systems . Coral reefs can easily be damaged by violent wave action , and can be destroyed when a hurricane dumps sand or mud onto a reef . When this happens , the coral organisms are smothered and the reef dies and ultimately breaks apart .
Tropical cyclone
The landfall of a tropical cyclone occurs when a storm 's surface center moves over a coastline . Storm conditions may be experienced on the coast and inland hours before landfall ; in fact , a tropical cyclone can launch its strongest winds over land , yet not make landfall . NOAA uses the term `` direct hit '' to describe when a location ( on the left side of the eye ) falls within the radius of maximum winds ( or twice that radius if on the right side ) , whether or not the hurricane 's eye made landfall .
Atlantic Ocean
Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira . Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May . Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September , as can hurricanes north of the equator ( May to December ) .
Hurricane Irma
Light damage occurred in other areas , including Tennessee . About 75,000 customers in North Carolina lost power due to Irma .
Hurricane Hugo
Late on September 15 , the National Weather Service Office in San Juan , Puerto Rico issued a hurricane watch . On the following day , it was upgraded to a hurricane warning . In addition , the Civil Defense Office of Puerto Rico activated its Disaster Interagency Committee and began to evacuate coastal residents . Savannah was evacuated in anticipation of Hugo , but saw no effects of the storm other than isolated and light showers . Had Hugo hit Savannah , it would have been the first major hurricane to make landfall in Georgia since Hurricane Seven of the 1898 season . Governor Carroll Campbell of South Carolina ordered an evacuation of the South Carolina coast in advance of the storm .
Hurricane Hugo
Similar effects were reported in New Brunswick , though little rainfall occurred in the province . Winds gusting to 77 mph ( 124 km / h ) was reported in Moncton . As a result of high winds , power poles were toppled and tree branches fell , which caused most of New Brunswick 's 15,000 power failures . In addition , several tree and signs were blown over in Saint John and Moncton . The storm also significantly affected the apple crop in New Brunswick . Strong winds were also reported in Newfoundland , with gusts recorded up to 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) .
St. Augustine, Florida
In the dry winter season , St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula . The coolest months are from December through February , with average daytime highs that range from 65 to 70 ° F ( 18 to 21 ° C ) and nighttime lows in the 46 - 49 F ( 8 to 10 ° C ) range . From November through April , St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather . Early spring ( April ) can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place . St. Augustine averages six frosts per year . Hurricanes occasionally impact the region ; however , like most areas prone to such storms , St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane . The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964 . Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016 .
Atlantic hurricane season
The North Atlantic hurricane database , or HURDAT , is the database for all tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean , Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea , including those that have made landfall in the United States . The original database of six - hourly positions and intensities were put together in the 1960s in support of the Apollo space program to help provide statistical track forecast guidance . In the intervening years , this database -- which is now freely and easily accessible on the Internet from the National Hurricane Center 's ( NHC ) webpage -- has been utilized for a wide variety of uses : climatic change studies , seasonal forecasting , risk assessment for county emergency managers , analysis of potential losses for insurance and business interests , intensity forecasting techniques and verification of official and various model predictions of track and intensity .
Hurricane Hugo
Rainfall was moderate , due to the storm 's fast motion , peaking at 10.28 in ( 261 mm ) at Edisto Island . No widespread flooding was reported , though a combination of rain and strong winds resulted in significant agriculture losses . The Red Cross estimates that 3,307 single family homes were destroyed , 18,171 were inflicted major damage , and 56,580 sustained minor impact . Additionally , more than 12,600 mobile homes and 18,000 multi-family houses were either damaged or destroyed . Damage from Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina was estimated at $5.9 billion . Hugo remains the strongest and costliest hurricane in the history of the state . There were 35 deaths , two from asphyxiation , four from collapsing houses , two from falling trees , nine from fire and smoke inhalation , six from drowning , four from electrocutions , six from heart attacks , one fatal accidental self -- injury during clean -- up , and one from unknown cause . North
Climate of Florida
The heaviest rainfall to occur in 24 hours was measured in Yankeetown during Hurricane Easy ( 1950 ) , 38.70 inches ( 98.3 cm ) . This is also the highest known point storm total maximum related to any tropical cyclone which has impacted Florida , and by itself would be the highest known rainfall total for any month from any location within Florida . This rainfall amount remained the national 24 - hour rainfall record until Tropical Storm Claudette ( 1979 ) . Heavy rainfall events have fallen due to stalled fronts near the state as well , and occur during the March through May and October through November timeframe .
Hurricane Hugo
The storm caused $7 billion in damage in the United States , surpassing Hurricane Frederic of 1979 as the costliest tropical cyclone in that country . Hugo itself was surpassed by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and several others over the next few decades . South Carolina suffered the worst impact , where Hugo made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane . In that state alone , 3,307 single family homes were destroyed , 18,171 were inflicted major damage , and 56,580 sustained minor impact , while more than 12,600 mobile homes and 18,000 multi -- family houses were either damaged or destroyed . Losses reached at least $5.9 billion and there were thirty - five fatalities reported in South Carolina . There was also significant impact in North Carolina , where 205 structures were destroyed , 1,149 were severely damaged , and 2,638 suffered minor losses . One fatality occurred and damage in North Carolina reached about $1 billion . Florida
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1880 11 9 133 Eight Brownsville Hurricane of 1880 ( cat 4 ) 1881 7 0 700 Five and Six Georgia Hurricane of 1881 ( cat 2 ) 1882 6 5 6 Six Pensacola Hurricane of 1882 ( cat 3 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1882 ( cat 4 ) 1883 236 Two and Three Bahamas - North Carolina Hurricane of 1883 ( cat 3 ) 1884 8 Two 1885 8 6 25 Two 1886 12 10 200 + `` Indianola '' Indianola Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 4 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 3 ) Texas - Louisiana Hurricane of 1886 ( cat 3 ) Seven hurricanes struck the United States , the most during a single year . Indianola , Texas struck by two major hurricanes ( 1875 and 1886 ) which effectively closed down the town . 1887 19 11 Seven Tied for third most active season on record following very active 1886 season . Has the most storms forming outside the normal hurricane season One of only 4 seasons to have both a preseason and postseason storm 1888 9 6 924 Three and Four Louisiana Hurricane of 1888 ( cat 3 ) Hurricane San Gil of 1888 ( cat 3 ) 1889 9 6 0 40 Six
Climate of Florida
Over the winter prevailing winds are out of the north across the panhandle south to near Orlando , but are variable in the rest of the state . The summer season sees generally east and southeast winds across the peninsula . During the summer months , the average wind pattern implies a surface ridge axis which normally lies across central Florida , with easterly winds from Tampa southward and southwest winds across northern Florida . The peak wind gust during the 1930 through 1997 period was 115 mph ( 100 knots ) at Miami International Airport during Hurricane Andrew .
Hurricane Harvey
Early on August 13 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a area of low pressure on the western coast of Africa . Amid favorable environmental conditions , the wave was expected to merge with a broad tropical wave to its west , southwest of Cape Verde and gradually organize thereafter . Instead , the two disturbances remained separate , with the broad trough continuing westward and the tropical wave moving farther north , eventually becoming Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten . On August 17 , shower and thunderstorm activity in association with the trough began to show signs of organization , while high - resolution satellite showed an increasingly defined low - level circulation . As such , the NHC initiated advisories on a potential tropical cyclone , allowing tropical storm watches and warnings to be hoisted for portions of the Lesser Antilles . An Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft deployed to the disturbance later that afternoon found a well - defined center and tropical storm - force winds , prompting the NHC to upgrade it to Tropical Storm Harvey at 21 : 00 UTC .
Atlantic hurricane season
In addition to the groundbreaking work by Partagas , additional analyses , digitization and quality control of the data was carried out by researchers at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division funded by the NOAA Office of Global Programs . This re-analysis will continue to progress through the remainder of the 20th century .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1960 8 385 $410 million Donna Donna Current extent of the reanalysis project as of July 2016 1961 11 8 7 345 $392 million Hattie Carla , Hattie Two Category 5 Hurricanes Tied for most major hurricanes 1962 5 $10 million Ella None 1963 9 7 7,225 $589 million Flora Flora The sixth deadliest hurricane on record 1964 12 6 6 261 $605 million Hilda Cleo , Dora , Hilda 1965 6 76 $1.45 billion Betsy Betsy 1966 11 7 1,094 $410 million Inez Inez One named storm de-classified in post-analysis 1967 8 6 64 $217 million Beulah Beulah 1968 8 0 10 $10 million Gladys None The name `` Edna '' was retroactively retired , due to the storm in 1954 . There was one subtropical storm with Category 1 hurricane strength . No major hurricanes . 1969 18 12 5 364 $1.7 billion Camille Camille Fourth most active season on record . Tied for second most hurricanes in a season on record . Includes one subtropical storm .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Atlantic depressions during this time can become intense and winds of hurricane force ( greater than 119 km / h or 74 mph ) can be recorded . Western areas , being closest to the Atlantic , experience these severe conditions to a significantly greater extent than eastern areas . As such , autumn , particularly the latter part , is often the stormiest time of the year . One particularly intense depression was the Great Storm of 1987 . A very severe storm affected the UK on 27 October 2002 which , at Mumbles head near Swansea , recorded maximum sustained wind speeds of over 123 km / h , equivalent to a category 1 hurricane . The autumn of 2013 was also littered with severe storms , including the St. Jude 's Storm on 28 October 2013 .
Tropical cyclone
On Earth , a characteristic temperature for T s ( \ displaystyle T_ ( s ) ) is 300 K and for T o ( \ displaystyle T_ ( o ) ) is 200 K , corresponding to a Carnot efficiency of ε = 1 / 3 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = 1 / 3 ) . The ratio of the surface exchange coefficients , C k / C d ( \ displaystyle C_ ( k ) / C_ ( d ) ) , is typically taken to be 1 . However , observations suggest that the drag coefficient C d ( \ displaystyle C_ ( d ) ) varies with wind speed and may decrease at high wind speeds within the boundary layer of a mature hurricane . Additionally , C k ( \ displaystyle C_ ( k ) ) may vary at high wind speeds due to the effect of sea spray on evaporation within the boundary layer .
Tropical cyclone
Atlantic storms are becoming more destructive financially , as evidenced by the fact that five of the ten most expensive storms in United States history have occurred since 1990 . According to the World Meteorological Organization , `` recent increase in societal impact from tropical cyclones has been caused largely by rising concentrations of population and infrastructure in coastal regions . '' Political scientist Pielke et al. ( 2008 ) normalized mainland US hurricane damage from 1900 -- 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage . The 1970s and 1980s were notable because of the extremely low amounts of damage compared to other decades . The decade 1996 -- 2005 was the second most damaging among the past 11 decades , with only the decade 1926 -- 1935 surpassing its costs .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1970 10 5 71 $454 million Celia Celia First season of a 24 - year period of decreased activity in the Atlantic ( - AMO ) 1971 13 6 45 $213 million Edith None Includes first documented Hurricane to cross Central America , Irene 1972 7 0 122 $2.1 billion Betty Agnes Includes three subtropical storms No major hurricanes 1973 8 15 $18 million Ellen None Includes one subtropical storm 11 8,260 + $1.97 billion Carmen Carmen , Fifi Includes four subtropical storms Fifi was the fourth deadliest hurricane on record 9 6 80 $100 million Gladys Eloise Includes one subtropical storm 1976 10 6 72 $100 million Belle None Includes two subtropical storms 1977 6 5 10 $10 million Anita Anita 1978 12 5 37 $45 million Greta Greta Includes the January subtropical storm in the Atlantic 1979 9 5 2,118 $4.3 billion David David , Frederic First year for alternating male / female names . Includes one subtropical storm .
Season
Seasonal weather fluctuations ( changes ) also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water , currents in those oceans , El Niño / ENSO and other oceanic cycles , and prevailing winds .
Tropical cyclone
The formation of tropical cyclones is the topic of extensive ongoing research and is still not fully understood . While six factors appear to be generally necessary , tropical cyclones may occasionally form without meeting all of the following conditions . In most situations , water temperatures of at least 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m ( 160 ft ) ; waters of this temperature cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms . For tropical transitioning cyclones ( i.e. Hurricane Ophelia ( 2017 ) ) a water temperature of at least 22.5 ° C ( 72.5 ° F ) has been suggested .
Thunderstorm
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Hurricane Isaac (2012)
A tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa between August 15 and August 16 . Later that day and early on August 17 , the system began developing more convection , while located just west of Sierra Leone . As a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring the system in the Tropical Weather Outlooks ( TWOs ) . Thereafter , further organization briefly halted , though by early on August 18 , associated convection became more concentrated . On the following day , the wave reached a `` high '' probability of tropical cyclogenesis . Between early on August 19 and early on August 21 , minimal structural improvement occurred , despite increases in development probability . By August 21 , the system developed enough organization for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Nine ; at the time , the depression was about 715 mi ( 1150 km ) east of the Leeward Islands , moving west to the south of a large ridge . Conditions were generally favorable for further intensification , except for northeasterly wind shear .
Hurricane Irma
The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa on August 26 . The tropical wave moved off the coast of the continent late on August 27 . Throughout the next two days , showers and thunderstorms associated with the wave became better organized and gradually coalesced into a low pressure area , as the system passed just south of and then through the Cape Verde Islands on August 29 , with the NHC stating that any significant organization of the disturbance would result in the classification of a tropical depression . Further organization over the next 24 hours or so led to classification of the disturbance as Tropical Storm Irma , at 06 : 00 UTC on August 30 , based on scatterometer data and satellite estimates . With warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear , strengthening was anticipated , with the only hindrance being slightly cooler waters and drier air . Sea
Hurricane Gloria
While just off the New Jersey coast , Gloria produced strong winds , peaking at 81 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Ocean City , where a gust of 101 mph ( 162 km / h ) was also reported . In the town , an F0 tornado was reported damaging a house . Rainfall in the state reached 6.00 in ( 152 mm ) at the Charlotteburg Reservoir near West Milford . Heavy beach erosion occurred along the coast , and several coastal towns sustained damage to boardwalks . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , which damaged homes and cars . One person was killed in Long Branch after touching a downed power line .
Hurricane Gloria
Gloria 's high winds downed numerous trees across New England , causing minor to moderate damage . In the region , Connecticut received the worst of the hurricane , where tree and structural damage was greatest . Along the coastline , storm surge and strong waves washed away several fishing piers , and some roadways were underwater during the storm 's passage . New Hampshire was affected only slightly from the hurricane , and was limited to minor wind damage and localized flooding . In Maine , damage was more severe , where strong wind gusts ripped off roofs and uprooted hundreds of trees . High winds across New England resulted in significant power outages , leaving 250,000 in Maine . In all , seven deaths occurred in New England , many of which occurred from falling tree limbs .