vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Geography of China
The Hai River , like the Pearl River , flows from west to east . Its upper course consists of five rivers that converge near Tianjin , then flow seventy kilometers before emptying into the Bohai Gulf . The Huai River , rises in Henan Province and flows through several lakes before joining the Pearl River near Yangzhou .
New Zealand
New Zealand is long and narrow ( over 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) along its north - north - east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) ) , with about 15,000 km ( 9,300 mi ) of coastline and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . Because of its far - flung outlying islands and long coastline , the country has extensive marine resources . Its exclusive economic zone is one of the largest in the world , covering more than 15 times its land area .
Carthage
Surrounding Carthage were walls `` of great strength '' said in places to rise above 13 m , being nearly 10 m thick , according to ancient authors . To the west , three parallel walls were built . The walls altogether ran for about 33 kilometres ( 21 miles ) to encircle the city . The heights of the Byrsa were additionally fortified ; this area being the last to succumb to the Romans in 146 BC . Originally the Romans had landed their army on the strip of land extending southward from the city .
George Washington Bridge
The bridge was dedicated on October 24 , 1931 , and opened to traffic the following day . The George Washington Bridge , with a span of 4,760 feet ( 1,450 m ) in total -- including a main span of 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) -- was the longest main bridge span in the world at the time , at nearly double the 1,850 feet ( 560 m ) of the previous record holder , the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit . It held this title until the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937 .
Qing dynasty
Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century , when it ruled China proper ( eighteen provinces ) as well as the areas of present - day Northeast China , Inner Mongolia , Outer Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet , at approximately 13 million km in size . There were originally 18 provinces , all of which in China proper , but later this number was increased to 22 , with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces . Taiwan , originally part of Fujian province , became a province of its own in the 19th century , but was ceded to the Empire of Japan following the First Sino - Japanese War by the end of the century . In addition , many surrounding countries , such as Korea ( Joseon dynasty ) , Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period . The Katoor dynasty of Afghanistan also paid tribute to the Qing dynasty of China until the mid-19th century . During the Qing dynasty the Chinese claimed suzerainty over the Taghdumbash Pamir in the south west of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County but permitted the Mir of Hunza to administer the region in return for a tribute . Until 1937 the inhabitants paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza , who exercised control over the pastures . Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798 .
Channel Tunnel
Between the portals at Beussingue and Castle Hill the tunnel is 50.5 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long , with 3.3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) under land on the French side and 9.3 kilometres ( 6 mi ) on the UK side , and 37.9 kilometres ( 24 mi ) under sea . It is the third - longest rail tunnel in the world , behind the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland and the Seikan Tunnel in Japan , but with the longest under - sea section . The average depth is 45 metres ( 148 ft ) below the seabed . On the UK side , of the expected 5 million cubic metres ( 6.5 × 10 ^ cu yd ) of spoil approximately 1 million cubic metres ( 1.3 × 10 ^ cu yd ) was used for fill at the terminal site , and the remainder was deposited at Lower Shakespeare Cliff behind a seawall , reclaiming 74 acres ( 30 ha ) of land . This land was then made into the Samphire Hoe Country Park . Environmental impact assessment did not identify any major risks for the project , and further studies into safety , noise , and air pollution were overall positive . However , environmental objections were raised over a high - speed link to London .
Gobi Desert
The southwestern portion of the Gobi , known also as the Hsi - tau and the Little Gobi , fills the space between the great north loop of the Yellow River on the east , the Ejin River on the west , and the Qilian Mountains and narrow rocky chain of Longshou , 3,200 to 3,500 m ( 10,500 to 11,500 ft ) in altitude , on the southwest . The Ordos Desert , which covers the northeastern portion of the Ordos Plateau , in the great north loop of the Yellow River , is part of this ecoregion . It belongs to the middle basin of the three great depressions into which Potanin divides the Gobi as a whole .
Berlin Wall
The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change .
Mount Everest
The current official elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) , recognised by China and Nepal , was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975 . In 2005 , China remeasured the rock height of the mountain , with a result of 8844.43 m . There followed an argument between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height ( 8,844 m. , China ) or the snow height ( 8,848 m. , Nepal ) . In 2010 , an agreement was reached by both sides that the height of Everest is 8,848 m , and Nepal recognises China 's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m .
Vietnam War
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 135 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( June 2018 )
Geography of China
Chinese administrative geography was drawn mainly during the 1949 and 1954 administrative reorganizations . These reorganizations have been the source of much debate within China . In addition , a parcel of land was ceded from Guangdong to Guangxi to grant the latter immediate access to the Gulf of Tonkin , while Hainan was split from Guangdong in 1988 and Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 . Click
Ganesh Chaturthi
In preparation for the festival , artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale . The Murti 's range in size from ⁄ inch ( 1.9 cm ) for homes to over 70 ft ( 21 m ) for large community celebrations .
Geography of China
The Taihang Mountains form the western side of the triangular North China Plain . The other two sides are the Pacific coast to the east and the Yangtze River to the southwest . The vertices of this triangle are Beijing to the north , Shanghai to the southeast , and Yichang to the southwest . This alluvial plain , fed by the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers , is one of the most heavily populated regions of China . The only mountains in the plain are the Taishan in Shandong and Dabie Mountains of Anhui .
St Paul's Cathedral
The cathedral is some 574 feet ( 175 m ) in length ( including the portico of the Great West Door ) , of which 223 feet ( 68 m ) is the nave and 167 feet ( 51 m ) is the choir . The width of the nave is 121 feet ( 37 m ) and across the transepts is 246 feet ( 75 m ) . The cathedral is slightly shorter but somewhat wider than Old St Paul 's . Dome
Geography of China
The demographic occupation follows the topography and availability of former arable lands . The Heihe -- Tengchong Line , running from Heihe , Heilongjiang to Tengchong County , Yunnan divides China into two roughly equal sections -- in terms of geographic area , with areas west of the line being sparsely settled and areas east densely populated , in general .
Malaysia
The two parts of Malaysia , separated from each other by the South China Sea , share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains . Peninsular Malaysia , containing 40 per cent of Malaysia 's land area , extends 740 km ( 460 mi ) from north to south , and its maximum width is 322 km ( 200 mi ) . It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains , rising to a peak elevation of 2,183 metres ( 7,162 ft ) at Mount Korbu , part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula . These mountains are heavily forested , and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks . Much of it has been eroded , creating a karst landscape . The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia 's river systems . The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) , and the peninsula 's coastline is nearly 1,931 km ( 1,200 mi ) long , although harbours are only available on the western side . Mount
Ancient Greek architecture
Most ancient Greek temples were rectangular , and were approximately twice as long as they were wide , with some notable exceptions such as the enormous Temple of Olympian Zeus , Athens with a length of nearly 21⁄2 times its width . A number of surviving temple - like structures are circular , and are referred to as tholos . The smallest temples are less than 25 metres ( approx. 75 feet ) in length , or in the case of the circular tholos , in diameter . The great majority of temples are between 30 -- 60 metres ( approx. 100 -- 200 feet ) in length . A small group of Doric temples , including the Parthenon , are between 60 -- 80 metres ( approx. 200 -- 260 feet ) in length . The largest temples , mainly Ionic and Corinthian , but including the Doric Temple of the Olympian Zeus , Agrigento , were between 90 -- 120 metres ( approx. 300 -- 390 feet ) in length .
Chinese Buddhism
The 108 - metre - high Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya statue was enshrined on April 24 , 2005 with the participation of 108 eminent monks from various Buddhist groups from Mainland China , Hong Kong , Macao and Taiwan , and tens of thousands of pilgrims . The delegation also included monks from the Theravada and Tibetan Buddhist traditions . China is one of the countries with the most of the world 's highest statues , many of which are Buddhist statues .
Standard of living in China
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Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan Landsat image Map of Great Lakes ( Lake Michigan in darker blue ) Location United States Group Great Lakes Coordinates 44 ° N 87 ° W ﻿ / ﻿ 44 ° N 87 ° W ﻿ / 44 ; - 87 Coordinates : 44 ° N 87 ° W ﻿ / ﻿ 44 ° N 87 ° W ﻿ / 44 ; - 87 Lake type Glacial Primary inflows Fox River , Grand River , Menominee River , Milwaukee River , Muskegon River , Kalamazoo River , St. Joseph River Primary outflows Straits of Mackinac , Chicago River , Calumet River Basin countries United States Max. length 307 mi ( 494 km ) Max . width 118 mi ( 190 km ) Min . width 91 mi ( 146 km ) Surface area 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km ) Average depth 279 ft ( 85 m ) Max . depth 923 ft ( 281 m ) Water volume 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km ) Residence time 99 years Shore length 1,400 mi ( 2,300 km ) plus 238 mi ( 383 km ) for islands Surface elevation 577 ft ( 176 m ) Islands see list Settlements see # Cities References Shore length is not a well - defined measure .
Golden Gate Bridge
The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) .
Gobi Desert
Eastern Gobi desert steppe , the easternmost of the Gobi ecoregions , covering an area of 281,800 km ( 108,804 sq mi ) . It extends from the Inner Mongolian Plateau in China northward into Mongolia . It includes the Yin Mountains and many low - lying areas with salt pans and small ponds . It is bounded by the Mongolian - Manchurian grassland to the north , the Yellow River Plain to the southeast , and the Alashan Plateau semi-desert to the southeast and east . Alashan Plateau semi-desert , lies west and southwest of the Eastern Gobi desert steppe . It consists of the desert basins and low mountains lying between the Gobi Altai range on the north , the Helan Mountains to the southeast , and the Qilian Mountains and northeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest . Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe , ecoregion lies north of Alashan Plateau semi-desert , between the Gobi Altai range to the south and the Khangai Mountains to the north . Dzungarian Basin semi-desert , includes the desert basin lying between the Altai mountains on the north and the Tian Shan range on the south . It includes the northern portion of China 's Xinjiang province and extends into the southeastern corner of Mongolia . The Alashan Plateau semi-desert lies to the east , and the Emin Valley steppe to the west , on the China - Kazakhstan border . Tian Shan range , separates the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert from the Taklamakan Desert , which is a low , sandy desert basin surrounded by the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau to the south and the Pamirs to the west . The Taklamakan Desert ecoregion includes the Desert of Lop .
Pendulum
Although not defined by the pendulum , the final length chosen for the metre , 10 of the pole - to - equator meridian arc , was very close to the length of the seconds pendulum ( 0.9937 m ) , within 0.63 % . Although no reason for this particular choice was given at the time , it was probably to facilitate the use of the seconds pendulum as a secondary standard , as was proposed in the official document . So the modern world 's standard unit of length is certainly closely linked historically with the seconds pendulum .
Lake Kariba
Lake Kariba is over 223 kilometres ( 139 miles ) long and up to 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) in width . It covers an area of 5,580 square kilometres ( 6.01 × 10 square feet ) mi ) and its storage capacity is 185 cubic kilometres ( 44 cubic miles ) . The mean depth of the lake is 29 metres ( 95 feet ) ; the maximum depth is 97 metres ( 318 feet ) . It is the world 's largest man - made reservoir , four times as large as the Three Gorges Dam . The enormous mass of water ( approximately 180,000,000,000,000 kilograms , or 180 petagrams ( 200 billion tons ) ) is believed to have caused induced seismicity in the seismically active region , including over 20 earthquakes of greater than 5 magnitude on the Richter scale .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
A model of GeoGateway , based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near - horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11 ° dip towards the north , striking at 295 ° , 50 km ( 31 mi ) wide , 150 km ( 93 mi ) long , and had a dip slip of 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) . The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) .
Qing dynasty
The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 . His 24 - year - old son , Prince Bao ( 寶 親王 ) , then became the Qianlong Emperor . Qianlong personally led military campaigns near Xinjiang and Mongolia , putting down revolts and uprisings in Sichuan and parts of southern China while expanding control over Tibet . Lord
Height in sports
An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps , at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games . The average height of the eight finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) . Another exceptionally tall swimmer is Michael Groß , a German great of the 1980s who is 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) with an arm span of 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) . Notable exceptions for shorter swimmers , are Japanese Kosuke Kitajima , who at 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) is much shorter , and with a more slender build , than a typical Olympic champion swimmer , has achieved astounding results in breaststroke , and Ricardo Prado , a Brazilian medley swimmer of 1980 's , who at 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) held a world record and a world title for 400 metres medley for a number of years .
Gobi Desert
As the border - range of the Hyangan is approached , the country steadily rises up to 1,370 m ( 4,490 ft ) and then to 1,630 m ( 5,350 ft ) . Here small lakes frequently fill the depressions , though the water in them is generally salt or brackish . Both here and for 320 km ( 199 mi ) south of Ulaanbaatar , streams are frequent and grass grows more or less abundantly . Through all the central parts , until the bordering mountains are reached , trees and shrubs are utterly absent . Clay and sand are the predominant formations ; the watercourses , especially in the north , being frequently excavated 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) deep . In many places in the flat , dry valleys or depressions farther south , beds of loess , 5 to 6 m ( 16 to 20 ft ) thick , are exposed . West of the route from Ulaanbaatar to Kalgan , the country presents approximately the same general features , except that the mountains are not so irregularly scattered in groups but have more strongly defined strikes , mostly east to west , west - north - west to east - south - east , and west - south - west to east - north - east .
Grand Trunk Road
The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia 's oldest and longest major roads . For more than two millennia , it has linked South Asia with Central Asia . It runs from Chittagong , Bangladesh west to Howrah , West Bengal in India , then across Northern India through Delhi , passing from Amritsar . From there , the road continues towards Lahore and Peshawar in Pakistan , finally terminating in Kabul , Afghanistan .
Pantheon, Rome
The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 43.3 metres ( 142 ft ) , so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube ( also , the interior could house a sphere 43.3 metres ( 142 ft ) in diameter ) . These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement : The dome spans 150 Roman feet ; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter ; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high . The Pantheon still holds the record for the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . It is also substantially larger than earlier domes .
Geography of China
Precipitation is almost invariably concentrated in the warmer months , though annual totals range from less than 20 millimetres ( 0.8 in ) in northwestern Qinghai and the Turpan Depression of Xinjiang to easily exceeding 2,000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in Guangdong , Guangxi , and Hainan . Only in some pockets of the Dzungaria region of Xinjiang is the conspicuous seasonal variation in precipitation that defines Chinese ( and , to a large extent , East Asian ) climate absent .
Geography of Asia
The map surface of mainland Asia is entirely contained within a Geodetic quadrangle formed from segments of latitude going through its north and south extremes and segments of longitude passing through the east and west extremes . Cape Chelyuskin is at 77 ° 43 ′ N ; Cape Piai in the Malay Peninsula is at 1 ° 16 ′ N ; Cape Baba in Turkey is at 26 ° 4 ′ E ; Cape Dezhnyov is at 169 ° 40 ′ W ; that is , mainland Asia ranges through about 77 ° of latitude and 195 ° of longitude , distances of about 8,560 km ( 5,320 mi ) long by 9,600 km ( 6,000 mi ) wide according to Chambers , or 8,700 km ( 5,400 mi ) long by 9,700 km ( 6,000 mi ) wide according to Pearson 's .
Tower Bridge
On 8 July 2012 , the west walkway was transformed into a 200 - foot - long ( 61 m ) Live Music Sculpture by the British composer Samuel Bordoli. 30 classical musicians were arranged along the length of the bridge 138 feet ( 42 m ) above the Thames behind the Olympic rings . The sound travelled backwards and forwards along the walkway , echoing the structure of the bridge .
Sound barrier
Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world record 128,100 feet ( 39,045 m ) , or 24.26 miles , and broke the sound barrier as he traveled at speeds up to 833.9 mph ( 1342 km / h or Mach 1.26 ) . In the press conference after his jump , it was announced he was in freefall for 4 minutes , 18 seconds , the second longest freefall after the 1960 jump of Joseph Kittinger for 4 minutes , 36 seconds . Alan
Forbidden City
The Palace Museum 故宮 博物院 The Gate of Divine Might , the northern gate . The lower tablet reads `` The Palace Museum '' ( 故宫 博物院 ) Location within China Established 1925 Location 4 Jingshan Front St , Dongcheng , Beijing , China Coordinates 39 ° 54 ′ 58 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 53 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 39.915987 ° N 116.397925 ° E ﻿ / 39.915987 ; 116.397925 Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 58 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 53 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 39.915987 ° N 116.397925 ° E ﻿ / 39.915987 ; 116.397925 Type Art museum , Imperial Palace , Historic site Visitors 14 million Ranking 1st globally Curator Shan Jixiang ( 单 霁 翔 ) Built 1406 -- 1420 Architect Kuai Xiang ( 蒯 祥 ) Architectural style ( s ) Chinese architecture Website en.dpm.org.cn ( English language version ) www.dpm.org.cn ( Chinese language version ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iii , iv Reference 439 - 001 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session )
Great Pyramid of Giza
The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters .
Geography of China
Annual sunshine duration ranges from less than 1,100 hours in parts of Sichuan and Chongqing to over 3,400 hours in northwestern Qinghai . Seasonal patterns in sunshine vary considerably by region , but overall , the north and the Tibetan Plateau are sunnier than the south of the country .
East China Sea
Countries with borders on the sea ( clockwise from north ) include : South Korea , Japan , Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China .
Jupiter
The Great Red Spot is large enough to accommodate Earth within its boundaries . Mathematical models suggest that the storm is stable and may be a permanent feature of the planet . However , it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery . Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000 km ( 25,500 mi ) across . By the time of the Voyager flybys in 1979 , the storm had a length of 23,300 km ( 14,500 mi ) and a width of approximately 13,000 km ( 8,000 mi ) . Hubble observations in 1995 showed it had decreased in size again to 20,950 km ( 13,020 mi ) , and observations in 2009 showed the size to be 17,910 km ( 11,130 mi ) . As of 2015 , the storm was measured at approximately 16,500 by 10,940 km ( 10,250 by 6,800 mi ) , and is decreasing in length by about 930 km ( 580 mi ) per year .
Narmada River
The main irrigation canal has been substantially constructed for a length of 357 kilometres ( 222 mi ) . Water has been let into the canal for partial irrigation and water supply needs . Further construction is in progress .
Berlin Wall
The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law .