vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Munich Agreement
On 20 September , German opponents to the Nazi regime within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime . The meeting was led by General Hans Oster , the deputy head of the Abwehr ( Germany 's counter-espionage agency ) . Other members included Captain Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz , and other military officers leading the planned coup d'etat met at the meeting . Protest
Anthony Eden
US Secretary of State Dean Acheson regarded Eden as a quite old - fashioned amateur in politics typical of the British Establishment . In contrast , Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev commented that until his Suez adventure Eden had been `` in the top world class '' .
Pony Express
Probably more than any other rider in the Pony Express , William Cody ( better known as Buffalo Bill ) epitomizes the legend and the folklore , be it fact or fiction , of the Pony Express . Numerous stories have been told of young Cody 's adventures as a Pony Express rider . At the age of 15 Cody was on his way west to California when he met Pony Express agents along the way and signed on with the company . Cody helped in the construction of several way - stations . Thereafter , he was employed as a rider and was given a short 45 - mile ( 72 km ) delivery run from the township of Julesburg which lay to the west . After some months he was transferred to Slade 's Division in Wyoming where he made the longest non-stop ride from Red Buttes Station to Rocky Ridge Station and back when he found that his relief rider had been killed . The distance of 322 miles ( 518 km ) over one of the most dangerous sections of the entire trail was completed in 21 hours and 40 minutes , and 21 horses were required to complete this section . On one occasion when carrying mail he unintentionally ran into an Indian war party but managed to escape . Cody was present for many significant chapters in early western history , including the gold rush , the building of the railroads and cattle herding on the Great Plains . A career as a scout for the Army under General Phillip Sheridan following the Civil War earned him his nickname and established his notoriety as a frontiersman .
History of Antarctica
Norway 's claim was disputed by Nazi Germany , which in 1938 dispatched the German Antarctic Expedition , led by Alfred Ritscher , to fly over as much of it as possible . The ship Schwabenland reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939 . During the expedition , an area of about 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) was photographed from the air by Ritscher , who dropped darts inscribed with swastikas every 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) . Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name New Swabia , but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the Second World War .
Reichstag fire
On the occasion of a lunch on the Führer 's birthday in 1943 , the people around the Führer turned the conversation to the Reichstag building and its artistic value . I heard with my own ears how Göring broke into the conversation and shouted : ' The only one who really knows about the Reichstag building is I , for I set fire to it . ' And saying this he slapped his thigh .
Allies of World War II
With the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement .
Anthony Eden
Achieving rapid promotion as a young Member of Parliament , he became Foreign Secretary aged 38 , before resigning in protest at Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement policy towards Mussolini 's Italy . He again held that position for most of the Second World War , and a third time in the early 1950s . Having been deputy to Winston Churchill for almost 15 years , he succeeded him as the Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister in April 1955 , and a month later won a general election .
Anthony Eden
Although Eden later claimed to have had no interest in politics until the early 1920s , his teenage letters and diaries show him to have been obsessed with the subject . He was a strong , partisan Conservative , rejoicing in the defeat of Charles Masterman at a by - election ( May 1913 ) and once astonishing his mother on a train journey by telling her the MP and the size of his majority for each constituency through which they passed . By 1914 he was a member of the Eton Society ( `` Pop '' ) .
To Tell the Truth
Country Name Host ( s ) TV station Premiere Finale Australia Tell the Truth George Foster Nine Network 1959 1965 Mike Williamson Earle Bailey Network Ten 1971 1972 Canada ( in English ) To Tell the Truth Don Cameron CTV 1962 1964 Germany Sag die Wahrheit ( `` Tell the Truth '' ) Guido Baumann Hans Sachs Wolf Mittler Hans Stotz Bernd Stephan Gerd Rubenbauer Michael Antwerpes ARD 1959 1971 Bayerischer Rundfunk 1986 1995 SWR 2003 present Greece Betty Livanou YENED 1972 Italy La verità ( `` The Truth '' ) Marco Balestri Canale 5 1991 Rete 4 1991 1995 Netherlands Wie van de Drie ( `` Which of the Three '' ) Nand Baert Pim Jacobs Emmik Herman Flip van der Shale Fred Oster Caroline Christensen Rob van Hilst Jos Kuijer Joop Braakhekke Ron Brandsteder AVRO 1963 1985 RTL4 1991 1991 AVRO Omroep MAX present Norway På ære og samvittighet ( of Honor ) Kari Borg Mannsåker Gunnar Haarberg NRK 1958 1962 1970 1970 1986 1986 Thailand สาบาน ว่า พูด จริง ( `` Sworn Truth '' ) To Tell the Truth Sunya Kunakon ONE 2016 present Turkey Üç Yalancı ( Three Liars ) Cenk Koray Olcay Poyraz Üstün Savcı Göktay Alpman TRT 1970s 1970s Channel 1 Ukraine Самозванці Samozvantsi ( `` Imposters '' ) Anton Lirnyk ICTV 2011 2012 United Kingdom Tell the Truth McDonald Hobley ITV September 17 , 1957 September 6 , 1961 David Jacobs Shaw Taylor Graeme Garden Channel 4 April 17 , 1983 November 22 , 1985 Fred Dinenage ITV April 11 , 1989 October 26 , 1990
Allies of World War II
On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . )
Hanns Johst
When the Nazis achieved power in 1933 , Johst wrote the play Schlageter , an expression of Nazi ideology which was performed on Hitler 's 44th birthday , 20 April 1933 , to celebrate his victory . It was a heroic biography of the proto - Nazi martyr Albert Leo Schlageter . The famous line `` When I hear the word culture , I reach for my gun '' , often associated with Nazi leaders , derives from this play . The actual line in the play is , however , slightly different : `` Wenn ich Kultur höre ... entsichere ich meine Browning ! '' `` When I hear ' Culture ' ... I release the safety catch on my Browning ! '' ( Act 1 , Scene 1 ) . It is spoken by another character in conversation with the young Schlageter . In the scene Schlageter and his wartime comrade Friedrich Thiemann are studying for a college examination , but then start debating whether it is worthwhile doing so when the nation is not free . Thiemann argues that he would prefer to fight rather than study .
Anthony Eden
During the last months of peace in 1939 , Eden joined the Territorial Army with the rank of major , in the London Rangers motorized battalion of the King 's Royal Rifle Corps and was at annual camp with them in Beaulieu , Hampshire , when he heard news of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact .
Marshall Plan
The speech , written by Charles Bohlen , contained virtually no details and no numbers . More a proposal than a plan , it was a challenge to European leaders to cooperate and coordinate . It asked Europeans to create their own plan for rebuilding Europe , indicating the United States would then fund this plan . The administration felt that the plan would likely be unpopular among many Americans , and the speech was mainly directed at a European audience . In an attempt to keep the speech out of American papers , journalists were not contacted , and on the same day , Truman called a press conference to take away headlines . In contrast , Dean Acheson , an Under Secretary of State , was dispatched to contact the European media , especially the British media , and the speech was read in its entirety on the BBC .
South Africa
Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid . Andre Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season .
First they came ...
Martin Niemöller was a German Lutheran pastor and theologian born in Lippstadt , Germany , in 1892 . Niemöller was an anti-Communist and supported Adolf Hitler 's rise to power at first . But when Hitler insisted on the supremacy of the state over religion , Niemöller became disillusioned . He became the leader of a group of German clergymen opposed to Hitler . In 1937 he was arrested and eventually confined in Sachsenhausen and Dachau . He was released in 1945 by the Allies . He continued his career in Germany as a clergyman and as a leading voice of penance and reconciliation for the German people after World War II . His statement , sometimes presented as a poem , is well - known , frequently quoted , and is a popular model for describing the dangers of political apathy .
History of New York (state)
Nelson Rockefeller was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics . He began as a liberal , but grew more conservative : he limited SUNY 's growth , responded aggressively to the Attica Prison riot , and promulgated the uniquely severe Rockefeller Drug Laws . The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into bankruptcy in 1975 . The state took substantial budgetary control , which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence .
Joseph McCarthy
At the time of McCarthy 's speech , communism was a significant concern in the United States . This concern was exacerbated by the actions of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe , the victory of the communists in the Chinese Civil War , the Soviets ' development of a nuclear weapon the year before , and by the contemporary controversy surrounding Alger Hiss and the confession of Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs . With this background and due to the sensational nature of McCarthy 's charge against the State Department , the Wheeling speech soon attracted a flood of press interest in McCarthy 's claim .
Age of Enlightenment
Frederick the Great , the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 , saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin . Voltaire , who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government , was eager to accept Frederick 's invitation to live at his palace . Frederick explained : `` My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds , cultivate morality , and to make people as happy as it suits human nature , and as the means at my disposal permit '' .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin broke his promise to Eleanor to refrain from having affairs . He and Lucy maintained a formal correspondence , and began seeing each other again in 1941 , or perhaps earlier . Lucy was with Roosevelt on the day he died in 1945 . Despite this , Roosevelt 's affair was not widely known until the 1960s . Roosevelt 's son Elliott claimed that his father had a 20 - year affair with his private secretary , Marguerite `` Missy '' LeHand . Another son , James , stated that `` there is a real possibility that a romantic relationship existed '' between his father and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway , who resided in the White House during part of World War II . Aides began to refer to her at the time as `` the president 's girlfriend '' , and gossip linking the two romantically appeared in the newspapers .
Erwin Rommel
The other foundational text was the influential and laudatory 1950 biography Rommel : The Desert Fox by Brigadier Desmond Young . Young extensively interviewed Rommel 's widow and collaborated with several individuals who had been close to Rommel , including Hans Speidel . The manner of Rommel 's death had led to the assumption that he had not been a supporter of Nazism , to which Young subscribed . The reception of The Desert Fox in Britain was enthusiastic , with the book going through eight editions in a year . Young 's biography was another step in the development of the Rommel myth -- with Rommel emerging as an active , if not a leading , plotter . Speidel contributed as well , starting , from the early 1950s , to bring up Rommel 's and his own role in the plot , boosting his ( Speidel 's ) suitability for a future role in the new military force of the Federal Republic , the Bundeswehr , and then in NATO .
Individualism
Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner . He argued that since the individual gives form to the world , he is those objects , the others and the whole universe . One of his main views was a `` theory of infinite worlds '' which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers . Solipsism
James Dean
As rock and roll became a revolutionary force that affected the culture of countries around the world , Dean acquired a mythic status that cemented his place as a rock and roll icon . Dean himself listened to music ranging from African tribal music to the modern classical music of Stravinsky and Bartók , to contemporary singers such as Frank Sinatra . While the magnetism and charisma manifested by Dean onscreen appealed to people of all ages and sexuality , his persona of youthful rebellion provided a template for succeeding generations of youth to model themselves on .
Friedrich Engels
Whilst at Bremen , Engels began reading the philosophy of Hegel , whose teachings dominated German philosophy . In September 1838 , he published his first work , a poem entitled `` The Bedouin '' , in the Bremisches Conversationsblatt No. 40 . He also engaged in other literary and journalistic work . Also while at Bremen , Engels began writing newspaper articles critiquing the societal ills of industrialisation . He wrote under a pseudonym , Friedrich Oswald , to avoid connecting his life in a Pietist industrialist family with his provocative writings . In 1841 , Engels joined the Prussian Army as a member of the Household Artillery . He was assigned to Berlin , where he attended university lectures at the University of Berlin and began to associate with groups of Young Hegelians . He anonymously published articles in the Rheinische Zeitung , exposing the poor employment and living conditions endured by factory workers . The editor of the Rheinische Zeitung was Karl Marx . Engels did not meet Marx until late November 1842 . Engels acknowledged the influence of German philosophy on his intellectual development throughout his life . He also wrote , `` To get the most out of life you must be active , you must live and you must have the courage to taste the thrill of being young ... '' ( 1840 ) .
Malthusianism
Vladimir Lenin , the leader of the Bolshevik Party and main architect of the Soviet Union was a critic of Neo-Malthusian theory ( but not of birth control and abortion in general ) .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel 's case was turned over to the `` Court of Military Honour '' -- a drumhead court - martial convened to decide the fate of officers involved in the conspiracy . The court included , among others , Wilhelm Keitel , Heinz Guderian , Gerd von Rundstedt and Heinrich Kirchheim ( whom Rommel had fired after Tobruk in 1941 ) . The Court acquired information that implicated Rommel from Speidel , Hofacker and others , with Keitel and Kaltenbrunner assuming that Rommel had taken part in the subversion . Keitel and Guderian then made the decision that favoured Speidel 's case and at the same time shifted the blame to Rommel . By normal procedure , this would lead to Rommel 's being brought to Roland Freisler 's People 's Court , a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution . However , Hitler knew that having Rommel branded and executed as a traitor would severely damage morale on the home front . He thus decided to offer Rommel the chance to take his own life .
Anthony Eden
Eden learned French and German on continental holidays and as a child is said to have spoken French better than English . Although Eden was able to converse with Hitler in German in February 1934 and with the Chinese premier Chou En - lai in French at Geneva in 1954 , he preferred to have interpreters to translate at formal meetings out of a sense of professionalism .
Santa Claus
Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Kris Kringle , Father Christmas , or simply Santa , is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well - behaved ( `` good '' or `` nice '' ) children on Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day ( 25 December ) . The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas ( a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver of Myra ) , the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas ( himself also based on Saint Nicholas ) . Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan , who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky .
Alkaloid
Studies of alkaloids began in the 19th century . In 1804 , the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a `` soporific principle '' ( Latin : principium somniferum ) , which he called `` morphium '' in honor of Morpheus , the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central - European languages , this is still the name of the drug . The term `` morphine '' , used in English and French , was given by the French physicist Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac .
No-hitter
When Los Angeles Angels rookie Bo Belinsky entered the final inning of his no - hitter in 1962 , Baltimore Orioles outfielder Jackie Brandt passed him on the field as the teams changed sides . According to Belinsky biographer Maury Allen , Brandt told Belinsky , `` Nice game , Bo , but it 's over . I 'm leading off with a bunt single . '' Belinsky got Brandt out to start the final inning of his no - hitter .
Appeasement
Once Germany invaded Poland , consensus was that appeasement was responsible . The Labour MP Hugh Dalton identified the policy with wealthy people in the City of London , Conservatives and members of the peerage who were soft on Hitler . The appointment of Churchill as Prime Minister hardened opinion against appeasement and encouraged the search for those responsible . Three British journalists , Michael Foot , Frank Owen and Peter Howard , writing under the name of `` Cato '' in their book Guilty Men , called for the removal from office of 15 public figures they held accountable , including Chamberlain and Baldwin . The book defined appeasement as the `` deliberate surrender of small nations in the face of Hitler 's blatant bullying '' . It was hastily written and has few claims to historical scholarship , but Guilty Men shaped subsequent thinking about appeasement and it is said that it contributed to the defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election .
Anthony Eden
Robert Anthony Eden , 1st Earl of Avon , KG , MC , PC ( 12 June 1897 -- 14 January 1977 ) , was a British Conservative politician who served three periods as Foreign Secretary and then a relatively brief term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957 .
Soviet Union in World War II
In the initial hours after the German attack began , Stalin hesitated , wanting to ensure that the German attack was sanctioned by Hitler , rather than the unauthorised action of a rogue general . Accounts by Nikita Khrushchev and Anastas Mikoyan claim that , after the invasion , Stalin retreated to his dacha in despair for several days and did not participate in leadership decisions . But , some documentary evidence of orders given by Stalin contradicts these accounts , leading historians such as Roberts to speculate that Khrushchev 's account is inaccurate .
Reichstag fire
It is alleged that the idea Van der Lubbe was a `` half - wit '' or `` mentally disturbed '' was propaganda spread by the Dutch Communist Party , to distance themselves from an insurrectionist anti-fascist , who was once a member of the party and took action where they failed to do so . John Gunther , who covered the trial , described him as `` an obvious victim of manic - depressive psychosis '' , and said that the Nazis would not have chosen `` an agent so inept and witless '' . Citing a letter allegedly written by Karl Ernst before his death during the Night of Long Knives , he believed that Nazis who heard Van der Lubbe boast of planning to attack the Reichstag started a second simultaneous fire they blamed on him . Hans Mommsen concluded that the Nazi leadership was in a state of panic on the night of the Reichstag fire and they seemed to regard the fire as confirmation that a Communist revolution was as imminent as they said it was .
Hanns Johst
Dramatisches Schaffen , 1922 ( Dramatic Creativity ) Wissen und Gewissen , 1924 ( Knowledge and Conscience ) Ich glaube ! Bekenntnisse , 1928 ( I believe ! Declarations of Faith ) Meine Erde heißt Deutschland , 1938 ( My World is Called Germany ) Ruf des Reiches , Echo des Volkes , 1940 ( Call of the Reich , Echo of the People ) Hanns Johst spricht zu dir ( Sammelausgabe ) , 1942 ( Hanns Johst Talks to You . Combined edition )
History of Mexico
Nazi propagandist Arthur Dietrich and his team of agents in Mexico successfully manipulated editorials and coverage of Europe by paying hefty subsidies to Mexican newspapers , including the widely read dailies Excélsior and El Universal . The situation became even more worrisome for the Allies when major oil companies boycotted Mexican oil following Lázaro Cárdenas ' nationalization of the oil industry and expropriation of all corporate oil properties in 1938 , which severed Mexico 's access to its traditional markets and led Mexico to sell its oil to Germany and Italy .
New Deal
Under the WPA , the Federal Theatre project flourished . Countless theatre productions around the country were staged . This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed , among them were Orson Welles , and John Huston .
Anthony Eden
British Government cabinet papers from September 1956 , during Eden 's term as Prime Minister , have shown that French Prime Minister Guy Mollet approached the British Government suggesting the idea of an economic and political union between France and Great Britain . This was a similar offer , in reverse , to that made by Churchill ( drawing on a plan devised by Leo Amery ) in June 1940 .