vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Statue of Liberty
Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base .
Dejection: An Ode
The poem also captures some feelings in Coleridge 's previous works , especially in analyzing a problematic childhood and an exploration of religion . Partly , these feelings were fueled by his inability to accept his opium addiction and other problems . The poems also contain Coleridge 's desires for Hutchinson , but these were later removed from the printed edition of the works . The editions are so different that they reflect the conflict and division that Coleridge felt during 1802 . The tone of the poems are different , as the original was passionate and emotional , and the printed version was organized and philosophical .
Novel
Major British writers such as Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy were influenced by the romance genre tradition of the novel . The Brontë sisters were notable mid-19th - century creators in this tradition , with Anne Brontë 's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall , Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights . Publishing at the very end of the 19th century , Joseph Conrad has been called , `` a supreme ' romancer ' '' . In America `` the romance ... proved to be a serious , flexible , and successful medium for the exploration of philosophical ideas and attitudes . '' Notable examples include Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter , and Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick .
Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English .
To Autumn
More recently , in 2012 , a specific probable location of the cornfield that inspired Keats was discussed in an article by Richard Marggraf Turley , Jayne Archer and Howard Thomas , which draws upon new archival evidence . Traditionally , the water - meadows south of Winchester , along which Keats took daily leisurely walks , were assumed to have provided the sights and sounds of his ode . Marggraf Turley , Archer and Thomas argue that the ode was more directly inspired by Keats 's visit to St Giles 's Hill -- site of a new cornfield -- at the eastern extremity of the market city . The land , previously a copse , had recently been turned over to food production to take advantage of high bread prices . This new topography , the authors argue , enables us to see hitherto unsuspected dimensions to Keats 's engagement with contemporary politics in particular as they pertained to the management of food production and supply , wages and productivity .
Bill of Rights 1689
The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) reinforced the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) and the Habeas Corpus Act ( 1679 ) by codifying certain rights and liberties . Described by William Blackstone as Fundamental Laws of England , the rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen . The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights , which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence .
Romanticism
The Romantic movement affected most aspects of intellectual life , and Romanticism and science had a powerful connection , especially in the period 1800 -- 40 . Many scientists were influenced by versions of the Naturphilosophie of Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and others , and without abandoning empiricism , sought in their work to uncover what they tended to believe was a unified and organic Nature . The English scientist Sir Humphry Davy , a prominent Romantic thinker , said that understanding nature required `` an attitude of admiration , love and worship , ( ... ) a personal response . '' He believed that knowledge was only attainable by those who truly appreciated and respected nature . Self - understanding was an important aspect of Romanticism . It had less to do with proving that man was capable of understanding nature ( through his budding intellect ) and therefore controlling it , and more to do with the emotional appeal of connecting himself with nature and understanding it through a harmonious co-existence .
Prince Hamlet
Ernest Jones , following the work of Sigmund Freud , held that Hamlet suffered from the Oedipus complex . He said in his essay `` The Oedipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' :
Republic of Ireland
James Joyce ( 1882 -- 1941 ) published his most famous work Ulysses in 1922 , which is an interpretation of the Odyssey set in Dublin . Edith Somerville continued writing after the death of her partner Martin Ross in 1915 . Dublin 's Annie M.P. Smithson was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s . After the Second World War , popular novels were published by , among others , Brian O'Nolan , who published as Flann O'Brien , Elizabeth Bowen , and Kate O'Brien . During the final decades of the 20th century , Edna O'Brien , John McGahern , Maeve Binchy , Joseph O'Connor , Roddy Doyle , Colm Tóibín , and John Banville came to the fore as novelists . W.B.
Shakespeare's influence
Early Modern English as a literary medium was unfixed in structure and vocabulary in comparison to Greek and Latin , and was in a constant state of flux . When William Shakespeare began writing his plays , the English language was rapidly absorbing words from other languages due to wars , exploration , diplomacy and colonization . By the age of Elizabeth , English had become widely used with the expansion of philosophy , theology and physical sciences , but many writers lacked the vocabulary to express such ideas . To accommodate , writers such as Edmund Spenser , Sir Philip Sidney , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare expressed new ideas and distinctions by inventing , borrowing or adopting a word or a phrase from another language , known as neologizing . Scholars estimate that , between the years 1500 and 2018 , nouns , verbs and modifiers of Latin , Greek and modern Romance languages added 30,000 new words to the English language .
Romanticism
Spanish - speaking South American Romanticism was influenced heavily by Esteban Echeverría , who wrote in the 1830 and 1840s . His writings were influenced by his hatred for the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas , and filled with themes of blood and terror , using the metaphor of a slaughterhouse to portray the violence of Rosas ' dictatorship .
Ojibwe
The popularity of the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha , written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855 , publicized the Ojibwe culture . The epic contains many toponyms that originate from Ojibwe words .
Great Scott
An explicit connection of Sir Walter Scott 's name with the by - then familiar exclamation is found in a poem published 15 August 1871 , on the centenary anniversary of Scott 's birth :
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work .
To Kill a Mockingbird
The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . ''
Age of Enlightenment
Several Americans , especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers . Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics . The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic . Thinkers such as Paine , Locke and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom . The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas , as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu . As deists , they were influenced by ideas of John Toland ( 1670 -- 1722 ) and Matthew Tindal ( 1656 -- 1733 ) . During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty , republicanism and religious tolerance . There was no respect for monarchy or inherited political power . Deists reconciled science and religion by rejecting prophecies , miracles and Biblical theology . Leading deists included Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible -- from which all supernatural aspects were removed .
Book of Enoch
There is little doubt that 1 Enoch was influential in molding New Testament doctrines about the Messiah , the Son of Man , the messianic kingdom , demonology , the resurrection , and eschatology . The limits of the influence of 1 Enoch are discussed at length by R.H. Charles E Isaac , and G.W. Nickelsburg in their respective translations and commentaries . It is possible that the earlier sections of 1 Enoch had direct textual and content influence on many Biblical apocrypha , such as Jubilees , 2 Baruch , 2 Esdras , Apocalypse of Abraham and 2 Enoch , though even in these cases , the connection is typically more branches of a common trunk than direct development .
Ecclesiastes
Few of the many attempts to uncover an underlying structure to Ecclesiastes have met with widespread acceptance ; among them , the following is one of the more influential :
Ode to the West Wind
`` Ode to the West Wind '' is an ode , written by Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1819 near Florence , Italy . It was originally published in 1820 by Charles and Edmund Ollier in London as part of the collection Prometheus Unbound , A Lyrical Drama in Four Acts , With Other Poems . Some have interpreted the poem as the speaker lamenting his inability to directly help those in England owing to his being in Italy . At the same time , the poem expresses the hope that its words will inspire and influence those who read or hear it . Perhaps more than anything else , Shelley wanted his message of reform and revolution spread , and the wind becomes the trope for spreading the word of change through the poet - prophet figure . Some also believe that the poem was written in response to the loss of his son , William ( born to Mary Shelley ) in 1819 . The ensuing pain influenced Shelley . The poem allegorises the role of the poet as the voice of change and revolution . At the time of composing this poem , Shelley without doubt had the Peterloo Massacre of August 1819 in mind . His other poems written at the same time -- The Masque of Anarchy , Prometheus Unbound , and `` England in 1819 '' -- take up these same themes of political change , revolution , and role of the poet .
The Raven
`` The Raven '' was first attributed to Poe in print in the New York Evening Mirror on January 29 , 1845 . Its publication made Poe popular in his lifetime , although it did not bring him much financial success . The poem was soon reprinted , parodied , and illustrated . Critical opinion is divided as to the poem 's literary status , but it nevertheless remains one of the most famous poems ever written .
Novel
James Joyce 's Ulysses ( 1922 ) had a major influence on modern novelists , in the way that it replaced the 18th - and 19th - century narrator with a text that attempted to record inner thoughts : a `` stream of consciousness '' . This term was first used by William James in 1890 and is used ( or the related interior monologue ) by modernists like Dorothy Richardson , Marcel Proust , as well as , later Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner . Also in the 1920s expressionist Alfred Döblin went in a different direction with Berlin Alexanderplatz ( 1929 ) , where interspersed non-fictional text fragments exist alongside the fictional material to create another new form of realism , which differs from that of stream - of - consciousness .
James Russell Lowell
Lowell was also involved in other reform movements . He urged better conditions for factory workings , opposed capital punishment , and supported the temperance movement . His friend Longfellow was especially concerned about his fanaticism for temperance , worrying that Lowell would ask him to destroy his wine cellar . There are many references to Lowell 's drinking during his college years , and part of his reputation in school was based on it . His friend Edward Everett Hale denied these allegations . Lowell considered joining the `` Anti-Wine '' club at Harvard , and he became a teetotaler during the early years of his first marriage . However , as he gained notoriety , he became popular in social circles and clubs and he drank rather heavily when away from his wife . When he drank , he had wild mood swings , ranging from euphoria to frenzy .
Life in a Northern Town
The lyrics include references to English singer - songwriter Nick Drake , who suffered from depression and insomnia throughout his life and often reflected those topics in his lyrics . Gilbert Gabriel , a member of the Dream Academy and co-writer of the song , has also said that the inspiration for the tune came from his experience at Dartington College of Arts . Drake died of an antidepressant overdose in 1974 at the age of 26 , but his music has influenced songwriters and guitarists long after his death . He was best known for sombre pieces composed on his favourite instrument , the guitar , and The Dream Academy intended the song as a tribute to Drake .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year .
Chance the Rapper
Bennett has stated in interviews with XXL and Complex that Kanye West , James Brown , MC Hammer , Prince , Lupe Fiasco , Common , Lil Wayne , Esham , Eminem , Souls of Mischief and Freestyle Fellowship have influenced him . When asked about the gospel influences in his music , he also has stated that Kirk Franklin is one of his favorite artists , and his favorite composer .
The Great Gatsby
In 1940 , Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack , and died believing his work forgotten . His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best '' . A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles ; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book 's influence . The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment , with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
The name of Beatrice , Snicket 's dedicatee , may be an allusion to the poem La Beatrice by Charles Baudelaire . The poem references an `` actor without a job , '' like the actor Count Olaf . The poem also begins with the line `` In a burnt , ash - grey land without vegetation , '' similar to the Baudelaire mansion burning down at the beginning of the series . The name Beatrice could also be an allusion to Italian poet Dante . Dante dedicated all of his works to `` Beatrice , '' with whom he was obsessed , and who was also dead , like Snicket 's Beatrice .
Columbus, Georgia
Reconstruction began almost immediately and prosperity followed . Factories such as the Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth ; the city outgrew its original plan . The Springer Opera House was built on 10th Street , attracting such notables as Irish writer Oscar Wilde . The Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia .
Land of Nod
One of American writer John Steinbeck 's most famous novels is East of Eden . The betrayal of a brother is one of its central themes .
Paul Revere
In 1861 , over 40 years after Revere 's death , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow made the midnight ride the subject of his poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' which opens :
James Russell Lowell
Despite the failure of The Pioneer , Lowell continued his interest in the literary world . He wrote a series on `` Anti-Slavery in the United States '' for the Daily News , though his series was discontinued by the editors after four articles in May 1846 . He had published these articles anonymously , believing that they would have more impact if they were not known to be the work of a committed abolitionist . In the spring of 1848 , he formed a connection with the National Anti-Slavery Standard of New York , agreeing to contribute weekly either a poem or a prose article . After only one year , he was asked to contribute half as often to the Standard to make room for contributions from Edmund Quincy , another writer and reformer . Daguerreotype
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The original illustrations were done by E.W. Kemble , at the time a young artist working for Life magazine . Kemble was hand - picked by Twain , who admired his work . Hearn suggests that Twain and Kemble had a similar skill , writing that :
Dejection: An Ode
There is a connection between Dejection and Frost at Midnight in everything but its form . This is primarily true of the original version , but many of the personal elements of the poem continue over into the published version . The trimming of the poem allows for Coleridge to emphasize the most important poetic aspects of the original and to create a separation of the form from the subject area which allows for a strong incongruity not in the original .
American Revolution
John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution 's political ideology . Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' .
Aeneas
Medieval interpretations of Aeneas were greatly influenced by both Virgil and other Latin sources . Specifically , the accounts by Dares and Dictys , which were reworked by 13th - century Italian writer Guido delle Colonne ( in Historia destructionis Troiae ) , colored many later readings . From Guido , for instance , the Pearl Poet and other English writers get the suggestion that Aeneas 's safe departure from Troy with his possessions and family was a reward for treason , for which he was chastised by Hecuba . In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( late 14th century ) the Pearl Poet , like many other English writers , employed Aeneas to establish a genealogy for the foundation of Britain , and explains that Aeneas was `` impeached for his perfidy , proven most true '' ( line 4 ) .
History of women in the United States
In 1650 Anne Dudley Bradstreet became America 's first published poet , with the publication of her book of poetry entitled The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America . It was also published in London that same year , making Bradstreet the first female poet ever published in both England and the New World . Bradstreet linked sexual and cultural reproduction and posited the nuclear family as the place where individual and community identities are formed ; she located education within a familial rather than an institutional setting . The earliest known work of literature by an African American and by a slave , Lucy Terry 's poem `` Bars Fight , '' was composed in 1746 and was first published in 1855 in Josiah Holland 's `` History of Western Massachusetts `` . The poem describes a violent incident that occurred between settlers and Native Americans in Deerfield , Massachusetts in 1746 . Former slave Phillis Wheatley became a literary sensation in 1770 after she wrote a poem on the death of the evangelical preacher George Whitefield . In 1773 , 39 of Phillis Wheatley 's poems were published in London as a book entitled Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral . This was the first published book by an African American . One