vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage is marriage between cousins ( i.e. people with common grandparents or people who share other fairly recent ancestors ) . Opinions and practice vary widely across the world . In some cultures and communities , cousin marriage is considered ideal and actively encouraged ; in others , it is subject to social stigma . In some countries , this practice is common ; in others it is uncommon but still legal . In others , it is seen as incestuous and is legally prohibited : it is banned in China and Taiwan , North Korea , South Korea , the Philippines and 24 of the 50 United States . Supporters of cousin marriage where it is banned may view the prohibition as discrimination , while opponents may appeal to moral or other arguments . Worldwide , more than 10 % of marriages are between first or second cousins .
Separation of church and state in the United States
In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn
Cousin marriage
A bill to repeal the ban on first - cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003 , but it died in committee . Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response , saying it would `` turn us into a cold Arkansas '' . According to the University of Minnesota 's The Wake , Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing , but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue . She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota , namely the Hmong and Somali .
Equal Rights Amendment
At various times , in 8 of the 14 non-ratifying states , one house of the legislature approved the ERA . It failed in those states because both houses of a state 's legislature must approve during the same session for that state to ratify .
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage is proscribed and seen as incest for Hindus in North India . In fact , it may even be unacceptable to marry within one 's village or for two siblings to marry partners from the same village . The northern kinship model prevails in the states of Assam , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Punjab , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tripura , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and West Bengal . However , for some communities in South India , it is common for Hindu cross cousins to marry , with matrilateral cross-cousin ( mother 's brother 's daughter ) marriages being especially favored . In the region , `` uncle - niece and first - cousin unions are preferential and jointly account for some 30 % of marriages '' .
Labor history of the United States
The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses entirely in their jurisdictions by passing `` right - to - work '' laws . Currently all of the states in the Deep South and a number of traditionally Republican states in the Midwest , Plains and Rocky Mountains regions have right - to - work laws .
United Church of Christ
Churches in the UCC are allowed to solemnize same - sex unions . A resolution , `` In support of equal marriage rights for all '' , was supported by an estimated 80 percent of delegates to the church 's 2005 General Synod , which made the United Church of Christ the first major Christian deliberative body in the U.S. to endorse `` equal marriage rights for all people , regardless of gender '' . It now is the second - largest Christian denominational entity in the US to support same - sex marriage , after the Presbyterian Church . The resolution was one of 32 actions by General Synod and other national bodies , beginning in 1969 , which support civil rights for LGBT citizens and urge their full inclusion in the life of the church . The UCC 's Open and Affirming movement , funded by the UCC Open and Affirming Coalition , is the largest LGBT - welcoming - church program in the world with more than 1,100 congregations and 275,000 members .
Freedom of religion in the United States
In the 1994 case Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , Supreme Court Justice David Souter wrote in the opinion for the Court that : `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion '' . Everson v. Board of Education established that `` neither a state nor the Federal Government can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion over another '' . This applies the Establishment Clause to the states as well as the federal government . However , several state constitutions make the protection of persons from religious discrimination conditional on their acknowledgment of the existence of a deity , making freedom of religion in those states inapplicable to atheists . These state constitutional clauses have not been tested . Civil rights cases are typically brought in federal courts , so such state provisions are mainly of symbolic importance .
Voting rights in the United States
The Supreme Court has also upheld a state ban on cross-party endorsements ( also known as electoral fusion ) and primary write - in votes .
Gun laws in the United States by state
State level laws vary significantly in their form , content , and level of restriction . Forty - four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , which protects the right to keep and bear arms . The exceptions are California , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , New Jersey , and New York . In New York , however , the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment . Additionally , the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self - defense in one 's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions .
Age of marriage in the United States
State / Territory Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona 16 18 Since 2018 , the minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent is 16 . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware 18 18 Since May 2018 , the Delaware child marriage ban bill was signed into law and went into effect immediately to implement a clear minimum age of 18 with no exceptions . District of Columbia 16 18 Florida 17 18 Since July 1 , 2018 17 - year - olds need both parental and judicial approval and may not marry anyone more than 2 years older . Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky 17 18 Since 2018 , 17 - year - olds need judicial approval . Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri 16 18 In July 2018 a bill was signed into law by the Governor of Missouri , to implement an absolute minimum age of 16 and to ban people over 21 years old marrying people under the age of 18 . The law went into effect on August 28 , 2018 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 16 ( in effect from January 1 , 2019 ) 18 In 2018 , the minimum age was set at 16 ( in effect from 1 January , 2019 ) . New Jersey 18 18 Since June 2018 , the New Jersey child marriage ban bill was signed into law and went into effect immediately to implement a clear minimum age of 18 with no exceptions . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent .
Equal Rights Amendment
Wyoming -- In their inherent right to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness , all members of the human race are equal . Since equality in the enjoyment of natural and civil rights is only made sure through political equality , the laws of this state affecting the political rights and privileges of its citizens shall be without distinction of race , color , sex , or any circumstance or condition whatsoever other than the individual incompetency or unworthiness duly ascertained by a court of competent jurisdiction . The rights of citizens of the state of Wyoming to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . Wyoming Constitution , Articles I and VI ( 1890 )
United States
A 2017 Gallup poll concluded that 4.5 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT with 5.1 % of women identifying as LGBT , compared with 3.9 % of men . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject .
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is supportive of LGBT rights . Most support for same - sex marriage in the United States has come from Democrats , although some favor civil unions instead or oppose same - sex marriage . Support for same - sex marriage has increased in the past decade according to ABC News . An April 2009 ABC News / Washington Post public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62 % , while a June 2008 Newsweek poll found that 42 % of Democrats support same - sex marriage while 23 % support civil unions or domestic partnership laws and 28 % oppose any legal recognition at all . A broad majority of Democrats have supported other LGBT - related laws such as extending hate crime statutes , legally preventing discrimination against LGBT people in the workforce , and repealing Do n't ask , do n't tell . A 2006 Pew Research Center poll of Democrats found that 55 % supported gays adopting children with 40 % opposed while 70 % support gays in the military with only 23 % opposed . Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82 % of Democrats support open enlistment .
List of smoking bans in the United States
In Oklahoma , Tennessee , and Virginia , state laws prohibit local governments from regulating smoking more strictly than the state , making those states among the fewest in the nation without any legislated smoking bans . In the other eleven states , cities and / or counties have enacted stricter smoking laws than the state , in some cases banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces . In Alabama and Mississippi , the state smoking law expressly allows all local governments to do so . In Alaska , Kentucky , Missouri , South Carolina , Texas , and West Virginia , a court has ruled that certain local governments have the power to do so . See the individual state listings below for details .
Freedom of religion in the United States
Some state constitutions in the US require belief in God or a Supreme Being as a prerequisite for holding public office or being a witness in court . This applies to Arkansas , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , where the requirement was challenged and overturned in Voswinkel v. Hunt ( 1979 ) , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Texas , debatably . A unanimous 1961 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Torcaso v. Watkins held that the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution override these state requirements , so they are not enforced .
Equal Rights Amendment
Hawaii ( March 22 , 1972 ) New Hampshire ( March 23 , 1972 ) Delaware ( March 23 , 1972 ) Iowa ( March 24 , 1972 ) Idaho ( March 24 , 1972 ) Kansas ( March 28 , 1972 ) Nebraska ( March 29 , 1972 ) Texas ( March 30 , 1972 ) Tennessee ( April 4 , 1972 ) Alaska ( April 5 , 1972 ) Rhode Island ( April 14 , 1972 ) New Jersey ( April 17 , 1972 ) Colorado ( April 21 , 1972 ) West Virginia ( April 22 , 1972 ) Wisconsin ( April 26 , 1972 ) New York ( May 18 , 1972 ) Michigan ( May 22 , 1972 ) Maryland ( May 26 , 1972 ) Massachusetts ( June 21 , 1972 ) Kentucky ( June 26 , 1972 ) Pennsylvania ( September 27 , 1972 ) California ( November 13 , 1972 ) Wyoming ( January 26 , 1973 ) South Dakota ( February 5 , 1973 ) Oregon ( February 8 , 1973 ) Minnesota ( February 8 , 1973 ) New Mexico ( February 28 , 1973 ) Vermont ( March 1 , 1973 ) Connecticut ( March 15 , 1973 ) Washington ( March 22 , 1973 ) Maine ( January 18 , 1974 ) Montana ( January 25 , 1974 ) Ohio ( February 7 , 1974 ) North Dakota ( March 19 , 1975 ) Indiana ( January 18 , 1977 ) Nevada ( March 22 , 2017 ) , despite the ratification deadline expiring decades earlier .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
On December 11 , 2017 , the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital , in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff , who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation . The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) .
Chinese marriage
In a subsistence economy , when available land could not support more than one family , dividing it between surviving sons would eventually lead to a situation in which none would have the resources to survive ; in such a situation a family would together marry a wife , who would be the wife of all the brothers in the family . Polyandry in certain Tibetan autonomous areas in modern China remains legal . This however only applies to the ethnic minority Tibetans of the region and not to other ethnic groups .
Equal Rights Amendment
Utah -- The rights of citizens of the State of Utah to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this State shall enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . Utah Constitution , Article IV , § 1 ( 1896 )
Gun laws in the United States by state
Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in , and not exclusively their state of residence . Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations , such as with regard to concealed carry permits . These are recognized on a state - by - state basis . For example , Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit , but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit . Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms , but others license only the concealed carry of firearms . Some states do not recognize out - of - state permits to carry a firearm at all , so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun .
Chinese marriage
After the establishment of the People 's Republic in 1949 , the country 's new Marriage Law also explicitly provided for lawful divorces . Women were permitted to divorce their husbands and many did , sparking resistance from rural males especially . Kay Ann Johnson reported that tens of thousands of women in north central China were killed for seeking divorces or committed suicide when blocked from doing so .
Gun laws in Nevada
As of 1 July 2016 , other state permits that Nevada honors : Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Idaho Enhanced Permit , Illinois , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi Enhanced Permit , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Carolina , North Dakota ( both types of permits ) , Ohio , Oklahoma , South Carolina , South Dakota Enhanced Permit , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin , Wyoming . The law allows holders of valid permits from these states to carry a concealed weapon while in the State of Nevada . The valid permit along with current photo I.D. must be in the possession of the person at all times while carrying a concealed firearm .
Age of marriage in the United States
Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 16 ( in effect from January 1 , 2019 ) 18 In 2018 , the minimum age was set at 16 ( in effect from 1 January , 2019 ) . New Jersey 18 18 Since June 2018 , the New Jersey child marriage ban bill was signed into law and went into effect immediately to implement a clear minimum age of 18 with no exceptions . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 16 18 16 with parental consent . Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Puerto Rico 18 ( males ) , 16 ( females ) 21 Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States , and its people are Americans . Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 / none ( conflicting laws ) 18 The age is 16 , with parental consent , but there is controversy regarding the interpretation of the law , which some judges consider to allow marriage without an age limit in case of pregnancy . South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee 17 18 In 2018 , the minimum age was set to 17 and no minor can marry someone more than 4 years older . Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18
Languages with official status in India
Four states -- Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan -- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language , which , for all of them , was Hindi . However , the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power -- Tamil Nadu , which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court -- had its application rejected by the central government earlier , which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court . In 2006 , the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state 's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil . In 2010 , the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil .
Federalism in India
States can make agreements between themselves without violating applicable laws in respective states . When a dispute arises with another state or group of states or Union Territory or central government , Supreme Court shall adjudicate in such disputes per Article 141 of the constitution . However , article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of any dispute in the use , distribution or control of the interstate river waters per Article 262 .
Equal Rights Amendment
Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation .
Local government in the United States
In effect , state governments can place whatever restrictions they choose on their municipalities ( including merging municipalities , controlling them directly , or abolishing them outright ) , as long as such rules do n't violate the state 's constitution . However , Dillon 's Rule does not apply in all states of the United States , because some state constitutions provide specific rights for municipalities and counties .
Jury trial
Not every case is eligible for a jury trial . In the majority of U.S. states , there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights , such as divorce and custody modifications . Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation ( Colorado , Georgia , Illinois , Louisiana , Maine , Nevada , New York , North Carolina , Tennessee , Texas and Wisconsin ) . Most of these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only . Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly , including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody . However , anyone who is charged with a criminal offense , breach of contract or federal offence has a Constitutional right to a trial by jury . Civil
Gun laws in the United States by state
Yes Yes By law , Hawaii is a Licensed Open Carry State , but since licenses are rarely issued , the state is Non-Permissive for open carry in practice . The chief of police may grant a permit `` Where the urgency or the need has been sufficiently indicated '' provided that the person `` is engaged in the protection of life and property . '' In practice , Hawaii is `` No - Issue , '' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits . On July 24 , 2018 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Hawaii 's laws restricting open carry are unconstitutional . No laws against open carrying long guns . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to , and provide the same penalty as , state law . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Machine guns , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers / suppressors are prohibited from the average citizen . Certain Destructive Devices and AOWs are allowed with proper tax stamp and NFA paperwork from the ATF . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal laws observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes HRS § 134 - 2 A person who wants to purchase a handgun or long gun must obtain a permit to acquire the ownership of a firearm , which requires a background check of the applicant .