vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
End of World War II in Europe
Order JCS 1067 was signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945 . This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength . This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr . In 1947 , JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a `` stable and productive Germany '' ; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The grand old man of German postwar politics had to be dragged -- almost literally -- out of office in 1963 . In 1959 , it was time to elect a new President and Adenauer decided that he would place Erhard in this office . Erhard was not enthusiastic , and to everybody 's surprise , Adenauer decided at the age of 83 that he would take on the position . His aim was apparently to remain in control of German politics for another ten years despite the growing mood for change , but when his advisers informed him just how limited the powers of the president were he quickly lost interest . An alternative candidate was needed and eventually the Minister of Agriculture , Heinrich Lübke took on the task and was duly elected .
Modern history
Following the lull in fighting , known as the `` Phoney War '' , Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940 . Six weeks later , France , in the mean time attacked by Italy as well , surrendered to Germany , which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain . On September 27 , Germany , Italy , and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement , the Tripartite Pact , and were known as the Axis Powers . Ensign
North Korea–South Korea relations
When Seoul was chosen to host the 1988 Summer Olympics , North Korea tried to arrange a boycott by its Communist allies or a joint hosting of the Games . This failed , and the bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 in 1987 was seen as North Korea 's response . However , at the same time , amid a global thawing of the Cold War , the newly elected South Korean President Roh Tae - woo launched a diplomatic initiative known as Nordpolitik . This proposed the interim development of a `` Korean Community '' , which was similar to a North Korean proposal for a confederation . From September 4 to 7 , 1990 , high - level talks were held in Seoul , at the same time that the North was protesting about the Soviet Union normalizing relations with the South . These talks led in 1991 to the Agreement on Reconciliation , Non-Aggression , Exchanges and Cooperation and the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . This coincided with the admission of both North and South Korea into the United Nations . Meanwhile , on March 25 , 1991 , a unified Korean team first used the Korean Unification Flag at the World Table Tennis Competition in Japan , and on May 6 , 1991 , a unified team competed at the World Youth Football Competition in Portugal .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . The Japanese were facing the same fate but refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender , and the war in the Pacific Theatre continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued .
Appeasement
As a result of the annexation of the Sudetenland , Czechoslovakia lost 800,000 citizens , much of its industry and its mountain defenses in the west . It left the rest of Czechoslovakia weak and powerless to resist subsequent occupation . In the following months Czechoslovakia was broken up and ceased to exist as Germany annexed the Sudetenland , Hungary part of Slovakia including Carpathian Ruthenia , and Poland Zaolzie . On 15 March 1939 , the German Wehrmacht moved into the remainder of Czechoslovakia and , from Prague Castle , Hitler proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , completing the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . An independent Slovakia was created under a pro-Nazi puppet government .
History of mobile phones
West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically .
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to World War I . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 .
End of World War II in Europe
Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower : Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state , but his Flensburg government ( so - called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town ) , was not recognized by the Allies . On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria . The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested . On 23 May , acting on SHAEF 's orders and with the approval of the Soviets , American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest , and that their government was dissolved . The Allies had a problem , because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally , SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the `` European Advisory Commission '' ( EAC ) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government . This was considered a very important issue , because just as the civilian , but not military , surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the `` stab in the back '' argument , the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel .
Axis powers
Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939 . Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on 23 March 1939 .
Cold War
Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian
Turn on red
In Germany , right turns on red are only permitted , after a complete stop , when a specific sign is present . This rule was first introduced in 1978 in East Germany and was originally supposed to become obsolete together with the East German highway code by the end of 1990 , following German reunification . However , authorities were unable to remove the signs in time , and public opinion caused them to leave the regulation unchanged , even extending its scope to the former areas of West Germany in 1994 . By 1999 , there were 300 turn - on - red intersections in West Germany while East Germany featured 2,500 ; the numbers in West Germany have risen considerably since then , though , and as of 2002 a total of 5,000 turn - on - red intersections were counted , with 48 % in West Germany .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The next improvement came in July 1947 , when after lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall , the Truman administration decided that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent . In July 1947 , President Harry S. Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces in Germany to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' It was replaced by JCS 1779 , which instead stressed that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . ''
End of World War II in Europe
Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June . It included the following :
History of advertising
By the 1950s , German advertising agencies were starting to mimic American methods . Coca - Cola was advising `` Mach mal Pause '' ( `` Take a Rest ! ) , and conservative Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was running for reelection with the slogan `` Keine Experimente ! '' ( `` No Experiments ! '' ) . The German agencies have always remained small and limited in scope , even after the unification of East Germany and West Germany in 1991 . After unification , Germany became the third largest ad market in the world , with $18 billion in total ad spending in 1994 .
Surrender of Japan
The state of war between the United States and Japan officially ended when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28 , 1952 . Japan and the Soviet Union formally made peace four years later , when they signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 .
Munich Agreement
A deal was reached on 29 September , and at about 1 : 30 am on 30 September 1938 , Adolf Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement . The agreement was officially introduced by Mussolini although in fact the so - called Italian plan had been prepared in the German Foreign Office . It was nearly identical to the Godesberg proposal : the German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October , and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas .
Surrender of Japan
The formal surrender occurred on September 2 , 1945 , around 9 a.m. Tokyo time , when representatives from the Empire of Japan signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay aboard USS Missouri . Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu signed for the Japanese government , while Gen. Umezu signed for the Japanese armed forces .
Axis powers
Belgium quickly surrendered to Germany , and the Belgian King remained in the country during the German military occupation from 1940 to 1944 . The Belgian King cooperated closely with Germany and repeatedly sought assurances that Belgian rights would be retained once Germany achieved total victory . However , Hitler intended to annex Belgium and its Germanic population into the Greater Germanic Reich , initiated by the creation of Reichskommissariat Belgien , an authority run directly by the German government that sought the incorporation of the territory into the planned Germanic Reich . However Belgium was soon occupied by Allied forces in 1944 .
World War II
By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war .
Lithuania
As World War I neared its end , Lithuania 's Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918 , declaring the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania . In the midst of the Second World War , Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany . As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated , the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania . On 11 March 1990 , a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union , Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to declare itself independent , resulting in the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania .
Cold War
In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the program , which President Harry S. Truman signed the plan on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation .
Operation Barbarossa
In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow known as the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European border states between their respective `` spheres of influence '' : the Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany , and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun the Baltic states and Finland . On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland . The pact stunned the world because of the parties ' earlier mutual hostility and their conflicting ideologies . The conclusion of this pact was followed by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September that triggered the outbreak of World War II in Europe , then the Soviet invasion of Poland that led to the annexation of the eastern part of the country . As a result of the pact , Germany and the Soviet Union maintained reasonably strong diplomatic relations for two years and fostered an important economic relationship . The countries entered a trade pact in 1940 by which the Soviets received German military equipment and trade goods in exchange for raw materials , such as oil and wheat , to help the Nazis circumvent a British blockade of Germany .
Munich Agreement
From 1918 to 1938 , after the breakup of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , more than 3 million ethnic Germans were living in the Czech part of the newly created state of Czechoslovakia .
Korea under Japanese rule
Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the impending overrun of the Korean peninsula by Russian forces , Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945 , ending 35 years of Japanese occupation .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The initial proposal for the post-surrender policy of the Western powers , the so - called Morgenthau Plan proposed by Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , was one of `` pastoralization '' . The Morgenthau Plan , though subsequently ostensibly shelved due to public opposition , influenced occupation policy ; most notably through the U.S. punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 and The industrial plans for Germany
History of Germany (1945–90)
In 1980 , the CDU / CSU ran Strauss as their joint candidate in the elections , and he was crushingly defeated by Schmidt . In October 1982 , the SPD - FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU / CSU to elect CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a Constructive Vote of No Confidence . Genscher continued as Foreign Minister in the new Kohl government . Following national elections in March 1983 , Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU . The CDU / CSU fell just short of an absolute majority , due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens , who received 5.6 % of the vote . In 1983 , despite major protests from peace groups , the Kohl government allowed Pershing II missiles to be stationed in the Federal Republic to counter the deployment of the SS - 20 cruise missiles by the Soviet Union in East Germany . In 1985 , Kohl , who had something of a tin ear when it came to dealing with the Nazi past , caused much controversy when he invited President Ronald Reagan of the United States to visit the war cemetery at Bitburg to mark the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II . The Bitburg cemetery was soon revealed to contain the graves of SS men , which Kohl stated that he did not see as a problem and that to refuse to honor all of the dead of Bitburg including the SS men buried there was an insult to all Germans . Kohl stated that Reagan could come to the Federal Republic to hold a ceremony to honor the dead of Bitburg or not come at all , and that to change the venue of the service to another war cemetery that did not have SS men buried in it was not acceptable to him . Even more controversy was caused by Reagan 's statement that all of the SS men killed fighting for Hitler in World War II were `` just kids '' who were just as much the victims of Hitler as those who been murdered by the SS in the Holocaust . Despite the huge controversy caused by honoring the SS men buried at Bitburg , the visit to Bitburg went ahead , and Kohl and Reagan honored the dead of Bitburg . What was intended to promote German - American reconciliation turned out to be a public relations disaster that had the opposite effect . Public opinion polls showed that 72 % of West Germans supported the service at Bitburg while American public opinion overwhelming disapproved of Reagan honoring the memory of the SS men who gave their lives for Hitler .
Munich Agreement
Soon after Munich , 115,000 Czechs and 30,000 Germans fled to the remaining rump of Czechoslovakia . According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance , the actual count of refugees on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000 .
Marshall Plan
The first `` German level of industry '' plan was subsequently followed by a number of new ones , the last signed in 1949 . By 1950 , after the virtual completion of the by then much watered - down `` level of industry '' plans , equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in western Germany and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons . Vladimir Petrov concludes that the Allies `` delayed by several years the economic reconstruction of the war - torn continent , a reconstruction which subsequently cost the United States billions of dollars . '' In 1951 West Germany agreed to join the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) the following year . This meant that some of the economic restrictions on production capacity and on actual production that were imposed by the International Authority for the Ruhr were lifted , and that its role was taken over by the ECSC .
Marshall Plan
In accordance with the agreements with the USSR , shipment of dismantled German industrial installations from the west began on March 31 , 1946 . Under the terms of the agreement the Soviet Union would in return ship raw materials such as food and timber to the western zones . In view of the Soviet failure to do so , the western zones halted the shipments east , ostensibly on a temporary basis , although they were never resumed . It was later shown that the main reason for halting shipments east was not the behavior of the USSR but rather the recalcitrant behavior of France . Examples of material received by the USSR were equipment from the Kugel - Fischer ballbearing plant at Schweinfurt , the Daimler - Benz underground aircraft - engine plant at Obrigheim , the Deschimag shipyards at Bremen - Weser , and the Gendorf powerplant .
Munich Agreement
In 1937 , the Wehrmacht had formulated a plan called `` Operation Green '' ( Fall Grün ) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia which was implemented as `` Operation Southeast '' on 15 March 1939 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
GNP growth 1950 -- 1960 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 + 10.5 + 8.3 + 7.5 + 7.4 + 11.5 + 6.9 + 5.4 + 3.3 + 6.7 + 8.8
Allies of World War II
Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Government in Exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . See
World War II
The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 .
Siege of Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992 . The most common view is that the war started that day .
Appeasement
On 22 September , Chamberlain flew to Bad Godesberg for his second meeting with Hitler . He said he was willing to accept the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany . He was startled by Hitler 's response : Hitler said that session of the Sudetenland was not enough and that Czechoslovakia ( which he had described as a `` fraudulent state '' ) must be broken up completely . Later in the day , Hitler resiled , saying that he was willing to accept the cession of the Sudetenland by 1 October . On 24 September , Germany issued the Godesberg Memorandum , demanding session by 28 September , or war . The Czechs rejected these demands , France ordered mobilization and Britain mobilized its Navy . British
National identification number
For some time , the West German government intended to create a 12 - digit personal identification number ( Personenkennzeichen , PKZ ) for all citizens , registered alien residents on its territory , as well as for all non-resident Nazi victims entitled to compensation payments . The system , which was to be implemented by the 1973 federal law on civil registry , was rejected in 1976 , when the Bundestag found the concept of an identification system for the entire population to be incompatible with the existing legal framework . In East Germany , a similar system named Personenkennzahl ( PKZ ) was set up in 1970 and remained in use until the state ceased to exist in 1990 .