vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Separation of church and state in the United States
On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed .
French Revolution
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy , passed on 12 July 1790 , turned the remaining clergy into employees of the state . This established an election system for parish priests and bishops and set a pay rate for the clergy . Many Catholics objected to the election system because it effectively denied the authority of the Pope in Rome over the French Church . In October a group of 30 bishops wrote a declaration saying they could not accept that law , and this protest fueled also civilian opposition against that law . Eventually , in November 1790 , the National Assembly began to require an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution from all the members of the clergy . This led to a schism between those clergy who swore the required oath and accepted the new arrangement and those who remained loyal to the Pope . Priests swearing the oath were indicated as ' constitutional ' , those not taking the oath as ' non-juring ' or ' refractory ' clergy . Overall , 24 % of the clergy nationwide took the oath . This decree stiffened the resistance against the state 's interference with the church , especially in the west of France like in Normandy , Brittany and the Vendée , where only few priests took the oath and the civilian population turned against the revolution .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations .
United States free speech exceptions
There is also a fifth category of analysis . It is possible that some completely false statements could be entirely free from punishment . The Supreme Court held in the landmark case New York Times v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) that lies about the government may be protected completely . However , this category is not entirely clear , as the question of whether false historical or medical claims are protected is still disputed .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act .
Freedom of speech by country
c. advocacy of hatred that is based on race , ethnicity , gender or religion , and that constitutes incitement to cause harm .
Freedom of speech by country
insults against the honor and prestige of the President ( Art . 278 ) , vilification of a persons 's religion ( Art . 403 ) , insults against the honor and decorum of others ( Art . 594 ) , and defamation of another person ( Art . 595 ) .
Hindu temple
In Hindu tradition , there is no dividing line between the secular and the sacred . In the same spirit , Hindu temples are not just sacred spaces , they are also secular spaces . Their meaning and purpose have extended beyond spiritual life to social rituals and daily life , offering thus a social meaning . Some temples have served as a venue to mark festivals , to celebrate arts through dance and music , to get married or commemorate marriages , commemorate the birth of a child , other significant life events , or mark the death of a loved one . In political and economic life , Hindu temples have served as a venue for the succession within dynasties and landmarks around which economic activity thrived .
Precedent
The U.S. Supreme Court has final authority on questions about the meaning of federal law , including the U.S. Constitution . For example , when the Supreme Court says that the First Amendment applies in a specific way to suits for slander , then every court is bound by that precedent in its interpretation of the First Amendment as it applies to suits for slander . If a lower court judge disagrees with a higher court precedent on what the First Amendment should mean , the lower court judge must rule according to the binding precedent . Until the higher court changes the ruling ( or the law itself is changed ) , the binding precedent is authoritative on the meaning of the law .
Quakers
In the early days of the United States , there was doubt whether a marriage solemnised in that manner was entitled to legal recognition . Over the years , each state has set rules for the procedure . Most US states expect the marriage document to be signed by a single officiant ( a priest , rabbi , minister , Justice of the Peace , etc . ) . Quakers routinely modify the document to allow three or four Friends to sign as the officiant . Often , these are the members of a committee of ministry and oversight , who have helped the couple plan their marriage . Usually , a separate document containing their vows and the signatures of all present is kept by the couple , and often displayed prominently in their home .
United States v. Alvarez
The questions during Verrilli 's argument focused on the lack of injury caused by false claims of military honors . In nearly all the cases that the United States cited to support the proposition that there is no First Amendment value in falsity , the Court had addressed a false statement that harmed another , such as a defamatory statement . Relying on these cases , Verrilli stated , `` ( T ) his Court has said in numerous contexts , numerous contexts , that the calculated factual falsehood has no First Amendment value for its own sake . '' Justice Anthony Kennedy immediately retorted :
Precedent
A counter-argument ( in favor of the advantages of stare decisis ) is that if the legislature wishes to alter the case law ( other than constitutional interpretations ) by statute , the legislature is empowered to do so . Critics sometimes accuse particular judges of applying the doctrine selectively , invoking it to support precedent that the judge supported anyway , but ignoring it in order to change precedent with which the judge disagreed .
Seneca Falls Convention
On April 7 , 1848 , in response to a citizen 's petition , the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman 's Property Act , giving women the right to retain property they brought into a marriage , as well as property they acquired during the marriage . Creditors could not seize a wife 's property to pay a husband 's debts . Leading up to the passage of this law , in 1846 , supporters issued a pamphlet , probably authored by Judge John Fine , which relied on its readers ' familiarity with the United States Declaration of Independence to demand `` That all are created free and equal ... '' , and that this idea should apply equally to the sexes . `` Women , as well as men , are entitled to the full enjoyment of its practical blessings '' . A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848 , saying `` your Declaration of Independence declares , that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed . And as women have never consented to , been represented in , or recognized by this government , it is evident that in justice no allegiance can be claimed from them ... Our numerous and yearly petitions for this most desirable object having been disregarded , we now ask your august body , to abolish all laws which hold married women more accountable for their acts than infants , idiots , and lunatics . '' Gerrit
Separation of church and state in the United States
Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that :
Go ahead, make my day
`` Stand - your - ground '' statutes referring to a person 's right to self - defense are sometimes referred to as `` make my day '' statutes .
Wedding cake
In the medieval era , wedding cakes were constructed in rolls and buns that were laid on top of each other . The groom and bride would attempt to share a passionate kiss on top of the stack of rolls to ensure fertility and have good fortune . In the 18th century , newlywed couples would try to keep the cake until their first anniversary to prevent them from marriage problems in the future . This is one of the reasons why cakes in the 18th century were made of fruits and blended with wine .
Standing (law)
In a 2000 case , Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel . Stevens , 529 U.S. 765 ( 2000 ) , the United States Supreme Court endorsed the `` partial assignment '' approach to qui tam relator standing to sue under the False Claims Act -- allowing private individuals to sue on behalf of the U.S. government for injuries suffered solely by the government .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Individual liberties guaranteed by the United States Constitution , other than the Thirteenth Amendment 's ban on slavery , protect not against actions by private persons or entities , but only against actions by government officials . Regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , the Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) : `` ( T ) he action inhibited by the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment is only such action as may fairly be said to be that of the States . That Amendment erects no shield against merely private conduct , however discriminatory or wrongful . '' The court added in Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) : `` It is State action of a particular character that is prohibited . Individual invasion of individual rights is not the subject matter of the amendment . It has a deeper and broader scope . It nullifies and makes void all State legislation , and State action of every kind , which impairs the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States , or which injures them in life , liberty , or property without due process of law , or which denies to any of them the equal protection of the laws . ''
Democratic Party (United States)
Jefferson - Jackson Day is the annual fundraising event ( dinner ) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States . It is named after Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson , whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders .
North Carolina
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George Takei
In 2015 , after the announcement of the U.S. Supreme Court same - sex marriage decision , Obergefell v. Hodges , Takei was critical of Clarence Thomas 's dissent and called Thomas `` a clown in blackface '' . After defending his comments for over a week , Takei apologized for his wording .
Freedom of religion in the United States
The `` Free Exercise Clause '' states that Congress can not `` prohibit the free exercise '' of religious practices . The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently held , however , that the right to free exercise of religion is not absolute . For example , in the 19th century , some of the members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints traditionally practiced polygamy , yet in Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) , the Supreme Court upheld the criminal conviction of one of these members under a federal law banning polygamy . The Court reasoned that to do otherwise would set precedent for a full range of religious beliefs including those as extreme as human sacrifice . The Court stated that `` Laws are made for the government of actions , and while they can not interfere with mere religious belief and opinions , they may with practices . '' For example , if one were part of a religion that believed in vampirism , the First Amendment would protect one 's belief in vampirism , but not the practice .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The division in France was at an all - time high when even families had different views on juring and non-juring priest . The difference in families was primarily seen when the women would attend masses that where held by those who had defied the oath and men attended mass that was provided by clergymembers who had taken the oath . It is important to note that even though priests who had not taken the Oath had the right to use the churches many were not allowed to use the buildings ( this was done by priest who had sworn their allegiance ) this furthermore demonstrated the division in the state . On 29 November 1791 , the Legislative Assembly , which had replaced the National Constituent Assembly , decreed that refractory priests could only exacerbate factionalism and aggravate extremists in the constituent assembly . The November 29th decree declared that no refractory priest could invoke the rights in the Constitution of the Clergy and that all such priests were suspect and so to be arrested . Louis XVI vetoed this decree ( as he also did with another text concerning the creation of an army of 20,000 men on the orders of the Assembly , precipitating the monarchy 's fall ) , which was toughened and re-issued a year later . Anti-Catholic persecution by the State would intensify into de-Christianization and propagation of the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being in 1793 -- 1794 . During this time countless non-juring priests were interned in chains on prison ships in French harbors where most died within a few months from the appalling conditions .
United States Bill of Rights
Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
As noted above , the government required all clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . Only seven bishops and about half of the clergy agreed while the rest refused ; the latter became known as `` non-jurors '' or `` refractory priests . '' In areas where a majority had taken the oath , such as Paris , the refractory minority could be victimized by society at large : nuns from the Hôtel - Dieu de Paris , for example , were subjected to humiliating public spankings .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed .
Standing (law)
Frequently a litigant wishes to bring a civil action for a declaratory judgment against a public body or official . This is considered an aspect of administrative law , sometimes with a constitutional dimension , as when the litigant seeks to have legislation declared unconstitutional .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ?
United States
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment .
Spanish Inquisition
If the sentence was condemnatory , this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fe ( more commonly known in English as an auto - da - fé ) that solemnized their return to the Church ( in most cases ) , or punishment as an impenitent heretic . The autos - da - fé could be private ( auto particular ) or public ( auto publico or auto general ) .
False Claims Act
In a 2000 case , Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel . Stevens , 529 U.S. 765 ( 2000 ) , the United States Supreme Court held that a private individual may not bring suit in federal court on behalf of the United States against a State ( or state agency ) under the FCA . In Stevens , the Supreme Court also endorsed the `` partial assignment '' approach to qui tam relator standing to sue , which had previously been articulated by the Ninth Circuit Federal Court of Appeals and is an exception to the general legal rule for standing .
Conscription in the United States
During the World War I era , the Supreme Court allowed the government great latitude in suppressing criticism of the draft . Examples include Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) and Gilbert v. Minnesota , 254 U.S. 325 ( 1920 ) . In subsequent decades , however , the Court has taken a much broader view of the extent to which advocacy speech is protected by the First Amendment . Thus , in 1971 the Court held it unconstitutional for a state to punish a man who entered a county courthouse wearing a jacket with the words `` Fuck the Draft '' visible on it . Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) . Nevertheless , protesting the draft by the specific means of burning a draft registration card can be constitutionally prohibited , because of the government 's interest in prohibiting the `` nonspeech '' element involved in destroying the card . United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) .
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Incorporation , in U.S. law , is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states . When it was first ratified , the Bill of Rights only protected the rights it enumerated from federal infringement , allowing states and local governments to abridge them . However , beginning in 1897 with Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago , various portions have been held to be incorporated against state and local government through the Fourteenth Amendment .
Declaration of nullity
An annulment from the Catholic Church is independent from obtaining a civil annulment ( or , in some cases , a divorce ) . Although , before beginning a process before an Ecclesiastical Tribunal -- it has to be clear that the marriage can not be rebuilt . Some countries , such as Italy , allow the annulment process to substitute for the civil act of divorce . In many jurisdictions , some of the grounds the Catholic Church recognizes as sufficient for annulment are not considered grounds for a civil annulment . In such cases , the couple will often need to be divorced by the civil authorities to be able to remarry in the jurisdiction . Once the Church annuls a marriage it would generally prefer that the marriage be subsequently annulled by the civil courts . However , should this not prove feasible , a civil divorce is acceptable .