vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dutch East India Company
The VOC traded throughout Asia . Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC settlements in Asia . Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with India and China for silk , cotton , porcelain , and textiles . These products were either traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe . The VOC was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia . The Company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with China and Japan . A more peaceful VOC trade post on Dejima , an artificial island off the coast of Nagasaki , was for more than two hundred years the only place where Europeans were permitted to trade with Japan . When the VOC tried to use military force to make Ming dynasty China open up to Dutch trade , the Chinese defeated the Dutch in a war over the Penghu islands from 1623 to 1624 , forcing the VOC to abandon Penghu for Taiwan . The Chinese defeated the VOC again at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633 .
California Gold Rush
Forty - niners came from Latin America , particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile . Gold - seekers and merchants from Asia , primarily from China , began arriving in 1849 , at first in modest numbers to Gum San ( `` Gold Mountain '' ) , the name given to California in Chinese . The first immigrants from Europe , reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel , began arriving in late 1849 , mostly from France , with some Germans , Italians , and Britons . Chinese
Alcohol laws of Kansas
As discussed above , Kansas did not allow public on - premises liquor sales from 1881 to 1987 . Except in private clubs , liquor by the drink in 2013 is specifically prohibited except where voters have approved its sale . The 1986 constitutional amendment which allowed liquor by the drink authorized the Legislature to provide for liquor by the drink in establishments that derive 30 % or more of gross receipts from the sale of food . If a county did not approve the amendment , it can hold a subsequent county referendum in which voters may : ( 1 ) prohibit liquor by the drink in that county ; ( 2 ) remove the minimum food sale requirement ; or ( 3 ) permit liquor by the drink in places that meet the 30 % minimum food sale requirement .
Chinese Buddhism
Generations of scholars have debated whether Buddhist missionaries first reached Han China via the maritime or overland routes of the Silk Road . The maritime route hypothesis , favored by Liang Qichao and Paul Pelliot , proposed that Buddhism was originally practiced in southern China , the Yangtze River and Huai River region , where prince Ying of Chu ( present day Jiangsu ) was jointly worshipping the Yellow Emperor , Laozi , and Buddha in 65 CE . The overland route hypothesis , favored by Tang Yongtong , proposed that Buddhism disseminated eastward through Yuezhi and was originally practiced in western China , at the Han capital Luoyang ( present day Henan ) , where Emperor Ming of Han established the White Horse Temple in 68 CE . Rong Xinjiang , a history professor at Peking University , reexamined the overland and maritime hypotheses through a multi-disciplinary review of recent discoveries and research , including the Gandhāran Buddhist Texts , and concluded :
Whiskey Rebellion
Throughout Western Pennsylvania counties , protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax . Resistance came to a climax in July 1794 , when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise . The alarm was raised , and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville . Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels , while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax . Washington himself rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency , with 13,000 militiamen provided by the governors of Virginia , Maryland , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army , and there was no confrontation . About 20 men were arrested , but all were later acquitted or pardoned . Most distillers in nearby Kentucky were found to be all but impossible to tax -- in the next six years , over 175 distillers from Kentucky were convicted of violating the tax law . Numerous examples of resistance are recorded in court documents and newspaper accounts .
Siege
The Chinese of the Song period also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder . Written later around 1350 in the Huo Long Jing , this manuscript of Jiao Yu recorded an earlier Song - era cast - iron cannon known as the ' flying - cloud thunderclap eruptor ' ( fei yun pi - li pao ) . The manuscript stated that ( Wade -- Giles spelling ) :
Texas annexation
Anglo - American immigrants , primarily from the Southern United States , began emigrating to Mexican Texas in the early 1820s at the invitation of the Texas faction of the Coahuila y Texas state government , which sought to populate the sparsely inhabited lands of its northern frontier for cotton production . Colonizing empresario Stephen F. Austin managed the regional affairs of the mostly American - born population -- 20 % of them slaves -- under the terms of the generous government land grants . Mexican authorities were initially content to govern the remote province through salutary neglect , `` permitting slavery under the legal fiction of ' permanent indentured servitude ' , similar to Mexico 's peonage system .
Coal power in the United States
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882 . The first alternating current power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld , Pennsylvania in 1902 , servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company . By the mid-twentieth century , coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US . The long , steady rise of coal - fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007 . The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas , decreased consumption , renewable power , and more stringent environmental regulations . The Environmental Protection Administration has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution , smog , and global warming .
History of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania had established itself as the largest food producer in the country by the 1720s , and Pennsylvania agriculture experienced a `` golden age '' from 1790 to 1840 . In 1820 , agriculture provided 90 percent of the employment in Pennsylvania . Farm equipment manufacturers sprang up across the state as inventors across the world pioneered new equipment and techniques , and Pennsylvanians such as Frederick Watts were a part of this scientific approach to farming . Pennsylvania farmers lost some of their political power as other industries emerged in the state , but even in the 2000s agriculture remains one of Pennsylvania 's major industries .
Emancipation Proclamation
On June 19 , 1862 , Congress prohibited slavery in all current and future United States territories ( though not in the states ) , and President Lincoln quickly signed the legislation . By this act , they repudiated the 1857 opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dred Scott Case that Congress was powerless to regulate slavery in U.S. territories . This joint action by Congress and President Lincoln also rejected the notion of popular sovereignty that had been advanced by Stephen A. Douglas as a solution to the slavery controversy , while completing the effort first legislatively proposed by Thomas Jefferson in 1784 to confine slavery within the borders of existing states .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy , but public opinion tended to favor the United States . Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States , with the Americans shipping grain to Britain while Britain sent manufactured items and munitions . Immigration continued into the United States . British trade with the Confederacy was limited , with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and some munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners . The British textile industry depended on cotton from the South , but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics . With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 , the Civil War became a war against slavery that most British supported .
Boston Tea Party
Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770 , except for the tea duty , which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert `` the right of taxing the Americans '' . This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770 . From 1771 to 1773 , British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts , with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound . Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea ; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia .
Electric chair
The electric chair was adopted by Ohio ( 1897 ) , Massachusetts ( 1900 ) , New Jersey ( 1906 ) and Virginia ( 1908 ) , and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the United States , replacing hanging . Most of the states that currently use or have used the electric chair lie east of the Mississippi River . The electric chair remained the most prominent execution method until the mid-1980s when lethal injection became widely accepted for conducting judicial executions .
Qing dynasty
In 1685 the Kangxi emperor legalized private maritime trade along the coast , establishing a series of customs stations in major port cities . The customs station at Canton became by far the most active in foreign trade and by the late Kangxi reign more than forty mercantile houses specializing in trade with the West had appeared . The Yongzheng emperor made a parent corporation comprising those forty individual houses in 1725 known as the Cohong system . Firmly established by 1757 , the Canton Cohong was an association of thirteen business firms that had been awarded exclusive rights to conduct trade with Western merchants in Canton . Until its abolition after the Opium War in 1842 , the Canton Cohong system was the only permitted avenue of Western trade into China , and thus became a booming hub of international trade by the early eighteenth century . By the eighteenth century the most significant export China had was tea . British demand for tea increased exponentially up until they figured out how to grow it for themselves in the hills of northern India in the 1880s . By the end of the eighteenth century tea exports going through the Canton Cohong system amounted to one - tenth of the revenue from taxes collected from the British and nearly the entire revenue of the British East India Company and until the early nineteenth century tea comprised ninety percent of exports leaving Canton .
North Carolina
North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression , but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers . After World War II , the state 's economy grew rapidly , highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte , Raleigh , and Durham in the Piedmont . Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle , a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research . In the 1990s , Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center . Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville .
Smith & Wesson
As Samuel Colt 's patent on the revolver was set to expire in 1856 , Wesson began developing a prototype for a cartridge revolver . His research pointed out that a former Colt employee named Rollin White held the patent for a `` Bored - through '' cylinder , a component he would need for his invention . Wesson reconnected with Smith and the two partners approached White to manufacture a newly designed revolver - and - cartridge combination .
History of Pennsylvania
The Whiskey Rebellion , centered in Western Pennsylvania , was one of the first major challenges to the new federal government under the United States Constitution . From 1791 -- 1794 , farmers rebelled against an excise tax on distilled spirits , and prevented federal officials from collecting the tax . In 1794 , President George Washington led a 15,000 - soldier militia force into Western Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion , and most rebels returned home before the huge militia force arrived .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie 's family had to borrow money from Lauder in order to migrate . Allegheny was a growing industrial area that produced many products including wool and cotton cloth . The `` Made in Allegheny '' label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular . His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy , changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day , 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory . His starting wage was $1.20 per week ( $36.36 in 2017 dollars ) .
Tea culture
Butter , milk , and salt are added to brewed tea and churned to form a hot drink called Po cha ( bod ja , where bod means Tibetan and ja tea ) in Tibet , Bhutan , NepalThe concoction is sometimes called cha su mar , mainly in Kham , or Eastern Tibet . Traditionally , the drink is made with a domestic brick tea and yak 's milk , then mixed in a churn for several minutes . Using a generic black tea , milk and butter , and shaking or blending work well too , although the unique taste of yak milk is difficult to replicate . ( see recipe )
Technological and industrial history of the United States
In 1868 , Andrew Carnegie saw an opportunity to integrate new coke - making methods with the recently developed Kelly - Bessemer process to supply steel for railroads . In 1872 , he built a steel plant in Braddock , Pennsylvania at the junction of several major railroad lines . Carnegie earned enormous profits by pioneering vertical integration ; he owned the iron ore mines in Minnesota , the transport steamboats on the Great Lakes , the coal mines and coke ovens , and the rail lines delivering the coke and ore to his Pennsylvania mills . By 1900 , the Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all of Britain and in 1901 Carnegie sold his business to J.P. Morgan 's U.S. Steel earning Carnegie $480 million personally .
Rhode Island
Slater Mill in Pawtucket was the first commercially successful cotton - spinning mill with a fully mechanized power system in America and was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the US . The oldest Fourth of July Parade in the country is still held annually in Bristol , Rhode Island . The first Baptist Church in America was founded in Providence in 1638 . Ann Smith Franklin of the Newport Mercury was the first female newspaper editor in America ( August 22 , 1762 ) . Touro Synagogue was the first synagogue in America , founded in Newport in 1763 .
Bessemer process
In the 15th century the finery process , another process which shares the air - blowing principle with the Bessemer process , was developed in Europe . In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture , at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield . This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production , but it was unrelated to the Bessemer - type process employing decarburization . Johan
Apothecaries' system
Apothecaries ' measures eventually fell out of use in the UK and were officially abolished in 1971 . In the US , they are still occasionally used , for example with prescribed medicine being sold in four ounce ( ℥ iv ) bottles .
Alcohol laws of Kansas
A retail liquor store must be in an area zoned for commercial use , can not be located within 200 feet ( 61 m ) of a school , college , or church , and can not have an indoor entrance or an opening which connects with another business . Except for Kansas Lottery tickets ( which incidentally can be sold to 18 - year - olds ) , it may not sell any product besides liquor , products or materials included by the manufacturer in the package , and nonalcoholic malt beverages . It may not provide any entertainment , including pinball machines . A prohibition against offering customers free samples of liquor was repealed as of July 1 , 2012 . CMB
New Spain
During the 16th century , many Spanish cities were established in North and Central America . Spain attempted to establish missions in what is now the southern United States including Georgia and South Carolina between 1568 and 1587 . These efforts were mainly successful in the region of present - day Florida , where the city of St. Augustine was founded in 1565 , the oldest European city in the United States .
Alcohol laws of Australia
On 21 February 1839 , Act No. 1 of 1839 became the first liquor licensing legislation in the Province , including three licenses :
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports , to a world market , of cotton , and , to a lesser extent , tobacco and sugarcane . Local food production included grains , hogs , cattle , and gardens . The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of `` King Cotton '' . When the blockade was announced , commercial shipping practically ended ( the ships could not get insurance ) , and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners . The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South , rendering useless its most valuable properties , its plantations and their enslaved workers . Many planters kept growing cotton , which piled up everywhere , but most turned to food production . All across the region , the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets .
Cahokia
Historian Daniel Richter notes that the apex of the city occurred during the Medieval Warming Period . This period appears to have fostered an agricultural revolution in upper North America , as the three-fold crops of maize , beans ( legumes ) and gourds ( squash ) were developed and adapted or bred to the temperate climates of the north from their origins in Mesoamerica . Richter also notes that Cahokia 's advanced development coincided with the development in the Southwest of the Chaco Canyon society , which also produced large - scale works in an apparent socially stratified society . The decline of the city coincides with the Little Ice Age , although by then the three-fold agriculture remained well - established throughout temperate North America .
Austin, Texas
In 1860 , 38 % of Travis County residents were slaves . In 1861 , with the outbreak of the American Civil War , voters in Austin and other Central Texas communities voted against secession . However , as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased , Austin contributed hundreds of men to the Confederate forces . The African American population of Austin swelled dramatically after the enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas by Union General Gordon Granger at Galveston in an event commemorated as Juneteenth . Black communities such as Wheatville , Pleasant Hill , and Clarksville were established with Clarksville being the oldest surviving freedomtown ‒ the original post-Civil War settlements founded by former African - American slaves ‒ west of the Mississippi River . In 1870 , blacks made up 36.5 % of Austin 's population . The postwar period saw dramatic population and economic growth . The opening of the Houston and Texas Central Railway ( H&TC ) in 1871 turned Austin into the major trading center for the region with the ability to transport both cotton and cattle . The Missouri , Kansas , and Texas ( MKT ) line followed close behind . Austin was also the terminus of the southernmost leg of the Chisholm Trail and `` drovers '' pushed cattle north to the railroad . Cotton was one of the few crops produced locally for export and a cotton gin engine was located downtown near the trains for `` ginning '' cotton of its seeds and turning the product into bales for shipment . However , as other new railroads were built through the region in the 1870s , Austin began to lose its primacy in trade to the surrounding communities . In addition , the areas east of Austin took over cattle and cotton production from Austin , especially in towns like Hutto and Taylor that sit over the blackland prairie , with its deep , rich soils for producing cotton and hay .
Maple syrup
Maple syrup was first collected and used by the indigenous peoples of North America , and the practice was adopted by European settlers , who gradually refined production methods . Technological improvements in the 1970s further refined syrup processing . The Canadian province of Quebec is by far the largest producer , responsible for 70 percent of the world 's output ; Canadian exports of maple syrup in 2016 were C $ 487 million ( about US $ 360 million ) , with Quebec accounting for some 90 percent of this total . Vermont is the largest producer in the United States , generating about six percent of the global supply .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
The production of whiskey was certainly not a norm in the colonies in the early years . The upper echelon of colonial society looked down upon American whiskey up until the time of the American Revolution . Some even saw the harsh spirit as a bastion of debauchery in the American colonies . Whatever the sentiment , the Scottish , Irish , and Germans brought a taste for hard spirits from their homelands to the American colonies in the 1730s . These groups continued to produce hard spirits in imported stills , or stills based on Old World designs , in retaliation against the English economic controls . Benjamin
Modern history
The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity . The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries .
Industrial Revolution
The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million .