vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Desert
Animals adapted to live in deserts are called xerocoles . There is no evidence that body temperature of mammals and birds is adaptive to the different climates , either of great heat or cold . In fact , with a very few exceptions , their basal metabolic rate is determined by body size , irrespective of the climate in which they live . Many desert animals ( and plants ) show especially clear evolutionary adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance and so are often studied in comparative physiology , ecophysiology , and evolutionary physiology . One well - studied example is the specializations of mammalian kidneys shown by desert - inhabiting species . Many examples of convergent evolution have been identified in desert organisms , including between cacti and Euphorbia , kangaroo rats and jerboas , Phrynosoma and Moloch lizards . The
Evidence of common descent
Africa has Old World monkeys , apes , elephants , leopards , giraffes , and hornbills . South America has New World monkeys , cougars , jaguars , sloths , llamas , and toucans . Deserts in North and South America have native cacti , but deserts in Africa , Asia , and Australia have succulent ( apart from Rhipsalis baccifera ) which are native euphorbs that resemble cacti but are very different .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
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Dodo
Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been rhynchokinetic ( movable in relation to each other ) , which must have affected its feeding behaviour . In extant birds , such as frugivorous ( fruit - eating ) pigeons , kinetic premaxillae help with consuming large food items . The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads , which indicates a diet of hard food . In 2016 , the first 3D endocast was made from the brain of the dodo ; examination found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects , the dodo had a comparatively large olfactory bulb . This gave the dodo a good sense of smell , which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey . Dodo
Barn swallow
The barn swallow has an enormous range , with an estimated global extent of 51,700,000 km ( 20,000,000 sq mi ) and a population of 190 million individuals . The species is evaluated as least concern on the 2007 IUCN Red List , and has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) , which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants .
Elk
Throughout their range , they live in forest and in forest edge habitat , similar to other deer species . In mountainous regions , they often dwell at higher elevations in summer , migrating down slope for winter . The highly adaptable elk also inhabit semi-deserts in North America , such as the Great Basin . Manchurian and Alashan wapiti are primarily forest dwellers and their smaller antler size is a likely adaptation to a forest environment . Bull
Lion
Zambia 's Kafue National Park is a key refuge for lions , where frequent , uncontrolled bushfires combined with hunting of lions and prey species limits the ability of the lion population to recover . When favourable habitat is inundated in the wet season , lions expand home ranges and travel greater distances , and cub mortality is high .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Research in the 1990s using positron emission tomography ( PET ) confirmed the role of the brain stem and suggested that , within the forebrain , the limbic and paralimbic systems showed more activation than other areas . The areas activated during REM sleep are approximately inverse to those activated during non-REM sleep and display greater activity than in quiet waking . The `` anterior paralimbic REM activation area '' ( APRA ) includes areas linked with emotion , memory , fear , and sex , and may thus relate to the experience of dreaming during REMS . More recent PET research has indicated that the distribution of brain activity during REM sleep varies in correspondence with the type of activity seen in the prior period of wakefulness .
Red panda
Shortly after waking , red pandas clean their fur somewhat like a cat would , licking their front paws and then rubbing their backs , torsos , and sides . They also rub their backs and bellies along the sides of trees or rocks . Then they patrol their territories , marking with urine and a weak musk - smelling secretion from their anal glands . They search for food running along the ground or through the trees . Red pandas may use their forepaws alternately to bring food to their mouths or place food directly into their mouths .
Sleep
Sleep is divided into two broad types : non-rapid eye movement ( non-REM or NREM sleep ) and rapid eye movement ( REM sleep ) . non-REM and REM sleep are so different that physiologists identify them as distinct behavioral states . Non-REM sleep occurs first and after a transitional period is called slow wave sleep or deep sleep . During this phase , body temperature and heart rate fall , and the brain uses less energy . REM sleep ( also known as paradoxical sleep ) , a smaller portion of total sleep time and the main occasion for dreams ( or nightmares ) , is associated with desynchronized and fast brain waves , eye movements , loss of muscle tone , and suspension of homeostasis .
Common basilisk
The common basilisk is found in tropical rainforests throughout Central America and in northwestern South America , usually living in low elevations , from sea level to 600 m . In Costa Rica , this basilisk can be found as high as 1,200 m in some places . The species ranges from southwestern Nicaragua to northwestern Colombia on the Pacific side , and from central Panamá to northwestern Venezuela on the Atlantic side . In Costa Rica , it is mostly found on the Pacific side of the country . The equivalent species on the Atlantic side is the green basilisk , which occupies similar habitats and has similar biology . It has been introduced to Florida as a feral species .
Bothrops asper
This species is nocturnal and solitary . It is less active in colder and drier periods . B. asper is often found near rivers and streams , basking under the sun during the day and lying still while well camouflaged in leaf litter or under forest cover waiting to ambush prey ( including rats and mice ) that comes within range during the night . When cornered or threatened , this species can be very defensive and may exhibit an S - coiled defense display . Juveniles are often semiarboreal and even adults are sometimes encountered in bushes and low trees . Juveniles are also known to exhibit caudal luring , a use of their differently colored tail tips to lure prey . Although both males and females display this behavior , only males have bright coloured tail tips .
Barn owl
Might include African populations assigned to alba . T. a . hellmayri ( Griscom & Greenway , 1937 ) Similar to tuidara but larger . NE South American lowlands from E Venezuela south to the Amazon River . Doubtfully distinct from tuidara . T. a . bondi ( Parks & Phillips , 1978 ) Similar to pratincola ; smaller and paler on average . Endemic to Roatán and Guanaja in the Bay Islands . Doubtfully distinct from pratincola . T. a . niveicauda ( Parks & Phillips , 1978 ) Large . Similar to furcata ; paler in general . Resembles Old World alba . Endemic to Isla de la Juventud . Doubtfully distinct from furcata .
Vermont
By the mid-19th century , wild turkeys were exterminated in the state through overhunting and destruction of habitat . Sixteen were re-introduced in 1969 and had grown to an estimated flock of 45,000 in 2009 . in 2013 , hunters killed 6,968 of these . Since 1970 , reduction of farmland has resulted in reduced environment for , and reduced numbers of various shrubland birds including the American woodcock , brown thrasher , eastern towhee , willow flycatcher , golden - winged warbler , blue - winged warbler , field sparrow , and Baltimore oriole . DDT destroyed the eggshells of ospreys , which resulted in their disappearance from the state . This species began reviving in 1998 . As of 2010 , they were no longer endangered in the state . White - nose syndrome killed an estimated two - thirds of all cave - wintering bats in the state from 2008 to 2010 .
Virunga National Park
Virunga NP mountain gorillas Bukima Camp is situated in the foothills of the Mikeno Mountain , the home of the Congolese mountain gorillas Rwenzori Mountains Silverback of the Rugendo family at Bukima patrol Post The cabanes are situated at the edge of the crater in sight of the lava lake , the sight of which has an astounding effect on visitors Two Congo lion males resting in an open area within the National Park near Rwindi African elephant and African buffaloes
Thermoregulation
Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior . Desert lizards are ectotherms and so unable to metabolically control their temperature but can do this by altering their location . They may do this , in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body . By basking in the sun , the lizard absorbs solar heat . It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy . To lower their temperature , lizards exhibit varied behaviors . Sand seas , or ergs , produce up to 57.7 ° C ( 135.9 ° F ) , and the sand lizard will hold its feet up in the air to cool down , seek cooler objects with which to contact , find shade or return to their burrow . They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the sun goes down or the temperature falls . Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the thermal gradient . During
Red-tailed hawk
Its preferred habitat is mixed forest and field , with high bluffs or trees that may be used as perch sites . It occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes , including deserts , grasslands , coastal regions , mountains , foothills , coniferous and deciduous woodlands , tropical rainforests , agricultural fields and urban areas . It is second only to the peregrine falcon in the use of diverse habitats in North America . It lives throughout the North American continent , except in areas of unbroken forest or the high Arctic .
Grand Canyon
Raccoons , weasels , bobcats , gray foxes , and mountain lions are also present , but are much more rare . Mule deer and desert bighorn sheep are the ungulates that frequent the river corridor . Since the removal of 500 feral burros in the early 1980s , bighorn sheep numbers have rebounded . Mule deer are generally not permanent residents along the river , but travel down from the rim when food and water resources there become scarce .
Desert
Water and carbon dioxide are metabolic end products of oxidation of fats , proteins , and carbohydrates . Oxidising a gram of carbohydrate produces 0.60 grams of water ; a gram of protein produces 0.41 grams of water ; and a gram of fat produces 1.07 grams of water , making it possible for xerocoles to live with little or no access to drinking water . The kangaroo rat for example makes use of this water of metabolism and conserves water both by having a low basal metabolic rate and by remaining underground during the heat of the day , reducing loss of water through its skin and respiratory system when at rest . Herbivorous mammals obtain moisture from the plants they eat . Species such as the addax antelope , dik - dik , Grant 's gazelle and oryx are so efficient at doing this that they apparently never need to drink . The camel is a superb example of a mammal adapted to desert life . It minimizes its water loss by producing concentrated urine and dry dung , and is able to lose 40 % of its body weight through water loss without dying of dehydration . Carnivores can obtain much of their water needs from the body fluids of their prey . Many other hot desert animals are nocturnal , seeking out shade during the day or dwelling underground in burrows . At depths of more than 50 cm ( 20 in ) , these remain at between 30 to 32 ° C ( 86 to 90 ° F ) regardless of the external temperature . Jerboas , desert rats , kangaroo rats and other small rodents emerge from their burrows at night and so do the foxes , coyotes , jackals and snakes that prey on them . Kangaroos keep cool by increasing their respiration rate , panting , sweating and moistening the skin of their forelegs with saliva . Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer body fur and insulating layers of fat beneath the skin . The arctic weasel has a metabolic rate that is two or three times as high as would be expected for an animal of its size . Birds have avoided the problem of losing heat through their feet by not attempting to maintain them at the same temperature as the rest of their bodies , a form of adaptive insulation . The emperor penguin has dense plumage , a downy under layer , an air insulation layer next the skin and various thermoregulatory strategies to maintain its body temperature in one of the harshest environments on Earth . The
Barn owl
Curaçao barn owl -- Endemic to Curaçao and maybe Bonaire in the West Indies . T. a . contempta ( Hartert , 1898 ) Almost black with some dark grey above , the white part of the spotting showing prominently . Reddish brown below . NE Andes from W Venezuela through E Colombia ( rare in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental ) south to Peru . Includes stictica . T. a . schmitzi ( Hartert , 1900 ) Small . Similar to guttata , but breast region light buff . Endemic to Madeira and Porto Santo islands in the E Atlantic . T. a . ernesti ( Kleinschmidt , 1901 ) Similar to alba ; breast region always pure unspotted white . Endemic to Corsica and Sardinia in the Mediterranean . T. a . gracilirostris ( Hartert , 1905 ) Small . Similar to schmitzi but breast darker , approaching guttata . Face light buff . Canary barn owl -- Endemic to the E Canary Islands ( Chinijo Archipelago , Fuerteventura , Lanzarote ; perhaps formerly also on Lobos ) . T. a . detorta ( Hartert , 1913 ) Similar to guttata , but less reddish . Face buff . Endemic to the Cape Verde Islands . Cape Verde barn owl -- Sometimes considered a distinct species . T. a . erlangeri ( W.L. Sclater , 1921 ) Similar to ernesti ; upperparts lighter and yellower . Crete and southern Aegean islands to Cyprus ; Near and Middle East including Arabian Peninsula coastlands , south to Sinai and east to SW Iran . Might include African populations assigned to alba . T. a . hellmayri ( Griscom & Greenway , 1937 ) Similar to tuidara but larger . NE South American lowlands from E Venezuela south to the Amazon River . Doubtfully distinct from tuidara . T. a . bondi ( Parks & Phillips , 1978 ) Similar to pratincola ; smaller and paler on average . Endemic to Roatán and Guanaja in the Bay Islands .
Lion
The lion prefers grassy plains and savannahs , open woodlands with bushes and scrub bordering rivers . It is absent in rainforest and rarely enters closed forest . On Mount Elgon , it has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m ( 11,800 ft ) and close to the snow line on Mount Kenya .
Rabbit
The anatomy of rabbits hind limbs are structurally similar to that of other land mammals and contribute to their specialized form of locomotion . The Bones of the hind limbs consist of long bones ( the femur , tibia , fibula , and phalanges ) as well as short bones ( the tarsals ) . These bones are created through endochondral ossification during development . Like most land mammals , the round head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the ox coxae . The femur articulates with the tibia , but not the fibula , which is fused to the tibia . The tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals of the pes , commonly called the foot . The hind limbs of the rabbit are longer than the front limbs . This allows them to produce their hopping form of locomotion . Longer hind limbs are more capable of producing faster speeds . Hares , which have longer legs than cottontail rabbits , are able to move considerably faster . Rabbits stay just on their toes when moving this is called Digitigrade locomotion . The hind feet have four long toes that allow for this and are webbed to prevent them from spreading when hopping . Rabbits do not have paw pads on their feet like most other animals that use digitigrade locomotion . Instead , they have coarse compressed hair that offers protection . Musculature
Wild turkey
The wild turkey , throughout its range , plays a significant role in the cultures of many Native American tribes all over North America . Outside of the Thanksgiving feast , it is a favorite meal in eastern tribes . Eastern Native American tribes consumed both the eggs and meat , sometimes turning the latter into a type of jerky to preserve it and make it last through cold weather . They provided habitat by burning down portions of forests to create meadows which would attract mating birds , and thus give a clear shot to hunters . The feathers of turkeys also often made their way into the rituals and headgear of many tribes . Many leaders , such as Catawba chiefs , traditionally wore turkey feather headdresses . Significant peoples of several tribes , including Muscogee Creek and Wampanoag , wore turkey feather cloaks . The turkey clan is one of the three Lenape clans . Movements of wild turkeys inspired the Caddo tribe 's turkey dance . The Navajo people of Southeastern Arizona , New Mexico and Utah call the turkey Tązhii and relate the bird to the corn and seeds which The Turkey in Navajo folklore brought from the Third Navajo World . It is one of the Navajos ' sacred birds , with the Navajo people using the feathers and parts in multiple traditional ceremonies .
House sparrow
In southern Africa , birds of both the European subspecies P. d. domesticus and the Indian subspecies P. d. indicus were introduced around 1900 . Birds of P. d. domesticus ancestry are confined to a few towns , while P. d. indicus birds have spread rapidly , reaching Tanzania in the 1980s . Despite this success , native relatives such as the Cape sparrow also occur in towns , competing successfully with it . In South America , it was first introduced near Buenos Aires around 1870 , and quickly became common in most of the southern part of the continent . It now occurs almost continuously from Tierra del Fuego to the fringes of the Amazon basin , with isolated populations as far north as coastal Venezuela .
Thermoregulation
In humans , a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity , lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well - marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity , and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night ; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day . Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds -- whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference -- experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity ( night ) and lowest during the period of rest ( day ) . Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
Location scenes in the UK were shot around the villages of Caunton , Nottinghamshire and Redmile , Leicestershire . Roundhill Primary School , Beeston , Nottinghamshire was used as the location for ' Walker Street Middle School ' . Some scenes were also filmed in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire . Studio scenes were filmed at Central 's new studios in Nottingham , replacing those at Borehamwood .
Desert
Deserts present a very challenging environment for animals . Not only do they require food and water but they also need to keep their body temperature at a tolerable level . In many ways birds are the most able to do this of the higher animals . They can move to areas of greater food availability as the desert blooms after local rainfall and can fly to faraway waterholes . In hot deserts , gliding birds can remove themselves from the over-heated desert floor by using thermals to soar in the cooler air at great heights . In order to conserve energy , other desert birds run rather than fly . The cream - colored courser flits gracefully across the ground on its long legs , stopping periodically to snatch up insects . Like other desert birds it is well - camouflaged by its coloring and can merge into the landscape when stationary . The sandgrouse is an expert at this and nests on the open desert floor dozens of kilometers ( miles ) away from the waterhole it needs to visit daily . Some small diurnal birds are found in very restricted localities where their plumage matches the color of the underlying surface . The desert lark takes frequent dust baths which ensures that it matches its environment .
Red fox
Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode . They use their urine to mark their territories . A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him , whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs . Urine is also used to mark empty cache sites , used to store found food , as reminders not to waste time investigating them . The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to precisely control the position of the scent mark . Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory . In favourable habitats and / or areas with low hunting pressure , subordinate foxes may be present in a range . Subordinate foxes may number one or two , sometimes up to eight in one territory . These subordinates could be formerly dominant animals , but are mostly young from the previous year , who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen 's kits . Alternatively , their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success . Non-breeding vixens will guard , play , groom , provision and retrieve kits , an example of kin selection . Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high . If not , they will stay with their parents , at the cost of postponing their own reproduction .