vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Social equality
Another notion of equality introduced by Conley is equality of condition . Through this framework is the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point . Conley goes back to his example of a game of Monopoly to explain this standard . If the game of four started off with two players both having an advantage of $5,000 dollars to start off with and both already owning hotels and other property while the other two players both did not own any property and both started off with a $5,000 dollar deficit , then from a perspective of the standard of equality of condition , one can argue that the rules of the game `` need to be altered in order to compensate for inequalities in the relative starting positions '' . From this we form policies in order to even equality which in result bring an efficient way to create fairer competition in society . Here is where social engineering comes into play where we change society in order to give an equality of condition to everyone based on race , gender , class , religion etc . when it is made justifiable that the proponents of the society makes it unfair for them .
Household income in the United States
Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income . Unlike the median household income , which divides all households in two halves , the mean income is the average income earned by American households . In the case of mean income , the income of all households is divided by the number of all households . The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top . As a result , the mean tends to be higher than the median income , with the top earning households boosting it . Overall , the mean household income in the United States , according to the US Census Bureau 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement , was $72,641 .
Scientific management
This reflects the idea that workers have a vested interest in their own well - being , and do not benefit from working above the defined rate of work when it will not increase their remuneration . He therefore proposed that the work practice that had been developed in most work environments was crafted , intentionally or unintentionally , to be very inefficient in its execution . He posited that time and motion studies combined with rational analysis and synthesis could uncover one best method for performing any particular task , and that prevailing methods were seldom equal to these best methods . Crucially , Taylor himself prominently acknowledged that if each employee 's compensation was linked to their output , their productivity would go up . Thus his compensation plans usually included piece rates . In contrast , some later adopters of time and motion studies ignored this aspect and tried to get large productivity gains while passing little or no compensation gains to the workforce , which contributed to resentment against the system .
Copy editing
Depending on which publication a copyeditor is employed with , his or her goals may change , however there are a few constituencies that must always be served -- the author ( the person who wrote or compiled the manuscript ) , the publisher ( the person or company that is paying to produce the material ) , and the readers ( the audience for whom the material is being produced ) . These parties ( in conjunction with the copyeditor ) work to achieve the same goal , which is to produce an error free publication . The copyeditor strives to improve clarity , coherency , consistency , and correctness -- otherwise known as the `` 4 C 's '' . Each of these components serve the copyeditor 's `` Cardinal C '' , which is communication .
Household income in the United States
The residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the household 's income . As households tend to share a similar economic context , the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income . That the size of a household is not commonly taken into account in such measures may distort any analysis of fluctuations within or among the household income categories , and may render direct comparisons between quintiles difficult or even impossible .
Gilded Age
At each level they had more and more knowledge , experience , and human capital . They were very hard to replace , and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care . Hiring , firing , and wage rates were set not by foreman , but by central administrators , in order to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts . Everything was done by the book , whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance , and exactly what their rank and pay would be . By the 1880s the career railroaders were retiring , and pension systems were invented for them . Love
Lobbying in the United States
Lobbying has much in common with highly people - intensive businesses such as management consulting and public relations , but with a political and legal sensibility . Like lawmakers , many lobbyists are lawyers , and the persons they are trying to influence have the duty of writing laws . That the disciplines of law and lobbying are intertwined could be seen in the case of a Texas lawyer who had been seeking compensation for his unfairly imprisoned client ; since his exonerated - prisoner client had trouble paying the legal expenses , the lawyer lobbied the Texas state legislature to raise the state 's payment for unfairly imprisoned prisoners from $50,000 per year to $80,000 per year ; it succeeded , making it possible for his newly freed client to pay the lawyer 's fees . Connections
Lobbying in the United States
There are counterarguments that the system is working as it should , despite being rather messy . According to this line of argument , the Madisonian view of politics -- in which factions were supposed to compete with other factions -- is working exactly as it should . Competing factions , or in this case , competing interest groups , square off . Battling happens within the federal government , but instead of by settling arguments by elections , arguments are settled by powerful interest groups fighting each other , often financially . And it might appear to members of groups which lost in a lobbying battle that the reason for their loss was that the other side lobbied unfairly using more money . There are numerous instances in which opposed lobbies stalemate , and instances in which these stalemates have been seen as a positive result . And sometimes powerful financial interests lose the battle .
Executive compensation
salary short - term incentives ( STIs ) , sometimes known as bonuses long - term incentive plans ( LTIPs ) employee benefits paid expenses ( perquisites ) insurance
Scientific management
Today 's militaries employ all of the major goals and tactics of scientific management , if not under that name . Of the key points , all but wage incentives for increased output are used by modern military organizations . Wage incentives rather appear in the form of skill bonuses for enlistments .
Medicare (United States)
Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer , or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Indeed , more precisely formulated , the probability of any duplicate elements is 0 . So if you were to repeat this for the rest of the life of the universe , you 'd never expect a duplicate . Is n't that good enough for `` will occur precisely once '' ? More strongly , though , the values have to be represented somehow , and one imaginable way is a random - value producing apparatus that keeps producing a stream of digits making up the decimal expansion of the values for the random variables . So imagine that after several eons of steady production we have that one stream is `` 0.7785 ( seventeen umptyzillion and four digits omitted ) 459 ( to be continued ) '' and so is another . Are the two values duplicates of each other ? Perhaps , but most likely not . They may diverge at every next digit . But even if they are , we 'll never know , since the streams will never be complete . So actually , the probability of any duplicate elements is 0 , and , moreover , even if duplicacy ( is that an English word ? ) occurs , it remains forever unknowable . Might as well say : ca n't happen . -- Lambiam 13 : 50 , 15 May 2006 ( UTC ) Huh . Seems like I understood alright , but you guys have a seriously different way of looking at these things. :-) ( I was assuming that we were using the language of theory , since continuous distributions are a theoretical / modelling tool rather than something you 'd deal with in practice . ) Although , if we look at this from a practical point of view , would n't it be more helpful to talk about the practical situation where you get , say , temperature readings with + / - . 01 degrees accuracy and it 's quite possible , but unlikely , that you 'll get the same reading twice , rendering the mode meaningless and requiring the technique described ? -- In any case , thanks for explaining ! Benja 14 : 30 , 15 May 2006 ( UTC ) `` You guys '' ? I 'm just one editor with one viewpoint ( who happened to have written the relevant paragraph ) .
California State Lottery
California is unique among the 45 Mega Millions participants in that all nine prize levels for Mega Millions within its borders are always parimutuel , rather than each non-jackpot prize having a set value . This leads to different prize amounts for equivalent winners sold in California when compared to those sold in the other 44 jurisdictions . For example , the `` advertised '' second prize in Mega Millions is $1,000,000 ; it is not unheard of for that prize level to pay over $1.9 million to a California second - prize winner . The second prize pool within California frequently rolls ; it is , in effect , a `` secondary jackpot '' . Unlike the other Mega Millions members , California currently does not offer the Megaplier , which is drawn in Texas by a random number generator . Powerball
Military history of Australia during World War I
An increase in the trade union movement was an inevitable corollary of this and during the war years there was a considerable increase in the membership of the various unions . Despite the considerable rises in the costs of many basic items , the government sought to maintain wages largely as they were . Although the average weekly wage during the war was increased by between 8 -- 12 per cent , it was not enough to keep up with inflation and as a result there was considerable discontent amongst workers , to the extent that industrial action followed . Not all of these disputes were due to economic factors , and indeed in some part they were the result of violent opposition to the issue of conscription , which many trade unionists were opposed to . Nevertheless , the result was very disruptive and it has been estimated that between 1914 and 1918 there were 1,945 industrial disputes , resulting in 8,533,061 working days lost and £ 4,785,607 in lost wages .
Alaska
The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states . Federal government employees , particularly United States Postal Service ( USPS ) workers and active - duty military members , receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25 % of base pay because , while the cost of living has gone down , it is still one of the highest in the country .
Ida B. Wells
Following the funerals of her parents and brother , friends and relatives decided that the six remaining Wells children should be split up and sent to various foster homes . Wells resisted this solution . To keep her younger siblings together as a family , she found work as a teacher in a black elementary school . Her paternal grandmother , Peggy Wells , along with other friends and relatives , stayed with her siblings and cared for them during the week while Wells was away teaching . Without this help , she would not have been able to keep her siblings together . Wells resented that in the segregated school system , white teachers were paid $80 a month and she was paid only $30 a month . This discrimination made her more interested in the politics of race and improving the education of black people .
Right-to-work law
A closed shop , in which employees must be members of the union as a condition of employment . Under a closed shop , an employee who ceased being a member of the union for whatever reason , from failure to pay dues to expulsion from the union as an internal disciplinary punishment , was required to be fired even if the employee did not violate any of the employer 's rules . A union shop , which allows for hiring non-union employees , provided that the employees then join the union within a certain period . An agency shop , in which employees must pay the equivalent of the cost of union representation , but need not formally join the union . An open shop , in which an employee can not be compelled to join or pay the equivalent of dues to a union or be fired for joining the union .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed , the soldiers no longer received extra pay ( batta or bhatta ) if posted there , because this was no longer considered `` foreign service '' . Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome , the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department . Prior to the period of British rule , any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers . Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys , likely to be repeated every time such issues arose . In contrast to their Indian predecessors , the British considered such refusals at times to be outright `` mutinies '' and therefore to be suppressed brutally . At other times however the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy 's demands , such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest . Bengal
Democratic Party (United States)
Democrats support a more progressive tax structure to provide more services and reduce economic inequality by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes . Democrats support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military . They oppose the cutting of social services , such as Social Security , Medicare , Medicaid , and various other welfare programs , believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice . Democrats believe the benefits of social services , in monetary and non-monetary terms , are a more productive labor force and cultured population , and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes , especially on top earners , or cuts to social services . Furthermore , Democrats see social services as essential towards providing positive freedom , i.e. freedom derived from economic opportunity . The Democratic - led House of Representatives reinstated the PAYGO ( pay - as - you - go ) budget rule at the start of the 110th Congress . Minimum
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Low pay was also a major cause of poverty , with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million males earned less than £ 15 a week . According to one study , around 20 % to 23 % of employees in the late 1960s had low hourly wages . In 1974 , a quarter of adult employees in Britain earned less than £ 27 a week or less before tax , only slightly above the officially defined poverty line for an average family . Regional differences in pay also remained pronounced during the post-war period . Slum housing also remained a problem , with 12 % of British households living in houses or flats considered to be unfit for human habitation in 1972 . In 1975 , government statistics estimated that 1,800,000 children lived in poverty .
Labour in India
This Act seeks to ensure the financial security of the employees in an establishment by providing for a system of compulsory savings . The Act provides for establishments of a contributory Provident Fund in which employees ' contribution shall be at least equal to the contribution payable by the employer . Minimum contribution by the employees shall be 10 - 12 % of the wages . This amount is payable to the employee after retirement and could also be withdrawn partly for certain specified purposes .
Star Alliance
Star Alliance has two premium levels ( Silver and Gold ) , based on a customer 's status in a member 's frequent - flyer program . Member and regional airlines recognize Star Silver and Gold status , with a few exceptions mostly pertaining to airport lounge access . Membership is based on the frequent - flyer programs of the individual airlines . Many members have a premium status beyond Gold , which is not recognized across the alliance . Star
History of the United Kingdom
Taxes rose sharply during the war and never returned to their old levels . A rich man paid 8 % of his income in taxes before the war , and about a third afterwards . Much of the money went for the dole , the weekly unemployment benefits . About 5 % of the national income every year was transferred from the rich to the poor . Taylor argues most people `` were enjoying a richer life than any previously known in the history of the world : longer holidays , shorter hours , higher real wages . ''
Automated teller machine
This said , not all errors are to the detriment of customers ; there have been cases of machines giving out money without debiting the account , or giving out higher value notes as a result of incorrect denomination of banknote being loaded in the money cassettes . The result of receiving too much money may be influenced by the card holder agreement in place between the customer and the bank .
Original sin
Also , not all local Quaker meetings are entirely liberal or conservative and some have members adhering to different Quaker traditions , and a Quaker meeting can be affiliated with both liberal and conservative umbrella organizations . For instance , New York Yearly Meeting , which is mostly liberal , is affiliated with both the liberal Friends General Conference as well as the conservative Friends United Meeting , even though they adhere much more to the liberal teachings of Friends General Conference than the conservative teachings of Friends United Meeting . Thus , at any given Quaker meeting , individual Quakers may have differing views on a wide variety of theological issues including original sin , with more conservative Quaker meetings having everyone believe in original sin while at more liberal Quaker meetings there is typically a variety of beliefs and usually a majority of people would not believe in original sin but a minority would believe in original sin .
Andrew Carnegie
After a recent increase in profits by 60 % , the company refused to raise workers ' pay by more than 30 % . When some of the workers demanded the full 60 % , management locked the union out . Workers considered the stoppage a `` lockout '' by management and not a `` strike '' by workers . As such , the workers would have been well within their rights to protest , and subsequent government action would have been a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal demonstration of the growing labor rights movement , strongly opposed by management . Frick brought in thousands of strikebreakers to work the steel mills and Pinkerton agents to safeguard them .
Social class in the United States
In New York City in 2005 , the median income ( including bonuses ) of a corporate `` chief operating officer '' ( the No. 2 job ) was $377,000 . The total compensation for a `` top IT officer '' in charge of information technology in New York City was $218,000 . Thus even below the CEO level of top corporations , financial compensation will usually be sufficient to propel households with a mere one income earner in the top 1 % . In 2005 only 1.5 % of American households had incomes above $250,000 with many reaching this level only through having two income earners .
Medicare (United States)
Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) .
Health care in the United States
The costs of treating the uninsured must often be absorbed by providers as charity care , passed on to the insured via cost shifting and higher health insurance premiums , or paid by taxpayers through higher taxes . However , hospitals and other providers are reimbursed for the cost of providing uncompensated care via a federal matching fund program . Each state enacts legislation governing the reimbursement of funds to providers . In Missouri , for example , providers assessments totaling $800 million are matched -- $2 for each assessed $1 -- to create a pool of approximately $2 billion . By federal law these funds are transferred to the Missouri Hospital Association for disbursement to hospitals for the costs incurred providing uncompensated care including Disproportionate Share Payments ( to hospitals with high quantities of uninsured patients ) , Medicaid shortfalls , Medicaid managed care payments to insurance companies and other costs incurred by hospitals . In New Hampshire , by statute , reimbursable uncompensated care costs shall include : charity care costs , any portion of Medicaid patient care costs that are unreimbursed by Medicaid payments , and any portion of bad debt costs that the commissioner determines would meet the criteria under 42 U.S.C. section 1396r - 4 ( g ) governing hospital - specific limits on disproportionate share hospital payments under Title XIX of the Social Security Act .
Copyright
A copyright , or aspects of it ( e.g. reproduction alone , all but moral rights ) , may be assigned or transferred from one party to another . For example , a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a record company in which the musician agrees to transfer all copyright in the recordings in exchange for royalties and other considerations . The creator ( and original copyright holder ) benefits , or expects to , from production and marketing capabilities far beyond those of the author . In the digital age of music , music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the Internet ; however , the record industry attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and his or her work so it can reach a much larger audience . A copyright holder need not transfer all rights completely , though many publishers will insist . Some of the rights may be transferred , or else the copyright holder may grant another party a non-exclusive license to copy or distribute the work in a particular region or for a specified period of time .