vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Eiffel Tower
Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans .
History of Germany (1945–90)
As agreed by the Allies at the Yalta conference Germans were used as forced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted . By 1947 it is estimated that 400,000 Germans ( both civilians and POWs ) were being used as forced labor by the U.S. , France , the UK , and the Soviet Union . German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries . By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents . In Norway the last available casualty record , from 29 August 1945 , shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines , while 392 had been injured . Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19 % and 39 % , depending on category .
Great Depression
The Great Depression hit Germany hard . The impact of the Wall Street Crash forced American banks to end the new loans that had been funding the repayments under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan . The financial crisis escalated out of control and mid-1931 , starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May . This put heavy pressure on Germany , which was already in political turmoil with the rise in violence of Nazi and communist movements , as well as with investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies . Investors withdrew their short - term money from Germany , as confidence spiraled downward . The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June , 540 million in the second , and 150 million in two days , June 19 -- 20 . Collapse was at hand . U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on Payment of war reparations . This angered Paris , which depended on a steady flow of German payments , but it slowed the crisis down and the moratorium , was agreed to in July 1931 . An international conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on August 19 a standstill agreement froze Germany 's foreign liabilities for six months . Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England . The funding only slowed the process . Industrial failures began in Germany , a major bank closed in July and a two - day holiday for all German banks was declared . Business failures became more frequent in July , and spread to Romania and Hungary .
Munich Agreement
Germans even took the precaution of sending their troops over borders as early as the afternoon of 14 March , causing an incident between 13th ( Silesian ) Czechoslovakian Battalion and the 8th Infantry Division of the Nazi army in Místek . After a while the Germans decided to pull out as the escalation could endanger `` peaceful '' takeover .
End of World War II in Europe
The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Soviet Union and the Western Allies took place in late April and early May 1945 .
Treaty of Versailles
During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium .
World War I
When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September , Ludendorff , having been under great stress for months , suffered something similar to a breakdown . It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence . Men
End of World War II in Europe
German forces on the Channel Islands surrender : At 10 : 00 on 8 May , the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15 : 00 during which he announced : `` Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight , but in the interests of saving lives the ' Cease fire ' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front , and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today . ''
History of Germany (1945–90)
In addition , under the Allies ' Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) , the territory of the extinguished German Reich was to be treated as the land area within its borders as of 31 December 1937 . All Nazi land expansion from 1938 to 1945 was hence treated as automatically invalid . Such expansion included the League of Nations administered City - State of Danzig ( occupied by Nazi Germany immediately following Germany 's 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland ) , Austria , the occupied territory of Czechoslovakia , Suwalki , Alsace - Lorraine , Luxembourg , post 27 September 1939 `` West Prussia '' , post 27 September 1939 `` Posen Province '' , northern Slovenia , Eupen , Malmedy , the part of Southern Silesia ultimately detached from 1918 Germany by action of the Versailles Treaty , likewise , the Hultschiner Laendchen .
Great Depression
The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931 , starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May . This put heavy pressure on Germany , which was already in political turmoil . With the rise in violence of Nazi and communist movements , as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies . Investors withdrew their short - term money from Germany , as confidence spiraled downward . The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June , 540 million in the second , and 150 million in two days , June 19 -- 20 . Collapse was at hand . U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on Payment of war reparations . This angered Paris , which depended on a steady flow of German payments , but it slowed the crisis down and the moratorium , was agreed to in July 1931 . International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on August 19 a standstill agreement froze Germany 's foreign liabilities for six months . Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England . The funding only slowed the process ; it 's nothing . Industrial failures began in Germany , a major bank closed in July and a two - day holiday for all German banks was declared . Business failures more frequent in July , and spread to Romania and Hungary . The crisis continued to get worse in Germany , bringing political upheaval that finally led to the coming to power of Hitler 's Nazi regime in January 1933 .
First Battle of the Marne
The German retreat from 9 -- 13 September marked the end of the Schlieffen Plan . Moltke is said to have reported to the Kaiser : `` Your Majesty , we have lost the war . '' ( Majestät , wir haben den Krieg verloren ) .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In English , the two larger states were known informally as `` West Germany '' and `` East Germany '' respectively . In both cases , the former occupying troops remained permanently stationed there . The former German capital , Berlin , was a special case , being divided into East Berlin and West Berlin , with West Berlin completely surrounded by East German territory . Though the German inhabitants of West Berlin were citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany , West Berlin was not legally incorporated into West Germany ; it remained under the formal occupation of the western allies until 1990 , although most day - to - day administration was conducted by an elected West Berlin government .
End of World War II in Europe
`` The full authority of a sovereign state '' was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn -- Paris conventions . The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory , but the three occupying powers retained some special rights , e.g. vis - à - vis West Berlin .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The latest note from Wilson was received in Berlin on 6 November . That same day , the delegation led by Matthias Erzberger departed for France .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In the 1969 election , the SPD -- headed by Willy Brandt -- gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP . Although Chancellor for only just over four years , Brandt was one of the most popular politicians in the whole period . Brandt was a gifted speaker and the growth of the Social Democrats from there on was in no small part due to his personality . Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany 's eastern neighbors known as Ostpolitik , a policy opposed by the CDU . The issue of improving relations with Poland , Czechoslovakia , and East Germany made for an increasingly aggressive tone in public debates but it was a huge step forward when Willy Brandt and the Foreign Minister , Walther Scheel ( FDP ) negotiated agreements with all three countries ( Moscow Agreement , August 1970 , Warsaw Agreement , December 1970 , Four - Power Agreement over the status of West Berlin in 1971 and an agreement on relations between West and East Germany , signed in December 1972 ) . These agreements were the basis for a rapid improvement in the relations between east and west and led , in the long term , to the dismantlement of the Warsaw Treaty and the Soviet Union 's control over East - Central Europe . During a visit to Warsaw on 7 December 1970 , Brandt made the Warschauer Kniefall by kneeling before a monument to those killed in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising , a gesture of humility and penance that no German Chancellor had made until that time . Chancellor Brandt was forced to resign in May 1974 , after Günter Guillaume , a senior member of his staff , was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service , the Stasi . Brandt 's contributions to world peace led to his winning the Nobel Peace Prize for 1971 . U.S.
Armistice of 11 November 1918
During the Occupation of France , the Clairiere de l'Armistice was destroyed and the carriage taken to Berlin , where it was exhibited in the Lustgarten .
Treaty of Versailles
On 7 March 1936 , German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland . On 12 March 1938 , following German pressure to the collapse the Austrian Government , German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the Anschluss : the annexation of Austria by Germany . The following year , on 23 March 1939 , Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania .
Vietnam War
By the end of April , the ARVN collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta . Thousands of refugees streamed southward , ahead of the main communist onslaught . On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon . The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops . To hasten a collapse and foment panic , the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure . With the air exit closed , large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out . Victorious
Berlin Wall
An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' :
World War II
On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France .
Big Ben
At the close of the polls for the 2010 general election the results of the national exit poll were projected onto the south side of the tower . On 27 July 2012 , starting at 8 : 12 a.m , Big Ben chimed 30 times , to welcome the Games of the 30th Olympiad , which officially began that day , to London .
Operation Barbarossa
Despite the parties ' ostensibly cordial relations , each side was highly suspicious of the other 's intentions . For instance , the Soviet invasion of Bukovina in June 1940 went beyond their sphere of influence as agreed with Germany . After Germany entered the Axis Pact with Japan and Italy , it began negotiations about a potential Soviet entry into the pact . After two days of negotiations in Berlin from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented a written proposal for a Soviet entry into the Axis . On 25 November 1940 , the Soviet Union offered a written counter-proposal to join the Axis if Germany would agree to refrain from interference in the Soviet Union 's sphere of influence , but Germany did not respond . As both sides began colliding with each other in Eastern Europe , conflict appeared more likely , although they did sign a border and commercial agreement addressing several open issues in January 1941 . According to historian Robert Service , Joseph Stalin was convinced that the overall military strength of the USSR was such that he had nothing to fear and anticipated an easy victory should Germany attack ; moreover , Stalin believed that since the Germans were still fighting the British in the west , Hitler would be unlikely to open up a two front war and subsequently delayed the reconstruction of defensive fortifications in the border regions . When German soldiers swam across the Bug River to warn the Red Army of an impending attack , they were treated like enemy agents and shot . Some historians believe that Stalin , despite providing an amicable front to Hitler , did not wish to remain allies with Germany . Rather , Stalin might have had intentions to break off from Germany and proceed with his own campaign against Germany to be followed by one against the rest of Europe .
Statue of Liberty
On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since .
Berlin Wall
In April 1961 , Khrushchev gained an impression that Kennedy is not very smart when he saw Washington supporting the failed invasion of Cuba by anti-communist exiles which were than left to their fate . Khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . He soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with East Germany that would abolish allied rights in West Berlin . One of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the Berlin . However , this action had risks behind it . The risks that we are taking is justified . If we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war . It meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . Khrushchev 's assumptions about Kennedy were false . He made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . He showed the unpredictability of US 's policy . All though Soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the Kennedy 's actions . It was then decided to block the access of the West Berlin from the East . That is when the construction of the wall started .
Causes of World War II
After taking power , the Nazi government made efforts to establish friendly relations with Poland , resulting in the signing of the ten - year German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact with the Piłsudski regime in 1934 . In 1938 , Poland participated in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia by annexing Zaolzie . In 1939 , Hitler claimed extra-territoriality for the Reichsautobahn Berlin - Königsberg and a change in Danzig 's status , in exchange for promises of territory in Poland 's neighbours and a 25 - year extension of the non-aggression pact . Poland refused , fearing losing de facto access to the sea , subjugation as a German satellite state or client state , and future further German demands . In August 1939 , Hitler delivered an ultimatum to Poland on Danzig 's status . Polish
Munich Agreement
On 5 October , Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia , realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was inevitable . Following the outbreak of World War II , he formed a Czechoslovak government - in - exile in London . On 6 December 1938 , the French - German non-aggression pact was signed in Paris by the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet and the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In the early sixties , the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly . In 1962 , the growth rate was 4.7 % and the following year , 2.0 % . After a brief recovery , the growth rate petered into a recession , with no growth in 1967 . The economic showdown forced Erhard 's resignation in 1966 and he was replaced with Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU . Kiesinger was to attract much controversy because in 1933 he had joined the National Socialist Legal Guild and NSDAP ( membership in the former was necessary in order to practice law , but membership in the latter was entirely voluntary ) .
History of Germany (1945–90)
During the years of West Berlin 's isolation -- 176 kilometers ( 110 mi . ) inside East Germany -- the Western Allies encouraged a close relationship between the Government of West Berlin and that of West Germany . Representatives of the city participated as non-voting members in the West German Parliament ; appropriate West German agencies , such as the supreme administrative court , had their permanent seats in the city ; and the governing mayor of West Berlin took his turn as President of the Bundesrat . In addition , the Allies carefully consulted with the West German and West Berlin Governments on foreign policy questions involving unification and the status of Berlin .
Allies of World War II
British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
After the Allied advance into Germany in early 1945 , the carriage was removed by the Germans for safe keeping to the town of Ohrdruf , but as an American armoured column entered the town , the detachment of the SS guarding it set it ablaze , and it was destroyed . Some pieces were however preserved by private persons ; they are also exhibited at Compiègne .
Warsaw
After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War , Warsaw was defended until 27 September . Central Poland , including Warsaw , came under the rule of the General Government , a German Nazi colonial administration . All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw 's entire Jewish population -- several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city -- were herded into the Warsaw Ghetto . The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe . When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of Hitler 's `` Final Solution '' on 19 April 1943 , Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto uprising . Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the Ghetto held out for almost a month . When the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide . The
Second Sino-Japanese War
First Period : July 7 , 1937 ( Battle of Lugou Bridge ) -- October 25 , 1938 ( end of the Battle of Wuhan with the fall of the city ) . Second Period : October 25 , 1938 ( following the Fall of Wuhan ) -- December 1941 ( before the Allies ' declaration of war on Japan ) . First
Cold War
During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question .
1963
February 5 -- The European Court of Justice 's ruling in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen establishes the principle of direct effect , one of the basic tenets of European Union law . February 8 -- Travel , financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to Cuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration . February 10 -- Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Kyūshū are merged and become the city of Kitakyūshū , with a population of more than 1 million . February 11 The Central Intelligence Agency 's Domestic Operations Division is created in the United States . The Beatles record their debut album Please Please Me in a single day at the Abbey Road Studios in London . American - born poet Sylvia Plath commits suicide in London . February 12 -- Northwest Airlines Flight 705 crashes in the Florida Everglades , killing all 43 aboard . February 14 -- Harold Wilson becomes leader of the opposition Labour Party in the United Kingdom ; in October 1964 he became prime minister . February 19 -- The publication of Betty Friedan 's The Feminine Mystique launches the reawakening of the Women 's Movement in the United States as women 's organizations and consciousness raising groups spread . February 21 -- The 5.6 M Marj earthquake affected northern Libya with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ) , causing 290 -- 375 deaths and 375 -- 500 injuries . February 27 Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic . Female suffrage is enacted in Iran . February 28 -- Dorothy Schiff resigns from the New York Newspaper Publishers ' Association , feeling that the city needs at least one paper as New York 's 83 - day newspayer strike ensued . Her paper , the New York Post , resumes publication on March 4 .