vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
One of the reasons for the high domestic water use in the U.S. is the high share of outdoor water use . For example , the arid West has some of the highest per capita domestic water use , largely because of landscape irrigation . Per capita domestic water use varied from 51 - US - gallon ( 190 L ) per day in Maine to 148 - US - gallon ( 560 L ) per day in Arizona and 167 - US - gallon ( 630 L ) per day in Utah . According to a 1999 study , on average all over the U.S. 58 % of domestic water use is outdoors for gardening , swimming pools etc. and 42 % is used indoors . A 2016 update of the 1999 study measured the average quantities and percent shares of seven indoor end uses of water :
Poverty in India
According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report , as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years , with India 's poverty rate projected to drop from 51 % in 1990 to about 22 % in 2015 . The report also indicates that in Southern Asia , only India is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date . In 2015 , according to United Nation 's Millennium Development Goals ( MGD ) programme , India has already achieved the target of reducing poverty by half , with 24.7 % of its 1.2 billion people in 2011 living below the poverty line or having income of less than $1.25 a day , the U.N. report said . The same figure was 49.4 % in 1994 . India had set a target of 23.9 % to be achieved by 2015 .
Poverty in India
Global Hunger Index ( GHI ) is an index that places a third of weight on proportion of the population that is estimated to be undernourished , a third on the estimated prevalence of low body weight to height ratio in children younger than five , and remaining third weight on the proportion of children dying before the age of five for any reason . According to 2011 GHI report , India has improved its performance by 22 % in 20 years , from 30.4 to 23.7 over 1990 to 2011 period . However , its performance from 2001 to 2011 has shown little progress , with just 3 % improvement . A sharp reduction in the percentage of underweight children has helped India improve its hunger record on the Global Hunger Index ( GHI ) 2014 . India now ranks 55 among 76 emerging economies . Between 2005 and 2014 , the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five fell from 43.5 % to 30.7 % .
Child labour
In 2001 , a voluntary agreement called the Harkin - Engel Protocol , was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour , as defined by ILO 's Convention 182 , in West Africa . This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002 . The foundation claims it has , as of 2011 , active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana , reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry . Other organisations claim progress has been made , but the protocol 's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met .
Poverty in India
From November 2017 , the World Bank started reporting poverty rates for all countries using two new international poverty lines : a `` lower middle - income '' line set at $3.20 per day and an `` upper middle - income '' line set at $5.50 per day . These are in addition to the earlier poverty line of $1.90 per day . The new lines are supposed to serve two purposes . One , they account for the fact that achieving the same set of capabilities may need a different set of goods and services in different countries and , specifically , a costlier set in richer countries . Second , they allow for cross-country comparisons and benchmarking both within and across developing regions . India falls in the lower middle - income category . Using the $3.20 per day poverty line , the percentage of the population living in poverty in India ( 2011 ) was 60 % . This means that 763 million people in India were living below this poverty line in 2011 . Semi-economic
Poverty in India
From November 2017 , the World Bank started reporting poverty rates for all countries using two new international poverty lines : a `` lower middle - income '' line set at $3.20 per day and an `` upper middle - income '' line set at $5.50 per day . India falls in the lower middle - income category . Using the $3.20 per day poverty line , the percentage of the population living in poverty in India was 60 % ( 2011 ) . This means that 763 million people in India were living below this poverty line in 2011 .
Wetland
Human impact : Groundwater is an important source of water for drinking and irrigation of crops . Over 1 billion people in Asia and 65 % of the public water sources in Europe source 100 % of their water from groundwater . Irrigation is a massive use of groundwater with 80 % of the world 's groundwater used for agricultural production .
Health care in the United States
The U.S. stands 50th in the world with a life expectancy of 78.49 . The CIA World Factbook ranked the United States 174th worst ( out of 222 ) -- meaning 48th best -- in the world for infant mortality rate ( 5.98 / 1,000 live births ) .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
According to one study , 365,000 families in Britain ( excluding Northern Ireland ) in 1966 were in poverty by an old assistance standard , and 450,000 families by a new standard . In another study on poverty , Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9 % of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973 , compared with 6.1 % of the population of Belgium .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
In 2003 , 15 years into the program , studies funded by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , AsDB , FAO , European Union ( EU ) and the Philippine Government , had shown that poverty incidence among program beneficiaries declined from 47.6 to 45.2 percent , while increasing among their non-participating counterparts from 55.1 to 56.4 percent .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Issues that affect drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States include water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
It has been found by the Poverty and Social Exclusion project at Bristol University in 2014 , that the proportion of households lacking three items or activities deemed necessary for life in the UK at that time ( as defined by a survey of the wider population ) has increased from 14 % in 1983 to 33 % in 2012 .
Earth
Many localized areas are subject to human - made pollution of the air and water , acid rain and toxic substances , loss of vegetation ( overgrazing , deforestation , desertification ) , loss of wildlife , species extinction , soil degradation , soil depletion and erosion .
New Zealand
The provision of water supply and sanitation is generally of good quality . Regional authorities provide water abstraction , treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas .
Ryukyuan religion
The fuuru nu kami , or `` god of the toilet '' , is the family protector of the area of waste . The pig toilet , lacking this benevolent god , could become a place of evil influence and potential haunting ( such as by an akaname , or other negative spirits , welcomed by the accumulation of waste matter , rejected and abandoned by the human body ) . Because he is considered a primary household god , the fuuru nu kami 's habitat ( the bathroom ) is kept clean and is perceived to warrant deferential behavior . Reports on the family 's status are delivered regularly to the fuuru nu kami . He shares traits with the Korean bathroom goddess , Cheukshin .
World Health Organization
In recent years , the WHO 's work has involved increasing collaboration with external bodies . As of 2002 , a total of 473 non-governmental organizations ( NGO ) had some form of partnership with WHO . There were 189 partnerships with international NGOs in formal `` official relations '' -- the rest being considered informal in character . Partners include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation .
Great Pacific garbage patch
In 2012 , Miriam C. Goldstein , Marci Rosenberg , and Lanna Cheng wrote :
Air pollution in the United States
In a study conducted by Yale University , ' Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States ' , Hispanics were exposed to 10 out of the 14 pollutants ( e.g. , 152 % higher than whites for chlorine , 94 % higher for aluminum ) , African Americans were exposed to 13 out of the 14 pollutants ( e.g. , 43 % higher for zinc , 25 % for vanadium ) , and Asians had higher exposures than whites ( e.g. , 103 % for chlorine , 69 % for vanadium , 64 % for nickel ) . Some of the pollutants studied have been connected to asthma . In Bronx , New York , 66 % of individuals who live in proximity of hazardous industrial facilities and waste sites are likely to be hospitalized for asthma . It has been reported that people who live within 1.86 miles of toxic waste facilities in the United States are people of color and twice as likely as white residents to live within a fence line zone of an industrial facility , contribute to air pollution , safety issues , and health concerns .
Coal
Proved recoverable coal reserves at end - 2011 ( million tonnes ) Country Anthracite & Bituminous SubBituminous Lignite Total Percentage of World Total United States 108,501 98,618 30,176 237,295 22.6 Russia 49,088 97,472 10,450 157,010 14.4 China 62,200 33,700 18,600 114,500 12.6 Australia 37,100 2,100 37,200 76,400 8.9 India 56,100 0 4,500 60,600 7.0 World Total 403,197 287,333 201,000 891,530 100
Anemia
A moderate degree of iron - deficiency anemia affected approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8 % of the population . It is slightly more common in females ( 9.9 % ) than males ( 7.8 % ) . Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million .
Chernobyl disaster
The available statistical data excludes the Soviet / Ukraine / Belarus abortion rates , as they are presently unavailable . From the available data , an increase in the number of abortions in what were healthy developing human offspring in Denmark occurred in the months following the accident , at a rate of about 400 cases . In Greece , there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated . In Italy , a `` slightly '' above the expected number of induced abortions occurred , approximately 100 .
Karachi
By 2015 , 30,000 people were dying due to water - borne diseases annually . Affordable housing is another major issue of Karachi as many poor people live in slums and shanty towns .
Indian Railways
The bio-toilets , which have been developed by the railways and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , have a colony of anaerobic bacteria , kept in a container under the lavatories that convert human waste into water and small amounts of gases . The gases are released into the atmosphere and the water is discharged after chlorination on to the track . The railways currently uses flush toilets in trains , in which human waste is dumped directly on the track . This makes the environment unhygienic and railway stations an eyesore , apart from the fact that the faecal matter corrodes the tracks .
World War II casualties
The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods , and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union . The losses listed here are actual deaths ; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead . The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear - cut . For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union , China , Poland , Germany , and Yugoslavia , sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity , crimes against humanity and war - related famine . The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war - related famine deaths in the USSR , China , Indonesia , Vietnam , the Philippines , India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties . The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources , including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available .
Environmental issues in India
Some have cited economic development as the cause regarding the environmental issues . It is suggested that India 's growing population is the primary cause of India 's environmental degradation . Systematic studies challenge this theory . Empirical evidence from countries such as Japan , England and Singapore , each with population density similar to or higher than that of India , yet each enjoying environmental quality vastly superior to India 's , suggests population density may not be the only factor affecting India 's issues .
Coal
Consumption of Coal by Country and year ( million tonnes ) Country 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Share China 2,691 2,892 3,352 3,677 4,538 4,678 4,539 50.0 % United States 1,017 904 951 910 889 924 918 10.3 % India 582 640 655 715 841 837 880 10.6 % European Union 850 779 789 825 845 809 772 6.8 % Germany 243 225 232 232 271 272 264 2.0 % Russia 227 185 232 238 256 229 242 2.3 % Japan 185 164 187 183 197 208 210 3.1 % South Africa 195 185 187 194 204 203 201 2.2 % Poland 135 137 135 147 155 158 151 1.3 % South Korea 114 119 133 144 141 139 144 2.2 % Australia 155 154 148 145 139 134 130 1.2 % Indonesia 58 62 62 68 80 90 107 2.1 % Turkey 108 108 105 111 111 92 100 0.9 % World Total 7,636 7,699 8,137 8,640 8,901 9,013 8,907 100 %
Health care in the United States
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) found that the U.S. ranked poorly in terms of years of potential life lost ( YPLL ) , a statistical measure of years of life lost under the age of 70 that were amenable to being saved by health care . Among OECD nations for which data are available , the United States ranked third last for the health care of women ( after Mexico and Hungary ) and fifth last for men ( Slovakia and Poland also ranked worse ) . Further
Flint water crisis
A University of Michigan study released on December 1 , 2016 stated a total of 29,100 lead pipes need to be replaced .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
At the end of the 20th century , the population of the Philippines increased rapidly to 75.32 million in a country of 297,410 square kilometers , with an average family size of six , making the Philippines known for high population density . In addition to this , with a population growth of 2.02 per year , the Philippine population is expected to double in the span of 25 years . 60 percent of the Philippine population is rural , and over 12 million Filipinos make a living directly from agricultural cultivation . Around 9.5 million hectares of land across the Philippines are used to plan various crops . In terms of landlessness , the number of landless agricultural families rose up from 5 million to 11.32 million families . Out of these 11.32 families , 4.6 million make a living from lands they do n't own . 0.70 million are rented , 2 million are laborers , while 1.9 million are farming as tenants .
Mato Grosso
Ethnically , the state includes a relatively high proportion of caboclos ( persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry ) , as do other areas of interior Brazil . The last PNAD ( National Research for Sample of Domiciles ) census revealed the following numbers : 1,532,000 Brown ( Mixed ) people ( 50.92 % ) ; 1,179,000 White people ( 39.16 % ) ; 239,000 Black people ( 7.93 % ) ; 41,000 Amerindian people ( 1.37 % ) ; and 14,000 Asian people ( 0.45 % ) .
World Health Organization
The WHO has a Framework Convention on Tobacco implementation database which is one of the only mechanisms to help enforce compliance with the FCTC . However , there have been reports of numerous discrepancies between it and national implementation reports on which it was built . As researchers Hoffman and Rizvi report `` As of July 4 , 2012 , 361 ( 32 7 % ) of 1104 countries ' responses were misreported : 33 ( 3 0 % ) were clear errors ( eg , database indicated `` yes '' when report indicated `` no '' ) , 270 ( 24 5 % ) were missing despite countries having submitted responses , and 58 ( 5 3 % ) were , in our opinion , misinterpreted by WHO staff `` .
United States
In 2017 , the region with the lowest poverty rate was New Hampshire ( 7.3 % ) , and the region with the highest poverty rate was American Samoa ( 65 % ) . Among the states , the highest poverty rate was in Mississippi ( 21.9 % ) . According to the UN , around five million people in the U.S. live in `` third world '' conditions .
Great Depression
Women 's primary role were as housewives ; without a steady flow of family income , their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care . Birthrates fell everywhere , as children were postponed until families could financially support them . The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12 % from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930 , to 17.0 in 1935 . In Canada , half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births .
Trafficking of children
Trafficking of children has been documented in every region of the world . The most reliable figure regarding the prevalence of this practice is provided by the International Labour Organization , which estimates that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year ; this estimate includes cross-border and internal trafficking .
ISO 9000
Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates ( 2009 ) Rank Country No. of certificates China 257,076 Italy 130,066 Japan 68,484 Spain 59,576 5 Russian Federation 53,152 6 Germany 47,156 7 United Kingdom 41,193 8 India 37,493 9 United States 28,935 10 Korea , Republic of 23,400
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
As of 2009 , in Al Ain `` due to constraints on both the transmission and distribution networks , up to 45 percent of customers ( were ) on a restricted ( intermittent ) supply '' .
River Thames
In the 19th century the quality of water in Thames deteriorated further . The dumping of raw sewage into the Thames was formerly only common in the City of London , making its tideway a harbour for many harmful bacteria . Gas manufactories were built alongside the river , and their by - products leaked into the water , including spent lime , ammonia , cyanide , and carbolic acid . The river had an unnaturally warm temperature caused by chemical reactions in the water , which also removed the water 's oxygen . Four serious cholera outbreaks killed tens of thousands of people between 1832 and 1865 . Historians have attributed Prince Albert 's death in 1861 to typhoid that had spread in the river 's dirty waters beside Windsor Castle . Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries ( or the non-tidal Thames ) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s . In the ' Great Stink ' of 1858 , pollution in the river reached such an extreme that sittings of the House of Commons at Westminster had to be abandoned . Chlorine - soaked drapes were hung in the windows of Parliament in an attempt to stave off the smell of the river , but to no avail .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
The sector was to be regulated by a public agency with a certain degree of autonomy from the government . The new structure was formally adopted through law No ( 2 ) concerning the regulation of the water and electricity sector passed in 1998 . The holding company ADWEA and the regulator , the Regulation and Supervision Bureau ( RSB ) , were functionally established shortly afterwards . In 2000 the government signed the first contract for a private power and desalination plant . The sanitation sector was initially left out of the reform and remained a responsibility of the municipality , despite heavy investments that were required for wastewater treatment and reuse . Only in 2005 a separate sanitation operator , Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company , was established .
Warsaw
Warsaw flourished in the late 19th century under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz ( 1875 -- 92 ) , a Russian - born general appointed by Tsar Alexander III . Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer William Lindley and his son , William Heerlein Lindley , as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams , street lighting , and gas infrastructure .
Cremation
Crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in the town of Gotha in Germany and later in Heidelberg in 1891 . The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe . During that time it was thought that people were getting sick by attending funerals of those recently deceased and that decomposing bodies were leaking into the water systems . LeMoyne built the crematory to cremate bodies in a controlled environment primarily for sanitary reasons . Cremation was used to destroy any organic matter that could cause illness and give families a better way to preserve ashes . Before LeMoyne 's crematory closed in 1901 , it had performed 42 cremations .
Industrial Revolution
The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits .
History of United States prison systems
Jails were among the earliest public structures built in colonial British North America . The 1629 colonial charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , for example , granted the shareholders behind the venture the right to establish laws for their settlement `` not contrarie to the lawes of our realm in England '' and to administer `` lawfull correction '' to violators , and Massachusetts established a house of correction for punishing criminals by 1635 . Colonial Pennsylvania built two houses of correction starting in 1682 , and Connecticut established one in 1727 . By the eighteenth century , every county in the North American colonies had a jail . A
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
In the arid American Southwest , the water demand of rapidly growing cities such as Los Angeles exceeded local water availability , requiring the construction of large pipelines to bring in water from far - away sources . The most spectacular example is the first Los Angeles Aqueduct built between 1905 and 1913 to supply water from the Owens Valley over a distance of 375 km .