vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dow Jones Industrial Average
The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle - Eastern countries . To begin with , the decade started off with the ongoing Recession of 1969 -- 70 . Following that , the 1970s Energy Crisis ensued which included the 1973 -- 75 recession , the 1973 Oil Crisis as well as the 1979 energy crisis beginning as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with stagflation ; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation . However , on November 14 , 1972 , the average closed above the 1,000 mark ( 1,003.16 ) for the first time , during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market . Between January 1973 and December 1974 , the average lost 48 % of its value in what became known as the 1973 -- 1974 Stock Market Crash ; with the situation being exacerbated by the events surrounding the Yom Kippur War . The index closed at 577.60 , on December 4 , 1974 . During 1976 , the index went above 1000 several times , and it closed the year at 1,004.75 . Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975 , new tensions arose towards Iran surrounding the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . Other notable disturbances such as the Lebanese Civil War , the Ethiopian Civil War , the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and the Angolan Civil War which the U.S. and Soviet Union considered critical to the global balance of power , seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets . Performance-wise for the decade , gains remained virtually flat , rising less than 5 % from about the 800 level to 838 .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran 's economy suffered during the first decade following the revolution . Its currency , the rial , fell from 7 to the dollar before the revolution , to 1749 to the dollar in 1989 . The revolution also is said to have put an end to the influence of `` the notables '' , and created a very large public sector of the economy , when the government `` nationalizing their enterprises in order to keep their employees working ... the state ended up with more than 2000 factories many of them operating in the red . ''
History of India
Evidence of anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago , or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago . Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era , somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago . Tools crafted by proto - humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent . The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia 's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations .
Automotive industry in India
India is also a prominent auto exporter and has strong export growth expectations for the near future . In FY 2014 -- 15 , automobile exports grew by 15 per cent over the last year . In addition , several initiatives by the Government of India and the major automobile players in the Indian market are expected to make India a leader in the Two Wheeler ( 2W ) and Four Wheeler ( 4W ) market in the world by 2020 .
Economy of India
The automotive manufacturing industry contributed $79 billion ( 4 % of GDP ) and employed 6.76 million people ( 2 % of the workforce ) in 2016 .
Ashoka
A few days before India became independent in August 1947 , the specially - formed Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A flag with three colours , Saffron , White and Green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected .
Colombo
This era of colonialism ended peacefully in 1948 when Ceylon gained independence from Britain . Due to the tremendous impact this caused on the city 's inhabitants and on the country as a whole , the changes that resulted at the end of the colonial period were drastic . An entire new culture took root . Changes in laws and customs , clothing styles , religions and proper names were a significant result of the colonial era . These cultural changes were followed by the strengthening of the island 's economy . Even today , the influence of the Portuguese , the Dutch and the British is clearly visible in Colombo 's architecture , names , clothing , food , language and attitudes . Buildings from all three eras stand as reminders of the turbulent past of Colombo . The city and its people show an interesting mix of European clothing and lifestyles together with local customs .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
By the 1650s , when this boom period reached its zenith , the economy of the Republic achieved a classic harmony between its trading , industrial , agricultural , and fishing sectors , their interrelations cemented by productivity - enhancing investments . The gains in output had increased tremendously over the course of a century : the carrying capacity of the ocean - going fleet had increased by 1 percent annually ; agricultural output per laborer had increased by 80 percent since 1500 ( thanks to the pursuit of comparative advantage via agricultural specialization ) . The overall productivity of labor was reflected in the wage level , which was the highest in Europe at the time .
Industrial Revolution
The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the opening of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid 1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century . European
Venezuela
For much of the period between 1950 and 1973 , the Venezuelan economy was characterized by its stability and sustained strength , factors that contributed decisively to being able to maintain a fixed exchange rate without major inconveniences . In the period of Carlos Andrés Pérez , as a result of the Arab - Israeli war ( the Yom Kippur war ) , the average price of a barrel of oil went from 3 , 71 to 10 , 53 dollars and continued to rise to exceed 29 dollars in 1981 . The income of the public sector went from 18,960 million bolivars in 1973 to 45,564 million in 1974 . The economic bonanza also had the characteristics of an economic bubble , but Venezuelans remember the `` Ta barato , dame dos '' . The increased inflow of funds to savings and loan entities and mortgage banks allowed an increase in the mortgage loan portfolio , which also tripled . In general , Venezuela was a prosperous country in the governments of Rómulo Betancourt , Rafael Caldera and Carlos Andrés Pérez . In 1975 the iron industry was nationalized and the following year the oil industry , creating Petróleos de Venezuela , S.A. ( PDVSA ) . Both Caldera and Pérez partially broke with the Betancourt Doctrine . Sabana
India
The earliest literary writings in India , composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE , were in the Sanskrit language . Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana , the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam ( The Recognition of Śakuntalā ) , and poetry such as the Mahākāvya . Kamasutra , the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated in India . Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India , the Sangam literature , consisting of 2,381 poems , is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature . From the 14th to the 18th centuries , India 's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets such as Kabīr , Tulsīdās , and Guru Nānak . This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression ; as a consequence , medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions . In the 19th century , Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions . In the 20th century , Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore , who was a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature .
Economy of India
A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions .
Transport between India and Pakistan
The partition of India in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan after the cross-migration of people was completed by the 1950s . The First Kashmir War had similarly divided the Himalayan region of Kashmir between the two rivals , causing termination of road links in the region . Kashmir and the international border in the divided region of Punjab were major theatres of war during the Indo - Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971 . The train connecting the Indian city of Jaipur with the Pakistani city of Karachi across the Thar Desert was destroyed when the Pakistani Air Force bombed the tracks during the 1965 war . In the 1990s , the Line of Control ( LoC ) demarcating the informal boundary between Indian - administered Kashmir and Pakistan - administered Kashmir was the scene of exchanges of fire between Pakistani and Indian forces and infiltration of militants into Indian Kashmir . The Kargil War of 1999 broke out when Indian force sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated across the LoC .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Another important venue for investment after 1674 ( when the second West India Company was launched , after the bankruptcy of its predecessor ) was the triangular slave trade and sugar trade , based on the plantations in recently acquired Suriname and Demerara ( exchanged for New Amsterdam at the Treaty of Breda ( 1667 ) ) . This also gave a new impulse to the sugar refineries , which had been in a slump in 1680 . This was one of the few boom sectors of the economy in this era : the slave population in Surinam quadrupled between 1682 and 1713 , and the volume of sugar shipments rose from 3 to 15 million pounds per annum . This was in a period when the Dutch planters , unlike their English and French competitors , did not receive mercantilist protection .
Fiscal year
The current fiscal year was adopted by the colonial British government in 1867 to align India 's financial year with that of the British Empire . Prior to 1867 , India followed a fiscal year that ran from 1 May to 30 April .
History of Puerto Rico
In the 1920s , the economy of Puerto Rico boomed . A dramatic increase in the price of sugar , Puerto Rico 's principal export , brought cash to the farmers . As a result , the island 's infrastructure was steadily upgraded . New schools , roads and bridges were constructed . The increase in private wealth was reflected in the erection of many residences , while the development of commerce and agriculture stimulated the extension of banking and transport facilities .
History of India
The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centred on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , and Gurjara Pratihara Empire . Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century , most notable being the Chalukya , Chola , Pallava , Chera , Pandyan , and Western Chalukya Empires . The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia , Sri Lanka , Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century . The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced .
Textile industry in India
The textile industry in India traditionally , after agriculture , is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour in textiles . The textile industry continues to be the second - largest employment generating sector in India . It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country . The share of textiles in total exports was 11.04 % during April -- July 2010 , as per the Ministry of Textiles . During 2009 -- 2010 , the Indian textile industry was pegged at US $ 55 billion , 64 % of which services domestic demand . In 2010 , there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India . According to AT Kearney 's ' Retail Apparel Index ' , India was ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009 .
India
In the early 16th century , northern India , being then under mainly Muslim rulers , fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors . The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule , but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites , leading to more systematic , centralised , and uniform rule . Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity , especially under Akbar , the Mughals united their far - flung realms through loyalty , expressed through a Persianised culture , to an emperor who had near - divine status . The Mughal state 's economic policies , deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well - regulated silver currency , caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets . The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India 's economic expansion , resulting in greater patronage of painting , literary forms , textiles , and architecture . Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India , such as the Marathas , the Rajputs , and the Sikhs , gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule , which , through collaboration or adversity , gave them both recognition and military experience . Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India . As the empire disintegrated , many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs .
Poverty in India
Another Expert Group was instituted in 1993 , chaired by Lakdawala , to examine poverty line for India . It recommended that regional economic differences are large enough that poverty lines should be calculated for each state . From then on , a standard list of commodities were drawn up and priced in each state of the nation , using 1973 -- 74 as a base year . This basket of goods could then be re-priced each year and comparisons made between regions . The Government of India began using a modified version of this method of calculating the poverty line in India .
Economy of India
India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy .
Economy of India
India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance .
Education in India
However , even after five years of implementation of NCMP , not much progress has been seen on this front . Although the country targeted towards devoting 6 % share of the GDP towards the educational sector , the performance has definitely fallen short of expectations . Expenditure on education has steadily risen from 0.64 % of GDP in 1951 -- 52 to 2.31 % in 1970 -- 71 and thereafter reached the peak of 4.26 % in 2000 -- 01 . However , it declined to 3.49 % in 2004 -- 05 . There is a definite need to step - up again . As a proportion of total government expenditure , it has declined from around 11.1 % in 2000 -- 2001 to around 9.98 % during UPA rule , even though ideally it should be around 20 % of the total budget . A policy brief issued by ( Network for Social Accountability ( NSA ) ) titled `` ( NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget : UPA Rule and the Education Sector ) '' provides significant revelation to this fact . Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India , there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also . ( As per the available information , the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12.5 times over the last decade ) .
Indian rupee
During the 1970s , ₹ 20 and ₹ 50 notes were introduced ; denominations higher than ₹ 100 were demonetised in 1978 . In 1987 , the ₹ 500 note was introduced , followed by the ₹ 1,000 note in 2000 while ₹ 1 and ₹ 2 notes were discontinued in 1995 .
Economy of India
India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies .
Panic of 1837
Most economists also agree that there was a brief recovery from 1838 to 1839 , which then ended as the Bank of England and Dutch creditors raised interest rates . However , economic historian Peter Temin has argued that , when corrected for deflation , the economy actually grew after 1838 . According to economist and historian Murray Rothbard , between 1839 and 1843 , real consumption increased by 21 percent and real gross national product increased by 16 percent , despite the fact that real investment fell by 23 percent and the money supply shrank by 34 percent . The recovery from the depression intensified after the California gold rush started in 1848 , which greatly increased the money supply . By 1850 , the U.S. economy was booming again .
Cotton gin
Handheld roller gins had been used in India and then other countries since at earliest 500 CE . The Indian worm - gear roller gin , invented some time around the sixteenth century , has , according to Lakwete , remained virtually unchanged up to the present time . A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in 1794 . Whitney 's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through , while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams . It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States , but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased . The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War . Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws , and offer far higher productivity than their hand - powered forebears .
Cotton gin
The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single - roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century . This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in the form of foot powered gins . The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as a charkhi , more technically the `` wooden - worm - worked roller '' . This mechanical device was , in some parts of India , driven by water power .
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney invented his cotton gin in 1793 . He began to work on this project after moving to Georgia in search of work . Given that farmers were desperately searching for a way to make cotton farming profitable , a woman named Catharine Greene provided Whitney with funding to create the first cotton gin . Whitney created two cotton gins : a small one that could be hand cranked and a large one that could be driven by a horse or water power . Thanks to the cotton gin , the amount of raw cotton yielded doubled each decade after 1800 .
Cotton gin
Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin , cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds . With Eli Whitney 's gin , cotton became a tremendously profitable business , creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South . Cities such as New Orleans , Louisiana ; Mobile , Alabama ; Charleston , South Carolina ; and Galveston , Texas became major shipping ports , deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South . Additionally , the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal . This led to the invention of many machine tools in the early 19th century .
Cotton gin
The Indian roller cotton gin , known as the churka or charkha , was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century , when it was adopted in the southern United States . The device was adopted for cleaning long - staple cotton , but was not suitable for the short - staple cotton that was more common in certain states such as Georgia . Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788 , but their uses remained limited to the long - staple variety , up until Eli Whitney 's development of a short - staple cotton gin in 1793 .
Cotton gin
The earliest versions of the cotton gin , which were the size of a small printer , consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood . Evidence for this type of gin has been found in Africa , Asia , and North America . The first documentation of the cotton gin by contemporary scholars is found in the fifth century AD , in the form of Buddhist paintings depicting a single - roller gin in the Ajanta Caves in western India . These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill . A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds . The design was similar to that of a mealing stone , which was used to grind grain . The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous , because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin 's parts for other tools .