vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Wild turkey
Adult wild turkeys have long reddish - yellow to grayish - green legs . The body feathers are generally blackish and dark , sometimes grey brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males . Adult males , called toms or gobblers , have a large , featherless , reddish head , red throat , and red wattles on the throat and neck . The head has fleshy growths called caruncles . Juvenile males are called jakes ; the difference between an adult male and a juvenile is that the jake has a very short beard and his tail fan has longer feathers in the middle . The adult male 's tail fan feathers will be all the same length . When males are excited , a fleshy flap on the bill expands , and this , the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become engorged with blood , almost concealing the eyes and bill . The long fleshy object over a male 's beak is called a snood . Each foot has three toes in front , with a shorter , rear - facing toe in back ; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs .
Heart
Pig heart is stewed , poached , braised , or made into sausage . The Balinese oret is a sort of blood sausage made with pig heart and blood . A French recipe for cœur de porc à l'orange is made of braised heart with an orange sauce .
Çatalhöyük
There are full breasts on which the hands rest , and the stomach is extended in the central part . There is a hole in the top for the head which is missing . As one turns the figurine around one notices that the arms are very thin , and then on the back of the figurine one sees a depiction of either a skeleton or the bones of a very thin and depleted human . The ribs and vertebrae are clear , as are the scapulae and the main pelvic bones . The figurine can be interpreted in a number of ways - as a woman turning into an ancestor , as a woman associated with death , or as death and life conjoined . It is possible that the lines around the body represent wrapping rather than ribs . Whatever the specific interpretation , this is a unique piece that may force us to change our views of the nature of Çatalhöyük society and imagery . Perhaps the importance of female imagery was related to some special role of the female in relation to death as much as to the roles of mother and nurturer .
Mustang
The now - defunct American Mustang Association developed a breed standard for those mustangs that carry morphological traits associated with the early Spanish horses . These include a well - proportioned body with a clean , refined head with wide forehead and small muzzle . The facial profile may be straight or slightly convex . Withers are moderate in height and the shoulder is to be `` long and sloping . '' The standard considers a very short back , deep girth and muscular coupling over the loins as desirable . The croup is rounded , neither too flat nor goose - rumped . The tail is low - set . The legs are to be straight and sound . Hooves are round and dense . Dun color and primitive markings are particularly common amongst horses of Spanish type . Height varies across the west , but most are small , generally 14 to 15 hands ( 56 to 60 inches , 142 to 152 cm ) , and not taller than 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) , even in herds with draft or Thoroughbred ancestry .
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans is unsegmented , vermiform , and bilaterally symmetrical . It has a cuticle ( a tough outer covering , as an exoskeleton ) , four main epidermal cords , and a fluid - filled pseudocoelom ( body cavity ) . It also has some of the same organ systems as larger animals . About one in a thousand individuals is male and the rest are hermaphrodites . The basic anatomy of C. elegans includes a mouth , pharynx , intestine , gonad , and collagenous cuticle . Like all nematodes , they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system . The four bands of muscles that run the length of the body are connected to a neural system that allows the muscles to move the animal 's body only as dorsal bending or ventral bending , but not left or right , except for the head , where the four muscle quadrants are wired independently from one another . When a wave of dorsal / ventral muscle contractions proceeds from the back to the front of the animal , the animal is propelled backwards . When a wave of contractions is initiated at the front and proceeds posteriorly along the body , the animal is propelled forwards . Because of this dorsal / ventral bias in body bends , any normal living , moving individual tends to lie on either its left side or its right side when observed crossing a horizontal surface . A set of ridges on the lateral sides of the body cuticle , the alae , are believed to give the animal added traction during these bending motions .
Primate
Lemurs , lorises , tarsiers , and New World monkeys rely on olfactory signals for many aspects of social and reproductive behavior . Specialized glands are used to mark territories with pheromones , which are detected by the vomeronasal organ ; this process forms a large part of the communication behavior of these primates . In Old World monkeys and apes this ability is mostly vestigial , having regressed as trichromatic eyes evolved to become the main sensory organ . Primates also use vocalizations , gestures , and facial expressions to convey psychological state . Facial musculature is complex in primates , particularly in monkeys and apes . Like humans , chimpanzees can distinguish the faces of familiar and unfamiliar individuals .
Wild turkey
Male turkeys have a long , dark , fan - shaped tail and glossy bronze wings . As with many other species of the Galliformes , turkeys exhibit strong sexual dimorphism . The male is substantially larger than the female , and his feathers have areas of red , purple , green , copper , bronze , and gold iridescence . The preen gland ( uropygial gland ) is also larger in male turkeys compared to female ones . In contrast to the majority of other birds , they are colonized by bacteria of unknown function ( Corynebacterium uropygiale ) . Females , called hens , have feathers that are duller overall , in shades of brown and gray . Parasites can dull coloration of both sexes ; in males , coloration may serve as a signal of health . The primary wing feathers have white bars . Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 feathers . Tail feathers are of the same length in adults , different lengths in juveniles . Males typically have a `` beard '' , a tuft of coarse hair ( modified feathers ) growing from the center of the breast . Beards average 230 mm ( 9.1 in ) in length . In some populations , 10 to 20 % of females have a beard , usually shorter and thinner than that of the male . The adult male ( or `` tom '' ) normally weighs from 5 to 11 kg ( 11 to 24 lb ) and measures 100 -- 125 cm ( 39 -- 49 in ) in length . The adult female ( or `` hen '' ) is typically much smaller at 2.5 -- 5.4 kg ( 5.5 -- 11.9 lb ) and is 76 to 95 cm ( 30 to 37 in ) long . Per two large studies , the average weight of adult males is 7.6 kg ( 17 lb ) and the average weight of adult females is 4.26 kg ( 9.4 lb ) . The wings are relatively small , as is typical of the galliform order , and the wingspan ranges from 1.25 to 1.44 m ( 4 ft 1 in to 4 ft 9 in ) . The wing chord is only 20 to 21.4 cm ( 7.9 to 8.4 in ) .
Theatre of ancient Greece
Male actors playing female roles would wear a wooden structure on their chests ( posterneda ) to imitate the look of breasts and another structure on their stomachs ( progastreda ) to make them appear softer and more lady like . They would also wear white body stockings under their costumes to make their skin appear fairer .
Red fox
Their skulls are fairly narrow and elongated , with small braincases . Their canine teeth are relatively long . Sexual dimorphism of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes , with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males , with wider nasal regions and hard palates , as well as having larger canines . Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower muzzles , less crowded premolars , more slender canine teeth , and concave rather than convex profiles .
Phryne Fisher
Phryne is described in Cocaine Blues as having a ' short black cap of hair ' which is very straight , and cut to leave the nape of her neck and most of her forehead uncovered . She has grey - green eyes . In Flying Too High , she is described by an acquaintance as being ' small , thin , with black hair cut in what I am told is a bob , disconcerting grey - green eyes and porcelain skin . Looks like a Dutch doll . '' -- a description that Phryne herself agrees with .
Pluto (mythology)
Kevin Clinton attempted to distinguish the iconography of Hades , Plouton , Ploutos , and the Eleusinian Theos in 5th - century vase painting that depicts scenes from or relating to the mysteries . In Clinton 's schema , Plouton is a mature man , sometimes even white - haired ; Hades is also usually bearded and mature , but his darkness is emphasized in literary descriptions , represented in art by dark hair . Plouton 's most common attribute is a sceptre , but he also often holds a full or overflowing cornucopia ; Hades sometimes holds a horn , but it is depicted with no contents and should be understood as a drinking horn . Unlike Plouton , Hades never holds agrarian attributes such as stalks of grain . His chest is usually bare or only partly covered , whereas Plouton is fully robed ( exceptions , however , are admitted by the author ) . Plouton stands , often in the company of both Demeter and Kore , or sometimes one of the goddesses , but Hades almost always sits or reclines , usually with Persephone facing him . `` Confusion and disagreement '' about the interpretation of these images remain .
Boxer (dog)
The head is the most distinctive feature of the Boxer . The breed standard dictates that it must be in perfect proportion to the body and above all it must never be too light . The greatest value is to be placed on the muzzle being of correct form and in absolute proportion to the skull . The length of the muzzle to the whole of the head should be a ratio of 1 : 3 . Folds are always present from the root of the nose running downwards on both sides of the muzzle , and the tip of the nose should lie somewhat higher than the root of the muzzle . In addition a Boxer should be slightly prognathous , i.e. , the lower jaw should protrude beyond the upper jaw and bend slightly upwards in what is commonly called an underbite or `` undershot bite '' .
Centipede
Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head , bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin . They have a pair of elongated mandibles , and two pairs of maxillae . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip , and bear short palps . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth . These limbs , or maxillipeds , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey .
Primate
The primate skull has a large , domed cranium , which is particularly prominent in anthropoids . The cranium protects the large brain , a distinguishing characteristic of this group . The endocranial volume ( the volume within the skull ) is three times greater in humans than in the greatest nonhuman primate , reflecting a larger brain size . The mean endocranial volume is 1,201 cubic centimeters in humans , 469 cm in gorillas , 400 cm in chimpanzees and 397 cm in orangutans . The primary evolutionary trend of primates has been the elaboration of the brain , in particular the neocortex ( a part of the cerebral cortex ) , which is involved with sensory perception , generation of motor commands , spatial reasoning , conscious thought and , in humans , language . While other mammals rely heavily on their sense of smell , the arboreal life of primates has led to a tactile , visually dominant sensory system , a reduction in the olfactory region of the brain and increasingly complex social behavior . An
Bobcat
The face appears wide due to ruffs of extended hair beneath the ears . Bobcat eyes are yellow with black pupils . The nose of the bobcat is pinkish - red , and it has a base color of gray or yellowish - or brownish - red on its face , sides , and back . The pupils are round , black circles and will widen during nocturnal activity to maximize light reception . The cat has sharp hearing and vision , and a good sense of smell . It is an excellent climber , and swims when it needs to , but normally avoids water . However , cases of bobcats swimming long distances across lakes have been recorded .
Ear
The ear , with its blood vessels close to the surface , is an essential thermoregulator in some land mammals , including the elephant , the fox , and the rabbit . There are five types of ear carriage in domestic rabbits , some of which have been bred for exaggerated ear length -- a potential health risk that is controlled in some countries . Abnormalities in the skull of a half - lop rabbit were studied by Charles Darwin in 1868 . In marine mammals , Earless seals are one of three groups of Pinnipedia .
List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters
The Heffley 's pet pig first appeared in The Long Haul , and has appeared in all books after that . It first appeared when Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog . The Pig shows extraordinary intelligence , and gains human characteristics , both disturbing and annoying Greg . A running gag is that the Pig will open objects such as soda cans and a jar full of candy corn despite not having opposable thumbs .
Dodo
Subfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) tall and may have weighed 10.6 -- 17.5 kg ( 23 -- 39 lb ) in the wild . The dodo 's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings , paintings , and written accounts from the 17th century . Because these vary considerably , and because only some illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens , its exact appearance in life remains unresolved , and little is known about its behaviour . Though the dodo has historically been considered fat and clumsy , it is now thought to have been well - adapted for its ecosystem . It has been depicted with brownish - grey plumage , yellow feet , a tuft of tail feathers , a grey , naked head , and a black , yellow , and green beak . It used gizzard stones to help digest its food , which is thought to have included fruits , and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius . One account states its clutch consisted of a single egg . It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius .
Ear
The ear is the organ of hearing and , in mammals , balance . In mammals , the ear is usually described as having three parts -- the outer ear , middle ear and the inner ear . The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal . Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals , the word `` ear '' often refers to the external part alone . The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles . The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth , and contains structures which are key to several senses : the semicircular canals , which enable balance and eye tracking when moving ; the utricle and saccule , which enable balance when stationary ; and the cochlea , which enables hearing . The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head , an arrangement that aids sound localisation .
Evidence of common descent
Hind limbs in whales . ( see figure 2a ) Reappearance of limbs in limbless vertebrates . Back pair of flippers on a bottlenose dolphin . Extra toes of the modern horse . Human tails ( not pseudo-tails ) and extra nipples in humans . Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in orbitid mites . Teeth in chickens . Dewclaws in dogs . Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects and earwigs . Atavistic muscles in several birds and mammals such as the beagle and the jerboa . Extra toes in guinea pigs .
Jejunum
The jejunum has less fat inside its mesentery than the ileum . The jejunum is typically of larger diameter than the ileum . The villi of the jejunum look like long , finger - like projections , and are a histologically identifiable structure . While the length of the entire intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue , only the ileum has abundant Peyer 's patches , which are unencapsulated lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of lymphocytes and immune cells , like microfold cells .
White blood cell
Type Microscopic appearance Diagram Approx . % in adults Diameter ( μm ) Main targets Nucleus Granules Lifetime Neutrophil 62 % 10 -- 12 Bacteria Fungi Multilobed Fine , faintly pink ( H&E stain ) 6 hours -- few days ( days in spleen and other tissue ) Eosinophil 2.3 % 10 -- 12 Larger parasites Modulate allergic inflammatory responses Bi-lobed Full of pink - orange ( H&E stain ) 8 -- 12 days ( circulate for 4 -- 5 hours ) Basophil 0.4 % 12 -- 15 Release histamine for inflammatory responses Bi-lobed or tri-lobed Large blue A few hours to a few days Lymphocyte 30 % Small lymphocytes 7 -- 8 Large lymphocytes 12 -- 15 B cells : releases antibodies and assists activation of T cells T cells : CD4 + Th ( T helper ) cells : activate and regulate T and B cells CD8+ cytotoxic T cells : virus - infected and tumor cells . γδ T cells : bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses ; phagocytosis Regulatory ( suppressor ) T cells : Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection ; prevents autoimmunity Natural killer cells : virus - infected and tumor cells . Deeply staining , eccentric NK - cells and cytotoxic ( CD8+ ) T - cells Years for memory cells , weeks for all else . Monocyte 5.3 % 15 -- 30 Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages , Kupffer cells in the liver . Kidney shaped None Hours to days
Indian elephant
Indian elephants have smaller ears , but relatively broader skulls and larger trunks than African elephants . Toes are large and broad . Unlike their African cousins , their abdomen is proportionate with their body weight but the African elephant has a large abdomen as compared to the skulls .
Bacterial cell structure
Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species , but can vary depending on growth conditions . Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages ( e.g. Caulobacter ) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores ( e.g. Myxococcus , Streptomyces ) . Bacteria generally form distinctive cell morphologies when examined by light microscopy and distinct colony morphologies when grown on Petri plates .
Desert tortoise
These tortoises may attain a length of 10 to 14 in ( 25 to 36 cm ) , with males being slightly larger than females . A male tortoise has a longer gular horn than a female , his plastron ( lower shell ) is concave compared to a female tortoise . Males have larger tails than females do . Their shells are high - domed , and greenish - tan to dark brown in color . Desert tortoises can grow to 4 -- 6 in ( 10 -- 15 cm ) in height . They can range in weight from . 02 to 5 kg ( 0.044 to 11.023 lb ) . The front limbs have sharp , claw - like scales and are flattened for digging . Back legs are skinnier and very long .
Boxer (dog)
The Boxer is a short - haired breed , with a shiny , smooth coat that lies tight to the body . The recognized colors are fawn and brindle , frequently with a white underbelly and white on the feet . These white markings , called flash , often extend onto the neck or face , and dogs that have these markings are known as `` flashy '' . `` Fawn '' denotes a range of color , the tones of which may be described variously as light tan or yellow , reddish tan , mahogany or stag / deer red , and dark honey - blonde . In the UK and Europe , fawn Boxers are typically rich in color and are often called `` red '' . `` Brindle '' refers to a dog with black stripes on a fawn background . Some brindle Boxers are so heavily striped that they give the appearance of `` reverse brindling '' , fawn stripes on a black body ; these dogs are conventionally called `` reverse brindles '' , but that is actually a misnomer -- they are still fawn dogs with black stripes . In addition , the breed standards state that the fawn background must clearly contrast with or show through the brindling .
Dodo
Blue parrots are very numerous there , as well as other birds ; among which are a kind , conspicuous for their size , larger than our swans , with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood . These birds lack wings , in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude . The tail consists of a few soft incurved feathers , which are ash coloured . These we used to call ' Walghvogel ' , for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked , the less soft and more insipid eating they became . Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated .
Barn owl
The barn owl is a medium - sized , pale - coloured owl with long wings and a short , squarish tail . There is considerable size variation across the subspecies with a typical specimen measuring about 33 to 39 cm ( 13 to 15 in ) in overall length , with a full range of 29 to 44 cm ( 11 to 17 in ) across the species . Barn owls have a typical wingspan of some 80 to 95 cm ( 31 to 37 in ) , with a full range of 68 to 105 cm ( 27 to 41 in ) . Adult body mass is also variable with male owls from the Galapagos ( T. a . punctatissima ) weighing approximately 260 g ( 9.2 oz ) on average while male eastern barn owls ( T. javanica ) average 555 g ( 19.6 oz ) . The full known weight range for the barn owl species can range from 224 to 710 g ( 7.9 to 25.0 oz ) . In general , owls living on small islands are smaller and lighter , perhaps because they have a higher dependence on insect prey and need to be more manoeuvrable . However , the largest bodied race of barn owl , T. a . furcata from Cuba and Jamaica , is also an island race , albeit being found on more sizeable islands with larger prey and few larger owls competing for dietary resources . The shape of the tail is a means of distinguishing the barn owl from typical owls when seen in the air . Other distinguishing features are the undulating flight pattern and the dangling , feathered legs . The pale face with its heart shape and black eyes give the flying bird a distinctive appearance , like a flat mask with oversized , oblique black eye - slits , the ridge of feathers above the beak somewhat resembling a nose .
Venus flytrap
The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40 -- 60 degrees . The four major forms are : ' typica ' , the most common , with broad decumbent petioles ; ' erecta ' , with leaves at a 45 - degree angle ; ' linearis ' , with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees ; and ' filiformis ' , with extremely narrow or linear petioles . Except for ' filiformis ' , all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season ( decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring ) , length of photoperiod ( long petioles in spring versus short in summer ) , and intensity of light ( wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light ) .
Rabbit
The Auricle ( anatomy ) , also known as the pinna is a rabbit 's outer ear . The rabbit 's body surface is mainly taken up by the pinnae . It is theorized that the ears aid in dispersion of heat at temperatures above 30 ° C with rabbits in warmer climates having longer pinnae due to this . Another theory is that the ears function as shock absorbers that could aid and stabilize rabbit 's vision when fleeing predators , but this has typically only been seen in hares . The rest of the outer ear has bent canals that lead to the eardrum or tympanic membrane .