vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
However , workhouse life was made as harsh and degrading as possible so that only the truly destitute would apply . Accounts of the terrible conditions in some workhouses include references to women who would not speak and children who refused to play . 1838 Charles Dickens Oliver Twist , Dickens ' second novel , is the first in the English language to centre upon a child protagonist throughout . The book calls attention to various contemporary social evils , including the Poor Law , which required that poor people work in workhouses , child labour and the recruitment of children as criminals . A later character , Jo in Bleak House , is portrayed as a street child , relentlessly pursued by a police inspector . 1839 Custody of Infants Act Custody of children under 7 years old was assigned to mothers 1840 Mettray Penal Colony In Mettray , north of the city of Tours , France a private reformatory , without walls , was opened by penal reformer Frédéric - Auguste Demetz in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young males aged between 6 and 21 . At that time children and teenagers were routinely imprisoned with adults . Boys who were mostly deprived , disadvantaged or adandoned children , many of whom had committed only Summary offences or petty crime , were housed . Their heads were shaved , they wore uniforms , and up to age 12 spent most of the day studying arithmetic , writing and reading . Older boys had one hour of classes , with the rest of the day spent working . Reformatory Schools were modelled on Mettray , and the Borstal system , established in 1905 , separated adolescents from adult prisoners . In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Divided into five stanzas of ten lines each , the ode contains a narrator 's discourse on a series of designs on a Grecian urn . The poem focuses on two scenes : one in which a lover eternally pursues a beloved without fulfilment , and another of villagers about to perform a sacrifice . The final lines of the poem declare that `` ' beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know '' , and literary critics have debated whether they increase or diminish the overall beauty of the poem . Critics have focused on other aspects of the poem , including the role of the narrator , the inspirational qualities of real - world objects , and the paradoxical relationship between the poem 's world and reality .
History of childhood
The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century ; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child , - an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since . This can be seen in the emergence of the new genre of children 's literature . Instead of the didactic nature of children 's books of a previous age , authors began to write humorous , child - oriented books , more attuned to the child 's imagination . Tom Brown 's School Days by Thomas Hughes appeared in 1857 , and is considered as the founding book in the school story tradition . Lewis Carroll 's fantasy Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , published in 1865 in England , signalled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one . Regarded as the first `` English masterpiece written for children '' and as a founding book in the development of fantasy literature , its publication opened the `` First Golden Age '' of children 's literature in Britain and Europe that continued until the early 1900s .
Ecclesiastes
Verse 1 : 1 is a superscription , the ancient equivalent of a title page : it introduces the book as `` the words of Kohelet , son of David , king in Jerusalem . ''
Great Expectations
A central theme here , as in other of Dickens 's novels , is of people living as social outcasts . The novel opening emphasises this in the case of the orphaned Pip , who lives in an isolated foggy environment next to a graveyard , dangerous swamps , and prison ships . His very existence reproaches him : `` I was always treated as if I had insisted on being born in opposition to the dictates of reason , religion and morality '' .
Charles Dickens
Among fellow writers , Dickens has been both lionised and mocked . Leo Tolstoy , G.K. Chesterton , and George Orwell praised his realism , comic voice , prose fluency , and satiric caricature , as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor . The French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favorite writer , writing his novels `` stand alone , dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression . '' The Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens 's novels in several of his paintings like Vincent 's Chair and in an 1889 letter to his sister stated that reading Dickens , especially A Christmas Carol , was one of the things that was keeping him from committing suicide . Oscar Wilde generally disparaged his depiction of character , while admiring his gift for caricature . His late contemporary William Wordsworth , by then Poet laureate , thought him a `` very talkative , vulgar young person '' , adding he had not read a line of his work ; Dickens in return thought Wordsworth `` a dreadful Old Ass '' . Henry James denied him a premier position , calling him `` the greatest of superficial novelists '' : Dickens failed to endow his characters with psychological depth and the novels , `` loose baggy monsters '' , betrayed a `` cavalier organisation '' . Virginia Woolf had a love - hate relationship with his works , finding his novels `` mesmerizing '' while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style .
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes has had a deep influence on Western literature . It contains several phrases that have resonated in British and American culture , such as `` eat , drink and be merry , '' `` nothing new under the sun , '' `` a time to be born and a time to die , '' and `` vanity of vanities ; all is vanity . '' Abraham Lincoln quoted Ecclesiastes 1 : 4 in his address to the reconvening Congress on December 1 , 1862 , during the darkest hours of the American Civil War : `` ' One generation passeth away , and another generation cometh : but the earth abideth for ever . ' ... Our strife pertains to ourselves -- to the passing generations of men ; and it can without convulsion be hushed forever with the passing of one generation . '' American novelist Thomas Wolfe wrote : `` ( O ) f all I have ever seen or learned , that book seems to me the noblest , the wisest , and the most powerful expression of man 's life upon this earth -- and also the highest flower of poetry , eloquence , and truth . I am not given to dogmatic judgments in the matter of literary creation , but if I had to make one I could say that Ecclesiastes is the greatest single piece of writing I have ever known , and the wisdom expressed in it the most lasting and profound . ''
Anaphora (rhetoric)
Out of the cradle endlessly rocking , Out of the mock - bird 's throat , the musical shuttle , Out of the Ninth - month midnight , Over the sterile sands , and the fields beyond , where the child , leaving his bed , wander 'd alone , bare - headed , barefoot , Down from the shower 'd halo , Up from the mystic play of shadows twining and twisting as if they were alive , Out from the patches of briers and blackberries , From the memories of the bird that chanted to me , From your memories , sad brother , from the fitful risings and fallings I heard , From under that yellow half - moon late - risen and swollen as if with tears , From those beginning notes of yearning and love , there in the transparent mist , From the thousand responses of my heart never to cease , From the myriad thence - arous 'd words , From the word stronger and more delicious than any , From such as now they start the scene revisiting , ... -- Walt Whitman , `` Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking '' When I have seen by Time 's fell hand defaced The rich proud cost of outworn buried age ; When sometime lofty towers I see down - razed And brass eternal slave to mortal rage ; When I have seen the hungry ocean gain Advantage on the kingdom of the shore , And the firm soil win of the watery main , Increasing store with loss and loss with store ; When I have seen such interchange of state , Or state itself confounded to decay ; Ruin hath taught me thus to ruminate , That Time will come and take my love away . This thought is as a death , which can not choose But weep to have that which it fears to lose . -- William Shakespeare , Sonnet 64
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In 1930 , John Middleton Murry gave a history of these responses `` to show the astonishing variety of opinion which exists at this day concerning the culmination of a poem whose beauty has been acknowledged for many years . Whether such another cause , and such another example , of critical diversity exists , I can not say ; if it does , it is unknown to me . My own opinion concerning the value of those two lines in the context of the poem itself is not very different from Mr. Eliot 's . ''
Charles Dickens
Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously , including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding , as well as Robinson Crusoe and Gil Blas . He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald . He retained poignant memories of childhood , helped by an excellent memory of people and events , which he used in his writing . His father 's brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education , first at a dame school , and then at a school run by William Giles , a dissenter , in Chatham . Illustration
Child labour
Child labour was a particular target of early reformers . William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who , witnessing children at work in the factories , thought to themselves : ' How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside ; the sight of the green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies ; the song of the bird and the humming bee ... '
E. E. Cummings
The Enormous Room ( 1922 ) Tulips and Chimneys ( 1923 ) & ( 1925 ) ( self - published ) XLI Poems ( 1925 ) is 5 ( 1926 ) HIM ( 1927 ) ( a play ) ViVa ( 1931 ) CIOPW ( 1931 ) ( art works ) EIMI ( 1933 ) ( Soviet travelogue ) No Thanks ( 1935 ) Collected Poems ( 1938 ) 50 Poems ( 1940 ) 1 × 1 ( 1944 ) Santa Claus : A Morality ( 1946 ) XAIPE : Seventy - One Poems ( 1950 ) i -- six nonlectures ( 1953 ) Harvard University Press Poems , 1923 -- 1954 ( 1954 ) 95 Poems ( 1958 ) 73 Poems ( 1963 ) ( posthumous ) Fairy Tales ( 1965 ) Etcetera : The Unpublished Poems ( 1983 ) Complete Poems , 1904 -- 1962 , edited by George James Firmage , Liveright 2008
To Autumn
The rhyme of `` To Autumn '' follows a pattern of starting each stanza with an ABAB pattern which is followed by rhyme scheme of CDEDCCE in the first verse and CDECDDE in the second and third stanzas . In each case , there is a couplet before the final line . Some of the language of `` To Autumn '' resembles phrases found in earlier poems with similarities to Endymion , Sleep and Poetry , and Calidore . Keats characteristically uses monosyllabic words such as `` ... how to load and bless with fruit the vines that round the thatch - eves run . '' The words are weighted by the emphasis of bilabial consonants ( b , m , p ) , with lines like `` ... for Summer has o'er - brimm 'd their clammy cells . '' There is also an emphasis on long vowels which control the flow of the poem , giving it a slow measured pace : `` ... while barred clouds bloom the soft dying day '' .
Verses upon the Burning of our House
The poem has a couplet - based rhyme scheme . It has many lines with an inverted syntax , making lines sound `` odd '' .
The Bahamas
Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry , short stories , plays and short fictional works . Common themes in these works are ( 1 ) an awareness of change , ( 2 ) a striving for sophistication , ( 3 ) a search for identity , ( 4 ) nostalgia for the old ways and ( 5 ) an appreciation of beauty . Some contributing writers are Susan Wallace , Percival Miller , Robert Johnson , Raymond Brown , O.M. Smith , William Johnson , Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders .
Son (novel)
Son by Lois Lowry Author Lois Lowry Country United States Language English Series The Giver Quartet Genre Young adult fiction Dark fantasy Publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publication date October 2 , 2012 Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 393 pp ISBN 978 - 0 - 54788 - 720 - 3 Preceded by Messenger
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
I am greatly troubled by what you say . I wrote ' Tom Sawyer ' & ' Huck Finn ' for adults exclusively , & it always distressed me when I find that boys and girls have been allowed access to them . The mind that becomes soiled in youth can never again be washed clean . I know this by my own experience , & to this day I cherish an unappeased bitterness against the unfaithful guardians of my young life , who not only permitted but compelled me to read an unexpurgated Bible through before I was 15 years old . None can do that and ever draw a clean sweet breath again on this side of the grave .
Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King
The song consists of several four - line verses ( quatrains ) and a repeated refrain . The words both of verses and of refrain often differ from one artist to another . A standard feature is that the refrain consists of four lines , the first three of which are identical . Common variants of those three lines include `` Bye and bye we 're ( or , I 'm ) going to see the King '' and `` Holy , holy , holy is His name '' . The fourth line almost always begins `` ( I ) would n't ( or , do n't ) mind dying '' . It concludes in various ways in different versions , for example `` If dying was all '' , or `` But I got ta go by myself '' , or `` Because I 'm a child of God '' .
To Autumn
As the poem progresses , Autumn is represented metaphorically as one who conspires , who ripens fruit , who harvests , who makes music . The first stanza of the poem represents Autumn as involved with the promotion of natural processes , growth and ultimate maturation , two forces in opposition in nature , but together creating the impression that the season will not end . In this stanza the fruits are still ripening and the buds still opening in the warm weather . Stuart Sperry says that Keats emphasises the tactile sense here , suggested by the imagery of growth and gentle motion : swelling , bending and plumping . Harvested
E. E. Cummings
While some of his poetry is free verse ( with no concern for rhyme or meter ) , many have a recognizable sonnet structure of 14 lines , with an intricate rhyme scheme . A number of his poems feature a typographically exuberant style , with words , parts of words , or punctuation symbols scattered across the page , often making little sense until read aloud , at which point the meaning and emotion become clear . Cummings , who was also a painter , understood the importance of presentation , and used typography to `` paint a picture '' with some of his poems .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Many of the characters ' names allude to other fictional works or real people with macabre connections ; locations may also allude to fiction , or contain foreign or obscure words with negative connotations . Lake Lachrymose appears in The Wide Window ; `` lachrymose '' means `` tearful . '' As the series progresses , more literature appears in the series -- either through quotes , explicit mentions or both . For instance , T.S. Eliot 's The Waste Land is important to the plot of The Grim Grotto , the eleventh book . The Baudelaire orphans are named after Charles Baudelaire ; Violet 's name also comes from the T.S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , specifically its verses concerning the `` violet hour , '' and Sunny and Klaus take their first names from Claus and Sunny von Bülow , while Mr. Poe is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe ( his sons are named Edgar and Albert ) . In the seventh installment , The Vile Village , Count Olaf 's disguise , Detective Dupin , is an allusion to C. Auguste Dupin , a fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe .
Desert
The American poet Robert Frost expressed his bleak thoughts in his poem , Desert Places , which ends with the stanza `` They can not scare me with their empty spaces / Between stars - on stars where no human race is . / I have it in me so much nearer home / To scare myself with my own desert places . ''
Book of Enoch
The generation of Enoch scholarship from 1890 to World War I was dominated by Robert Henry Charles . His 1893 translation and commentary of the Ethiopic text already represented an important advancement , as it was based on ten additional manuscripts . In 1906 R.H. Charles published a new critical edition of the Ethiopic text , using 23 Ethiopic manuscripts and all available sources at his time . The English translation of the reconstructed text appeared in 1912 , and the same year in his collection of The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament .
Tree of life
In George Herbert 's poem The Sacrifice ( part of The Temple , 1633 ) , the Tree of Life is the rood on which Jesus Christ was crucified . In C.S. Lewis ' Chronicles of Narnia , the Tree of Life plays a role , especially in the sixth published book ( the first in the in - world chronology ) The Magician 's Nephew .
Dejection: An Ode
The movement of the verse in the first version is swift and spontaneous , a true letter , and the tone is simultaneously exalted and self - pitying ; while in ' Dejection ' the verse is cunningly shaped into eight irregular stanzas , and the outpouring of grief is carefully controlled and led into a climax of joy and blessing . The first version overwhelms the reader with its intimacy , its torrent of lament and letting - go , which is both shocking and compulsive . The final version holds the reader in an act of high , rhetorical attention , around the proposition that external nature can not heal the poet ( as Wordsworth believed it could ) whose own powers are failing ( ... ) Yet however much ' Dejection ' is to be preferred as a finished work of art , the ' Letter ' draws more directly on Coleridge 's true imaginative life . It is richer in , and closer to , those irrepressible sources of imagery which fill his Notebooks and private correspondence :
Flowers for Algernon
The novel opens with an epigraph taken from Book VII of Plato 's The Republic :
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
A similar cumulative verse from Scotland , `` The Yule Days '' , has been likened to `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in the scholarly literature . It has thirteen days rather than twelve , and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of `` The Twelve Days '' . Its final verse , as published in Chambers , Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland ( 1842 ) , runs as follows :
A Boy's Best Friend
Quoting Asimov himself , `` you may find in it ( the story ) a distant echo of Robbie '' . That story , written 35 years before , also involves a relationship between a child and a robot .
Ode to the West Wind
This poem is a highly controlled text about the role of the poet as the agent of political and moral change . This was a subject Shelley wrote a great deal about , especially around 1819 , with this strongest version of it articulated the last famous lines of his `` Defence of Poetry '' : `` Poets are the hierophants of an unapprehended inspiration ; the mirrors of the gigantic shadows which futurity casts upon the present ; the words which express what they understand not ; the trumpets which sing to battle , and feel not what they inspire ; the influence which is moved not , but moves . Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world . ''
To Autumn
At the turn of the 20th century , a 1904 analysis of great poetry by Stephen Gwynn claimed , `` above and before all ( of Keats 's poems are ) the three odes , To a Nightingale , On a Grecian Urn , and To Autumn . Among these odes criticism can hardly choose ; in each of them the whole magic of poetry seems to be contained . '' Sidney Colvin , in his 1917 biography , pointed out that `` the ode To Autumn ( ... ) opens up no such far - reaching avenues to the mind and soul of the reader as the odes To a Grecian Urn , To a Nightingale , or On Melancholy , but in execution is more complete and faultless than any of them . '' Following this in a 1934 analysis of Romantic poetry , Margaret Sherwood stated that the poem was `` a perfect expression of the phase of primitive feeling and dim thought in regard to earth processes when these are passing into a thought of personality . ''
History of childhood
The English philosopher John Locke was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children , especially with regard to his theory of the tabula rasa , promulgated in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding . In Locke 's philosophy , tabula rasa was the theory that the ( human ) mind is at birth a `` blank slate '' without rules for processing data , and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one 's sensory experiences . A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank , and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions . Locke himself emphasised the importance of providing children with `` easy pleasant books '' to develop their minds rather than using force to compel them : `` children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters ; be taught to read , without perceiving it to be anything but a sport , and play themselves into that which others are whipped for . ''
Mary Had a Little Lamb
The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh , Capen & Lyon , as an poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24 , 1830 , and was possibly inspired by an actual incident .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
The 20th century marked the beginning of a critical dispute over the final lines of the poem and their relationship to the beauty of the whole work . Poet laureate Robert Bridges sparked the debate when he argued :
Great Expectations
Dickens makes use of symbolism , in chapter 53 , to emphasise Pip 's moral regeneration . As he prepares to go down the Thames to rescue the convict , a veil lifted from the river and Pip 's spirit . Symbolically the fog which enveloped the marshes as Pip left for London has finally lifted , and he feels ready to become a man .