vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt tried to keep his campaign promise by cutting the federal budget -- including a reduction in military spending from $752 million in 1932 to $531 million in 1934 and a 40 % cut in spending on veterans benefits -- by removing 500,000 veterans and widows from the pension rolls and reducing benefits for the remainder , as well as cutting the salaries of federal employees and reducing spending on research and education . But the veterans were well organized and strongly protested , and most benefits were restored or increased by 1934 . Veterans groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President 's veto and passed the Bonus Act in January 1936 . It pumped sums equal to 2 % of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect . Second
History of United States foreign policy
In the 1920s , American policy was an active involvement in international affairs , while ignoring the League of Nations , setting up numerous diplomatic ventures , and using the enormous financial power of the United States to dictate major diplomatic questions in Europe .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
On August 26 and 27 , 1935 , one of the veterans , Albert C. Keith , wrote letters to both the President and Eleanor Roosevelt urging that the camps not be closed . Keith was editor of the weekly camp paper , the Key Veteran News . He was emphatic that the veterans were being defamed and that their work program was actually a success story , rehabilitating many veterans for return to civilian life . The News published occasional reports from Camp # 2 , Mullet Key , St. Petersburg , Florida , at the entrance to Tampa Bay . This was the `` colored '' veterans camp ; the Keys camps were white only . In early August the colored veterans were transferred to the new Camp # 8 in Gainesville , Florida . Rescue
Great Depression in the United States
In terms of the financial reform , since the recession , Hoover had been trying to repair the economy . He founded government agencies to encourage labor harmony and support local public works aid which promoted cooperation of government and business , stabilize prices , and strive to balance the budget . His work focused on indirect relief from individual countries and the private sector , which was reflected in the letter emphasizing `` more effective supporting for each national committee '' and volunteer service - '' appealing for funding '' from outside the government . The commitment to maintain the gold standard system prevented the Federal Reserve expanded its money supply operations in 1930 and 1931 , and it promoted Hoover 's destructive balancing budgetary action to avoid the gold standard system overwhelming the dollar . As the Great Depression became worse , the call raised for increasing in federal intervention and spending . But Hoover refused to allow the federal government to force fixed prices , control the value of the business or manipulate the currency , in contrast , he started to control the dollar price . For official dollar prices , he expanded the credit base through free market operations in federal reserve system to ensure the domestic value of the dollar . He also tended to provide indirect aid to banks or local public works projects , refused to use federal funds to give aid to citizens directly , which will reduce public morale . Instead , he focused on volunteering to raise money . Even though Hoover was a philanthropist before becoming president , his opponents regarded him as not responsible for the citizens . During the administration of Hoover , the US economic policies had moved to activism and interventionism . In his re-election campaign , Hoover tried to persuade the Americans to claim that the measures they requested seemed to be helpful in the short term , but it would be devastating in the long run . Eventually , he was defeated by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 . The
Surrender of Japan
In 1939 , Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him that the Germans might be researching the development of atomic weaponry and that it was necessary that the United States fund research and development of its own such project . Roosevelt agreed , and the result was the Manhattan Project -- a top - secret research program administered by Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . The first bomb was tested successfully in the Trinity nuclear test on July 16 , 1945 .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt held little passion for the practice of law , and confided to friends that he planned to eventually enter politics . Despite his admiration for his cousin , Theodore , Franklin inherited his father 's affiliation with the Democratic Party . Prior to the 1910 elections , the local Democratic Party recruited Roosevelt to run for a seat in the New York State Assembly . Roosevelt was an attractive recruit for the party because Theodore Roosevelt was still one of the country 's most prominent politicians , and a Democratic Roosevelt was good publicity ; the candidate could also pay for his own campaign . Roosevelt 's campaign for the state assembly ended after the Democratic incumbent , Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler , chose to seek re-election . Rather than putting his political hopes on hold , Roosevelt ran for a seat in the state senate . The senate district , located in Dutchess County , Columbia County , and Putnam County , was strongly Republican . Roosevelt feared that open opposition from Theodore could effectively end his campaign , but Theodore privately encouraged his cousin 's candidacy despite their differences in partisan affiliation . Acting as his own campaign manager , Roosevelt traveled throughout the senate district via automobile at a time when many could not afford cars . Due to his aggressive and effective campaign , the Roosevelt name 's influence in the Hudson Valley , and the Democratic landslide that year , Roosevelt won the election , surprising almost everyone .
Cross of Gold speech
The 1896 Democratic National Convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history . One after another , state conventions to elect delegates to the national convention in Chicago repudiated an incumbent elected president of their party , who had not declared whether he would be a candidate for renomination . According to Barnes :
History of United States foreign policy
American foreign policy was largely determined by President Woodrow Wilson , who had shown little interest in foreign affairs before entering the White House in 1913 . His chief advisor was `` Colonel '' Edward House , who was sent on many top - level missions . With the outbreak of war in 1914 , the United States declared neutrality and worked to broker a peace . It insisted on its neutral rights , which included allowing private corporations and banks to sell or loan money to either side . With the British blockade , there were almost no sales or loans to Germany , only to the Allies . The widely publicized German atrocities in Germany Shocked American public opinion . Neutrality was supported by Irish - Americans , who hated Britain , by German Americans who wanted to remain neutral , and by women and the churches . It was supported by the more educated upscale WASP element , led by Theodore Roosevelt . Wilson insisted on neutrality , denouncing both British and German violations , especially those German violations in which American civilians were killed . The German U-boat torpedoed the RMS Lusitania in 1915 . It sank in 20 minutes , killing 128 American civilians and over 1,000 Britons . It was against the laws of war to sink any passenger ship without allowing the passengers to reach the life boats . American opinion turned strongly against Germany as a bloodthirsty threat to civilization . Germany apologized and repeatedly promised to stop attacks by its U-boats , but reversed course in early 1917 when it saw the opportunity to strangle Britain by unrestricted submarine warfare . It also made overtures to Mexico , in the Zimmermann Telegram , hoping to divert American military attention to south of the border . The German decision was not made or approved by the civilian government in Berlin , but by the military commanders and the Kaiser . They realized it meant war with the United States , but hoped to weaken the British by cutting off its imports , and strike a winning below with German soldiers transferred from the Eastern front , where Russia had surrendered . Following the repeated sinking of American merchant ships in early 1917 , Wilson asked and obtained a declaration of war in April 1917 . He neutralized the antiwar element by arguing this was a war With the main goal of ending aggressive militarism and indeed ending all wars .
New Deal
The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy , mass unemployment , declining wages and profits and especially Herbert Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . Ever since , presidents have been judged against Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days . Walter Lippmann famously noted :
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
In June 1864 , Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress , which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park . Lincoln is also largely responsible for the institution of the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . Before Lincoln 's presidency , Thanksgiving , while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century , had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on irregular dates . The last such proclamation had been during James Madison 's presidency 50 years before . In 1863 , Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving .
National Association of Manufacturers
NAM , in the late 1930s , used one of the earliest versions of a modern multi-faceted public relations campaign to promote the benefits of capitalism and to combat the policies of President Roosevelt . NAM made efforts to undermine organized labor in the United States before the New Deal .
Economy of India
Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods .
Textile industry in India
Man Made Fibres : This includes manufacturing of clothes using fibre or filament synthetic yarns . It is produced in the large power loom factories . They account for the largest sector of the textile production in India. This sector has a share of 62 % of the India 's total production and provides employment to about 4.8 million people . The Cotton Sector : It is the second most developed sector in the Indian Textile industries . It provides employment to huge amount of people but its productions and employment is seasonal depending upon the seasonal nature of the production . The Handloom Sector : It is well developed and is mainly dependent on the SHGs for their funds . Its market share is 13 % . of the total cloth produced in India . The Woolen Sector : India is the 7th largest producer . of the wool in the world . India also produces 1.8 % of the world 's total wool . The Jute Sector : The jute or the golden fibre in India is mainly produced in the Eastern states of India like Assam and West Bengal . India is the largest producer of jute in the world . The Sericulture and Silk Sector : India is the 2nd largest producer of silk in the world . India produces 18 % of the world 's total silk . Mulberry , Eri , Tasar , and Muga are the main types of silk produced in the country . It is a labour - intensive sector .
Economy of India
Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands .
Economy of India
India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $37 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % .
Automotive industry in India
The majority of India 's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three `` clusters '' . Around Chennai is the southernmost and largest , with a 35 % revenue share , accounting for 60 % of the country 's automotive exports , and home of the operations of Heavy Vehicles Factory , Engine Factory Avadi , Ford , Hyundai , Renault , Mitsubishi , Nissan , BMW , Hindustan Motors , Daimler , Caparo , Mini , and Datsun .
Child labour
In 2015 , the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries . Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family . Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment , a large number of family members , poverty , and lack of parental education . This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India .
Labour in India
In the organised private sector with more than 10 employees per company , the biggest employers in 2008 were manufacturing at 5 million ; social services at 2.2 million , which includes private schools and hospitals ; finance at 1.1 million which includes bank , insurance and real estate ; and agriculture at 1 million . India had more central and state government employees in 2008 , than employees in all private sector companies combined . If state - owned companies and municipal government employees were included , India had a 1.8 : 1 ratio between public sector employees and private sector employees . In terms of gender equality in employment , male to female ratio was 5 : 1 in government and government owned enterprises ; private sector fared better at 3 : 1 ratio . Combined , counting only companies with more than 10 employees per company , the organised public and private sector employed 5.5 million women and 22 million men .
Economy of India
The chemicals manufacturing industry contributed $141 billion ( 6 % of GDP ) and employed 17.33 million people ( 4 % of the workforce ) in 2016 .
Economy of India
In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore .
Karnataka
Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India , including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , National Aerospace Laboratories , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited , Bharat Earth Movers Limited and HMT ( formerly Hindustan Machine Tools ) , which are based in Bengaluru . Many of India 's premier science and technology research centres , such as Indian Space Research Organisation , Central Power Research Institute , Bharat Electronics Limited and the Central Food Technological Research Institute , are also headquartered in Karnataka . Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery , located in Mangalore .
Labour in India
Agriculture , dairy , horticulture and related occupations alone employ 52 percent of labour in India .
Automotive industry in India
The automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 23.96 million vehicles in FY ( fiscal year ) 2015 -- 16 , following a growth of 2.57 per cent over the last year . The automobile industry accounts for 7.1 per cent of the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The Two Wheelers segment , with 81 per cent market share , is the leader of the Indian Automobile market , owing to a growing middle class and a young population . Moreover , the growing interest of companies in exploring the rural markets further aided the growth of the sector . The overall Passenger Vehicle ( PV ) segment has 13 per cent market share .
Textile industry in India
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and the second largest exporter after Bangladesh . There were about 80 jute mills in India in 2010 - 11 , most of which are located in West Bengal , mainly along the banks of the Hooghly River , in a narrow belt ( 98 km long and 3 km wide ) . Factors responsible for their location in the Hooghly basin are : inexpensive water transport , good network of railways , roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to mills , abundant water supply , cheap labour from neighbouring states .
Automotive industry in India
The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region , and contributes 32 % . Gurgaon and Manesar , in Haryana , are where the country 's largest car manufacturer , Maruti Suzuki , is based .
India
The Indian automotive industry , the world 's second - fastest growing , increased domestic sales by 26 % during 2009 -- 10 , and exports by 36 % during 2008 -- 09 . India 's capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts , of which 42 gigawatts is renewable . At the end of 2011 , the Indian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals , generated revenues close to US $100 billion equalling 7.5 % of Indian GDP and contributed 26 % of India 's merchandise exports .
Textile industry in India
India exports yarn to Japan , United States , United Kingdom , Russia , France , Nepal , Singapore , Sri Lanka and other countries . India has the second - largest installed capacity of spindles in the world , with 43.13 million spindles ( 30 March 2011 ) after China . Although India has a large share in world trade of cotton yarn , its trade in garments is only 4 % of the world 's total . This is due to the incompetency of local spinning and weaving mills to process yarn . There exist some large factories , but most of the production is fragmented in small units , which cater to the local market . This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry . As a result , many of the spinners export yarn while apparel and garment manufacturers have to import fabric . The power supply is erratic and machinery is outdated and needs to be upgraded . Other problems include low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry .
Labour in India
A 2007 article in The Economist finds India to have the most restrictive labour laws in any major economy of the world . India 's private sector , including its organised manufacturing sector , employs about 10 million Indians . Manufacturing firms need to obtain government permission to lay off workers from factories , and this permission is usually denied if they have more than 100 staff . This partly explains why most Indian firms are small : 87 percent of employment in India 's organised manufacturing sector is in firms with fewer than ten employees , compared with only 5 percent in China . Small Indian firms can not reap economies of scale or exploit the latest technology , and so suffer from lower productivity than if they scaled up , employed more people and were much bigger companies . This cripples Indian firms ability to rapidly expand or adjust with changes in global economy , both during early opportunity phase and during economic change .
Economy of India
The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages .
Textile industry in India
India is first in global jute production and shares 63 % of the global textile and garment market . India is second in global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and cotton production . 100 % FDI is allowed via automatic route in textile sector . Rieter , Trutzschler , Saurer , Soktas , Zambiati , Bilsar , Monti , CMT , E-land , Nisshinbo , Marks & Spencer , Zara , Promod , Benetton , and Levi 's are some of the foreign textile companies invested or working in India .
Karnataka
Since the 1980s , Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT ( information technology ) . In 2007 , there were nearly 2,000 firms operating in Karnataka . Many of them , including two of India 's biggest software firms , Infosys and Wipro , are also headquartered in the state . Exports from these firms exceeded ₹ 50,000 crores ( $12.5 billion ) in 2006 -- 07 , accounting for nearly 38 % of all IT exports from India . The Nandi Hills area in the outskirts of Devanahalli is the site of the upcoming $22 billion , 50 square kilometre BIAL IT Investment Region , one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka . All this has earned the state capital , Bangalore , the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India .
Economy of India
Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society .