vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cousin marriage
Practices in West India overall are closer to the northern than the southern , but differences exist here again . For instance , in Mumbai , studies done in 1956 showed 7.7 % of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . By contrast , in the northern city of New Delhi , only 0.1 % of Hindus were married to a first cousin during the 1980s . At the other extreme , studies done in the South Indian state of Karnataka , which contains Bangalore , during that period show fully one - third of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . Pre-2000 Madhya Pradesh , from which Chhattisgarh has now split , and Maharashtra , which contains Mumbai , are states that are intermediate in their kinship practices .
Gun laws in the United States by state
'' Importation , manufacture , lending , assembling a large - capacity magazine from a parts kit , or buying a large - capacity magazine remains chargeable as a felony or a misdemeanor . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of large - capacity magazines , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ?
Voting rights in the United States
Prisoner voting rights are defined by individual states , and the laws are different from state to state . Some states allow only individuals on probation to vote . Others allow individuals on parole and probation . As of 2012 , only three states , Florida , Kentucky and Virginia , continue to impose a lifelong denial of the right to vote to all citizens with a felony record , absent a restoration of rights granted by the Governor or state legislature . However , in Kentucky , a felon 's rights can be restored after the completion of a restoration process to regain civil rights .
Illinois
In 1961 , Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the recommendation of the American Law Institute and pass a comprehensive criminal code revision that repealed the law against sodomy . The code also abrogated common law crimes and established an age of consent of 18 . The state 's fourth constitution was adopted in 1970 , replacing the 1870 document .
List of smoking bans in the United States
Statewide smoking ban : On November 6 , 2012 , by a vote of 66 % - 34 % , North Dakota voters ratified Initiative Measure Four , which , upon taking effect in December 2012 , amends North Dakota 's existing partial smoking ban so as to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed public places and places of employment , including all bars , restaurants , and tobacco stores . The ban exempts only ( 1 ) private residences except when operating as a childcare or adult day care facility , ( 2 ) outdoor areas except within 20 feet of the entrance to a public place or place of employment , ( 3 ) businesses not open to the public with no employees besides the owner , and ( 4 ) American Indian religious and cultural rituals . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state . As noted above , North Dakota is one of only six states that ban smoking in tobacco stores and is one of only four that prohibit hotels and motels from designating a certain percentage of rooms for smoking . North Dakota State University , 2008 , banned outdoors on campus within 50 feet ( 15 m ) of buildings . University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , October 5 , 2007 , banned anywhere on campus grounds
Society of the United States
Divorce is the province of state governments , so divorce law varies from state to state . Prior to the 1970s , divorcing spouses had to prove that the other spouse was at fault , for instance for being guilty of adultery , abandonment , or cruelty ; when spouses simply could not get along , lawyers were forced to manufacture `` uncontested '' divorces . The no - fault divorce revolution began in 1969 in California and ended with New York . No - fault divorce ( on the grounds of `` irreconcilable differences '' , `` irretrievable breakdown of marriage '' , `` incompatibility '' , or after a separation period etc . ) is now available in all states .
List of smoking bans in the United States
Statewide smoking ban : On July 1 , 2010 , after being signed into law by Governor Mark Parkinson on March 12 , 2010 , an amendment to Kansas ' 1987 statewide smoking law took effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed , indoor workplaces in Kansas . The law will exempt only ( 1 ) casino and racetrack gaming floors , ( 2 ) the entire area of a private club that was in existence on January 1 , 2009 , ( 3 ) designated areas in any private club where persons under 18 are prohibited , ( 4 ) tobacconists , ( 5 ) designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , ( 6 ) designated smoking areas in nursing homes and healthcare facilities , ( 7 ) and all outdoor areas , unless within a 10 ' radius of an entryway to a public building . The amendment will not change the original law 's provision allowing local governments to regulate smoking more stringently than the state , which the Kansas Supreme Court reiterated in 2007 upon a bar owner 's challenge to Lawrence 's local smoking ban . On June 30 , 2010 , the District Court of Shawnee County , Kansas , issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting the statewide smoking ban from taking effect in 31 private clubs established after January 1 , 2009 , until it settles a lawsuit against the state by those clubs .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Missouri is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permitless carry took effect on January 1 , 2017 . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted . As of October 11 , 2014 , a valid CCW overrides local laws against Open Carry , state wide . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms ( except in self defense ) ; however , ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable journey law ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No
United States
Citizenship is granted at birth in all states , the District of Columbia , and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No
Languages with official status in India
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions , and leaves each state free to , through its legislature , adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages . The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule , and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed . Examples include Kokborok in Tripura and Mizo in Mizoram .
Vermont
In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Reynolds v. Sims required `` one - man , one - vote '' redistricting in all states ; this resulted in major changes in Vermont . This ruling required city residents to be given an equitable share of apportionment in both houses in every state . Vermont had long been dominated by rural districts , as were several Southern states in those years . Until that time , apportionment was based on county jurisdictions , which had given more power to rural counties and decreased representation of urban residents . This arrangement had meant that urban issues were not considered in proportion to the number of people affected by them .
Equal Rights Amendment
The `` New ERA '' introduced in 2013 , sponsored by Representative Carolyn B. Maloney , adds an additional sentence to the original text : `` Women shall have equal rights in the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . ''
Church of Ireland
REFORM Ireland , a conservative lobby , has criticised the official letter as `` a dangerous departure from confessing Anglicanism '' and continues to oppose same - sex marriage recognition . Reflecting division , the church deferred its report on same - sex marriage to listen to all voices . The Church of Ireland Gazette , although `` editorially independent '' , endorsed a blessing rite for same - sex couples . Many congregations , including cathedrals , have become publicly affirming of LGBTI rights . A church report has determined that `` the moral logic underpinning the negative portrayal of same - sex eroticism in Scripture does not directly address committed , loving , consecrated same - sex relationships today '' . In 2017 , the General Synod considered a proposal to request for public services of thanksgiving for same - sex couples , but the proposal was not passed ; the church 's select committee on human sexuality recommended that the bishops continue to study the issues . There were 176 votes against the motion to request public services , 146 in favour , and 24 abstentions . The Bishop of Cork , Paul Colton , declared his support for same - sex marriages in the Church of Ireland .
Wonder Woman
In 2016 , `` Issue # 48 '' of Sensation Comics , featured Wonder Woman officiating a same - sex wedding , drawn by Australian illustrator Jason Badower . `` My country is all women . To us , it 's not ' gay ' marriage . It 's just marriage '' , she states to Superman . Inspired by the 2015 June Supreme Court ruling that established marriage equality in all 50 United States , Badower says DC Comics was `` fantastic '' about his idea for the issue . In an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald , he said his editor `` Was like ' great , I love it ! Let 's do it . ' It was almost anticlimactic . '' `` Diana 's mother , the queen , at the very least authorized or in some cases officiated these weddings , '' Badower says . `` It just seems more like a royal duty Diana would take on , that she would do for people that would appreciate it . ''
Federalism in India
Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9 and 100 constitutional amendment acts . Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Central Government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of state ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of state ( governor ) is appointed by the Union Government whereas head of the state government ( chief minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the Vidhan Sabha who is not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency as a member of State Legislature . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt .
Jim Crow laws
Although sometimes counted among `` Jim Crow laws '' of the South , such statutes as anti-miscegenation laws were also passed by other states . Anti-miscegenation laws were not repealed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but were declared unconstitutional by the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia .
Alaska
Alaska was formerly the only state in which possession of one ounce or less of marijuana in one 's home was completely legal under state law , though the federal law remains in force .
Admission to the bar in the United States
Two states are exceptions to the general rule of admission by the state 's highest court :
History of women in the United States
Litigation for women 's rights now began to have a serious impact on American life . In 1970 California adopted the nation 's first no - fault divorce law , which was intended to promote equality between men and women . By 2010 , all 50 states had legalized no - fault divorce , with New York being the last state to do so . In 1969 the case Weeks v Southern Bell was decided in favor of Lorena Weeks , who had applied for a better job as a switchperson , but had her application rejected because , her union boss said , `` the man is the breadwinner in the family , and women just do not need this type of job . '' Weeks filed a complaint with the EEOC , but the phone company cited a Georgia law that prohibited women from lifting anything heavier than 30 pounds , although the 34 - pound manual typewriter Weeks used as a clerk had to be lifted by hand onto her desk every morning and stored away every night . After the case was decided , she received $31,000 in back pay and got the job . In the 1971 Supreme Court case Reed v Reed , the Supreme Court ruled that it is illegal for any state to prefer all men over all women as administrators of assets . This was the first time in history that the Supreme Court ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution applied to differential treatment based on legal sex .
New Mexico
The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish ; this requirement was renewed twice , in 1931 and 1943 . Nonetheless , the constitution does not declare any language as `` official '' . While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935 , all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English . Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico can not be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages . Others , such as Juan Perea , claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953 .
United Church of Christ
Following the decision of General Synod 25 in 2005 to endorse same - sex marriage , the UCC 's Puerto Rico Conference left the church , citing differences over `` the membership and ministry of gay , lesbian , bisexual , and transgender Christians '' . A number of conservative congregations also ended their affiliation with the denomination after the decision in favor of same - sex marriage .
Southwestern United States
Utah , as shown above , evolved out of the Utah Territory , as pieces of the original territory created in 1850 were carved out : parts were ceded to Nevada , Wyoming , and Colorado in 1861 ; another section to Nevada in 1862 ; and the final section to Nevada in 1866 . In 1890 , the LDS church issued the 1890 Manifesto , which officially banned polygamy for members of the church . It was the last roadblock for Utah entering the Union , and on January 4 , 1896 Utah was officially granted statehood , becoming the 45th state .
Law
Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be unconstitutional . For example , in Brown v. Board of Education , the United States Supreme Court nullified many state statutes that had established racially segregated schools , finding such statutes to be incompatible with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution .
Republican Party (United States)
LGBT groups within the Republican Party include the Log Cabin Republicans . A 2014 Pew Research poll indicated that 61 % of Millennial Republicans are in favor of same - sex marriage . Anti-discrimination
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' .
List of smoking bans in the United States
No statewide smoking ban . Instead , in Kentucky , the only state laws dealing with smoking prohibit smoking in government offices , universities , and the state capitol , except in designated smoking areas . In 2004 , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that the state 's food and tobacco sales laws do not preempt cities and counties from enacting smoking regulations of any kind . In 2011 and 2012 , bills to enact a statewide smoking ban in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars , restaurants , and gaming facilities , as well as a bill in 2011 to ban smoking in cars in which minors are riding , all failed before the Kentucky General Assembly when they did not receive a committee hearing in the Kentucky House of Representatives . Localities in Kentucky with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 31 total ) : Ashland , October 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , as well as outdoor venues and outdoor patio areas of bars and restaurants . Bardstown , June 17 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Berea , September 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Bowling Green , April 28 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants .
Cousin marriage
Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War . Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argues that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order , uphold religious morality , and safeguard the creation of fit offspring . Writers such as Noah Webster ( 1758 -- 1843 ) and ministers like Philip Milledoler ( 1775 -- 1852 ) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860 . This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions , like those between a man and his deceased wife 's sister , to consanguineous unions . By the 1870s , Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 -- 1881 ) was writing about `` the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons '' and the necessity of avoiding `` the evils of consanguine marriage '' , avoidance of which would `` increase the vigor of the stock '' . To many , Morgan included , cousin marriage , and more specifically parallel - cousin marriage , was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization . Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853 .