vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Coffee
A beverage as black as ink , useful against numerous illnesses , particularly those of the stomach . Its consumers take it in the morning , quite frankly , in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful . It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu . --
Alcohol laws of Australia
In Western Australia , the sale , supply , and consumption of alcohol is regulated by the Liquor Control Act 1988 and the Liquor Control Regulations 1989 which are administered by the Department of Racing , Gaming and Liquor .
Alcohol laws of Kansas
Finally , in 1986 , the electorate voted to repeal the prohibition on open saloons in Kansas , effective January 1 , 1987 . The Legislature thereafter amended the Liquor Control Act to regulate and license sales of alcohol in bars in any county which had approved the 1986 Amendment or did so subsequently and only in towns with a population greater than 11,000 ( lowered to 5,000 in 2000 ) . Sunday sale of liquor was prohibited , but Sunday sale of CMB was permitted in restaurants deriving more than 30 % of their profits from food . All of these new establishments and allowances were subject to a 10 % `` drink tax . '' Grocery stores were prohibited from selling any liquor besides 3.2 % ABW beer .
Tea culture
Traditionally tea is frequently consumed as green tea ( trà xanh ) . Variants of black tea ( chè tàu ) is also widely used although frequently scented with Jasminum sambac blossoms ( chè nhài , trà lài ) . Huế is renowned for its tea scented with Nelumbo nucifera stamens ( trà sen ) .
Constitution of the United Kingdom
History of British nationality law Historical immigration to Great Britain Modern immigration to the United Kingdom
Tequila
If silver or white tequila is the desired final product , distillation is the final process it undergoes . Rested ( Reposado ) or aged ( Añejo ) tequila must be matured in 200 - liter ( or larger ) white oak barrels for at least 2 months for the former , and 12 months for the latter . There are , however , more than 50 different companies producing tequila in the Mexican province of Jalisco , with different maturation times according to the variety of tequila and desired quality of the final product .
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ?
Society of the United States
Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on December 6 , 1865 the United States was a slave society . While the northern states had outlawed slavery in their territory in the late 18th and early 19th century their industrial economies relied on the raw materials produced by slave labor . Following the Reconstruction period in the 1870s , Southern states initialized an apartheid regulated by Jim Crow laws that provided for legal segregation . Lynching occurred throughout the US until the 1930s , continuing well into the civil rights movement in the South .
Atlantic slave trade
The last recorded slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the Clotilde , which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of Mobile , Alabama . The Africans on board were sold as slaves ; however , slavery in the U.S. was abolished five years later following the end of the American Civil War in 1865 . The last survivor of the voyage was Cudjoe Lewis , who died in 1935 . The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831 . However , a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s , when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade . In 1870 Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas where the last country to import slaves was Brazil . In Brazil , however , slavery itself was not ended until 1888 , making it the last country in the Americas to end involuntary servitude .
Atlantic Ocean
In the American colonies depredation , disease , and slavery quickly reduced the indigenous American population to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them -- a trade that became norm and an integral part of the colonization . Between the 15th century and 1888 , when Brazil became the last part of America to end slave trade , an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves , most of them destined for agricultural labour . The slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire and the United States in 1808 , and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the U.S. in 1865 after the Civil War .
New Jersey
On February 15 , 1804 , New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery . This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population . By the close of the Civil War , about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage . New Jersey voters initially refused to ratify the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States ' black population . A
Convict lease
U.S. Steel is among American companies who have acknowledged using African - American leased convict labor . The practice peaked around 1880 , was formally outlawed by the last state ( Alabama ) in 1928 , and persisted in various forms until it was abolished by President Franklin D. Roosevelt via Francis Biddle 's `` Circular 3591 '' of December 12 , 1941 .
Labor history of the United States
The United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis called a strike for November 1 , 1919 in all soft ( bituminous ) coal fields . They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and now sought to make permanent their wartime gains . U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer invoked the Lever Act , a wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of necessities . Ignoring the court order 400,000 coal workers walked out . The coal operators played the radical card , saying Lenin and Trotsky had ordered the strike and were financing it , and some of the press echoed that language .
Convict lease
North Carolina , while without a system comparable to the other states , did not prohibit the practice until 1933 . Alabama was the last to end the practice of official convict leasing in 1928 .
Atlantic slave trade
In 1998 , UNESCO designated 23 August as International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition . Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery .
Missouri Compromise
Prior to its purchase in 1803 , the governments of Spain and France had sanctioned slavery in the region . In 1812 , the state of Louisiana , a major cotton producer and the first to be carved from the Louisiana Purchase , had entered the Union as a slave state . Predictably , Missourians were adamant that slave labor should not be molested by the federal government . In the years following the War of 1812 , the region , now known as Missouri Territory , experienced rapid settlement , led by slaveholding planters .
Gilded Age
Wage labor was widely condemned as ' wage slavery ' in the working class press , and labor leaders almost always used the phrase in their speeches . As the shift towards wage labor gained momentum , working class organizations became more militant in their efforts to `` strike down the whole system of wages for labor . '' In 1886 , economist and New York Mayoral candidate Henry George , author of Progress and Poverty , stated `` Chattel slavery is dead , but industrial slavery remains . ''
Atlantic slave trade
Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end , and that moralistic reform , not economic incentive , was primarily responsible for abolition . They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture .
American Equal Rights Association
After slavery in the U.S. was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 , Wendell Phillips was elected president of the Anti-Slavery Society and began to direct its resources toward winning political rights for blacks . He told women 's rights activists that he continued to support women 's suffrage but thought it best to set aside that demand until voting rights for African American men were assured .
History of Texas
Many ( estimate of about 1 in 70 being the national average for 1860 ) of the Anglo - American settlers owned slaves . Mexico granted Texas a one - year exemption from the national edict of 1829 edict outlawing slavery , but Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ordered that all slaves be freed in 1830 . To circumvent the law , the colonists converted their slaves into indentured servants `` for life . '' By 1836 there were 5,000 enslaved African Americans in Texas .
Key West, Florida
In the 19th century , major industries included wrecking and salvaging ; fishing ; turtling , and salt manufacturing . From 1830 to 1861 , Key West was a major center of U.S. salt production , harvesting the commodity from the sea ( via receding tidal pools ) rather than from salt mines . After the outbreak of the Civil War , Union troops shut down the salt industry after Confederate sympathizers smuggled the product into the South . Salt production resumed at the end of the war , but the industry was destroyed by an 1876 hurricane and never recovered , in part because of new salt mines on the mainland .
History of the United States (1945–64)
For the United States of America , 1945 to 1964 was a time of high economic growth and general prosperity . It was also a time of confrontation as the capitalist United States and its allies politically opposed the Soviet Union and other communist countries ; the Cold War had begun . African Americans united and organized , and a triumph of the Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow segregation in the South . Further laws were passed that made discrimination illegal and provided federal oversight to guarantee voting rights .
North Carolina
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the Reconstruction Era began . The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen . A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen , northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years . The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870 , in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls , to suppress black voting . Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876 , when the Red Shirts , a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party , helped suppress black voting . More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876 .
Labor history of the United States
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Emancipation Proclamation
Near the end of the war , abolitionists were concerned that the Emancipation Proclamation would be construed solely as a war measure , Lincoln 's original intent , and would no longer apply once fighting ended . They were also increasingly anxious to secure the freedom of all slaves , not just those freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Thus pressed , Lincoln staked a large part of his 1864 presidential campaign on a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery uniformly throughout the United States . Lincoln 's campaign was bolstered by separate votes in both Maryland and Missouri to abolish slavery in those states . Maryland 's new constitution abolishing slavery took effect in November 1864 . Slavery in Missouri was ended by executive proclamation of its governor , Thomas C. Fletcher , on January 11 , 1865 .
History of Pennsylvania
In 1780 , Pennsylvania passed a law that provided for the gradual abolition of slavery , making Pennsylvania the first state to pass an act to abolish slavery ( although Vermont had also previously abolished slavery ) . Children born after that date to slave mothers were considered legally free , but they were bound in indentured servitude to the master of their mother until the age of 28 . The last slave was recorded in the state in 1847 .
Thirteen Colonies
Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies . In most places , it involved house servants or farm workers . It was of economic importance in the export - oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina . About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years , or 2 % of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . By the mid-18th century , life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
When the Civil War ended , a boom in railroad construction ensued , with roughly 55,000 kilometers ( 35,000 miles ) of new track being laid from coast - to - coast between 1866 and 1873 . The railroads , then the second largest employer outside of agriculture , required large amounts of capital investment , and thus entailed massive financial risk . Speculators fed large amounts of money into the industry , causing abnormal growth and over-expansion . Jay Cooke 's firm , like many other banking firms , invested a disproportionate share of depositors ' funds in the railroads , thus paving the way for the ensuing collapse .
Missouri
Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the American Civil War . The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each . Planters , defined by some historians as those holding twenty slaves or more , were concentrated in the counties known as `` Little Dixie '' , in the central part of the state along the Missouri River . The tensions over slavery chiefly had to do with the future of the state and nation . In 1860 , enslaved African Americans made up less than 10 % of the state 's population of 1,182,012 . In order to control the flooding of farmland and low - lying villages along the Mississippi , the state had completed construction of 140 miles ( 230 km ) of levees along the river by 1860 .
Convict lease
The end of convict leasing did not mean the end of convict labor , however . The state sited its new penitentiary , Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary , with the help of geologists . The prison built a working coal mine on the site , dependent on labor done by prisoners , and ran it at significant profit . These prison mines closed in 1966 .
Gilded Age
Many of the White farmers , and most of the Blacks , were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools , and rented the land . Others were day laborers or very poor sharecroppers , who worked under the supervision of the landowner . There was little cash in circulation , because most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants , and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall . Although there were small country churches everywhere , there were only a few dilapidated elementary schools . Apart from private academies , there were very few high schools until the 1920s . Conditions were marginally better in newer areas , especially in Texas and central Florida , with the deepest poverty in South Carolina , Mississippi , and Arkansas .
Latin America
During the last phase of the monarchy , an internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery . The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850 , as a result of the British ' Aberdeen Act , but only in May 1888 after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country , was the institution formally abolished .
History of United States prison systems
Although Virginia , Texas , Tennessee , Kentucky , and Missouri utilized Northern - style manufacturing prisons in addition to their farms , as late as 1890 the majority of Southern convicts still passed their sentences in convict camps run by absentee businessmen . But the 1890s also marked the beginning of a gradual shift toward compromise over the lease system , in the form of state - run prison farms . States began to cull the women , children , and the sick from the old privately run camps during this period , to remove them from the `` contamination '' of bad criminals and provide a healthier setting and labor regime . Mississippi enacted a new state constitution in 1890 that called for the end of the lease by 1894 .
Atlantic slave trade
In 1807 , the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves . The King of Bonny ( now in Nigeria ) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice :
The Bahamas
Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 . After that British colonial officials freed 78 American slaves from the Enterprise , which went into Bermuda in 1835 ; and 38 from the Hermosa , which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840 . The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841 : as a result of a slave revolt on board , the leaders ordered the American brig to Nassau . It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans . The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands . The Creole case has been described as the `` most successful slave revolt in U.S. history '' .
British Empire
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy . Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular slave rebellions . With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire . In 1808 , Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate was designated an official British colony for freed slaves . Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the West India Committee decline . The Slavery Abolition Act , passed the following year , abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 , finally bringing the Empire into line with the law in the UK ( with the exception of St. Helena , Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company , though these exclusions were later repealed ) . Under the Act , slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of `` apprenticeship '' . The British government compensated slave - owners .
Modern history
The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 . The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , although it may have begun as early as 1812 . This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution .
North Carolina
While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states , according to the 1860 census , more than 330,000 people , or 33 % of the population of 992,622 , were enslaved African Americans . They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater . In addition , 30,463 free people of color lived in the state . They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain , especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern , where a variety of jobs were available . Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835 , when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner . Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases .
History of United States prison systems
Between 1800 and 1860 , the vast majority of the Southern population worked in agriculture . Whereas the proportion of the Northern population working on farms dropped in this period from 70 to 40 percent , 80 percent of Southerners were consistently engaged in farm - related work . Reflecting this , only one - tenth of Southerners lived in what the contemporary census criteria described as an urban area ( compared to nearly one - quarter of Northerners ) .
Labor history of the United States
The United Mine Workers was successful in its strike against soft coal ( bituminous ) mines in the Midwest in 1900 , but its strike against the hard coal ( anthracite ) mines of Pennsylvania turned into a national political crisis in 1902 . President Theodore Roosevelt brokered a compromise solution that kept the flow of coal going , and higher wages and shorter hours , but did not include recognition of the union as a bargaining agent .
History of Puerto Rico
The agricultural production , the principal economic driver for the island , came to a standstill . Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , a Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration was authorized . Funds were made available for construction of new housing , infrastructure , including transportation improvements and other capital investment to improve island conditions . In 1938 , a new federal minimum wage law was passed , establishing it at 25 cents an hour . As a consequence , two - thirds of the island 's textile factories closed because they could not be profitable while paying workers at that level .
Democracy
In the 1860 United States Census , the slave population in the United States had grown to four million , and in Reconstruction after the Civil War ( late 1860s ) , the newly freed slaves became citizens with a nominal right to vote for men . Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the Civil Rights Movement gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . 20th
Saudi Arabia
As recently as the early 1960s , Saudi Arabia 's slave population was estimated at 300,000 . Slavery was officially abolished in 1962 .