vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Textile industry in India
The archaeological surveys and studies have found that the people of Harrapan civilization knew weaving and the spinning of cotton four thousand years ago . Reference to weaving and spinning materials is found in the Vedic Literature . There was textile trade in India during the early centuries . A block printed and resist - dyed fabrics , whose origin is from Gujarat is found in tombs of Fostat , Egypt . This proves that Indian export of cotton textiles to the Egypt or the Nile Civilization in medieval times were to a large extent . Large quantity of north Indian silk were traded through the silk route in China to the western countries . The Indian silk were often exchanged with the western countries for their spices in the barter system . During the late 17th and 18th century there were large export of the Indian cotton to the western countries to meet the need of the European industries during industrial revolution ...
American ginseng
American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius , Panacis quinquefolis ) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the ivy family , commonly used as Chinese or traditional medicine . It is native to eastern North America , though it is also cultivated in China .
Alice Springs
The original mode of British - Australian transportation in the outback were camel trains , operated by immigrants from Pathan tribes in the North - West Frontier of then - British India ( present - day Pakistan ) ; known locally as Afghan cameleers based at Hergott Springs , or Marree as it is now known . Many cameleers moved to Alice Springs in 1929 when the railway finally reached the town . They lived on the block where the town council is now , transporting goods from the rail head to stations and settlements to the north . A gold rush in Tennant Creek in 1932 kept the wheels of the Alice Springs economy turning until the outbreak of World War II .
American ginseng
American ginseng was formerly particularly widespread in the Appalachian and Ozark regions ( and adjacent forested regions such as Pennsylvania , New York and Ontario ) , due to its popularity and unique habitat requirements , the wild plant has been overharvested , as well as lost through destruction of its habitat , and is thus rare in most parts of the United States and Canada . Ginseng is also negatively affected by deer browsing , urbanization , and habitat fragmentation . It can also be grown commercially , under artificial shade , woods cultivated , or wild - simulated methods and is usually harvested after three to four years depending on cultivation technique ; the wild - simulated method often requires up to 10 years before harvest .
Islamic Golden Age
With a new and easier writing system , and the introduction of paper , information was democratized to the extent that , for probably the first time in history , it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books . The use of paper spread from China into Muslim regions in the eighth century , arriving in Al - Andalus on the Iberian peninsula , present - day Spain in the 10th century . It was easier to manufacture than parchment , less likely to crack than papyrus , and could absorb ink , making it difficult to erase and ideal for keeping records . Islamic paper makers devised assembly - line methods of hand - copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries . It was from these countries that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Iron mining occurred in several locations , including the main English centre in the Forest of Dean , as well as in Durham and the Weald . Some iron to meet English demand was also imported from the continent , especially by the late 13th century . By the end of the 12th century , the older method of acquiring iron ore through strip mining was being supplemented by more advanced techniques , including tunnels , trenches and bell - pits . Iron ore was usually locally processed at a bloomery , and by the 14th century the first water - powered iron forge in England was built at Chingley . As a result of the diminishing woodlands and consequent increases in the cost of both wood and charcoal , demand for coal increased in the 12th century and it began to be commercially produced from bell - pits and strip mining .
Industrial Revolution
A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure .
Industrial Revolution
The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century .
Famine
By the 1590s , these trends were sufficiently developed in the rich and commercialized province of Holland to allow its population to withstand a general outbreak of famine in Western Europe at that time . By that time , the Netherlands had one of the most commercialized agricultural systems in Europe . They grew many industrial crops such as flax , hemp and hops . Agriculture became increasingly specialized and efficient . The efficiency of Dutch agriculture allowed for much more rapid urbanization in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries than anywhere else in Europe . As a result , productivity and wealth increased , allowing the Netherlands to maintain a steady food supply .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Horse rustlers and bandits from the countryside often came to town , and shootings were frequent . In the 1880s , illegal smuggling and theft of cattle , alcohol , and tobacco across the Mexico -- United States border , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Tombstone , were common . The Mexican government assessed heavy export taxes on these items , and smugglers earned a handsome profit by stealing them in Mexico and selling them across the border . Fire
Bradford
Blast furnaces were established in about 1788 by Hird , Dawson Hardy at Low Moor and iron was worked by the Bowling Iron Company until about 1900 . Yorkshire iron was used for shackles , hooks and piston rods for locomotives , colliery cages and other mining appliances where toughness was required . The Low Moor Company also made pig iron and the company employed 1,500 men in 1929 . when the municipal borough of Bradford was created in 1847 there were 46 coal mines within its boundaries . Coal output continued to expand , reaching a peak in 1868 when Bradford contributed a quarter of all the coal and iron produced in Yorkshire .
Colonial history of the United States
Before 1720 , most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small - scale farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the West Indies with corn and flour . In New York , a fur - pelt export trade to Europe flourished adding additional wealth to the region . After 1720 , mid-Atlantic farming stimulated with the international demand for wheat . A massive population explosion in Europe brought wheat prices up . By 1770 , a bushel of wheat cost twice as much as it did in 1720 . Farmers also expanded their production of flax seed and corn since flax was a high demand in the Irish linen industry and a demand for corn existed in the West Indies . Thus , by mid-century , most colonial farming was a commercial venture , although subsistence agriculture continued to exist in New England and the middle colonies .
Tequila
Some 80 years later , around 1600 , Don Pedro Sánchez de Tagle , the Marquis of Altamira , began mass - producing tequila at the first factory in the territory of modern - day Jalisco . By 1608 , the colonial governor of Nueva Galicia had begun to tax his products . Spain 's King Carlos IV granted the Cuervo family the first license to commercially make tequila .
Modern history
Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century , starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492 , and Martin Luther 's Protestant Reformation in 1517 . In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 . Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century , through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries , until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century . Tsardom
History of Australia (1788–1850)
In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW . He repeated this success in 1790 and , because of the pressing need for food production in the colony , was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales . Ruse 's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill , near Parramatta , was aptly named ' Experiment Farm ' . This was the colony 's first successful farming enterprise , and Ruse was soon joined by others . The colony began to grow enough food to support itself , and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved . The
North Carolina
Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara , a regional chiefdom near present - day Morganton . Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540 . In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico . Pardo made a winter base at Joara , which he renamed Cuenca . His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there , while Pardo traveled further , and built and garrisoned five other forts . He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island , South Carolina , then a center of Spanish Florida . In the spring of 1568 , natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior , including the one at Fort San Juan . Although the Spanish never returned to the interior , this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States . A 16th - century journal by Pardo 's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement . John
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
The steam engine was one of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution , although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution . From Englishman Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine , of 1712 , through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt , the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings , not just in mining , where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings . Early mills had run successfully with water power , but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere , not just close to water . Water power varied with the seasons and was not always available
Coahuila y Tejas
Within Texas , the economy depended heavily on the cultivation of cotton . In 1834 , Texas exported over 7,000 bales of cotton . Ranching was also lucrative , and Texas exported over 5,000 head of cattle in 1834 . Lumber was exported in small quantities , primarily to Matamoros . In the mid-1830s , Texas imported approximately $630,000 worth of goods . Exports amounted to only about $500,000 . The trade deficit resulted in a lack of currency in Texas ; in a report to his superiors Juan Almonte estimated that only about 10 % of transactions within Texas were conducted with specie .
Texas annexation
A variation of the Tyler 's `` diffusion '' theory , it played on economic fears in a period when slave - based staple crop markets had not yet recovered from the Panic of 1837 . The Texas `` escape route '' conceived by Walker promised to increase demand for slaves in fertile cotton - growing regions of Texas , as well as the monetary value of slaves . Cash - poor plantation owners in the older eastern South were promised a market for surplus slaves at a profit . Texas annexation , wrote Walker , would eliminate all these dangers and `` fortify the whole Union . ''
Industrial Revolution
Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co .
Apothecaries' system
The Irish proposal was not widely adopted , but British legislation , in the form of the Medicinals Act 1858 , was more radical : It prescribed the use of the avoirdupois system for the United Kingdom ( then including Ireland ) , with none of the traditional subdivisions . This innovation was first used in the united British pharmacopœia of 1864 . In practice the old apothecaries ' system based on the troy pound was still widely used , however , until it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act of 1976 . Since then it can only be used to measure precious metals and stones . ( The troy pound was already declared illegal for most other uses by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878 . )
Candle
The manufacture of candles became an industrialized mass market in the mid 19th century . In 1834 , Joseph Morgan , a pewterer from Manchester , England , patented a machine that revolutionised candle making . It allowed for continuous production of molded candles by using a cylinder with a moveable piston to eject candles as they solidified . This more efficient mechanized production produced about 1,500 candles per hour . This allowed candles to become an easily affordable commodity for the masses . Candlemakers also began to fashion wicks out of tightly braided ( rather than simply twisted ) strands of cotton . This technique makes wicks curl over as they burn , maintaining the height of the wick and therefore the flame . Because much of the excess wick is incinerated , these are referred to as `` self - trimming '' or `` self - consuming '' wicks .
Fermentation
The use of fermentation , particularly for beverages , has existed since the Neolithic and has been documented dating from 7000 -- 6600 BCE in Jiahu , China , 5000 BCE in India , Ayurveda mentions many Medicated Wines , 6000 BCE in Georgia , 3150 BCE in ancient Egypt , 3000 BCE in Babylon , 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico , and 1500 BC in Sudan . Fermented foods have a religious significance in Judaism and Christianity . The Baltic god Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation .
Columbus, Georgia
Unaware of Lee 's surrender to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , Union and Confederates clashed in the Battle of Columbus , Georgia , on Easter Sunday , April 16 , 1865 , when a Union detachment under General James H. Wilson attacked the city and burned many of the industrial buildings . John Stith Pemberton , who later developed Coca - Cola in Columbus , was wounded in this battle . After becoming addicted to morphine , Pemberton sought out a replacement for his addiction . After creating Coca - Cola , he carried it to Atlanta before he died in 1888 . Col. Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar , owner of the last slave ship in America , was also killed here . A historic marker has been erected in Columbus . It notes that this was the site of the `` Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865 . ''
Industrial Revolution
Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high tread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry . Wool
History of childhood
With the onset of industrialisation in England , a growing divergence between high - minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace , became increasingly apparent . Although child labour was common in pre-industrial times , children would generally help their parents with the farming or cottage crafts . By the late 18th century , however , children were specially employed at the factories and mines and as chimney sweeps , often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . In 19th - century Great Britain , one - third of poor families were without a breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment , obliging many children to work from a young age . In
Whiskey Rebellion
The population of Western Pennsylvania was 17,000 in 1790 . Among the farmers in the region , the whiskey excise was immediately controversial , with many people on the frontier arguing that it unfairly targeted westerners . Whiskey was a popular drink , and farmers often supplemented their incomes by operating small stills . Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains distilled their excess grain into whiskey , which was easier and more profitable to transport over the mountains than the more cumbersome grain . A whiskey tax would make western farmers less competitive with eastern grain producers . Additionally , cash was always in short supply on the frontier , so whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . For poorer people who were paid in whiskey , the excise was essentially an income tax that wealthier easterners did not pay .
Tequila
Tequila ( Spanish pronunciation : ( teˈkila ) ( listen ) ) is a regional distilled beverage and type of alcoholic drink made from the blue agave plant , primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila , 65 km ( 40 mi ) northwest of Guadalajara , and in the highlands ( Los Altos ) of the central western Mexican state of Jalisco . Aside from differences in region of origin , tequila is a type of mezcal ( and the regions of production of the two drinks are overlapping ) . The distinction in the method of production is that tequila must use only blue agave plants rather than any type of agave . Tequila is commonly served neat in Mexico and as a shot with salt and lime across the rest of the world .
Ryukyu Islands
The series of reports suggest that there were groups of people with advanced sailing technology in Amami and that Dazaifu had a stronghold in Kikai Island . In fact , historians hypothesize that the Amami Islands were incorporated into a trade network that connected it to Kyūshū , Song China and Goryeo . In fact , the Shōyūki recorded that in the 1020s , local governors of southern Kyūshū presented to the author , a court aristocrat , local specialties of the southern islands including the Chinese fan palm , red woods , and shells of Green Turban Shell . The Shinsarugakuki , a fictional work written in the mid-11th century , introduced a merchant named Hachirō - mauto , who traveled all the way to the land of the Fushū in the east and to Kika Island ( 貴 賀 之 島 , Kikanoshima ) in the west . The goods he obtained from the southern islands included shells of Green Turban Shell and sulfur . The Shinsarugakuki was not mere fiction ; the Golden Hall of Chūson - ji ( c. 1124 ) in northeastern Japan was decorated with tens of thousands of green turban shells .
Kudzu in the United States
In the United States , kudzu has been used as livestock feed , in fertilizer , and in erosion control , and the vines have been used for folk art . In Korea , kudzu root is harvested for its starch , which is used in various foods including naengmyon , as well as a health food and herbal medicine . In China , kudzu root is used in herbal remedies , teas , and the treatment of alcohol - related problems . The efficacy of the treatment of alcohol - related problems is currently under question , but experiments show promising results . In Japan , the kudzu root starch ( or kuzu root starch ) extracted from kudzu roots is used in cooking and natural medicines , and it is used to make hay that sick animals will eat . The starch is used in Japanese cuisine , and is widely consumed as such in that country . Kudzu is also used as a food crop in Java , Sumatra , and Malaya , and can be found in Puerto Rico and South America .
Cashew
According to one source , an alcohol had been distilled in the early 20th century from the juice of the fruit , and was manufactured in the West Indies .
North Carolina
Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War . Many farmers grew some tobacco , and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular . Winston - Salem is the birthplace of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company ( RJR ) , founded by R.J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town . By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year . Today it is the second - largest tobacco company in the U.S. ( behind Altria Group ) . RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc. , which in turn is 42 % owned by British American Tobacco .
Industrial Revolution
Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there .