vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Saturated and unsaturated compounds
In a long chain of carbons , such as a fatty acid , a double or triple bond will cause a kink in the chain . These kinks have macro-structural implications . Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature , rather than solid , as the kinks in the chain prevent the molecules from packing closely together to form a solid . These fats are called oils and are present in fish and plants .
Ceviche
Ceviche is ideally very healthy . However , bad sanitary conditions during its preparation may lead to illness . Aside from contaminants , raw seafood can also be the vector for various pathogens , viral and bacterial , as well as larger parasitic creatures . According to the 2009 Food Code published by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and more recent studies , specific microbial hazards in ceviche include : Anisakis simplex , Diphyllobothrium spp. , Pseudoterranova decipiens and Pseudoterranova cattani , and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes in raw seafood dishes such as ceviche . The Latin American cholera outbreaks in the 1990s may have been attributed to the consumption of raw cholera - infested seafood that was eaten as ceviche .
History of Vietnam
Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop . Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants . Betel nuts were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth . Every spring , a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon . Religion consisted of primitive animistic cults .
Nutrition facts label
Other items are included as appropriate , and the units may be varied as appropriate ( e.g. substituting ml for g , or mmol for mg in the ' Sodium ' row ) . In April 2013 the New Zealand government introduced rules around common claims made on food packaging , such as ' low in fat ' .
Avocado
In Ethiopia , avocados are made into juice by mixing them with sugar and milk or water , usually served with Vimto and a slice of lemon . It is also common to serve layered multiple fruit juices in a glass ( locally called Spris ) made of avocados , mangoes , bananas , guavas , and papayas . Avocados are also used to make salads .
Nutella
Pietro Ferrero , who owned a bakery in Alba , Piedmont , an area known for the production of hazelnuts , sold an initial batch of 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) of `` Pasta Gianduja '' in 1946 . At the time , there was very little chocolate because cocoa was in short supply due to World War II rationing . Ferrero instead used hazelnuts , which are plentiful in the Piedmont region of Italy ( northwest ) , to extend the limited chocolate supply . This product , called `` Pasta Gianduja '' was originally sold as a solid block , but Ferrero started to sell a creamy version in 1951 as `` Supercrema '' .
Carambola
Carambolas contain caramboxin and oxalic acid . Both substances are harmful to individuals suffering from kidney failure , kidney stones , or those under kidney dialysis treatment . Consumption by those with kidney failure can produce hiccups , vomiting , nausea , mental confusion , and sometimes death . Recent research has identified caramboxin as a neurotoxin which is structurally similar to phenylalanine , and is a glutamatergic agonist . While the levels of oxalic acid and caramboxin in starfruit are low enough to be safely processed by most of the general population , some researchers warn that the fruit and juice sometimes cause kidney damage or rarely , kidney failure in people with normal renal function and should be avoided .
Salicylic acid
Bismuth subsalicylate , a salt of bismuth and salicylic acid , is the active ingredient in stomach relief aids such as Pepto - Bismol , is the main ingredient of Kaopectate and `` displays anti-inflammatory action ( due to salicylic acid ) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic '' .
Vinegar
White rice vinegar has a mild acidity with a somewhat `` flat '' and uncomplex flavor . Some varieties of rice vinegar are sweetened or otherwise seasoned with spices or other added flavorings .
Malaysia
Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another ; for example , Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes . Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture , For example , sambal belacan ( shrimp paste ) are commonly used as ingredients by Chinese restaurants to create the stir fried water spinach ( kangkung belacan ) . This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture , they have their own identity . Rice is popular in many dishes . Chili is commonly found in local cuisine , although this does not necessarily make them spicy .
Nutella
Nutella Type Spread Place of origin Italy Region or state Piedmont Created by Ferrero Main ingredients Sugar , palm oil , hazelnuts , cocoa solids , milk powder Food energy ( per serving ) 80 ( 15 g serving ) kcal Cookbook : Nutella Media : Nutella
Thar Desert
Tecomella undulata is one more tree species , locally known as Rohida , which is found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India . It is another important medium - sized tree of great use in Agroforestry , that produces quality timber and is the main source of timber amongst the indigenous tree species of desert regions . The trade name of the tree species is Desert teak or Marwar teak .
Spice trade
The Spice trade had brought great riches to the Abbasid Caliphate , and even inspired famous legends such as that of Sinbad the Sailor . These early sailors and merchants would often set sail from the port city of Basra and eventually after many voyages they would return to sell their goods including spices in Baghdad . The fame of many spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon are attributed to these early Spice merchants .
Christmas traditions
On Christmas Eve , traditional meals are prepared according to the traditions of each region . Rather than having candy and cakes , Nigerians as a whole tend to prepare various meats in large quantities . In the south , a dish called Jollof rice is served with stews of various meats along with boiled beans and fried plantains ; in the north , Rice and Stew as well as Tuwon Shinkafa , a rice pudding served with various meat stews , is preferred . In the North several local desserts are also made which is hardly ever found in other parts of Nigeria . An alternative in both regions ( but more favored in the south ) is a pepper soup with fish , goat , or beef which may also be served with Fufu ( pounded yam ) . Served with this food are an array of mainly alcoholic drinks such as the traditional palm wine or various local and imported beers and wines ; children and women may be served locally - made soft - drink equivalents instead .
Cranberry
After the aminotriazole scare , Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development . New products such as cranberry / apple juice blends were introduced , followed by other juice blends .
Dipping tobacco
Unlike snus , dip often causes the user to produce excess saliva during the act of dipping . This is typically expectorated onto the ground or in a container , because swallowing the saliva - tobacco mixture can cause irritation to the esophagus and induce nausea and vomiting . Spittoons can be used , but often users will simply use an empty plastic bottle or a `` mudjug , '' a portable spittoon . Smokeless tobacco is sometimes used in the workplace by employees , especially if the employer does not provide many cigarette breaks or if the employee is consistently using both hands during work ( which does n't provide opportunities for cigarette smoking ) . Smokeless tobacco is popular in many industrial areas where there is a safety risk in having an open flame , such as oil rigs or refineries .
Kenya
Tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa . Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . Coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower - lying areas . Kenya has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . Poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under - used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross . Agricultural
Semen
There are several sexual practices involving the ingestion of semen . They can be done with one or more partners , like snowballing , felching and creampie eating , or with multiple partners , like the practices of bukkake and gokkun , which originate from Japan .
Japanese cuisine
A characteristic of traditional Japanese food is the sparing use of red meat , oils and fats , and dairy products . Use of ingredients such as soy sauce , miso , and umeboshi tends to result in dishes with high salt content , though there are low - sodium versions of these available .
Seedless fruit
Lacking seeds , and thus the capacity to propagate via the fruit , the plants are generally propagated vegetatively from cuttings , by grafting , or in the case of bananas , from `` pups '' ( offsets ) . In such cases the resulting plants are genetically identical clones . By contrast , seedless watermelons are grown from seeds . These seeds are produced by crossing diploid and tetraploid lines of watermelon , with the resulting seeds producing sterile triploid plants . Fruit development is triggered by pollination , so these plants must be grown alongside a diploid strain to provide pollen . Triploid plants with seedless fruits can also be produced using endosperm culture for the regeneration of triploid plantlets from endosperm tissue via somatic embryogenesis .
Tea culture
The traditional preparation is as follows : A Kluntje , a white rock candy sugar that melts slowly , is added to the empty cup ( allowing multiple cups to be sweetened ) then tea is poured over the Kluntje . A heavy cream `` cloud '' ( `` Wölkje '' -- a diminutive of ' cloud ' in Frisian ) is added to the tea `` water '' , the sugar represents `` land '' . It is served without a spoon and traditionally drunk unstirred , i.e. in three tiers : In the beginning one predominantly tastes the cream , then the tea and finally the sweet taste of kluntje at the bottom of the cup . Stirring the tea would blend all three tiers into one and spoil the traditional tea savouring . The tea is generally served with small cookies during the week and cakes during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat . East
Mercury in fish
Research suggests that selenium content in fish is protective against the toxic effects of methylmercury content . Fish with higher ratios of selenium to methylmercury ( Se : Hg ) are better to eat since the selenium binds to the methylmercury allowing it to pass through the body un-absorbed .
Alternative energy
Several groups in various sectors are conducting research on Jatropha curcas , a poisonous shrub - like tree that produces seeds considered by many to be a viable source of biofuels feedstock oil . Much of this research focuses on improving the overall per acre oil yield of Jatropha through advancements in genetics , soil science , and horticultural practices . SG Biofuels , a San Diego - based Jatropha developer , has used molecular breeding and biotechnology to produce elite hybrid seeds of Jatropha that show significant yield improvements over first generation varieties . The Center for Sustainable Energy Farming ( CfSEF ) is a Los Angeles - based non-profit research organization dedicated to Jatropha research in the areas of plant science , agronomy , and horticulture . Successful exploration of these disciplines is projected to increase Jatropha farm production yields by 200 - 300 % in the next ten years .
Ancient Greek cuisine
Used as a ritual beverage in the Eleusinian Mysteries , kykeon was also a popular beverage , especially in the countryside : Theophrastus , in his Characters , describes a boorish peasant as having drunk much kykeon and inconveniencing the Assembly with his bad breath . It also had a reputation as a good digestive , and as such , in Peace , Hermes recommends it to the main character who has eaten too much dried fruit .
Cherry blossom
Cherry blossoms and leaves are edible and both are used as food ingredients in Japan :
Rheum
Rheum ( / ˈruːm / ; from Greek : ῥεῦμα rheuma `` a flowing , rheum '' ) , also known as gound , is thin mucus naturally discharged from the eyes , nose , or mouth during sleep ( cf . mucopurulent discharge ) . Rheum dries and gathers as a crust in the corners of the eyes or the mouth , on the eyelids , or under the nose . It is formed by a combination of mucus ( in the case of the eyes , consisting of mucin discharged from the cornea or the conjunctiva ) , nasal mucus , blood cells , skin cells , or dust . Rheum from the eyes is particularly common . Dried rheum is commonly called sleep , sleepy - seeds , sleepy buds , sleepy sand , eye goop , cheese , or sleepy dust .
Bubble and squeak
Bubble and squeak is a traditional English dish made with the shallow - fried leftover vegetables from a roast dinner . The main ingredients are potato and cabbage , but carrots , peas , Brussels sprouts , or any other leftover vegetables can be added . The chopped vegetables ( and cold chopped meat if used ) are fried in a pan together with mashed potatoes or crushed roast potatoes until the mixture is well - cooked and brown on the sides . The dish is so named because the cabbage makes bubbling and squeaking sounds during the cooking process . It is often served with cold meat from the Sunday roast , and pickles or brown sauce , or as an accompaniment to a full English breakfast .
Salvadoran cuisine
Salvadorans eat a large variety of seafood . Salvadoran Banana and ceviches are made with clams , oysters , fish , shrimp , snails , octopus , squid , and a type of black clam called conchas by locals . Cocktails and ceviches are prepared with a type of tomato and chopped onion sauce or a dark sauce called Salsa Perring , which is a local way of pronouncing Lee & Perrins Worcestershire sauce , and both are sprinkled with lemon juice .
Olive oil extraction
Reducing the oxidation by performing part of the process of malaxation and the extraction under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere Extracting the nut of the olive before grinding , this will reduce the release of oxidative enzymes present in this organ , and yield a pomace that is free from wood residues , making it possible to be used in animal feeding Reducing the addition of water to minimize the washing of polyphenols Improving the sinolea method , through an increase in the efficiency of the adsorption of the oil to the plates , thus reducing the need for the use of standard methods of extraction
Japanese cuisine
The rice or the soup is eaten by picking up the bowl with the left hand and using chopsticks ( hashi ) with the right , or vice versa if one is left - handed . Traditionally , chopsticks were held in the right hand and the bowl in the left . Japanese children were taught to distinguish left from right as `` the right hand holds the chopsticks , the left hand holds the bowl '' -- but left - handed eating is acceptable today . Bowls may be lifted to the mouth , but should not be touched by the mouth except when drinking soup . The Japanese customarily slurp noodle soup dishes like ramen , udon , and soba . When slurping noodles quickly , the soup clings to the noodles , making the dish more flavourful .
Maharashtrian cuisine
Desserts are an important part of festival and special occasion food . Typical sweets include lentil and jaggery mix , stuffed flatbread called puran poli , a preparation made from strained yogurt , sugar and spices called shrikhand , a sweet milk preparation made with evaporated milk called basundi , semolina and sugar based kheer and steamed dumplings stuffed with coconut and jaggery called modak . In some instances , the modak is deep - fried instead of steamed . Traditionally , these desserts were associated with a particular festival . For example , modak is prepared during the Ganpati Festival .
Vinegar
A byproduct of commercial kiwifruit growing is a large amount of waste in the form of misshapen or otherwise - rejected fruit ( which may constitute up to 30 percent of the crop ) and kiwifruit pomace , the presscake residue left after kiwifruit juice manufacture . One of the uses for this waste is the production of kiwifruit vinegar , produced commercially in New Zealand since at least the early 1990s , and in China in 2008 .
Uluru
Trees such as the mulga and centralian bloodwood are used to make tools such as spearheads , boomerangs , and bowls . The red sap of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds .
Tea culture
Toasting : Tea bricks are usually first toasted over a fire to destroy any mould or insects that may have burrowed into the tea bricks . Such infestation sometimes occurred since the bricks were stored openly in warehouses and storerooms . Toasting likely imparted a pleasant flavour to the resulting tea . Grinding : The tea brick was broken up and ground to a fine powder . This practice survives in Japanese powdered tea ( Matcha ) . Whisking : The powdered tea was mixed into hot water and frothed with a whisk before serving . The colour and patterns formed by the powdered tea were enjoyed while the mixture was imbibed .
Nutella
The traditional Piedmont recipe , Gianduja , was a mixture containing approximately 71.5 % hazelnut paste and 19.5 % chocolate . It was developed in Piedmont , Italy , due to a lack of cocoa beans after post-war rationing reduced availability of the raw material .
Mercury in fish
Mercury in the United States frequently comes from power plants , which release about 50 % of the nation 's mercury emissions . In other countries , such as Ghana , gold mining requires mercury compounds , leading to workers receiving significant quantities of mercury while performing their jobs . Such mercury from gold mines is specifically known to contribute to biomagnification in aquatic food chains .
Carambola
Carambola or starfruit , is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola , a species of tree native to the Indonesia , Philippines , Malaysia , Vietnam , Nepal , India , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Mauritius , and Seychelles .
Mercury in fish
Most cases that arise are due to work exposure or medicinal poisoning . Environmental justice advocates can relate these mercury cases to the unregulated amount of mercury that enters the environment . Workers can be exposed to mercury through the manufacture of fluorescent tubes , chloralkali , or acetaldehyde among other products . Anthropogenic sources and places where mercury is released or used as a solid or vapor puts these has caused fatigue , dizziness , hyperhidrosis , chest congestion , and loss of motor skills . When taken to the hospital , the neurotoxicity levels had already exceeded the maximum amounts . Over-the - counter medicines have been shown to have traces of mercurous choloride . Medical research reported that the children who received doses of these medicines experienced physical symptoms such as `` drooling , irregular arm movements , and impaired gait '' . Exposures to this result in severe physical impairments unregulated chemicals that are put in products . The intake of laxatives that contained about 120 mg of mercurous chloride has also been cases of mercury 's toxicity .
Nutrition facts label
In 2011 the Chinese Ministry of Health released the National Food Safety Standard for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods ( GB 28050 - 2011 ) . The core nutrients that must be on a label are : protein , fat , carbohydrate and sodium . Energy is noted in kJ . And all values must be per 100g / 100ml. ,
Olive oil extraction
Proper cleaning produces higher - quality oil . Grindstones , while ancient in design , are a suitable way to grind olives , because this method breaks up the drupe 's pulp while only slightly touching the nut and the skin . This reduces the release of the oil oxidation enzymes present in these organs . In addition , in this extraction method , the introduction of water is minimal when compared to the modern one , thus reducing the washing - off of the polyphenols . The exhausted paste , called pomace , has a low content of water , making it an easier residue to manage .
Zimbabwe
Even though the Afrikaners are a small group ( 10 % ) within the white minority group , Afrikaner recipes are popular . Biltong , a type of jerky , is a popular snack , prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade . Boerewors is served with sadza . It is a long sausage , often well - spiced , composed of beef rather than pork , and barbecued . As Zimbabwe was a British colony , some people there have adopted some colonial - era English eating habits . For example , most people will have porridge in the morning , as well as 10 o'clock tea ( midday tea ) . They will have lunch , often leftovers from the night before , freshly cooked sadza , or sandwiches ( which is more common in the cities ) . After lunch , there is usually 4 o'clock tea ( afternoon tea ) , which is served before dinner . It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner .
Biomass
Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel . Rotting garbage , and agricultural and human waste , all release methane gas , also called landfill gas or biogas . Crops such as corn and sugarcane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel ethanol . Biodiesel , another transportation fuel , can be produced from leftover food products like vegetable oils and animal fats . Several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel . Also , biomass - to - liquids ( called `` BTLs '' ) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research .
Golf ball
Liquid cores were commonly used in golf balls as early as 1917 . The liquid cores in many of the early balls contained a caustic liquid , typically an alkali , causing eye injuries to children who happened to dissect a golf ball out of curiosity . By the 1920s , golf ball manufacturers had stopped using caustic liquids , but into the 1970s and 1980s golf balls were still at times exploding when dissected and were causing injuries due to the presence of crushed crystalline material present in the liquid cores .
Glow stick
In glow sticks , phenol is produced as a byproduct . It is advisable to keep the mixture away from skin and to prevent accidental ingestion if the glow stick case splits or breaks . If spilled on skin , the chemicals could cause slight skin irritation , swelling , or , in extreme circumstances , vomiting and nausea . Some of the chemicals used in older glow sticks were thought to be potential carcinogens . The sensitizers used are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons , a class of compounds known for their carcinogenic properties .
Cranberry
Cranberry juice contains a high molecular weight non-dializable material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of plaque by Streptococcus mutans pathogens that cause tooth decay . Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on kidney stone formation .