vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of India
In 1905 , Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and `` Eastern Bengal and Assam '' , a largely Muslim eastern half . The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent `` divide and rule '' strategy . It also marked the beginning of the organised anti-colonial movement . When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906 , he was removed . Bengal was reunified in 1911 . The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms . The Morley - Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy 's executive council . The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government . Several socio - religious organisations came into being at that time . Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906 . It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims . It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam , the British , and India , and by distrust of Hindus . The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) sought to represent Hindu interests though the latter always claimed it to be a `` cultural '' organisation . Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920 . However , the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress , founded in 1885 , attempted to keep a distance from the socio - religious movements and identity politics .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose ( 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 ) was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India , but whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy . The honorific Netaji ( Hindustani : `` Respected Leader '' ) , first applied in early 1942 to Bose in Germany by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin , was later used throughout India .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In 2007 , a group of retired British soldiers and civilians , some of them descendants of British soldiers who died in the conflict , attempted to visit the site of the Siege of Lucknow . However , fears of violence by Indian demonstrators , supported by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party , prevented the British visitors from visiting the site . Despite the protests , Sir Mark Havelock was able to make his way past police to visit the grave of his ancestor , General Henry Havelock .
East Pakistan
With Ayub Khan ousted from office in 1969 , Commander of the Pakistani Army , General Yahya Khan became the country 's second ruling chief martial law administrator . Both Bhutto and Mujib strongly disliked General Khan , but patiently endured him and his government as he had promised to hold an election in 1970 . During this time , strong nationalistic sentiments in East Pakistan were perceived by the Pakistani Armed Forces and the central military government . Therefore , Khan and his military government wanted to divert the nationalistic threats and violence against non-East Pakistanis . The Eastern Military High Command was under constant pressure from the Awami League , and requested an active duty officer to control the command under such extreme pressure . The high flag rank officers , junior officers and many high command officers from the Pakistan 's Armed Forces were highly cautious about their appointment in East - Pakistan , and the assignment of governing East Pakistan and appointment of an officer was considered highly difficult for the Pakistan High Military Command . Yahya
History of India
From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century , large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire . Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of rapid development of infrastructure , economic decline and major famines . During the first half of the 20th century , a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organisations . The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 , after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Jhansi was a Maratha - ruled princely state in Bundelkhand . When the Raja of Jhansi died without a biological male heir in 1853 , it was annexed to the British Raj by the Governor - General of India under the doctrine of lapse . His widow , Rani Lakshmi Bai , the Rani of Jhansi protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son . When war broke out , Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion . A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in Jhansi Fort , and the Rani negotiated their evacuation . However , when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control ; the Europeans suspected the Rani of complicity , despite her repeated denials .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal ( Bengali : বঙ্গভঙ্গ ) was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India , Lord Curzon . The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas . The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal 's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa . Hindus were outraged at what they recognised as a `` divide and rule '' policy , where the colonisers turned the native population against itself in order to rule , even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency . The partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization on communal lines . In order to appease Bengali sentiment , Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinge in 1911 , in response to the Swadeshi movement 's riots in protest against the policy and the growing belief among Hindus that east Bengal would have its own courts and policies .
Subhas Chandra Bose
On the outbreak of war , Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow 's decision to declare war on India 's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership . Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this , Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the ' Holwell Monument ' commemorating the Black Hole of Calcutta , which then stood at the corner of Dalhousie Square , to be removed . He was thrown in jail by the British , but was released following a seven - day hunger strike . Bose 's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by the CID .
Subhas Chandra Bose
He resigned from his civil service job on 23 April 1921 and returned to India .
Cornwallis in India
British colonial administration was dominated in the 1760s and 1770s by Warren Hastings , the first man to hold the title of Governor - General . The military arm of the East India Company was directed during the Seven Years ' War and the Second Anglo - Mysore War by General Eyre Coote , who died in 1783 during the later stages of the war with Mysore . Company policy , as implemented by Hastings , had involved the company in intrigues and shifting alliances involving France , Mysore , the Marathas , and factions within those and other local territories .
Partition of India
On 3 June 1947 , the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working Committee . Boloji states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension , while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat ( day of silence ) . Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition , to which Gandhi wrote the reply : `` Have I ever opposed you ? ''
The Emergency (India)
In India , `` the Emergency '' refers to a 21 - month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country . Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing `` internal disturbance '' , the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977 . The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree , allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed . For much of the Emergency , most of Gandhi 's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored . Several other human rights violations were reported from the time , including a forced mass - sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi , the Prime Minister 's son . The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India 's history . Documents that have surfaced over the past few years indicate that Indira Gandhi had planned to impose the emergency only temporarily for some time until the violence that was erupting in the country had subsided .
East Pakistan
Tenure Chief Minister of East Pakistan Political Party August 1955 -- September 1956 Abu Hussain Sarkar September 1956 -- March 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League March 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar March 1958 -- 18 June 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League 18 June 1958 -- 22 June 1958 Abu Hussain Sarkar 22 June 1958 -- 25 August 1958 Governor 's Rule 25 August 1958 -- 7 October 1958 Ataur Rahman Khan Awami League 7 October 1958 Post abolished 16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose at the inauguration of the India Society in Prague in 1926 . Bose at his residence in Calcutta in the late 1920s . Subhas Bose , General Officer Commanding , Congress Volunteer Corps ( in military uniform ) with Congress president , Motilal Nehru , taking the salute . Annual meeting , Indian National Congress , December 29 , 1928 . Subhas Chandra Bose with Congress Volunteers , 1929
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Indian Rebellion of 1857 A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion Date 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) Location India Result British victory Suppression of the revolt Formal end of the Mughal empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Gwalior Factions Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa Followers of Birjis Qadra Oudh Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh Followers of Drig Narayan Singh British Empire Kingdom of Nepal Kingdom of Tibet East India Company 21 Princely States : Ajaigarh Alwar Bharathpur Bhopal Bijawar Bikaner Bundi Hyderabad Jaipur Jaora Jodhpur Kapurthala Jammu and Kashmir Kendujhar Nabha Patiala Rampur Rewa Sirmur Sirohi Udaipur Mysore Travancore Commanders and leaders Bakht Khan † Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Nana Sahib Tantia Tope Rani Lakshmibai † Begum Hazrat Mahal Birjis Qadr Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) George Anson ( d . May 1857 ) Patrick Grant Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana Casualties and losses at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 . Indian Rebellion of 1857 1st Lucknow 1st Cawnpore Badli - ki - Serai Delhi Chinhat Aong Arrah Agra Najafgarh 2nd Cawnpore 2nd Lucknow Central India
Early Nationalists
Some of the younger elements within the Indian National Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Early Nationalists and vociferous critics of the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation that they promulgated . Young members advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods to counter British imperialism while mainstream Early Nationalists remained loyal to the crown , with their desire to regain self - government lacking conviction . The Early Nationalists failed to attain their objectives , giving rise to another group of leaders known as Assertive or Extremist Nationalists . The most prominent leaders of the Assertive Nationalists were Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal , who are known collectively as the Lal - Bal - Pal trio .
East Pakistan
On 16 December 1971 , the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered to the joint liberation forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian army , headed by Lieutenant - General Jagjit Singh Arora , the General Officer Commanding - in - Chief ( GOC - in - C ) of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army . Lieutenant General AAK Niazi , the last unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces ' Eastern Military High Command , signed the Instrument of Surrender at about 4 : 31 pm . Over 93,000 personnel , including Lt. General Niazi and Admiral Shariff , were taken as prisoners of war .
Partition of India
The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions , India and Pakistan . The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India , and the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . The partition involved the division of two provinces , Bengal and the Punjab , based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities . The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan became known as the Radcliffe Line . It also involved the division of the British Indian Army , the Royal Indian Navy , the Indian Civil Service , the railways , and the central treasury , between the two new dominions . The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj , as the British government there was called . The two self - governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 -- 15 August 1947 .
History of India
The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947 , after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan . Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal , rioting broke out between Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India , leaving some 500,000 dead . Also , this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history , with a total of 12 million Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan ( which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively ) . In 1971 , Bangladesh , formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal , seceded from Pakistan .
All-India Muslim League
Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah ( Aga Khan III ) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League . The headquarters were established at Lucknow . There were also six vice-presidents , a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three - years term , proportionately from different provinces . The principles of the League were espoused in the `` Green Book , '' which included the organisation 's constitution , written by Maulana Mohammad Ali . Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state , but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights , promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians , educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government , and discouraging violence .
Partition of India
Members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India meeting Muhammad Ali Jinnah . On the extreme left is Lord Pethick Lawrence ; on the extreme right , Sir Stafford Cripps . An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grand children sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey . `` The old man is dying of exhaustion . The caravan has gone on , '' wrote Bourke - White . An old Sikh man carrying his wife . Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and travelled on foot , bullock carts and trains to their promised new home . Gandhi in Bela , Bihar , after attacks on Muslims , 28 March 1947 .
History of India
The first step toward Indian self - rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909 . Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up . The councillors ' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils . The British built a large British Indian Army , with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs . The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels , with the British holding the more senior positions .
The Emergency (India)
During 1973 -- 75 , political unrest against the Indira Gandhi government increased across the country . ( This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a presidential system , with a more powerful directly elected executive . ) The most significant of the initial such movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat , between December 1973 and March 1974 . Student unrest against the state 's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature , leading to the resignation of the chief minister , Chimanbhai Patel , and the imposition of President 's rule . After the re-elections in June 1975 , Gandhi 's party was defeated by the Janata alliance , formed by parties opposed to the ruling Congress party . Meanwhile there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister L.N. Mishra by a bomb . All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country , which Mrs. Gandhi 's advisors warned her of for months .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In some regions , most notably in Awadh , the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence . However , the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system . Even so , the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian - and British Empire history . It led to the dissolution of the East India Company , and forced the British to reorganize the army , the financial system , and the administration in India , through passage of the Government of India Act 1858 . India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj . On 1 November 1858 , Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians , which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision , promised rights similar to those of other British subjects . In the following decades , when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming , Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen 's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism .
Partition of India
In early 1946 , new elections were held in India . With the announcement of the elections the line had been drawn for Muslim voters to choose between a united Indian state or Partition . Earlier , at the end of the war in 1945 , the colonial government had announced the public trial of three senior officers of Subhas Chandra Bose 's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason . Now as the trials began , the Congress leadership , although it never supported the INA , chose to defend the accused officers . The subsequent convictions of the officers , the public outcry against the convictions , and the eventual remission of the sentences created positive propaganda for the Congress , which enabled it to win the party 's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces . The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League , however , stumbled over the issue of the partition .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
There were calls for jihad by Muslim leaders like Maulana Fazl - e-Haq Khairabadi and the millenarian Ahmedullah Shah , which were taken up by Muslims , particularly artisans , which caused the British to think that the Muslims were the main force behind this event . The Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah , resisted these calls for jihad because , it has been suggested , he feared outbreaks of communal violence . In Awadh , Sunni Muslims did not want to see a return to Shiite rule , so they often refused to join what they perceived to be a Shia rebellion . However , some Muslims , like the Aga Khan I , supported the British . The British rewarded him by formally recognising his title .
Surat Split
In Surat Session ( 1907 ) , extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Tilak as a President candidate of congress and Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh to be the President . But Lala Lajpat Rai stepped down and Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh became the President . The British Government immediately launched a massive attack on the extremists and Extremist newspaper were suppressed . Lokmanya Tilak , their main leader , was sent to Mandalay jail for six years
Partition of India
Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee had been deeply interested in Indian independence since the 1920s , and for years had supported independence . He now took charge of the government position and gave the issue highest priority . Some Indian writers assume that localised mutinies in the Royal Indian Navy in 1946 prompted his actions , but historians find little evidence from the British records . The mutiny was repressed with force by British troops and Royal Navy warships . The total number of casualties was 8 mutineers dead and 33 other mutineers wounded . Only the Communist Party supported the strikers ; the Congress and the Muslim League condemned it . Attlee sent a Cabinet Mission to India which was led by the Secretary of State for India , Lord Pethick Lawrence , and it included Sir Stafford Cripps , who had visited India four years before . It failed because Congress and the Muslim League could not agree .
Round Table Conferences (India)
, Sir Oscar de Glanville ( Burma ) , T.F. Gavin Jones , C.E. Wood ( Madras ) Anglo - Indians : Henry Gidney Women : Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz , Radhabai Subbarayan Landlords : Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga ( Bihar ) , Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari ( United Provinces ) , Raja of Parlekhmundi ( Orissa ) , Provash Chandra Mitter Labour : N.M. Joshi , B. Shiva Rao Universities : Syed Sultan Ahmed , Bisheshwar Dayal Seth , Burma : U Aung Thin , Ba U , M.M. Ohn Ghine Sindh : Shah Nawaz Bhutto , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Other Provinces : Chandradhar Barua ( Assam ) , Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum ( NWFP ) , S.B. Tambe ( Central Provinces ) Government of India : Narendra Nath Law , Bhupendra Nath Mitra , C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , M. Ramachandra Rao Officials attending in consultative capacity : W.M. Hailey ,
Justice of the peace
Maharaja Prabirendra Mohan Tagore son of Maharaja Sir Prodyut Kumar Tagore KCSI of Calcutta was designated Justice of the Peace in 1932 . He played a great part in saving more than 200 Muslim lives during the infamous riots in 1947 during the partition of India , by sheltering the Muslims in the Calcutta locality and most importantly in his palace itself .
Round Table Conferences (India)
The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru , M.R. Jayakar and V.S. Srinivasa Sastri . A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference . By this time , there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority . It was held in London in September 1931 . The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935 .