vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Novel
In the 16th and 17th centuries two factors led to the separation of history and fiction . The invention of printing immediately created a new market of comparatively cheap entertainment and knowledge in the form of chapbooks . The more elegant production of this genre by 17th - and 18th - century authors were belles lettres -- that is , a market that would be neither low nor academic . The second major development was the first best - seller of modern fiction , the Spanish Amadis de Gaula , by García Montalvo . However , it was not accepted as an example of belles lettres . The Amadis eventually became the archetypical romance , in contrast with the modern novel which began to be developed in the 17th century .
Pandora
Another point to note about Calderón 's musical drama is that the theme of a statue married by her creator is more suggestive of the story of Pygmalion . The latter is also typical of Voltaire 's ultimately unproduced opera Pandore ( 1740 ) . There too the creator of a statue animates it with stolen fire , but then the plot is complicated when Jupiter also falls in love with this new creation but is prevented by Destiny from consummating it . In revenge the god sends Destiny to tempt this new Eve into opening a box full of curses as a punishment for Earth 's revolt against Heaven .
Edward Augustus Freeman
the new historiography of early medieval times an extension , filling out and democratising , of older Whig notions of continuity . It was Stubbs who presented this most substantially ; Green who made it popular and dramatic ... It is in Freeman ... of the three the most purely a narrative historian , that the strains are most apparent .
Colonial history of the United States
The arts in colonial America were not as successful as the sciences . Literature in the European sense was nearly nonexistent , with histories being far more noteworthy . These included The History and present State of Virginia ( 1705 ) by Robert Beverly and History of the Dividing Line ( 1728 -- 29 ) by William Byrd , which was not published until a century later . Instead , the newspaper was the principal form of reading material in the colonies . Printing was expensive , and most publications focused on purely practical matters , such as major news , advertisements , and business reports . Almanacs were very popular , also , Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac being the most famous . Literary magazines appeared at mid-century , but few were profitable and most went out of business after only a few years . American publications never approached the intellectual quality of European writers , but they were much more widespread and achieved a greater readership than anything produced by Voltaire , Locke , or Rousseau .
Medieval theatre
In 2001 , the Isango Ensemble produced an African version of the Chester Cycle at the Garrick Theatre in London as The Mysteries -- Yiimimangaliso , performing in a combination of the Xhosa language , the Zulu language , English , Latin and Afrikaans . They revived an adapted version of the production at Shakespeare 's Globe in 2015 as The Mysteries . In 2004 , two mystery plays ( one focusing on the Creation and the other on the Passion ) were performed at Canterbury Cathedral , with actor Edward Woodward in the role of God . The large cast also included Daniel MacPherson , Thomas James Longley and Joseph McManners .
Three Witches
Come and Go , a short play written in 1965 by Samuel Beckett , recalls the Three Witches . The play features only three characters , all women , named Flo , Vi , and Ru . The opening line : `` When did we three last meet ? '' recalls the `` When shall we three meet again ? '' of Macbeth : Act 1 , Scene 1 . The Third Witch , a 2001 novel written by Rebecca Reisert , tells the story of the play through the eyes of a young girl named Gilly , one of the witches . Gilly seeks Macbeth 's death out of revenge for killing her father .
Theatre of ancient Greece
Melpomene is the muse of tragedy and is often depicted holding the tragic mask and wearing cothurni . Thalia is the muse of comedy and is similarly associated with the mask of comedy and the comedic `` socks '' .
The Merchant of Venice
The rock musical Fire Angel was based on the story of the play , with the scene changed to the Little Italy district of New York . It was performed in Edinburgh in 1974 and in a revised form at Her Majesty 's Theatre , London , in 1977 .
Monty Python's Life of Brian
The Pythons prided themselves on the depths of the historical research they had taken before writing the script . They all believe that , as a consequence , the film portrays 1st - century Judea more accurately than actual Biblical epics , with its focus centred more on the average person of the era .
Richard III (play)
Shakespeare , and the Tudor chroniclers who influenced him , were obliged to portray the downfall of the Plantagenet House of York and the victory of the House of Tudor as good conquering evil . This is usually attributed to bias as a result of a new regime being in place , requiring that the last Plantagenet king , Richard III , be depicted as a villain . There are many historical inaccuracies in the play , which can be attributed partly to Shakespeare 's sources , such as Holinshed 's Chronicles . Some of these inaccuracies are listed below in the order in which they either appear or are referred to in the play .
Richard III (play)
At one time , it was thought that the Quarto represented a separate revision of the play by Shakespeare . However , since the Quarto contains many changes that can only be regarded as mistakes , it is now widely believed that the Quarto was produced by memorial reconstruction . It is thought likely that the Quarto was collectively produced by a company of actors remembering their lines . It is unknown why the actors did this , but it may have been to replace a missing prompt book . The Folio is regarded as having much higher authority than the Quarto , but because the Folio edition was collated by the printers against a Quarto ( probably Q3 ) , some errors from the Quarto found their way into the Folio . Some parts of the Folio ( the beginning of Act III and much of Act V ) are clearly copied , with little change , direct from the Quarto . The Folio also has its own corruptions and omissions , and corrections have to be supplied , where possible , from the Quarto .
Richard III (play)
Thus it seems possible that Shakespeare , in conforming to the growing `` Tudor Myth '' of the day , as well as taking into account new theologies of divine action and human will becoming popular in the wake of the Protestant Reformation , sought to paint Richard as the final curse of God on England in punishment for the deposition of Richard II in 1399 . Irving Ribner argued that `` the evil path of Richard is a cleansing operation which roots evil out of society and restores the world at last to the God - ordained goodness embodied in the new rule of Henry VII '' .
Waiting for Godot
On 30 April 2009 , a production with Sir Ian McKellen as Estragon and Sir Patrick Stewart as Vladimir , opened at the Haymarket Theatre in London 's West End . Their performances received critical acclaim , and were the subject of an eight - part documentary series called Theatreland , which was produced by Sky Arts . The production was revived at the same theatre in January 2010 for 11 weeks and , in 2010 toured internationally , with Roger Rees replacing Stewart as Vladimir .
Musical theatre
During the Golden Age , automotive companies and other large corporations began to hire Broadway talent to write corporate musicals , private shows only seen by their employees or customers . The 1950s ended with Rodgers and Hammerstein 's last hit , The Sound of Music , which also became another hit for Mary Martin . It ran for 1,443 performances and shared the Tony Award for Best Musical . Together with its extremely successful 1965 film version , it has become one of the most popular musicals in history . 1960s
Colossus of Rhodes
( even if the walking may suggest a Colossus on land rather than spanning water ) . Shakespeare alludes to the Colossus also in Troilus and Cressida ( V. 5 ) and in Henry IV , Part 1 ( V. 1 ) . The
English Reformation
Geoffrey Elton leads the first faction with an agenda rooted in political historiography . It concentrates on the top of the early modern church - state looking at it at the mechanics of policymaking and the organs of its implementation and enforcement . The key player for Elton was not Henry VIII , but rather his principal Secretary of State Thomas Cromwell . Elton downplays the prophetic spirit of the religious reformers in the theology of keen conviction , dismissing them as the meddlesome intrusions from fanatics and bigots .
Novel
Europe witnessed the generic shift in the titles of works in French published in Holland , which supplied the international market and English publishers exploited the novel / romance controversy in the 1670s and 1680s . Contemporary critics listed the advantages of the new genre : brevity , a lack of ambition to produce epic poetry in prose ; the style was fresh and plain ; the focus was on modern life , and on heroes who were neither good nor bad . The novel 's potential to become the medium of urban gossip and scandal fuelled the rise of the novel / novella . Stories were offered as allegedly true recent histories , not for the sake of scandal but strictly for the moral lessons they gave . To prove this , fictionalized names were used with the true names in a separate key . The Mercure Gallant set the fashion in the 1670s . Collections of letters and memoirs appeared , and were filled with the intriguing new subject matter and the epistolary novel grew from this and led to the first full blown example of scandalous fiction in Aphra Behn 's Love - Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister ( 1684 / 1685 / 1687 ) . Before the rise of the literary novel , reading novels had only been a form of entertainment .
Richard III (play)
One of the central themes of Richard III is the idea of fate , especially as it is seen through the tension between free will and fatalism in Richard 's actions and speech , as well as the reactions to him by other characters . There is no doubt that Shakespeare drew heavily on Sir Thomas More 's account of Richard III as a criminal and tyrant as inspiration for his own rendering . This influence , especially as it relates to the role of divine punishment in Richard 's rule of England , reaches its height in the voice of Margaret . Janis Lull suggests that `` Margaret gives voice to the belief , encouraged by the growing Calvinism of the Elizabethan era , that individual historical events are determined by God , who often punishes evil with ( apparent ) evil '' .
Richard III (play)
Richard was not personally responsible for the death of his wife 's first husband , Edward of Westminster ( the son of Henry VI ) , nor that of her father , Richard Neville ( the Earl of Warwick ) . They were killed in the battles of Tewkesbury and Barnet , respectively , which restored Edward IV to the throne . Although only eighteen years old , Richard took part in both battles , but no contemporary records indicate him as being involved directly in either death . Richard was also not responsible for the death of Henry VI , who was probably murdered on the orders of Edward IV . Richard and his wife , Anne Neville , had known each other for a long time before they married , having spent much of their childhood in the same household . Henry VI 's widow , Queen Margaret , would not have been seen at court since the much earlier Battle of Towton , which won the throne for Edward IV for the first time ; she became Edward IV 's prisoner until she returned to France . Richard was not responsible for the death of his elder brother , George ( Duke of Clarence ) , who was executed by Edward IV for treason after he had rebelled against him . Richard was in the North of England when Edward IV died ; this was five years after the execution of Clarence -- and after a long period of peace .
Richard III (play)
Basil Rathbone , played Richard III in the 1939 Universal horror film , Tower of London , which was directed by Rowland V. Lee . The film was later remade by Roger Corman in 1962 with Vincent Price in the lead role .
Richard III (play)
The only contemporary reference to Richard having any deformities was the observation that his right shoulder was slightly higher than his left , which is now known to have been caused by his scoliosis of the spine . It has been suggested that this scoliosis was discovered by his enemies only after his death . After the discovery of Richard 's remains in 2012 , it became clear that he had no deformities other than this scoliosis ; the degree and direction of the curvature was not as serious as that of a spinal kyphosis ( or `` hunchback '' ) .
Richard III (play)
Richard had to come down from the North , where he had lived very happily for many years , to fulfil Edward IV 's wish that he rule as Lord Protector of the Realm . It was the Plantagenet tradition that a future king would stay in the royal apartments of the Tower of London while awaiting his coronation . It only became the `` Bloody Tower '' during the Tudor era . No one knows why the `` princes in the tower '' disappeared or what happened to them . Richard took the throne by an Act of Parliament and with relatively little bloodshed for the times , new evidence having been presented to him claiming that Edward IV 's marriage to Queen Elizabeth ( Elizabeth Woodville ) had been bigamous . Richard did not murder his own wife ; she is thought to have died of tuberculosis . There is no surviving evidence to suggest that he planned to marry his niece , Elizabeth of York ; he was negotiating a marriage for Elizabeth with a Portuguese prince , Manuel , Duke of Beja ( later Manuel I of Portugal ) .
Richard III (play)
F. Murray Abraham Aneurin Barnard John Barrymore Simon Russell Beale Edwin Booth Junius Brutus Booth John Wilkes Booth Kenneth Branagh Richard Burbage Ramaz Chkhikvadze Ron Cook Benedict Cumberbatch Peter Dinklage Ralph Fiennes Martin Freeman David Garrick Henry Goodman Alec Guinness Ciarán Hinds Alan Howard Ian Holm Kathryn Hunter Henry Irving Charles Kean Edmund Kean Anton Lesser Robert Lindsay Lionel Logue Aidan McArdle Ian McKellen Seana McKenna Ron Moody Michael Moriarty Kate Mulvany Laurence Olivier Al Pacino Vincent Price Pamela Rabe Basil Rathbone Ian Richardson Mark Rylance George C. Scott Antony Sher Jonathan Slinger Kevin Spacey Barry Sullivan Frederick Warde Donald Wolfit
Richard III (play)
Kiernan suggests that Richard is merely acting as if God is determining his every step in a sort of Machiavellian manipulation of religion as an attempt to circumvent the moral conscience of those around him . Therefore , historical determinism is merely an illusion perpetrated by Richard 's assertion of his own free will . The Machiavellian reading of the play finds evidence in Richard 's interactions with the audience , as when he mentions that he is `` determinèd to prove a villain '' ( I.i. 30 ) . However , though it seems Richard views himself as completely in control , Lull suggests that Shakespeare is using Richard to state `` the tragic conception of the play in a joke . His primary meaning is that he controls his own destiny . His pun also has a second , contradictory meaning -- that his villainy is predestined -- and the strong providentialism of the play ultimately endorses this meaning '' .
Richard III (play)
( `` sun of York '' is a punning reference to the badge of the `` blazing sun , '' which Edward IV adopted , and `` son of York '' , i.e. the son of the Duke of York . )
Richard III (play)
Richard is an ugly hunchback who is `` rudely stamp 'd '' , `` deformed , unfinish 'd '' , and can not `` strut before a wanton ambling nymph . '' He responds to the anguish of his condition with an outcast 's credo : `` I am determined to prove a villain / And hate the idle pleasures of these days . '' Richard plots to have his brother Clarence , who stands before him in the line of succession , conducted to the Tower of London over a prophecy he bribed a soothsayer to finagle the suspicious King with ; that `` G of Edward 's heirs the murderer shall be '' , which the king interprets as referring to George of Clarence ( without realising it actually refers to Gloucester ) .
Richard III (play)
Although they do not appear in the text of the play , many productions include as on - stage characters Jane Shore ( Edward IV 's mistress ) , Elizabeth of York ( Edward IV 's daughter , later queen consort to Richmond ( Henry VII ) ) , and George Stanley ( Lord Stanley 's son , who is held hostage by Richard prior to the Battle of Bosworth Field )
Richard III (play)
Richard asks Buckingham to secure the death of the princes , but Buckingham hesitates . Richard then recruits Sir James Tyrrell , who kills both children . When Richard denies Buckingham a promised land grant , Buckingham turns against Richard and defects to the side of Henry , Earl of Richmond , who is currently in exile . Richard has his eye on his niece , Elizabeth of York , Edward IV 's next remaining heir , and poisons Lady Anne so he can be free to woo the princess . The Duchess of York and Queen Elizabeth mourn the princes ' deaths , when Queen Margaret arrives . Queen Elizabeth , as predicted , asks Queen Margaret 's help in cursing . Later , the Duchess applies this lesson and curses her only surviving son before leaving . Richard asks Queen Elizabeth to help him win her daughter 's hand in marriage , but she is not taken in by his eloquence , and eventually manages to trick and stall him by saying she will let him know her daughter 's answer in due course .
Richard III (play)
In 2002 the story of Richard III was re-told in a movie about gang culture called King Rikki ( also known as The Street King ) .
Richard III (play)
Queen Margaret -- widow of King Henry VI Ghost of King Henry VI Ghost of Edward of Westminster , Prince of Wales -- Henry VI 's son Lady Anne Neville -- widow of Edward of Westminster ; later Queen to King Richard III Tressel and Berkeley -- Lady Anne 's attendants ( non-speaking roles )
Richard III (play)
Queen Elizabeth -- Queen to King Edward IV Earl Rivers -- Elizabeth 's brother Marquis of Dorset -- Elizabeth 's son ( from a previous marriage ) Lord Richard Grey -- Elizabeth 's son ( from a previous marriage ) Sir Thomas Vaughan -- ally of Rivers and Grey
Richard III (play)
Scholar Victor Kiernan writes that this interpretation is a perfect fit with the English social perspective of Shakespeare 's day : `` An extension is in progress of a privileged class 's assurance of preferential treatment in the next world as in this , to a favoured nation 's conviction of having God on its side , of Englishmen being ... the new Chosen People '' . As Elizabethan England was slowly colonising the world , the populace embraced the view of its own Divine Right and Appointment to do so , much as Richard does in Shakespeare 's play .
Richard III (play)
Lord Hastings -- Lord Chamberlain under Edward IV Sir Robert Brackenbury -- Lieutenant of the Tower Lord Mayor of London Scrivener Keeper of the Tower Three Citizens Hastings -- pursuivant Sheriff of Wiltshire Ghosts of Clarence , Rivers , Grey , Vaughan , Edward ( Prince of Wales ) , Richard ( Duke of York ) , Hastings , Lady Anne and Buckingham Lords , Messengers , Soldiers etc .
Richard III (play)
Haeffner also writes about how speech is written . He compares the speeches of Richmond and Richard to their soldiers . He describes Richmond 's speech as `` dignified '' and formal , while Richard 's speech is explained as `` slangy and impetuous '' . Richard 's casualness in speech is also noted by another writer . However , Lull does not make the comparison between Richmond and Richard as Haeffner does , but between Richard and the women in his life . However , it is important to the women share the formal language that Richmond uses . She makes the argument that the difference in speech `` reinforces the thematic division between the women 's identification with the social group and Richard 's individualism '' . Haeffner agrees that Richard is `` an individualist , hating dignity and formality '' .
Richard III (play)
At the Battle of Bosworth , there was no single combat between Richard and Richmond ( Henry Tudor ) , although it has been suggested that Richard had hoped for one . Richard spotted Richmond in his rearguard surrounded by French pikemen and led a cavalry charge against him . Richard was steered away from Richmond by Sir Rhys ap Thomas . The Stanleys ( Thomas , Lord Stanley and his younger brother , Sir William Stanley ) only entered the fray in support of Richmond when they saw that Richard was vulnerable ; when he saw the Stanleys , Richard cried `` Treason '' . Richard fell from his horse after it lost its footing in a marshy area ; he was offered a new horse but declined . Now on foot , Richard was hacked to death .
Richard III (play)
In the earlier acts of the play , too , the role of the antagonist is filled by that of the old Lancastrian queen , Margaret , who is reviled by the Yorkists and whom Richard manipulates and condemns in Act I , Scene III .
A Song of Ice and Fire
Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries .
Richard III (play)
Duke of Buckingham Sir William Catesby Duke of Norfolk Earl of Surrey -- Norfolk 's son Sir Richard Ratcliffe Sir James Tyrrell -- assassin Lord Lovel Two Murderers Richard 's page
Richard III (play)
Richard now schemes to woo `` the Lady Anne '' -- Anne Neville , widow of the Lancastrian Edward of Westminster , Prince of Wales . He confides to the audience :
Richard III (play)
King Edward IV -- King of England Richard , Duke of Gloucester -- brother to Edward IV ; later King Richard III George , Duke of Clarence -- Edward IV 's brother Duchess of York -- Edward , Richard and George 's mother Edward , Prince of Wales -- Edward IV 's eldest son ; later King Edward V ( never crowned ) Richard , Duke of York -- Edward IV 's younger son Boy -- George 's son Girl -- George 's daughter
Richard III (play)
Throughout the play , Richard 's character constantly changes and shifts and , in doing so , alters the dramatic structure of the story .
Richard III (play)
The 2010 film , The King 's Speech , features a scene where the king 's speech therapist Lionel Logue , as played by Geoffrey Rush , auditions for the role by reciting the lines , `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun ( or son ) of York '' . Shakespeare critic Keith Jones believes that the film in general sets up its main character as a kind of antithesis to Richard III . The same antithesis was noted by conservative commentator Noah Millman .
Richard III (play)
In the 1949 Looney Tunes cartoon A Ham in a Role , the dog actor says the Catesby and Richard III 's lines , `` Rescue , fair lord , or else the day is lost ! A horse , A horse , My kingdom for a horse ! '' before being kicked out of the window by a Goofy Gophers - hauled horse .