vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Arizona
What is now known as the state of Arizona was initially administered by the United States government as part of the Territory of New Mexico until the southern part of that region seceded from the Union to form the Territory of Arizona . This newly established territory was formally organized by the Confederate States government on Saturday , January 18 , 1862 , when President Jefferson Davis approved and signed An Act to Organize the Territory of Arizona , marking the first official use of the name `` Territory of Arizona '' . The Southern territory supplied the Confederate government with men , horses , and equipment . Formed in 1862 , Arizona scout companies served with the Confederate States Army during the Civil War . Arizona has the westernmost military engagement on record during the Civil War with the Battle of Picacho Pass . Geronimo
Lake District
In the middle of the 19th century , half the world textile industry 's bobbin supply came from the Lake District area . Over the past century , however , tourism has grown rapidly to become the area 's primary source of income .
Child labour
On 23 June 1757 , the English East India Company defeated Siraj - ud - Daula , the Nawab of Bengal , in the Battle of Plassey . The British thus became masters of east India ( Bengal , Bihar , Orissa ) -- a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture , industry and trade . This led to a large number of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods . Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay , and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments . Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights , they did not cause trouble or complain , and they were often more trustworthy . The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income . An
Indian Rebellion of 1857
However , in August 1856 , greased cartridge production was initiated at Fort William , Calcutta , following a British design . The grease used included tallow supplied by the Indian firm of Gangadarh Banerji & Co . By January , rumours were abroad that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat .
Wind turbine
Wind power was probably used in Persia ( present - day Iran ) about 500 -- 900 AD . The windwheel of Hero of Alexandria marks one of the first recorded instances of wind powering a machine in history . However , the first known practical wind power plants were built in Sistan , an Eastern province of Iran , from the 7th century . These `` Panemone '' were vertical axle windmills , which had long vertical drive shafts with rectangular blades . Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material , these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water , and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries .
North Carolina
As in the rest of the former Confederacy , North Carolina had become a one - party state , dominated by the Democratic Party . Impoverished by the Civil War , the state continued with an economy based on tobacco , cotton and agriculture . Towns and cities remained few in the east . A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont , based on cotton mills established at the fall line . Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities . The state was the site of the first successful controlled , powered and sustained heavier - than - air flight , by the Wright brothers , near Kitty Hawk on December 17 , 1903 . In the first half of the 20th century , many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities , in the Great Migration . Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas .
United Kingdom
Major scientific discoveries from the 18th century include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish ; from the 20th century penicillin by Alexander Fleming , and the structure of DNA , by Francis Crick and others . Famous British engineers and inventors of the Industrial Revolution include James Watt , George Stephenson , Richard Arkwright , Robert Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Other major engineering projects and applications by people from the UK include the steam locomotive , developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian ; from the 19th century the electric motor by Michael Faraday , the incandescent light bulb by Joseph Swan , and the first practical telephone , patented by Alexander Graham Bell ; and in the 20th century the world 's first working television system by John Logie Baird and others , the jet engine by Frank Whittle , the basis of the modern computer by Alan Turing , and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners - Lee .
Conquistador
The Spaniard Cabeza de Vaca was the leader of the Narváez expedition of 600 men that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America . From Tampa Bay , Florida , on 15 April 1528 , they marched through Florida . Traveling mostly on foot , they crossed Texas , New Mexico and Arizona , and Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Nuevo León and Coahuila . After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp , the party reached Apalachee Bay with 242 men . They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico , but there was in fact 1500 miles of coast between them . They followed the coast westward , until they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River near to Galveston Island . The
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
Corliss kept a detailed record of the production , collective horsepower , and sales of his engines up until the patent expired . He did this for a number of reasons , including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights , maintenance and upgrade details , and especially as data used to extend the patent . With this data , a more clear understanding of the engine 's influence is provided . By 1869 , nearly 1200 engines had been sold , totaling 118,500 horsepower . Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss 's patent , bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000 . This relatively small number of engines produced 15 % of the United States ' total 1.2 million horsepower . The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100 , while the mean for all steam engines ( including Corliss engines ) was 30 . Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower . Many were convinced of the Corliss engine 's benefits , but adoption was slow due to patent protection . When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870 , it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector . By the end of the 19th century , the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector , where it made up only 10 % of the sector 's engines , but produced 46 % of the horsepower . The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large - scale operations in rolling mills . Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced , destroyed , or repurposed , but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source .
Industrial Revolution
This was followed by Abraham Darby , who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709 . However , the coke pig iron he made was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron in forges until the mid-1750s , when his son Abraham Darby II built Horsehay and Ketley furnaces ( not far from Coalbrookdale ) . By then , coke pig iron was cheaper than charcoal pig iron . Since cast iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful , it began being a structural material following the building of the innovative Iron Bridge in 1778 by Abraham Darby III .
Molasses Act
A large colonial molasses trade had grown between the New England and Middle colonies and the French , Dutch , and Spanish West Indian possessions . Molasses from the British West Indies , used in New England for making rum , was priced much higher than its competitors and they also had no need for the large quantities of lumber , fish , and other items offered by the colonies in exchange . The British West Indies in the first part of the 18th Century were the most important trading partner for Great Britain so Parliament was attentive to their requests . However , rather than acceding to the demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands , Parliament passed the prohibitively high tax on the colonies for the import of molasses from these islands . Historian John C. Miller noted that the tax :
Tea culture
In 1750 , terrains ranging from the fields of Capelas to those of Porto Formoso on the island of São Miguel were used for the first trial crops of tea . They delivered 10 kg of black tea and 8 kg of green tea . A century later , with the introduction of skilled workers from the Macau Region of China in 1883 , production became significant and the culture expanded . Following the instructions of these workers , the species Jasminum grandiflorum and Malva vacciones were introduced to give ' nobility ' to the tea aroma , though only the Jasminum was used .
Economy of Scotland
From 1790 the chief industry in the west of Scotland became textiles , especially the spinning and weaving of cotton . This flourished until the American Civil War in 1861 cut off the supplies of raw cotton ; the industry never recovered . However , by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources . The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron ( 1828 ) had revolutionised the iron industry , and Scotland became a centre for engineering , shipbuilding , and locomotive construction . Toward the end of the 19th century steel production largely replaced iron production . Emigrant Andrew Carnegie ( 1835 -- 1919 ) built the American steel industry , and spent much of his time and philanthropy in Scotland . Agriculture gained after the union , and standards remained high . However the adoption of free trade in mid-19th century brought cheap American corn which undersold local farmers . The industrial developments , while they brought work and wealth , were so rapid that housing , town planning , and provision for public health did not keep pace with them , and for a time living conditions in some of the towns were notoriously bad .
History of the United Kingdom
The British showed a more profound interest in sports , and in greater variety , than any rival . They gave pride of place to such moral issues as sportsmanship and fair play . Football proved highly attractive to the urban working classes , which introduced the rowdy spectator to the sports world . New games became popular almost overnight , including golf , lawn tennis , cycling and hockey . Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones . The aristocracy and landed gentry , with their ironclad control over land rights , dominated hunting , shooting , fishing and horse racing . Cricket reflected the Imperial spirit throughout the Empire ( except Canada ) . Test matches began by the 1870s ; the most famous are those between Australia and England for The Ashes . Reading
Qing dynasty
However , during the 18th century European empires gradually expanded across the world , as European states developed economies built on maritime trade . The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations . European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia . The Qing response , successful for a time , was to establish the Canton System in 1756 , which restricted maritime trade to that city ( modern - day Guangzhou ) and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants . The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments .
Maldives
Middle Eastern seafarers had just begun to take over the Indian Ocean trade routes in the 10th century and found Maldives to be an important link in those routes as the first landfall for traders from Basra sailing to Southeast Asia . Trade involved mainly cowrie shells -- widely used as a form of currency throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast -- and coir fiber . The Bengal Sultanate , where cowrie shells were used as legal tender , was one of the principal trading partners of the Maldives . The Bengal - Maldives cowry shell trade was the largest shell currency trade network in history . The other essential product of the Maldives was coir , the fibre of the dried coconut husk , resistant to saltwater . It stitched together and rigged the dhows that plied the Indian Ocean . Maldivian coir was exported to Sindh , China , Yemen , and the Persian Gulf .
Dutch East India Company
In the context of the Dutch - Portuguese War the company established its headquarters in Batavia , Java ( now Jakarta , Indonesia ) . Other colonial outposts were also established in the East Indies , such as on the Maluku Islands , which include the Banda Islands , where the VOC forcibly maintained a monopoly over nutmeg and mace . Methods used to maintain the monopoly involved extortion and the violent suppression of the native population , including mass murder . In addition , VOC representatives sometimes used the tactic of burning spice trees to force indigenous populations to grow other crops , thus artificially cutting the supply of spices like nutmeg and cloves .
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese , who constitute the majority of the Chinese population , but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen , a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang . The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people , which they were not . What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci , the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe -- the Aisin Gioro -- in Jianzhou in the early 17th century . Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors , Nurhaci embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes . By 1616 , he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty . An
Smallpox vaccine
Stimulated by a severe epidemic , variolation was first employed in North America in 1721 . The practice had been known in Boston since 1706 , when Cotton Mather ( of Salem witch trial fame ) discovered his slave , Onesimus had been inoculated while still in Africa , and many slaves imported to Boston had also received inoculations . The practice was , at first , widely criticized . However , a limited trial showed six deaths occurred out of 244 who were variolated ( 2.5 % ) , while 844 out of 5980 died of natural disease ( 14 % ) , and the process was widely adopted throughout the colonies .
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London the first engine , which he called the `` Miner 's Friend '' since he intended it to pump water from mines . Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures . Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters ( 150 feet ) . The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves . The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray , thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level ; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder , forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level . The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works , but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions .
Southern Colonies
The Province of Carolina , originally chartered in 1608 , was an English and later British colony of North America . Because the original charter was unrealized and was ruled invalid , a new charter was issued to a group of nine English noblemen , the Lords Proprietors , on March 24 , 1663 . Led informally by Anthony Ashley - Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury , the Province of Carolina was controlled from 1663 to 1729 by these lords and their heirs .
Neolithic Revolution
Northern China appears to have been the domestication center for foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) and broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) with evidence of domestication of these species approximately 8,000 years ago . These species were subsequently widely cultivated in the Yellow River basin ( 7,500 years ago ) . Rice was domesticated in southern China later on . Soybean was domesticated in northern China 4,500 years ago . Orange and peach also originated in China . They were cultivated around 2500 BC .
Boston Tea Party
The Indemnity Act of 1767 , which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies , expired in 1772 . Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund , effectively leaving a 10 % duty on tea imported into Britain . The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767 , and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies . With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea , sales plummeted . The company continued to import tea into Great Britain , however , amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy . For these and other reasons , by late 1772 the East India Company , one of Britain 's most important commercial institutions , was in a serious financial crisis . The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company .
Industrial Revolution
Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine .
Fur trade
Colonial trading posts in the southern colonies also introduced many types of alcohol ( especially brandy and rum ) for trade . European traders flocked to the North American continent and made huge profits from the exchange . A metal axe head , for example , was exchanged for one beaver pelt ( also called a ' beaver blanket ' ) . The same pelt could fetch enough to buy dozens of axe heads in England , making the fur trade extremely profitable for the Europeans . The Natives used the iron axe heads to replace stone axe heads which they had made by hand in a labor - intensive process , so they derived substantial benefits from the trade as well . The British began to see the ill effects of alcohol on Natives , and the chiefs objected to its sale and trade . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited sale by European settlers of alcohol to the Indians in Canada , following the British takeover of the territory after it defeated France in the Seven Years ' War ( known as the French and Indian War in North America ) .
Bradford
The textile industry has been in decline throughout the latter part of the 20th century . A culture of innovation had been fundamental to Bradford 's dominance , with new textile technologies being invented in the city ; a prime example being the work of Samuel Lister . This innovation culture continues today throughout Bradford 's economy , from automotive ( Kahn Design ) to electronics ( Pace Micro Technology ) . Wm Morrison Supermarkets was founded by William Morrison in 1899 , initially as an egg and butter merchant in Rawson Market , operating under the name of Wm Morrison ( Provisions ) Limited .
History of Texas
As part of the Cotton Kingdom , planters depended on slave labor . In 1860 30 % of the total state population of 604,215 were enslaved . In the statewide election on the secession ordinance , Texans voted to secede from the Union by a vote of 46,129 to 14,697 ( a 76 % majority ) . The Secession Convention immediately organized a government , replacing Sam Houston when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy .
North Carolina
On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . In 1840 , it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh , still standing today . Most of North Carolina 's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state . Although North Carolina 's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia , Georgia , or South Carolina , significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton , as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh , Charlotte , and Durham in the Piedmont . Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio - economic power in antebellum North Carolina , which was a slave society . They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave - holding `` yeoman '' farmers of western North Carolina . In mid-century , the state 's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129 - mile ( 208 km ) wooden plank road , known as a `` farmer 's railroad '' , from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania ( northwest of Winston - Salem ) . Map
Drink can
In 1935 , the Felinfoel Brewery at Felinfoel in Wales was the first brewery outside the USA to commercially can beer . Prior to this time , beer was only available in barrels or in glass bottles . From this time , lightweight tin cans could be used . Felinfoel was a major supplier to British armed forces abroad in the Second World War - cans saved a great deal of space and weight for wartime exports compared to glass bottles , and did not have to be returned for refilling . These early cans did not have a pull tab , instead they had a crown cork ( beer bottle top ) . All modern UK canned beer is descended from these small , early cans which helped change the drinking and beer - buying habits of the British public . From the 18th century until the early 20th century Wales dominated world tinplate production , peaking in the early 1890s when 80 % of the world 's tinplate was produced in south Wales .