vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Desert tortoise
Wild populations of tortoises must be managed effectively to minimize the spread of diseases , which includes research and education . Despite significant research being conducted on desert tortoises and disease , a considerable knowledge gap still exists in understanding how disease affects desert tortoise population dynamics . It is not known if the population would still decline if disease were completely absent from the system ; are tortoises more susceptible to disease during draught conditions ? How does a non-native diet impact a tortoise 's ability to ward off pathogens ? What are the causes of immunity exhibited by some desert tortoises ? The 2008 USFWS draft recovery plan suggests that populations of tortoises that are uninfected , or only recently infected , should likely be considered research and management priorities . Tortoises are known to show resistance to disease in some areas , an effort to identify and maintain these individuals in the populations is essential . Furthermore , increasing research on the social behavior of these animals , and garnering a greater understanding of how behavior facilitates disease transmission would be advantageous in understanding rates of transmission . Finally , translocation of tortoises should be done with extreme caution ; disease is typically furtive and moving individuals or populations of tortoises across a landscape can have unforeseen consequences . Education
Herpes simplex
Since the creation of the herpes hype , some people experience negative feelings related to the condition following diagnosis , in particular if they have acquired the genital form of the disease . Feelings can include depression , fear of rejection , feelings of isolation , fear of being found out , and self - destructive feelings . These feelings usually lessen over time . Much of the hysteria and stigma surrounding herpes stems from a media campaign beginning in the late 1970s and peaking in the early 1980s . Multiple articles were worded in fear - mongering and anxiety - provoking terminology , such as the now - ubiquitous `` attacks '' , `` outbreaks '' , `` victims '' , and `` sufferers '' . At one point , the term `` herpetic '' even entered the popular lexicon . The articles were published by Reader 's Digest , U.S. News , and Time magazine , among others . A made - for - TV movie was named Intimate Agony . The peak was when Time magazine had ' Herpes : The New Scarlet Letter ' on the cover in August 1982 , forever stigmatizing the word in the public mind . Herpes support groups have been formed in the United States and the UK , providing information about herpes and running message forums and dating websites for sufferers . People with the herpes virus are often hesitant to divulge to other people , including friends and family , that they are infected . This is especially true of new or potential sexual partners whom they consider casual .
Red fox
Red foxes are the most important rabies vector in Europe . In London , arthritis is not uncommon in foxes , being particularly frequent in the spine . Foxes may be infected with leptospirosis and tularemia , though they are not overly susceptible to the latter . They may also fall ill from listeriosis and spirochetosis , as well as acting as vectors in spreading erysipelas , brucellosis and tick - born encephalitis . A mysterious fatal disease near Lake Sartlan in the Novosibirsk Oblast was noted among local red foxes , but the cause was undetermined . The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of encephalomyelitis , which was first observed in captive bred silver foxes . Individual cases of foxes infected with Yersinia pestis are known .
Herpes simplex
Antivirals may reduce asymptomatic shedding ; asymptomatic genital HSV - 2 viral shedding is believed to occur on 20 % of days per year in patients not undergoing antiviral treatment , versus 10 % of days while on antiviral therapy .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Therefore , the fever was caused by kidney failure , not by a poison already present in the subject 's bloodstream . Popular medical practices , such as bloodletting , would not be effective in such a case . Snow also argued that cholera was not a product of Miasma . `` There was nothing in the air to account for the spread of cholera '' . According to Snow , cholera was spread by persons ingesting a substance , not through atmospheric transmittal . Snow cited a case of two sailors , one with cholera and one without . Eventually the second became sick as well from accidentally ingesting bodily fluids of the first .
Apoptosis
With the use of gel electrophoresis , it can be observed that OROV causes DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells . It can be interpreted by counting , measuring , and analyzing the cells of the Sub / G1 cell population . When HeLA cells are infected with OROV , the cytochrome C is released from the membrane of the mitochondria , into the cytosol of the cells . This type of interaction shows that apoptosis is activated via an intrinsic pathway .
Herpes simplex
Herpes shedding HSV - 2 genital 15 -- 25 % of days HSV - 1 oral 6 -- 33 % of days HSV - 1 genital 5 % of days HSV - 2 oral 1 % of days
Herpes simplex
Many HSV - infected people experience recurrence within the first year of infection . Prodrome precedes development of lesions . Prodromal symptoms include tingling ( paresthesia ) , itching , and pain where lumbosacral nerves innervate the skin . Prodrome may occur as long as several days or as short as a few hours before lesions develop . Beginning antiviral treatment when prodrome is experienced can reduce the appearance and duration of lesions in some individuals . During recurrence , fewer lesions are likely to develop and are less painful and heal faster ( within 5 -- 10 days without antiviral treatment ) than those occurring during the primary infection . Subsequent outbreaks tend to be periodic or episodic , occurring on average four or five times a year when not using antiviral therapy .
Plant virus
Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one . Such contact may occur during agricultural practices , as by damage caused by tools or hands , or naturally , as by an animal feeding on the plant . Generally TMV , potato viruses and cucumber mosaic viruses are transmitted via sap .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes . Usually , the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before the bacteria can spread . In North America , Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are the cause . In Europe and Asia , the bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii are also causes of the disease . The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people , by other animals , or through food . Diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms , history of tick exposure , and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood . Blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease . Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful .
Genetic recombination
When two or more viruses , each containing lethal genomic damages , infect the same host cell , the virus genomes can often pair with each other and undergo HRR to produce viable progeny . This process , referred to as multiplicity reactivation , has been studied in lambda and T4 bacteriophages , as well as in several pathogenic viruses . In the case of pathogenic viruses , multiplicity reactivation may be an adaptive benefit to the virus since it allows the repair of DNA damages caused by exposure to the oxidizing environment produced during host infection .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms , objective physical findings ( such as EM , facial palsy , or arthritis ) , or a history of possible exposure to infected ticks , as well as serological blood tests . The EM rash is not always a bull 's eye , i.e. , it can be solid red . When making a diagnosis of Lyme disease , health care providers should consider other diseases that may cause similar illnesses . Not all individuals infected with Lyme disease develop the characteristic bull 's - eye rash , and many may not recall a tick bite .
Elk
The Gram - negative bacterial disease brucellosis occasionally affects elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , the only place in the U.S. where the disease is still known to exist . In domesticated cattle , brucellosis causes infertility , abortions and reduced milk production . It is transmitted to humans as undulant fever , producing flu - like symptoms which may last for years . Though bison are more likely to transmit the disease to other animals , elk inadvertently transmitted brucellosis to horses in Wyoming and cattle in Idaho . Researchers are attempting to eradicate the disease through vaccinations and herd management measures , which are expected to be successful . Nevetheless , research has been ongoing since 2002 , and a successful vaccine has yet to be developed as of 2016 .
Lyme disease
B. burgdorferi is injected into the skin by the bite of an infected Ixodes tick . Tick saliva , which accompanies the spirochete into the skin during the feeding process , contains substances that disrupt the immune response at the site of the bite . This provides a protective environment where the spirochete can establish infection . The spirochetes multiply and migrate outward within the dermis . The host inflammatory response to the bacteria in the skin causes the characteristic circular EM lesion . Neutrophils , however , which are necessary to eliminate the spirochetes from the skin , fail to appear in the developing EM lesion . This allows the bacteria to survive and eventually spread throughout the body .
Apoptosis
The Oropouche virus ( OROV ) is found in the family Bunyaviridae . The study of apoptosis brought on by Bunyaviridae was initiated in 1996 , when it was observed that apoptosis was induced by the La Crosse virus into the kidney cells of baby hamsters and into the brains of baby mice .
Plant virus
Plant virus transmission from generation to generation occurs in about 20 % of plant viruses . When viruses are transmitted by seeds , the seed is infected in the generative cells and the virus is maintained in the germ cells and sometimes , but less often , in the seed coat . When the growth and development of plants is delayed because of situations like unfavourable weather , there is an increase in the amount of virus infections in seeds . There does not seem to be a correlation between the location of the seed on the plant and its chances of being infected . Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the transmission of plant viruses via seeds , although it is known that it is environmentally influenced and that seed transmission occurs because of a direct invasion of the embryo via the ovule or by an indirect route with an attack on the embryo mediated by infected gametes . These processes can occur concurrently or separately depending on the host plant . It is unknown how the virus is able to directly invade and cross the embryo and boundary between the parental and progeny generations in the ovule . Many plants species can be infected through seeds including but not limited to the families Leguminosae , Solanaceae , Compositae , Rosaceae , Cucurbitaceae , Gramineae . Bean common mosaic virus is transmitted through seeds .
Lyme disease
Lyme disease , also known as Lyme borreliosis , is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type which is spread by ticks . The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin , known as erythema migrans , that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred . The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful . Approximately 25 -- 50 % of infected people do not develop a rash . Other early symptoms may include fever , headache and feeling tired . If untreated , symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face , joint pains , severe headaches with neck stiffness , or heart palpitations , among others . Months to years later , repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur . Occasionally , people develop shooting pains or tingling in their arms and legs . Despite appropriate treatment , about 10 to 20 % of people develop joint pains , memory problems , and feel tired for at least six months .
30 Days of Night
In the series , vampirism is portrayed as a virus , one that can be spread through scratches , bites , and contact with vampire blood . The disease turns humans who contract it undead and gives them a mouthful of shark - like fangs and black eyes , as well as superhuman strength and speed , an aversion to sunlight , and superhumanly acute senses of sight , smell , and hearing . However , these senses can be weakened by extreme cold . Also , some vampires possess additional powers , such as teleportation , telepathy , and the ability to disguise oneself . Vampires in the series differ in many ways from their mythological counterparts : impaling them with a wooden stake will not , on its own , kill them ; neither will exposing them to garlic or even fire . They are extremely resilient , capable of withstanding grenades going off on their bodies , or surviving after losing half of their faces to explosions . The only way to kill them is to behead them , or expose them to the vitamins generated in direct sunlight , which sets them on fire , and burns them to ash rapidly . Also , large amounts of ultraviolet light burns them and probably can kill them , but they can never stay dead for long ; if blood hits their ashes , they will regenerate .
Angular cheilitis
A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth . Really this is herpes labialis ( a cold sore ) , and is sometimes termed `` angular herpes simplex '' . A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips , and follows a pattern of vesicle ( blister ) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7 -- 10 days , and recurs in the same spot periodically , especially during periods of stress . Rather than utilizing antifungal creams , angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore , with topical antiviral drugs such as aciclovir .
Virus
Viruses are important pathogens of livestock . Diseases such as foot - and - mouth disease and bluetongue are caused by viruses . Companion animals such as cats , dogs , and horses , if not vaccinated , are susceptible to serious viral infections . Canine parvovirus is caused by a small DNA virus and infections are often fatal in pups . Like all invertebrates , the honey bee is susceptible to many viral infections . Most viruses co-exist harmlessly in their host and cause no signs or symptoms of disease .
Rabbit
An extremely rare infection associated with rabbits - as - food is tularemia ( also known as rabbit fever ) , which may be contracted from an infected rabbit . Hunters are at higher risk for tularemia because of the potential for inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process . An even more rare condition is protein poisoning , which was first noted as a consequence of eating rabbit meat to exclusion ( hence the colloquial term , `` rabbit starvation '' ) . Protein poisoning , which is associated with extreme conditions of the total absence of dietary fat and protein , was noted by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in the late 19th century and in the journals of Charles Darwin .
Entamoeba histolytica
A burst of research on viruses of E. histolytica stems from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1979 . In 1972 , they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis . Perhaps the most novel observation was that two kinds of viral strains existed , and that within one type of amoeba ( strain HB - 301 ) the polyhedral strain had no detrimental effect but led to cell lysis in another ( strain HK - 9 ) . Although Mattern et al. attempted to explore the possibility that these protozoal viruses could function like bacteriophages , they found no significant changes in Entamoeba histolytica virulence when infected by viruses . However , no newer published research has been conducted on this species since .
Virus
When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus , it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and often render it non-infectious . This is called humoral immunity . Two types of antibodies are important . The first , called IgM , is highly effective at neutralising viruses but is produced by the cells of the immune system only for a few weeks . The second , called IgG , is produced indefinitely . The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection , whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past . IgG antibody is measured when tests for immunity are carried out .
Smallpox vaccine
Until the end of the 19th Century vaccination was done either directly with vaccine produced on the skin of calves or , particularly in England , with vaccine obtained from the calf but then maintained by arm - to - arm transfer ; initially in both cases vaccine could be dried on ivory points for short term storage or transport but increasing use was made of glass capillary tubes for this purpose towards the end of the century . During this period there were no adequate methods for assessing the safety of the vaccine and there were instances of contaminated vaccine transmitting infections such as erysipelas , tetanus , septicaemia and tuberculosis . In the case of arm - to - arm transfer there was also the risk of transmitting syphilis . Although this did occur occasionally , estimated as 750 cases in 100 million vaccinations , some critics of vaccination e.g. Charles Creighton believed that uncontaminated vaccine itself was a cause of syphilis . Smallpox vaccine was the only vaccine available during this period , and so the determined opposition to it initiated a number of vaccine controversies that spread to other vaccines and into the 21st century .
Virus
Viruses are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and they outnumber all the others put together . They infect all types of cellular life including animals , plants , bacteria and fungi . Different types of viruses can infect only a limited range of hosts and many are species - specific . Some , such as smallpox virus for example , can infect only one species -- in this case humans , and are said to have a narrow host range . Other viruses , such as rabies virus , can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range . The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals , and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans . The host range of some bacteriophages is limited to a single strain of bacteria and they can be used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections by a method called phage typing .
Polar bear
Polar bears appear to be less affected by infectious diseases and parasites than most terrestrial mammals . Polar bears are especially susceptible to Trichinella , a parasitic roundworm they contract through cannibalism , although infections are usually not fatal . Only one case of a polar bear with rabies has been documented , even though polar bears frequently interact with Arctic foxes , which often carry rabies . Bacterial leptospirosis and Morbillivirus have been recorded . Polar bears sometimes have problems with various skin diseases that may be caused by mites or other parasites . Life
Child care
Childcare infection is the spread of infection during childcare , typically because of contact among children in daycare or school . This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment , and there is an individual with an infectious disease who may then spread it to the entire group . Commonly spread diseases include influenza - like illness and enteric illnesses , such as diarrhea among babies using diapers . Illnesses and diseases may also include ringworm , head lice , and hand , feet , mouth disease . It is uncertain how these diseases spread , but hand washing reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection .
Virus
RNA interference is an important innate defence against viruses . Many viruses have a replication strategy that involves double - stranded RNA ( dsRNA ) . When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule or molecules , which immediately bind to a protein complex called a dicer that cuts the RNA into smaller pieces . A biochemical pathway -- the RISC complex -- is activated , which ensures cell survival by degrading the viral mRNA . Rotaviruses have evolved to avoid this defence mechanism by not uncoating fully inside the cell , and releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle 's inner capsid . Their genomic dsRNA remains protected inside the core of the virion .
Plant virus
Some viruses ( e.g. tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) ) have RNA sequences that contain a `` leaky '' stop codon . In TMV 95 % of the time the host ribosome will terminate the synthesis of the polypeptide at this codon but the rest of the time it continues past it . This means that 5 % of the proteins produced are larger than and different from the others normally produced , which is a form of translational regulation . In TMV , this extra sequence of polypeptide is an RNA polymerase that replicates its genome .
Lyme disease
Erroneous test results have been widely reported in both early and late stages of the disease , and can be caused by several factors , including antibody cross-reactions from other infections , including Epstein -- Barr virus and cytomegalovirus , as well as herpes simplex virus . The overall rate of false positives is low , only about 1 to 3 % , in comparison to a false - negative rate of up to 36 % in the early stages of infection using two - tiered testing .
Desert tortoise
Cutaneous dyskeratosis ( CD ) is a shell disease of unknown origin and has unknown implications on desert tortoise populations . Observationally , it is typified by shell lesions on the scutes . Areas infected with CD appear discolored , dry , rough and flakey , with peeling , pitting , and chipping through multiple cornified layers . Lesions are usually first located on the plastron ( underside ) of the tortoises , although lesions on the carapace ( upper side ) and fore limbs are not uncommon . In advanced cases , exposed areas become infected with bacteria , fungi , and exposed tissue and bone may become necrotic . CD was evident as early as 1979 and was initially identified on the Chuckwalla Bench Area of Critical Environmental Concern in Riverside County , California . Currently , the means of transmission are unknown , although hypotheses include autoimmune diseases , exposure to toxic chemicals ( possibly from mines , or air pollution ) , or a deficiency disease ( possibly resulting from tortoises consuming low - quality invasive plant species instead of high - nutrient native plants ) .
Virus
There are many types of plant virus , but often they cause only a loss of yield , and it is not economically viable to try to control them . Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by organisms , known as vectors . These are normally insects , but some fungi , nematode worms , and single - celled organisms have been shown to be vectors . When control of plant virus infections is considered economical , for perennial fruits , for example , efforts are concentrated on killing the vectors and removing alternate hosts such as weeds . Plant viruses can not infect humans and other animals because they can reproduce only in living plant cells .