vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Edward Augustus Freeman
Edward Augustus Freeman ( 2 August 1823 -- 16 March 1892 ) was an English historian , architectural artist , and Liberal politician during the late - 19th - century heyday of William Gladstone , as well as a one - time candidate for Parliament . He held the position of Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford , where he tutored Arthur Evans ; later he and Evans would be activists in the Balkan uprising of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1874 -- 1878 ) against the Ottoman Empire . After the marriage of his daughter Margaret to Evans , he and Evans collaborated on the fourth volume of his History of Sicily . He was a prolific writer , publishing 239 distinct works . One of his best known is his magnum opus , the 6 - volume The History of the Norman Conquest of England ( published 1867 -- 1879 ) . Both he and Margaret died before Evans purchased the land from which he would excavate the Palace of Knossos .
Data model
An entity - relationship model ( ERM ) , sometimes referred to as an entity - relationship diagram ( ERD ) , is an abstract conceptual data model ( or semantic data model ) used in software engineering to represent structured data . There are several notations used for ERMs .
Bert and Ernie
Bert and Ernie live together in an apartment in the basement of 123 Sesame Street . Despite sleeping in separate beds , they share the same bedroom , which has led to some speculation that they are a representation of gay lovers . This is denied by Sesame Workshop , and some of Bert 's interactions with female characters appear to show that he is attracted to women : serenading Connie Stevens in the Some Enchanted Evening segment of a first - season episode of The Muppet Show , and recording a song about his girlfriend , I Want to Hold Your Ear , which was released on several albums .
The Tell-Tale Heart
The narrator of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is generally assumed to be male . However , some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating ; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other . The story starts in medias res . The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way . It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden , a judge , a reporter , a doctor or ( anachronistically ) a psychiatrist . In any case , the narrator explains himself in great detail . What follows is a study of terror but , more specifically , the memory of terror , as the narrator is relating events from the past . The first word of the story , `` True ! '' , is an admission of his guilt , as well as an assurance of reliability . This introduction also serves to gain the reader 's attention . Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward , exemplifying Poe 's theories about the writing of short stories .
Electromagnetic radiation
The behavior of EM radiation depends on its frequency . Lower frequencies have longer wavelengths , and higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths , and are associated with photons of higher energy . There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies , at either end of the spectrum , although photons with energies near the Planck energy or exceeding it ( far too high to have ever been observed ) will require new physical theories to describe .
Halley's Comet
After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley 's Comet , Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468 , founded the city of Debre Berhan ( tr . City of Light ) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign .
The Honeymooners
Played by Art Carney ; a New York City municipal sewer worker and Ralph 's best friend ( and upstairs neighbor ) . He is considerably more good - natured than Ralph , but nonetheless trades insults with him on a regular basis . Ed ( typically called `` Norton '' by Ralph and sometimes by his own wife , Trixie ) often gets mixed up in Ralph 's schemes . His carefree and rather dimwitted nature usually results in raising Ralph 's ire , while Ralph often showers him with verbal abuse and throws him out of the apartment when Ed irritates him . In most episodes , Ed is shown to be better - read , better - liked , more worldly and more even - tempered than Ralph , despite his unassuming manner and the fact that he usually lets Ralph take the lead in their escapades . Ed and Ralph both are members of the fictional Raccoon Lodge . ( `` An Emergency Meeting is an emergency meeting -- never a poker game . An Executive Meeting , that 's a poker game . '' ) According to Entertainment Weekly , Norton is one of the `` greatest sidekicks . '' Ed worked for the New York City sewer department and described his job as a `` Sub-supervisor in the sub-division of the department of subterranean sanitation , I just keep things moving along . '' He served in the U.S. Navy , and used his G.I. Bill money to pay for typing school , but felt he was unable to work in an office because he hated working in confined spaces . The relatively few scenes set in the Norton apartment showed it to have the same layout as the Kramdens ' but more nicely furnished . Though Norton makes the same weekly $62 salary as Ralph ( about $555 in 2016 dollars ) , their higher standard of living might be explained by Norton 's freer use of credit ; at one point he admits to having 19 charge accounts . Like Ralph , Ed enjoys and is good at bowling and playing pool . Ed is the inspiration for Barney Rubble in The Flintstones . He is also the inspiration behind Yogi Bear ( in terms of design , clothing , and mannerisms ) .
Edmond Halley
In 1692 , Halley put forth the idea of a hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles ( 800 km ) thick , two inner concentric shells and an innermost core . He suggested that atmospheres separated these shells , and that each shell had its own magnetic poles , with each sphere rotating at a different speed . Halley proposed this scheme to explain anomalous compass readings . He envisaged each inner region as having an atmosphere and being luminous ( and possibly inhabited ) , and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis .
History of chemistry
In the 1940s many physicists turned from molecular or atomic physics to nuclear physics ( like J. Robert Oppenheimer or Edward Teller ) . Glenn T. Seaborg was an American nuclear chemist best known for his work on isolating and identifying transuranium elements ( those heavier than uranium ) . He shared the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Edwin Mattison McMillan for their independent discoveries of transuranium elements . Seaborgium was named in his honour , making him the only person , along Albert Einstein , for whom a chemical element was named during his lifetime .
Seeley Booth
In the series pilot , Booth was introduced as an FBI special agent in the homicide department who seeks the professional opinion of Dr. Temperance Brennan at the ( fictional ) renowned Jeffersonian Institute . He was eventually made the liaison between the Jeffersonian and the FBI , much to his chagrin , but he soon develops a close working relationship with the Jeffersonian team of scientists , whom Booth and his fellow FBI agents call `` squints '' , a nickname which has since become a term of endearment Bones and her team associate him with . Booth once referred to the Jeffersonian team of scientists , whom he affectionately calls the `` squint squad '' , as `` my people '' . Caroline Julian , a federal prosecutor who frequently works with them , has commented that aside from him `` there is n't a single normal law enforcement officer who could work with these people . '' Bones herself often immediately objects when another agent ( other than Booth ) is assigned to work with her . Although not as `` book smart '' as the other `` squints '' , he is quick to link evidence with and often uses his `` street smarts '' and intuition to assist the case . He is characterized as a `` hands on '' agent and makes no secret of his distaste for paperwork and formal documentation .
Ernest Darby
Darby is the leader of the Nordics , a White supremacist street gang who deal in methamphetamine , and lives in a large suburban home in Charming , Northern California . It is indicated that he had a prior romantic interest in Gemma Teller Morrow , despite her being of partial Jewish heritage and the wife of Sons of Anarchy president Clay Morrow . He also served a prison sentence in Chino , before his release in 2008 . As a legitimate business , he operates a finishing business in Charming , where he employs minorities despite his white supremacy views .
Mars
In a New York Times article in 1901 , Edward Charles Pickering , director of the Harvard College Observatory , said that they had received a telegram from Lowell Observatory in Arizona that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with Earth .
Elvis Presley
Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6 , 1957 -- on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist . Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity . In any event , as critic Greil Marcus describes , Presley `` did not tie himself down . Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows , he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha , if not a harem girl . From the make - up over his eyes , the hair falling in his face , the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth , he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out . '' To close , displaying his range and defying Sullivan 's wishes , Presley sang a gentle black spiritual , `` Peace in the Valley '' . At the end of the show , Sullivan declared Presley `` a real decent , fine boy '' . Two days later , the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1 - A and would probably be drafted sometime that year .
Edward O'Hare
For 54 years there was no definitive answer as to whether he had been brought down by friendly fire or the Japanese bomber 's nose gunner . In 1997 the publication of the primary source for this article , Fateful Rendezvous : The Life of Butch O'Hare , by Steve Ewing and John B. Lundstrom ( see References below ) shed new light . Ewing and Lundstrom very clearly state , more than once , that Japanese guns , and not Kernan 's , killed Butch O'Hare .
Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
Colonel Archibald Gracie , an amateur historian who was aboard the ship until the final moments , and was later rescued on a capsized collapsible lifeboat , wrote his account immediately after the sinking but died from his injuries eight months later . According to Gracie , the tunes played by the band were `` cheerful '' but that he did n't recognise any of them , claiming that if they had played `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' as claimed in the newspaper , `` I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic . ''
Mach Five
Button E , Evening or Illuminating Eye or Special Illumination ( イブニング アイ , Ibuningu Ai , Evening Eye ) : The control for special illumination which can be traversed singly or in tandem , and which enables to see much farther and more clearly than with ordinary headlights . When used with the `` night shades '' attached to Speed 's helmet , his vision is enhanced with infrared light . Button E was later modified to activate mini-wings ( Pops got the idea from the Car Acrobatic Team ) that would slide out from under the car to assist Speed in long jumps .
Norman Bates
The character Norman Bates in Psycho was loosely based on two people . First was the real - life murderer Ed Gein , about whom Bloch later wrote a fictionalized account , `` The Shambles of Ed Gein '' , in 1962 . ( The story can be found in Crimes and Punishments : The Lost Bloch , Volume 3 ) . Second , it has been indicated by several people , including Noel Carter ( wife of Lin Carter ) and Chris Steinbrunner , as well as allegedly by Bloch himself , that Norman Bates was partly based on Calvin Beck , publisher of Castle of Frankenstein .
Woodrow Wilson
When Wilson began vacationing in Bermuda in 1906 , he met a socialite , Mary Hulbert Peck . Their visits together became a regular occurrence on his return . Wilson in his letters home to Ellen openly related these gatherings as well his other social events . According to biographer August Heckscher , Ellen could sense a problem , and it became the topic of frank discussion between them . Wilson historians have not conclusively established there was an affair ; but Wilson did on one occasion write a musing in shorthand -- on the reverse side of a draft for an editorial : `` my precious one , my beloved Mary ''. ; Wilson also sent very personal letters which would be used against him by his adversaries later .
Tom Lehrer
Lehrer was born in 1928 to a Jewish family and grew up in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Although he was raised Jewish , Lehrer became an agnostic . He began studying classical piano at the age of seven , but was more interested in the popular music of the age . Eventually , his mother also sent him to a popular - music piano teacher . At this early age , he began writing show tunes , which eventually helped him as a satirical composer and writer in his years of lecturing at Harvard University noting the influence one of his professors Irving Kaplansky , and later at other universities .
Electromagnetic radiation
Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations , thus uncovering the wave - like nature of electric and magnetic fields and their symmetry . Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light , Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave . Maxwell 's equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves .
Bradford
Sir Edward Appleton ( 1892 -- 1965 ) , discoverer of the ionosphere was a Nobel Prize winner . Professor Robert Turner ( 1923 -- 1990 ) was a pathologist who came to Bradford from Belfast , and pioneered the use of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer at the Bradford Royal Infirmary .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
Admiral Hyman G. Rickover became intrigued with the disaster and began a private investigation , in 1974 . Using information from the two official inquiries , newspapers , personal papers and information on the construction and ammunition of Maine , it was concluded that the explosion was not caused by a mine . Instead , spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker , next to magazine , was speculated to be the most likely cause . Rickover published a book about this investigation , How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed , in 1976 .
Phase velocity
The phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation may -- under certain circumstances ( for example anomalous dispersion ) -- exceed the speed of light in a vacuum , but this does not indicate any superluminal information or energy transfer . It was theoretically described by physicists such as Arnold Sommerfeld and Léon Brillouin . See dispersion for a full discussion of wave velocities .
Agatha Christie
Often , she is affectionate or teasing with her prejudices . After four years of war - torn London , Christie hoped to return some day to Syria , which she described as `` gentle fertile country and its simple people , who know how to laugh and how to enjoy life ; who are idle and gay , and who have dignity , good manners , and a great sense of humour , and to whom death is not terrible . ''
History of Maryland
The businessmen Johns Hopkins , Enoch Pratt , George Peabody , and Henry Walters were philanthropists of 19th - century Baltimore ; they founded notable educational , health care , and cultural institutions in that city . Bearing their names , these include a university , free city library , music and art school , and art museum .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
For his doctoral degree , Peter Grant studied the relationship between ecology and evolution and how they were interrelated . The Grants travelled to the Tres Marias Islands off Mexico to conduct field studies of the birds that inhabited the island . They compared the differences of bill length to body size between populations living on the Islands and the nearby mainland . Of the birds studied , eleven species were not significantly different between the mainland and the islands ; four species were significantly less variable on the islands , and one species was significantly more variable . On average , the birds on the islands had larger beaks . The Grants attributed these differences to what foods were available , and what was available was dependent on competitors . The bigger beaks indicated a greater range of foods present in the environment .
Modem
In 1941 , the Allies developed a voice encryption system called SIGSALY which used a vocoder to digitize speech , then encrypted the speech with one - time pad and encoded the digital data as tones using frequency shift keying .
Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?
In 2009 , Sarstedt spoke to a gossip columnist for the Daily Express . He admitted he had lied about the song being about a socialite who died in a fire . He said that the song was about his girlfriend at the time , whom he later married and then divorced . According to Mark Steyn , `` Anita is now a dentist in Copenhagen . Peter Sarstedt has spent 40 years singing about wanting to look inside her head . And for most of that time Anita has made a living by looking inside yours . ''
Longitudinal wave
In the early development of electromagnetism , there were some like Alexandru Proca ( 1897 - 1955 ) known for developing relativistic quantum field equations bearing his name ( Proca 's equations ) for the massive , vector spin - 1 mesons . In recent decades , some extended electromagnetic theorists , such as Jean - Pierre Vigier and Bo Lehnert of the Swedish Royal Society , have used the Proca equation in an attempt to demonstrate photon mass as a longitudinal electromagnetic component of Maxwell 's equations , suggesting that longitudinal electromagnetic waves could exist in a Dirac polarized vacuum .
Quantum mechanics
Planck cautiously insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the radiation itself . In fact , he considered his quantum hypothesis a mathematical trick to get the right answer rather than a sizable discovery . However , in 1905 Albert Einstein interpreted Planck 's quantum hypothesis realistically and used it to explain the photoelectric effect , in which shining light on certain materials can eject electrons from the material . He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work .
Ernie Stautner
Born in Prienzing near Cham , Bavaria in Germany , Stautner 's family immigrated to East Greenbush , New York when he was three years old . He served in the United States Marine Corps before attending Boston College , where he was a four - year starter as an offensive and defensive tackle . He earned a bachelor 's degree in psychology in 1950 .
Agatha Christie
Come , Tell Me How You Live , about working on an archaeological dig , drawn from her life with second husband Max Mallowan The Grand Tour : Around the World with the Queen of Mystery , a collection of correspondence from her 1922 Grand Tour of the British empire , including South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and Canada Agatha Christie : An Autobiography , published posthumously in 1977
Fletcher Henderson
Fletcher Henderson Background information Birth name James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson Jr . Also known as `` Smack '' Henderson ( 1897 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1897 Cuthbert , Georgia , United States December 29 , 1952 ( 1952 - 12 - 29 ) ( aged 55 ) New York , New York , United States Genres Jazz , swing Occupation ( s ) Musician , arranger , bandleader Instruments Piano Years active 1921 -- 50
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
One church in Enfield , Connecticut had been largely unaffected during the Great Awakening of New England . Edwards was invited by the pastor of the church to preach to them . Edwards 's aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of hell , the dangers of sin and the terrors of being lost . Edwards described the shaky position of those who do not follow Christ 's urgent call to receive forgiveness .
Cakewalk
Ex-ragtime entertainer Shepard Edmonds recounted , in 1950 , memories related to him by his parents from Tennessee : `` ... the cake walk was originally a plantation dance , just a happy movement they did to the banjo music because they could n't stand still . It was generally on Sundays , when there was little work , that the slaves both young and old would dress up in hand - me - down finery to do a high - kicking , prancing walk - around . They did a take - off on the manners of the white folks in the ' big house ' , but their masters , who gathered around to watch the fun , missed the point . It 's supposed to be that the custom of a prize started with the master giving a cake to the couple that did the proudest movement . '' Baldwin concludes that the cakewalk was meant `` to satirize the competing culture of supposedly ' superior ' whites . Slaveholders were able to dismiss its threat in their own minds by considering it as a simple performance which existed for their own pleasure '' ( p. 211 ) .
Journey to the Center of the Earth
It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify . Verne 's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco - Prussian War . After 1871 , the sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne 's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum 's Fortune .
Tom Lehrer
Lehrer was mainly influenced by musical theater . According to Gerald Nachman 's book Seriously Funny , the Broadway musical Let 's Face It ! ( by Cole Porter ) made an early and lasting impression on him . Lehrer 's style consists of parodying various forms of popular song . For example , his appreciation of list songs led him to write `` The Elements '' , which lists the chemical elements to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan 's `` Major - General 's Song '' .
The Coquette
The new tombstone was erected in attempts to revive the community 's interest in the tale of Elizabeth Whitman and Foster 's novel . It is now included on the Literacy Trail of Massachusetts . With the growing popularity of Foster 's novel , the true Elizabeth Whitman and the fictional Eliza Wharton became melded into one and are barely differentiable by most readers today .
Academic dress in the United Kingdom
The University of East Anglia is infamous for two new hats designed by Cecil Beaton that were prescribed . One is known as the ' Dan Dare ' or ' Mickey Mouse ' cap which is a skull cap with a narrow rim around the top for bachelors ; the other was known as the tricorn or upside - down iron , which was basically a mortarboard but with a triangle instead of a square for the top board for masters . These caps were unpopular with students who preferred the square cap and they soon fell into disuse . The tricorn is still used as the official hat of the Registrar and the Dan Dare is still officially prescribed for undergraduates ; however , because undergraduate gowns are extremely rarely , if ever , worn pressure for abolition of the cap has not occurred .
Dear Evan Hansen
The musical was adapted into a young adult novel by actor and singer - songwriter Val Emmich , in collaboration with Pasek , Paul and Levenson . The novel , which will also feature additional material based on scenes and songs cut from the show 's development that flesh out and expand upon the story , was released by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers on October 9 , 2018 .