vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Richard III (play)
At the Battle of Bosworth Field , Lord Stanley ( who is also Richmond 's stepfather ) and his followers desert Richard 's side , whereupon Richard calls for the execution of George Stanley , Lord Stanley 's son . This does not happen , as the battle is in full swing , and Richard is left at a disadvantage . Richard is soon unhorsed on the field at the climax of the battle , and cries out , `` A horse , a horse , my kingdom for a horse ! '' Richmond kills Richard in the final duel . Subsequently , Richmond succeeds to the throne as Henry VII , and marries Princess Elizabeth from the House of York .
Richard III (play)
Assisted by his cousin Buckingham , Richard mounts a campaign to present himself as the true heir to the throne , pretending to be a modest , devout man with no pretensions to greatness . Lord Hastings , who objects to Richard 's accession , is arrested and executed on a trumped - up charge of treason . Together , Richard and Buckingham spread the rumour that Edward 's two sons are illegitimate , and therefore have no rightful claim to the throne ; they are assisted by Catesby , Ratcliffe , and Lovell . The other lords are cajoled into accepting Richard as king , in spite of the continued survival of his nephews ( the Princes in the Tower ) . English
Richard III (play)
Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond -- Henry VI 's nephew ; later King Henry VII Lord Stanley , Earl of Derby -- Richmond 's stepfather Earl of Oxford Sir Walter Herbert Sir James Blunt Sir William Brandon -- Richmond 's standard - bearer ( non-speaking role )
Richard III (play)
The increasingly paranoid Richard loses what popularity he had . He soon faces rebellions led first by Buckingham and subsequently by the invading Richmond . Buckingham is captured and executed . Both sides arrive for a final battle at Bosworth Field . Prior to the battle , Richard is visited by the ghosts of his victims , all of whom tell him to `` Despair and die ! '' after which they wish victory upon Richmond . He awakes screaming for `` Jesus '' to help him , slowly realising that he is all alone in the world , and can not even pity himself .
Richard III (play)
Despite initially hating him , Anne is won over by his pleas of love and repentance and agrees to marry him . When she leaves , Richard exults in having won her over despite all he has done to her , and tells the audience that he will discard her once she has served her purpose .
Richard III (play)
The film Being John Malkovich has many Shakespeare allusions , including a scene in which Malkovich is shown rehearsing Richard III 's lines `` Was ever woman in this humour woo 'd ? / Was ever woman in this humour won ? '' where Richard is boasting about using power , lies , and crime to seduce Lady Anne . As Visual Cultures professor Lynn Turner notes , this scene anticipates a parallel scene in which Craig uses deceit to seduce Maxine through Malkovich . Mariangela Tempera has noted that the subservience of Lady Anne in the scene contrasts with the self - assertiveness of the actress playing Lady Anne as she seduces Malkovich offstage .
Richard III (play)
The first definition is used to express a `` gentle and loving '' man , which Clarence uses to describe his brother Richard to the murderers that were sent to kill him . This definition is not true , as Richard uses a gentle façade to seize the throne . The second definition concerns `` the person 's true nature ... Richard will indeed use Hastings kindly -- that is , just as he is in the habit of using people -- brutally '' .
The White Queen (TV series)
In response to criticisms of the series being `` ahistorical '' , Gregory stated that `` What ( BBC One and Starz ) wanted was not a historical series based on the documents from the War of the Roses . They wanted my take on it , so that 's what they got . '' Aneurin Barnard ( who played Richard ) stated , with regard to inaccuracies , `` ... the truth can be pretty boring . You have to up the stakes and make something up or twist it to make it a little bit more exciting . ''
Richard III (play)
Richard orders two murderers to kill Clarence in the tower . Clarence , meanwhile , relates a dream to his keeper . The dream includes vivid language describing Clarence falling from an imaginary ship as a result of Gloucester , who had fallen from the hatches , striking him . Under the water Clarence sees the skeletons of thousands of men `` that fishes gnawed upon . '' He also sees `` wedges of gold , great anchors , heaps of pearl , inestimable stones , unvalued jewels . '' All of these are `` scatterd in the bottom of the sea . '' Clarence adds that some of the jewels were in the skulls of the dead . He then imagines dying and being tormented by the ghosts of Warwick ( Anne 's father ) , and Edward of Westminster ( Anne 's deceased husband ) .
Richard III (play)
Richard himself also provides some dry remarks in evaluating the situation , as when he plans to marry Queen Elizabeth 's daughter : `` Murder her brothers , then marry her ; Uncertain way of gain ... '' Other examples of humour in this play include Clarence 's reluctant murderers , and the Duke of Buckingham 's report on his attempt to persuade the Londoners to accept Richard ( `` ... I bid them that did love their country 's good cry , God save Richard , England 's royal king ! '' Richard : `` And did they so ? '' Buckingham : `` No , so God help me , they spake not a word ... '' ) Puns , a Shakespearean staple , are especially well represented in the scene where Richard tries to persuade Queen Elizabeth to woo her daughter on his behalf .
Richard III (play)
In The Goodbye Girl , an ambitious actor played by Richard Dreyfuss is forced by his off - Broadway producer to play Richard III as a caricature of a homosexual . Elliot Garfield ( Dreyfuss ) describes his performance as `` putrid '' .
Richard III (play)
In addition , the character of Richmond enters into the play in Act V to overthrow Richard and save the state from his tyranny , effectively being the instantaneous new protagonist . Richmond is a clear contrast to Richard 's evil character , which makes the audience see him as such .
Richard III (play)
The scene then changes to reveal Lady Anne accompanying the corpse of the late king Henry VI , along with Trestle and Berkeley , on its way to be interred at St Paul 's cathedral . She asks them to set down the `` honourable load -- if honour may be shrouded in a hearse , '' and then laments the fate of the house of Lancaster . Richard suddenly appears and demands that the `` unmannerd dog '' carrying the hearse set it down , at which point a brief verbal wrangling takes place .
Richard III (play)
By the end of Act IV everyone else in the play , including Richard 's own mother , the Duchess , has turned against him . He does not interact with the audience nearly as much , and the inspiring quality of his speech has declined into merely giving and requiring information . As Richard gets closer to seizing the crown , he encloses himself within the world of the play ; no longer embodying his facile movement in and out of the dramatic action , he is now stuck firmly within it . It is from Act IV that Richard really begins his rapid decline into truly being the antagonist . Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt notes how Richard even refers to himself as `` the formal Vice , Iniquity '' ( 3.1. 82 ) , which informs the audience that he knows what his function is ; but also like Vice in the morality plays , the fates will turn and get Richard in the end , which Elizabethan audiences would have recognised .
Richard III (play)
Clarence wakes and pleads with the murderers , saying that men have no right to obey other men 's requests for murder , because all men are under the rule of God not to commit murder . The murderers imply Clarence is a hypocrite because , as one says , `` thou ... unripped'st the bowels of thy sovereign 's son ( Edward ) whom thou wast sworn to cherish and defend . '' Trying to win them over by tactics , he tells them to go to his brother Gloucester , who will reward them better for his life than Edward will for his death . One murderer insists Gloucester himself sent them to perform the bloody act , but Clarence does not believe him . He recalls the unity of Richard Duke of York blessing his three sons with his victorious arm , bidding his brother Gloucester to `` think on this and he will weep . '' Sardonically , a murderer says Gloucester weeps millstones -- echoing Richard 's earlier comment about the murderers ' own eyes weeping millstones rather than `` foolish tears '' ( Act I , Sc. 3 ) .
Richard III (play)
a bard of Ireland told me once I should not live long after I saw Richmond .
Richard III (play)
In the 1993 Mel Brooks film Robin Hood : Men in Tights , the character Robin of Locksley , played by Cary Elwes , says `` A horse , my kingdom for a horse ! '' as he arrives in England in the opening scene .
Richard III (play)
The atmosphere at court is poisonous : The established nobles are at odds with the upwardly mobile relatives of Queen Elizabeth , a hostility fueled by Richard 's machinations . Queen Margaret , Henry VI 's widow , returns in defiance of her banishment and warns the squabbling nobles about Richard . Queen Margaret curses Richard and the rest who were present . The nobles , all Yorkists , reflexively unite against this last Lancastrian , and the warning falls on deaf ears .
Richard III (play)
After Clarence falls asleep , Brakenbury , Lieutenant of the Tower of London , enters and observes that between the titles of princes and the low names of commoners , there is nothing different but the `` outward fame '' , meaning that they both have `` inward toil '' whether rich or poor . When the murderers arrive , he reads their warrant ( issued in the name of the King ) , and exits with the Keeper , who disobeys Clarence 's request to stand by him , and leaves the two murderers the keys .
Richard III (play)
Unlike his previous tragedy Titus Andronicus , the play avoids graphic demonstrations of physical violence ; only Richard and Clarence are shown being stabbed on - stage , while the rest ( the two princes , Hastings , Brackenbury , Grey , Vaughan , Rivers , Anne , Buckingham , and King Edward ) all meet their ends off - stage . Despite the villainous nature of the title character and the grim storyline , Shakespeare infuses the action with comic material , as he does with most of his tragedies . Much of the humour rises from the dichotomy between how Richard 's character is known and how Richard tries to appear . A
Richard III (play)
Adam Sandler 's 2011 film Jack and Jill features Al Pacino reprising his role of Richard III , although the movie scenes are modified as Pacino interacts with the audience in a heavily comedic way . Multiple reviewers who panned the film regarded Pacino as the best element of the film .
Richard III (play)
Richard immediately establishes a connection with the audience with his opening monologue . In the soliloquy he admits his amorality to the audience but at the same time treats them as if they were co-conspirators in his plotting ; one may well be enamored of his rhetoric while being appalled by his actions . Richard shows off his wit in Act I , as seen in the interchanges with Lady Anne ( Act I , Scene II ) and his brother Clarence ( Act I , Scene I ) . In his dialogues Act I , Richard knowingly refers to thoughts he has only previously shared with the audience to keep the audience attuned to him and his objectives . In 1.1 , Richard tells the audience in a soliloquy how he plans to claw his way to the throne -- killing his brother Clarence as a necessary step to get there . However , Richard pretends to be Clarence 's friend , falsely reassures him by saying , `` I will deliver you , or else lie for you '' ( 1.1. 115 ) ; which the audience knows -- and Richard tells the audience after Clarence 's exit -- is the exact opposite of what he plans to do . Scholar Michael E. Mooney describes Richard as occupying a `` figural position '' ; he is able to move in and out of it by talking with the audience on one level , and interacting with other characters on another .
Richard III (play)
In the Red Dwarf episode `` Marooned '' , Rimmer objects to Lister 's burning of the Complete Works of Shakespeare in an attempt to maintain enough heat to keep him alive . When challenged , Rimmer claims he can quote from it and embarks upon the soliloquy : `` Now ! ... That 's all I can remember . You know ! That famous speech from Richard III -- ' now , something something something something . ' ''
Richard III (play)
However , after Act I , the number and quality of Richard 's asides to the audience decrease significantly , as well as multiple scenes are interspersed that do not include Richard at all , but average Citizens ( Act II , Scene III ) , or the Duchess of York and Clarence 's children ( Act II , Scene II ) , who are as moral as Richard is evil . Without Richard guiding the audience through the dramatic action , the audience is left to evaluate for itself what is going on . In Act IV , Scene IV , after the murder of the two young princes and the ruthless murder of Lady Anne , the women of the play -- Queen Elizabeth , the Duchess of York , and even Margaret -- gather to mourn their state and to curse Richard ; and it is difficult as the audience not to sympathise with them . When Richard enters to bargain with Queen Elizabeth for her daughter 's hand -- a scene whose form echoes the same rhythmically quick dialogue as the Lady Anne scene in Act I -- he has lost his vivacity and playfulness for communication ; it is obvious he is not the same man .
Richard III (play)
Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Bishop of Ely Sir Christopher -- chaplain of Stanley 's household John -- priest
Richard III (play)
Janis Lull also takes special notice of the mourning women . She suggests that they are associated with `` figures of repetition as anaphora -- beginning each clause in a sequence with the same word -- and epistrophe -- repeating the same word at the end of each clause '' . One example of the epistrophe can be found in Margaret 's speech in Act I , Scene III . Haeffner refers to these as few of many `` devices and tricks of style '' that occur in the play , showcasing Shakespeare 's ability to bring out the potential of every word .
Battle of Towton
Contemporary accounts described Henry VI as peaceful and pious , not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars , such as the War of the Roses . He had periods of insanity while his inherent benevolence eventually required his wife , Margaret of Anjou , to assume control of his kingdom , which contributed to his own downfall . His ineffectual rule had encouraged the nobles ' schemes to establish control over him , and the situation deteriorated into a civil war between the supporters of his house and those of Richard , Duke of York . After the Yorkists captured Henry in 1460 , the English parliament passed an Act of Accord to let York and his line succeed Henry as king . Henry 's consort , Margaret of Anjou , refused to accept the dispossession of her son 's right to the throne and , along with fellow Lancastrian malcontents , raised an army . Richard of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield and his titles , including the claim to the throne , passed to his eldest son Edward . Nobles who were previously hesitant to support Richard 's claim to the throne considered the Lancastrians to have reneged on the Act -- a legal agreement -- and Edward found enough backing to denounce Henry and declare himself king . The Battle of Towton was to affirm the victor 's right to rule over England through force of arms .
Hundred Years' War
Richard faced many challenges during his reign , including the Peasants ' Revolt led by Wat Tyler in 1381 and an Anglo - Scottish war in 1384 -- 1385 . His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular . 1380
Novel
The modern distinction between history and fiction did not exist at this time and the grossest improbabilities pervade many historical accounts found in the early modern print market . William Caxton 's 1485 edition of Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur ( 1471 ) was sold as a true history , though the story unfolded in a series of magical incidents and historical improbabilities . Sir John Mandeville 's Voyages , written in the 14th century , but circulated in printed editions throughout the 18th century , was filled with natural wonders , which were accepted as fact , like the one - footed Ethiopians who use their extremity as an umbrella against the desert sun . Both works eventually came to be viewed as works of fiction .
Spanish Inquisition
Challenging some of the claims of revisionist historians is Toby Green in Inquisition , the Reign of Fear , who calls the claim by revisionists that torture was only rarely applied by inquisitors , a `` worrying error of fact '' .
Battle of Towton
In 1483 Richard III , younger brother of Edward IV , started to build a chapel to commemorate the battle . Richard died at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 and the building was never completed . It eventually fell into disrepair and collapsed . The ruins of the structure were evident five centuries later . In 1929 , a stone cross supposedly from the chapel was used to create the Towton Cross ( also known as Lord Dacre 's Cross ) to commemorate those who died in the battle . Several mounds on the battlefield were thought to contain casualties of the battle , although historians believe these to be tumuli of much earlier origin . More burial sites related to the battle are found on Chapel Hill and around Saxton . Lord Dacre was buried at the Church of All Saints in Saxton and his tomb was reported in the late 19th century to be well maintained , although several of its panels had been weathered away . The bur tree from which Dacre 's killer shot his arrow was cut down by the late 19th century , leaving its stump on the battlefield . Centuries after the battle , relics that have been found in the area include rings , arrowheads and coins .
Norman conquest of England
In the 20th and 21st centuries historians have focused less on the rightness or wrongness of the conquest itself , instead concentrating on the effects of the invasion . Some , such as Richard Southern , have seen the conquest as a critical turning point in history . Southern stated that `` no country in Europe , between the rise of the barbarian kingdoms and the 20th century , has undergone so radical a change in so short a time as England experienced after 1066 '' . Other historians , such as H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles , believe that the transformation was less radical . In more general terms , Singman has called the conquest `` the last echo of the national migrations that characterized the early Middle Ages '' . The debate over the impact of the conquest depends on how change after 1066 is measured . If Anglo - Saxon England was already evolving before the invasion , with the introduction of feudalism , castles or other changes in society , then the conquest , while important , did not represent radical reform . But the change was dramatic if measured by the elimination of the English nobility or the loss of Old English as a literary language . Nationalistic arguments have been made on both sides of the debate , with the Normans cast as either the persecutors of the English or the rescuers of the country from a decadent Anglo - Saxon nobility .
Norman conquest of England
Debate over the conquest started almost immediately . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , when discussing the death of William the Conqueror , denounced him and the conquest in verse , but the king 's obituary notice from William of Poitiers , a Frenchman , was full of praise . Historians since then have argued over the facts of the matter and how to interpret them , with little agreement . The theory or myth of the `` Norman yoke '' arose in the 17th century , the idea that Anglo - Saxon society had been freer and more equal than the society that emerged after the conquest . This theory owes more to the period it was developed in than to historical facts , but it continues to be used in both political and popular thought to the present day .
Richard III (play)
Next , one of the murderers explains that his brother Gloucester hates him , and sent them to the Tower to kill him . Eventually , one murderer gives in to his conscience and does not participate , but the other killer stabs Clarence and drowns him in `` the Malmsey butt within '' . The first act closes with the perpetrator needing to find a hole to bury Clarence .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field .
Battle of Towton
In 1461 , England was in the sixth year of the Wars of the Roses , a series of civil wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster over the English throne . The Lancastrians backed the reigning King of England , Henry VI , an indecisive man who had bouts of madness . The leader of the Yorkists was initially Richard , Duke of York , who resented the dominance of a small number of aristocrats favoured by the king , principally his close relatives the Beaufort family . Fuelled by rivalries between influential supporters of both factions , York 's attempts to displace Henry 's favourites from power escalated into a full - blown conflict . After capturing Henry at the Battle of Northampton in 1460 , the duke , who was of royal blood , issued his own claim to the throne . Even York 's closest supporters among the nobility were reluctant to usurp an established royal lineage ; instead , the nobles passed by a majority vote the Act of Accord , which ruled that the duke and his heirs would succeed the throne upon Henry 's death .
Richard III (play)
John Steinbeck used the opening line for the title of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent .
Richard III (play)
I 'll marry Warwick 's youngest daughter . What , though I kill 'd her husband and her father ?