vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Urban renewal
Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism , and by critics as a mechanism for control . It may enhance existing communities . On the other hand , some redevelopment projects have been failures , including the Kelo case , in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the taking by a 5 to 4 vote , but where nothing was built on the taken property .
Cremation
Cremation might be preferable for environmental reasons . Burial is a known source of certain environmental contaminants , with the coffin itself being the major contaminant ; however , in some countries , e.g. the UK , legislation now requires that cremators be fitted with abatement equipment ( filters ) that remove serious pollutants such as mercury .
Seven Pounds
Having committed suicide in ice water , Tim has cautiously preserved his vital organs - his heart in particular which is donated to Emily . The real Ben meets with Emily , and tells her that a year following the accident he got lung cancer , and required a double - lobe transplant which Tim came to his aid for . Six months later , Tim then gave part of his liver to Holly , the child services employee seen earlier in the film . Emily attends a Church session where Ezra is playing piano to a children 's choir . As the performance ends , it is shown that Ezra is now able to see as he congratulates the choir on their singing . Emily makes contact with Ezra , but is so overwhelmed by seeing Ben 's eyes in Ezra that she begins to break down into tears . Ezra , seeing her scar from heart surgery , realises she is Emily , and the two share an emotional hug .
Sanctification
This article needs attention from an expert in Christianity or Christian theology . The specific problem is : theological superficiality of the section , failing to recognize deeper commonalities and differences that would lead to different groupings than appear , including but not limited to the admixture of Protestant and non-Protestant faiths ( through the alphabetical listing ) , and the presentation of some Arminian understandings separate from others . WikiProject Christianity or WikiProject Christian theology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( December 2016 )
Adam and Eve
In Reform Judaism , Harry Orlinsky analyzes the Hebrew word nefesh in Genesis 2 : 7 where `` God breathes into the man 's nostrils and he becomes nefesh hayya . '' Orlinsky argues that the earlier translation of the phrase `` living soul '' is incorrect . He points out that `` nefesh '' signifies something like the English word `` being '' , in the sense of a corporeal body capable of life ; the concept of a `` soul '' in the modern sense , did not exist in Hebrew thought until around the 2nd century B.C. , when the idea of a bodily resurrection gained popularity .
Jumping the broom
In an episode of The_Originals_ ( season_2 ) ( Episode 13 `` The Devil is Damned '' ) the custom is described as being necessary when a priest is not available and the wedding `` could n't wait . ''
Heart
Diseased heart valves that have become abnormally narrow or abnormally leaky may require surgery . This is traditionally performed as an open surgical procedure to replace the damaged heart valve with a tissue or metallic prosthetic valve . In some circumstances , the tricuspid or mitral valves can be repaired surgically , avoiding the need for a valve replacement . Heart valves can also be treated percutaneously , using techniques that share many similarities with percutaneous coronary intervention . Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is increasingly used for patients consider very high risk for open valve replacement . Cardiac
Sinner's prayer
The `` Sinner 's Prayer '' takes various forms , all of which have the same general thrust . Since it is considered a matter of one 's personal will , it can be prayed silently , aloud , read from a suggested model , or repeated after someone modeling the prayer role . There is no formula of specific words considered essential , although it usually contains an admission of sin and a petition asking that Jesus enter into the person 's heart ( that is to say , the center of their life ) . The use of the sinner 's prayer is common within some Protestant denominations , such as Baptist Churches and Methodist Churches , as well as in movements that span several denominations , including evangelical , fundamental , and charismatic Christianity . It has also been used , though not as widely , by some Anglicans , Lutherans , and Roman Catholics . It is sometimes uttered by Christians seeking redemption or reaffirming their faith in Christ during a crisis or disaster , when death may be imminent .
Cremation
An early Methodist tract titled Immortality and Resurrection noted that `` burial is the result of a belief in the resurrection of the body , while cremation anticipates its annihilation . '' The Methodist Review noted that `` Three thoughts alone would lead us to suppose that the early Christians would have special care for their dead , namely , the essential Jewish origin of the Church ; the mode of burial of their founder ; and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body , so powerfully urged by the apostles , and so mighty in its influence on the primitive Christians . From these considerations , the Roman custom of cremation would be most repulsive to the Christian mind . '' Eastern
Egg donation
In the US and UK , if desired ( and if the egg donor agrees ) , the couple can meet and get acquainted with the egg donor , her children and family members . More often , egg donations are anonymous or semi-anonymous ( i.e. the egg donor may provide personal and medical information , photographs of herself and / or family members , and an email or third party willing to convey communications between the donor and recipients ) . In some countries , the law requires non-anonymity ( e.g. , the UK ) . In other countries , the law requires anonymity ( e.g. , France , Spain , the Czech Republic , South Africa ) . In the US the choice between anonymity , semi-anonymity and non-anonymity is made by the donor and recipient , although some IVF clinics that maintain their own databases of egg donors strongly encourage or require anonymity .
Eastern Orthodox Church
Properly , the mystery of Baptism is administered by bishops and priests ; however , in emergencies any Orthodox Christian can baptize . In such cases , should the person survive the emergency , it is likely that the person will be properly baptized by a priest at some later date . This is not considered to be a second baptism , nor is it imagined that the person is not already Orthodox , but rather it is a fulfillment of the proper form .
Islamic Golden Age
On hygienic practices , Rhazes , who was once asked to choose the site for a new hospital in Baghdad , suspended pieces of meat at various points around the city , and recommended building the hospital at the location where the meat putrefied most slowly .
Utilitarianism
The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a prerequisite for having interests at all , a condition that must be satisfied before we can speak of interests in any meaningful way . It would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interests of a stone to be kicked along the road by a schoolboy . A stone does not have interests because it can not suffer . Nothing that we can do to it could possibly make any difference to its welfare . A mouse , on the other hand , does have an interest in not being tormented , because it will suffer if it is . If a being suffers , there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration . No matter what the nature of the being , the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering -- in so far as rough comparisons can be made -- of any other being . If a being is not capable of suffering , or of experiencing enjoyment or happiness , there is nothing to be taken into account .
Anglican Diocese of Leeds
Following extensive consultation with the three dioceses and other interested parties , the Commission issued a second report and Draft Reorganisation Scheme in October 2011 . The draft scheme featured a few alterations from the initial report :
Iliad
Father of the shining bolt , dark misted , what is this you said ? Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal , one long since doomed by his destiny , from ill - sounding death and release him ? Do it , then ; but not all the rest of us gods shall approve you .
Egg donation
Most psychological and social issues of egg donation are likely comparable to those of sperm donation .
Gynaecology
There is some crossover in these areas . For example , a woman with urinary incontinence may be referred to a urologist .
Cremation
In some countries including the United States , there is increasing use of the alkaline hydrolysis process , trademarked as Resomation , which involves the use of lye heated with the body at high pressure , allowing the body to be broken down into its chemical compounds . The process is described by its inventors as more ecologically favorable than other forms of cremation .
Thymus
Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the thymus . The usual reason for a thymectomy is to gain access to the heart for surgery to correct congenital heart defects in the neonatal period . In neonates , but not older children or adults , the relative size of the thymus obstructs surgical access to the heart . Removal of the thymus in infancy results in immunodeficiency by some measures , although T cells develop compensating function and it remains unknown whether disease incidence in later life is significantly greater . This is because sufficient T cells are generated during fetal life prior to birth . These T cells are long - lived and can proliferate by homeostatic proliferation throughout the lifetime of the patient . However , there is evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood .
Jumping the broom
In America the phrase could be used as slang describing the act of getting married legally , rather than as specifying an informal union not recognised by church or state .
Fleetwood Mac
`` If we could get Peter and Jeremy to do it , I 'd probably , maybe , do it . I know Mick would do it in a flash . Unfortunately , I do n't think there 's much chance of Danny doing it . Bless his heart . ''
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan ( officially the European Recovery Program , ERP ) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe , in which the United States gave over $13 billion ( nearly $110 billion in 2016 US dollars ) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II . The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 3 , 1948 . The goals of the United States were to rebuild war - torn regions , remove trade barriers , modernize industry , improve European prosperity , and prevent the spread of Communism . The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers , a dropping of many regulations , and encouraged an increase in productivity , trade union membership , as well as the adoption of modern business procedures .
Excretion
Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism . In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs , kidneys and skin . This is in contrast with secretion , where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell . Excretion is an essential process in all forms of life . For example , in mammals urine is expelled through the urethra , which is part of the excretory system . In unicellular organisms , waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell .
Glory (religion)
Glorification is the Protestant alternative to purgatory , as it is `` the means by which the elect receive perfection before entering into the kingdom of Heaven . '' Purgatory deals with the means by which the elect become perfect , glorification deals with the elect becoming perfect . The majority of Protestant denominations believe in this form of glorification , although some have alternative names .
A Tale of Two Cities
I see the lives for which I lay down my life , peaceful , useful , prosperous and happy , in that England which I shall see no more . I see Her with a child upon her bosom , who bears my name . I see her father , aged and bent , but otherwise restored , and faithful to all men in his healing office , and at peace . I see the good old man ( Lorry ) , so long their friend , in ten years ' time enriching them with all he has , and passing tranquilly to his reward .
Baptism
Some conditions expressly do not affect validity -- for example , whether submersion , immersion , affusion or aspersion is used . However , if water is sprinkled , there is a danger that the water may not touch the skin of the unbaptized . As has been stated , `` it is not sufficient for the water to merely touch the candidate ; it must also flow , otherwise there would seem to be no real ablution . At best , such a baptism would be considered doubtful . If the water touches only the hair , the sacrament has probably been validly conferred , though in practice the safer course must be followed . If only the clothes of the person have received the aspersion , the baptism is undoubtedly void . '' For many communions , validity is not affected if a single submersion or pouring is performed rather than a triple , but in Orthodoxy this is controversial .
Society of the United States
It is customary for Americans to hold a wake in a funeral home within a couple days of the death of a loved one . The body of the deceased may be embalmed and dressed in fine clothing if there will be an open - casket viewing . Traditional Jewish and Muslim practice include a ritual bath and no embalming . Friends , relatives and acquaintances gather , often from distant parts of the country , to `` pay their last respects '' to the deceased . Flowers are brought to the coffin and sometimes eulogies , elegies , personal anecdotes or group prayers are recited . Otherwise , the attendees sit , stand or kneel in quiet contemplation or prayer . Kissing the corpse on the forehead is typical among Italian Americans and others . Condolences are also offered to the widow or widower and other close relatives .
Egg donation
The legal status and cost / compensation models of egg donation vary significantly by country . It may be totally illegal ( e.g. , Italy , Germany , Austria ) ; legal only if anonymous and gratuitous -- that is , without any compensation for the egg donor ( e.g. , France ) ; legal only if non-anonymous and gratuitous ( e.g. , Canada ) ; legal only if anonymous , but egg donors may be compensated ( the compensation is often described as being to offset her inconvenience and expenses ) ( e.g. , Spain , Czech Republic , South Africa ) ; legal only if non-anonymous , but egg donors may be compensated ( e.g. , the UK ) ; or legal whether or not it is anonymous , and egg donors may be compensated ( e.g. , the US ) . Because most countries prohibit the sale of body parts , egg donors generally are paid for undergoing the necessary medical procedures rather than for their eggs . In other words , if they complete the cycle , they will be paid the agreed price regardless of how many ( or how few ) eggs are retrieved .
Euthanasia
The petition brought tensions between the American Euthanasia Society and the Catholic Church to a head that contributed to a climate of anti-Catholic sentiment generally , regarding issues such as birth control , eugenics , and population control . However , the petition did not result in any legal changes .
Desert tortoise
In 2006 , a proposal was made in California to build a landfill in Kern County , a site near the Desert Tortoise Natural Area , to dump trash for Los Angeles residents . A landfill would attract many of the tortoise 's predators -- ravens , rats , roadrunners , and coyotes -- which would threaten their population .
Chick-fil-A
According to Focus on the Family 's website , CitizenLink.com , `` Chick - fil - A and its charitable - giving arm , the WinShape Foundation , did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the Biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago . '' Mike Huckabee stated that he `` talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy , CEO of Chick Fil - A about the new reports that Chick Fil - A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage . This is not true . The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees , but to end confusion gave me this statement . '' The statement provided by Chick - fil - A was posted on Huckabee 's website .
Humanism
Modern humanists , such as Corliss Lamont or Carl Sagan , hold that humanity must seek for truth through reason and the best observable evidence and endorse scientific skepticism and the scientific method . However , they stipulate that decisions about right and wrong must be based on the individual and common good , with no consideration given to metaphysical or supernatural beings . The idea is to engage with what is human . The ultimate goal is human flourishing ; making life better for all humans , and as the most conscious species , also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole . The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now , and leaving the world a better place for those who come after . In 1925 , the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned : `` The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled ; and man , who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels , has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature . It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts '' .
Referendums in the United Kingdom
The 2011 AV referendum on the proposal to use the alternative vote system in parliamentary elections is the only UK - wide referendum that has been held on a domestic issue . The referendum was held as a result of the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement which was drawn up after the 2010 general election .
Glory (religion)
If , however , the love of human glory , though it be vain , be not inconsistent with charity , neither as regards the matter gloried in , nor as to the intention of him that seeks glory , it is not a mortal but a venial sin .
How to Save a Life
`` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . ''
Name change
There is no formal concept of conversion in Hinduism but converts to Hinduism are accepted , usually after a small ceremony called Shudhikaran ( purification ) . Individuals who attend a Shudhikaran ceremony to officially become Hindu may be optionally given a new Dharma ( religious ) name , which is usually based on Sanskrit or Indian name such as names based on Hindu deities .
Urban renewal
Urban renewal is a process whereby privately owned properties within a designated renewal area are purchased or taken by eminent domain by a municipal redevelopment authority , razed and then reconveyed to selected developers who devote them to other uses . Until 1970 , the displaced owners and tenants received only the constitutionally - mandated `` just compensation '' specified in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . This measure of compensation covered only the fair market value of the taken property , and omitted compensation for a variety of incidental losses like , for example , moving expenses , loss of favorable financing and notably , business losses , such as loss of business goodwill . In the 1970s the federal government and state governments enacted the Uniform Relocation Assistance Act which provides for limited compensation of some of these losses . However the Act denies the displaced land owners the right to sue to enforce its provisions , so it is deemed an act of legislative grace rather than a constitutional right . Historically , urban redevelopment has been controversial because of such practices as taking private property by eminent domain for `` public use '' and then turning it over to redevelopers free of charge or for less than the acquisition cost ( known as `` land write - down '' ) . Thus , in the controversial Connecticut case of Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) the plan called for a redeveloper to lease the subject 90 - acre waterfront property for $1 per year .
Sinner's prayer
Platt says he is concerned that some people `` say they believe in Jesus , ... say they have accepted Jesus , ... say that they have received Jesus , but they are not saved and will not enter the kingdom of heaven '' . While he affirmed that people calling out to God with repentant faith is fundamental to attaining eternal life ( salvation ) , he said his comments about the `` sinner 's prayer '' have been deeply motivated `` by a concern for authentic conversions '' .
Baptism
The liturgy of baptism for Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Lutheran , Anglican , and Methodist makes clear reference to baptism as not only a symbolic burial and resurrection , but an actual supernatural transformation , one that draws parallels to the experience of Noah and the passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea divided by Moses . Thus , baptism is literally and symbolically not only cleansing , but also dying and rising again with Christ . Catholics believe that baptism is necessary for the cleansing of the taint of original sin , and for that reason infant baptism is a common practice . The Eastern Churches ( Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy ) also baptize infants on the basis of texts , such as Matthew 19 : 14 , which are interpreted as supporting full Church membership for children . In these denominations , baptism is immediately followed by Chrismation and Communion at the next Divine Liturgy , regardless of age . Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin of Adam . Anglicans believe that Baptism is also the entry into the Church and therefore allows them access to all rights and responsibilities as full members , including the privilege to receive Holy Communion . Most Methodists and Anglicans agree that it also cleanses the taint of what in the West is called original sin , in the East ancestral sin . Baptism
Allostasis
Allostasis provides compensation for various problems , such as in compensated heart failure , compensated kidney failure , and compensated liver failure . However , such allostatic states are inherently fragile , and decompensation can occur quickly , as in acute decompensated heart failure .
Baker Mayfield
On June 1 , 2016 , the Big 12 faculty athletic representatives voted against a rule proposal that would have allowed walk - on players to transfer within the conference and not lose a year of eligibility . The next day , the rule proposal was amended to allow walk - on players , without a written scholarship offer from the school they are transferring from , to transfer within the conference without losing a season of eligibility . The faculty athletic representatives approved the amended proposal with a vote of 7 -- 3 . The rule change made Mayfield eligible to play for Oklahoma through the 2017 season . Texas Tech voted in favor of the rule .