vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Football player
American football players are prone to head injuries such as concussion . In later life , this increases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer 's . Professional American football players self - reporting concussions are at greater risk for having depressive episodes later in life compared with those retired players self - reporting no concussions .
Famine
Frances Moore Lappé , later co-founder of the Institute for Food and Development Policy ( Food First ) argued in Diet for a Small Planet ( 1971 ) that vegetarian diets can provide food for larger populations , with the same resources , compared to omnivorous diets .
Southern United States
For cancer in a region , the South , particularly an axis from West Virginia through Texas , leads the nation in adult obesity , adult smoking , low exercise , low fruit consumption , low vegetable consumption , all known cancer risk factors , which matches a similar high risk axis in `` All Cancers Combined , Death Rates by State , 2011 '' from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
Colonial history of the United States
Horse racing was the main event . The typical farmer did not own a horse in the first place , and racing was a matter for gentlemen only , but ordinary farmers were spectators and gamblers . Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers . Horse racing was especially important for knitting together the gentry . The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding , training , boasting , and gambling , and especially winning the races themselves . Historian Timothy Breen explains that horse racing and high - stakes gambling were essential to maintaining the status of the gentry . When they publicly bet a large sum on their favorite horse , it told the world that competitiveness , individualism , and materialism where the core elements of gentry values .
Chinese food therapy
The earliest extant Chinese dietary text is a chapter of Sun Simiao 's Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold ( 千金 方 ; Qiānjīn fāng ) , which was completed in the 650s during the Tang dynasty . Sun 's work contains the earliest known use of the term `` food ( or dietary ) therapy '' ( shiliao ) . Sun stated that he wanted to present current knowledge about food so that people would first turn to food rather than drugs when suffering from an ailment . His chapter contains 154 entries divided into four sections -- on fruits , vegetables , cereals , and meat -- in which Sun explains the properties of individual foodstuffs with concepts borrowed from the Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon : qi , the viscera , and vital essence ( 精 ; jīng ) , as well as correspondences between the Five Phases , the `` five flavors '' ( sour , bitter , sweet , pungent , and salty ) , and the five grains . He also set a large number of `` dietary interdictions '' ( 食 禁 ; shíjìn ) , some based on calendrical notions ( no water chestnuts in the 7th month ) , others on purported interactions between foods ( no clear wine with horse meat ) or between different flavors .
Correlation does not imply causation
HDL ( `` good '' ) cholesterol is negatively correlated with incidence of heart attack . Therefore , taking medication to raise HDL decreases the chance of having a heart attack .
Eating disorder
Treatment varies according to type and severity of eating disorder , and usually more than one treatment option is utilized . There is no well - established treatment for eating disorders , meaning that current views about treatment are based mainly on clinical experience . Family doctors play an important role in early treatment of people with eating disorders by encouraging those who are also reluctant to see a psychiatrist . Treatment can take place in a variety of different settings such as community programs , hospitals , day programs , and groups . The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) recommends a team approach to treatment of eating disorders . The members of the team are usually a psychiatrist , therapist , and registered dietitian , but other clinicians may be included .
Statin
In 2016 the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommended statins for those who have at least one risk factor for coronary heart disease , are between 40 and 75 years old , and have at least a 10 % 10 - year risk of heart disease . The risk factors for coronary heart disease included abnormal lipid levels in the blood , diabetes mellitus , high blood pressure , and smoking . The risk of heart disease is estimated using the ACC / AHA Pooled Cohort equation . They recommended selective use of low - to - moderate doses statins in the same adults who have a calculated 10 - year CVD event risk of 7.5 -- 10 % or greater .
Coffee
In a systematic review and meta - analysis of 28 prospective observational studies , representing 1,109,272 participants , every additional cup of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumed in a day was associated with a 9 % ( 95 % CI 6 % , 11 % ) and 6 % ( 95 % CI 2 % , 9 % ) lower risk of type 2 diabetes , respectively . Cancer
Pierre de Coubertin
Coubertin is thought to have exaggerated the importance of sport to Thomas Arnold , whom he viewed as `` one of the founders of athletic chivalry '' . The character - reforming influence of sport with which Coubertin was so impressed is more likely to have originated in the novel Tom Brown 's School Days rather than exclusively in the ideas of Arnold himself . Nonetheless , Coubertin was an enthusiast in need of a cause and he found it in England and in Thomas Arnold . `` Thomas Arnold , the leader and classic model of English educators , '' wrote Coubertin , `` gave the precise formula for the role of athletics in education . The cause was quickly won . Playing fields sprang up all over England '' .
Obesity in the United States
`` More than 80 percent of affected children become overweight adults , often with lifelong health problems . '' Children are not only highly at risk of diabetes , high cholesterol and high blood pressure but obesity also takes a toll on the child 's psychological development . Social problems can arise and have a snowball effect , causing low self - esteem which can later develop into eating disorders . Adults
Jimmie Johnson
In December 2007 , Johnson commenced a program of exercise sessions and a run schedule supervised by John Sitaras , in order to balance his strength . Sitaras ' initial assessment found that half of his body was much tighter , having acclimated to offsetting the g - force load from turning left while driving . In two years , Johnson 's body fat percentage dropped from 20 % to 8 % ( visible also in the change of the shape of his face ) , while his strength and stamina greatly improved . Johnson later became the first racing driver to be named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( in 2009 ) . 2008
Fitness culture
In addition , fitness institutions can function as dating agencies , creating chances to meet people apart from workplaces . Music , body movement and costumes of people exercising , can easily draw attention and become an occasion to engage with each other .
List of diets
A very low calorie diet is consuming fewer than 800 calories per day . Such diets are normally followed under the supervision of a doctor . Zero - calorie diets are also included .
Utilitarianism
It is such considerations that lead even act utilitarians to rely on `` rules of thumb '' , as Smart has called them .
Statin
In 2008 , the JUPITER study showed benefit in those who had no history of high cholesterol or heart disease , but only elevated C - reactive protein levels . The conclusions of this study are , however , controversial .
Pierre de Coubertin
The important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle , the essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well .
Eating disorder
In addition to mere media exposure , there is an online `` pro-eating disorder '' community . Through personal blogs and Twitter , this community promotes eating disorders as a `` lifestyle '' , and continuously posts pictures of emaciated bodies , and tips on how to stay thin . The hashtag `` # proana '' ( pro-anorexia ) , is a product of this community , as well as images promoting weight loss , tagged with the term `` thinspiration '' . According to social comparison theory , young women have a tendency to compare their appearance to others , which can result in a negative view of their own bodies and altering of eating behaviors , that in turn can develop disordered eating behaviors .
Nutrition facts label
With regards to health claims and nutrition ( composition ) claims , these are harmonised in the EU through Regulation 1924 / 2006 , amended . In November 2012 , the European Commission published two new regulations : Regulation ( EC ) No. 1047 / 2012 and Regulation ( EC ) No. 1048 / 2012 . Certain nutrition claim groups as of Regulation ( EC ) No 1924 / 2006 had to be changed . Moreover , the health claims associated to barley beta - gluten were amended ( e.g. lowering blood cholesterol ) .
Gambler's fallacy
The gambler 's fallacy can also be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling ( or even chance itself ) is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks , otherwise known as the just - world hypothesis . Other researchers believe that individuals with an internal locus of control -- i.e. , people who believe that the gambling outcomes are the result of their own skill -- are more susceptible to the gambler 's fallacy because they reject the idea that chance could overcome skill or talent .
Eating disorder
Pro-ana refers to the promotion of behaviors related to the eating disorder anorexia nervosa . Several websites promote eating disorders , and can provide a means for individuals to communicate in order to maintain eating disorders . Members of these websites typically feel that their eating disorder is the only aspect of a chaotic life that they can control . These websites are often interactive and have discussion boards where individuals can share strategies , ideas , and experiences , such as diet and exercise plans that achieve extremely low weights . A study comparing the personal web - blogs that were pro-eating disorder with those focused on recovery found that the pro-eating disorder blogs contained language reflecting lower cognitive processing , used a more closed - minded writing style , contained less emotional expression and fewer social references , and focused more on eating - related contents than did the recovery blogs .
Citizenship
The young boy or girl who is of German nationality and is a subject of the German State is bound to complete the period of school education which is obligatory for every German . Thereby he submits to the system of training which will make him conscious of his race and a member of the folk - community . Then he has to fulfil all those requirements laid down by the State in regard to physical training after he has left school ; and finally he enters the army . The training in the army is of a general kind . It must be given to each individual German and will render him competent to fulfil the physical and mental requirements of military service . The rights of citizenship shall be conferred on every young man whose health and character have been certified as good , after having completed his period of military service . This act of inauguration in citizenship shall be a solemn ceremony .
Standard of care
Medical standards of care exist for many conditions , including diabetes , some cancers , and sexual abuse .
Fitness culture
Nowadays , fitness has been commercialized . The term gym is often associated with the term fitness and going to gyms means doing exercises in fitness institutions such as fitness centres , health clubs or gym clubs where people have to pay for membership in order to use fitness equipment and participate in group fitness activities with instructors , such as aerobics and yoga classes .
Obesity in the United States
A 2007 study found that receiving Food Stamps long term ( 24 months ) was associated with a 50 % increased obesity rate among female adults .
Big Boy Restaurants
Bob Wian developed rules and philosophies about how Big Boy should operate . Besides the ( construction of the ) Big Boy hamburger he attributed most of his success and that of his franchisees to following these rules . His fundamental restaurant principles were : `` serve the best quality food , at moderate prices , in spotless surroundings , with courtesy and hospitality . '' Wian said he had five basic rules for building his business : `` ' be a good place to work for , sell to , buy from , and invest in . And be a good neighbor in the community . ' '' He also attributed growth to , `` capable management and a conservative policy of not trying to seat more people than can be served or opening more restaurants than can be serviced . '' If some disruption occurred at a restaurant , such as a new manager or renovation , Wian would postpone advertising until operations would return to his standards .
Nutrition facts label
All health claims have been harmonised in the European Union . They can be used if they have been approved by EFSA . The list of approved and rejected claims is available on a web site .
Supreme Court of India
... The word ' strive ' which occurs in the Draft Constitution , in judgement , is very important . We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government , or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles , they shall , even under hard and unpropitious circumstances , always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives . That is why we have used the word ' strive ' . Otherwise , it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad , that the finances are so inadequate that we can not even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go .
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
In Stage four ( authority and social order obedience driven ) , it is important to obey laws , dictums , and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society . Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three . A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong . If one person violates a law , perhaps everyone would -- thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules . When someone does violate a law , it is morally wrong ; culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it separates the bad domains from the good ones . Most active members of society remain at stage four , where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force .
Education reform
Many students of democracy have desired to improve education in order to improve the quality of governance in democratic societies ; the necessity of good public education follows logically if one believes that the quality of democratic governance depends on the ability of citizens to make informed , intelligent choices , and that education can improve these abilities .
Statin
Click on genes , proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles . (
Eating disorder
Emotional Bites : a simple way to discuss emotional eating is to ask children about why they might eat besides being hungry . Talk about more effective ways to cope with emotions , emphasizing the value of sharing feelings with a trusted adult . Say No to Teasing : another concept is to emphasize that it is wrong to say hurtful things about other people 's body sizes . Body Talk : emphasize the importance of listening to one 's body . That is , eating when you are hungry ( not starving ) and stopping when you are satisfied ( not stuffed ) . Children intuitively grasp these concepts . Fitness Comes in All Sizes : educate children about the genetics of body size and the normal changes occurring in the body . Discuss their fears and hopes about growing bigger . Focus on fitness and a balanced diet .
Guinea pig
Many efforts have also been made to promote guinea pig husbandry in developing countries of West Africa , where they occur more widely than generally known because they are usually not covered by livestock statistics . However , it has not been known when and where the animals have been introduced to Africa . In Cameroon , they are widely distributed . In the Democratic Republic of the Congo , they can be found both in peri-urban environments as well as in rural regions , for example , in South Kivu . They are also frequently held in rural households in Iringa Region of southwestern Tanzania .
Guinea pig
C. porcellus is not found naturally in the wild ; it is likely descended from closely related species of cavies , such as C. aperea , C. fulgida , and C. tschudii , which are still commonly found in various regions of South America . Studies from 2007 -- 2010 applied molecular markers and studied the skull and skeletal morphology of current and mummified animals , thereby revealing the ancestor to most likely be Cavia tschudii . Some species of cavy identified in the 20th century , such as C. anolaimae and C. guianae , may be domestic guinea pigs that have become feral by reintroduction into the wild . Wild cavies are found on grassy plains and occupy an ecological niche similar to that of cattle . They are social , living in the wild in small groups that consist of several females ( sows ) , a male ( boar ) , and the young ( which , in a break with the preceding porcine nomenclature , are called `` pups '' not `` piglets '' ) . They move together in groups ( herds ) eating grass or other vegetation , and do not store food . While they do not burrow themselves or build nests , they frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals , as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation . They tend to be most active during dawn and dusk ( crepuscular ) , when it is harder for predators to spot them .
Guinea pig
Guinea pigs can learn complex paths to food , and can accurately remember a learned path for months . Their strongest problem - solving strategy is motion . While guinea pigs can jump small obstacles , most of them are poor climbers , and are not particularly agile . They startle extremely easily , and either freeze in place for long periods or run for cover with rapid , darting motions when they sense danger . Larger groups of startled guinea pigs `` stampede '' , running in haphazard directions as a means of confusing predators . When happily excited , guinea pigs may repeatedly perform little hops in the air ( known as `` popcorning '' ) , a movement analogous to the ferret 's war dance . They are also good swimmers . Guinea
Guinea pig
The domestic guinea pig plays an important role in folk culture for many indigenous Andean groups , especially as a food source , but also in folk medicine and in community religious ceremonies . Guinea pigs are a culinary staple in the Andes Mountains , where they are known as cuy , a name also given to large animals , the result of a breeding program , that ended up in southern California . Since the 1960s , efforts have been made to increase consumption of the animal outside South America .
Guinea pig
Domesticated guinea pigs thrive in groups of two or more ; groups of sows , or groups of one or more sows and a neutered boar are common combinations , but boars can sometimes live together . Guinea pigs learn to recognize and bond with other individual pigs , and testing of boars shows their neuroendocrine stress response is significantly lowered in the presence of a bonded female when compared to the presence of unfamiliar females . Groups of boars may also get along , provided their cage has enough space , they are introduced at an early age , and no females are present . Domestic guinea pigs have developed a different biological rhythm from their wild counterparts , and have longer periods of activity followed by short periods of sleep in between . Activity is scattered randomly throughout the day ; aside from an avoidance of intense light , no regular circadian patterns are apparent . This
Guinea pig
The guinea pig 's natural diet is grass ; their molars are particularly suited for grinding plant matter and grow continuously throughout their life . Most mammals that graze are large and have a long digestive tract ; guinea pigs have much longer colons than most rodents , but they must also supplement their diet by eating their feces ( coprophagy ) . However , they do not consume all their feces indiscriminately , but produce special soft pellets , called cecotropes ( or caecal pellets ) , which recycle B vitamins , fiber , and bacteria required for proper digestion . The cecotropes are eaten directly from the anus , unless the guinea pig is pregnant or obese . They share this behaviour with rabbits . In geriatric boars or sows ( rarely in young ones ) , the muscles which allow the softer pellets to be expelled from the anus can become weak . This creates a condition known as `` anal impaction '' , which prevents the animal from redigesting cecotropes even though harder pellets may pass through the impacted mass . The condition may be temporarily alleviated by a human carefully removing the impacted feces from the anus .
Guinea pig
Guinea pigs ( called cuy , cuye , or curí ) were originally domesticated for their meat in the Andes . Traditionally , the animal was reserved for ceremonial meals by indigenous people in the Andean highlands , but since the 1960s , it has become more socially acceptable for consumption by all people . It continues to be a major part of the diet in Peru and Bolivia , particularly in the Andes Mountains highlands ; it is also eaten in some areas of Ecuador ( mainly in the Sierra ) and Colombia . Because guinea pigs require much less room than traditional livestock and reproduce extremely quickly , they are a more profitable source of food and income than many traditional stock animals , such as pigs and cattle ; moreover , they can be raised in an urban environment . Both rural and urban families raise guinea pigs for supplementary income , and the animals are commonly bought and sold at local markets and large - scale municipal fairs . Guinea pig meat is high in protein and low in fat and cholesterol , and is described as being similar to rabbit and the dark meat of chicken . The animal may be served fried ( chactado or frito ) , broiled ( asado ) , or roasted ( al horno ) , and in urban restaurants may also be served in a casserole or a fricassee . Ecuadorians commonly consume sopa or locro de cuy , a soup dish . Pachamanca or huatia , a process similar to barbecueing , is also popular , and is usually served with corn beer ( chicha ) in traditional settings .
Guinea pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ) , also known as cavy or domestic cavy , is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia . Despite their common name , these animals are not in the pig family Suidae , nor do they come from Guinea in Africa ; they originated in the Andes of South America and studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domestic , not wild , descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as C. tschudii .
Guinea pig
Cohabitating females assist in mothering duties if lactating ; guinea pigs practice alloparental care , in which a female may adopt the pup ( s ) of another . This might take place if the original parents die or are for some reason separated from them . This behavior is common and is seen in many other animal species such as the elephant .