vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Parliamentary sovereignty
Executive power is shared by the President of the Republic and the cabinet . The latter must rely on the confidence of parliament . From the independence of Finland in 1917 up to the constitutional reform of 1999 , the president held considerable executive powers , and in particular was able to call a re-election of the parliament at will . In order to strengthen the role of the parliament as the highest organ of government , the constitutional reform constrained most of the presidential powers to be exercised only on the advice of the cabinet .
Steve Trevor
Steve Trevor holds the distinction of being the first foreigner to have ever set foot on Themyscira , the first man Diana has ever seen , and the first ambassador to open diplomatic relations with the Amazonian people . Trevor , Superman and Batman are the only men in the DC Universe to be granted honorary citizenship by Queen Hippolyta ; an extraordinary feat , given that Aphrodite 's Law demands the death penalty for any man who sets foot on Themyscira . He is often a primary love interest ; their relationship was often flirtatious , yet they always remained steadfast friends . On occasion , Marston would place Trevor in `` gentleman - in - jeopardy '' situations . His marriage proposals were often rejected , as Diana prioritized saving the world first before marriage , in accordance with Aphrodite 's Law .
Wonder Woman
The Diana Prince alias also played an important role after the events of Infinite Crisis . Wonder Woman was broadcast worldwide killing a villain named Maxwell Lord , as he was mind controlling Superman into killing Batman . When Wonder Woman caught him in her lasso , demanding to know how to stop Superman , Maxwell revealed that the only way to stop him was to kill Lord , so as a last resort Diana snapped his neck . To recover from the trauma of killing another person , the Amazon went into a self - imposed exile for one year . On her return to public life , Diana realized that her life as a full - time celebrity superhero and ambassador had kept her removed from humanity . Because of this she assumed the persona of Diana Prince and became an agent at the Department of Metahuman Affairs . During a later battle with the witch Circe , a spell was placed on Diana leaving her powerless when not in the guise of Wonder Woman .
Ancient Egyptian deities
The actions of the deities in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns their actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the deities were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , reenacted Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the actions the deities , which humans can not fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many - faceted approach to religious belief -- what Henri Frankfort called a `` multiplicity of approaches '' to understanding the deities .
Jacques-Louis David
Others believed that they found the key to the artist 's revolutionary career in his personality . Undoubtedly , David 's artistic sensibility , mercurial temperament , volatile emotions , ardent enthusiasm , and fierce independence might have been expected to help turn him against the established order but they did not fully explain his devotion to the republican regime . Nor did the vague statements of those who insisted upon his `` powerful ambition ... and unusual energy of will '' actually account for his revolutionary connections . Those who knew him maintained that `` generous ardor '' , high - minded idealism and well - meaning though sometimes fanatical enthusiasm , rather than opportunism and jealousy , motivated his activities during this period .
Creon
Creon is pitted against Antigone , who holds up the will of the gods and the honor of her family above all else ; and thus he appears to be against these values . His behavior , however , suggests otherwise . He aggressively preaches the concept of family honor to his son , Haemon . Creon also believes that his decrees are consistent with the will of the gods and with the best interests of the people , whether true or not . When a legitimate argument is raised against his course of action by Tiresias , he is in fact completely open to changing course , even before he learns of the deaths of his family members .
Pluto (mythology)
In the Stoic system , Pluto represented the lower region of the air , where according to Seneca ( 1st century AD ) the soul underwent a kind of purgatory before ascending to the ether . Seneca 's contemporary Cornutus made use of the traditional etymology of Pluto 's name for Stoic theology . The Stoics believed that the form of a word contained the original truth of its meaning , which over time could become corrupted or obscured . Plouton derived from ploutein , `` to be wealthy , '' Cornutus said , because `` all things are corruptible and therefore are ' ultimately consigned to him as his property . ' ''
History of the United States Constitution
The Constitutional Convention created a new , unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government . Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government , or a `` confederation of sovereign constituent states . '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time . The sources and changes of power were up to the states . The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources . But the new government would have a national operation . To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights , Framers allocated power among executive , senate , house and judiciary of the central government . But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere . Increase
Jury trial
During the mid-14th Century , persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury ( i.e. , in modern parlance , the Grand Jury ) were forbidden to sit on the trial jury for that crime . 25 Edward III stat 5. , c3 ( 1353 ) . Medieval juries were self - informing , in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts , or they had the duty to discover them . This spared the government the cost of fact - finding . Over time , English juries became less self - informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case . Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century . The Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns ( or , more probably , reigns limited by the jury and the barons , and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable ) , the kings , through the royal judges , began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom . In David Hume 's History of England , he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after the Magna Carta , the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted :
Ancient Egyptian deities
In different eras , various deities were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life - giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the fourteenth century BC , when official religion focused mainly on the impersonal sun god Aten .
Joker (character)
The Joker has claimed a number of origins , including being the child of an abusive father who broke his nose and the long - lived jester of an Egyptian pharaoh . As Batman says , `` Like any other comedian , he uses whatever material will work '' .
Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
These recount how Enoch was taken up to Heaven and was appointed guardian of all the celestial treasures , chief of the archangels , and the immediate attendant on God 's throne . He was subsequently taught all secrets and mysteries and , with all the angels at his back , fulfils of his own accord whatever comes out of the mouth of God , executing His decrees . Much esoteric literature like the 3rd Book of Enoch identifies Enoch as the Metatron , the angel which communicates God 's word . In consequence , Enoch was seen , by this literature , and the Rabbinic kabbala of Jewish mysticism , as having been the one which communicated God 's revelation to Moses , in particular , the dictator of the Book of Jubilees .
United States Congress
The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail . In addition , other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied
Sith
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Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
Several 20th - century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency . Theodore Roosevelt , for instance , claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law -- in direct contrast to his immediate successor , William Howard Taft . Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression . Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority ; in Panama Refining v. Ryan , the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers . The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , another separation of powers case , was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency . In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions , Roosevelt introduced a `` Court Packing '' plan , under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill . Such a plan ( which was defeated in Congress ) would have seriously undermined the judiciary 's independence and power .
Jury trial
One of the most ancient and most established instruments of power was the court of Star Chamber , which possessed an unlimited discretionary authority of fining , imprisoning , and inflicting corporal punishment , and whose jurisdiction extended to all sorts of offenses , contempts , and disorders , that lay not within reach of the common law . The members of this court consisted of the privy council and the judges ; men who all of them enjoyed their offices during pleasure : And when the prince himself was present , he was the sole judge , and all the others could only interpose with their advice . There needed but this one court in any government , to put an end to all regular , legal , and exact plans of liberty . For who durst set himself in opposition to the crown and ministry , or aspire to the character of being a patron of freedom , while exposed to so arbitrary a jurisdiction ? I much question , whether any of the absolute monarchies in Europe contain , at present , so illegal and despotic a tribunal . While so many terrors hung over the people , no jury durst have acquitted a man , when the court was resolved to have him condemned . The practice also , of not confronting witnesses to the prisoner , gave the crown lawyers all imaginable advantage against him . And , indeed , there scarcely occurs an instance , during all these reigns , that the sovereign , or the ministers , were ever disappointed in the issue of a prosecution . Timid juries , and judges who held their offices during pleasure , never failed to second all the views of the crown . And as the practice was anciently common of fining , imprisoning , or otherwise punishing the jurors , merely at the discretion of the court , for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges ; it is obvious , that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject .
Potentiality and actuality
Leibniz 's study of the `` entelechy '' now known as energy was a part of what he called his new science of `` dynamics '' , based on the Greek word dunamis and his understanding that he was making a modern version of Aristotle 's old dichotomy . He also referred to it as the `` new science of power and action '' , ( Latin `` potentia et effectu '' and `` potentia et actione '' ) . And it is from him that the modern distinction between statics and dynamics in physics stems . The emphasis on dunamis in the name of this new science comes from the importance of his discovery of potential energy which is not active , but which conserves energy nevertheless . `` As ' a science of power and action ' , dynamics arises when Leibniz proposes an adequate architectonic of laws for constrained , as well as unconstrained , motions . ''
Public administration
Though Chinese administration can not be traced to any one individual , emphasizing a merit system figures of the Fa - Jia like 4th century BC reformer Shen Buhai ( 400 -- 337 BC ) may have had more influence than any other , and might be considered its founder , if not valuable as a rare pre-modern example of abstract theory of administration . Creel writes that , in Shen Buhai , there are the `` seeds of the civil service examination '' , and that , if one wishes to exaggerate , it would `` no doubt be possible to translate Shen Buhai 's term Shu , or technique , as ' science ' '' , and argue that he was the first political scientist , though Creel does `` not care to go this far '' .
Influence of the French Revolution
The changes in France were enormous ; some were widely accepted and others were bitterly contested into the late 20th century . Before the Revolution , the people had little power or voice . The kings had so thoroughly centralized the system that most nobles spent their time at Versailles , and played only a small direct role in their home districts . Thompson says that the kings had :
History of democracy
The Roman Empire had been born . Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir , it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead . Most likely , by the time Augustus died , no one was old enough to know a time before an Emperor ruled Rome . The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic régime , which , underneath a competent and strong Emperor , could achieve military supremacy , economic prosperity , and a genuine peace , but under a weak or incompetent one saw its glory tarnished by cruelty , military defeats , revolts , and civil war .
Zuko
Zuko is the Fire Prince of the Fire Nation and an incredibly powerful Firebender , meaning he has the elemental ability to create and control fire and to redirect lightning through martial arts . He is the eldest child of Fire Lord Ozai and Princess Ursa , the older brother of Princess Azula and older half - brother of Kiyi . Before the events of the series , Zuko is exiled from the Fire Nation by his father and told he must capture the Avatar to restore his honor and right to the throne . Zuko is accompanied and advised in his search by his uncle , Iroh . Over time , Zuko sympathizes with oppressed peoples , and joins the Avatar to restore peace . Zuko has two well known great - grandfathers : on his father 's side , Fire Lord Sozin , who started the hundred - year - war , and on his mother 's side Avatar Roku , the Avatar preceding Aang .
Hades
He spent most of the time in his dark realm . Formidable in battle , he proved his ferocity in the famous Titanomachy , the battle of the Olympians versus the Titans , which established the rule of Zeus .
Elizabethan government
Manors were run by nobility and gentry . Land was power at the time ; those with land received payments from the tenants on their land and from their workers . Thus they had significant wealth and influence . They also had responsibilities , for they were meant to aid the monarch by governing their land . Local grievances were taken to the lord of the manor ; on the other hand , tenants were loyal to him -- if called upon , they were obliged to go to war . The lord 's views tended to greatly influence those of his largely uneducated tenants .
Sith
Darth Caedus ( Jacen Solo ) was a Dark Lord of the Sith born as the oldest son of Han Solo and Leia Organa Solo . A Jedi hero of the Yuuzhan Vong War , he eventually fell to the dark side years later and masterminded the Second Galactic Civil War . He was however killed by his twin sister Jaina for his actions . Darth
Supreme Leader Snoke
Snoke 's appearance changed throughout principal photography and post-production of The Force Awakens . Serkis said , `` It 's the first time I 've been on set not yet knowing what the character 's gon na look like . I mean , talk about secrecy ! '' According to the actor , the character 's appearance , voice , and movements evolved as he and the film 's writer / director J.J. Abrams challenged the visual effects team .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Though his mother favored his retirement from public life , Roosevelt , his wife , and Roosevelt 's close friend and adviser , Louis Howe , were all determined that Roosevelt continue his political career . Roosevelt convinced many people that he was improving , which he believed to be essential prior to running for public office again . He laboriously taught himself to walk short distances while wearing iron braces on his hips and legs by swiveling his torso , supporting himself with a cane . Roosevelt was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public , and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability . However , his disability was well known before and during his presidency and became a major part of his image . He usually appeared in public standing upright , supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons .
History of democracy
Solon ( c. 638 -- c. 558 BC ) , an Athenian ( Greek ) of noble descent but moderate means , was a lyric poet and later a lawmaker ; Plutarch ranked him as one of the Seven Sages of the ancient world . Solon attempted to satisfy all sides by alleviating the suffering of the poor majority without removing all the privileges of the rich minority . Solon divided the Athenians into four property - classes , with different rights and duties for each . As the Rhetra did in Lycurgian Sparta , Solon formalized the composition and functions of the governmental bodies . All citizens gained the right to attend the Ecclesia ( Assembly ) and to vote . The Ecclesia became , in principle , the sovereign body , entitled to pass laws and decrees , elect officials , and hear appeals from the most important decisions of the courts . All but those in the poorest group might serve , a year at a time , on a new Boule of 400 , which was to prepare the agenda for the Ecclesia . The higher governmental posts , those of the archons ( magistrates ) , were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups . The retired archons became members of the Areopagus ( Council of the Hill of Ares ) , which like the Gerousia in Sparta , was able to check improper actions of the newly powerful Ecclesia . Solon created a mixed timocratic and democratic system of institutions .
Magic in Harry Potter
Parseltongue is the language of snakes . It is often associated with Dark Magic , although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality . Those possessing the ability to speak it ( `` Parselmouths '' ) occur very rarely . People apparently acquire the skill through learning or via a method of xenoglossia , such as through genetic inheritance ( or by use of Dark or dangerous Magic ) . Harry was a Parselmouth until the age of 17 . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains this was because of Voldemort 's passing on some of his abilities to Harry the night he tried to kill him . Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort 's soul within Harry grants him this ability , which is later destroyed leaving Harry stripped of the ability .
List of Watchmen characters
Ozymandias ( Adrian Veidt ) was a former superhero who draws inspiration from his hero Alexander the Great and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II , for whom he is named . A child prodigy , he graduated from high school and college before he was 18 and learned the art of lying as he hid the full scope of his brilliance for most of his childhood after being accused of cheating . When he inherited his family 's fortune upon his parents ' death in a car accident , Adrian gave it away to see if he could be a success by himself . Veidt traced Alexander the Great 's path across the globe and ultimately returned to the United States , where he became a successful businessman . However , when his business partner and would - be love interest overdosed on drugs ( purchased with funds given to her by Adrian as a gift to allow her to have fun in New York City one night ) , Veidt decided to avenge her death as a superhero . His costume was conceived as a Halloween costume but he quickly developed a name for himself as a hero . Two years before the Keene Act passed , Veidt went public with his secret identity and began merchandising his alter ego as he became one of the most important businessmen in the USA . However , his fear of a nuclear war between the USSR and the USA , plus a rivalry with the Comedian ( who unknowingly planted the idea of stopping the inevitable nuclear holocaust into Veidt 's head ) , led to him engaging in the vast conspiracy at the heart of the Watchmen series .
Potentiality and actuality
Dunamis is an ordinary Greek word for possibility or capability . Depending on context , it could be translated `` potency '' , `` potential '' , `` capacity '' , `` ability '' , `` power '' , `` capability '' , `` strength '' , `` possibility '' , `` force '' and is the root of modern English words `` dynamic '' , `` dynamite '' , and `` dynamo '' . In early modern philosophy , English authors like Hobbes and Locke used the English word `` power '' as their translation of Latin potentia .
List of Attack on Titan characters
Ymir Fritz ( ユミル ・ フリッツ , Yumiru Furittsu ) A mythical figure tied to the origins of the Titans who lived around 1,800 years ago , mentioned only in fairy tales . In the stories , Ymir became the first Founding Titan ( 始祖 の 巨人 , Shiso no Kyojin ) when she made a deal with the devil and used her gained power to protect her people from the Marley government . In time , the deceased Ymir 's power was divided into nine of her Subjects whose families used the Nine Titans to establish Eldia as an empire for centuries until the reign of Karl Fritz .
Magic in Harry Potter
Bellatrix Lestrange and Draco also have skill in Occlumency , since Bellatrix was clearly said to have taught Draco to shield his thoughts from Snape .