vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Season
Ecologically speaking , a season is a period of the year in which only certain types of floral and animal events happen ( e.g. : flowers bloom -- spring ; hedgehogs hibernate -- winter ) . So , if we can observe a change in daily floral / animal events , the season is changing . In this sense , ecological seasons are defined in absolute terms , unlike calendar - based methods in which the seasons are relative . If specific conditions associated with a particular ecological season do n't normally occur in a particular region , then that area can not be said to experience that season on a regular basis .
Climate of the Arctic
In September and October the days get rapidly shorter , and in northern areas the sun disappears from the sky entirely . As the amount of solar radiation available to the surface rapidly decreases , the temperatures follow suit . The sea ice begins to refreeze , and eventually gets a fresh snow cover , causing it to reflect even more of the dwindling amount of sunlight reaching it . Likewise , in the beginning of September both the northern and southern land areas receive their winter snow cover , which combined with the reduced solar radiation at the surface , ensures an end to the warm days those areas may experience in summer . By November , winter is in full swing in most of the Arctic , and the small amount of solar radiation still reaching the region does not play a significant role in its climate .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Extended periods of extreme weather , such as the droughts of 1975 -- 1976 , summer 2006 , and spring 2012 , the long hot summers of 1911 , 1976 , 2003 and 2006 , and the winters of 1946 -- 1947 , 1962 -- 1963 , 2009 -- 2010 , and 2010 -- 2011 are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist for several days , weeks , or even months . In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather . Hurricane
Trade winds
Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America .
The impact of geography on colonial America
French for `` foothills '' , the Piedmont is characterized by rolling hills stretching between the coastal plain and the Blue Ridge Mountains . It is separated from the coastal plain by the `` fall line '' , line where elevation falls noticeably , and is the sight of many waterfalls on the rivers in the region .
Peaks of Otter
The Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge Mountains , overlooking the town of Bedford , Virginia , which lies nine miles ( 14 km ) to the southeast along State Route 43 . These peaks are Sharp Top , Flat Top , and Harkening Hill .
Vermont
There are five distinct physiographic regions of Vermont . Categorized by geological and physical attributes , they are the Northeastern Highlands , the Green Mountains , the Taconic Mountains , the Champlain Lowlands , and the Vermont Piedmont .
Atlas Mountains
The Anti-Atlas Mountains are believed to have originally been formed as part of Alleghenian orogeny . These mountains were formed when Africa and America collided , and were once a chain rivaling today 's Himalayas . Today , the remains of this chain can be seen in the Fall Line region in the Eastern United States . Some remnants can also be found in the later formed Appalachians in North America .
Oklahoma
Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges : the Ouachita Mountains , the Arbuckle Mountains , the Wichita Mountains , and the Ozark Mountains . Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region , the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains are the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians . A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north - central Oklahoma , and near the state 's eastern border , The Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department regards Cavanal Hill as the world 's tallest hill ; at 1,999 feet ( 609 m ) , it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot .
Peaks of Otter
Peaks of Otter Abbot Lake and Sharp Top in winter Highest point Elevation Sharp Top 3,875 feet ( 1,181 m ) Flat Top 4,001 feet ( 1,220 m ) Harkening Hill 3,372 feet ( 1,028 m ) 37 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 79 ° 35 ′ 01 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 37.44694 ° N 79.58361 ° W ﻿ / 37.44694 ; - 79.58361 Geography Location Bedford / Botetourt counties , Virginia , U.S. Parent range Blue Ridge Mountains Topo map USGS Geology Age of rock Precambrian Mountain type granite Climbing Easiest route Hike
Vermont
About 500 million years ago , Vermont was part of Laurentia and located in the tropics . The central and southern Green Mountain range include the oldest rocks in Vermont , formed about one billion years ago during the first mountain building period ( or orogeny ) . Subsequently , about 400 million years ago , the second mountain building period created Green Mountain peaks that were 15,000 -- 20,000 feet ( 4,600 -- 6,100 m ) tall , three to four times their current height and comparable to the Himalayas . The geological pressures that created those peaks remain evident as the Champlain Thrust , running north -- south to the west of the mountains ( now the eastern shore of Lake Champlain ) . It is an example of geological fault thrusting where bedrock is pushed over the newer rock formation .
The impact of geography on colonial America
The geology of New England includes many mountains , and it is thick with trees and rivers . The forest provided large amounts of lumber for New England and led them to specialize in the shipbuilding industry . However , the landscape was unsuitable for cereal crops , so they were imported from the other colonies . Originally this region had fertile soil , but during the last glacial period , large glaciers scraped away the fertile soil and moved it south , leaving a rocky landscape that was not suitable for farming .
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains are an important habitat for a great deal of well - known wildlife , such as elk , moose , mule and white - tailed deer , pronghorn , mountain goats , bighorn sheep , badgers , black bears , grizzly bears , coyotes , lynxes , and wolverines . For example , North America 's largest herds of moose is in the Alberta - British Columbia foothills forests .
Stone Mountain
The mountain 's lower slopes are wooded . The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit , and several specimens can easily be found along the walk - up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain . In the fall , the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy ( Helianthus porteri ) flowers appear on the mountain , growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas .
Peaks of Otter
Thomas Jefferson once wrote that `` the mountains of the Blue Ridge , and of these the Peaks of Otter , are thought to be of a greater height , measured from their base , than any others in our country , and perhaps in North America . '' Of course this later turned out not to be the case , but not before Virginia had sent stones from the peaks to be its part of the Washington Monument .
Peaks of Otter
Manmade Abbott Lake lies in the valley between the three peaks , behind the Peaks of Otter Lodge and restaurant . The National Park Service preserves the peaks and lake as part of the Blue Ridge Parkway .
North America
The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt
Peaks of Otter
The primary activity at Peaks of Otter is hiking . There are three main peaks ; Flat Top , Sharp Top , and Harkening Hill in order from highest peak altitude to lowest peak altitude . Sharp Top is the most famous hike with its spectacular 360 ° view at the top . There is also a separate cliff formation on the other side of Sharp Top called Buzzard 's Roost , which also has good views . For those who can not hike 1.5 mile and 1,300 ft elevation gain trail up to the top of Sharp Top , there is a shuttle service that people up to within a 15 minute walk from the top . Combined within the three peaks is a little over 12 miles of hiking and extra attractions along the way . There is a flat , one - mile paved trail around Abbott Lake along with a 1.6 - mile - loop trail to a waterfall roughly 2 miles north on the Blue Ridge Parkway . Johnson Farm is a historically restored site along one of the side trails towards Harkening Hill . The house and outbuildings are preserved in their 1930 's form along with gardens and a small orchard . Visitors can take free tours of the farmhouse from June - September . From June - October the National Park Service provides various Ranger programs . There is also a small visitor center run by the National Park Service .
Matterhorn
Apart from the base of the mountain , the Matterhorn is composed of gneiss belonging to the Dent Blanche klippe , an isolated part of the Austroalpine nappes , lying over the Penninic nappes . The Austroalpine nappes are part of the Apulian plate , a small continent which broke up from Africa before the Alpine orogeny . For this reason the Matterhorn has been popularized as an African mountain . The Austroalpine nappes are mostly common in the Eastern Alps .
Taiga
The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous , dominated by larch , spruce , fir and pine . The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate so for example the Eastern Canadian forests ecoregion of the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in Canada is dominated by balsam fir Abies balsamea , while further north the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga of northern Quebec and Labrador is notably black spruce Picea mariana and tamarack larch Larix laricina .
Stone Mountain
Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1597 , when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was `` very high , shining when the sun set like a fire . '' By this time , the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and ( to a lesser extent ) Cherokee peoples .
Rocky Mountains
The name of the mountains is a translation of an Amerindian name that is closely related to Algonquian ; the Cree name `` as - sin - wati '' , is given as , when seen from across the prairies , they looked like a rocky mass . The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre in 1752 , where they were called `` Montagnes de Roche '' .
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America . The range 's highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14,440 feet ( 4,401 m ) above sea level . Mount Robson in British Columbia , at 12,972 feet ( 3,954 m ) , is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies . Mount
Rocky Mountains
The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains . Such sedimentary remnants were often tilted at steep angles along the flanks of the modern range ; they are now visible in many places throughout the Rockies , and are prominently shown along the Dakota Hogback , an early Cretaceous sandstone formation that runs along the eastern flank of the modern Rockies .
North Carolina
show North Carolina state symbols The Flag of North Carolina The Seal of North Carolina Living insignia Bird Cardinal Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Red Drum Flower Flowering Dogwood Insect Western honeybee Marsupial Virginia Opossum ( state marsupial ) Tree Longleaf Pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Clogging Food Scuppernong grape , sweet potato Fossil Megalodon teeth Gemstone Emerald Mineral Gold Rock Granite Song `` The Old North State '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2001 Lists of United States state symbols
Tar Heel
According to this legend , the troops of British General Cornwallis during the American Revolutionary War were fording what is now known as the Tar River between Rocky Mount and Battleboro when they discovered that tar had been dumped into the stream to impede the crossing of British soldiers . When they finally got across the river , they found their feet completely black with tar . Thus , the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire `` tar heels . ''
North America
The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf .
Atlantic Ocean
The United States ' southeast coast , especially the Virginia and North Carolina coasts , has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs .
Vermont
As a result of tectonic formation , Vermont east of the Green Mountains tends to be formed from rocks produced in the Silurian and Devonian periods . Western Vermont mainly from the older Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian material . Several large deposits within the state contain granite . The remains of the Chazy Formation can be observed in Isle La Motte . It was one of the first tropical reefs . It is the site of the limestone Fisk Quarry , which contains a collection of ancient marine fossils such as stromatoporoids that date back to 200 million years ago . It is believed that at one point , Vermont was connected to Africa ( Pangaea ) and the fossils found and the rock formations found on the coasts in both Africa and America are further evidence of the Pangaea theory .
North Carolina
On April 12 , 1776 , the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown , through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress . The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal . Throughout the Revolutionary War , fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists . In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries . A major American victory in the war took place at King 's Mountain along the North Carolina -- South Carolina border ; on October 7 , 1780 , a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina ( including what is today the state of Tennessee ) and southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson . Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown ( they were called `` Tories '' or Loyalists ) . The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence , and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories . 1st
Atlas Mountains
The High Atlas in central Morocco rises in the west at the Atlantic coast and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan - Algerian border . At the Atlantic and to the southwest , the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range . To the north , in the direction of Marrakesh , the range descends less abruptly .
Rocky Mountains
Every year the scenic areas and recreational opportunities of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists . The main language of the Rocky Mountains is English . But there are also linguistic pockets of Spanish and indigenous languages .
Lake District
The mountains of the Lake District are also known as the `` Cumbrian Mountains '' , although this name is less frequently used than terms like `` the Lake District '' or `` the Lakeland Fells '' . Many of the higher fells are rocky , while moorland predominates at lower altitudes . Vegetation cover across better drained areas includes bracken and heather , though much of the land is boggy , due to the high rainfall . Deciduous native woodland occurs on many steeper slopes below the tree line , but with native oak supplemented by extensive conifer plantations in many areas , particularly Grizedale Forest in the generally lower southern part of the area . Panorama
Rocky Mountains
The USGS defines ten forested zones in the Rocky Mountains . Zones in more southern , warmer , or drier areas are defined by the presence of pinyon pines / junipers , ponderosa pines , or oaks mixed with pines . In more northern , colder , or wetter areas , zones are defined by Douglas - firs , Cascadian species ( such as western hemlock ) , lodgepole pines / quaking aspens , or firs mixed with spruce . Near treeline , zones can consist of white pines ( such as whitebark pine or bristlecone pine ) ; or a mixture of white pine , fir , and spruce that appear as shrub - like krummholz . Finally , rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range . Bighorn
North Carolina
show North Carolina state symbols The Flag of North Carolina The Seal of North Carolina Living insignia Bird Cardinal ( bird ) Fish Red drum Flower Flowering Dogwood Insect Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) Mammal Eastern Gray Squirrel Reptile Eastern Box Turtle Tree Longleaf Pine ( Pinus palustris ) Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Colors red and blue Dance Clogging Food Sweet potato Gemstone Emerald Mineral Gold Motto Esse quam videri ( `` To be , rather than to seem '' ) Rock Granite Shell Scotch bonnet ( sea snail ) Slogan First Flight ( unofficial ) Song `` The Old North State ( song ) '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2001 Lists of United States state symbols Cardinal
Zimbabwe
The country is mostly savannah , although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests . Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include teak , mahogany , enormous specimens of strangling fig , forest newtonia , big leaf , white stinkwood , chirinda stinkwood , knobthorn and many others .
New Jersey
Around 180 million years ago , during the Jurassic Period , New Jersey bordered North Africa . The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains . Around 18,000 years ago , the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey . As the glaciers retreated , they left behind Lake Passaic , as well as many rivers , swamps , and gorges .
Arizona
Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the state 's southern portions , which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus . This region 's topography was shaped by prehistoric volcanism , followed by the cooling - off and related subsidence . Its climate has exceptionally hot summers and mild winters . The state is less well known for its pine - covered north - central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau ( see Arizona Mountains forests ) .
Rocky Mountains
In the southern Rocky Mountains , near present - day Colorado , these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 Ma , during the Pennsylvanian . This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains . They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea . The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic , leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock .
Atlas Mountains
The Atlas Mountains ( Arabic : جبال الأطلس ‎ ‎ , jibāl al - ʾaṭlas ; Berber : ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ , idurar n waṭlas ) are a mountain range in the Maghreb . It stretches around 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) through Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia . The range 's highest peak is Toubkal , with an elevation of 4,167 metres ( 13,671 ft ) in southwestern Morocco . It separates the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert . The Atlas mountains are primarily inhabited by Berber populations . The terms for ' mountain ' in some Berber languages are adrar and adras , which are believed to be cognates of the toponym Atlas .
Rocky Mountains
The current Rocky Mountains were raised in the Laramide orogeny from between 80 and 55 Ma . For the Canadian Rockies , the mountain building is analogous to a rug being pushed on a hardwood floor : the rug bunches up and forms wrinkles ( mountains ) . In Canada , the terranes and subduction are the foot pushing the rug , the ancestral rocks are the rug , and the Canadian Shield in the middle of the continent is the hardwood floor .
Matterhorn
The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses ( originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny ) from the Dent Blanche nappe , lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes . The mountain 's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak , such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face , forming a horn .
Wales
Much of Wales ' diverse landscape is mountainous , particularly in the north and central regions . The mountains were shaped during the last ice age , the Devensian glaciation . The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia ( Eryri ) , of which five are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The highest of these is Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , at 1,085 m ( 3,560 ft ) . The 14 Welsh mountains , or 15 if including Garnedd Uchaf -- often discounted because of its low topographic prominence -- over 3,000 feet ( 910 metres ) high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s and are located in a small area in the north - west .
Black Hills
The geology of the Black Hills is complex . A Tertiary mountain - building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region . This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills . The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite , pegmatite , and metamorphic rocks that comprise the core of the entire Black Hills uplift . This core is rimmed by Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks . The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out like a target , as it is an oval dome , with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center .
United States
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States .
Rocky Mountains
Instead , ecologists divide the Rocky Mountain into a number of biotic zones . Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees , and the presence of one or more indicator species . Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the Alpine tundra . The Great Plains lie to the east of the Rockies , and is characterized by prairie grasses ( below roughly 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) ) . Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the treeline for the Rocky Mountains , which varies from 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) in New Mexico to 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) at the northern end of the Rocky Mountains ( near the Yukon ) .