vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Origin of the domestic dog
The genetic difference between domestic and wild populations can be framed within two considerations . The first distinguishes between domestication traits that are presumed to have been essential at the early stages of domestication , and improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations . Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates and were selected during the initial episode of domestication , whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates , though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations . A second issue is whether traits associated with the domestication syndrome resulted from a relaxation of selection as animals exited the wild environment or from positive selection resulting from intentional and unintentional human preference . Some recent genomic studies on the genetic basis of traits associated with the domestication syndrome have shed light on both of these issues . A study published in 2016 suggested that there have been negative genetic consequences of the domestication process as well , that enrichment of disease - related gene variants accompanied positively selected traits .
Origin of the domestic dog
The study found that three ancient Belgium canids ( the 36,000 YBP `` Goyet dog '' cataloged as Canis species , along with Belgium 30,000 YBP and 26,000 years YBP cataloged as Canis lupus ) formed an ancient clade that was the most divergent group . The study found that the skulls of the `` Goyet dog '' and the `` Altai dog '' had some dog - like characteristics and proposed that the may have represented an aborted domestication episode . If so , there may have been originally more than one ancient domestication event for dogs as there was for domestic pigs .
House sparrow
In North America , house sparrow populations are more differentiated than those in Europe . This variation follows predictable patterns , with birds at higher latitudes being larger and those in arid areas being paler . However , how much this is caused by evolution or by environment is not clear . Similar observations have been made in New Zealand , and in South Africa . The introduced house sparrow populations may be distinct enough to merit subspecies status , especially in North America and southern Africa , and American ornithologist Harry Church Oberholser even gave the subspecies name P. d. plecticus to the paler birds of western North America .
Red fox
Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern and southern forms .
House sparrow
The taxonomy of the house sparrow and its Mediterranean relatives is highly complicated . The common type of `` willow sparrow '' is the Spanish sparrow , which resembles the house sparrow in many respects . It frequently prefers wetter habitats than the house sparrow , and it is often colonial and nomadic . In most of the Mediterranean , one or both species occur , with some degree of hybridisation . In North Africa , the two species hybridise extensively , forming highly variable mixed populations with a full range of characters from pure house sparrows to pure Spanish sparrows .
Camel
There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010 , with 90 % being dromedaries . Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals ( mostly living in the Horn of Africa , the Sahel , Maghreb , Middle East and South Asia ) . The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world , where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life . They provide nomadic people in Somalia ( which has the largest camel herd in the world ) and Ethiopia with milk , food , and transportation . Commercial
Rabbit
A group of rabbits is known as a colony or nest ( or , occasionally , a warren , though this more commonly refers to where the rabbits live ) . A group of baby rabbits produced from a single mating is referred to as a litter , and a group of domestic rabbits living together is sometimes called a herd .
House sparrow
Because of its numbers , ubiquity , and association with human settlements , the house sparrow is culturally prominent . It is extensively , and usually unsuccessfully , persecuted as an agricultural pest . It has also often been kept as a pet , as well as being a food item and a symbol of lust , sexual potency , commonness , and vulgarity . Though it is widespread and abundant , its numbers have declined in some areas . The animal 's conservation status is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List .
House sparrow
The house sparrow is a very social bird . It is gregarious at all seasons when feeding , often forming flocks with other types of birds . It roosts communally , its nests are usually grouped together in clumps , and it engages in social activities such as dust or water bathing and `` social singing '' , in which birds call together in bushes . The house sparrow feeds mostly on the ground , but it flocks in trees and bushes . At feeding stations and nests , female house sparrows are dominant despite their smaller size , and in the reproductive period ( usually spring or summer ) , being dominant , they can fight for males .
Hippocampus
In rodents as model organisms , the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation . Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells : that is , they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment . Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells , whose activity acts as an inertial compass , and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex .
Brittany
Among the invertebrates , Brittany is notably home to the escargot de Quimper , the freshwater pearl mussel and the white - clawed crayfish . The larger Breton mammals died out during the modern period , including the wolf . Today , mammals of note include roe deer , wild boar , foxes , hares and several species of bat .
Rabbit
As livestock , rabbits are bred for their meat and fur . The earliest breeds were important sources of meat , and so became larger than wild rabbits , but domestic rabbits in modern times range in size from dwarf to giant . Rabbit fur , prized for its softness , can be found in a broad range of coat colors and patterns , as well as lengths . The Angora rabbit breed , for example , was developed for its long , silky fur , which is often hand - spun into yarn . Other domestic rabbit breeds have been developed primarily for the commercial fur trade , including the Rex , which has a short plush coat .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
Auf Wiedersehen , Pet ( pronounced ( ʔaʊ̯f ˈviːdɐˌzeːn̩ ˈpɛt ) ) was a British comedy - drama television programme about seven English migrant construction workers . In the first series , the men live and work on a building site in Düsseldorf .
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft above sea level . The areas where they live can get as warm as 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) in the summer and as cold as − 37 ° C ( − 35 ° F ) in the winter . As prairie dogs live in areas prone to environmental threats , including hailstorms , blizzards , and floods , as well as drought and prairie fires , burrows provide important protection . Burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature ( Thermoregulation ) as they are 5 -- 10 ° C during the winter and 15 -- 25 ° C in the summer . Prairie dog tunnel systems channel rainwater into the water table which prevents runoff and erosion , and can also change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can result from cattle grazing .
Origin of the domestic dog
The table below lists proposed early dog specimens , their location , and timing in years before present ( listing the earliest estimate from the earliest and latest estimates provided ) and color - coded as purple -- Western Eurasia , red -- Eastern Eurasia and green -- Central Eurasia . The archaeological evidence shows the first dog remains to have been found early in both Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia , but not between them in Central Asia until much later .
Water buffalo
In 2003 , the second - largest population lived in China , with 22.76 million head , all of the swamp type with breeds kept only in the lowlands , and other breeds kept only in the mountains ; as of 2003 , 3.2 million swamp - type carabao buffalo were in the Philippines , nearly three million swamp buffalo were in Vietnam , and 772,764 buffalo were in Bangladesh . About 750,000 head were estimated in Sri Lanka in 1997 . In Japan , water buffalo is domestic animal throughout the Ryukyuan islands or Okinawa prefecture . It was also recorded that 889,246 buffalo were in Nepal .
House sparrow
The house sparrow has become highly successful in most parts of the world where it has been introduced . This is mostly due to its early adaptation to living with humans , and its adaptability to a wide range of conditions . Other factors may include its robust immune response , compared to the Eurasian tree sparrow . Where introduced , it can extend its range quickly , sometimes at a rate over 230 km ( 140 mi ) per year . In many parts of the world , it has been characterised as a pest , and poses a threat to native birds . A few introductions have died out or been of limited success , such as those to Greenland and Cape Verde .
Columbian Exchange
Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans Type of organism Old World to New World New World to Old World Domesticated animals cat ( domestic -- wild species already present ) cattle chicken donkey goat ( the goats of the Old World , genus Capra , are different from the mountain goat of the New World , genus Oreamnos ) guineafowl honey bee ( European honey bee -- other wild and domesticated species already present ) horse rabbit ( domestic ) pig sheep ( domestic ) water buffalo alpaca guinea pig llama Muscovy duck turkey Cultivated plants almond apple apricot asparagus banana ( including cooking banana ) barley basil beetroot Brassica oleracea - derived vegetables broccoli Brussels sprout cabbage cauliflower collard greens kale cantaloupe carrot celery chickpea citrus ( orange , lemon , etc .
Desert tortoise
Although desert tortoises spend the majority of their time in shelter , movements of up to 660 feet ( 200 m ) per day are common . The common , comparatively short - distance movements presumably represent foraging activity , traveling between burrows , and possibly mate - seeking or other social behaviors . Long - distance movements could potentially represent dispersal into new areas and / or use of peripheral portions of the home range .
Origin of the domestic dog
Animal domestication is a coevolutionary process in which a population responds to selective pressure while adapting to a novel niche that included another species with evolving behaviors .
Origin of the domestic dog
The domestic dog is the most widely abundant large carnivore . When and where dogs were first domesticated has taxed geneticists for the past 20 years and archaeologists for many decades longer . Identifying the earliest dogs is difficult because the key morphological characters that are used by zooarchaeologists to differentiate domestic dogs from their wild wolf ancestors ( size and position of teeth , dental pathologies , and size and proportion of cranial and postcranial elements ) were not yet fixed during the initial phases of the domestication process . The range of natural variation among these characters that may have existed in ancient wolf populations , and the time it took for these traits to appear in dogs , are unknown .
Origin of the domestic dog
It is not known whether this hybridization was the result of humans selecting for phenotypic traits from local wolf populations or the result of natural introgression as the dog expanded across Eurasia . The
Origin of the domestic dog
Haplogroup E : Derived from post-domestication wolf -- dog hybridization in East Asia , ( rare distribution in South - East Asia , Korea and Japan ) .
Origin of the domestic dog
Intentional dog burials together with ungulate hunting is also found in other early Holocene deciduous forest forager societies in Europe and North America , indicating that across the Holarctic temperate zone hunting dogs were a widespread adaptation to forest ungulate hunting . Further
House sparrow
It tolerates a variety of climates , but prefers drier conditions , especially in moist tropical climates . It has several adaptations to dry areas , including a high salt tolerance and an ability to survive without water by ingesting berries . In most of eastern Asia , the house sparrow is entirely absent , replaced by the Eurasian tree sparrow . Where these two species overlap , the house sparrow is usually more common than the Eurasian tree sparrow , but one species may replace the other in a manner that ornithologist Maud Doria Haviland described as `` random , or even capricious '' . In most of its range , the house sparrow is extremely common , despite some declines , but in marginal habitats such as rainforest or mountain ranges , its distribution can be spotty .
Red fox
The species has a long history of association with humans , having been extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for many centuries , as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology . Because of its widespread distribution and large population , the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . Too small to pose a threat to humans , it has extensively benefited from the presence of human habitation , and has successfully colonised many suburban and urban areas . Domestication of the Red fox is also underway in Russia , and has resulted in the Domesticated red fox .
Origin of the domestic dog
`` ... Is n't it strange that , our being such an intelligent primate , we did n't domesticate chimpanzees as companions instead ? Why did we choose wolves even though they are strong enough to maim or kill us ? ... '' -- Wolfgang Schleidt
House sparrow
The nest is usually domed , though it may lack a roof in enclosed sites . It has an outer layer of stems and roots , a middle layer of dead grass and leaves , and a lining of feathers , as well as of paper and other soft materials . Nests typically have external dimensions of 20 × 30 cm ( 8 × 12 in ) , but their size varies greatly . The building of the nest is initiated by the unmated male while displaying to females . The female assists in building , but is less active than the male . Some nest building occurs throughout the year , especially after moult in autumn . In colder areas house sparrows build specially created roost nests , or roost in street lights , to avoid losing heat during the winter . House sparrows do not hold territories , but they defend their nests aggressively against intruders of the same sex .
Origin of the domestic dog
Dogs can infer the name of an object and have been shown to learn the names of over 1,000 objects . Dogs can follow the human pointing gesture ; even nine - week - old puppies can follow a basic human pointing gesture without being taught . New Guinea singing dogs , a half - wild proto - dog endemic to the remote alpine regions of New Guinea , as well as dingoes in the remote Outback of Australia are also capable of this . These examples demonstrate an ability to read human gestures that arose early in domestication and did not require human selection . `` Humans did not develop dogs , we only fine - tuned them down the road . ''
Samoa
Some Samoans live a communal way of life , participating in activities collectively . Examples of this are the traditional Samoan fale ( houses ) which are open with no walls , using blinds made of coconut palm fronds during the night or bad weather .
Libya
There are about 140 tribes and clans in Libya . Family life is important for Libyan families , the majority of which live in apartment blocks and other independent housing units , with precise modes of housing depending on their income and wealth . Although the Libyan Arabs traditionally lived nomadic lifestyles in tents , they have now settled in various towns and cities . Because of this , their old ways of life are gradually fading out . An unknown small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries . Most of the population has occupations in industry and services , and a small percentage is in agriculture .
Red fox
Red foxes may prey on domestic rabbits and guinea pigs if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens . This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs . Urban foxes frequently encounter cats and may feed alongside them . In physical confrontations , the cats usually have the upper hand . Authenticated cases of foxes killing cats usually involve kittens . Although most foxes do not prey on cats , some may do so , and may treat them more as competitors rather than food .
Origin of the domestic dog
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production - related traits , dogs were initially selected for their behaviors . In 2016 , a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs . These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution , and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication . There was evidence of selection during dog domestication of genes that affect the adrenaline and noradrenaline biosynthesis pathway . These genes are involved in the synthesis , transport and degradation of a variety of neurotransmitters , particularly the catecholamines , which include dopamine and noradrenaline . Recurrent selection on this pathway and its role in emotional processing and the fight - or - flight response suggests that the behavioral changes we see in dogs compared to wolves may be due to changes in this pathway , leading to tameness and an emotional processing ability . Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves . Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds , indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation . Dietary
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
This species of flying squirrel inhabits sub-alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests in Japan , specifically on Honshu and Kyushu islands .
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans ( / ˌsiːnoʊræbˈdaɪtəs ˈɛləɡænz / ) is a free - living ( not parasitic ) , transparent nematode ( roundworm ) , about 1 mm in length , that lives in temperate soil environments . It is the type species of its genus . The name is a blend of the Greek caeno - ( recent ) , rhabditis ( rod - like ) and Latin elegans ( elegant ) . In 1900 , Maupas initially named it Rhabditides elegans , Osche placed it in the subgenus Caenorhabditis in 1952 , and in 1955 , Dougherty raised Caenorhabditis to the status of genus .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
Beaver lives in a dam near Poohsticks Bridge . He bears a strong resemblance to Gopher , who does not appear in My Friends Tigger and Pooh . Both are hard working rodents with similar appearances and personalities , although Beaver is a little more easygoing .
Border Collie
Considered highly intelligent , extremely energetic , acrobatic and athletic , they frequently compete with great success in sheepdog trials and dog sports . They are often cited as the most intelligent of all domestic dogs . Border Collies continue to be employed in their traditional work of herding livestock throughout the world .
Leopard
Males occupy territories that often overlap with a few smaller female territories , probably as a strategy to enhance access to females . A radio - collar analysis in the Ivory Coast found a female home range completely enclosed within a male 's . Female live with their cubs in territories that overlap extensively -- probably due to the association between mothers and their offspring . There may be a few other fluctuating territories , belonging to young individuals . It is not clear if male territories tend to overlap among themselves as much as those of females do . Individuals will try to drive away intruders of the same sex .
Water buffalo
At least 130 million domestic water buffalo exist , and more people depend on them than on any other domestic animal . They are especially suitable for tilling rice fields , and their milk is richer in fat and protein than that of dairy cattle . The large feral population of northern Australia became established in the late 19th century , and smaller feral herds are in New Guinea , Tunisia , and northeastern Argentina . Feral herds are also present in New Britain , New Ireland , Irian Jaya , Papua New Guinea , Colombia , Guyana , Suriname , Brazil , and Uruguay .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2011 , a study looked at the well - preserved 33,000 - year - old skull and left mandible of a dog - like canid that was excavated from Razboinichya Cave in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia ( Central Asia ) . The morphology was compared to the skulls and mandibles of large Pleistocene wolves from Predmosti , Czech Republic , dated 31,000 YBP , modern wolves from Europe and North America , and prehistoric Greenland dogs from the Thule period ( 1,000 YBP or later ) to represent large - sized but unimproved fully domestic dogs . `` The Razboinichya Cave cranium is virtually identical in size and shape to prehistoric Greenland dogs '' and not the ancient nor modern wolves . However , the lower carnassial tooth fell within the lower range of values for prehistoric wolves and was only slightly smaller than modern European wolves , and the upper carnassial tooth fell within the range of modern wolves . `` We conclude , therefore , that this specimen may represent a dog in the very early stages of domestication , i.e. an incipient dog , rather than an aberrant wolf ... The Razboinichya Cave specimen appears to be an incipient dog ... and probably represents wolf domestication disrupted by the climatic and cultural changes associated with the Last Glacial Maximum '' .
House sparrow
House sparrows have also been used in studies of nonphotic entrainment ( i.e. synchronisation to an external cycle other than light and dark ) : for example , in constant darkness , a situation in which the birds would normally reveal their endogenous , non-24 - hour , `` free - running '' rhythms of activity , they instead show 24 - hour periodicity if they are exposed to two hours of chirp playbacks every 24 hours , matching their daily activity onsets with the daily playback onsets . House sparrows in constant dim light can also be entrained to a daily cycle based on the presence of food . Finally , house sparrows in constant darkness can be entrained to a cycle of high and low temperature , but only if the difference between the two temperatures is large ( 38 versus 6 ° C ) ; some of the tested sparrows matched their activity to the warm phase , and others to the cold phase .
Origin of the domestic dog
Central Asia : In 2015 , a study looked at 85,805 genetic markers of autosomal , maternal mitochondrial genome and paternal Y chromosome diversity in 4,676 purebred dogs from 161 breeds and 549 village dogs from 38 countries . Some dog populations in the Neotropics and the South Pacific are almost completely derived from European stock , and other regions show clear admixture between indigenous and European dogs . The indigenous dog populations of Vietnam , India , and Egypt show minimal evidence of European admixture , and exhibit indicators consistent with a Central Asian domestication origin , followed by a population expansion in East Asia . The study could not rule out the possibility that dogs were domesticated elsewhere and subsequently arrived in and diversified from Central Asia . Studies of extant dogs can not exclude the possibility of earlier domestication events that subsequently died out or were overwhelmed by more modern populations .