vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Poverty in India
The National Council of Applied Economic Research estimated that 48 % of the Indian households earn more than ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,309.70 ) annually ( or more than US $ 3 PPP per person ) . According to NCAER , in 2009 , of the 222 million households in India , the absolutely poor households ( annual incomes below ₹ 45,000 ( US $650 ) ) accounted for only 15.6 % of them or about 35 million ( about 200 million Indians ) . Another 80 million households are in the income levels of ₹ 45,000 ( US $650 ) to ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,300 ) per year . These numbers are similar to World Bank estimates of the `` below - the - poverty - line '' households that may total about 100 million ( or about 456 million individuals ) .
Midwestern United States
Iowa produces the largest corn crop of any state . In 2012 , Iowa farmers produced 18.3 percent of the nation 's corn , while Illinois produced 15.3 percent . In 2011 , there were 13.7 million harvested acres of corn for grain , producing 2.36 billion bushels , which yielded 172.0 bu / acre , with US $14.5 billion of corn value of production .
Maharashtrian cuisine
Vegetables are typically used in making bhaajis . Some bhaajis are made with a particular vegetable , while others are made with a combination . Bhaajis can be `` dry '' such as stir fry or `` wet '' as in the well - known curry . For example , fenugreek leaves can be used with mung dal to make a dry bhhaji or mixed with besan flour and buttermilk to make a curry preparation . Bhaaji requires the use of goda masala , consisting of a combination of onion , garlic , ginger , red chilli powder , green chillies , turmeric and mustard seeds . Depending on a family 's caste or specific religious tradition , onions and garlic may be excluded . For example , a number of Hindu communities from many parts of India refrain from eating onions and garlic altogether during chaturmas , which broadly equals the monsoon season .
Kenya
Economic summary GDP $41.84 billion ( 2012 ) at Market Price . $76.07 billion ( Purchasing Power Parity , 2012 ) There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures . Annual growth rate 5.1 % ( 2012 ) Per capita income Per Capita Income ( PPP ) = $1,800 Agricultural produce tea , coffee , corn , wheat , sugarcane , fruit , vegetables , dairy products , beef , pork , poultry , eggs Industry small - scale consumer goods ( plastic , furniture , batteries , textiles , clothing , soap , cigarettes , flour ) , agricultural products , horticulture , oil refining ; aluminium , steel , lead ; cement , commercial ship repair , tourism
Automotive industry in India
The sales of PVs grew by 8.51 per cent in April -- October 2015 over the same period in the previous year . The overall CVs segment registered a growth of 8.02 per cent in April -- October 2015 as compared to same period last year . Medium - and heavy commercial vehicles ( MCV and HCV ) registered very strong growth of 32.3 per cent , while sales of light commercial vehicles ( LCV ) declined by 5.24 per cent during April -- October 2015 , year - to - year .
Rice production in Thailand
Rice production in Thailand represents a significant portion of the Thai economy and labor force . Forty percent of Thais work in agriculture , 16 million of them as rice farmers by one estimate .
Yemen
Yemen 's industrial sector is centered on crude oil production and petroleum refining , food processing , handicrafts , small - scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods , aluminum products , commercial ship repair , cement , and natural gas production . As of 2013 , Yemen had an industrial production growth rate of 4.8 % . It also has large proven reserves of natural gas . Yemen 's first liquified natural gas plant began production in October 2009 .
Sundarbans
The Sundarbans plays an important role in the economy of the southwestern region of Bangladesh as well as in the national economy . It is the single largest source of forest produce in the country . The forest provides raw materials for wood - based industries . In addition to traditional forest produce like timber , fuelwood , pulpwood etc. , large - scale harvest of non-wood forest products such as thatching materials , honey , beeswax , fish , crustacean and mollusc resources of the forest takes place regularly . The vegetated tidal lands of the Sundarbans function as an essential habitat , produces nutrients and purifies water . The forest also traps nutrient and sediment , acts as a storm barrier , shore stabiliser and energy storage unit . Last but not the least , the Sunderbans provides an aesthetic attraction for local and foreign tourists .
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia encouraged desert agriculture by providing substantial subsidies as well as consuming 300 billion cubic meters of mostly non-renewable water reserves free of charge to grow alfalfa , cereals , meat and milk in the Arabian Desert . Consuming non-renewable groundwater resulted in the loss of an estimated four fifths of the total groundwater reserves by 2012 .
Nepanagar
Originally NEPA was a single product Company producing standard Newsprint . The Company has produced for the first time in India , 42 GSM newsprint meeting practically all international parameters of strength , opacity , surface smoothness , brightness etc . Thus , NEPA is now able to meet the demand across all categories of Newsprint customers .
Agriculture in Sudan
In the early 1990s , agriculture and livestock raising were the main sources of livelihood in Sudan for about 61 percent of the working population . Approximately one - third of the total area of Sudan is suitable for agricultural development and heavier rainfall in the south permits both agriculture and herding by nomadic tribes .
Mechanised agriculture
Although farmers of corn , wheat , soy , and other commodity crops had replaced most of their workers with harvesting machines and combines enabling them to efficiently cut and gather grains , growers of produce continued to rely on human pickers to avoid the bruising of the product in order to maintain the blemish - free appearance demanded of consumers . The continuous supply of illegal workers from Latin America that were willing to harvest the crops for low wages further suppressed the need for mechanisation . As the number of illegal workers has continued to decline since reaching its peak in 2007 due to increased border patrols and an improving Mexican economy , the industry is increasing the use of mechanisation . Proponents argue that mechanisation will boost productivity and help to maintain low food prices while farm worker advocates assert that it will eliminate jobs and will give an advantage to large growers who are able to afford the required equipment .
Maharashtrian cuisine
Staple dishes are based on a variety of flatbreads and rice . Flatbreads can be wheat - based , such as the traditional trigonal ghadichi poli or the round chapati that is more common in urban areas . Bhakri is an unleavened bread made using from ragi or millet , bajra or bajri or jwari -- and forms part of daily meals in rural areas . Millets
Amazon River
By the turn of the 20th century , the exports of the Amazon basin were India - rubber , cacao beans , Brazil nuts and a few other products of minor importance , such as pelts and exotic forest produce ( resins , barks , woven hammocks , prized bird feathers , live animals ) and extracted goods , such as lumber and gold .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The workers points of view can be summed up as : labourers do not get more than Rs. 80 in the private agricultural labour market , there is no farm work for several months ; few old age people who are jobless for at least 8 months a year ; when farm work is available they go there first ; farmers employ only young and strong persons to work in their farms and reject the others and hence many go jobless most of the time .
Poverty in India
Despite significant economic progress , one quarter of the nation 's population earns less than the government - specified poverty threshold of ₹ 32 per day ( approximately US $ 0.6 ) .
Caste system in India
Critics believe that the economic liberalisation has benefited just a small elite and left behind the poor , especially the lowest Hindu caste of dalits . But a recent authoritative survey revealed striking improvements in living standards of dalits in the last two decades . Television ownership was up from zero to 45 percent ; cellphone ownership up from zero to 36 percent ; two - wheeler ownership ( of motorcycles , scooters , mopeds ) up from zero to 12.3 percent ; children eating yesterday 's leftovers down from 95.9 percent to 16.2 percent ... Dalits running their own businesses up from 6 percent to 37 percent ; and proportion working as agricultural labourers down from 46.1 percent to 20.5 percent .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Since its inception in 2006 , around ₹ 1 , 10,000 crore ( about USD $25 billion ) has gone directly as wage payment to rural households and 1200 crore ( 12 billion ) person - days of employment has been generated . On an average , 5 crore ( 50 million ) households have been provided employment every year since 2008 . Eighty per cent of households are being paid directly through bank / post office accounts , and 10 crore ( 100 million ) new bank / post office accounts have been opened . The average wage per person - day has gone up by 81 per cent since the Scheme 's inception , with state - level variations . The notified wage today varies from a minimum of ₹ 122 ( USD $2.5 ) in Bihar , Jharkhand to ₹ 191 ( USD $4 ) in Haryana . Scheduled Castes ( SCs ) and Scheduled Tribes ( STs ) have accounted for 51 per cent of the total person - days generated and women for 47 per cent , well above the mandatory 33 per cent as required by the Act . 146 lakh ( 14.6 million ) works have been taken up since the beginning of the programme , of which about 60 per cent have been completed . 12 crore ( 120 million ) Job Cards ( JCs ) have been given and these along with the 9 crore ( 90 million ) muster rolls have been uploaded on the Management Information System ( MIS ) , available for public scrutiny . Since 2010 -- 11 , all details with regard to the expenditure of the MGNREGA are available on the MIS in the public domain .
Social class in the United States
With the number of farms steadily diminishing , the stereotypical humble homestead is increasingly the exception , for viable farming now means agribusiness ; the large amounts of capital required to operate a competitive farm require large - scale organization . The large landowners in California 's Central Valley , Coachella Valley and Imperial Valley fall squarely within the upper class . Among farmers , `` income '' in the conventional sense is not an accurate standard of wealth measurement , because farmers typically keep their official income low by placing their assets into farming corporations rather than drawing the money directly . The stereotypical poor , marginal farmer `` eking out a living '' from the soil , an image deeply ingrained in most Americans ' minds by folklore , films , and even history texts , has now been largely displaced by agribusiness , which has bought them out and consolidated their holdings .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
This scheme was started in August 1995 by the Government of India . This scheme is sponsored by the state government . It was transferred to the state sector scheme after 2002 - 03 . It is under the community and rural department . This scheme provides a sum of Rs 20000 to a person of a family who becomes the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner . The breadwinner is defined as a person who is above 18 who earns the most for the family and on whose earnings the family survives .
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
In early 2010 , the ICAI placed three of its freshly qualified Associates , at a record annual salary of US $160,000 each , at Singapore - based agriculture supply chain major Olam International .
Child labour
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children . It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work . Domestic work is an example : all families but the rich must work at cleaning , cooking , caring , and more to maintain their homes . In most families in the world , this process extends to productive activities , especially herding and various types of agriculture , and to a variety of small family businesses . Where trading is a significant feature of social life , children can start trading in small items at an early age , often in the company of family members or of peers .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The evidence on self - targeting suggests that works though there is a lot of unmet demand for work .
Economy of India
Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . --
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Corruption in government programmes has remained a serious concern , and NREGA has been no exception . According to recent estimates , wage corruption in NREGA has declined from about 50 % in 2007 - 8 to between 4 - 30 % in 2009 - 10 . Much of this improvement is attributable to the move to pay NREGA wages through bank and post office accounts . Some of the success in battling corruption can also be attributed to the strong provisions for community monitoring . Others find that `` the overall social audit effects on reducing easy - to - detect malpractices was mostly absent '' .
Forestry in India
The trappers , a detailed survey and investigation reveals are primarily tribal communities . The trappers lead a life of poverty and migrate over time . Their primary motivation was economics and the need to financially support their families .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Julia Unwin of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said `` A strong economy and rising employment have masked the growing problem of in - work poverty , as years of below - inflation wage rises have taken their toll on people 's incomes . The upcoming minimum wage rise will help , but many low - income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax - credit changes . Boosting productivity and creating more jobs which offer progression at work is vital to make work a reliable route out of poverty . ''
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA story in numbers is a story worth telling ... the scheme scores high on inclusivness ... no welfare scheme in recent memory has caught the imagination of the people as much as NREGA has ... under which ₹ 1 , 10,000 crore ( about USD $25 billion ) have been spent to pay wages to 1,200 crore ( 12 billion ) people .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
1 . Government of India should increase the Central allocation for the scheme so that number of workdays can be increased to 200 and per day wage can be increased to Rs. 300 .
Cocoa production in Ghana
New land brought under cultivation More intensive use of household labour A good rainfall pattern Effectiveness of farm spraying and increased fertiliser use
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
NREGA has been criticised for leakages and corrupt implementation . It has been alleged that individuals have received benefits and work payments for work that they have not done , or have done only on paper , or are not poor . In 2014 - 15 , only 28 % of the payments were made on time to workers . Following the allegations of corruption in the scheme , NDA government ordered a re-evaluation of the scheme in 2015 . G
Fair trade
Labour is different for textile production than for agricultural commodities because textile production takes place in a factory , not on a farm . Children provide a source of cheap labor , and child labor is prevalent in Pakistan , India , and Nepal . Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices , including disallowing child labor . Fair trade textile producers are most often women in developing countries . They struggle with meeting the consumer tastes in North America and Europe . In Nepal , textiles were originally made for household and local use . In the 1990s , women began joining cooperatives and exporting their crafts for profit . Now handicrafts are Nepal 's largest export . It is often difficult for women to balance textile production , domestic responsibilities , and agricultural work . Cooperatives foster the growth of democratic communities in which women have a voice despite being historically in underprivileged positions . For fair trade textiles and other crafts to be successful in western markets , World Fair Trade Organizations require a flexible workforce of artisans in need of stable income , links from consumers to artisans , and a market for quality ethnic products .
Poverty in India
Dandekar and Rath in 1971 used a daily intake of 2,250 calories per person to define the poverty line for India . Using NSSO data regarding household expenditures for 1960 -- 61 , they determined that in order to achieve this food intake and other daily necessities , a rural dweller required an annual income of ₹ 170.80 per year ( ₹ 14.20 per month , adjusted to 1971 Rupee ) . An urban dweller required ₹ 271.70 per year ( ₹ 22.60 per month ) . They concluded from this study that 40 percent of rural residents and 50 percent of urban residents were below the poverty line in 1960 -- 61 .
Bachelor's degree
The Bachelor of Science in Agriculture ( B.Sc . ( Ag ) or B.Sc . ( Hons . ) Agriculture ) offers a broad training in the sciences . The focus of this four - year applied degree is on the development of analytical , quantitative , computing and communication skills . Students learn how to apply the knowledge and principles of science to the understanding and management of the production , processing and marketing of agricultural products , and to the management and conservation of our natural resources . All students undertake rural field trips and approved professional experience within agricultural or horticultural enterprises , natural resource management , agribusiness industries , or commercial or government organisations active in the field .
Caste system in India
The Rigvedic society was not distinguished by occupations . Many husbandmen and artisans practised a number of crafts . The chariot - maker ( rathakara ) and metal worker ( karmara ) enjoyed positions of importance and no stigma was attached to them . Similar observations hold for carpenters , tanners , weavers and others .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Beneficiaries of CARPER are landless farmers , including agricultural lessees , tenants , as well as regular , seasonal and other farmworkers . In a certain landholding the qualified beneficiaries who are tenants and regular farmworkers will receive 3 hectares each before distributing the remaining land to the other qualified beneficiaries like seasonal farmworks and other farmworkers ( Section 22 of CARL ) . The Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) identifies and screens potential beneficiaries and validates their qualifications . Beneficiaries must be least 15 years old , be a resident of the barangay where the land holding is located , and own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural land .
Nagar Palika
The income from taxes : a ) House tax , b ) entertainment tax , c ) electricity tax , d ) water tax ( in certain cities ) , and e ) tax on vehicles ( Commercial ) , f ) property and land . Octroi duty on goods being brought in and taken out of the city . Toll tax also forms a basis of income. Toll tax is most important income of Municipality ... All commercial vehicle can implement by Municipality Authorities to levied toll taxes , , except ... ( Auto Rikshaw is not applicable for payee a toll tax . ) Income is also generated from commercial activities like hotels , tourist centres , renting and sale of municipal property , education cess , etc . Financial grants from state government is a major source of income for all municipal bodies . Loans are also provided if special projects are undertaken for the welfare of the citizens . Profational tax collection from all the employers i.e. Govt . & Private Sectors
Economy of Mexico
The industrial sector as a whole has benefited from trade liberalization ; in 2000 it accounted for almost 50 % of all export earnings . A
Poverty in India
One of the main reasons for record decline in poverty is India 's rapid economic growth rate since 1991 . Another reason proposed is India 's launch of social welfare programs such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) and the Midday Meal Scheme in government schools . Klonner and Oldiges , in a 2012 study , conclude that MGNREGA helps reduce rural poverty gap ( intensity of rural poverty ) and seasonal poverty , but not overall poverty . However , there is a disturbing side , as deprivation has tended to increase , and that too among the most deprived sections . According to the latest statistics published by the Census of India , among scheduled tribes 44.7 % of people were farmers working on their own land in 2001 ; however , this number came down to 34.5 % in 2011 . Among scheduled castes this number declined from 20 % to 14.8 % during the same period . This data is corroborated by other data from the census , according to which the number of people who were working not on their own land but on others ' land ( landless laborers ) , increased from 36.9 % in 2001 to 44.4 % among scheduled castes SC and from 45.6 % to 45.9 % among scheduled tribes .
Rice production in Thailand
Due to the government 's stance , urban merchants were unable to gain much control over the Thai rice industry . The government concerned itself with protecting farmers and not with overall production . As a result , Thailand was relatively self - sufficient , resistant to government intervention , and egalitarian . Most rice farmers owned their own land and exchanged labor between farmers was common . Rice production normally was not much more than the farmers needed to survive on .
Household income in the United States
Household income as well as per capita income in the United States rise significantly as the educational attainment increases . In 2005 graduates with a Master 's in Business Administration ( MBA ) who accepted job offers were expected to earn a base salary of $88,626 . They were also expected to receive an `` average signing bonus of $17,428 . ''
Education in India
The government continued to view rural education as an agenda that could be relatively free from bureaucratic backlog and general stagnation . However , in some cases lack of financing balanced the gains made by rural education institutes of India . Some ideas failed to find acceptability among India 's poor and investments made by the government sometimes yielded little results . Today , government rural schools remain poorly funded and understaffed . Several foundations , such as the Rural Development Foundation ( Hyderabad ) , actively build high - quality rural schools , but the number of students served is small .