vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Meyer Friedman
Beginning in the 1970s , Friedman collaborated with Stanford University psychologist Carl E. Thoresen and others in the Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project , which followed 1013 heart attack survivors for 4.5 years to determine effects from altering their coronary - prone ( type A ) behavior patterns . Results indicated that behavioral counseling reduced rates of recurrence to 13 % ( from 21 % or higher ) . After the first year , those receiving behavioral counseling also experienced significantly lower rates of death . The study showed , `` for the first time , within a controlled experimental design , that altering type A behavior reduces cardiac morbidity and mortality in post infarction patients '' ( p. 653 ) .
Gynaecology
As with all surgical specialties , gynaecologists may employ medical or surgical therapies ( or many times , both ) , depending on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating . Pre - and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies , such as antibiotics , diuretics , antihypertensives , and antiemetics . Additionally , gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone - modulating therapies ( such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception ) to treat disorders of the female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals . For
Acetylcholine
In addition , ACh acts as an important internal transmitter in the striatum , which is part of the basal ganglia . It is released by cholinergic interneurons . In humans , non-human primates and rodents , these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra . Memory
Waiting for Godot
Although Beckett refused to be drawn on the backgrounds of the characters , this has not stopped actors looking for their own motivation . Jean Martin had a doctor friend called Marthe Gautier , who was working at the Salpêtrière Hospital , and he said to her : `` ' Listen , Marthe , what could I find that would provide some kind of physiological explanation for a voice like the one written in the text ? ' ( She ) said : ' Well , it might be a good idea if you went to see the people who have Parkinson 's disease . ' So I asked her about the disease ... She explained how it begins with a trembling , which gets more and more noticeable , until later the patient can no longer speak without the voice shaking . So I said , ' That sounds exactly what I need . ' '' `` Sam and Roger were not entirely convinced by my interpretation but had no objections . '' When he explained to Beckett that he was playing Lucky as if he were suffering from Parkinson 's , Beckett said , `` ' Yes , of course . ' He mentioned briefly that his mother had had Parkinson 's , but quickly moved on to another subject . ''
Medical glove
Caroline Hampton became the chief nurse of the operating room when Johns Hopkins Hospital opened in 1889 . When `` ( i ) n the winter of 1889 or 1890 '' she developed a skin reaction to mercuric chloride that was used for asepsis , William Halsted , soon - to - be her husband , asked the Goodyear Rubber Company to produce thin rubber gloves for her protection . In 1894 Halsted implemented the use of sterilized medical gloves at Johns Hopkins . Glove
Vinegar
Vinegar is not effective against lice . Combined with 60 % salicylic acid , it is significantly more effective than placebo for the treatment of warts .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Even when the PID infection is cured , effects of the infection may be permanent . This makes early identification essential . Treatment resulting in cure is very important in the prevention of damage to the reproductive system . Formation of scar tissue due to one or episodes of PID can lead to tubal blockage , increasing the risk of the inability to get pregnant and long - term pelvic / abdominal pain . Certain occurrences such as a post pelvic operation , the period of time immediately after childbirth ( postpartum ) , miscarriage or abortion increase the risk of acquiring another infection leading to PID .
Nutrition and cognition
Additionally , folic acid has also been found to improve the memory of older people . There is some evidence that deficiency in folic acid may increase the risk of dementia , especially Alzheimer 's disease and vascular dementia , but there is debate about whether it lowers risk of cognitive impairment in the older population . Folic acid supplementation is shown to lower blood homocysteine levels , while folic acid deficiency can lead to a condition of high levels of homocysteine ( Hcy ) in the bloodstream called hyperhomocysteinemia ( HHcy ) . HHcy is related to several vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease , peripheral vascular disease , and stroke .
American ginseng
There is no evidence that American ginseng is effective in those infected with the common cold . When used preventively it makes no difference on the rate of infections . It also appears to have no effect on how severe the infections are . There is tentative evidence that it may lessen the length of sickness when used preventively .
Alan Shepard
The doctors diagnosed Ménière 's disease , a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear . This syndrome causes the semicircular canals and motion detectors to become extremely sensitive , resulting in disorientation , dizziness , and nausea . There was no known cure , but in about 20 percent of cases the condition went away by itself . They prescribed diuretics in an attempt to drain the fluid from the ear . They also diagnosed glaucoma . An X-ray found a lump on his thyroid , and on January 17 , 1964 , surgeons at Hermann Hospital made an incision on his throat and removed 20 percent of his thyroid . The condition caused Shepard to be removed from flight status . Grissom and John Young flew Gemini 3 instead .
American ginseng
As of 2018 , there is little to no evidence that ginseng is effective against the common cold .
Neurotransmitter
Administration of L - tryptophan , a precursor for serotonin , is seen to double the production of serotonin in the brain . It is significantly more effective than a placebo in the treatment of mild and moderate depression . This conversion requires vitamin C. 5 - hydroxytryptophan ( 5 - HTP ) , also a precursor for serotonin , is more effective than a placebo .
Scabies
Oral ivermectin is effective in eradicating scabies , often in a single dose . It is the treatment of choice for crusted scabies , and is sometimes prescribed in combination with a topical agent . It has not been tested on infants , and is not recommended for children under six years of age .
Spider
Possible medical uses for spider venoms are being investigated , for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia , Alzheimer 's disease , strokes , and erectile dysfunction . The peptide GsMtx - 4 , found in the venom of Brachypelma vagans , is being researched to determine whether or not it could effectively be used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia , muscular dystrophy or glioma . Because spider silk is both light and very strong , attempts are being made to produce it in goats ' milk and in the leaves of plants , by means of genetic engineering .
Neuroanatomy of memory
The caudate nucleus is thought to assist in learning and memory of associations taught during operant conditioning . Specifically , research has shown that this part of the basal ganglia plays a role in acquiring stimulus - response habits , as well as in solving sequence tasks .
Collagen
Osteoporosis -- Not inherited genetically , brought on with age , associated with reduced levels of collagen in the skin and bones , growth hormone injections are being researched as a possible treatment to counteract any loss of collagen .
Iodine-131
Major uses of I include the treatment of thyrotoxicosis ( hyperthyroidism ) due to Graves ' disease , and sometimes hyperactive thyroid nodules ( abnormally active thyroid tissue that is not malignant ) . The therapeutic use of radioiodine to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves ' disease was first reported by Saul Hertz in 1941 . The dose is typically administered orally ( either as a liquid or capsule ) , in an outpatient setting , and is usually 400 - 600 megabecquerels ( MBq ) . Radioactive iodine ( iodine - 131 ) alone can potentially worsen thyrotoxicosis in the first few days after treatment . One side effect of treatment is an initial period of a few days of increased hyperthyroid symptoms . This occurs because when the radioactive iodine destroys the thyroid cells , they can release thyroid hormone into the blood stream . For this reason , sometimes patients are pre-treated with thyrostatic medications such as methimazole , and / or they are given symptomatic treatment such as propranolol . Radioactive iodine treatment is contraindicated in breast - feeding and pregnancy
Acetylcholine
They are examples of enzyme inhibitors , and increase the action of acetylcholine by delaying its degradation ; some have been used as nerve agents ( Sarin and VX nerve gas ) or pesticides ( organophosphates and the carbamates ) . Many toxins and venoms produced by plants and animals also contain cholinesterase inhibitors . In clinical use , they are administered in low doses to reverse the action of muscle relaxants , to treat myasthenia gravis , and to treat symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease ( rivastigmine , which increases cholinergic activity in the brain ) .
Retina
Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site .
Scabies
Mass - treatment programs that use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in a number of populations . No vaccine is available for scabies . The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended , even if they show no symptoms of infection ( asymptomatic ) , to reduce rates of recurrence . Since mites can survive for only two to three days without a host , other objects in the environment pose little risk of transmission except in the case of crusted scabies , thus cleaning is of little importance . Rooms used by those with crusted scabies require thorough cleaning .
Statin
As noted above , statins exhibit action beyond lipid - lowering activity in the prevention of atherosclerosis . The ASTEROID trial showed direct ultrasound evidence of atheroma regression during statin therapy . Researchers hypothesize that statins prevent cardiovascular disease via four proposed mechanisms ( all subjects of a large body of biomedical research ) :
Lyme disease
Western blot , ELISA , and PCR can be performed by either blood test via venipuncture or cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) via lumbar puncture . Though lumbar puncture is more definitive of diagnosis , antigen capture in the CSF is much more elusive ; reportedly , CSF yields positive results in only 10 -- 30 % of affected individuals cultured . The diagnosis of neurologic infection by Borrelia should not be excluded solely on the basis of normal routine CSF or negative CSF antibody analyses .
Bride of Frankenstein
Screenwriter Robert Florey wrote a treatment entitled The New Adventures of Frankenstein -- The Monster Lives ! , but it was rejected without comment early in 1932 . Universal staff writer Tom Reed wrote a treatment under the title The Return of Frankenstein , a title retained until filming began . Following its acceptance in 1933 , Reed wrote a full script that was submitted to the Hays office for review . The script passed its review , but Whale , who by then had been contracted to direct , complained that `` it stinks to heaven '' . L.G. Blochman and Philip MacDonald were the next writers assigned , but Whale also found their work unsatisfactory . In 1934 , Whale set John L. Balderston to work on yet another version , and it was he who returned to an incident from the novel in which the creature demands a mate . In the novel Frankenstein creates a mate , but destroys it without bringing it to life . Balderston also created the Mary Shelley prologue . After several months Whale was still not satisfied with Balderston 's work and handed the project to playwright William J. Hurlbut and Edmund Pearson . The final script , combining elements of a number of these versions , was submitted for Hays office review in November 1934 . Kim Newman reports that Whale planned to make Elizabeth the heart donor for the bride , but film historian Scott MacQueen states that Whale never had such an intention .
Nervous system
As shown in a 2008 study , one factor common to all bilateral organisms ( including humans ) is a family of secreted signaling molecules called neurotrophins which regulate the growth and survival of neurons . Zhu et al. identified DNT1 , the first neurotrophin found in flies . DNT1 shares structural similarity with all known neurotrophins and is a key factor in the fate of neurons in Drosophila . Because neurotrophins have now been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrates , this evidence suggests that neurotrophins were present in an ancestor common to bilateral organisms and may represent a common mechanism for nervous system formation .
Lyme disease
Neuroimaging is controversial in whether it provides specific patterns unique to neuroborreliosis , but may aid in differential diagnosis and in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease . Though controversial , some evidence shows certain neuroimaging tests can provide data that are helpful in the diagnosis of a patient . Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and single - photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) are two of the tests that can identify abnormalities in the brain of a patient affected with this disease . Neuroimaging findings in an MRI include lesions in the periventricular white matter , as well as enlarged ventricles and cortical atrophy . The findings are considered somewhat unexceptional because the lesions have been found to be reversible following antibiotic treatment . Images produced using SPECT show numerous areas where an insufficient amount of blood is being delivered to the cortex and subcortical white matter . However , SPECT images are known to be nonspecific because they show a heterogeneous pattern in the imaging . The abnormalities seen in the SPECT images are very similar to those seen in people with cerebral vacuities and Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , which makes them questionable .
Optic nerve
The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases ( IFOND ) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders .
Michael J. Fox
Fox manages the symptoms of his Parkinson 's disease with the drug carbidopa / levodopa , and he also had a thalamotomy in 1998 .
Thalidomide
Shortly after the teratogenic properties of thalidomide were recognized in the mid-1960s , its anti-cancer potential was explored and two clinical trials were conducted in people with advanced cancer , including some people with multiple myeloma ; the trials were inconclusive .
Lyme disease
Tryptophan , a precursor to serotonin , appears to be reduced within the central nervous system in a number of infectious diseases that affect the brain , including Lyme . Researchers are investigating if this neurohormone secretion is the cause of neuropsychiatric disorders developing in some patients with borreliosis .
Substantia nigra
Increased levels of dopamine have long been implicated in the development of schizophrenia . However , much debate continues to this day surrounding this dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia . Despite the controversy , dopamine antagonists remain a standard and successful treatment for schizophrenia . These antagonists include first generation ( typical ) antipsychotics such as butyrophenones , phenothiazines , and thioxanthenes . These drugs have largely been replaced by second - generation ( atypical ) antipsychotics such as clozapine and paliperidone . It should be noted that , in general , these drugs do not act on dopamine - producing neurons themselves , but on the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron .
Joan of Arc
A number of more recent scholars attempted to explain her visions in psychiatric or neurological terms . Potential diagnoses have included epilepsy , migraine , tuberculosis , and schizophrenia . None of the putative diagnoses have gained consensus support , and many scholars have argued that she did n't display any of the objective symptoms that can accompany the mental illnesses which have been suggested , such as schizophrenia . Dr. Philip Mackowiak dismissed the possibility of schizophrenia and several other disorders ( Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and ergot poisoning ) in a chapter on Joan of Arc in his book Post-Mortem in 2007 .
John C. Calhoun
The Compromise of 1850 , devised by Clay and Stephen A. Douglas , a first - term Democratic senator from Illinois , was designed to solve the controversy over the status of slavery in the vast new territories acquired from Mexico . Many pro-slavery Southerners opposed it , and Calhoun helped organize preparations for the Nashville Convention , which would meet that summer to discuss the possibility of Southern secession . The nearly 68 - year old Calhoun had suffered periodic bouts of tuberculosis throughout his life . In March 1850 , the disease reached a critical stage . Weeks from death and too feeble to speak , Calhoun wrote a blistering attack on the compromise that would become likely his most famous speech . On March 4 , a friend , Senator James Mason of Virginia , read the remarks . Calhoun affirmed the right of the South to leave the Union in response to Northern subjugation . He warned that the day `` the balance between the two sections '' was destroyed would be a day not far removed from disunion , anarchy , and civil war . Calhoun queried how the Union might be preserved in light of subjugation by the `` stronger '' party against the `` weaker '' one . He maintained that the responsibility of solving the question lay entirely on the North -- as the stronger section , to allow the Southern minority an equal share in governance and to cease the agitation . He added :
Medical glove
To make them easier to don without the use of powder , gloves can be treated with Chlorine . Chlorination affects some of the beneficial properties of latex , but also reduces the quantity of allergenic latex proteins .
Magic bullet (medicine)
Ehrlich 's discovery of Salvarsan in 1909 for the treatment of syphilis is termed as the first magic bullet . This led to the foundation of the concept of chemotherapy .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Though there has been numerous successes with cloning animals , questions remain concerning the mechanisms of reprogramming in the ovum . Despite many attempts , success in creating human nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells has been limited . There lies a problem in the human cell 's ability to form a blastocyst ; the cells fail to progress past the eight cell stage of development . This is thought to be a result from the somatic cell nucleus being unable to turn on embryonic genes crucial for proper development . These earlier experiments used procedures developed in non-primate animals with little success .
Entamoeba histolytica
Paromomycin ( Humatin ) is the luminal drug of choice , since Diloxanide furoate ( Furamide ) is not commercially available in the USA or Canada ( being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) . A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) should be used with caution in patients with colitis , as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic . Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage . Recommended dosage : metronidazole 750 mg three times a day orally , for 5 to 10 days followed by paromomycin 30 mg / kg / day orally in 3 equal doses for 5 to 10 days or Diloxanide furoate 500 mg 3 times a day orally for 10 days , to eradicate lumenal amoebae and prevent relapse . Trophozoite stage Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature Ingested RBC ; distinctive nucleus Cyst Stage Chromatoidal body ' Cigar ' shaped bodies ( made up of crystalline ribosomes ) Number of nuclei 1 in early stages , 4 when mature Pathognomonic / diagnostic feature ' Ring and dot ' nucleus and chromatoid bodies
Virus
Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying . This is useful for making the cell produce a foreign substance , or to study the effect of introducing a new gene into the genome . In similar fashion , virotherapy uses viruses as vectors to treat various diseases , as they can specifically target cells and DNA . It shows promising use in the treatment of cancer and in gene therapy . Eastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time , and interest in this approach is increasing , because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria . Expression of heterologous proteins by viruses is the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently being used for the production of various proteins such as vaccine antigens and antibodies . Industrial processes have been recently developed using viral vectors and a number of pharmaceutical proteins are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials . Virotherapy
John Lennon
Upon returning to Manhattan , they prepared a spare room for Julian when he visited them in their newly rented apartment . Lennon , hitherto inhibited by Ono in this regard , began to reestablish contact with other relatives and friends . By December he and Pang were considering a house purchase , and he was refusing to accept Ono 's telephone calls . In January 1975 , he agreed to meet Ono who claimed to have found a cure for smoking . But after the meeting he failed to return home or call Pang . When Pang telephoned the next day , Ono told her that Lennon was unavailable because he was exhausted after a hypnotherapy session . Two days later , Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment ; he was stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed . He told her his separation from Ono was now over , though Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress .
Germ cell
Efforts for human cells are less advanced due to the fact that the PGCs formed by these experiments are not always viable . In fact Hayashi and Saitou 's method is only one third as effective as current in vitro fertilization methods , and the produced PGCs are not always functional . Furthermore , not only are the induced PGCs not as effective as naturally occurring PGCs , but they are also less effective at erasing their epigenetic markers when they differentiate from iPSCs or ESCs to PGCs .
Lyme disease
It is believed that less than 5 % of people have lingering symptoms of fatigue , pain , or joint and muscle aches at the time they finish treatment . These symptoms can last for more than 6 months . This condition is called post-treatment lyme disease syndrome . As of 2016 the reason for the lingering symptoms was not known ; the condition is generally managed similarly to fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome .