vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Athenian democracy
Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power .
Aragorn
Aragorn possessed Elven wisdom -- due to his childhood in Rivendell with Elrond -- and the foresight of the Dúnedain . He was a skilled healer , notably with the plant athelas ( also known as Kingsfoil ) . He was a mighty warrior and an unmatched commander ; after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , he , Éomer and Imrahil were unscathed , even though they had been in the thick of the fighting . Due to his position as Isildur 's heir , Aragorn had impressive powers for a man , and , as the rightful owner of the palantír of Orthanc used it to declare himself as the heir of Isildur to Sauron , seeking to distract Sauron from Frodo .
Ancient Greece
A small number of boys continued their education after childhood , as in the Spartan agoge . A crucial part of a wealthy teenager 's education was a mentorship with an elder , which in a few places and times may have included pederastic love . The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the agora , helping him perform his public duties , exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him . The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers . Some of Athens ' greatest such schools included the Lyceum ( the so - called Peripatetic school founded by Aristotle of Stageira ) and the Platonic Academy ( founded by Plato of Athens ) . The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called Paideia .
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
Some of Jackson 's successors made no use of the veto power , while others used it intermittently . It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress . Andrew Johnson , a Democrat , vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the `` Radical Republicans . '' Congress , however , managed to override fifteen of Johnson 's twenty - nine vetoes . Furthermore , it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act . The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials . When Johnson deliberately violated the Act , which he felt was unconstitutional ( Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position ) , the House of Representatives impeached him ; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote . Grover
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
Me too . There are a few YouTube versions , but they 're of family parties or whatever and there 's too much shouting going on to make out much . Google and YouTube would have any reasonable researcher believing it goes : Why was he born so beautiful ? Why was he born at all ? He 's no fucking use to anyone He 's no fucking use at all . I must have led an especially protected life , because the only version I 've ever heard ( always in polite company ) is : Why was he born so beautiful ? Why was he born at all ? Because he had no say in it No say in it at all .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Dahlia 's understanding of magic after so many years of study is extensive enough that she was able to create her own form of connective magic in the 10th century . She also has the ability to sense the magic of other witches , especially those of the first - born children of her and her sister Esther 's bloodline , as the first - born witches of their lineage possess devastating amounts of power . According to Freya , Dahlia aims to be truly immortal without having to sleep for centuries , and she will not hesitate to come and claim the first - born Mikaelson witches to achieve this goal , even if it means destroying anyone who stands in her way .
List of Watchmen characters
Ozymandias was directly based on Peter Cannon , Thunderbolt , whom Moore had admired for using his full brain capacity as well as possessing full physical and mental control . Veidt is believed to be the smartest man on the planet , even capable of outsmarting Dr Manhattan . His combination of intelligence and highly advanced fighting skills makes him perhaps the most feared and dangerous of the mortal vigilantes . He was even able to catch a bullet fired at him ( Chapter XII , page 15 ) . He is often accompanied by his genetically - engineered lynx , Bubastis . Richard Reynolds noted that by taking initiative to `` help the world '' , Veidt displays a trait normally attributed to villains in superhero stories , and in a sense he is the `` villain '' of the series ; however , he purposely acts for an objective greater good , thus avoiding the traditional `` villain '' classification , which is typically self - serving , delusional or evil . Gibbons noted `` One of the worst of his sins ( is ) kind of looking down on the rest of humanity , scorning the rest of humanity . '' In 2008 , he was ranked number 10 on the Forbes Fictional 15 . Wizard magazine also ranked Ozymandias as 25th Greatest Villain of All Time and IGN ranked him as 21st Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time .
Popeye
There is no absolute sense of continuity in the stories , although certain plot and presentation elements remain mostly constant , including purposeful contradictions in Popeye 's capabilities . Popeye seems bereft of manners and uneducated , yet he is often depicted as capable of coming up with solutions to problems that seem insurmountable to the police or , most importantly , the scientific community . Popeye has , alternatively , displayed Sherlock Holmes - like investigative prowess ( determining , for instance , that his beloved Olive was abducted by estimating the depth of the villains ' footprints in the sand ) , scientific ingenuity ( as his construction , within a few hours , of a `` spinach - drive '' spacecraft ) , or oversimplified ( yet successful ) diplomatic arguments ( by presenting his own existence -- and superhuman strength -- as the only true guarantee of world peace at diplomatic conferences ) . Popeye 's pipe also proves to be highly versatile . Among other things , it has served as a cutting torch , jet engine , propeller , periscope , and , of course , a whistle with which he produces his trademark toot . Popeye also on occasion eats spinach through his pipe , sometimes sucking in the can itself along with the contents . Since the 1970s , Popeye is seldom depicted using his pipe to smoke tobacco .
Trinity
Sabellianism taught that the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same , the difference being simply verbal , describing different aspects or roles of a single being . For this view Sabellius was excommunicated for heresy in Rome c. 220 .
Sith
The origin , agenda , abilities and philosophy of the Sith are intertwined with their relationship to the Force . With proper training , the Force may be called upon by rare individuals capable of `` sensing '' or `` touching '' it to achieve extraordinary feats such as telekinesis , precognition and mental suggestion . Not all psychological states are conducive to employing the Force ; discipline is required . However , both quietude and focused , intense passion alike can be effective . The Sith originate in a group of Force - sensitive warriors who discovered the efficacy of passion as a tool to draw on the Force approximately 6,000 years prior to the events of the first Star Wars film . Fully embracing this approach , they became defined and corrupted by it .
Federalist Era
Though there had been strong words and disagreements , contrary to the Federalists fears , there was no war and no ending of one government system to let in a new one . Jefferson pursued a patronage policy designed to let the Federalists disappear through attrition . Federalists such as John Quincy Adams and Rufus King were rewarded with senior diplomatic posts , and there was no punishment of the opposition . As president , Jefferson had the power of appointment to fill many government positions that had long been held by Federalists , and he replaced most of the top - level Federalist officials . For other offices , settled on a policy of replacing any Federalist appointee who engaged in misconduct or partisan behavior , with all new appointees being members of the Democratic - Republican Party . Jefferson 's refusal to call for a complete replacement of federal appointees under the spoils system was followed by his successors until the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 .
House of Lords
The power of Parliament grew slowly , fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined . For example , during much of the reign of Edward II ( 1307 -- 1327 ) , the nobility was supreme , the Crown weak , and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless . In 1569 , the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter , but by an authoritative statute , passed by Parliament itself .
Sith
Known for much of his 1300 - year life as `` the Sith Emperor '' , Darth Vitiate was a sociopathic young lord in one of the earliest iterations of the Sith Empire . When that empire fell , he led an exodus of survivors to the other side of the galaxy to establish a continuation of it , with himself as Emperor . It was Vitiate who corrupted Revan and Malak , but Revan 's redemption and Malak 's defeat seemingly derailed his plans . Three hundred years after Revan 's disappearance , the Emperor launched a surprise attack on the Republic , setting the stage for the video game Star Wars : The Old Republic .
Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
In 1880 , William was a struggling poet , often mocked by his peers who called him `` William the Bloody '' behind his back because his poetry was so `` bloody awful . '' The true origins of this nickname were not revealed until three years after it was first mentioned in Season Two , when it was believed to have purely violent connotations . William showed a strong capacity for loyalty and devoted love , which remained after his siring . After his romantic overtures were rejected by the aristocratic Cecily , William wandered the streets despondently and bumped into Drusilla . She consoled him , drained him of blood and made him drink of her blood , thus transforming him into a vampire -- `` siring '' him , in the jargon of the series . Spike 's grand - sire Angelus became his mentor ( leading Spike occasionally to describe him loosely as his sire ) : `` Drusilla sired me , but you , you made me a monster . '' Whereas new vampires in the Buffyverse often delight in killing their families once they become evil , William was a notable exception . Having always been very close to his mother , he turned her into a vampire to save her from tuberculosis . But his mother , as a vampire , taunted William and insinuated he had always had a sexual fascination with her . William chose to stake her because he found he could not bear to see his mother behaving like the soulless vampire he had made of her . She , like most vampires , lacked his unusual capacity for some of the softer human emotions , like love and compassion .
History of democracy
However , democracy in Athens declined not only due to external powers , but due to its citizens , such as Plato and his student Aristotle . Because of their influential works , after the rediscovery of classics during the Renaissance , Sparta 's political stability was praised , while the Periclean democracy was described as a system of rule where either the less well - born , the mob ( as a collective tyrant ) , or the poorer classes held power . Only centuries afterwards , after the publication of A History of Greece by George Grote from 1846 onwards , did modern political thinkers start to view the Athenian democracy of Pericles positively . In the late 20th century scholars re-examined the Athenian system of rule as a model of empowering citizens and as a `` post-modern '' example for communities and organizations alike .
Yahweh
Yahweh is frequently invoked in Graeco - Roman magical texts dating from the second century BCE to the fifth century CE , most notably in the Greek Magical Papyri , under the names Iao , Adonai , Sabaoth , and Eloai . In these texts , he is often mentioned alongside traditional Graeco - Roman deities and also Egyptian deities . The archangels Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , and Ouriel and Jewish cultural heroes such as Abraham , Jacob , and Moses are also invoked frequently as well . The frequent occurrence of Yahweh 's name is probably due to Greek and Roman folk magicians seeking to make their spells more powerful through the invocation of a prestigious foreign deity . In his Quaestiones Convivales , the Greek writer Plutarch of Chaeronea writes that Yahweh was equivalent to the Greek god Dionysus .
The Giver
Once he begins it , Jonas 's training makes clear his uniqueness , for the Receiver of Memory is just that -- a person who bears the burden of the memories from all of history , and who is the only one allowed access to books beyond schoolbooks , and the rulebook issued to every household . The current Receiver , who asks Jonas to call him the Giver , begins the process of transferring those memories to Jonas , for the ordinary person in the Community knows nothing of the past . These memories , and being the only Community member allowed access to books about the past , give the Receiver perspective to advise the Council of Elders . The first memory is of sliding down a snow - covered hill on a sled , pleasantness made shocking by the fact that Jonas has never seen a sled , or snow , or a hill for even the memory of these things has been given up to assure security and conformity ( called Sameness ) . Even color has been surrendered , and the Giver shows Jonas a rainbow . Less pleasantly , he gives Jonas memories of hunger and war , things alien to the boy . Hanging over Jonas 's training is the fact that the Giver once before had an apprentice , named Rosemary , but the boy finds his parents and the Giver reluctant to discuss what happened to her .
Mycenaean Greece
Poseidon ( Linear B : Po - se - da - o ) seems to have occupied a place of privilege . He was a chthonic deity , connected with earthquakes ( E-ne - si - da - o - ne : Earth - shaker ) , but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld . Paean ( Pa - ja - wo ) is probably the precursor of the Greek physician of the gods in Homer 's Iliad . He was the personification of the magic - song which was supposed to `` heal '' the patient . A number of divinities have been identified in the Mycenaean scripts only by their epithets used during later antiquity . For example , Qo - wi - ja ( `` cow - eyed '' ) is a standard Homeric ephithet of Hera . Ares appeared under the name Enyalios ( assuming that Enyalios is not a separate god ) . Additional divinities that can be also found in later periods include Hephaestus , Erinya , Artemis ( a-te - mi - to and a-ti - mi - te ) and Dionysos ( Di - wo - nu - so ) . Zeus also appears in the Mycenaean pantheon , but he was certainly not the chief deity .
History of democracy
Rome was a city - state in Italy next to powerful neighbors ; Etruscans had built city - states throughout central Italy since the 13th century BCE and in the south were Greek colonies . Similar to other city - states , Rome was ruled by a king . However , social unrest and the pressure of external threats led in 510 BCE the last king to be deposed by a group of aristocrats led by Lucius Junius Brutus . A new constitution was crafted , but the conflict between the ruling families ( patricians ) and the rest of the population , the plebeians continued . The plebs were demanding for definite , written , and secular laws . The patrician priests , who were the recorders and interpreters of the statutes , by keeping their records secret used their monopoly against social change . After a long resistance to the new demands , the Senate in 454 BCE sent a commission of three patricians to Greece to study and report on the legislation of Solon and other lawmakers . When they returned , the Assembly in 451 BCE chose ten men -- a decemviri -- to formulate a new code , and gave them supreme governmental power in Rome for two years . This commission , under the supervision of a resolute reactionary , Appius Claudius , transformed the old customary law of Rome into Twelve Tables and submitted them to the Assembly ( which passed them with some changes ) and they were displayed in the Forum for all who would and could read . The Twelve Tables recognised certain rights and by the 4th century BCE , the plebs were given the right to stand for consulship and other major offices of the state .
Standard Oil
In the early years , John D. Rockefeller dominated the combine ; he was the single most important figure in shaping the new oil industry . He quickly distributed power and the tasks of policy formation to a system of committees , but always remained the largest shareholder . Authority was centralized in the company 's main office in Cleveland , but decisions in the office were made in a cooperative way . Standard
Jughead Jones
In the `` Super Teens '' stories ( where several of the main Archie characters are secretly superheroes ) , Jughead could become Captain Hero , gaining a caped costume and more muscular physique ( varying from story to story ) , but retaining his crown - shaped cap . Captain Hero appeared when Jughead recites the magic incantation ( similar to Green Lantern 's oath ) :
Powers of the President of the United States
The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was designed to do one primary thing : to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist . Based on their experience , the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power . The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as `` checks and balances '' . For example , the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries , but these appointments must be approved by the Senate . The president can veto bills , or deny them . If he does that , the bill is sent back to Congress .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Mikael is the oldest of the Original Family and considered the strongest and most powerful vampire in existence , although after Klaus breaks the sun and moon curse and became a hybrid it is likely that margin was somewhat narrowed , given they faced each other twice after that and Klaus prevails in the first encounter and gains the upper hand in the second only to be thwarted in an attempt to save Camille .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant who can manipulate weather and one of the most battle - tested and powerful X-Men . Asked if her pregnancy affected her role , Berry replied , `` I was n't in as much as I was meant to be . My ever - growing belly was posing a constant challenge ! What I could do was getting more limited so the role that I play is so different from what it could have been , due to my surprise pregnancy '' . According to Kinberg , Berry had another scene in the film that was cut because of Berry 's limited schedule .
Wonder Woman
The identity of Diana Prince was especially prominent in a series published in the early 1970s , in which she fought crime only under the Prince alias and without her mystic powers . To support herself , she ran a mod clothing boutique .
History of the United States Constitution
The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch , it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military , international relations and commerce . The Constitution added ten more . Five were minor relative to power sharing , including business and manufacturing protections . One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the `` domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder , but it was conditioned by a state request .
Uncle Ben
When Peter later returned home , he was informed by a police officer that his beloved Uncle Ben had been killed by a burglar . Outraged , he donned his Spider - Man costume and captured the man only to realize to his horror that it was the same burglar whom he could have effortlessly captured earlier at the studio . As a result , Peter considered himself morally responsible for Ben 's death and resolved to fight crime as a superhero -- realizing that with great power comes great responsibility -- and vowing never to let another innocent person come to harm if he could help it .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
Sulla , who had observed the violent results of radical populare reforms ( in particular those under Marius and Cinna ) , was naturally conservative , and so his conservatism was more reactionary than it was visionary . As such , he sought to strengthen the aristocracy , and thus the senate . After being appointed Roman Dictator in 82 BC , he enacted a series of constitutional reforms . He resigned the Dictatorship in 80 BC , retired in 79 BC , and died a year later . While he thought that he had firmly established aristocratic rule , his own career had illustrated the fatal weaknesses in the constitution . Ultimately , it was the army , and not the senate , which dictated the fortunes of the state .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
Several years later , a new power had emerged in Asia . In 88 BC , a Roman army was sent to put down that power , king Mithridates VI of Pontus , but was defeated . Over the objections of the former Consul Gaius Marius , the Consul for the year , Lucius Cornelius Sulla was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates . Marius , a member of the democratic ( `` populare '' ) party , had a Tribune revoke Sulla 's command of the war against Mithridates , so Sulla , a member of the aristocratic ( `` optimate '' ) party , brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome . Marius fled , and his supporters either fled or were murdered by Sulla . Sulla had become so angry at Marius ' Tribune that he passed a law that was intended to permanently weaken the Tribunate . He then returned to his war against Mithridates , and with Sulla gone , the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city . The populare record was not one to be proud of , as they had reelected Marius Consul several times without observing the required ten - year interval . They also transgressed democracy by advancing un-elected individuals to magisterial office , and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation . Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates , and in 83 BC , he returned to Rome , overcame all resistance , and captured the city again . Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius ' supporters , although one such supporter , a 17 - year - old populare ( and the son - in - law of Cinna ) named Julius Caesar , was ultimately spared .
French Revolution
The changes in France were enormous ; some were widely accepted and others were bitterly contested into the late 20th century . Before the Revolution , the people had little power or voice . The kings had so thoroughly centralised the system that most nobles spent their time at Versailles , and thus played only a small direct role in their home districts . Thompson says that the kings had `` ruled by virtue of their personal wealth , their patronage of the nobility , their disposal of ecclesiastical offices , their provincial governors ( intendants ) their control over the judges and magistrates , and their command of the Army . ''