vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Marshall Plan
The United Nations also launched a series of humanitarian and relief efforts almost wholly funded by the United States . These efforts had important effects , but they lacked any central organization and planning , and failed to meet many of Europe 's more fundamental needs . Already in 1943 , the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) was founded to provide relief to areas liberated from Germany . UNRRA provided billions of dollars of rehabilitation aid , and helped about 8 million refugees . It ceased operation of displaced persons camps in Europe in 1947 ; many of its functions were transferred to several UN agencies .
Twisted pair
An early example of shielded twisted - pair is IBM STP - A , which was a two - pair 150 ohm S / FTP cable defined in 1985 by the IBM Cabling System specifications , and used with token ring or FDDI networks .
Prometheus
In the Western classical tradition , Prometheus became a figure who represented human striving , particularly the quest for scientific knowledge , and the risk of overreaching or unintended consequences . In particular , he was regarded in the Romantic era as embodying the lone genius whose efforts to improve human existence could also result in tragedy : Mary Shelley , for instance , gave The Modern Prometheus as the subtitle to her novel Frankenstein ( 1818 ) .
Internet Explorer
WinInet. dll is the protocol handler for HTTP , HTTPS and FTP . It handles all network communication over these protocols . URLMon. dll is responsible for MIME - type handling and download of web content , and provides a thread - safe wrapper around WinInet. dll and other protocol implementations . MSHTML. dll houses the Trident rendering engine introduced in Internet Explorer 4 , which is responsible for displaying the pages on - screen and handling the Document Object Model of the web pages . MSHTML. dll parses the HTML / CSS file and creates the internal DOM tree representation of it . It also exposes a set of APIs for runtime inspection and modification of the DOM tree . The DOM tree is further processed by a layout engine which then renders the internal representation on screen . IEFrame. dll contains the user interface and window of IE in Internet Explorer 7 and above . ShDocVw. dll provides the navigation , local caching and history functionalities for the browser . BrowseUI. dll is responsible for rendering the browser user interface such as menus and toolbars .
Computer
I / O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world . Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals . On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer . Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices . Computer networking is another form of I / O. I / O devices are often complex computers in their own right , with their own CPU and memory . A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics . Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I / O. A 2016 - era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry .
Internet privacy
While signing up for internet services , each computer contains a unique IP , Internet Protocol address . This particular address will not give away private or personal information , however , a weak link could potentially reveal information from one 's ISP .
Gray code
Gray codes are used in position encoders ( linear encoders and rotary encoders ) , in preference to straightforward binary encoding . This avoids the possibility that , when several bits change in the binary representation of an angle , a misread will result from some of the bits changing before others . Originally , the code pattern was electrically conductive , supported ( in a rotary encoder ) by an insulating disk . Each track had its own stationary metal spring contact ; one more contact made the connection to the pattern . That common contact was connected by the pattern to whichever of the track contacts were resting on the conductive pattern . However , sliding contacts wear out and need maintenance , so non-contact detectors , such as optical or magnetic sensors , are often used instead .
Operating system
An alternative strategy , and the only sandbox strategy available in systems that do not meet the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements , is where the operating system is not running user programs as native code , but instead either emulates a processor or provides a host for a p - code based system such as Java .
Antonin Scalia
Scalia ( joined by Justice John Paul Stevens ) also dissented in the 2004 case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , involving Yaser Hamdi , an American citizen detained in the United States on the allegation he was an enemy combatant . The Court held that although Congress had authorized Hamdi 's detention , Fifth Amendment due process guarantees give a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant ( Hamdi ) the right to contest that detention before a neutral decision maker . Scalia wrote that the AUMF ( Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists ) could not be read to suspend habeas corpus and that the Court , faced with legislation by Congress that did not grant the president power to detain Hamdi , was trying to `` Make Everything Come Out Right '' .
Bipolar junction transistor
The heterojunction bipolar transistor ( HBT ) is an improvement of the BJT that can handle signals of very high frequencies up to several hundred GHz . It is common in modern ultrafast circuits , mostly RF systems . Symbol
Iodine-131
Iodine - 131 ( I ) is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California , Berkeley . It has a radioactive decay half - life of about eight days . It is associated with nuclear energy , medical diagnostic and treatment procedures , and natural gas production . It also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in nuclear fission products , and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open - air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s , and from the Chernobyl disaster , as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the Fukushima nuclear crisis . This is because I - 131 is a major fission product of uranium and plutonium , comprising nearly 3 % of the total products of fission ( by weight ) . See fission product yield for a comparison with other radioactive fission products . I - 131 is also a major fission product of uranium - 233 , produced from thorium .
Command-line interface
The command - line interface evolved from a form of dialog once conducted by humans over teleprinter ( TTY ) machines , in which human operators remotely exchanged information , usually one line of text at a time . Early computer systems often used teleprinter machines as the means of interaction with a human operator . The computer became one end of the human - to - human teleprinter model . So instead of a human communicating with another human over a teleprinter , a human communicated with a computer .
Twisted pair
Twisted pair cables are often shielded in an attempt to prevent electromagnetic interference . Shielding provides an electrically conductive barrier to attenuate electromagnetic waves external to the shield , and provides a conduction path by which induced currents can be circulated and returned to the source , via ground reference connection .
Containment
In February 1946 , the U.S. State Department asked George F. Kennan , then at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow , why the Russians opposed the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund . He responded with a wide - ranging analysis of Russian policy now called the Long Telegram :
Software bug
Incorrect API usage . Incorrect protocol implementation . Incorrect hardware handling . Incorrect assumptions of a particular platform . Incompatible systems . A new API or communications protocol may seem to work when two systems use different versions , but errors may occur when a function or feature implemented in one version is changed or missing in another . In production systems which must run continually , shutting down the entire system for a major update may not be possible , such as in the telecommunication industry or the internet . In this case , smaller segments of a large system are upgraded individually , to minimize disruption to a large network . However , some sections could be overlooked and not upgraded , and cause compatibility errors which may be difficult to find and repair .
Default gateway
In another example , a network with three routers and three hosts is connected to the Internet through router1 . The hosts ' addresses are : Topological
Direct memory access
Scatter - gather or vectored I / O DMA allows the transfer of data to and from multiple memory areas in a single DMA transaction . It is equivalent to the chaining together of multiple simple DMA requests . The motivation is to off - load multiple input / output interrupt and data copy tasks from the CPU .
Input/output
In computing , input / output or I / O ( or , informally , io or IO ) is the communication between an information processing system , such as a computer , and the outside world , possibly a human or another information processing system . Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it . The term can also be used as part of an action ; to `` perform I / O '' is to perform an input or output operation .
Nervous system
Mauthner cells have been described as command neurons . A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron , defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior individually . Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species -- the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse , used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size , both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid . The concept of a command neuron has , however , become controversial , because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances .
Consciousness
A few theoretical physicists have argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapable of explaining the holistic aspects of consciousness , but that quantum theory may provide the missing ingredients . Several theorists have therefore proposed quantum mind ( QM ) theories of consciousness . Notable theories falling into this category include the holonomic brain theory of Karl Pribram and David Bohm , and the Orch - OR theory formulated by Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose . Some of these QM theories offer descriptions of phenomenal consciousness , as well as QM interpretations of access consciousness . None of the quantum mechanical theories has been confirmed by experiment . Recent publications by G. Guerreshi , J. Cia , S. Popescu , and H. Briegel could falsify proposals such as those of Hameroff , which rely on quantum entanglement in protein . At the present time many scientists and philosophers consider the arguments for an important role of quantum phenomena to be unconvincing .
Default gateway
The packet does n't return If router1 routing table does not have any route to 192.168. 1.0 / 24 , and PC3 tries to access a resource outside its own network , then the outgoing routing will work until the reply is fed back to router1 . Since the route is unknown to router1 , it will go to router1 's default gateway , and never reach router3 . In the logs of the resource they will trace the request , but the requestor will never get any information . The packet will die because the TTL - value decrease to less than 1 when it is travelling through the routers or the router will see that it has a private IP and discard it . This could be discovered by using the Microsoft Windows utility Pathping or MTR on Unix - like operating systems , since the ping will stop at the router which has no route or a wrong route . ( Note that some routers will not reply to pinging . )
Cold War
Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan .
United States
The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This , in turn , led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet .
Mach Five
Button H , Homing Device ( ホーミング , Hōmingu , Homing ) : This button is , unlike the other buttons , not located on the steering wheel ; instead is located on a console between the seats . Button H is part of the Go Homing Robot 's controls , and it simply sends the robot `` home '' to a pre-programmed location , usually Speed 's house .
Hard disk drive
Current hard drives connect to a computer over one of several bus types , including parallel ATA , Serial ATA , SCSI , Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) , and Fibre Channel . Some drives , especially external portable drives , use IEEE 1394 , or USB. All of these interfaces are digital ; electronics on the drive process the analog signals from the read / write heads . Current drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer , independent of the data encoding scheme used internally , and independent of the physical number of disks and heads within the drive .
Bird ringing
The use of satellite transmitters for bird movements is currently restricted by transmitter size -- to species larger than about 400g . They may be attached to migratory birds ( geese , swans , cranes , penguins etc . ) or other species such as penguins that undertake long - distance movements . Individuals may be tracked by satellites for immense distances , for the lifetime of the transmitter battery . As with wing tags , the transmitters may be designed to drop off when the bird moults ; or they may be recovered by recapturing the bird .
Fahrenheit 451
In 2015 , the Internet Engineering Steering Group approved the publication of An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles , now RFC 7725 , which specifies that websites forced to block resources for legal reasons should return a status code of 451 when users request those resources .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
The article gives the example of a data sample ( 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 4 ) and states : `` the mode is not unique '' . That is about all that can be said about it . Depending on your needs , predilections , and local customs , you can pick your choice between : ( a ) for this sample the mode is undefined ; ( b ) this sample actually has two modes : 1 and 4 ; and ( c ) the mode is indeterminate ( whatever that means ) . I would not take the average except when you have a histogram peaking in two adjacent slots , because that could be severely misleading . Now here is a question : what is the mode of an empty data sample ? -- Lambiam 01 : 22 , 16 August 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you so much ! ! ! I appreciate your taking the time to help me . I did n't see that example in the article even though it was staring me in the face . Oops ! :) In this case I think I 'll write that the mode is `` 44 and 93 '' and see how that works . Again , thank you ! ! ! ( Thanks as well to whoever moved my question to the bottom -- I was n't aware of the wiki custom of oldest on the top / newest at the bottom ! ) LandOfIsrael 10 : 52 , 16 August 2006 ( UTC )
Wireless security
This stands for WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure . This is a wireless security standard defined by the Chinese government .
Wireless security
Identity theft ( or MAC spoofing ) occurs when a hacker is able to listen in on network traffic and identify the MAC address of a computer with network privileges . Most wireless systems allow some kind of MAC filtering to allow only authorized computers with specific MAC IDs to gain access and utilize the network . However , programs exist that have network `` sniffing '' capabilities . Combine these programs with other software that allow a computer to pretend it has any MAC address that the hacker desires , and the hacker can easily get around that hurdle .
Internet privacy
Only 2 % of all Swedes were connected to the Internet in 1995 but at last count in 2012 , 89 % had broadband access . This was due in large part once again to the active Swedish government introducing regulatory provisions to promote competition among Internet Service Providers . These regulations helped grow web - infrastructure and forced prices below the European average . To add to the intrigue around Sweden 's laws and regulations , one must also mention how copyright laws evolved in Sweden . Sweden was the birthplace of the Pirate Bay , an infamous file - sharing website . File sharing has been illegal in Sweden since it was developed , however , there was never any real fear of being persecuted for the crime until 2009 when the Swedish Parliament was the first in the European Union to pass the intellectual property rights directive . This directive persuaded internet service providers to announce the identity of suspected violators . A final piece of legislation worth mentioning when discussing Sweden 's regulations is the infamous centralized block list . The list is generated by authorities and was originally crafted to eliminate sites hosting child pornography . However , there is no legal way to appeal a site that ends up on the list and as a result , many non-child pornography sites have been blacklisted . It is important to consider that Sweden 's government enjoys a high level of trust from their citizens . Without this trust , many of these regulations would not be possible and thus many of these regulations may only be feasible in the Swedish context .
HTTPS
Let 's Encrypt , launched in April 2016 , provides free and automated SSL / TLS certificates to websites . According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation , `` Let 's Encrypt '' will make switching from HTTP to HTTPS `` as easy as issuing one command , or clicking one button . '' Use
Nuclear weapon
Of the four Mk28 type hydrogen bombs the B - 52G carried , three were found on land near Almería , Spain . The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground , resulting in the contamination of a 2 - square - kilometer ( 490 - acre ) ( 0.78 square mile ) area by radioactive plutonium . The fourth , which fell into the Mediterranean Sea , was recovered intact after a 21⁄2 - month - long search . January 21 , 1968 : the 1968 Thule Air Base B - 52 crash involved a United States Air Force ( USAF ) B - 52 bomber . The aircraft was carrying four hydrogen bombs when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft . Six crew members ejected safely , but one who did not have an ejection seat was killed while trying to bail out . The bomber crashed onto sea ice in Greenland , causing the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse , which resulted in widespread radioactive contamination . September 18 -- 19 , 1980 : the Damascus Accident , occurred in Damascus , Arkansas , where a Titan missile equipped with a nuclear warhead exploded . The accident was caused by a maintenance man who dropped a socket from a socket wrench down an 80 - foot shaft , puncturing a fuel tank on the rocket . Leaking fuel resulted in a hypergolic fuel explosion , jettisoning the W - 53 warhead beyond the launch site .
Chernobyl disaster
The fire was extinguished by a combined effort of helicopters dropping over 5000 metric tons of sand , lead , clay , and neutron - absorbing boron onto the burning reactor and injection of liquid nitrogen . The Ukrainian filmmaker Vladimir Shevchenko captured film footage of an Mi - 8 helicopter as its main rotor collided with a nearby construction crane cable , causing the helicopter to fall near the damaged reactor building and killing its four - man crew . It is now known that virtually none of the neutron absorbers reached the core .
Modem
Wireless modems come in a variety of types , bandwidths , and speeds . Wireless modems are often referred to as transparent or smart . They transmit information that is modulated onto a carrier frequency to allow many simultaneous wireless communication links to work simultaneously on different frequencies .
Seawater
Pandoravirus salinus , a species of very large virus , with a genome much larger than that of any other virus species , was discovered in 2013 . Like the other very large viruses Mimivirus and Megavirus , Pandoravirus infects amoebas , but its genome , containing 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA , is twice as large as that of Megavirus , and it differs greatly from the other large viruses in appearance and in genome structure .
Cold War
In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' .
Twisted pair
Overall shield ( F / UTP , S / UTP , and SF / UTP ) Overall foil , braided shield or braiding with foil across all of the pairs within the 100 ohm twisted pair cable . Common names : foiled twisted pair , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable .
HTTPS
The security of HTTPS is that of the underlying TLS , which typically uses long - term public and private keys to generate a short - term session key , which is then used to encrypt the data flow between client and server . X. 509 certificates are used to authenticate the server ( and sometimes the client as well ) . As a consequence , certificate authorities and public key certificates are necessary to verify the relation between the certificate and its owner , as well as to generate , sign , and administer the validity of certificates . While this can be more beneficial than verifying the identities via a web of trust , the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures drew attention to certificate authorities as a potential weak point allowing man - in - the - middle attacks . An important property in this context is forward secrecy , which ensures that encrypted communications recorded in the past can not be retrieved and decrypted should long - term secret keys or passwords be compromised in the future . Not all web servers provide forward secrecy .