vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Islamic architecture
Gardens and water have for many centuries played an essential role in Islamic culture , and are often compared to the garden of Paradise . The comparison originates from the Achaemenid Empire . In his dialogue `` Oeconomicus '' , Xenophon has Socrates relate the story of the Spartan general Lysander 's visit to the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger , who shows the Greek his `` Paradise at Sardis '' . The classical form of the Persian Paradise garden , or the Charbagh , comprises a rectangular irrigated space with elevated pathways , which divide the garden into four sections of equal size :
Allegory of the Cave
Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings , namely the analogy of the sun and the analogy of the divided line .
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
In Bettelheim 's view , the tale fails to encourage children `` to pursue the hard labor of solving , one at a time , the problems which growing up presents '' , and does not end as fairy tales should with the `` promise of future happiness awaiting those who have mastered their Oedipal situation as a child '' . He believes the tale is an escapist one that thwarts the child reading it from gaining emotional maturity .
Our Casuarina Tree
Summary The poem begins with the description of the tree . The poet says that the creeper has wound itself round the rugged trunk of the Casuarina Tree , like a huge Python . The creeper has left deep marks on the trunk of the tree . The tree is so strong that it bears the tight hold of the creeper . The tree is described as being gallant , and possibly brave , as very few trees could survive in the strangle - hold of this creeper . The poet then goes on to describe the life that thrives amidst every facet of the tree . The tree is metaphorical said as a giant due to its huge size , strength and boldness . The Casuarina Tree is covered with creeper which bears red crimson flowers which appear as though the tree is wearing a colorful scarf . Often at night , the garden echoes and it seems to be jubilant and the song ( of a nightingale ) has no end ; it continues till dawn . At dawn when the poet opens her window she is delighted to see the Casuarina Tree . Mostly in winters a gray baboon is seen sitting on the crest of the tree seeing the sunrise with her younger ones leaping and playing in the tree 's boughs . The shadow of the tree appears to fall on the huge water tank . Toru Dutt says that it is not because of the majestic appearance of the Casuarina Tree that it is dear to her heart and soul , but also that she along with her siblings spent happy moments under it . Toru Dutt has brought out the theme of nature as something that shares feeling with humans , that lightens the burden on the heart . The poet continues with a description of how strong the image of the tree is , even when in lands far away . Even in France and Italy ( where the poet studied ) , she can hear the tree 's lament . The poet wishes to consecrate the tree 's memory and importance for the sake of those who are now dead - and looks ahead to her own death , hoping that the tree be spared obscurity ( or that no - one will remember it ) . She immortalizes the tree through this poem like how Wordsworth sanctified the Yew trees of Borrowdale .
Romanticism
Early Russian Romanticism is associated with the writers Konstantin Batyushkov ( A Vision on the Shores of the Lethe , 1809 ) , Vasily Zhukovsky ( The Bard , 1811 ; Svetlana , 1813 ) and Nikolay Karamzin ( Poor Liza , 1792 ; Julia , 1796 ; Martha the Mayoress , 1802 ; The Sensitive and the Cold , 1803 ) . However the principal exponent of Romanticism in Russia is Alexander Pushkin ( The Prisoner of the Caucasus , 1820 -- 1821 ; The Robber Brothers , 1822 ; Ruslan and Ludmila , 1820 ; Eugene Onegin , 1825 -- 1832 ) . Pushkin 's work influenced many writers in the 19th century and led to his eventual recognition as Russia 's greatest poet . Other Russian Romantic poets include Mikhail Lermontov ( A Hero of Our Time , 1839 ) , Fyodor Tyutchev ( Silentium ! , 1830 ) , Yevgeny Baratynsky ( Eda , 1826 ) , Anton Delvig , and Wilhelm Küchelbecker .
The Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland in 1835 . The only schooling he received was from the local grammar school . He held onto his Scottish roots throughout most of his life - he retained close ties with his relative that stayed in Scotland ; many of his early business associates were americanized Scots ; his English school friends had Scottish ties ; he returned home to Scotland almost every summer . Even his radicalism can be tied to his Scottish roots . His immediate family rejected the establishment , from his grandfather who was a controversial orator and contributor to Register , William Cobbet 's political journal , to his mother and father , who rejected the Presbyterian Church .
E. E. Cummings
The seeds of Cummings ' unconventional style appear well established even in his earliest work . At age six , he wrote to his father :
Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
The poem features a young boy walking on the beach who finds two mockingbirds nesting and watches them . The female bird fails to appear one day , and the male bird cries out for her . The bird 's cries create an awakening in the boy who translates what the male is saying in the rest of the poem . As this happens , the boy recognizes the impact of nature on the human soul and his own burgeoning consciousness .
Qing dynasty
Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period . Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman , but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life . The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research , being studied ( along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty ) for its association with Chinese opera , developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry , the transition to a greater role for vernacular language , and for poetry by women in Chinese culture . The Qing dynasty was a period of much literary collection and criticism , and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies , such as the Quantangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems . Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio , published in the mid-18th century , and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life , written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877 . The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin 's Dream of the Red Chamber , but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi 's The Scholars ( 1750 ) and Li Ruzhen 's Flowers in the Mirror ( 1827 ) . A
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
The book Alice in Wonderland failed to be named in an 1888 poll of the most popular children 's stories . Generally , it received poor reviews , with reviewers giving more credit to Tenniel 's illustrations than to Carroll 's story . At the release of Through the Looking - Glass , the first Alice tale gained in popularity and , by the end of the 19th century , Sir Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland `` was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete '' .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Not every 20th - century critic opined primarily on the quality of the final lines when discussing the success or failure of the poem ; Sidney Colvin , in 1920 , explained that `` while imagery drawn from the sculptures on Greek vases was still floating through his mind , he was able to rouse himself to a stronger effort and produce a true masterpiece in his famous Ode on a Grecian Urn . '' In his 1926 analysis , H.W. Garrod felt that the end of the poem did not match with the rest of the poem : `` Perhaps the fourth stanza is more beautiful than any of the others -- and more true . The trouble is that it is a little too true . Truth to his main theme has taken Keats rather farther than he meant to go ... This pure cold art makes , in fact , a less appeal to Keats than the Ode as a whole would pretend ; and when , in the lines that follow these lines , he indulges the jarring apostrophe ' Cold Pastoral ' ( ... ) he has said more than he meant -- or wished to mean . '' In 1933 , M.R. Ridley described the poem as a `` tense ethereal beauty '' with a `` touch of didacticism that weakens the urgency '' of the statements . Douglas Bush , following in 1937 , emphasized the Greek aspects of the poem and stated , `` as in the Ode to Maia , the concrete details are suffused with a rich nostalgia . The hard edges of classical Greek writing are softened by the enveloping emotion and suggestion . In his classical moments Keats is a sculptor whose marble becomes flesh . ''
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Lindsey Fraser , who had supplied one of the blurb comments , wrote what is thought to be the first published review , in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997 . She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children '' . Another early review , in The Herald , said , `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down . '' Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book , with glowing reviews in The Guardian , The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday , and in September 1997 Books for Keeps , a magazine that specialised in children 's books , gave the novel four stars out of five . The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' .
Verses upon the Burning of our House
In silent night when rest I took , For sorrow near I did not look , I wakened was with thundering noise And piteous shrieks of dreadful voice . That fearful sound of `` Fire '' and `` Fire , '' Let no man know , is my desire . I , starting up , the light did spy , And to my God my heart did cry To strengthen me in my distress , And not to leave me succourless . Then coming out , behold a space The flame consume my dwelling place . And when I could no longer look , I blest His name that gave and took , That laid my goods now in the dust ; Yea , so it was , and so ' twas just . It was His own ; it was not mine . Far be it that I should repine . He might of all justly bereft , But yet sufficient for us left . When by the ruins oft I passed My sorrowing eyes aside did cast And here and there the places spy Where oft I sat and long did lie . Here stood that trunk , and there that chest ; There lay that store I counted best , My pleasant things in ashes lie , And them behold no more shall I . Under thy roof no guest shall sit , Nor at thy table eat a bit ; No pleasant tale shall e'er be told , Nor things recounted done of old ; No candle e'er shall shine in thee , Nor bridegroom 's voice e'er heard shall be . In silence ever shall thou lie . Adieu , Adieu , all 's vanity . Then straight I ' gin my heart to chide : And did thy wealth on earth abide ? Didst fix thy hope on mouldring dust ? The arm of flesh didst make thy trust ? Raise up thy thoughts above the sky That dunghill mists away may fly . Thou hast a house on high erect ; Framed by that mighty Architect , With glory richly furnished Stands permanent though this be fled . It 's purchased , and paid for , too , By him who hath enough to do - A price so vast as is unknown , Yet , by His gift , is made thine own . There 's wealth enough ; I need no more . Farewell , my pelf ; farewell , my store ; The world no longer let me love . My hope and treasure lie above .
Ring a Ring o' Roses
The translation is `` A ring , a ring of roses . Beautiful apricots . Blue violets , forget - me - nots . All children sit down . ''
River Thames
In poetry , William Wordsworth 's sonnet On Westminster Bridge closes with the lines :
Charles Dickens
His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity . Satire , flourishing in his gift for caricature , is his forte . An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life , though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre . Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers , and assist the development of motifs in the storyline , giving what one critic calls an `` allegorical impetus '' to the novels ' meanings . To cite one of numerous examples , the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to `` murder '' and stony coldness . His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism . His satires of British aristocratic snobbery -- he calls one character the `` Noble Refrigerator '' -- are often popular . Comparing orphans to stocks and shares , people to tug boats , or dinner - party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens 's acclaimed flights of fancy .
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , including :
Illinois
Adlai Stevenson I ( 1835 -- 1914 ) was a Vice President of the United States , as well as a Congressman Lewis Stevenson ( 1868 -- 1929 ) , son of Adlai , served as Illinois Secretary of State . Adlai Stevenson II ( 1900 -- 1965 ) , son of Lewis , served as Governor of Illinois and as the US Ambassador to the United Nations ; he was also the Democratic party 's presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956 , losing both elections to Dwight Eisenhower . Adlai Stevenson III ( 1930 -- ) , son of Adlai II , served ten years as a United States Senator . Daleys
Great Expectations
Complex and multifaceted , Great Expectations is a Victorian bildungsroman , a German literary genre from the eighteenth century , also called an initiatory tale . This genre focuses on a protagonist who matures over the course of the novel . Great Expectations describes Pip 's initial frustration upon leaving home , followed by a long and difficult period where he gradually matures . This period in his life is punctuated with conflicts between his desires and the values of established order , that allow him to re-evaluate his life and therefore re-enter society on new foundations .
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
`` All in the golden afternoon ... '' -- the prefatory verse , an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice 's adventures underground `` Beautiful Soup '' also known as `` Turtle Soup '' , sung by the Mock Turtle -- a parody of James M. Sayles 's song `` Star of the Evening , Beautiful Star '' , which was performed as a trio by Lorina , Alice , and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice 's Adventures Under Ground . `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' -- a parody of Isaac Watts ' nursery rhyme , `` Against Idleness and Mischief '' `` Speak roughly to your little boy ... '' -- the Duchess ' lullaby , is a parody of David Bates ' `` Speak Gently '' `` The Lobster Quadrille '' -- a parody of Mary Botham Howitt 's `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' -- an example of concrete poetry `` The Queen of Hearts '' -- an actual nursery rhyme `` They told me you had been to her ... '' -- the White Rabbit 's evidence `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' -- a parody of Isaac Watts ' `` The Sluggard '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' -- a parody of Jane Taylor 's `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Star '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' -- a parody of Robert Southey 's `` The Old Man 's Comforts and How He Gained Them ''
James Russell Lowell
Early in his career , James Russell Lowell 's writing was influenced by Swedenborgianism , a Spiritualism - infused form of Christianity founded by Emanuel Swedenborg , causing Frances Longfellow ( wife of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ) to mention that `` he has been long in the habit of seeing spirits '' . He composed his poetry rapidly when inspired by an `` inner light '' but could not write to order . He subscribed to the common nineteenth - century belief that the poet was a prophet but went further , linking religion , nature , and poetry , as well as social reform . Evert Augustus Duyckinck and others welcomed Lowell as part of Young America , a New York - based movement . Though not officially affiliated with them , he shared some of their ideals , including the belief that writers have an inherent insight into the moral nature of humanity and have an obligation for literary action along with their aesthetic function . Unlike many of his contemporaries , including members of Young America , Lowell did not advocate for the creation of a new national literature . Instead , he called for a natural literature , regardless of country , caste , or race , and warned against provincialism which might `` put farther off the hope of one great brotherhood '' . He agreed with his neighbor Longfellow that `` whoever is most universal , is also most national '' . As Lowell said :
James Russell Lowell
In 1850 , Lowell 's mother died unexpectedly , as did his third daughter , Rose . Her death left Lowell depressed and reclusive for six months , despite the birth of his son Walter by the end of the year . He wrote to a friend that death `` is a private tutor . We have no fellow - scholars , and must lay our lessons to heart alone . '' These personal troubles as well as the Compromise of 1850 inspired Lowell to accept an offer from William Wetmore Story to spend a winter in Italy . To pay for the trip , Lowell sold land around Elmwood , intending to sell off further acres of the estate over time to supplement his income , ultimately selling off 25 of the original 30 acres ( 120,000 m ) . Walter died suddenly in Rome of cholera , and Lowell and his wife , with their daughter Mabel , returned to the United States in October 1852 . Lowell published recollections of his journey in several magazines , many of which would be collected years later as Fireside Travels ( 1867 ) . He also edited volumes with biographical sketches for a series on British Poets .
Trafficking of children
A Modest Proposal , by Jonathan Swift , was ironic fiction proposing the selling of children to save Ireland from starvation ; the proposal was not intended to be literal . In China , The White - Haired Girl , an opera , a film , and a ballet , includes , according to Frank Dikötter , a farmer 's daughter being sold by a landlord and creditor , who had seized her from the farmer who was her father , into slavery In Avicii 's video for the song For Better Days , the mini-story revolves around two exploited children who take vengeance on their exploiters In Guardians of the Galaxy , Yondu takes Star - Lord as a child because his dad asked him to do that , but Yondu raised him instead .
Ecclesiastes
Robert Burns ' `` Address to the Unco Guid '' begins with a verse appeal to Ecclesiastes 7 : 16 .
Individualism
The Russian - American poet Joseph Brodsky once manifested that `` The surest defense against Evil is extreme individualism , originality of thinking , whimsicality , even -- if you will -- eccentricity . That is , something that ca n't be feigned , faked , imitated ; something even a seasoned imposter could n't be happy with . '' Ralph Waldo Emerson famously declared `` , `` Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist '' -- a point of view developed at length in both the life and work of ( Henry David ) Thoreau . Equally memorable and influential on Walt Whitman is Emerson 's idea that `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds , adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines . '' ... Emerson opposes on principle the reliance on social structures ( civil , religious ) precisely because through them the individual approaches the divine second hand , mediated by the once original experience of a genius from another age : `` An institution , '' as he explains , `` is the lengthened shadow of one man . '' To achieve this original relation one must `` Insist on one 's self ; never imitate '' for if the relationship is secondary the connection is lost . ''
Agatha Christie
The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side from Tennyson 's `` The Lady of Shallot '' : `` Out flew the web , and floated wide / The mirror cracked from side to side / ' The curse is come upon me , '' cried / The Lady of Shalott '' The Moving Finger from verse 51 of Edward FitzGerald 's translation of the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám : `` The Moving Finger writes ; and , having writ / Moves on ... '' This , in turn , refers to the Biblical account of Belshazzar 's feast ( Daniel , chapter 5 ) , which is the origin of the expression `` the writing on the wall '' . The Rose and the Yew Tree from Section V of `` Little Gidding '' from T.S. Eliot 's Four Quartets : `` The moment of the rose and the moment of the yew - tree / Are of equal duration '' . Postern of Fate from the poem `` Gates of Damascus '' by James Elroy Flecker : `` Postern of Fate , the Desert Gate , Disaster 's Cavern , Fort of Fear / The Portal of Bagdad am I ... '' Endless Night from William Blake 's Auguries of Innocence : `` Some are born to sweet delight / Some are born to endless night '' . N or M ? from the Catechism in the Book of Common Prayer which asks , `` What is your Christian name ? Answer N. or M . '' The `` N. or M . '' stands for the Latin , `` nomen vel nomina '' , meaning `` name or names '' . It is an accident of typography that `` nomina '' came to be represented by `` m '' .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In 1954 , Charles Patterson defended the poem and claimed , `` The meaningfulness and range of the poem , along with its controlled execution and powerfully suggestive imagery , entitle it to a high place among Keats 's great odes . It lacks the even finish and extreme perfection of To Autumn but is much superior in these qualities to the Ode to a Nightingale despite the magic passages in the latter and the similarities of over-all structure . In fact , the Ode on a Grecian Urn may deserve to rank first in the group if viewed in something approaching its true complexity and human wisdom . '' Walter Jackson Bate argued in 1962 that `` the Grecian Urn possesses a quiet and constrained composure hardly equaled by the other odes of this month and perhaps even unsurpassed by the ode To Autumn of the following September ... there is a severe repose about the Ode on a Grecian Urn ; it is both ' interwoven ' and ' complete ' ; and within its tensely braced stanzas is a potential energy momentarily stilled and imprisoned . '' In 1964 , literary critic David Perkins claimed in his essay `` The Ode on a Nightingale '' that the symbol of the urn `` may possibly not satisfy as the principal concern of poetry ... but is rather an element in the poetry and drama of human reactions '' .
Flowers for Algernon
Despite regressing to his former self , he remembers that he was once a genius . He can not bear to have his friends and co-workers feel sorry for him . Consequently , he decides to go to live at the state - sponsored Warren Home School , where nobody knows about the operation . In a final postscript to his writings , ostensibly addressed to Alice Kinnian , he requests that she put some flowers on Algernon 's grave in Charlie 's former backyard .
The House of the Rising Sun
`` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin :
Son (novel)
Son is the final entry in The Giver Quartet by Lois Lowry . It was preceded by Messenger , the third book of the series . The book follows Claire , the mother of Gabriel , the baby seen in The Giver .