vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quit India Movement
The Cripps ' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi 's call for The Quit India Movement . In order to end the deadlock on 22 March 1942 , the British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain 's war efforts . A draft declaration of the British Government was presented , which included terms like establishment of Dominion , establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the provinces to make separate constitutions . However , these were to be only after the cessation of the Second World War . According to the Congress , this declaration offered India a only promise that was to be fulfilled in the future . Commenting on this Gandhi said , `` It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank . '' Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India .
Quit India Movement
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions . Over 100,000 arrests were made , mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging . Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army . Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations , distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments . The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India , possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt .
Independence Day (India)
Millions of Muslim , Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence . In Punjab , where the borders divided the Sikh regions in halves , massive bloodshed followed ; in Bengal and Bihar , where Mahatma Gandhi 's presence assuaged communal tempers , the violence was mitigated . In all , between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence . While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day , Gandhi stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage . On 14 August 1947 , the Independence Day of Pakistan , the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being ; Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi .
Quit India Movement
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Partition of India
Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He had been outraged by Jinnah 's Direct Action campaign , which had provoked communal violence across India and by the viceroy 's vetoes of his home department 's plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality . Patel severely criticised the viceroy 's induction of League ministers into the government , and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British without Congress approval . Although further outraged at the League 's boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government , he was also aware that Jinnah did enjoy popular support amongst Muslims , and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu - Muslim civil war of disastrous consequences . The continuation of a divided and weak central government would in Patel 's mind , result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence . Between the months of December 1946 and January 1947 , Patel worked with civil servant V.P. Menon on the latter 's suggestion for a separate dominion of Pakistan created out of Muslim - majority provinces . Communal violence in Bengal and Punjab in January and March 1947 further convinced Patel of the soundness of partition . Patel , a fierce critic of Jinnah 's demand that the Hindu - majority areas of Punjab and Bengal be included in a Muslim state , obtained the partition of those provinces , thus blocking any possibility of their inclusion in Pakistan . Patel 's decisiveness on the partition of Punjab and Bengal had won him many supporters and admirers amongst the Indian public , which had tired of the League 's tactics , but he was criticised by Gandhi , Nehru , secular Muslims and socialists for a perceived eagerness to do so . When Lord Louis Mountbatten formally proposed the plan on 3 June 1947 , Patel gave his approval and lobbied Nehru and other Congress leaders to accept the proposal . Knowing Gandhi 's deep anguish regarding proposals of partition , Patel engaged him in frank discussion in private meetings over the perceived practical unworkability of any Congress - League coalition , the rising violence and the threat of civil war . At the All India Congress Committee meeting called to vote on the proposal , Patel said :
British Empire in World War II
Roosevelt gave support to Congress , sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence . Churchill was outraged , refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue , and threatened to resign as prime minister of Roosevelt pushed too hard . Roosevelt pulled back . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India Movement of non-violent civil disobedience , the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi , holding them for the duration . Meanwhile , wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India ; hundreds of thousands died of starvation . To this day a large Indian element blames Churchill for the Bengal famine of 1943 . In terms of the war effort , India became a major base for American supplies sent to India , and Lend Lease operations boosted the local economy . The 2 million Indian soldiers were a major factor in British success in the Middle East . Muslim support for the British war effort proved decisive in the British decision to partition the Raj , forming of the new state of Pakistan .
Quit India Movement
I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 's letter of 8 July . My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature . The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan , and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India . If the British refuse , start total disobedience .
Partition of India
Indian medical orderlies attending to wounded soldiers with the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force in Mesopotamia during World War I . Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( seated in carriage , on the right , eyes downcast , with black flat - top hat ) receives a big welcome in Karachi in 1916 after his return to India from South Africa . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , seated , third from the left , was a supporter of the Lucknow Pact , which , in 1916 , ended the three - way rift between the Extremists , the Moderates and the League .
Quit India Movement
Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement . These included the Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below :
Quit India Movement
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) had kept aloof from the Congress - led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925 . In 1942 , under M.S. Golwalkar , it refused to join in the Quit India Movement . The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that ,
History of India
The Nationalist school has focused on Congress , Gandhi , Nehru and high level politics . It highlighted the Mutiny of 1857 as a war of liberation , and Gandhi 's ' Quit India ' begun in 1942 , as defining historical events . This school of historiography has received criticism for Elitism .
Swadeshi movement
The second Swadeshi movement started with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India , Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911 . It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movement . Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh , Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai , Babu Genu . Swadeshi , as a strategy , was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi , who described it as the soul of Swaraj ( self rule ) . It was strongest in Bengal and was also called vandemataram movement . Gandhi , at the time of the actual movement , remained loyal to the British Crown .
Quit India Movement
The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state , Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority . Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's opposition to Gandhi 's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British , and enlisting in the army . The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members . Congress members heeding Gandhi 's call resigned from provincial legislatures , enabling the Muslim League , in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha , to take control in Sindh , Bengal and Northwest Frontier .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He had been outraged by Jinnah 's Direct Action campaign , which had provoked communal violence across India , and by the viceroy 's vetoes of his home department 's plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality . Patel severely criticised the viceroy 's induction of League ministers into the government , and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British without Congress 's approval . Although further outraged at the League 's boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government , he was also aware that Jinnah did enjoy popular support amongst Muslims , and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu - Muslim civil war of disastrous consequences . The continuation of a divided and weak central government would , in Patel 's mind , result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence . In December 1946 and January 1947 , Patel worked with civil servant V.P. Menon on the latter 's suggestion for a separate dominion of Pakistan created out of Muslim - majority provinces . Communal violence in Bengal and Punjab in January and March 1947 further convinced Patel of the soundness of partition . Patel , a fierce critic of Jinnah 's demand that the Hindu - majority areas of Punjab and Bengal be included in a Muslim state , obtained the partition of those provinces , thus blocking any possibility of their inclusion in Pakistan . Patel 's decisiveness on the partition of Punjab and Bengal had won him many supporters and admirers amongst the Indian public , which had tired of the League 's tactics , but he was criticised by Gandhi , Nehru , secular Muslims , and socialists for a perceived eagerness to do so . When Lord Louis Mountbatten formally proposed the plan on 3 June 1947 , Patel gave his approval and lobbied Nehru and other Congress leaders to accept the proposal . Knowing Gandhi 's deep anguish regarding proposals of partition , Patel engaged him in frank discussion in private meetings over what he saw as the practical unworkability of any Congress -- League coalition , the rising violence , and the threat of civil war . At the All India Congress Committee meeting called to vote on the proposal , Patel said :
Vallabhbhai Patel
On the outbreak of World War II , Patel supported Nehru 's decision to withdraw the Congress from central and provincial legislatures , contrary to Gandhi 's advice , as well as an initiative by senior leader Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari to offer Congress 's full support to Britain if it promised Indian independence at the end of the war and installed a democratic government right away . Gandhi had refused to support Britain on the grounds of his moral opposition to war , while Subhash Chandra Bose was in militant opposition to the British . The British rejected Rajagopalachari 's initiative , and Patel embraced Gandhi 's leadership again . He participated in Gandhi 's call for individual disobedience , and was arrested in 1940 and imprisoned for nine months . He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps ' mission in 1942 . Patel lost more than twenty pounds during his period in jail . Azad
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel was born and raised in the countryside of Gujarat . He was a successful lawyer . He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda , Borsad , and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the British Raj , becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat . He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress , organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement .
Quit India Movement
`` The question is how to combat this movement ( Quit India ) in Bengal ? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress , this movement will fail to take root in the province . It should be possible for us , especially responsible Ministers , to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement , already belongs to the representatives of the people . In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency . Indian have to trust the British , not for the sake for Britain , not for any advantage that the British might gain , but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself . You , as Governor , will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister .
Quit India Movement
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Partition of India
In 1905 , the viceroy , Lord Curzon , in his second term , divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India , the Bengal Presidency , into the Muslim - majority province of East Bengal and Assam and the Hindu - majority province of Bengal ( present - day Indian states of West Bengal , Bihār , Jharkhand and Odisha ) . Curzon 's act , the Partition of Bengal -- which some considered administratively felicitous , and , which had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck , but never acted upon -- was to transform nationalist politics as nothing else before it . The Hindu elite of Bengal , among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants , protested fervidly . The large Bengali Hindu middle - class ( the Bhadralok ) , upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas , felt that Curzon 's act was punishment for their political assertiveness . The pervasive protests against Curzon 's decision took the form predominantly of the Swadeshi ( `` buy Indian '' ) campaign led by two - time Congress president , Surendranath Banerjee , and involved a boycott of British goods . Sporadically -- but flagrantly -- the protesters also took to political violence that involved attacks on civilians . The violence , however , was not effective , as most planned attacks were either preempted by the British or failed . The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan Bande Mataram ( Bengali , lit : `` Hail to the Mother '' ) , the title of a song by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , which invoked a mother goddess , who stood variously for Bengal , India , and the Hindu goddess Kali . The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when Calcutta 's English - educated students returned home to their villages and towns . The religious stirrings of the slogan and the political outrage over the partition were combined as young men , in groups such as Jugantar , took to bombing public buildings , staging armed robberies , and assassinating British officials . Since Calcutta was the imperial capital , both the outrage and the slogan soon became nationally known .
Early Nationalists
Gopal Krishna Gokhale , known as `` The Political Guru of Gandhi '' as he was the one who guided Mahatma Gandhi to travel around India in order to fight against the British , was one of the social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India . Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society . Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in , Gokhale campaigned for Indian self - rule and also social reform . He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions .
Partition of India
In the United Provinces , Muslims became anxious when , in the late 19th century , political representation increased , giving more power to Hindus , and Hindus were politically mobilized in the Hindi - Urdu controversy and the anti-cow - killing riots of 1893 . In 1905 , when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress , and the Congress itself rallied around symbolism of Kali , Muslim fears increased . It was not lost on many Muslims , for example , that the rallying cry , `` Bande Mataram '' , had first appeared in the novel Anand Math in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors . Lastly , the Muslim elite , and among it Dacca Nawab , Khwaja Salimullah , who hosted the League 's first meeting in his mansion in Shahbag , was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose had been a leader of the younger , radical , wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s , rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939 . However , he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command . He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940 .
Quit India Movement
The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress ,
History of India
From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods . The Gandhi - led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-co - operation , civil disobedience and economic resistance . However , revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle . The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard .
British Empire in World War II
Serious tension erupted over American support for independence for India , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism . The politically active Indian population was deeply divided . One element was so insistent on the explosion of the British , that it sided with Germany and Japan , and formed the Indian National Army ( INA ) from Indian prisoners of war . It fought as part of the Japanese invasion of Burma and eastern India . There was a large pacifist element , which rallied to Gandhi 's call for abstention from the war ; he said that violence in every form was evil . There was a high level of religious tension between the Hindu majority and the Muslims minority . For the first time the Muslim community became politically active , giving strong support for the British war effort . Over 2 million Indians volunteered for military service , including a large Muslim contingent . The British were sensitive to demands of the Muslim League , led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , since it needed Muslim soldiers in India and Muslim support all across the Middle East . London used the religious tensions in India as a justification to continue its rule , saying it was needed to prevent religious massacres of the sort that did happen in 1947 . The imperialist element in Britain was strongly represented in the Conservative party ; Churchill himself had long been its leading spokesman . On the other hand , Attlee and the Labour Party favoured independence and had close ties to the Congress Party . The British cabinet sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a specific peace plan offering India the promise of dominion status after the war . Congress demanded independence immediately and the Cripps mission failed . Roosevelt gave support to Congress , sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence . Churchill was outraged , refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue , and threatened to resign as prime minister of Roosevelt pushed too hard . Roosevelt pulled back . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India Movement of non-violent civil disobedience , the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi , holding them for the duration . Meanwhile , wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India ; hundreds of thousands died of starvation .
History of India
The Northwestern expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat ( 1761 ) . However , the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I . The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo - Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820 . The last peshwa , Baji Rao II , was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo - Maratha War . With the defeat of the Marathas , no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards . As noted by Charles Metcalfe , one of the ablest of the British Officials in India and later acting Governor - General , wrote in 1806 :
Quit India Movement
Sporadic small - scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders , keeping them imprisoned until 1945 . In terms of immediate objectives , Quit India failed because of heavy - handed suppression , weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear - cut programme of action . However , the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II , and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Much of the region had been the Sikh Empire , ruled by Ranjit Singh until his death in 1839 . The kingdom had then fallen into disorder , with court factions and the Khalsa ( the Sikh army ) contending for power at the Lahore Durbar ( court ) . After two Anglo - Sikh Wars , the entire region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 . In 1857 , the region still contained the highest numbers of both European and Indian troops .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Bahadur Shah was tried for treason by a military commission assembled at Delhi , and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862 , bringing the Mughal dynasty to an end . In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India on the advice of Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli .