vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Child labour
In 1910 , over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States . This included children who rolled cigarettes , engaged in factory work , worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills , worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries . Lewis Hine 's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south . Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee . Household
Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people , mainly from Africa to the Americas , and then their sale there . The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage , and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa , who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders ( with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids ) , who brought them to the Americas . The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops , making goods and clothing to sell in Europe . This was crucial to those western European countries which , in the late 17th and 18th centuries , were vying with each other to create overseas empires .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
As the Civil War continued , freeing the slaves became an important wartime measure for weakening the rebellion by destroying the economic base of its leadership class . In August 1861 , Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act of 1861 , which authorized court proceedings to confiscate the slaves of anyone who participated in or aided the Confederate war effort . The act however , did not specify whether the slaves were free . In April 1862 , Lincoln signed a law abolishing slavery in Washington , D.C. , and , in June , he signed another law abolishing slavery in all federal territories . The following month , Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act of 1862 , which declared that all Confederate slaves taking refuge behind Union lines were to be set free .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed , Congress repeatedly debated the rights of black former slaves freed by the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation and the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment , the latter of which had formally abolished slavery . Following the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment by Congress , however , Republicans grew concerned over the increase it would create in the congressional representation of the Democratic - dominated Southern States . Because the full population of freed slaves would now be counted for determining congressional representation , rather than the three - fifths previously mandated by the Three - Fifths Compromise , the Southern States would dramatically increase their power in the population - based House of Representatives , regardless of whether the former slaves were allowed to vote . Republicans began looking for a way to offset this advantage , either by protecting and attracting votes of former slaves , or at least by discouraging their disenfranchisement .
First Transcontinental Railroad
After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose .
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration , and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance , Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769 , but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ) . In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court , slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836 . The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later . As states organized within the territory , the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress , as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west , and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states . ''
Industrial Revolution
Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers , child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century . Organisation
Indentured servitude
After the end of slavery , the West Indian sugar colonies tried the use of emancipated slaves , families from Ireland , Germany and Malta and Portuguese from Madeira . All these efforts failed to satisfy the labour needs of the colonies due to high mortality of the new arrivals and their reluctance to continue working at the end of their indenture . On 16 November 1844 , the British Indian Government legalised emigration to Jamaica , Trinidad and Demerara ( Guyana ) . The first ship , the Whitby , sailed from Port Calcutta for British Guiana on 13 January 1838 , and arrived in Berbice on 5 May 1838 . Transportation to the Caribbean stopped in 1848 due to problems in the sugar industry and resumed in Demerara and Trinidad in 1851 and Jamaica in 1860 .
Convict lease
In Tennessee , the convict leasing system was halted on January 1 , 1894 , because of the attention brought by the Coal Creek War of 1891 , an armed labor action lasting over a year . At the time both free and convict labor were used in mines , although workers were kept separated . Free coal miners attacked and burned prison stockades , and freed hundreds of black convicts ; the related publicity and outrage turned Governor John P. Buchanan out of office .
Colonial history of the United States
The colonies that had the most specialization in agricultural production , such as sugar and coffee , and relied the most upon slaves , had the highest per capita ( including slaves ) income in the New World . However , the slaves did not accrue wages or receive rights ; they provided free labor to those who purchased them , receiving just enough to live . They were considered to be in chattel slavery .
New Deal
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours ( 44 per week ) and minimum wages ( 25 cents per hour ) for most categories of workers . Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden , children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment . As a result , the wages of 300,000 workers , especially in the South , were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced . It was the last major New Deal legislation and it passed with support of Northern industrialists who wanted to stop the drain of jobs to the low - wage South .
History of Texas (1845–1860)
The war ended on February 2 , 1834 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico ceded claims to Texas , and the border was set at the Rio Grande .
New Deal
The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming . In turn , it created the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , which replaced the Resettlement Administration .
American Revolution
In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 .
Labor history of the United States
Lewis , facing criminal charges and sensitive to the propaganda campaign , withdrew his strike call . Lewis did not fully control the faction - ridden UAW and many locals ignored his call . As the strike dragged on into its third week , supplies of the nation 's main fuel were running low and the public called for ever stronger government action . Final agreement came after five weeks with the miners getting a 14 % raise , far less than they wanted . Women
Columbian Exchange
The trans - Atlantic Slave Trade represents the largest migration in human history . While many Europeans migrated to the Americas , it was enslaved Africans that dominated the North and South American continents . The Columbian Exchange saw the rise of luxury goods which necessitated cheap or free labor to produce the largest potential profit . One of these luxury goods was sugar . In the early history of sugar , Islamic and European - owned plantations paid relatively high wages for this labor - intensive and profitable crop . However , as time progressed the European - sugar plantation owners reconsidered the use of highly paid labor and made the transition to the exploitation of people to meet the growing global sugar demand . In the 1440s the Portuguese discovered that the Madeira Islands were better suited to growing sugarcane than wheat . It was on Madeira that the early system of Iberian slavery was transformed . Originally , the enslaved people who worked on the Madeira sugarcane plantations were convicts , Guanches ( natives of the Canary Islands ) , Berbers ( individuals from Northwest Africa ) , and Conversos ( Iberian Jewish people ) . As time passed , these early enslaved peoples were replaced by enslaved Africans from West and Central Africa ) . Eventually , by the 1560s and 1570s sugarcane plantations in Brazil dominated the sugar industry and Madeira switched from sugar production to wine .
Emancipation Proclamation
The Proclamation provided the legal framework for the emancipation of nearly all four million slaves as the Union armies advanced , and committed the Union to ending slavery , which was a controversial decision even in the North . Hearing of the Proclamation , more slaves quickly escaped to Union lines as the Army units moved South . As the Union armies advanced through the Confederacy , thousands of slaves were freed each day until nearly all ( approximately 3.9 million , according to the 1860 Census ) were freed by July 1865 .
Emancipation Proclamation
Though the counties of Virginia that were soon to form West Virginia were specifically exempted from the Proclamation ( Jefferson County being the only exception ) , a condition of the state 's admittance to the Union was that its constitution provide for the gradual abolition of slavery ( an immediate emancipation of all slaves was also adopted there in early 1865 ) . Slaves in the border states of Maryland and Missouri were also emancipated by separate state action before the Civil War ended . In Maryland , a new state constitution abolishing slavery in the state went into effect on November 1 , 1864 . The Union - occupied counties of eastern Virginia and parishes of Louisiana , which had been exempted from the Proclamation , both adopted state constitutions that abolished slavery in April 1864 . In early 1865 , Tennessee adopted an amendment to its constitution prohibiting slavery . Slaves in Kentucky and Delaware were not emancipated until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from West Africa , who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States . As an adjective , the term is usually written African - American . The first West Africans were brought to Jamestown , Virginia in 1619 . The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years . This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race - based slavery used in the Caribbean . All the American colonies had slavery , but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North ( where 2 % of the people were slaves ) , and field hands in plantations in the South ( where 25 % were slaves ) ; by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1 / 5th of the total population was enslaved . During the revolution , some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy , while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore 's Ethiopian Regiment , and other units . By 1804 , the northern states ( north of the Mason -- Dixon line ) had abolished slavery . However , slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . Following the end of the Reconstruction Era , which saw the first African American representation in Congress , African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws , legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 due to the Civil Rights Movement .
Southern United States
Despite discrimination , many blacks became property owners in areas that were still developing . For instance , 90 % of the Mississippi 's bottomlands were still frontier and undeveloped after the war . By the end of the century , two - thirds of the farmers in Mississippi 's Delta bottomlands were black . They had cleared the land themselves and often made money in early years by selling off timber . Tens of thousands of migrants went to the Delta , both to work as laborers to clear timber for lumber companies , and many to develop their own farms . By the end of the century , two - thirds of farm owners in the Delta bottomlands were black . However , the long agricultural depression , along with disenfranchisement and lack of access to credit , led to many blacks in the Delta losing their property by 1910 and becoming sharecroppers or landless workers over the following decade . More than two generations of free African Americans lost their stake in property . Child
Atlantic slave trade
Following the British and United States ' bans on the African slave trade in 1808 , it declined , but the period after still accounted for 28.5 % of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade . ``
Conclusion of the American Civil War
On August 20 , 1866 , President Andrew Johnson signed a Proclamation -- Declaring that Peace , Order , Tranquillity , and Civil Authority Now Exists in and Throughout the Whole of the United States of America . It cited the end of the insurrection in Texas , and declared
Constitutional Convention (United States)
One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders .
Coahuila y Tejas
From the time the country became independent from Spain there was public support for abolishing slavery . Fears of an economic crisis if all of the slaves were simultaneously freed led to a gradual emancipation policy . In 1823 , Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of slaves and required that the children of slaves be freed when they reached fourteen . Any slave introduced into Mexico by purchase or trade would also be freed . Many of the colonists in Texas , however , owned slaves which they had brought with them from the United States . In 1827 , the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional slaves into the state and granted freedom at birth to all children born to a slave . The new laws also stated that any slave brought into Texas should be freed within six months . Two years later , slavery was officially outlawed in Mexico . This led to murmurings of revolt within Texas , and the governor of Coahuila y Tejas , Jose Maria Viesca , wrote to the president to explain the importance of slavery to the Texas economy , and the importance of the Texas economy to the development of the state . Texas was temporarily exempted from the rule . By 1830 , the state was ordered to comply in full with the emancipation law . Many colonists converted their slaves to indentured servants with a 99 - year term , a practice which the state outlawed in 1832 .
Andrew Carnegie
The Homestead Strike was a bloody labor confrontation lasting 143 days in 1892 , one of the most serious in U.S. history . The conflict was centered on Carnegie Steel 's main plant in Homestead , Pennsylvania , and grew out of a dispute between the National Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States and the Carnegie Steel Company .
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Unemployment rose dramatically , reaching 14 percent by 1876 , many more were severely underemployed , and wages overall dropped to 45 % of their previous level . Thousands of American businesses failed , defaulting on more than a billion dollars of debt . One in four laborers in New York were out of work in the winter of 1873 - 1874 . National construction of new rail lines dropped from 7,500 miles of track in 1872 to just 1,600 miles in 1875 , and production in iron and steel alone dropped as much as 45 % .
Convict lease
The state of Louisiana leased out convicts as early as 1844 , but the system expanded all through the South with the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 . It could be lucrative for the states : in 1898 some 73 % of Alabama 's entire annual state revenue came from convict leasing .
Columbus, Georgia
The date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Rutherford Ellis . She chose April 26 , the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston 's final surrender to Union General Sherman at Bennett Place , North Carolina . For many in the South , that act marked the official end of the Civil War .
Atlantic slave trade
As of 1778 , Thomas Kitchin estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly , with the French bringing the most Africans to the French West Indies ( 13,000 out of the yearly estimate ) . The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century , during and following the Kongo Civil War . Wars among tiny states along the Niger River 's Igbo - inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period . Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states , such as the kingdom of Dahomey , the Oyo Empire , and the Asante Empire .
North Carolina
Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants , hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage . In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid . Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status . Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African - American men . Because the mothers were free , their children were born free . Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia . As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain , planters imported more slaves , and the state 's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened , effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste . The economy 's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor , devoted first to the production of tobacco .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Following the end of Reconstruction , many states adopted restrictive Jim Crow laws ( D ) which enforced segregation of the races and the second - class status of African Americans . The Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) accepted segregation as constitutional . Voting rights discrimination remained widespread through the 1950s . Fewer than 10 % voted in the Deep South , although a larger proportion voted in the border states , and blacks in the northern urban areas had shifted wholesale to the Democrats during the New Deal era . Although both parties pledged progress in 1948 , the only major development before 1954 was the integration of the military .
Colonial history of the United States
In 1700 , there were about 9,600 slaves in the Chesapeake region and a few hundred in the Carolinas . About 170,000 more Africans were forcibly brought over during the next five decades . By 1750 , there were more than 250,000 slaves in British America , and they made up about 60 percent of the total population in the Carolinas .
History of coal mining
Total coal output soared until 1918 ; before 1890 , it doubled every ten years , going from 8.4 million short tons in 1850 to 40 million in 1870 , 270 million in 1900 , and peaking at 680 million short tons in 1918 . New soft coal fields opened in Ohio , Indiana and Illinois , as well as West Virginia , Kentucky and Alabama . The Great Depression of the 1930s lowered the demand to 360 million short tons in 1932 . Changing
History of United States prison systems
Convict leasing , practiced in the North from the earliest days of the penitentiary movement , was taken up by Southern states in earnest following the American Civil War . The use of convict labor remained popular nationwide throughout the post-war period . An 1885 national survey reported that 138 institutions employed over 53,000 inmates in industries , who produced goods valued at $28.8 million . Although this was a relatively small sum in comparison to the estimated $5.4 billion in goods produced by free labor in 1880 , prison labor was big business for those involved in particular industries .
Border states (American Civil War)
During the war , Maryland adopted a new state constitution in 1864 that prohibited slavery , thus emancipating all remaining slaves in the state .
United States presidential election, 1860
The election was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1860 , and was noteworthy for exaggerated sectionalism in a country that was soon to dissolve into civil war . Voter turnout was 81.2 % , the highest in American history up to that time , and the second - highest overall ( exceeded only in the election of 1876 ) . All six Presidents elected since Andrew Jackson won re-election in 1832 had been one - term presidents , the last four with a popular vote under 51 percent . Results