vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
One-child policy
Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic , and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa ; both Pizarro and Soto were against killing him , but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death . False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid . They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area . Soto went with a small army to look for the hidden army , but a trial for Atahualpa was held in his absence . Among the charges were polygamy , incestuous marriage , and idolatry , all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion .
End of the Han dynasty
In the spring of 190 , several provincial officials and warlords formed a coalition against Dong Zhuo , claiming that he was set on usurping the throne and had effectively kidnapped Emperor Xian . Yuan Shao , Administrator of Bohai ( 渤海 ; covering present - day Cangzhou , Hebei ) , was nominated to be the leader of the coalition . The coalition armies was stationed at Henei ( 河內 ; in present - day Jiaozuo , Henan ) and appeared to be ready to move on the capital Luoyang . However , the coalition was actually rather disorganized , and Yuan Shao did not have effective command over the entire alliance . Besides , the coalition members were also hesitant to directly confront Dong Zhuo and his strong Liang Province military . Still , Dong Zhuo was anxious and chose to move the capital to Chang'an in the west to avoid the coalition . About a month later , Dong Zhuo forced Emperor Xian and the imperial court to move to Chang'an , along with Luoyang 's residents , and in the process , he ordered the former capital to be destroyed by fire . During the move , Dong Zhuo remained near Luoyang , ready to resist any coalition attacks on him . In 191 , the coalition tried to further de-legitimize Dong Zhuo 's position by offering to enthrone Liu Yu , who was eligible to be Emperor since he was a member of the royal clan . Liu Yu remained faithful to Emperor Xian and firmly declined to take the throne . As the coalition members continued to bicker over battle plans , a minor general under Yuan Shu , Sun Jian , took a calculated risk and attacked Dong Zhuo directly near Luoyang . After scoring a number of victories over Dong Zhuo 's forces , Sun Jian eventually forced Dong to retreat to Chang'an , and Luoyang came under the coalition 's control .
Movable type
A number of books printed in Tangut script during the Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) period are known , of which the Auspicious Tantra of All - Reaching Union that was discovered in the ruins of Baisigou Square Pagoda in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Western Xia ( 1139 -- 1193 ) . It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type .
Soviet Union in World War II
In June 1941 , weeks after the German invasion began , Stalin directed that the retreating Red Army also sought to deny resources to the enemy through a scorched earth policy of destroying the infrastructure and food supplies of areas before the Germans could seize them , and that partisans were to be set up in evacuated areas . This , along with abuse by German troops , caused starvation and suffering among the civilian population that was left behind . Stalin feared that Hitler would use disgruntled Soviet citizens to fight his regime , particularly people imprisoned in the Gulags . He thus ordered the NKVD to handle the situation . They responded by murdering approximately 100,000 political prisoners throughout the western parts of the Soviet Union , with methods that included bayoneting people to death and tossing grenades into crowded cells . Many others were simply deported east . Beria
Ramayana
ਹੁਕਮਿ ਉਪਾਏ ਦਸ ਅਉਤਾਰਾ ॥ हुकमि उपाए दस अउतारा ॥ By hukam ( supreme command ) , he created his ten incarnations
Aftermath of the Korean War
The PRC had sent some of its best units to join the war . Although the Peoples Liberation Army ( PLA ) had some initial success , losses ( both on the battlefield as well as in material and casualties ) exposed the PLA 's weaknesses in firepower , air support , logistics , and communication . As a result , the PLA was given a new mandate to modernize and professionalize itself . This ran counter to the PLA 's previous mandate that put dogma before expertize and modernization . The commander of the PLA 's forces in Korea during the war , marshal Peng Dehuai , was made the government 's first minister of defense to implement the changes and reforms such as modernization of weaponry , training and discipline , the rank system , and conscription .
Migration in China
The Qing implemented two different policies for Dzungaria ( Northern Xinjiang ) and the Tarim Basin ( Altishahr , Southern Xinjiang ) . The Manchus had wiped out the native Buddhist Oirat Dzungars in their land of Dzungaria . Then the Qing implemented a large scale settlement in Dzungaria to colonize the newly empty grasslands . Han Chinese were encouraged by the Qing to permanently settle and colonize Dzungaria while permanent Han settlers were banned from the Tarim with only Han merchants allowed . The ban was lifted in the 1820s after the invasion of Jahangir Khoja and Han Chinese were allowed to permanently settle in the Tarim .
State of nature
His proposal was to unify morals according to a single standard ( fa : 法 ) that can be used by anyone : calculating benefit of each act . In that way , the ruler of the state and his subjects will have the same morals ; cooperation and joint efforts will be the rule . Later his proposal was strongly rejected by confucianism ( especially Mencius ) because of the preference of benefit over morals .
Kim Jong-un
On 30 November 2012 , Kim met with Li Jianguo , who `` briefed Kim on the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China '' , according to the state 's official news agency , the Korean Central News Agency . A letter from Xi Jinping was hand - delivered during the discussion .
End of the Han dynasty
In 207 , Cao Cao 's army headed north to attack the Wuhuan , defeating them at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain . Tadun was killed in battle while Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang sought refuge under Gongsun Kang , a warlord who controlled most of present - day Liaoning . Gongsun Kang feared that the Yuans might turn against him and seize his territory , so he had them executed and sent their heads to Cao Cao . By this time , the Yuan clan had been completely eliminated and much of northern China had been reunified under Cao Cao 's control .
Silk Road
`` China snatched control of the Silk Road from the Hsiung - nu '' , when the Chinese general Cheng Ki `` installed himself as protector of the Tarim at Wu - lei , situated between Kara Shahr and Kucha . '' `` China 's control of the Silk Road at the time of the later Han , by ensuring the freedom of transcontinental trade along the double chain of oases north and south of the Tarim , favoured the dissemination of Buddhism in the river basin , and with it Indian literature and Hellenistic art . '' A
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Japanese had been trying to unite anti-Manchu groups made out of Han people to take down the Qing . Japanese were the ones who helped Sun Yat - sen unite all anti-Qing , anti-Manchu revolutionary groups together and there were Japanese like Tōten Miyazaki inside of the anti-Manchu Tongmenghui revolutionary alliance . The Black Dragon Society hosted the Tongmenghui in its first meeting . The Black Dragon Society had very intimate relations with Sun Yat - sen and promoted pan-Asianism and Sun sometimes passed himself off as Japanese . That had connections with Sun for a long time . Japanese groups like the Black Dragon Society had a large impact on Sun Yat - sen . According to an American military historian , Japanese military officers were part of the Black Dragon Society . The Yakuza and Black Dragon Society helped arrange in Tokyo for Sun Yat - sen to hold the first Kuomintang meetings , and were hoping to flood China with opium and overthrow the Qing and deceive Chinese into overthrowing the Qing to Japan 's benefit . After the revolution was successful , the Japanese Black Dragons started infiltrating China and spreading opium and anti-Communist sentiment . The Black Dragons pushed for the takeover of Manchuria by Japan in 1932 . Sun Yat - sen was married to a Japanese , Kaoru Otsuki .
Qing dynasty
Yet the dynasty rallied . Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus . When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861 , these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration . Their aim was to adopt Western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values . Zeng Guofan , in alliance with Prince Gong , sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang , who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self - Strengthening Movement . The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms , including China 's first unified ministry of foreign affairs , the Zongli Yamen ; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital ; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service ; the formation of modernized armies , such as the Beiyang Army , as well as a navy ; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories . Imperialism
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Republic of China government was fully aware of the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang province , and Soviet troops moving around Xinjiang and Gansu , but it was forced to mask these maneuvers to the public as `` Japanese propaganda '' to avoid an international incident and for continued military supplies from the Soviets .
Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might
Noticing Gohan in the battle , Turles learns that the young boy is a Saiyan and appears before him . After claiming his knowledge of Goku whom he calls by his real name `` Kakarot '' , he attempts to convince Gohan to join him and help him conquer the universe . Gohan refuses and tries to attack Turles , but he blocked his punch and prepared to kill him as an endeavor to change his mind . Luckily , Piccolo intervenes to confront Turles in an effort to save Gohan . Unfortunately , Turles tricks Piccolo into catching Gohan , and appearing from behind him , the evil Saiyan blasted the mighty Namekian away , leaving Gohan right where Turles had him . When he saw Gohan 's tail grew back , Turles decides to have a little fun and creates an artificial moon ( Power Ball ) , forcing Gohan to look at it and change into a Great Ape . Goku notices this and comes to help , only to be attacked by the now - transformed Gohan . Just as the Great Ape begins to crush Goku , Icarus appears and calms Gohan . But after seeing this , Turles shoots Icarus , causing Gohan to go into a frenzy , and this time , quickly turns on Turles . Dodging Gohan , Turles then fires a massive energy attack at the Great Ape , but Goku severs his tail with a Destructo Disk , returning him to normal just in time so that the attack misses Gohan .
Mali Empire
Mansa Souleyman Keita ( or Suleiman ) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape , thereby developing a reputation for miserliness . However , he proved to be a good and strong ruler despite numerous challenges . It is during his reign that Fula raids on Takrur began . There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa ( the Manding term meaning Queen ) and several army commanders . Mansa Souleyman 's generals successfully fought off the military incursions , and the senior wife behind the plot was imprisoned .
Anthony Eden
Besides supplementing his parliamentary income ( around £ 300 a year at that time ) by writing and journalism , in 1926 he published a book about his travels , Places in the Sun , highly critical of the detrimental effect of socialism on Australia , and to which Stanley Baldwin wrote a foreword .
Surrender of Japan
Because of its very ambiguity , the plea of haragei invites the suspicion that in questions of politics and diplomacy a conscious reliance upon this ' art of bluff ' may have constituted a purposeful deception predicated upon a desire to play both ends against the middle . While this judgment does not accord with the much - lauded character of Admiral Suzuki , the fact remains that from the moment he became Premier until the day he resigned no one could ever be quite sure of what Suzuki would do or say next .
Chinese Buddhism
Master Sheng Yen ( 1930 -- 2009 ) was the founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain , a Buddhist organization based in Taiwan . During his time in Taiwan , Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western - influenced world .
An-Nasr
And so indeed it was with Muhammad all through his life . In the moment of triumph , as the Conquest of Makka was accomplished , he entered it on the back of his camel with his head bowed down . He forgot the joy of victory and thankfully bowed his head seeking his Lord 's forgiveness , though he had just conquered Makka , the city whose people had openly and unashamedly persecuted and expelled him . This also was the practice of his companions after him .
Ashoka
1 ) One of the stories talks about an event that occurred in a past life of Ashoka , when he was a small child named Jaya . Once when Jaya was playing on the roadside , the Buddha came by . The young child put a handful of earth in the Buddha 's begging bowl as his gift to the saint and declared his wish to one day become a great emperor and follower of the Buddha . The Buddha is said to have smiled a smile that `` illuminated the universe with its rays of light '' . These rays of light are then said to have re-entered the Buddha 's left palm , signifying that this child Jaya would , in his next life , become a great emperor . The Buddha is said to have even turned to his disciple Ananda and is said to have predicted that this child would be `` a great , righteous chakravarti king , who would rule his empire from his capital at Pataliputra '' .
Silk Road
The Islamic world was expanded into Central Asia during the 8th century , under the Umayyad Caliphate , while its successor the Abbasid Caliphate put a halt to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751 ( near the Talas River in modern - day Kyrgyzstan ) . However , following the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion ( 755 -- 763 ) and the conquest of the Western Regions by the Tibetan Empire , the Tang Empire was unable to reassert its control over Central Asia . Contemporary Tang authors noted how the dynasty had gone into decline after this point . In 848 the Tang Chinese , led by the commander Zhang Yichao , were only able to reclaim the Hexi Corridor and Dunhuang in Gansu from the Tibetans . The Persian Samanid Empire ( 819 -- 999 ) centered in Bukhara ( Uzbekistan ) continued the trade legacy of the Sogdians . The disruptions of trade were curtailed in that part of the world by the end of the 10th century and conquests of Central Asia by the Turkic Islamic Kara - Khanid Khanate , yet Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Manichaeism , and Buddhism in Central Asia virtually disappeared .
Zuko
Returning to his country a hero , Zuko learns that Azula lied and told Fire Lord Ozai that Zuko killed the Avatar . Zuko suspects that Aang survived and hires an assassin to ensure Aang 's death to cover up Azula 's lie . Iroh is imprisoned , but manages to lead Zuko to learn that his maternal great - grandfather was Avatar Roku , Aang 's previous incarnation . Prior to the Day of Black Sun , Zuko inadvertently catalyzes his father 's plan to destroy the Earth Kingdom with Sozin 's Comet . Zuko becomes guilty over betraying Iroh and contributing to a second genocide , leading him to confront Ozai during the eclipse . Zuko openly berates his father and states his intention to help Aang . Although they initially reject him , Aang and his companions grow to accept Zuko as a member of the group after he proves his allegiance by helping defeat the assassin and journeys with Aang to meet the last dragons .
Modern history
Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China . Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 . During the Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , the loss of Manchuria , and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries , was a blow to the Kuomintang economy . The League of Nations , established at the end of World War I , was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance . After 1940 , conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control . The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations , administrative reforms , and the land - and tax - reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence . Tripartite
Ashoka
At this point it is important to note that the Ashokavadana being a Buddhist text in itself sought to gain new converts for Buddhism and so used all these legends . Devotion to the Buddha and loyalty to the sangha are stressed . Such texts added to the perception that Ashoka was essentially the ideal Buddhist monarch who deserved both admiration and emulation .
Rule of law
In China , members of the school of legalism during the 3rd century BC argued for using law as a tool of governance , but they promoted `` rule by law '' as opposed to `` rule of law '' , meaning that they placed the aristocrats and emperor above the law . In contrast , the Huang - Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a natural law that even the ruler would be subject to .
Atom
In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically , a phenomenon that became known as `` Brownian motion '' . This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about . In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion . French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein 's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms , thereby conclusively verifying Dalton 's atomic theory .
Chinese Buddhism
The principal teachings of Chán were later often known for the use of so - called encounter stories and koans , and the teaching methods used in them . Nan Huai - Chin identifies the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) as the principle texts of the Chán school , and summarizes the principles succinctly :
Ashoka
As a Buddhist emperor , Ashoka believed that Buddhism is beneficial for all human beings as well as animals and plants , so he built a number of stupas , Sangharama , viharas , chaitya , and residences for Buddhist monks all over South Asia and Central Asia . According to the Ashokavadana , he ordered the construction of 84,000 stupas to house the Buddha 's relics . In the Aryamanjusrimulakalpa , Ashoka takes offerings to each of these stupas traveling in a chariot adorned with precious metals . He gave donations to viharas and mathas . He sent his only daughter Sanghamitra and son Mahindra to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka ( then known as Tamraparni ) .
Chinese Buddhism
The emperor then sent an envoy to Tianzhu ( Southern India ) to inquire about the teachings of the Buddha . Buddhist scriptures were said to have been returned to China on the backs of white horses , after which White Horse Temple was named . Two Indian monks also returned with them , named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga .
Friedrich Engels
Former British Labour Party MP Tristram Hunt , author of Marx 's General : The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels , sums up the disconnect between Engels 's personality , and the Soviet Union which later utilised his works , stating :
The Yellow Wallpaper
Gilman explained that the idea for the story originated in her own experience as a patient : `` the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell , and convince him of the error of his ways '' . She had suffered years of depression and consulted a well - known specialist physician who prescribed a `` rest cure '' which required her to `` live as domestic a life as possible '' . She was forbidden to touch pen , pencil , or brush , and was allowed only two hours of mental stimulation a day .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
The sociologist Andreas Buss wrote in 1985 that many Western scholars felt the so - called `` Weber - thesis '' belonged to a `` bygone era '' yet it continued to inspire discussion and reference . He cautioned that English language scholars would find it difficult to read Weber . One problem is that Weber did not intend the essays on China and India to be read separately or as definitive treatments . His purpose was to sketch selected elements in Indian or Chinese culture to contrast with and test his essay `` The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism . '' The essay on Confucianism and Taoism was published in English under `` misleading '' title , The Religion of China , a title which does `` not at all reflect Weber 's intentions '' . In addition , Buss continued , the translations are of `` poor quality '' , even a `` disgrace '' , and add to the misunderstanding that Weber over-generalized .
Ashoka
According to the legends mentioned in the 2nd - century CE text Ashokavadana , Ashoka was not non-violent after adopting Buddhism . In one instance , a non-Buddhist in Pundravardhana drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of Nirgrantha Jnatiputra ( identified with Mahavira , 24th Tirthankara of Jainism ) . On complaint from a Buddhist devotee , Ashoka issued an order to arrest him , and subsequently , another order to kill all the Ajivikas in Pundravardhana . Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order . Sometime later , another Nirgrantha follower in Pataliputra drew a similar picture . Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house . He also announced an award of one dinara ( silver coin ) to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic . According to Ashokavadana , as a result of this order , his own brother was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd . However , for several reasons , scholars say , these stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be clear fabrications arising out of sectarian propaganda .