vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Prairie dog
For black - tailed prairie dogs , the resident male of the family group fathers all the offspring . Multiple paternity in litters seems to be more common in Utah and Gunnison 's prairie dogs . Mother prairie dogs do most of the care for the young . In addition to nursing the young , the mother also defends the nursery chamber and collects grass for the nest . Males play their part by defending the territories and maintaining the burrows . The young spend their first six weeks below the ground being nursed . They are then weaned and begin to surface from the burrow . By five months , they are fully grown . The subject of cooperative breeding in prairie dogs has been debated among biologists . Some argue prairie dogs will defend and feed young that are not theirs , and it seems young will sleep in a nursery chamber with other mothers ; since most nursing occurs at night , this may be a case of communal nursing . In the case of the latter , others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female 's young for their own . Infanticide is known to occur in prairie dogs . Males which take over a family group will kill the offspring of the previous male . This causes the mother to go into estrus sooner . However , most infanticide is done by close relatives . Lactating females will kill the offspring of a related female both to decrease competition for the female 's offspring and for increased foraging area due to a decrease in territorial defense by the victimized mother . Supporters of the theory that prairie dogs are communal breeders state that another reason for this type of infanticide is so that the female can get a possible helper . With their own offspring gone , the victimized mother may help raise the young of other females .
Barn owl
The barn owl ( Tyto alba ) is the most widely distributed species of owl and one of the most widespread of all birds . It is also referred to as the common barn owl , to distinguish it from other species in its family , Tytonidae , which forms one of the two main lineages of living owls , the other being the typical owls ( Strigidae ) . The barn owl is found almost everywhere in the world except polar and desert regions , Asia north of the Himalayas , most of Indonesia , and some Pacific islands .
Wild turkey
Most common in the Florida peninsula , they number from 80,000 to 100,000 birds . This bird is named for the famous Seminole leader Osceola , and was first described in 1890 . It is smaller and darker than the eastern wild turkey . The wing feathers are very dark with smaller amounts of the white barring seen on other subspecies . Their overall body feathers are an iridescent green - purple color . They are often found in scrub patches of palmetto and occasionally near swamps , where amphibian prey is abundant . Osceola turkeys are the smallest subspecies weighing 16 to 18 pounds . Rio
Loggerhead sea turtle
In the Atlantic Ocean , the greatest concentration of loggerheads is along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico . Very few loggerheads are found along the European and African coastlines . Florida is the most popular nesting site , with more than 67,000 nests built per year . Nesting extends as far north as Virginia , as far south as Brazil , and as far east as the Cape Verde Islands . The Cape Verde Islands are the only significant nesting site on the eastern side of the Atlantic . Loggerheads found in the Atlantic Ocean feed from Canada to Brazil .
Lion
The lion is a generalist hypercarnivore and usually hunts in groups . Its prey consists mainly of mammals , particularly ungulates , with a preference for wildebeest , zebras , buffalo , gemsbok , and giraffes in Africa and chital , sambar deer , nilgai , wild boar , chinkara and chousingha in India . Because of its wide prey spectrum , the lion is considered to be an apex and keystone predator . African lions prefer prey weighing 190 -- 550 kg ( 420 -- 1,210 lb ) . They generally avoid fully grown adult elephants , hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses , as well as very small prey like dik - dik , hyrax , hare and vervet monkey . However , Thomson 's gazelles may be hunted and warthogs are often taken depending on availability , despite being below the preferred weight range . In many areas , a small number of species may make up around three - fourths of the lion 's diet . In Serengeti National Park , wildebeest , zebras and gazelle are the majority of prey . In Kruger National Park , giraffes are the most common prey . In Manyara Park , Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62 % of the lion 's diet . In the Okavango Delta , with its strong seasonal changes in prey , up to eight species may make up three quarters of a lion 's diet . Occasionally adult hippopotamus are taken at Gorongosa National Park and calves are commonly hunted at Virunga National Park . In addition to size , the aquatic nature of hippos makes them normally unavailable as prey . The lions of Savuti , Botswana , have adapted to hunting young elephants during the dry season , and a pride of 30 lions has been recorded killing individuals between the ages of four and eleven years . Lions also attack domestic livestock and in India cattle contribute significantly to their diet . Unusual prey items include porcupines and small reptiles . Lions will kill other predators such as leopards , cheetahs , and hyenas , but they seldom devour them .
Horn of Africa
About 220 mammals are found in the Horn of Africa . Among threatened species of the region , there are several antelopes such as the beira , the dibatag , the silver dikdik and the Speke 's gazelle . Other remarkable species include the Somali wild ass , the desert warthog , the hamadryas baboon , the Somali pygmy gerbil , the ammodile , and the Speke 's pectinator . The Grevy 's zebra is the unique wild equid of the region . There are predators such as spotted hyena , striped hyena and African leopard . The endangered painted hunting dog had populations in the Horn of Africa , but pressures from human exploitation of habitat along with warfare have reduced or extirpated this canid in this region .
Respiratory system
The elephant is the only mammal known to have no pleural space . Rather , the parietal and visceral pleura are both composed of dense connective tissue and joined to each other via loose connective tissue . This lack of a pleural space , along with an unusually thick diaphragm , are thought to be evolutionary adaptations allowing the elephant to remain underwater for long periods of time while breathing through its trunk which emerges as a snorkel .
Geography of Maharashtra
Maldhok Sanctuary , situated in Solapur district . Some of its part is in Ahmednagar district . The sanctuary is for the Great Indian Bustard . Tansa wildlife Sanctuary , situated in Thane district and along the Tansa and Vaitarna river . The major water supplying dams Tansa , Modaksagar and lower vaitarna are located in the Sanctuary . The fauna include Leopard , barking deer , Hyena , Flying squirrel and Wild boar . There are four forest ranges in the sanctuary - Tansa , Vaitarna , Khardi and Parli . The wildlife division headquarters is at Thane . Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary , includes 896 ha mangrove cover along the western side of the creek ( in Mulund , Vikhroli , Bhandup , Kanjurmarg and Mandala areas plus 795 ha of creek area which is partly exposed during low tide . This is the area used by thousands of flamingos for resting during high tide . The Forest Department , Government of Maharashtra , declared an area of 1,691 hectares ( 16.9 sq km ) as Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary on August 6 , 2015 . The sanctuary is declared especially to protect the habitat of flamingos visiting the creek in thousands . Bhimashankar wildlife Sanctuary . This is situated in the western Ghats and is famous for the Malabar Giant squirrel . The sanctuary is located in Thane , Raigad and Pune district of Maharashtra .
Catalonia
The fauna of Catalonia comprises a minority of animals endemic to the region and a majority of non-native animals . Much of Catalonia enjoys a Mediterranean climate ( except mountain areas ) , which makes many of the animals that live there adapted to Mediterranean ecosystems . Of mammals , there are plentiful wild boar , red foxes , as well as roe deer and in the Pyrenees , the Pyrenean chamois . Other large species such as the bear have been recently reintroduced .
Prairie dog
Until 2003 , primarily black - tailed prairie dogs were collected from the wild for the exotic pet trade in Canada , the United States , Japan , and Europe . They were removed from their underground burrows each spring , as young pups , with a large vacuum device . They can be difficult to breed in captivity , but breed well in zoos . Removing them from the wild was a far more common method of supplying the market demand .
Pillow
Though the exact origin is unknown , use of pillows evolved in animals well into prehistory , the earliest examples including reptiles and mammals resting their heads on themselves , and one another , to support the head and neck . Animals , including humans , evolved use of inanimate objects in their nests out of wood and stone as pillows . Since domestication , many animals have also learned to make use of human - made pillows and cushions , as well as to rest on members of own and other species , for this purpose .
Rabbit
Hares are precocial , born relatively mature and mobile with hair and good vision , while rabbits are altricial , born hairless and blind , and requiring closer care . Hares ( and cottontail rabbits ) live a relatively solitary life in a simple nest above the ground , while most rabbits live in social groups underground in burrows or warrens . Hares are generally larger than rabbits , with ears that are more elongated , and with hind legs that are larger and longer . Hares have not been domesticated , while descendants of the European rabbit are commonly bred as livestock and kept as pets .
House sparrow
The house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found in most parts of the world . A small bird , it has a typical length of 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) and a mass of 24 -- 39.5 g ( 0.85 -- 1.39 oz ) . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey , and males have brighter black , white , and brown markings . One of about 25 species in the genus Passer , the house sparrow is native to most of Europe , the Mediterranean Basin , and much of Asia . Its intentional or accidental introductions to many regions , including parts of Australia , Africa , and the Americas , make it the most widely distributed wild bird .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2015 , a study looked at over 100 pig genome sequences to ascertain their process of domestication . A model that fitted the data included admixture with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene . The study also found that despite back - crossing with wild pigs , the genomes of domestic pigs have strong signatures of selection at genetic loci that affect behavior and morphology . The study concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome . The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals .
Border Collie
Before taking on the breed as a household pet , potential owners should be sure they can provide regular exercise commensurate with the collie 's high energy and prodigious stamina . A working collie may run many miles a day , using its experience , personality and intelligence to control challenging livestock , and these dogs will be distressed and frustrated if left in isolation , ignored or inactive . Like many working breeds , Border Collies can be motion - sensitive and may chase moving vehicles and bicycles , but this behaviour can be modified by training . Some of the more difficult behaviours require patience , as they are developmental and may disappear as the dog matures .
Hippocampus
Hippocampus animation Pigeon hippocampus ( HP ) Morphology in four rodent species Main hippocampal regions in marmoset Cell number distribution across species Cell number to body weight ratios in rodent species Neuronal loss shown in rat CA1 following ischemia
Origin of the domestic dog
In Japan , temperate deciduous forests rapidly spread onto the main island of Honshu and caused an adaption away from hunting megafauna ( Naumann 's elephant and Yabe 's giant deer ) to hunting the quicker sika deer and wild boar in dense forest . With this came a change in hunting technology , including a shift to smaller , triangular points for arrows . A study of the Jōmon people that lived on the Pacific coast of Honshu during the early Holocene shows that they were conducting individual dog burials and were probably using dogs as tools for hunting sika deer and wild boar , as hunters in Japan still do today .
Prairie dog
Highly social , prairie dogs live in large colonies or `` towns '' , and collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres . The prairie dog family groups are the most basic units of its society . Members of a family group inhabit the same territory . Family groups of black - tailed and Mexican prairie dogs are called `` coteries '' , while `` clans '' are used to describe family groups of white - tailed , Gunnison 's , and Utah prairie dogs . Although these two family groups are similar , coteries tend to be more closely knit than clans . Members of a family group interact through oral contact or `` kissing '' and grooming one another . They do not perform these behaviors with prairie dogs from other family groups . A
Origin of the domestic dog
A dog 's cranium is 15 % smaller than an equally heavy wolf 's , and the dog is less aggressive and more playful . Other species pairs show similar differences . Bonobos , like chimpanzees , are a close genetic cousin to humans , but unlike the chimpanzees , bonobos are not aggressive and do not participate in lethal inter-group aggression or kill within their own group . The most distinctive features of a bonobo are its cranium , which is 15 % smaller than a chimpanzee 's , and its less aggressive and more playful behavior . In other examples , the guinea pig 's cranium is 13 % smaller than its wild cousin the cavy , and domestic fowl show a similar reduction to their wild cousins . Possession of a smaller cranium for holding a smaller brain is a telltale sign of domestication . Bonobos appear to have domesticated themselves . In the farm fox experiment , humans selectively bred foxes against aggression , causing domestication syndrome . The foxes were not selectively bred for smaller craniums and teeth , floppy ears , or skills at using human gestures , but these traits were demonstrated in the friendly foxes . Natural selection favors those that are the most successful at reproducing , not the most aggressive . Selection against aggression made possible the ability to cooperate and communicate among foxes , dogs and bonobos . Perhaps it did the same thing for humans . The more docile animals have been found to have less testosterone than their more aggressive counterparts , and testosterone controls aggression and brain size . One researcher has argued that in becoming more social , we humans have developed a smaller brain than those of humans 20,000 years ago .
Golden lion tamarin
Golden lion tamarins are characterized by using manipulative foraging under tree barks and epiphytic bromeliads . Their sites of foraging are usually distributed around their home ranges , which are large territories ( averaging 123 hectares ) in which multiple foraging sites are located , to find sufficient resources over long periods of time . These areas are sufficient enough in size so that even if there is overlap in between the home range of two different groups , the interactions are minimal due to the distribution of the foraging sites ( they spend 50 % of their time in approximately 11 % of their home range ) .
Border Collie
In this role , due to their working heritage , Border Collies are very demanding , playful , and energetic . They thrive best in households that can provide them with plenty of play and exercise , either with humans or other dogs . Due to their demanding personalities and need for mental stimulation and exercise , many Border Collies develop problematic behaviours in households that are not able to provide for their needs . They are infamous for chewing holes in walls , furniture such as chairs and table legs , destructive scraping and hole digging , due to boredom . Border Collies may exhibit a strong desire to herd , a trait they may show with small children , cats , and other dogs . The breed 's herding trait has been deliberately encouraged , as it was in the dogs from which the Border Collie was developed , by selective breeding for many generations . However , being eminently trainable , they can live amicably with other pets if given proper socialisation training .
Origin of the domestic dog
The origin of the domestic dog is not clear . The domestic dog is a member of the genus Canis , which forms part of the wolf - like canids , and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore . The closest living relative of the dog is the extant gray wolf , and there is no evidence of any other canine contributing to its genetic lineage . The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa , as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated . The archaeological record and genetic analysis show the remains of the Bonn -- Oberkassel dog buried beside humans 14,200 years ago to be the first undisputed dog , with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago . These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter - gatherers and not agriculturists . The dog was the first species to be domesticated .
Rabbit
Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha ( along with the hare and the pika ) . Oryctolagus cuniculus includes the European rabbit species and its descendants , the world 's 305 breeds of domestic rabbit . Sylvilagus includes thirteen wild rabbit species , among them the seven types of cottontail . The European rabbit , which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica , is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet . With its widespread effect on ecologies and cultures , the rabbit ( or bunny ) is , in many areas of the world , a part of daily life -- as food , clothing , and companion , and as a source of artistic inspiration .
Medieval household
The houses of medieval peasants were of poor quality compared to modern houses . The floor was normally of earth , and there was very little ventilation or sources of light in the form of windows . In addition to the human inhabitants , a number of livestock animals would also reside in the house . Towards the end of the medieval period , however , conditions generally improved . Peasant houses became larger in size , and it became more common to have two rooms , and even a second floor .
Origin of the domestic dog
The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely traveled a commensal pathway into domestication . The dog was the first domesticant , and was domesticated and widely established across Eurasia before the end of the Pleistocene , well before cultivation or the domestication of other animals . It may have been inevitable that the first domesticated animal came from the order of carnivores as these are less afraid when approaching other species . Within the carnivores , the first domesticated animal would need to exist without an all - meat diet , possess a running and hunting ability to provide its own food , and be of a controllable size to coexist with humans , indicating the family Canidae , and the right temperament with wolves being among the most gregarious and cooperative animals on the planet .
Origin of the domestic dog
A maternal mitochondrial , paternal Y chromosome , and microsatellite assessment of two wolf populations in North America and combined with satellite telemetry data revealed significant genetic and morphological differences between one population that migrated with and preyed upon caribou , and another territorial ecotype population that remained in a boreal coniferous forest . Though these two populations spend a period of the year in the same place , and though there was evidence of gene flow between them , the difference in prey -- habitat specialization has been sufficient to maintain genetic and even coloration divergence . A study has identified the remains of a population of extinct Pleistocene Beringian wolves with unique mitochondrial signatures . The skull shape , tooth wear , and isotopic signatures suggested these were specialist megafauna hunters and scavengers that became extinct while less specialized wolf ecotypes survived . Analogous to the modern wolf ecotype that has evolved to track and prey upon caribou , a Pleistocene wolf population could have begun following mobile hunter - gatherers , thus slowly acquiring genetic and phenotypic differences that would have allowed them to more successfully adapt to the human habitat .
House sparrow
The house sparrow has an extremely large range and population , and is not seriously threatened by human activities , so it is assessed as least concern for conservation on the IUCN Red List . However , populations have been declining in many parts of the world . These declines were first noticed in North America , where they were initially attributed to the spread of the house finch , but have been most severe in Western Europe . Declines have not been universal , as no serious declines have been reported from Eastern Europe , but have even occurred in Australia , where the house sparrow was introduced recently .
Indian elephant
In the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve three elephant clans had overall home ranges of 562 km ( 217 sq mi ) , 670 km ( 260 sq mi ) and 799 km ( 308 sq mi ) in the beginning of the 1990s . During three years of survey , their annual home ranges overlapped to a large extent with only minor shifts in the home ranges between years .
Feral pig
As of 1987 , feral pigs are considered to be the most important mammalian pest of Australian agriculture .
House sparrow
House sparrow Male in Germany Female in England Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Passeridae Genus : Passer Species : P. domesticus Binomial name Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Native range Introduced range Synonyms Fringilla domestica Linnaeus , 1758 Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Brisson , 1760 Pyrgita domestica ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) G. Cuvier , 1817 Passer indicus Jardine and Selby , 1835 Passer arboreus Bonaparte , 1850 ( preoccupied ) Passer confucius Bonaparte , 1853 Passer rufidorsalis C.L. Brehm , 1855 Passer engimaticus Zarudny , 1903 Passer ahasvar Kleinschmidt , 1904
Origin of the domestic dog
There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations . There is also such a difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential at the early stages of domestication , and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations . Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates , and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant , whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates , though they may be fixed in individual breeds or regional populations . The dog was the first domesticant and was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era , well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals . Further