vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lyme disease
In dogs , a serious long - term prognosis may result in glomerular disease , which is a category of kidney damage that may cause chronic kidney disease . Dogs may also experience chronic joint disease if the disease is left untreated . However , the majority of cases of Lyme disease in dogs result in a complete recovery with , and sometimes without , treatment with antibiotics . In rare cases , Lyme disease can be fatal to both humans and dogs .
Border Collie
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ( NCL ) is a rare but serious disease that is limited to show Border Collies . NCL results in severe neurological impairment and early death ; afflicted dogs rarely survive beyond two years of age . The mutation causing the form of the disease found in Border Collies was identified by Scott Melville in the laboratory of Dr. Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales . There is no treatment or cure , but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs .
Edward Augustus Freeman
The family was never in good health . They delayed baptising Edward for a year , hoping to avoid public exposure to contagious diseases . The family was stuck by tragedy in November 1824 , when the father died of unknown disease , the mother died four days later of tuberculosis , and the oldest daughter , Mary Anne , then age 14 , died of unknown disease the same day , 25 November . Edward 's paternal grandmother , Emmete Freeman , immediately took charge of the three survivors , Edward and his two sisters , Sarah and Emma , aged 13 and 10 respectively , bringing them to her home at Weston - super-Mare . Emma died in 1826 when Edward was three years old .
Apoptosis
Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis , but these converge on a single mechanism that actually causes the death of the cell . After a cell receives stimulus , it undergoes organized degradation of cellular organelles by activated proteolytic caspases . In addition to the destruction of cellular organelles , mRNA is rapidly and globally degraded by a mechanism that is not yet fully characterized . mRNA decay is triggered very early in apoptosis .
Heart
The sack which surrounds the heart , called the pericardium , can become inflamed in a condition known as pericarditis . This condition typically causes chest pain that may spread to the back , and is often caused by a viral infection ( glandular fever , cytomegalovirus , or coxsackievirus ) . Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack , referred to as a pericardial effusion . Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis , kidney failure , or tumours , and frequently do not cause any symptoms . However , large effusions or effusions which accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade , causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure . Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis . Congenital
Euthanasia
West 's Encyclopedia of American Law states that `` a ' mercy killing ' or euthanasia is generally considered to be a criminal homicide '' and is normally used as a synonym of homicide committed at a request made by the patient .
Friedrich Engels
Mary Burns suddenly died of a heart disease in 1863 , after which Engels became close with her younger sister Lydia ( `` Lizzie '' ) . They lived openly as a couple in London and married on 11 September 1878 , hours before Lizzie 's death .
Polycythemia
Chuvash polycythemia is an autosomal recessive form of erythrocytosis which is endemic in patients from Chuvashia , an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation . Chuvash polycythemia is associated with homozygosity for a C598T mutation in the von Hippel - Lindau gene ( VHL ) , which is needed for the destruction of hypoxia - inducible factors in the presence of oxygen . Clusters of patients with Chuvash polycythemia have been found in other populations , such as on the Italian island of Ischia , located in the Bay of Naples . PHD2 erythrocytosis : Heterozygosity for loss - of - function mutations of the PHD2 gene are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and increased hypoxia - inducible factors activity . HIF2α erythrocytosis : Gain - of - function mutations in HIF2α are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension .
Germ theory of disease
Ignaz Semmelweis , a Hungarian obstetrician working at the Vienna General Hospital ( Allgemeines Krankenhaus ) in 1847 , noticed the dramatically high maternal mortality from puerperal fever following births assisted by doctors and medical students . However , those attended by midwives were relatively safe . Investigating further , Semmelweis made the connection between puerperal fever and examinations of delivering women by doctors , and further realized that these physicians had usually come directly from autopsies . Asserting that puerperal fever was a contagious disease and that matter from autopsies were implicated in its development , Semmelweis made doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before examining pregnant women , thereby reducing the mortality rate from 18 % to 2.2 % at his hospital . Nevertheless , he and his theories were rejected by most of the contemporary medical establishment .
Apoptosis
The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner , Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis . The genes were identified by studies in the nematode C. elegans and homologues of these genes function in humans to regulate apoptosis . John
Helium
Inhaling helium can be dangerous if done to excess , since helium is a simple asphyxiant and so displaces oxygen needed for normal respiration . Fatalities have been recorded , including a youth who suffocated in Vancouver in 2003 and two adults who suffocated in South Florida in 2006 . In 1998 , an Australian girl ( her age is not known ) from Victoria fell unconscious and temporarily turned blue after inhaling the entire contents of a party balloon . Inhaling helium directly from pressurized cylinders or even balloon filling valves is extremely dangerous , as high flow rate and pressure can result in barotrauma , fatally rupturing lung tissue .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide also binds to the hemeprotein myoglobin . It has a high affinity for myoglobin , about 60 times greater than that of oxygen . Carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin may impair its ability to utilize oxygen . This causes reduced cardiac output and hypotension , which may result in brain ischemia . A delayed return of symptoms have been reported . This results following a recurrence of increased carboxyhemoglobin levels ; this effect may be due to a late release of carbon monoxide from myoglobin , which subsequently binds to hemoglobin .
CCR5
Research has not yet revealed a cost of carrying the CCR5 null mutation that is as dramatic as the benefit conferred in the context of HIV - 1 exposure . In general , research suggests that the CCR5 Δ32 mutation protects against diseases caused by certain pathogens but may also play a deleterious role in postinfection inflammatory processes , which can injure tissue and create further pathology . The best evidence for this proposed antagonistic pleiotropy is found in flavivirus infections . In general many viral infections are asymptomatic or produce only mild symptoms in the vast majority of the population . However , certain unlucky individuals experience a particularly destructive clinical course , which is otherwise unexplained but appears to be genetically mediated . Patients homozygous for CCR5 Δ32 were found to be at higher risk for a neuroinvasive form of tick - borne encephalitis ( a flavivirus ) . In addition , functional CCR5 may be required to prevent symptomatic disease after infection with West Nile virus , another flavivirus ; CCR5 Δ32 was associated with early symptom development and more pronounced clinical manifestations after infection with West Nile virus .
Woodrow Wilson
In 1906 Wilson awoke to find himself blind in the left eye , the result of a blood clot and hypertension . Modern medical opinion surmises Wilson had suffered a stroke -- he later was diagnosed , as his father had been , with hardening of the arteries ; he took a Bermuda vacation . He began to exhibit his father 's traits of impatience and intolerance , which would on occasion lead to errors of judgment . In 1896 Wilson had , somewhat prophetically , described his problem , in the sesquicentennial speech at Princeton : `` your thorough Presbyterian is not subject to the ordinary laws of life , is of too stubborn a fiber , too unrelaxing a purpose , to suffer mere inconvenience to bring defeat '' . Prospect
Anemia
Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia , in which the hematocrit is below 10 % .
Lyme disease
In the brain , B. burgdorferi may induce astrocytes to undergo astrogliosis ( proliferation followed by apoptosis ) , which may contribute to neurodysfunction . The spirochetes may also induce host cells to secrete quinolinic acid , which stimulates the NMDA receptor on nerve cells , which may account for the fatigue and malaise observed with Lyme encephalopathy . In addition , diffuse white matter pathology during Lyme encephalopathy may disrupt gray matter connections , and could account for deficits in attention , memory , visuospatial ability , complex cognition , and emotional status . White matter disease may have a greater potential for recovery than gray matter disease , perhaps because the neuronal loss is less common . Resolution of MRI white matter hyperintensities after antibiotic treatment has been observed .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
As people may continue to experience significant symptoms of CO poisoning long after their blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration has returned to normal , presenting to examination with a normal carboxyhemoglobin level ( which may happen in late states of poisoning ) does not rule out poisoning .
Obesity in the United States
Obesity has also been shown to increase the prevalence of complications during pregnancy and childbirth . Babies born to obese women are almost three times as likely to die within one month of birth and almost twice as likely to be stillborn than babies born to women of normal weight .
Coal
Breathing in coal dust causes coalworker 's pneumoconiosis which is known colloquially as `` black lung '' , so - called because the coal dust literally turns the lungs black from their usual pink color . In the United States alone , it is estimated that 1,500 former employees of the coal industry die every year from the effects of breathing in coal mine dust .
Resting potential
where g is the combined conductance of all ionic species , again in arbitrary units . The latter equation portrays the resting membrane potential as a weighted average of the reversal potentials of the system , where the weights are the relative conductances of each ion species ( g / g ) . During the action potential , these weights change . If the conductances of Na and Cl are zero , the membrane potential reduces to the Nernst potential for K ( as g = g ) . Normally , under resting conditions g and g are not zero , but they are much smaller than g , which renders E close to E. Medical conditions such as hyperkalemia in which blood serum potassium ( which governs ( K ) ) is changed are very dangerous since they offset E , thus affecting E . This may cause arrhythmias and cardiac arrest . The use of a bolus injection of potassium chloride in executions by lethal injection stops the heart by shifting the resting potential to a more positive value , which depolarizes and contracts the cardiac cells permanently , not allowing the heart to repolarize and thus enter diastole to be refilled with blood .
Connective tissue
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue . Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome . Myxomatous degeneration -- a pathological weakening of connective tissue . Mixed connective tissue disease -- a disease of the autoimmune system , also undifferentiated connective tissue disease . Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) -- a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue Scurvy , caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen .
Health care in the United States
In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the US . Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease and cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
It has been suggested that the loss of human life was not limited to Ebola victims alone . Many hospitals had to shut down , leaving people with other medical needs without care . A spokesperson for the UK - based health foundation , the Wellcome Trust , said in October 2014 that `` the additional death toll from malaria and other diseases ( is ) likely to exceed that of the outbreak itself '' . Dr Paul Farmer stated : `` Most of Ebola 's victims may well be dying from other causes : women in childbirth , children from diarrhoea , people in road accidents or from trauma of other sorts . '' As the epidemic drew to a close in 2015 , a report from Sierra Leone showed that the fear and mistrust of hospitals generated by the epidemic had resulted in an 11 % decline in facility - based births , and that those receiving care before or after birth fell by about a fifth . Consequently , between May 2014 and April 2015 , the deaths of women during or just after childbirth rose by almost a third and those of newborns by a quarter , compared to the previous year .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
On proceeding to the spot , I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the ( Broad Street ) pump . There were only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street - pump . In five of these cases the families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street , as they preferred the water to that of the pumps which were nearer . In three other cases , the deceased were children who went to school near the pump in Broad Street ...
Diff'rent Strokes
On May 26 , 2010 , Coleman , who had battled health problems since childhood caused by congenital kidney disease , was admitted to Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo after falling and hitting his head after suffering a seizure . Coleman was then placed on life support after suffering an intracranial hemorrhage , and died on May 28 , 2010 , from complications of his injury at age 42 .
American Civil War
Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Treatment centers were overflowing with patients while others waited to be admitted ; dead patients were so numerous that it was difficult to arrange for safe burials . Based on many years of experience in Africa -- and several months working in the present epidemic -- MSF took a conservative approach . While using IV treatment for as many patients as they could manage , they argued that improperly managed IV treatment was not helpful and may even kill a patient when not properly managed . They also said that they were concerned about further risk to already overworked staff . While experts have studied the mortality rates of different treatment settings , and given the wide differences in variables that affected outcomes , adequate information had not yet been gathered to make a definitive statement about what constituted optimal care in the West African setting . Paul Farmer of Partners in Health , an NGO that only as of January 2015 had begun to treat Ebola patients , strongly supported IV therapy for all Ebola patients stating : `` What if the fatality rate is n't the virulence of disease but the mediocrity of the medical delivery ? '' Farmer suggested that every treatment facility should have a team that specializes in inserting IVs , or better yet , peripherally inserted central catheter lines .
Euthanasia
The judicial sense of the term `` homicide '' includes any intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life , even to relieve intractable suffering . Not all homicide is unlawful . Two designations of homicide that carry no criminal punishment are justifiable and excusable homicide . In most countries this is not the status of euthanasia . The term `` euthanasia '' is usually confined to the active variety ; the University of Washington website states that `` euthanasia generally means that the physician would act directly , for instance by giving a lethal injection , to end the patient 's life '' . Physician - assisted suicide is thus not classified as euthanasia by the US State of Oregon , where it is legal under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act , and despite its name , it is not legally classified as suicide either . Unlike physician - assisted suicide , withholding or withdrawing life - sustaining treatments with patient consent ( voluntary ) is almost unanimously considered , at least in the United States , to be legal . The use of pain medication to relieve suffering , even if it hastens death , has been held as legal in several court decisions .
Non-communicable disease
NCDs include many environmental diseases covering a broad category of avoidable and unavoidable human health conditions caused by external factors , such as sunlight , nutrition , pollution , and lifestyle choices . The diseases of affluence are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes . Examples include :
Grover Cleveland
Cleveland 's health had been declining for several years , and in the autumn of 1907 he fell seriously ill . In 1908 , he suffered a heart attack and died on June 24 at age 71 . His last words were , `` I have tried so hard to do right . '' He is buried in the Princeton Cemetery of the Nassau Presbyterian Church .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In January 2015 , researchers in Guinea reported mutations in the virus samples that they were looking at . According to them , `` we 've now seen several cases that do n't have any symptoms at all , asymptomatic cases . These people may be the people who can spread the virus better , but we still do n't know that yet . A virus can change itself to ( become ) less deadly , but more contagious and that 's something we are afraid of . '' Also , while extremely unlikely , researchers remained concerned that , given the time , the virus could morph into an airborne pathogen . A 2015 study suggested that accelerating the rate of mutation of the Ebola virus could make the virus less capable of infecting humans . In this animal study , the virus became practically non-viable , consequently increasing survival .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Without fluid replacement , such an extreme loss of fluids leads to dehydration , which in turn may lead to hypovolaemic shock -- a condition in which there is n't enough blood for the heart to pump through the body . If a patient is alert and is not vomiting , oral rehydration therapy may be instituted , but patients who are vomiting or are delirious must be hydrated with intravenous ( IV ) therapy . However , administration of IV fluids is difficult in the African environment . Inserting an IV needle while wearing three pairs of gloves and goggles that may be fogged is difficult , and once in place , the IV site and line must be constantly monitored . Without sufficient staff to care for patients , needles may become dislodged or pulled out by a delirious patient . A patient 's electrolytes must be closely monitored to determine correct fluid administration , for which many areas did not have access to the required laboratory services .
Border Collie
Leading causes of death are cancer ( 23.6 % ) , old age ( 17.9 % ) and cerebral vascular afflictions ( 9.4 % ) .
Diphtheria
In early May 2010 , a case of diphtheria was diagnosed in Port - au - Prince , Haiti , after the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake . The 15 - year - old male patient died while workers searched for antitoxin .
Venezuela
Infant mortality in Venezuela was 19 deaths per 1,000 births for 2014 , lower than the South American average ( by comparison , the U.S. figure was 6 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013 ) . Child malnutrition ( defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five ) was 17 % ; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas had the nation 's highest rates . According to the United Nations , 32 % of Venezuelans lacked adequate sanitation , primarily those living in rural areas . Diseases ranging from diphtheria , plague , malaria , typhoid , yellow fever , cholera , hepatitis A , hepatitis B , and hepatitis D were present in the country . Obesity was prevalent in approximately 30 % of the adult population in Venezuela .
World War I
Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions . In 1914 alone , louse - borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia . From 1918 to 1922 , Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus . In 1923 , 13 million Russians contracted malaria , a sharp increase from the pre-war years . In addition , a major influenza epidemic spread around the world . Overall , the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people .
Thermoregulation
In experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring , the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 ° C. At this low temperature , respiration became increasingly feeble ; heart - impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased , the beats becoming very irregular , appearing to cease , then beginning again . Death appeared to be mainly due to asphyxia , and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee - jerks .
Consciousness
Medical conditions that inhibit consciousness are considered disorders of consciousness . This category generally includes minimally conscious state and persistent vegetative state , but sometimes also includes the less severe locked - in syndrome and more severe chronic coma . Differential diagnosis of these disorders is an active area of biomedical research . Finally , brain death results in an irreversible disruption of consciousness . While other conditions may cause a moderate deterioration ( e.g. , dementia and delirium ) or transient interruption ( e.g. , grand mal and petit mal seizures ) of consciousness , they are not included in this category .
Non-communicable disease
Patient education , understanding , and participation is vital since the complications of diabetes are far less common and less severe in people who have well - managed blood sugar levels . Wider health problems may accelerate the deleterious effects of diabetes . These include smoking , elevated cholesterol levels , obesity , high blood pressure , and lack of regular exercise .