vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of India
) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BCE -- 1948 CE ) ( show ) Kingdom of Tambapanni ( 543 -- 505 BCE ) Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara ( 505 -- 377 BCE ) Anuradhapura Kingdom ( 377 BCE -- 1017 CE ) Kingdom of Ruhuna ( 200 CE ) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ( 300 -- 1310 ) Jaffna Kingdom ( 1215 -- 1624 ) Kingdom of Dambadeniya ( 1220 -- 1272 ) Kingdom of Yapahuwa ( 1272 -- 1293 ) Kingdom of Kurunegala ( 1293 -- 1341 ) Kingdom of Gampola ( 1341 -- 1347 ) Kingdom of Raigama ( 1347 -- 1415 ) Kingdom of Kotte ( 1412 -- 1597 ) Kingdom of Sitawaka ( 1521 -- 1594 ) Kingdom of Kandy ( 1469 -- 1815 ) Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Indology Language Literature Maritime Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Science & Technology Timeline
Industrial Revolution
Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over .
Economy of India
The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world .
Economy of India
The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century .
Independence Day (India)
848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India
Economy of India
Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change
Indian rupee
1991 -- India began to lift restrictions on its currency . A number of reforms removed restrictions on current account transactions ( including trade , interest payments and remittances and some capital asset - based transactions ) . Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System ( LERMS ) ( a dual - exchange - rate system ) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992 . 1997 -- A panel ( set up to explore capital account convertibility ) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000 , but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 1997 -- 1998 East Asian financial crisis . 2006 -- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility . On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 ( US $7.00 ) and ₹ 1,000 ( US $14 ) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism .
Garhwal Kingdom
1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial states ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline
History of India
The Mughal era is considered to be `` India 's last golden age '' . It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent , and surpassed China to be become the world 's largest economic power , controlling 24.4 % of the world economy , and the world leader in manufacturing , producing 25 % of global industrial output . India 's GDP growth increased under the Mughal Empire , with India 's GDP having a faster growth rate during the Mughal era than in the 1,500 years prior to the Mughal era . India 's population growth also accelerated under the Mughal Empire , with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge that boosted the Indian population by 60 % to 253 % in 200 years during 1500 -- 1700 ; the Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era . The economic and demographic upsurge was stimulated by Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production , a proto - industrializing economy that began moving towards industrial manufacturing , and a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time .
Economy of India
Mumbai , Maharashtra the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 100 Paise Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 , BIS , AIIB , ADB , WCO Statistics GDP $2.848 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $10.385 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP rank 7th ( nominal ) 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.7 % ( Q4 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $2,134 ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $7,783 ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP per capita rank 139th ( nominal ) 122nd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.28 % ( March 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.25 % ( as on 25 May 2018 ) Population below poverty line 21.2 % live less than $1.90 / day ( 2011 ) ( World bank estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 est . ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 est .
Economy of India
India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 .
Economy of India
) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 est . ) Average net salary ₹ 82,269 / $1,284 annually ( 2016 - 17 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $302.8 billion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $459.8 billion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $377.68 billion Outward : $155.34 billion ( 2017 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $513.4 billion ( 31 December 2017 ) Net international investment position - $429.7 billion ( Dec. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Budget balance - ₹ 12.25 trillion ( US $180 billion ) ( 2018 ) Revenues ₹ 39.86 trillion ( US $590 billion ) ( 2018 ) Expenses ₹ 52.11 trillion ( US $780 billion ) ( 2018 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $426.082 billion ( 13 April 2018 ) ( 7th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars .
Economy of India
This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main
History of India
The early modern period of Indian history is dated from 1526 -- 1858 CE , corresponding to the rise and fall of the Mughal dynasty . This period witnessed the cultural synthesis of Hindu and Muslim elements reflected in Indo - Islamic architecture ; the growth of Maratha and Sikh imperial powers over vast regions of the Indian subcontinent with the decline of the Mughals ; and came to an end when the British Raj was founded .
Indian painting
By the time of Independence in 1947 , several schools of art in India provided access to modern techniques and ideas . Galleries were established to showcase these artists . Modern Indian art typically shows the influence of Western styles , but is often inspired by Indian themes and images . Major artists are beginning to gain international recognition , initially among the Indian diaspora , but also among non-Indian audiences .
Economy of Mexico
The period from 1930 to 1970 was dubbed by economic historians as the Mexican Miracle , a period of economic growth that followed the end of the Mexican Revolution and the resumption of capital accumulation during peacetime . During this period the nation adopted the economic model of import substitution industrialization ( ISI ) which protected and promoted the development of national industries . Mexico experienced an economic boom through which industries rapidly expanded their production . Important changes in the economic structure included free land distribution to peasants under the concept of ejido , the nationalization of the oil and railroad companies , the introduction of social rights into the constitution , the birth of large and influential labor unions , and the upgrading of infrastructure . While population doubled from 1940 to 1970 , GDP increased sixfold during the same period . President
Korea under Japanese rule
Economic output in terms of agriculture , fishery , forestry and industry increased by tenfold from 1910 to 1945 as illustrated on the chart to the right . This phenomenal rate of development was unexpected even by the Japanese . Princeton 's Atul Kohli concluded that the economic development model the Japanese instituted played the crucial role in Korean economic development , a model that was maintained by the Koreans in the post-World War II era .
Economy of India
Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty .
Economy of India
Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Silk
Economy of India under the British Raj
Year PPP GDP per Capita of India ( as % of UK ) 1820 31.25 1870 16.72 1913 13.68
Economy of India
India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups .
Economy of India
The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 .
Automotive industry in India
In order to keep up with the growing demand , several auto makers have started investing heavily in various segments of the industry during the last few months . The industry has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) worth US $17.4 billion during the period April 2000 to June 2017 , according to data released by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) .
India
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks -- many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far - away markets . There was an increase in the number of large - scale famines , and , despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers , little industrial employment was generated for Indians . There were also salutary effects : commercial cropping , especially in the newly canalled Punjab , led to increased food production for internal consumption . The railway network provided critical famine relief , notably reduced the cost of moving goods , and helped the nascent Indian - owned industry . About
Economy of India
India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade .
Economy of India
The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies .
Caste system in India
In a 2011 study , Aiyar too notes that such qualitative theories of economic exploitation and consequent land redistribution within India between 1950 and 1990 had no effect on the quality of life and poverty reduction . Instead , economic reforms since the 1990s and resultant opportunities for non-agricultural jobs have reduced poverty and increased per capita income for all segments of Indian society . For specific evidence , Aiyar mentions the following
Federalism in India
Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the repulsive Freight equalisation policy which resulted in the resource drain and backwardness of a number of Indian states . The sufferers of this policy were the states of West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding the minerals , as the factories could now be set up anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when the major business houses like the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in the state of West Bengal . Even after the removal of the policy in the early 1990s , these states could not catch up with the more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' .
Economy of India
The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation .
Malaysia
In the 1970s , the predominantly mining and agricultural - based economy began a transition towards a more multi-sector economy . Since the 1980s , the industrial sector , with a high level of investment , has led the country 's growth . The economy recovered from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis earlier than neighbouring countries did , and has since recovered to the levels of the pre-crisis era with a GDP per capita of $14,800 . Economic inequalities exist between different ethnic groups . The Chinese make up about one - quarter of the population , but accounts for 70 per cent of the country 's market capitalisation . Chinese businesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cultural ties .