vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Snake River
Ten amphibian and twenty species of reptiles inhabit the upper Snake River 's wetland and riparian zones . Several species of frogs are common in the `` lost streams '' basin and the northeasternmost part of the Snake River watershed , including the inland tailed frog , northern leopard frog , western toad , Columbia spotted frog , long - toed salamander , spadefoot toad . However , in the lower and middle portions of the Snake River watershed , several native species have been severely impacted by agriculture practices and the resulting non-native species supported by them . Introduced birds include the gray partridge , ring - necked pheasant , and chukar . Other non-native species include the bullfrog , brown - headed cowbird , and European starling , attracted by the construction of cities and towns .
River Thames
A concerted effort to contain the city 's sewage by constructing massive sewer systems on the north and south river embankments followed , under the supervision of engineer Joseph Bazalgette . Meanwhile , similar huge undertakings took place to ensure the water supply , with the building of reservoirs and pumping stations on the river to the west of London , slowly helping the quality of water to improve .
Meander
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves , bends , loops , turns , or windings in the channel of a river , stream , or other watercourse . It is produced by a stream or river swinging from side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its channel within a valley . A meander is produced by a stream or river as it erodes the sediments comprising an outer , concave bank ( cut bank ) and deposits this and other sediment downstream on an inner , convex bank which is typically a point bar . The result of sediments being eroded from the outside concave bank and their deposition on an inside convex bank is the formation of a sinuous course as a channel migrates back and forth across the down - valley axis of a floodplain . The zone within which a meandering stream shifts its channel across either its floodplain or valley floor from time to time is known as a meander belt . It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel . Over time , meanders migrate downstream , sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges .
St. Johns River
Of most vital importance to marshes are invertebrate animals , the foundation of food webs . Amphibious invertebrates such as apple snails ( Pomacea paludosa ) , crayfish , and grass shrimp consume plant material , hastening its decomposition and acting as a food source for fish and birds . Insect larvae use water for breeding , feeding upon smaller copepods and amphipods that live in microscopic algae and periphyton formations . Mosquitos , born in water , are in turn the favorite food of 112 species of dragonflies and 44 species of damselflies in Florida . These animals are water hardy and adaptable to dry conditions when water levels fluctuate from one season to the next or through drought and flood cycles .
River Thames
The Thames is maintained for navigation by powered craft from the estuary as far as Lechlade in Gloucestershire and for very small craft to Cricklade . From Teddington Lock to the head of navigation , the navigation authority is the Environment Agency . Between the sea and Teddington Lock , the river forms part of the Port of London and navigation is administered by the Port of London Authority . Both the tidal river through London and the non-tidal river upstream are intensively used for leisure navigation .
Mato Grosso
The Pantanal 's backbone is the Paraguay River , which cuts through the region from north to south . The Miranda , Aquidauna , Taquari and Cuiaba rivers flow into the Paraguay River . From October to April , the high waters reveal outsized lakes , bays , river branches and outlets .
Indus River
One of the longest tributaries -- and thus a candidate for the river 's technical source -- is the Kla - chu , the river we crossed yesterday by bridge . Also known as the Lungdep Chu , it flows into the Indus from the south - east , and rises a day 's walk from Darchen . But Sonamtering insists that the Dorjungla is the longest of the `` three types of water '' that fall into the Seng Tsanplo ( `` Lion River '' or Indus ) .
Sustainability
Social disruptions like war , crime and corruption divert resources from areas of greatest human need , damage the capacity of societies to plan for the future , and generally threaten human well - being and the environment . Broad - based strategies for more sustainable social systems include : improved education and the political empowerment of women , especially in developing countries ; greater regard for social justice , notably equity between rich and poor both within and between countries ; and intergenerational equity . Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of `` resource wars '' . This aspect of sustainability has been referred to as environmental security and creates a clear need for global environmental agreements to manage resources such as aquifers and rivers which span political boundaries , and to protect shared global systems including oceans and the atmosphere .
Nile
The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times .
River delta
In wave dominated deltas , wave - driven sediment transport controls the shape of the delta , and much of the sediment emanating from the river mouth is deflected along the coast line . The relationship between waves and river deltas is quite variable and largely influenced by the deepwater wave regimes of the receiving basin . With a high wave energy near shore and a steeper slope offshore , waves will make river deltas smoother . Waves can also be responsible for carrying sediments away from the river delta , causing the delta to retreat . For deltas that form further upriver in an estuary , there are complex yet quantifiable linkages between winds , tides , river discharge , and delta water levels . The
Philippines
The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon . Manila Bay , upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies , is connected to Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the Philippines , by the Pasig River . Subic Bay , the Davao Gulf , and the Moro Gulf are other important bays . The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge .
Nile
The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow .
Amazon River
Eleven to ten million years ago , waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward , leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest . During glacial periods , sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river , which would eventually become the world 's largest , draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River 's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri , for 190 miles ( 310 km ) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois .
Geography of China
The country 's longest and most important waterway , the Yangtze River , is navigable for the majority of its length and has a vast hydroelectric potential . Rising on the Qingzang Plateau , the Yangtze River traverses 6,300 km ( 3,900 mi ) through the heart of the country , draining an area of 1,800,000 km ( 690,000 sq mi ) before emptying into the East China Sea . Roughly 300 million people live along its middle and lower reaches . The area is a large producer of rice and wheat . The Sichuan Basin , due to its mild , humid climate and long growing season , produces a variety of crops . It is a leading silk - producing area and an important industrial region with substantial mineral resources .
River Thames
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Ghaggar-Hakra River
Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars , but also more recent authors , have suggested that the Ghaggar - Hakra might be the defunct remains of the mythological Sarasvati of the Rig Veda . Recent geophysical research does not support this idea . It shows that the Ghaggar - Hakra system was not sourced by the glaciers and snows of the Himalayas , but rather by a system of perennial monsoon - fed rivers . Holocene aridification subsequently reduced the Ghaggar - Hakra to the seasonal river it is today .
Nile
There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history .
Mississippi River
Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries . Most were hunter - gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States .
Environmental impact of irrigation
In Baluchistan , Pakistan , the development of new small - scale irrigation projects depleted the water resources of nomadic tribes traveling annually between Baluchistan and Gujarat or Rajasthan , India After the closure of the Kainji dam , Nigeria , 50 to 70 per cent of the downstream area of flood - recession cropping was lost Lake
Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈri. o ðe la ˈplata ) , lit . `` river of silver '' ) -- rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River ( occasionally Plata River ) in other English - speaking countries -- is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers . It empties into the Atlantic Ocean , forming a funnel - shaped indentation on the southeastern coastline of South America . Depending on the geographer , the Río de la Plata may be considered a river , an estuary , a gulf or a marginal sea . For those who consider it a river -- as is the case mostly in Argentina -- it is the widest river in the world , with a maximum width of about 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) .
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers , both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands . Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries , and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region . Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult . The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres ( 5,800 sq mi ) region of marshes , lagoons , mud flats , and reed banks in the south . In the extreme south , the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf .
Godavari River
Godavari river basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil & gas , coal , iron , lime stone , manganese , copper , bauxite , granite , laterite , etc . The following are the few noted deposits :
River Thames
The next Roman bridges upstream were at Staines ) on the Devil 's Highway between Londinium and Calleva ( Silchester ) . Boats could be swept up to it on the rising tide with no need for wind or muscle power .
Water in California
Water rights are divided in multiple ways . Water rights to surface water and underground sources are separate . Also , California recognizes four distinct types of water rights to surface water in its statutory and common law : pueblo , riparian , prior appropriation , and water reserved by the US . A fifth statutory right also provides area of origin watershed rights . Pueblo
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The Trinity River in Texas is a representative example of an effluent - dominated surface water system where de facto potable water reuse occurs . The section of the river south of Dallas / Fort Worth consists almost entirely of wastewater effluent under base flow conditions . In response to concerns about nutrients , the wastewater treatment plants in Dallas / Fort Worth that collectively discharge about 2 million m per day of effluent employ nutrient removal processes . Little dilution of the effluent - dominated waters occurs as the water travels from Dallas / Fort Worth to Lake Livingston , which is one of the main drinking water reservoirs for Houston . Once the water reaches Lake Livingston , it is subjected to conventional drinking water treatment prior to delivery to consumers in Houston . Non-potable
Environmental impact of irrigation
The downstream drainage water quality may deteriorate owing to leaching of salts , nutrients , herbicides and pesticides with high salinity and alkalinity . There is threat of soils converting into saline or alkali soils . This may negatively affect the health of the population at the tail - end of the river basin and downstream of the irrigation scheme , as well as the ecological balance . The Aral Sea , for example , is seriously polluted by drainage water . The downstream quality of the groundwater may deteriorate in a similar way as the downstream drainage water and have similar consequences
River Thames
The River Thames has been a subject for artists , great and minor , over the centuries . Four major artists with works based on the Thames are Canaletto , J.M.W. Turner , Claude Monet and James Abbott McNeill Whistler . The 20th century British artist Stanley Spencer produced many works at Cookham .
Mississippi River
A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world . The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , which was established in 1802 . Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags , close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars .
Nile
The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC .
Waikato River
Waikato River Waikato River passing through Hamilton The Waikato River system Country New Zealand Physical characteristics Main source Lake Taupo River mouth Port Waikato 0.0 metres ( 0 ft ) Length 425 kilometres ( 264 mi ) Basin features Basin size 13,701 km ( 5,290 sq mi ) to Mercer
River delta
In both of these cases , depositional processes force redistribution of deposition from areas of high deposition to areas of low deposition . This results in the smoothing of the planform ( or map - view ) shape of the delta as the channels move across its surface and deposit sediment . Because the sediment is laid down in this fashion , the shape of these deltas approximates a fan . The more often the flow changes course , the shape develops as closer to an ideal fan , because more rapid changes in channel position results in more uniform deposition of sediment on the delta front . The Mississippi and Ural River deltas , with their bird 's - feet , are examples of rivers that do not avulse often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape . Alluvial fan deltas , as seen by their name , avulse frequently and more closely approximate an ideal fan shape .
River delta
River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches either ( 1 ) a body of water , such as a lake , ocean , or reservoir , ( 2 ) another river that can not remove the sediment quickly enough to stop delta formation , or ( 3 ) an inland region where the water spreads out and deposits sediments . The tidal currents also can not be too strong , as sediment would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it . The river must carry enough sediment to layer into deltas over time . The river 's velocity decreases rapidly , causing it to deposit the majority , if not all , of its load . This alluvium builds up to form the river delta . When the flow enters the standing water , it is no longer confined to its channel and expands in width . This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity , which diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment . As a result , sediment drops out of the flow and deposits . Over time , this single channel builds a deltaic lobe ( such as the bird 's - foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas ) , pushing its mouth into the standing water . As the deltaic lobe advances , the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation ( see slope ) .
River Thames
In the post-war era , although the Port of London remains one of the UK 's three main ports , most trade has moved downstream from central London . In the late 1950s , the discharge of methane gas in the depths of the river caused the water to bubble , and the toxins wore away at boats ' propellers .
River Thames
The non-tidal section of the river is owned and managed by the Environment Agency , which is responsible for managing the flow of water to help prevent and mitigate flooding , and providing for navigation : the volume and speed of water downstream is managed by adjusting the sluices at each of the weirs and , at peak high water , levels are generally dissipated over preferred flood plains adjacent to the river . Occasionally , flooding of inhabited areas is unavoidable and the agency issues flood warnings . Due to stiff penalties applicable on the non-tidal river , which is a drinking water source before treatment , sanitary sewer overflow from the many sewage treatment plants covering the upper Thames basin is rare in the non-tidal Thames , which ensures clearer water compared to the river 's tideway . The
Midwestern United States
The third waterway , the Missouri River , extended water travel from the Mississippi almost to the Rocky Mountains . The
River Thames
After the river took its present - day course , many of the banks of the Thames Estuary and the Thames Valley in London were partly covered in marshland , as was the adjoining Lower Lea Valley . Streams and rivers like the River Lea , Tyburn Brook and Bollo Brook drained into the river , while some islands , e.g. Thorney Island , formed over the ages . The northern tip of the ancient parish of Lambeth , for example , was marshland known as Lambeth Marshe , but it was drained in the 18th century ; it is remembered in the street name Lower Marsh .
Transpiration stream
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Grand Canyon
The insect species commonly found in the river corridor and tributaries are midges , caddis flies , mayflies , stoneflies , black flies , mites , beetles , butterflies , moths , and fire ants . Numerous species of spiders and several species of scorpions including the bark scorpion and the giant desert hairy scorpion inhabit the riparian zone .
St. Johns River
Although freshwater invertebrates inhabiting and comprising algae and periphyton make the foundation of food webs in the middle and lower basin , zooplankton and phytoplankton take that role in the estuarine habitat . Mollusks gather at the St. Johns estuary in large numbers , feeding on the bottom of the river and ocean floors . The abundance and importance of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) is apparent in the many middens left by the Timucua in mounds many feet high . Oysters and other mollusks serve as the primary food source of shorebirds . The large trees that line the river from its source to south of Jacksonville begin to transition into salt marshes east of the city . Mayport is home to approximately 20 shrimping vessels that use the mouth of the St. Johns to access the Atlantic Ocean . Downtown
Godavari River
The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures for many millennia and continues to harbor and nourish a rich cultural heritage . In the past few decades , the river has been barricaded by a number of barrages and dams , restricting its flow . The river delta supports 729 persons / km -- nearly twice the density average for the nation , and has been categorized as having substantial to greater risk of flooding with rising sea levels .
Hoover Dam
The Colorado River had experienced natural flooding before the construction of the Hoover Dam . The dam eliminated the natural flooding , which threatened many species adapted to the flooding , including both plants and animals . The construction of the dam devastated the populations of native fish in the river downstream from the dam . Four species of fish native to the Colorado River , the Bonytail chub , Colorado pikeminnow , Humpback chub , and Razorback sucker , are listed as endangered .
Yadkin River
Principal tributaries of the Yadkin include the Reddies , Roaring , Mitchell , Fisher , Ararat and South Yadkin Rivers .
Earth
Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere . When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm , humid air , this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation . Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes . This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods . Precipitation patterns vary widely , ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter . Atmospheric circulation , topographic features , and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region .
River Thames
The Thames is the historic heartland of rowing in the United Kingdom . There are over 200 clubs on the river , and over 8,000 members of British Rowing ( over 40 % of its membership ) . Most towns and districts of any size on the river have at least one club . Internationally attended centres are Oxford , Henley - on - Thames and events and clubs on the stretch of river from Chiswick to Putney .