vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Second Sino-Japanese War
In less than two weeks the Kwantung Army , which was the primary Japanese fighting force , consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armor , artillery , or air support , had been destroyed by the Soviets . Japanese Emperor Hirohito officially capitulated to the Allies on August 15 , 1945 . The official surrender was signed aboard the battleship USS Missouri on September 2 , 1945 in a ceremony where several Allied commanders including Chinese general Hsu Yung - chang were present . Japanese
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2 , 1945 , bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close . By the end of July 1945 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent . Together with the British Empire and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end , Japan 's leaders ( the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the `` Big Six '' ) were privately making entreaties to the still - neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea ( in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .
Allies of World War II
Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway .
Allies of World War II
Norway : 8 April 1940 - German invasion without declaration of war . Belgium : 10 May 1940 Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 Netherlands : 10 May 1940 Greece : 28 October 1940
Czechoslovakia
In September 1938 , Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland . On 29 September 1938 , Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference ; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia . During October 1938 , Nazi Germany occupied and annexed the Sudetenland border region , effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences .
Axis powers
After the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was signed , in 1940 when Molotov arrived in Berlin on a diplomatic visit during which Ribbentrop stated that Germany was directing its lebensraum southward . Ribbentrop described to Molotov that further extension of Germany 's lebensraum was now going to be founded in Central Africa , and suggested that Germany would accept the Soviet Union taking part in the partitioning of the British Empire upon a British defeat in the war .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Racial integration efforts in the U.S. military began during the Korean War , where African Americans fought in integrated units for the first time . President Truman signed Executive Order 9981 on July 26 , 1948 , calling on the armed forces to provide equal treatment and opportunity for black servicemen . The extent to which Truman 's 1948 orders were carried out varied among the various branches of the military , with segregated units still in deployment at the start of the war , and eventually being integrated towards the end of the war . The last large segregated operational unit was the U.S. 24th Infantry Regiment which was deactivated on October 1 , 1951 .
Axis powers
Relations between Germany and the regency of Miklós Horthy collapsed in Hungary in 1944 . Horthy was forced to abdicate after German armed forces held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust . Hungary was reorganized following Horthy 's abdication in December 1944 into a totalitarian fascist regime called the Government of National Unity , led by Ferenc Szálasi . He had been Prime Minister of Hungary since October 1944 and was leader of the anti-Semitic fascist Arrow Cross Party . In power , his government was a puppet regime with little authority , and the country was effectively under German control . Days after the Szálasi government took power , the capital of Budapest was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army . German and Hungarian fascist forces tried to hold off the Soviet advance but failed . In March 1945 , Szálasi fled to Germany as the leader of a government in exile , until the surrender of Germany in May 1945 .
Allies of World War II
The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of Polish State , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , l while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . Polish
Second Sino-Japanese War
Despite continuing to occupy part of China 's territory , Japan eventually surrendered on September 2 , 1945 , to Allied forces following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese - held Manchuria . The remaining Japanese occupation forces ( excluding Manchuria ) formally surrendered on September 9 , 1945 , with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29 , 1946 . At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22 -- 26 , 1943 , the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China , including Manchuria , Taiwan / Formosa , and the Pescadores , to China , and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula . China was recognized as one of the Big Four of the Allies during the war and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Play
G20
The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999 , and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers ' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15 -- 16 December 1999 in Berlin . Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the inaugural meeting .
Marshall Plan
Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act into law on April 3 , 1948 ; the Act established the Economic Cooperation Administration ( ECA ) to administer the program . ECA was headed by economic cooperation administrator Paul G. Hoffman . In the same year , the participating countries ( Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , West Germany , the United Kingdom , Greece , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Turkey , and the United States ) signed an accord establishing a master financial - aid - coordinating agency , the Organization for European Economic Cooperation ( later called the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or OECD ) , which was headed by Frenchman Robert Marjolin .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was an armistice during the First World War between the Allies and Germany -- also known as the Armistice of Compiègne after the location in which it was signed -- and the agreement that ended the fighting on the Western Front . It went into effect at 11 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918 ( `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' ) , and marked a victory for the Allies and a complete defeat for Germany , although not formally a surrender . The Germans were responding to the policies proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points of January 1918 . The actual terms , largely written by French Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies Ferdinand Foch , included the cessation of hostilities , the withdrawal of German troops to behind their own borders , the preservation of infrastructure , the exchange of prisoners , a promise of reparations , the disposition of German warships and submarines , and conditions for prolonging or terminating the armistice . Although the armistice ended the actual fighting , it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty , the Treaty of Versailles .
Causes of World War II
Nominally , the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union . It was signed in Moscow on August 23 , 1939 , by the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop .
Allies of World War II
The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories :
Allies of World War II
In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed .
Chernobyl disaster
In Germany , the Chernobyl accident led to the creation of a federal environment ministry , after several states had already created such a post . The minister was given the authority over reactor safety as well , which the current minister still holds as of 2015 . The events are also credited with strengthening the anti-nuclear power movement , which culminated in the decision to end the use of nuclear power that was made by the 1998 -- 2005 Schröder government .
Channel Tunnel
Migrants take great risks to evade security precautions . In 2002 , a dozen migrants died in crossing attempts . In the two months from June to July 2015 , ten migrants died near the French tunnel terminal , during a period when 1,500 attempts to evade security precautions were being made each day .
Channel Tunnel
During the night of 28 July 2015 , one person , aged 25 -- 30 , was found dead after a night in which 1,500 -- 2,000 migrants had attempted to enter the Eurotunnel terminal .
World War II casualties
Country Branch of service Number served Killed / missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed Germany Army 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9 Germany Air Force ( including infantry units ) 2,500,000 433,000 17.3 Germany Navy 1,200,000 138,000 11.5 Germany Waffen SS 900,000 314,000 34.9 Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces 231,000 Germany Total ( incl . conscripted foreigners ) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2 Japan Army ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2 Japan Navy ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8 Japan POW dead after Surrender .
World War II casualties
In Nazi extermination camps : according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers , 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps ( 500,000 Belzec ; 150,000 Sobibor ; 850,000 Treblinka ; 150,000 Chełmno ; 1,100,000 Auschwitz ; 80,000 Majdanek ) . Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps , including Romanian Transnistria , at 3.0 million . In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million . Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi - occupied Europe : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000 . Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead .
World War II casualties
Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives ( Germany 381,067 ; Hungary 54,755 ; Romania 54,612 ; Italy 27,683 ; Finland 403 , and Japan 62,069 ) . However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million .
Channel Tunnel
On 6 July 2015 , a migrant died while attempting to climb onto a freight train while trying to reach Britain from the French side of the Channel . The previous month an Eritrean man was killed under similar circumstances .
Channel Tunnel
Eurotunnel , the company that operates the crossing , said that more than 37,000 migrants were intercepted between January and July 2015 . Approximately 3,000 migrants , mainly from Ethiopia , Eritrea , Sudan and Afghanistan , were living in the temporary camps erected in Calais at the time of an official count in July 2015 . An estimated 3,000 to 5,000 migrants were waiting in Calais for a chance to get to England .
World War II casualties
( hide ) Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II ( included in above figures of total war dead ) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria. ^ Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths due to Allied Strategic Bombing Civilian deaths due to Nazi persecution Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Austria 6,653,000 250,000 to 261,000 24,000 100,000 370,000 5.56 Germany ( within 1937 borders ) 69,300,000 3,760,000 to 4,456,000 353,000 ( 1942 borders ) to 410,000 300,000 to 500,000 400,000 to 1,225,000 5,700,000 8.23 Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 7,423,000 430,000 to 538,000 200,000 to 886,000 738,000 to 1,316,000 9.96 to 17.76 Foreign nationals in western Europe 215,000 63,000 63,000 29.3 Approx . Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 353,000 to 434,000 400,000 to 600,000 600,000 to 2,111,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86
Soviet Union in World War II
According to recent figures , of an estimated 4 million POWs taken by the Russians , including Germans , Japanese , Hungarians , Romanians and others , some 580,000 never returned , presumably victims of privation or the Gulags , compared with 3.5 million Soviet POW who died in German camps out of the 5.6 million taken .
Mount Everest
There have been 219 fatalities recorded on Mount Everest from the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition through the end of 2010 , a rate of 4.3 fatalities for every 100 summits ( this is a general rate , and includes fatalities amongst support climbers , those who turned back before the peak , those who died en route to the peak and those who died while descending from the peak ) . Of the 219 fatalities , 58 ( 26.5 % ) were climbers who had summited but did not complete their descent . Though the rate of fatalities has decreased since the year 2000 ( 1.4 fatalities for every 100 summits , with 3938 summits since 2000 ) , the significant increase in the total number of climbers still means 54 fatalities since 2000 : 33 on the northeast ridge , 17 on the southeast ridge , 2 on the southwest face , and 2 on the north face .
World War II casualties
The number killed in action was 2,303,320 ; died of wounds , disease or accidents 500,165 ; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial ; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war ; 25,000 suicides ; 12,000 unknown ; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths , of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S. , UK and France ; and 363,000 in Soviet custody . POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity . Rüdiger Overmans writes `` It seems entirely plausible , while not provable , that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action , the other half ( 700,000 ) however in fact died in Soviet custody '' . Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war .
World War II casualties
The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 1941 at 33,900 including ( 7,800 deaths ) of arrested people , ( 6,000 ) deportee deaths , ( 5,000 ) evacuee deaths , ( 1,100 ) people gone missing and ( 14,000 ) conscripted for forced labor . After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R. , 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944 -- 45 .
Soviet Union in World War II
Fending off the German invasion and pressing to victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War required a tremendous sacrifice by the Soviet Union ( more than any other country in human history ) . Soviet military casualties totaled approximately 35 million ( official figures 28.2 million ) with approximately 14.7 million killed , missing or captured ( official figures 11.285 million ) . Although figures vary , the Soviet civilian death toll probably reached 22 million . Millions of Soviet soldiers and civilians disappeared into German detention camps and slave labour factories , while millions more suffered permanent physical and mental damage . Economic losses , including losses in resources and manufacturing capacity in western Russia and Ukraine , were also catastrophic . The war resulted in the destruction of approximately 70,000 Soviet cities , towns and villages . Destroyed in that process were 6 million houses , 98,000 farms , 32,000 factories , 82,000 schools , 43,000 libraries , 6,000 hospitals and thousands of kilometres of roads and railway track .
World War II casualties
In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 .
Operation Barbarossa
50th Army Southwestern Front 5th Army 6th Army 12th Army 21st Army 26th Army 37th Army Southern Front 9th Army 18th Army Coastal Army Strength Frontline strength ( initial ) 3.8 million personnel 3,350 -- 3,795 tanks 3,030 -- 3,072 other AFVs 2,770 -- 5,369 aircraft 7,200 -- 23,435 artillery pieces 17,081 mortars Frontline strength ( initial ) 2.6 -- 2.9 million personnel 11,000 tanks 7,133 -- 9,100 military aircraft Casualties and losses Total military casualties : 1,000,000 + Breakdown ( show ) Casualties of 1941 : According to German Army medical reports ( including Army Norway ) : 186,452 killed 40,157 missing 655,179 wounded in action 8,000 evacuated sick 2,827 aircraft destroyed 2,735 tanks destroyed 104 assault guns destroyed Other involved country losses 114,000 + casualties ( at least 39,000 dead or missing ) 8,700 casualties 5,000 + casualties Total military casualties : 4,973,820 Breakdown ( show ) Casualties of 1941 : Based on Soviet archives : 566,852 killed in action 235,339 died from non-combat causes 1,336,147 sick or wounded via combat and non-combat causes 2,335,482 missing in action or captured c . 500,000 Soviet reservists captured while still mobilizing 21,200 aircraft lost 20,500 tanks destroyed
World War II casualties
Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250 Belgium 600 350 500 Czech Republic 13,000 5,000 6,500 Estonia 1,000 500 1,000 France 40,000 15,150 15,150 Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000 Greece ? 50 50 Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000 Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000 Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500 Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000 Luxembourg 200 100 200 Netherlands 500 215 500 Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000 Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000 Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000 Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 200,000 30,000 35,000 Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000 Total 947,500 130,565 285,650
World War II casualties
The authors maintain `` scope for error in this number is very wide '' . At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations . Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior . The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler `` were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths '' , and `` In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle . The general outline is clear : people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances . But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well ; some overlap and others are yet to be found '' . Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians `` were racially motivated '' . According to Paul Robert Magocsi , between 1941 and 1945 , approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans , 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan , c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews ( in pre-war borders ) . Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 8.2 million ( 4.0 million Ukrainians , 2.5 million Belarusians , and 1.7 million Russians ) . A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians ( including Jews ) : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures . Homosexuals : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals . Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons , and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps .