vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
UNICEF
According to Vaccine News Daily , Merck & Co. partnered with UNICEF in June 2013 to decrease maternal mortality , HIV and tuberculosis prevalence in South Africa . Merck 's program `` Merck for Mothers '' will give US $500 million worldwide for programs that improve health for expectant mothers and their children .
Rwandan genocide
During the genocide and in the months following the RPF victory , RPF soldiers killed many people they accused of participating in or supporting the genocide . Many of these soldiers were recent Tutsi recruits from within Rwanda , who had lost family or friends and sought revenge . The scale , scope , and source of ultimate responsibility of these killings is disputed . Human Rights Watch , as well as scholars such as Prunier , allege that the death toll might be as high as 100,000 , and that Kagame and the RPF elite either tolerated or organised the killings . In an interview with journalist Stephen Kinzer , Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but stated that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control . The RPF killings gained international attention with the 1995 Kibeho massacre , in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for internally displaced persons in Butare Province . Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed , while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338 .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
There have been no fatalities linked to short term overexposure to radiation reported due to the Fukushima accident , while approximately 18,500 people died due to the earthquake and tsunami . The maximum cancer mortality and morbidity estimate according to the linear no - threshold theory is 1,500 and 1,800 but with most estimates considerably lower , in the range of a few hundred . In addition , the rates of psychological distress among evacuated people rose fivefold compared to the Japanese average due to the experience of the disaster and evacuation .
Western Front (World War I)
The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows . The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war , resulting later in an Allied reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward Adolf Hitler . Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 ( including 3,000 merchant sailors ) . The British lost 16,829 civilian dead , 1,260 civilians were killed in air and naval attacks , 908 civilians were killed at sea and there were 14,661 merchant marine deaths . Another 62,000 Belgian , 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war - related causes .
Cremation
The magnitude 9.0 -- 9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on 26 December 2004 that killed almost 300,000 people , making them the deadliest tsunamis in recorded history . The tsunamis killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the quake in Southeast Asia ( Indonesia , Thailand , and the northwestern coast of Malaysia ) , to thousands of kilometers away in the Indian subcontinent ( Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka , the Maldives ) , the Horn of Africa ( Somalia ) , and the African Great Lakes ( Kenya and Tanzania ) .
Lion
A man - eating lion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April 2004 . It is believed to have killed and eaten at least 35 people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region . Dr Rolf D. Baldus , the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator , commented that it was likely that the lion preyed on humans because it had a large abscess underneath a molar that was cracked in several places . He further commented that `` This lion probably experienced a lot of pain , particularly when it was chewing . '' GTZ is the German development cooperation agency and has been working with the Tanzanian government on wildlife conservation for nearly two decades . As in other cases this lion was large , lacked a mane , and had a tooth problem .
Human rights in the Philippines
The killing of Larry Que on December 20 , 2016 was the first recorded media - related killing under the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte . Shortly before becoming president Duterte said , `` Just because you 're a journalist you are not exempted from assassination , if you 're a son of a bitch . Freedom of expression can not help you if you have done something wrong . '' Recognising the danger to journalists the president established the Presidential Task Force on Violations of the Right to Life , Liberty and Security of the Members of the Media in October 2016 , just two months before the death of Que . In March 2018 , Filipino deaths related to the Philippine Drug War peaked at 20,000 people , which was equivalent to the entire population of a rural municipality .
Vietnam War
and others Hồ Chí Minh † Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Lê Đức Thọ Phạm Văn Đồng Trường Chinh Tôn Đức Thắng Văn Tiến Dũng Nguyễn Hữu An Huỳnh Tấn Phát Nguyễn Hữu Thọ Hoàng Văn Thái Nguyễn Chí Thanh † Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Lê Trọng Tấn Lê Đức Anh M Nguyễn Thị Định Võ Chí Công M Nguyễn Thị Bình Võ Văn Kiệt Souphanouvong Kaysone Phomvihane Phoumi Vongvichit Norodom Sihanouk Pol Pot Khieu Samphan ... and others Strength ≈ 1,420,000 ( 1968 ) South Vietnam : 850,000 ( 1968 ) 1,500,000 ( 1974 -- 75 ) United States : 543,000 ( April 1969 ) South Korea : 50,003 Laos 72,000 Royal Army and Hmong Cambodia 200,000 ( 1973 ) Thailand : 32,000 in Vietnam and Laos Australia : 7,672 Philippines : 2,061 New Zealand : 552 ≈ 860,000 ( 1967 ) North Vietnam : 690,000 ( January 1967 , included NVA and Việt Cộng ) Việt Cộng : 200,000 ( estimated , 1968 ) China : 170,000 ( 1967 ) GRUNK : 70,000 ( 1972 ) Pathet Lao : 48,000 ( 1960 ) North Korea : 200 Casualties and losses South Vietnam 195,000 -- 430,000 civilian dead 254,256 -- 313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,318 dead ; 303,644 wounded ( including 150,341 not requiring hospital care ) Laos 15,000 dead Cambodia Unknown South Korea 5,099 dead ; 10,962 wounded ; 4 missing Australia 521 dead ; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead New Zealand 37 dead Taiwan 25 dead Philippines 9 dead ; 64
1960 Valdivia earthquake
At the coastal town of Queule a carabinero reported hundreds of people to be dead or missing some days after the tsunami . Historians Yoselin Jaramillo and Ismael Basso report that people in Queule decades later know about 50 people to have died because of the earthquake and tsunami .
Rwandan genocide
The systematic destruction of the judicial system during the genocide and civil war was a major problem . After the genocide , over one million people were potentially culpable for a role in the genocide , nearly one - fifth of the population remaining after the summer of 1994 . After the genocide , the RPF pursued a policy of mass arrests for the genocide , jailing over 100,000 in the two years after the genocide . The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system , leading to what Amnesty International deemed `` cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment . '' The country 's nineteen prisons were designed to hold about eighteen thousand inmates , but at their peak in 1998 there were 100,000 people in detention facilities across the country .
Rwandan genocide
In 2005 , Alison Des Forges wrote that eleven years after the genocide , films for popular audiences on the subject greatly increased the `` widespread realization of the horror that had taken the lives of more than half a million Tutsi '' . In 2007 , Charlie Beckett , Director of POLIS , said : `` How many people saw the movie Hotel Rwanda ? ( It is ) ironically the way that most people now relate to Rwanda . ''
Attack on Pearl Harbor
From December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre ( the International Military Tribunal of the Far East concluded that more than 200,000 Chinese non-combatants were killed in indiscriminate massacres , though other estimates have ranged from 40,000 to more than 300,000 ) swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , the United Kingdom , and France provided loan assistance for war supply contracts to China .
Easter Island
Tuberculosis , introduced by whalers in the mid-19th century , had already killed several islanders when the first Christian missionary , Eugène Eyraud , died from this disease in 1867 . About a quarter of the island 's population succumbed along with him . In the following years , the managers of the sheep ranch and the missionaries started buying the newly available lands of the deceased , and this led to great confrontations between natives and settlers . ``
Osage Nation
During this period in Kansas , the tribe suffered from the widespread smallpox pandemic of 1837 -- 1838 , which caused devastating losses among Native Americans from Canada to New Mexico . All clergy except the Catholics abandoned the Osage during the crisis . Most survivors of the epidemic had received vaccinations against the disease . The Osage believed that the loyalty of Catholic priests , who stayed with them and also died in the epidemic , created a special covenant between the tribe and the Catholic Church , but they did not convert in great number .
World War II casualties
Battle deaths ( including POWs who died in captivity , does not include those who died of disease and accidents ) were 292,131 : Army 234,874 ( including Army Air Forces 52,173 ) ; Navy 36,950 ; Marine Corps 19,733 ; and Coast Guard 574 ( 185,924 deaths occurred in the European / Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia / Pacific theater of operations ) . During World War II , 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war ( 12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany ) . During World War II , 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action . 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action . During World War II , 26,000 Japanese - Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action .
Renaissance
The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia , spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation : the population of England , then about 4.2 million , lost 1.4 million people to the bubonic plague . Florence 's population was nearly halved in the year 1347 . As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased , and commoners came to enjoy more freedom . To answer the increased need for labor , workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden . The hardest hit country outside Asia , 543 Swedish tourists , mainly in Thailand , died . With no single incident having killed more Swedish people since the battle of Poltava in 1709 , the cabinet of Göran Persson was heavily criticized for lack of action .
Vietnam War
Gabriel García Márquez , a Nobel Prize winner writer , described South Vietnam as a `` False paradise '' after the war , when he visited this country in 1980 : `` The cost of this delirium was stupefying : 360,000 people mutilated , a million widows , 500,000 prostitutes , 500,000 drug addicts , a million tuberculous and more than a million soldiers of the old regime , impossible to completely rehabilitate into a new society . Ten percent of the population of Ho Chi Minh City was suffering from serious venereal diseases when the war ended , and there were 4 million illiterates throughout the South . '' The US used its security council veto to block Vietnam 's recognition by the United Nations three times , an obstacle to the country receiving international aid .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000 . Included in the losses are also 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union ( 1942 -- 1954 ) .
World Health Organization
According to The Associated Press , WHO routinely spends about $200 million a year on travel expenses , more than it spends to tackle mental health problems , HIV / AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria combined . In 2016 , Margaret Chan , Director - General of WHO from November 2006 to June 2017 , stayed in a $1000 per night hotel room while visiting West Africa .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
Before the start of the 75th Hunger Games , there are a total of 59 out of 75 victors who are still alive , the rest having died of natural causes . A total of 18 of 24 victors die during the events of Catching Fire . Furthermore , due to the conspiracy of the 75th Hunger Games , Mockingjay reveals that the Capitol has conducted the `` Victor 's Purge '' to capture , torture , and execute all remaining victors . At the end of the series , there are only 7 victors remaining : Enobaria from District 2 , Beetee from District 3 , Annie from District 4 , Johanna from District 7 , and Katniss , Peeta , and Haymitch from District 12 , with uncertainty about the fate of an eighth ; Lyme from District 2 , as to whether she survived the assault on The Nut , or whether she did not , or was even involved , in the assault on The Capitol .
Rwandan genocide
One such massacre occurred at Nyarubuye . On 12 April , more than 1,500 Tutsis sought refuge in a Catholic church in Nyange , then in Kivumu commune . Local Interahamwe , acting in concert with the authorities , used bulldozers to knock down the church building . The militia used machetes and rifles to kill every person who tried to escape . Local priest Athanase Seromba was later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison by the ICTR for his role in the demolition of his church ; he was convicted of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity . In another case , thousands sought refuge in the Official Technical School ( École Technique Officielle ) in Kigali where Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were stationed . On 11 April , the Belgian soldiers withdrew , and Rwandan armed forces and militia killed all the Tutsi .
World War II casualties
Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease .
Zimbabwe
Estimates for the number of deaths during the five - year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750 to 80,000 . Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps .
Biafra
According to the South - East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations ( SBCHROs ) , security forces under the directive of the federal government has killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra ( IPOB ) and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a renewed clampdown on the movement .
Zimbabwe
The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614 compared to 960 in 2010 -- 11 and 232 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 ( 94 in 2009 ) . The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42 .
Conquistador
Recently developed tree - ring evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century , and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest . This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that cocoliztli epidemics ( Nahuatl name for viral haemorrhagic fever ) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought . The cocoliztli epidemic from 1545 to 1548 killed an estimated 5 to 15 million people , or up to 80 % of the native population . The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated , additional 2 to 2.5 million people , or about 50 % of the remainder .
Diphtheria
In June 2016 , a 3 - year - old , 5 - year - old , and 7 - year - old girl died of diphtheria in Kedah and Malacca , Sabah Malaysia .
Chernobyl disaster
The Russian founder of that region 's chapter of Greenpeace authored a book titled Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment , which suggests that among the billions of people worldwide who were exposed to radioactive contamination from the disaster , nearly a million premature cancer deaths occurred between 1986 and 2004 . Greenpeace itself advocates a figure of at least 200,000 or more . The book was not peer reviewed prior to its publication , and it has been heavily criticized ; of the five reviews published in the academic press , four considered the book severely flawed and contradictory , and one praised it while noting some shortcomings . The review by M.I. Balonov published by the New York Academy of Sciences concludes that the report is of negative value because it has very little scientific merit while being highly misleading to the lay reader . It characterized the estimate of nearly a million deaths as more in the realm of science fiction than science .
Vietnam War
Estimates of the number of casualties vary , with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002 . A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths during the war for all of Vietnam , for both military and civilians . Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report , Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 30,000 to 182,000 . A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimates nearly 1.4 million civilians killed and wounded between 1965 and 1974 , and attributed over half as resulting from US and South Vietnamese military action .
Bubonic plague
Between 1900 and 2015 , the United States had 1,036 human plague cases with an average of 9 cases per year . In 2015 , 16 people in the Western United States developed plague , including 2 cases in Yosemite National Park . These US cases usually occur in rural northern New Mexico , northern Arizona , southern Colorado , California , southern Oregon , and far western Nevada .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 14 September 2015 , the body of a girl who had died in Sierra Leone tested positive for Ebola and it was suspected that she may have contracted the disease from the semen of an Ebola survivor who was discharged in March 2015 . According to some news reports , a new study to be published in the New England Journal of Medicine indicated that the virus could remain in the semen of survivors for up to six months , and according to other researchers , the virus could continue in semen for 82 days and maybe longer . Furthermore , Ebola RNA had been found up to 284 days post-onset of viral symptoms .
One-child policy
According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist , Steven W. Mosher , reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The highest death toll was in Xaafuun , also known as Hafun , with 19 bodies and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5000 inhabitants , which amounts to the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the Indian subcontinent . In Xaafuun , small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami flood the town .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The 2004 tsunami is the deadliest in recorded history . Before 2004 , the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths , had probably been the deadliest in the region . In 1782 about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami ( or a cyclone ) in the South China Sea . The most deadly tsunami before 2004 was Italy 's 1908 Messina earthquake on the Mediterranean Sea where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000 .
Columbian Exchange
The history of syphilis has been well - studied , but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate . There are two primary hypotheses : one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s , while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized . These are referred to as the `` Columbian '' and `` pre-Columbian '' hypotheses . The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493 . The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 / 1495 in Naples , Italy , among the army of Charles VIII , during their invasion of Naples .
Virus
The word is from the Latin neuter vīrus referring to poison and other noxious liquids , from ' the same Indo - European base as Sanskrit viṣa poison , Avestan vīša poison , ancient Greek ἰός poison ' , first attested in English in 1398 in John Trevisa 's translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus 's De Proprietatibus Rerum . Virulent , from Latin virulentus ( poisonous ) , dates to c. 1400 . A meaning of `` agent that causes infectious disease '' is first recorded in 1728 , before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 . The English plural is viruses ( sometimes also viri or vira ) , whereas the Latin word is a mass noun , which has no classically attested plural ( vīra is used in Neo-Latin ) . The adjective viral dates to 1948 . The term virion ( plural virions ) , which dates from 1959 , is also used to refer to a single , stable infective viral particle that is released from the cell and is fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type .
Scabies
Scabies has been observed in humans since ancient times . Archeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests scabies was present as early as 494 BC . The first recorded reference to scabies is believed to be from the Bible -- it may be a type of `` leprosy '' mentioned in Leviticus c. 1200 BC or be mentioned among the curses of Deuteronomy 28 . In the fourth century BC , Aristotle reported on `` lice '' that `` escape from little pimples if they are pricked '' -- a description consistent with scabies .
Origin of language
In 2011 , Quentin Atkinson published a survey of phonemes from 500 different languages as well as language families and compared their phonemic diversity by region , number of speakers and distance from Africa . The survey revealed that African languages had the largest number of phonemes , and Oceania and South America had the smallest number . After allowing for the number of speakers , the phonemic diversity was compared to over 2000 possible origin locations . Atkinson 's `` best fit '' model is that language originated in central and southern Africa between 80,000 and 160,000 years ago . This predates the hypothesized southern coastal peopling of Arabia , India , southeast Asia , and Australia . It would also mean that the origin of language occurred at the same time as the emergence of symbolic culture .
Herpes simplex
In Norway , a study published in 2000 found that 90 % of genital initial infections were due to HSV - 1 .