vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Zealand
New Zealand 's climate is predominantly temperate maritime ( Köppen : Cfb ) with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) in the south to 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) in the north . Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 ° C ( 108.32 ° F ) in Rangiora , Canterbury and − 25.6 ° C ( − 14.08 ° F ) in Ranfurly , Otago . Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland . Of the seven largest cities , Christchurch is the driest , receiving on average only 640 millimetres ( 25 in ) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest , receiving almost twice that amount . Auckland , Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine . The southern and south - western parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate , with around 1,400 -- 1,600 hours ; the northern and north - eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400 -- 2,500 hours . The general snow season is early June until early October , though cold snaps can occur outside this season . Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country .
Climate of the Arctic
The interior of Greenland differs from the rest of the Arctic . The low springtime cloud frequency there and the high elevation , which reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere , combine to give this region the highest surface flux of solar radiation anywhere in the Arctic . However , the high elevation , and corresponding lower temperatures , help keep the bright snow from melting , limiting the warming effect of all this solar radiation .
Climate of the United States
The primary drivers of weather in the contiguous United States are the seasonal change in the solar angle , the migration north / south of the subtropical highs , and the seasonal change in the position of the polar jet stream .
White Christmas (weather)
A white Christmas refers to the presence of snow at Christmas ; either Christmas Eve or Christmas Day depending on local tradition . This phenomenon is most common in the northern countries of the Northern Hemisphere . Because December is at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere summer , white Christmases there are extremely rare , except in Antarctica , in the Southern Alps of New Zealand 's South Island , and in parts of the Andes in South America . The Irving Berlin song , `` White Christmas '' , sung by Bing Crosby from the film Holiday Inn , is the best - selling single of all time and speaks nostalgically of a traditional white Christmas .
New Jersey
Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 to 51 inches ( 1,100 to 1,300 mm ) , uniformly spread through the year . Average snowfall per winter season ranges from 10 -- 15 inches ( 25 -- 38 cm ) in the south and near the seacoast , 15 -- 30 inches ( 38 -- 76 cm ) in the northeast and central part of the state , to about 40 -- 50 inches ( 1.0 -- 1.3 m ) in the northwestern highlands , but this often varies considerably from year to year . Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year , with 25 to 30 thunderstorms , most of which occur during the summer .
Climate of Florida
Like the remainder of the Southeastern United States , Florida has a winter maximum in dense fog conditions . Unlike the remainder of the region , the maximum in Florida contains roughly half of the annual occurrences per year , on average . Its summer minimum is less than the remainder of the Southeast . The annual number of heavy fog days ( with visibility of . 25 miles ( 0.40 km ) or less ) has ranged from 50 in Tallahassee , to 1 in Key West , the least foggy region in the state . The two types of fog that are most common in Florida are advection and radiational . Fog can be hazardous to early morning commuters . On January 9 , 2008 , when fog on Interstate 4 combined with smoke from a nearby fire , visibility was reduced to nearly zero . As a result , five individuals died in a 70 - car pileup .
Gun laws in North Carolina
There are some areas in North Carolina where guns are prohibited . It is a Class 1 Misdemeanor for any person to knowingly carry concealed on or about his person on any private premises where notice that carrying a concealed handgun is prohibited by the posting of a conspicuous notice or statement by the person in legal possession or control of the premises . It is also a Class 1 Misdemeanor if a person with or without a permit , for a person to carry concealed a handgun while consuming or having alcohol remain in the person 's body . Carrying any dangerous weapon by a person participating in , affiliated with , or present as a spectator at any parade , funeral procession , picket line , or demonstration on public property or private health care facility is also a Class 1 misdemeanor . Furthermore , it is a Class I Felony for any person knowingly to possess or carry , whether openly or concealed , any gun , rifle , pistol , or other firearm of any kind on educational property or to a curricular or extracurricular activity sponsored by a school . It is also unlawful for any person to possess , or carry , whether openly or concealed , any deadly weapon , not used solely for instructional or officially sanctioned ceremonial purposes in the State Capitol Building , the Executive Mansion , the Western Residence of the Governor , or on the grounds of any of these buildings , and in any building housing any court of the General Court of Justice .
Taiga
The growing season , when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive , is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower threshold to trigger growth . In Canada , Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24 - hour average temperature is + 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) or more . For the Taiga Plains in Canada , growing season varies from 80 to 150 days , and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days . Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga . Other sources mention that 50 -- 100 frost - free days are characteristic . Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80 -- 120 frost - free days . The closed canopy boreal forest in Kenozersky National Park near Plesetsk , Arkhangelsk Province , Russia , on average has 108 frost - free days . The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences ; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145 -- 180 days . The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga -- tundra ecotone , where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50 -- 70 days , and the 24 - hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or less . High latitudes mean that the sun does not rise far above the horizon , and less solar energy is received than further south . But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days , as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day , with only around 6 hours of daylight occurring in the dark winters , depending on latitude . The areas of the taiga inside the Arctic Circle have midnight sun in mid-summer and polar night in mid-winter . Lakes
Geography of Chicago
Chicago 's yearly precipitation averages about 34 inches ( 860 millimeters ) . Summer is typically the rainiest season , with short - lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods . Winter precipitation tends to be more snow than rain . Chicago 's snowiest winter on record was that of 1978 -- 79 , with 89.7 inches ( 227.8 cm ) of snow in total . The winter of 2007 - 08 , with more than 61 inches ( 155 cm ) of snow , was the snowiest in nearly three decades , and the winter of 2008 / 2009 produced just over 50 inches ( 127 cm ) . This marked the first time in three decades that back - to - back winters produced 50 inches or more of snow . Average winter snowfall is normally , depending on the reporting location , 43.1 inches ( 109.5 cm ) . The highest one - day snowfall total in Chicago history was 18.6 inches ( 47.2 cm ) on January 2 , 1999 . Chicago 's highest one - day rainfall total was 6.63 inches ( 168.4 mm ) on September 13 , 2008 . The previous record of 6.49 inches ( 164.8 mm ) had been set on August 14 , 1987 . The record for yearly rainfall is 50.86 inches ( 1,292 mm ) set in 2008 ; 1983 was the wettest year before with 49.35 inches ( 1,253 mm ) .
Season
In the tropics , where seasonal dates also vary , it is more common to speak of the rainy ( or wet , or monsoon ) season versus the dry season . For example , in Nicaragua the dry season ( November to April ) is called ' summer ' and the rainy season ( May to October ) is called ' winter ' , even though it is located in the northern hemisphere . In some tropical areas a three - way division into hot , rainy , and cool season is used . There is no noticeable change in the amount of sunlight at different times of the year . However , many regions ( such as the northern Indian ocean ) are subject to monsoon rain and wind cycles .
Climate of North Dakota
22.58 ( 573.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 11.2 ( 28.4 ) 7.0 ( 17.8 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 3.0 ( 7.6 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 7.9 ( 20.1 ) 11.2 ( 28.4 ) 50.1 ( 127.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 8.3 7.2 8.3 7.4 11.0 11.7 9.5 9.1 8.7 8.3 7.1 9.2 105.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.9 6.7 5.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 5.4 9.5 38.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 73.1 74.7 76.0 65.6 60.0 66.1 66.9 66.5 69.2 68.8 75.7 76.1 69.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 140.9 153.9 212.3 241.6 283.2 303.2 350.2 313.2 231.2 178.9 113.1 107.4 2,629.1 Percent possible sunshine 51 53 58 59 61 64 73 71 61 53 40 40 59 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 )
Southwestern United States
The southwestern United States features a semi-arid to arid climate , depending on the location . Much of the Southwest is an arid desert climate , but higher elevations in the mountains in each state , with the exception of West Texas , feature alpine climates with very large amounts of snow . The metropolitan areas of Phoenix , Tucson , Las Vegas , and El Paso hardly ever receive any snow at all , as they are strictly desert lands with mountains . Albuquerque receives less snow than other cities , but still receives significant snowfalls in the winter time . Although it snows in this region , the snow in this part of the United States melts rapidly , often before nightfall . This is due mainly to the higher altitude and abundant sunshine in these states .
Climate of Africa
Snow is a rare occurrence in Johannesburg ; it fell in May 1956 , August 1962 , June 1964 , September 1981 , August 2006 , and on 27 June 2007 , accumulating up to 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) in the southern suburbs .
Taiga
Taiga Jack London Lake at Kolyma , Russia The taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes , between the tundra , and the temperate forest , from about 50 ° N to 70 ° N , but with considerable regional variation . Ecology Biome Terrestrial subarctic , humid Geography Countries Russia , Mongolia , Japan , Norway , Sweden , Iceland , Finland , United States , Canada , Scotland ( United Kingdom ) Climate type Dfc , Dwc , Dsc
Lake District
The Lake District 's location on the northwest coast of England , coupled with its mountainous geography , makes it the wettest part of England . The UK Met Office reports average annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm ( 80 in ) , but with very large local variation .
North Carolina
During the antebellum period , North Carolina was an overwhelmingly rural state , even by Southern standards . In 1860 only one North Carolina town , the port city of Wilmington , had a population of more than 10,000 . Raleigh , the state capital , had barely more than 5,000 residents .
Southwestern United States
Nevada and Arizona are both generally arid with desert lands and mountains , and receive large amounts of snow in the higher elevations in and near the mountains . New Mexico , Utah , and Colorado are generally arid , with desert lands and mountains as well . They all receive decent amounts of snow and large amounts of snow in the high elevations in the mountains , although some areas in far southwestern and southern New Mexico do not receive much snow at all . West Texas is generally arid as well but does not receive the same amount of snow that the other southwestern states receive at their high elevations . The terrain of western Texas in the Southwest is the flat , rolling land of the plains , which eventually turns into a desert with some hills , and there are significant mountains as well once you reach the Trans - Pecos area .
White Christmas (weather)
According to research by CDIAC meteorologist Dale Kaiser , the United States during the second half of the 20th century experienced declining frequencies of white Christmases , especially in the northeastern region . The National Climatic Data Center based the probability of a white Christmas ( 1 in or 2.5 cm of snow on the ground ) at selected cities upon the 1988 -- 2005 numbers from stations with at least 25 years of data .
North Carolina
North Carolina made the smallest per - capita contribution to the war of any state , as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington ; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene . There was some military action , especially in 1780 -- 81 . Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains , into the Washington District ( later known as Tennessee ) , but in 1789 , following the Revolution , the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands . It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally .
Climate of the United States
The region from the southern Plains , to the lower Midwest , eastward to the central East Coast ( the New York City / coastal Connecticut region southward to Virginia ) has a temperate climate , with cool to cold winters and long hot summers . Daytime highs range from 80 to 90 ° F ( 27 to 32 ° C ) in summer to 35 to 50 ° F ( 2 to 10 ° C ) in winter . Lows range from the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s in summer to 25 to 35 ° F ( − 4 to 2 ° C ) in winter . Cities in this region include Wichita , Kansas , St. Louis , Springfield , Illinois , Indianapolis , Indiana , Columbus , Ohio , Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , Washington , D.C. , Richmond , Virginia , New York City , New Haven , Connecticut , and Atlantic City , New Jersey . Precipitation is spread fairly evenly throughout the year , though as one travels from Indiana westward there is an increasingly prominent early - summer concentration , with a May maximum in northern Texas and Oklahoma , and a June maximum increasingly evident from ( central / northern ) Indiana westward to Kansas . As one travels from east to west across Texas , Oklahoma and Kansas , average annual precipitation steadily decreases . Far western Texas ( El Paso area ) is desert , and average annual precipitation is less than twenty inches ( 510 mm ) in westernmost Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle , where the climate qualifies as semi-arid .
Hurricane Hugo
Because it was a Category 4 hurricane at landfall , the storm brought strong winds to many areas of South Carolina . In Downtown Charleston , sustained winds of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) were reported , along with gusts of 108 mph ( 174 km / h ) . The local National Weather Service office at Charleston International Airport recorded sustained winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) and gusts up to 97 mph ( 156 km / h ) . In Folly Beach , sustained winds of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) and a gust of 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) were reported . The strongest wind gust of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) was recorded by the Snow Goose , which was anchored along the Sampit River near Georgetown . Extensive property damage was reported in several counties , especially in the South Carolina Lowcountry and the Grand Strand . More than 227,800 residences experienced power outages , and 85 % of Bamberg and Orangeburg Counties were left without electricity , while Marion County became completely void of electrical services . Extensive losses reaching $1 billion were reported at Francis Marion National Forest where about 8,800 square miles ( 23,000 km ) of trees were downed , enough timber to build 660,000 homes . Hugo
Baja California
Baja California 's climate varies from Mediterranean to arid . The Mediterranean climate is observed in the northwestern corner of the state where the summers are dry and mild and the winters cool and rainy . This climate is observed in areas from Tijuana to San Quintin and nearby interior valleys . The cold oceanic California Current often creates a low - level marine fog near the coast . The fog occurs along any part of the Pacific Coast of the state . Snowfall
Climate of the Arctic
In most of the Arctic the significant snow melt begins in late May or sometime in June . This begins a feedback , as melting snow reflects less solar radiation ( 50 % to 60 % ) than dry snow , allowing more energy to be absorbed and the melting to take place faster . As the snow disappears on land , the underlying surfaces absorb even more energy , and begin to warm rapidly .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Scotland has the coolest weather of any country in the United Kingdom throughout the year ( with the climate at altitude varying into Cfc ) , with average minimum temperatures in January of − 0.2 ° C ( 31.6 ° F ) . Scotland is also the wettest country in every month , apart from May , June and December , when Wales is wetter . The wettest month is January , with 170.5 mm ( 6.71 in ) on average . Scotland is also the cloudiest country throughout the year , apart from June and July , when Northern Ireland is .
Super Bowl XLVIII
Holding the game in the New York - New Jersey - Connecticut Tri-State Area created the possibility of a `` cold weather Super Bowl '' , leading to much controversy about whether or not MetLife Stadium was an appropriate venue . Further raising the possibility that cold temperatures could have affected the game was that the winter of 2014 was particularly cold in North America . However , the concerns never materialized as a timely warm front had moved into the region prior to the game ; the kick - off temperature for the game was 49 ° F ( 9 ° C ) , never threatening the Super Bowl record low temperature of 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in Super Bowl VI , held at New Orleans ' Tulane Stadium . Precipitation was limited to an occasional drizzle in the latter portions of the game . Team
Climate of the Arctic
Frequent cloud cover , exceeding 80 % frequency over much of the Arctic Ocean in July ( Serreze and Barry , 2005 ) , reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface by reflecting much of it before it gets to the surface . Unusual clear periods can lead to increased sea - ice melt or higher temperatures ( NSIDC ) . The interior of Greenland continues to have less cloud cover than most of the Arctic , so during the summer period , like in spring , this area receives more solar radiation at the surface than any other part of the Arctic . Again though , interior Greenland 's permanent snow cover reflects over 80 % of this energy away from the surface .
Tar Heel
At the time , tar was created by piling up pine logs and burning them until hot oil seeped out from a spout . The vast production of tar from North Carolina led many , including Walt Whitman , to give the derisive nickname of `` Tarboilers '' to the residents of North Carolina . North Carolina was nicknamed the `` Tar and Turpentine State '' because of this industry .
Climate of Salt Lake City
Both precipitation and humidity are highest from March through May and lowest from June through mid-September . Major sources of precipitation are winter snow storms originating in the Gulf of Alaska , late winter and spring rains from the Pineapple Express created in Hawaiian waters , and summer monsoons from the Gulf of California . The airport averages 16.5 inches ( 419 mm ) of precipitation per year , with bench areas receiving up to 20 inches ( 508 mm ) , mainly due to increased snowfall . May is the wettest month , averaging 2.09 inches ( 53.1 mm ) of precipitation . Average year - round humidity is 55 % .
Metrication in the United States
National Weather Service and TV / radio broadcast public forecasts , however , are given almost exclusively in customary units : degrees Fahrenheit for temperature and dewpoint , fractions of an inch of rain or ice and whole inches of snow ( less than an inch often indicated by fractions or informal terms like `` dusting '' when very low ) , inches of mercury ; and for wind speeds , miles per hour , except in marine forecasts , in which knots are used and wave heights are measured in feet . Actual sleet and snowfall and their depths on the ground are measured in tenths of an inch , with actual rainfall in hundredths , and ice accretion in either fractions or decimals . Barometer readings for hurricanes are usually given in millibars ( mb ) , which are equal to hectopascals ( hPa ) , or ten times the kilopascals ( kPa ) used in neighboring Canada ; the use of inches of mercury in such applications is rapidly declining .
Tar Heel
During the late unhappy war between the States it ( North Carolina ) was sometimes called the `` Tar - heel State , '' because tar was made in the State , and because in battle the soldiers of North Carolina stuck to their bloody work as if they had tar on their heels , and when General Lee said , `` God bless the Tar - heel boys , '' they took the name . ( p. 6 )
The impact of geography on colonial America
The Blue Ridge Mountains is a specific region of the Appalachians . The ridgeline of the mountains varies from being 5 to 65 miles wide , with peaks averaging around 2000 to 4000 ft above sea level . The area is covered in forests with hundreds of species of trees found within the range , and today are a source of timber . Beyond the Blue mountains continues the rest of the Appalachians , except in Virginia where the Shenandoah valley opens up .