vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Those that are excused from fast and abstinence outside the age limits include the physically or mentally ill including individuals suffering from chronic illnesses such as diabetes . Also excluded are pregnant or nursing women . In all cases , common sense should prevail , and ill persons should not further jeopardize their health by fasting .
Democratic Party (United States)
A study on the political attitudes of medical students , for example , found that `` U.S. medical students are considerably more likely to be liberal than conservative and are more likely to be liberal than are other young U.S. adults . Future U.S. physicians may be more receptive to liberal messages than current ones , and their political orientation may profoundly affect their health system attitudes . '' Similar results are found for professors , who are more strongly inclined towards liberalism and the Democratic Party than other occupational groups . The Democratic Party also has strong support among scientists , with 55 % identifying as Democrats , 32 % as independents , and 6 % as Republicans and 52 % identifying as liberal , 35 % as moderate , and 9 % as conservative .
Migration in China
The limited access of migrant workers to social insurance highlights their vulnerability . A survey conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2005 reports that only 13 % of rural - urban migrant workers had insurance coverage for occupational injuries and diseases , only 10 % for medical insurance and 15 % for pension scheme . Another survey reports that migrant workers ' participation in pension schemes was as high as 33.7 % ; medical care , 21.6 % ; unemployment insurance , 10.3 % ; employment injury insurance , 31.8 % . The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimates that less than 5 % got pension insurance and less than 3 % of rural migrant laborers enjoyed unemployment insurance .
Health care in the United States
In 2008 researchers with the American Cancer Society found that individuals who lacked private insurance ( including those covered by Medicaid ) were more likely to be diagnosed with late - stage cancer than those who had such insurance . Shared
Terror management theory
Research has demonstrated that self - esteem can play an important role in physical health . In some cases , people may be so concerned with their physical appearance and boosting their self - esteem that they ignore problems or concerns with their own physical health . Arndt et al. ( 2009 ) conducted three studies to examine how peer perceptions and social acceptance of smokers contributes to their quitting , as well as if , and why these people continue smoking for outside reasons , even when faced with thoughts of death and anti-smoking prompts . Tanning and exercising were also looked at in the researchers ' studies . The studies found that people are influenced by the situations around them . Specifically , Arndt et al. ( 2009 ) found in terms of their self - esteem and health , that participants who saw someone exercising were more likely to increase their intentions to exercise . In addition , the researchers found in study two that how participants reacted to an anti-smoking commercial was affected by their motivation for smoking and the situation which they were in . For instance , people who smoked for extrinsic reasons and were previously prompted with death reminders were more likely to be compelled by the anti-smoking message .
Health care in the United States
A 2004 Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) report said , `` the United States is among the few industrialized nations in the world that does not guarantee access to health care for its population . '' There is currently an ongoing political debate centering on questions of access , efficiency , quality , and sustainability . Whether a government - mandated system of universal health care should be implemented in the U.S. remains a hotly debated political topic , with Americans divided along party lines in their views of the U.S. health system and what should be done to improve it . Those in favor of universal health care argue that the large number of uninsured Americans creates direct and hidden costs shared by all , and that extending coverage to all would lower costs and improve quality . Cato Institute Senior Fellow Alan Reynolds argues that people should be free to opt out of health insurance , citing a study by economists Craig Perry and Harvey Rosen that found `` the lack of health insurance among the self - employed does not affect their health . For virtually every subjective and objective measure of their health status , the self - employed and wage - earners are statistically indistinguishable for each other . '' Both sides of the political spectrum have also looked to more philosophical arguments , debating whether people have a fundamental right to have health care provided to them by their government .
Doctor of Public Health
DrPH students are also required to complete a public health practice experience as a critical part of their DrPH program . Students apply the skills learned in public health practice to gain leadership experience and hone their skills through hands - on experience .
Renaissance
The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty . Epidemics ravaged cities , particularly children . Plagues were easily spread by lice , unsanitary drinking water , armies , or by poor sanitation . Children were hit the hardest because many diseases , such as typhus and syphilis , target the immune system , leaving young children without a fighting chance . Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy .
Doctor of Public Health
Sara Josephine Baker - American physician notable for making contributions to public health , especially in the immigrant communities of New York City .
World Health Organization
The country office consists of the WR , and several health and other experts , both foreign and local , as well as the necessary support staff . The main functions of WHO country offices include being the primary adviser of that country 's government in matters of health and pharmaceutical policies .
One-child policy
It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future .
Agent Orange
Several publications by the Public Health Service have shown that veterans have increased rates of cancer , and nerve , digestive , skin , and respiratory disorders . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention notes that in particular , there are higher rates of acute / chronic leukemia , Hodgkin 's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , throat cancer , prostate cancer , lung cancer , colon cancer , Ischemic heart disease , soft tissue sarcoma and liver cancer . With the exception of liver cancer , these are the same conditions the U.S. Veterans Administration has determined may be associated with exposure to Agent Orange / dioxin , and are on the list of conditions eligible for compensation and treatment .
Bubonic plague
Also known as the modern pandemic , the third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout the world in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century via shipping routes . The plague inflicted people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900 - 1904 , and the people of Oakland and east bay again from 1907 - 1909 . During the outbreak from 1900 - 1904 in San Francisco is when authorities made permanent the Chinese Exclusion Act . This law was originally signed into existence by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882 . The Chinese Exclusion Act was supposed to last for ten years but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act and subsequently made permanent in 1902 during the outbreak of plague in Chinatown , San Francisco . The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924 , though the disease is still present in wild rodents , and can be passed to humans that come in contact with them . According to the World Health Organization , the pandemic was considered active until 1959 , when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year . In 1994 , a plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections ( including 52 deaths ) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the plague .
World Health Organization
The WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems ( WHO - AIMS ) , the WHO Quality of Life Instrument ( WHOQOL ) , and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment ( SARA ) provide guidance for data collection . Collaborative efforts between WHO and other agencies , such as through the Health Metrics Network , also aim to provide sufficient high - quality information to assist governmental decision making . WHO promotes the development of capacities in member states to use and produce research that addresses their national needs , including through the Evidence - Informed Policy Network ( EVIPNet ) . The Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO / AMRO ) became the first region to develop and pass a policy on research for health approved in September 2009 .
Tooth decay
Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis ( cleaning ) . Sometimes , complete plaque removal is difficult , and a dentist or dental hygienist may be needed . Along with oral hygiene , radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high - risk areas of the mouth ( e.g. `` bitewing '' X-rays which visualize the crowns of the back teeth ) .
South Africa
Only 16 % of the population is covered by medical schemes . About 20 % use private healthcare . The rest pay `` out of pocket '' or through hospital cash plans . The three dominant hospital groups , Mediclinic , Life Healthcare and Netcare , together control 75 % of the market . About 84 % of the population depend on the public healthcare system , which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources .
Terror management theory
In the Hansen et al. ( 2010 ) experiment the researchers manipulated mortality salience . In the experiment , Hansen et al. ( 2010 ) examined smokers ' attitudes towards the behavior of smoking . Actual warning labels were utilized to create mortality salience in this specific experiment . The researchers first gave participants a questionnaire to measure their smoking - based self - esteem . Following the questionnaire , participants were randomly assigned to two different conditions ; the first were given anti-smoking warning labels about death and the second , control group were exposed to anti-smoking warning labels not dealing with death . Before the participants ' attitudes towards smoking were taken the researchers introduced an unrelated question to provide a delay . Further research has demonstrated that delays allow mortality salience to emerge because thoughts of death become non-conscious . Finally , participants were asked questions regarding their intended future smoking behavior . However , one weakness in their conduction was that the final questionnaire addressed opinions and behavioral questions , as opposed to the participants level of persuasion regarding the different anti-smoking warning labels .
Tooth decay
Poverty is also a significant social determinant for oral health . Dental caries have been linked with lower socio - economic status and can be considered a disease of poverty .
Birth control in the United States
Funding Title X Medicaid Take Charge Contraceptive mandates Goals Healthy People program `` responsible sexual behavior '' indicator
Smallpox vaccine
In 1804 the Balmis Expedition , an official Spanish mission commanded by Francisco Javier de Balmis , sailed to spread the vaccine throughout the Spanish Empire , first to the Canary Islands and on to Spanish Central America . While his deputy , José Salvany , took vaccine to the west and east coasts of Spanish South America , Balmis sailed to Manila in the Philippines and on to Canton and Macao on the Chinese coast . He returned to Spain in 1806 .
APA Ethics Code
The CIA reportedly required involvement from health professionals to continue its practice of `` enhanced '' interrogations on detainees , to maintain the lawfulness of their practices . Psychiatrists and medical doctors were reluctant to participate in interrogations , however some psychologists participated . A recently released report by a group of psychologists alleges the same , implicating a number of APA officials as well .
Smallpox vaccine
In May 2007 , the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee of the FDA voted unanimously that a new live virus vaccine produced by Acambis , ACAM2000 , is both safe and effective for use in persons at high risk of exposure to smallpox virus . However , due to the high rate of serious adverse effects , the vaccine will only be made available to the CDC ( a part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services ) for the Strategic National Stockpile .
Chickenpox
In temperate countries , chickenpox is primarily a disease of children , with most cases occurring during the winter and spring , most likely due to school contact . It is one of the classic diseases of childhood , with the highest prevalence in the 4 -- 10 - year - old age group . Like rubella , it is uncommon in preschool children . Varicella is highly communicable , with an infection rate of 90 % in close contacts . In temperate countries , most people become infected before adulthood , and 10 % of young adults remain susceptible .
Pharynx
In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . ( The conducting zone also includes the nostrils of the nose , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles , and their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections : the nasopharynx , the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx . It is also important in vocalization .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of the United States , as well as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century . Historians and political scientists consistently rank Roosevelt , George Washington , and Abraham Lincoln as the three greatest presidents .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
As opposed to measuring income , the Consensual Method examines which necessities ( e.g. food , clothing , access to healthcare , involvement in social and leisure activities ) are thought by the general public to be essential for living in contemporary UK society . Those families or individual who lack a number of these necessities are considered as poor . In the 2012 Poverty and Social Exclusion ( PSE ) survey on Living Standards , the three necessities deemed as being most often essential to a good standard of living were the ability ' to warm living areas of the home ' , a ' damp - free home ' and ' two meals a day . '
West African Ebola virus epidemic
To reduce the spread , the WHO recommended raising community awareness of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take . These include avoiding contact with infected people and regular hand washing using soap and water . A condition of extreme poverty exists in many of the areas that experienced a high incidence of infections . According to the director of the NGO Plan International in Guinea , `` The poor living conditions and lack of water and sanitation in most districts of Conakry pose a serious risk that the epidemic escalates into a crisis . People do not think to wash their hands when they do not have enough water to drink . '' One study showed that once people had heard of the Ebola virus disease , hand washing with soap and water improved , though socio - demographic factors influenced hygiene .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Several Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to 2014 and had been shown to protect nonhuman primates against infection , but none had yet been approved for clinical use in humans . According to a 2015 review article , about 15 different vaccines were in preclinical stages of development , including DNA vaccines , virus - like particles and viral vectors. and another seven as yet unheard - of vaccines were being developed . Additionally , there were two phase III studies being conducted with two different vaccines ...
Health care in the United States
As of 2007 , around 85 % of Americans had some form of health insurance ; either through their employer or the employer of their spouse or parent ( 59 % ) , purchased individually ( 9 % ) , or provided by government programs ( 28 % ; there is some overlap in these figures ) .
CCR5
C-C chemokine receptor type 5 , also known as CCR5 or CD195 , is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines . This is the process by which T cells are attracted to specific tissue and organ targets . Many forms of HIV , the virus that causes AIDS , initially use CCR5 to enter and infect host cells . Certain individuals carry a mutation known as CCR5 - Δ32 in the CCR5 gene , protecting them against these strains of HIV .
World Health Organization
The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report , the worldwide World Health Survey , and World Health Day . The Director - General of WHO is Tedros Adhanom who started his five - year term on 1 July 2017 .
Migration in China
The issue of internal migration and health in China is intricately linked with the health policies national and local level governments enforce . `` Policy toward rural - urban migration in China has undergone a significant shift in the last decade , and improving the working and living conditions and access to health care of migrant workers in cities is now clearly on the agenda of national and local governments . Nonetheless , migrants ' mobility and their concentration in hazardous industries continue to make it difficult to reduce their exposure to environmental and occupational health risks and to ensure their access to affordable care . '' In order to further improve the `` living conditions and acces to health care of migrant workers in cities , '' a number of scholars have recently provided policy recommendations .
Society of the United States
Political behavior is affected by class ; more affluent individuals are more likely to vote , and education and income affect whether individuals tend to vote for the Democratic or Republican party . Income also had a significant impact on health as those with higher incomes had better access to health care facilities , higher life expectancy , lower infant mortality rate and increased health consciousness .
Philippines
There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people , 480,910 nurses , 43,220 dentists , and 1 hospital bed per every 769 people . Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem . 70 % of nursing graduates go overseas to work . The Philippines is the biggest supplier of nurses for export .
Smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley , England . At the age of 13 , he was apprenticed to apothecary Daniel Ludlow and later surgeon George Hardwick in nearby Sodbury . He observed that people who caught cowpox while working with cattle were known not to catch smallpox . Jenner assumed a causal connection but the idea was not taken up at that time . From 1770 to 1772 Jenner received advanced training in London at St Georges Hospital and as the private pupil of John Hunter , then returned to set up practice in Berkeley . When a smallpox epidemic occurred he advised the local cattle workers to be inoculated , but they told him that their previous cowpox infection would prevent smallpox . This confirmed his childhood suspicion , and he studied cowpox further , presenting a paper on it to his local medical society .
United Nations
The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties . Some best - known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Food and Agriculture Organization , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Bank , and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies . Examples include mass vaccination programmes ( through WHO ) , the avoidance of famine and malnutrition ( through the work of the WFP ) , and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people ( for example , by UNHCR ) .
Rob Schneider
Schneider has been an outspoken critic of childhood vaccinations , promoting the refuted claim that they are dangerous and cause autism , which is contrary to the scientific consensus on the subject . In an interview with News10 in Sacramento , Schneider opined that `` The efficacy of these shots have not been proven ... And the toxicity of these things -- we 're having more and more side effects . We 're having more and more autism . '' He also views the actions from the state to mandate vaccinations as government overreach : `` It 's illegal . You ca n't make people do procedures that they do n't want . The parents have to be the ones who make the decisions for what 's best for our kids . It ca n't be the government saying that . It 's against the Nuremberg Laws . '' Schneider 's statements have been discredited as lacking any factual basis .
Free clinic
Free clinics function as health care safety nets , meaning they provide essential services regardless of the patient 's ability to pay . Hospital emergency rooms are required by federal law to treat everyone regardless of their ability to pay , so people who lack the means to pay for care often seek treatment in emergency rooms for minor ailments . Treating people in the ER is expensive and it ties up resources designed for emergencies . When a community has a free clinic , hospitals can steer patients to the clinic who otherwise would have been seen in the ER , patients who have a simple ear ache , pink eye , strep throat , flu , etc . For this reason most hospitals are supportive of free clinics . Hospitals are a primary source for equipment and supplies for free clinics . When they upgrade equipment , they will often donate the older equipment to the local free clinic . In addition some hospitals supply most or all of a local clinics day - to - day medical supplies , and some do lab work free of cost as well .
Smallpox vaccine
In the United States vaccination was regulated by individual states , the first to impose compulsory vaccination being Massachusetts in 1809 . There then followed sequences of compulsion , opposition and repeal in various states . By 1930 Arizona , Utah , North Dakota and Minnesota prohibited compulsory vaccination , 35 states allowed regulation by local authorities , or had no legislation affecting vaccination , whilst in ten states , including Washington D.C. and Massachusetts , infant vaccination was compulsory . Compulsory infant vaccination was regulated by only allowing access to school for those who had been vaccinated . Those seeking to enforce compulsory vaccination argued that the public good overrode personal freedom , a view supported by the U.S. Supreme Court in Jacobson v. Massachusetts in 1905 , a landmark ruling which set a precedent for cases dealing with personal freedom and the public good .