vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Serial killer
Leadership , or administration , should play a small or virtually non-existent role in the actual investigation past assigning knowledgeable or experienced homicide investigators to lead positions . The administration 's role is not to run the investigation but to establish and reaffirm the primary goal of catching the serial killer , as well as provide support for the investigators . The FBI ( 2008 ) suggests completing Memorandums of Understanding to facilitate support and commitment of resources from different jurisdictions to an investigation . Egger ( 1998 ) takes this one step further and suggests completing mutual aid pacts , which are written agreements to provide support to each other in a time of need , with surrounding jurisdictions . Doing this in advance would save time and resources that could be used on the investigation . Organization
Lobbying in the United States
Law in the United States is generally made by Congress , but as the federal government has expanded during much of the twentieth century , there are a sizeable number of federal agencies , generally under the control of the president . These agencies write often industry - specific rules and regulations regarding such things as automobile safety and air quality . Unlike elected congresspersons who are constantly seeking campaign funds , these appointed officials are harder to influence , generally . However , there are indications that lobbyists seek to expand their influence from the halls of Congress deeper into the federal bureaucracy .
Lobbying in the United States
The structure of representative government , elected by the people , was to be our system 's built - in protection of the whole of us -- fairly elected officeholders were to represent their constituent groups , free from any obligations to special interests . Unfortunately , money has corrupted the system and compromised both the fairness of the electoral process as well as the independence and impartiality of elected officials . --
Marshall Plan
The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation took the leading role in allocating funds , and the OEEC arranged for the transfer of the goods . The American supplier was paid in dollars , which were credited against the appropriate European Recovery Program funds . The European recipient , however , was not given the goods as a gift , but had to pay for them ( usually on credit ) in local currency . These payments were kept by the European government involved in a special counterpart fund . This counterpart money , in turn , could be used by the government for further investment projects . Five percent of the counterpart money was paid to the US to cover the administrative costs of the ERP . The Marshall Plan money was in the form of grants that did not have to be repaid . In addition to ERP grants , the Export - Import Bank ( an agency of the US government ) at the same time made long - term loans at low interest rates to finance major purchases in the US , all of which were repaid .
Bird ringing
The organising body , by collating many such reports , can then determine patterns of bird movements for large populations . Non-ringing / banding scientists can also obtain data for use in bird - related research . A
Elections in the United States
Thus , it is up to the candidate to decide under what party he / she should run , registers to run , pays the fees , etc . In the primary elections , the party organization stays neutral until one candidate has been elected . The platform of the party is written by the winning candidate ( in presidential elections ; in other elections no platform is involved ) . Each candidate has his or her own campaign , fund raising organization , etc . The primary elections in the main parties are organized by the states , who also register the party affiliation of the voters ( this also makes it easier to gerrymander the congressional districts ) . The party is thus little more than a campaign organization for the main elections .
Natural selection
Selection can also be classified by the level or unit of selection . Individual selection acts on the individual , in the sense that adaptations are `` for '' the benefit of the individual , and result from selection among individuals . Gene selection acts directly at the level of the gene . In kin selection and intragenomic conflict , gene - level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process . Group selection , if it occurs , acts on groups of organisms , on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals . There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature .
United Church of Christ
Associations meet at least once annually to elect officers and board members and set budgets for the association 's work ; fellowship and informational workshops are often conducted during those meetings , which may take place more frequently according to local custom . In a few instances where there is only one association within a conference , or where the associations within a conference have agreed to dissolve , the Conference ( below ) assumes the association 's functions . Conferences
GoFundMe
GoFundMe targets Social Media platforms to create awareness for campaigns . GoFundMe hired Daniel Pfeiffer in 2015 as the communications and policy chief . Pfeiffer originally served as an advisor to president Obama . Pfeiffer 's job is to help campaigns breakout by sharing them on social media . This helps create a spike in donations for good causes .
Office of Inspector General (United States)
Some inspectors general , the heads of the offices , are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate . For example , both the inspector general of the U.S. Department of Labor and the inspector general of the U.S. Agency for International Development are presidentially appointed . The remaining inspectors general are designated by their respective agency heads , such as the U.S. Postal Service inspector general . Presidentially appointed IGs can only be removed , or terminated , from their positions by the President of the United States , whereas designated inspectors general can be terminated by the agency head . However , in both cases Congress must be notified of the termination , removal , or reassignment .
Education in India
These are usually charitable trust run schools that receive partial funding from the government . Largest system of aided schools is run by D.A.V. College Managing Committee . Private
Carnegie Corporation of New York
With Gardner , the corporation began the era of strategic philanthropy - the planned , organized , deliberately constructed means to attain stated ends . It no longer sufficed to fund a socially desirable project ; rather , the knowledge must produce useful results and be communicated to the public , the media , and decision makers with the intention of fostering policy debate . A major objective was to develop programs that might be implemented and scaled up by larger organizations , especially government . The change to `` institutional transfer '' was partly in response to the relatively diminished power of the corporation 's resources , making it necessary to achieve `` leverage '' and `` multiplier effects '' if it was to have any effect at all . The corporation considered itself as a trendsetter in the world of philanthropy , often funding research or providing seed money for ideas while others financed the more costly operations . As an example , it advanced the ideas resulting in creation of the National Assessment of Educational Progress , later adopted by the federal government . Declaring that a foundation 's most precious asset was its sense of direction , Gardner gathered a competent professional staff of generalists whom he called his `` cabinet of strategy , '' regarding it as a resource for the corporation as important as its endowment .
Lobbying in the United States
A similar concern voiced by critics of lobbying is that Washington politics has become dominated by elites , and that it is an `` insider 's game '' excluding regular citizens and which favors entrenched firms . Individuals generally can not afford to lobby , and critics question whether corporations with `` deeper pockets '' should have greater power than regular persons . In this view , the system favors the rich , such that the `` rich have gotten richer , the weak weaker '' , admits lobbyist Gerald Cassidy . There is concern that those having more money and better political connections can exert more influence than others . However , analyst Barry Hessenius made a case that the excessive for - profit lobbying could be counteracted if there were more efforts to increase nonprofit lobbying and boost their effectiveness . There is so much money that it has been described as a `` flood '' that has a `` corrupting influence '' , so that the United States appears to be `` awash '' in interest groups . If coalitions of different forces battle in the political arena for favorable treatment and better rules and tax breaks , it can be seen as fair if both sides have equal resources and try to fight for their interests as best they can . Gerald Cassidy said :
Taxation in the United States
Organization of state and local tax administrations varies widely . Every state maintains a tax administration . A few states administer some local taxes in whole or part . Most localities also maintain a tax administration or share one with neighboring localities .
United States Postal Service
The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees .
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Prior to 1986 , organizations administering BCBS were tax exempt under 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) as social welfare plans . However , the Tax Reform Act of 1986 revoked the exemption , because the plans sold commercial - type insurance . They became 501 ( m ) organizations , subject to federal taxation , but entitled to `` special tax benefits '' under IRC 833 .
Child care
Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . In non-profits , the title of the most senior supervisor is typically `` executive director '' , following the convention of most non-profit organizations .
Lobbying in the United States
Well - connected lobbyists work in Washington for years , know the issues , are highly skilled advocates , and have cultivated close connections with members of Congress , regulators , specialists , and others . They understand strategy and have excellent communication skills ; many are well suited to be able to choose which clients they would like to represent . Lobbyists patiently cultivate networks of powerful people , over many years , trying to build trust and maintain confidence and friendships . When a client hires them to push a specific issue or agenda , they usually form coalitions to exert political pressure . Lobbying , as a result , depends on trying to be flexible to new opportunities , but at the same time , to act as an agent for a client . As one lobbyist put it :
Lobbying in the United States
barred lobbyists themselves from buying gifts and meals for legislators , but left a loophole in which firms and organizations represented by those lobbyists could still dole out gifts and perks ; allowed privately funded trips if lawmakers got prior approval from a commissioned ethics committee ; required lobbyists to file frequent and detailed activity reports and have them posted publicly . The bill was approved in 2006 by a 90 -- 8 vote .
Central Intelligence Agency
Other changes which were announced include the formation of a Talent Development Center of Excellence , the enhancement and expansion of the CIA University and the creation of the office of the Chancellor to head the CIA University in order to consolidate and unify recruitment and training efforts . The office of the Executive Director will be empowered and expanded and the secretarial offices serving the Executive Director will be streamlined . The restructuring of the entire Agency is to be revamped according to a new model whereby governance is modelled after the structure and hierarchy of corporations , said to increase the efficiency of workflow and to greatly enable the Executive Director to manage day - to - day activity . As well , another stated intention was to establish ' Mission Centers ' , each one to deal with a specific geographic region of the world , which will bring the full collaboration and joint efforts of the five Directorates together under one roof . While the Directorate heads will still retain ultimate authority over their respective Directorate , the Mission Centers will be led by an Assistant Director who will work with the capabilities and talents of all five Directorates on mission specific goals for the parts of the world which they are given responsibility for .
Electoral College (United States)
Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election .
Primary election
In Europe , primaries are not organized by the public administration but by parties themselves . Legislation is mostly silent on primaries . The main reason to this is that the electoral system used to form governments , be it proportional representation or two - round systems , lessens the need for an open primary .
New Deal
At first , the New Deal created programs primarily for men as it was assumed that the husband was the `` breadwinner '' ( the provider ) and if they had jobs the whole family would benefit . It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married -- in many states , there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government . So too in the relief world , it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA . This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women , but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well .
Institution
In political science , the effect of institutions on behavior has also been considered from a meme perspective , like game theory borrowed from biology . A `` memetic institutionalism '' has been proposed , suggesting that institutions provide selection environments for political action , whereby differentiated retention arises and thereby a Darwinian evolution of institutions over time . Public choice theory , another branch of economics with a close relationship to political science , considers how government policy choices are made , and seeks to determine what the policy outputs are likely to be , given a particular political decision - making process and context . Credibility thesis purports that institutions emerge from intentional institution - building but never in the originally intended form . Instead , institutional development is endogenous and spontaneously ordered and institutional persistence can be explained by their credibility , which is provided by the function that particular institutions serve .
Public administration
Despite all of its set backs there are examples of the application of well - formed Comparative Public Administration working in the world today . One of which is the comparison on the national level David Clark an author in this field states `` In spite of similarities in public management reform rhetoric , it is argued that there is increasing divergence in the philosophy & practice of public service in the two nations , & and these differences reflect regimes that incorporate different ideals of citizenship . '' This highlights the benefit of proper comparison of public administration . By examining patterns that emerge in international public sectors one can identify similarities and differences in many things including ideals of citizenship on the local level . Although the United States failed use of Comparative Public Administration in the Middle East is noted , they did properly incorporate it domestically . `` During the Clinton administration , the focus on residential energy consumption in the United States was elevated to a high level with the inauguration of the Million Solar Roofs initiative , in which the Department of Energy ( DOE ) sponsored workshops , developed a pool of existing federal lending and financing options , and worked with partners in the solar and building industries to remove market barriers to strengthen grassroots demand for solar technologies '' .
Lobbying in the United States
Lobbyists often assist congresspersons with campaign finance by arranging fundraisers , assembling PACs , and seeking donations from other clients . Many lobbyists become campaign treasurers and fundraisers for congresspersons . This helps incumbent members cope with the substantial amounts of time required to raise money for reelection bids ; one estimate was that congresspersons had to spend a third of their working hours on fundraising activity . PACs are fairly easy to set up ; it requires a lawyer and about $300 , roughly . An even steeper possible reward which can be used in exchange for favors is the lure of a high - paying job as a lobbyist ; according to Jack Abramoff , one of the best ways to `` get what he wanted '' was to offer a high - ranking congressional aide a high - paying job after they decided to leave public office . When such a promise of future employment was accepted , according to Abramoff , `` we owned them '' . This helped the lobbying firm exert influence on that particular congressperson by going through the staff member or aide . At the same time , it is hard for outside observers to argue that a particular decision , such as hiring a former staffer into a lobbying position , was purely as a reward for some past political decision , since staffers often have valuable connections and policy experience needed by lobbying firms . Research economist Mirko Draca suggested that hiring a staffer was an ideal way for a lobbying firm to try to sway their old bosses -- a congressperson -- in the future .
Secretary
With time , like many titles , the term was applied to more and varied functions , leading to compound titles to specify various secretarial work better , like general secretary or financial secretary . Just `` secretary '' remained in use either as an abbreviation when clear in the context or for relatively modest positions such as administrative assistant of the officer ( s ) in charge , either individually or as member of a secretariat . As such less influential posts became more feminine and common with the multiplication of bureaucracies in the public and private sectors , new words were also coined to describe them , such as personal assistant .
Olympic Games
The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations , recognised media partners , as well as athletes , officials , judges , and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter . As the umbrella organisation of the Olympic Movement , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is responsible for selecting the host city , overseeing the planning of the Olympic Games , updating and approving the sports program , and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights .
Political party
Political parties , still called factions by some , especially those in the governmental apparatus , are lobbied vigorously by organizations , businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions . Money and gifts - in - kind to a party , or its leading members , may be offered as incentives . Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right - of - centre cadre parties . Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left - of - centre workers ' parties . They started a new party type , the mass membership party , and a new source of political fundraising , membership dues .
Office of Inspector General (United States)
While the IG Act of 1978 requires that inspectors general be selected based upon their qualifications and not political affiliation , presidentially appointed inspectors general are considered political appointees and are often selected , if only in part and in addition to their qualifications , because of their political relationships and party affiliation . An example of the role political affiliation plays in the selection of an inspector general , and the resulting pitfalls , can be seen in the 2001 Republican appointment ( and resignation under fire ) of Janet Rehnquist ( daughter of former Chief Justice of the United States , William Rehnquist ) to the post of inspector general for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .