vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of coal mining
The Industrial Revolution , which began in Britain in the 18th century , and later spread to continental Europe , North America , and Japan , was based on the availability of coal to power steam engines . International trade expanded exponentially when coal - fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships during the Victorian era . Coal was cheaper and much more efficient than wood fuel in most steam engines . As central and Northern England contains an abundance of coal , many mines were situated in these areas as well as the South Wales coalfield and Scotland . The small - scale techniques were unsuited to the increasing demand , with extraction moving away from surface extraction to deep shaft mining as the Industrial Revolution progressed .
Borneo
Stone pillars bearing inscriptions in the Pallava script , found in Kutai along the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan and dating to around the second half of the 4th century , constitute some of the oldest evidence of Hindu influence in Southeast Asia . By the 14th century , Borneo became a vassal state of Majapahit ( in present - day Indonesia ) , later changing its allegiance to the Ming dynasty of China . The religion of Islam entered the island in the 10th century , following the arrival of Muslim traders who later converted many indigenous peoples in the coastal areas .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Even as America 's westward expansion allowed over 400 million acres ( 1,600,000 km2 ) of new land to be put under cultivation , between 1870 and 1910 the number of Americans involved in farming or farm labor dropped by a third . New farming techniques and agricultural mechanization facilitated both processes . Cyrus McCormick 's reaper ( invented in 1834 ) allowed farmers to quadruple their harvesting efficiency by replacing hand labor with a mechanical device . John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837 , keeping the soil from sticking to the plow and making it easier to farm in the rich prairies of the Midwest . The harvester , self - binder , and combine allowed even greater efficiencies : wheat farmers in 1866 achieved an average yield of 9.9 bushels per acre but by 1898 yields had increased to 15.3 bushels per acre even as the total area had tripled .
History of education in the United States
In the deep south ( Georgia and South Carolina ) , schooling was carried on by primarily by private venture teachers and a hodgepodge of publicly funded projects . In the colony of Georgia , at least ten grammar schools were in operation by 1770 , many taught by ministers . The Bethesda Orphan House educated children . Dozens of private tutors and teachers advertised their service in newspapers . A study of women 's signatures indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools . In South Carolina , scores of school projects were advertised in the South Carolina Gazette beginning in 1732 . Although it is difficult to know how many ads yielded successful schools , many of the ventures advertised repeatedly over years , suggesting continuity .
Industrial Revolution
Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots .
History of agriculture
Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC . From around 9,500 BC , the eight Neolithic founder crops -- emmer wheat , einkorn wheat , hulled barley , peas , lentils , bitter vetch , chick peas , and flax -- were cultivated in the Levant . Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC , followed by mung , soy and azuki beans . Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC , followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC . Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC . Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC . Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5,000 BC . In the Andes of South America , the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC , along with beans , coca , llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs . Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea . In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC . Camels were domesticated late , perhaps around 3,000 BC .
Alcohol laws of Kansas
As of December 19 , 2016 , ten dry counties never approved the 1986 amendment and therefore continue to prohibit any and all sale of liquor by the drink . On - premises sales are illegal in these dry counties . 63 other counties ( including Johnson County , the largest county in Kansas and the largest Kansas portion of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area ) have approved the 1986 amendment with the food sales requirement . Only 29 counties in Kansas have approved the 1986 amendment without limitation and allow liquor to be sold by the drink on - premises without any food sales requirement . The counties which are entirely `` wet '' include most of those with Kansas 's larger cities , such as Douglas , where Lawrence and the University of Kansas are located , Sedgwick , where Wichita is located , Shawnee , where Topeka is located , and Wyandotte , where Kansas City is located . The counties which are home to Fort Riley , a large United States Army base , Geary and Riley , are also totally wet . Riley County 's seat , Manhattan , is home to the state 's other large college campus , Kansas State University .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
By 1884 , the same year Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published , the fiddle - based song was referred to as `` an old , familiar air . '' In 1925 , another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published .
Barbados
Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese visited the island in 1536 , but they left it unclaimed , with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados in 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .
History of Maryland
On March 1 , 1781 , the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union took effect with Maryland 's ratification . The articles had initially been submitted to the states on November 17 , 1777 , but the ratification process dragged on for several years , stalled by an interstate quarrel over claims to uncolonized land in the west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River . Maryland was the last hold - out ; it refused to ratify until larger states like Virginia and New York agreed to rescind their claims to lands in what became the old Northwest Territory and the Southwest Territory . Marylander
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
By the declaration of the American Revolution , with George Washington as its military leader , a number of dietary changes had already occurred in America . Coffee was quickly becoming the normal hot drink of the colonies and a taste for whiskey had been acquired among many of those who could produce it . In fact , in 1774 , the first corn was grown in Kentucky specifically for production of American Bourbon whiskey . This step may have established this American spirit in American culture , just as the country was going to war with England . In addition to whiskey coming into favor , a shift began in the consumption of cider over beer . Colonists opted to grow less barley as it was easier to ferment apple cider than to brew beer . Another reason for this change would have been the lack of imported hops needed to brew beer . As
Written Chinese
Bamboo and wooden slips , from at least the thirteenth century BC Paper , invented no later than the second century BC Silk , since at least the Han dynasty Stone , metal , wood , bamboo , plastic and ivory on seals .
Southern United States
The Southern United States , also known as the American South , is a region of the United States of America . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia , permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations . However , the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South . The southeast region was formed by volcanic activity an
Rainwater harvesting
The main factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year , 97 % of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County , in the southern suburbs of Denver , never reached a stream -- it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground . In Colorado , one can not even drill a water well on properties less than 35 acres ( 14 ha ) . Rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment . Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable purposes . Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012 , to promote pilot projects for rainwater and graywater use among other water - saving techniques . In Beijing , some housing societies are now adding rainwater in their main water sources after proper treatment . In Ireland , Professor Micheal Mcginley established a project to design a rainwater harvesting prototype in the biosystems design challenge module at University College Dublin
New Spain
In 1610 , Pedro de Peralta , a later governor of the Province of New Mexico , established the settlement of Santa Fe near the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo mountain range . Missions were established to convert the locals , and manage the agricultural industry . The territory 's indigenous population resented the Spanish prohibition of their traditional religion , and the encomienda system of forced labor . The unrest led to the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 , forcing the Spanish to retreat to Paso del Norte ( modern - day Ciudad Juárez . ) After the return of the Spanish in 1692 , the final resolution included a marked reduction of Spanish efforts to eradicate native culture and religion , the issuing of substantial communal land grants to each Pueblo , and a public defender of their rights and for their legal cases in Spanish courts . In 1776 the Province came under the new Provincias Internas jurisdiction . In the late 18th century the Spanish land grant encouraged the settlement by individuals of large land parcels outside Mission and Pueblo boundaries , many of which became ranchos . California
Cousin marriage
These developments led to 13 states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s . Though contemporaneous , the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans . George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics , which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques . By the 1920s , the number of bans had doubled . Since that time , Kentucky ( 1943 ) and Texas have banned first - cousin marriage and since 1985 , Maine has mandated genetic counseling for marrying cousins to minimise risk to any of serious health defect to their children . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed , but no state has dropped its prohibition .
Dust Bowl
President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains .
History of agriculture
The mechanisation and rationalisation of agriculture was another important factor . Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding , and initiated a process of inbreeding to maximise desirable traits from the mid 18th century , such as the New Leicester sheep . Machines were invented to improve the efficiency of various agricultural operation , such as Jethro Tull 's seed drill of 1701 that mechanised seeding at the correct depth and spacing and Andrew Meikle 's threshing machine of 1784 . Ploughs were steadily improved , from Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham iron plough in 1730 to James Small 's improved `` Scots Plough '' metal in 1763 . In 1789 Ransomes , Sims & Jefferies was producing 86 plough models for different soils . Powered farm machinery began with Richard Trevithick 's stationary steam engine , used to drive a threshing machine , in 1812 . Mechanisation spread to other farm uses through the 19th century . The first petrol - driven tractor was built in America by John Froelich in 1892 .
Factory Acts
Dissatisfied with the outcome of Hobhouse 's efforts , in 1832 Michael Thomas Sadler introduced a Bill extending the protection existing Factory Acts gave to children working in the cotton industry to those in other textile industries , and reducing to ten per day the working hours of children in the industries legislated for . A network of ' Short Time Committees ' had grown up in the textile districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire , working for a ' ten - hour day Act ' for children , with many millhands in the Ten Hour Movement hoping that this would in practice also limit the adult working day . Witnesses to one of the Committees taking evidence on Peel 's Bill had noted that there were few millworkers over forty , and that they themselves expected to have to stop mill work at that age because of ' the pace of the mill ' unless working hours were reduced . Hobhouse advised Richard Oastler , an early and leading advocate of factory legislation for the woolen industry , that Hobhouse had got as much as he could , given the opposition of Scottish flax - spinners and ' the state of public business ' : if Sadler put forward a Bill matching the aims of the Short Time Committees `` he will not be allowed to proceed a single stage with any enactment , and ... he will only throw an air of ridicule and extravagance over the whole of this kind of legislation '' . Oastler responded that a failure with a Ten Hour Bill would `` not dishearten its friends . It will only spur them on to greater exertions , and would undoubtedly lead to certain success '' Sadler
Colonial history of the United States
Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles . Slavery was officially forbidden , as were alcohol and other forms of immorality . However , the reality of the colony was far different . The colonists rejected a moralistic lifestyle and complained that their colony could not compete economically with the Carolina rice plantations . Georgia initially failed to prosper , but eventually the restrictions were lifted , slavery was allowed , and it became as prosperous as the Carolinas . The colony of Georgia never had an established religion ; it consisted of people of various faiths . East
Boston Tea Party
In 1767 , to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea , Parliament passed the Indemnity Act , which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain , and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25 % duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies . To help offset this loss of government revenue , Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 , which levied new taxes , including one on tea , in the colonies . Instead of solving the smuggling problem , however , the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament 's right to tax the colonies .
Modern history
Slavery was greatly reduced around the world in the 19th century . Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans , banned slavery throughout its domain , and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade . Slavery was then abolished in Russia , America , and Brazil . African
Voting rights in the United States
From early in the 20th century , the newly established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) took the lead in organizing or supporting legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement . Gradually they planned the strategy of which cases to take forward . In Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) , the first case in which the NAACP filed a brief , the Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland . Other states in which it was used had to retract their legislation as well . The challenge was successful .
Rhode Island
The Blackstone River Valley was a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution . It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater set up Slater Mill in 1793 , using the waterpower of the Blackstone River to power his cotton mill . For a while , Rhode Island was one of the leaders in textiles . However , with the Great Depression , most textile factories relocated to southern U.S. states . The textile industry still constitutes a part of the Rhode Island economy but does not have the same power that it once had .
Economy of Scotland
Scotland 's heavy industry began to develop in the second half of the 18th century . The Carron Company established its ironworks at Falkirk in 1759 , initially using imported ore but later using locally sourced Ironstone . The iron industry expanded tenfold between 1830 and 1844 . The shipbuilding industry on the River Clyde increased greatly from the 1840s and by 1870 the Clyde was producing more than half of Britain 's tonnage of shipping . The heavy industries based around shipbuilding and locomotives went into severe decline after World War II . Manufacturing in Scotland has shifted its focus , with heavy industries such as shipbuilding and iron and steel declining in their importance and contribution to the economy . It is generally argued that this has been in response to increasing globalisation and competition from low cost producers across the world , which has eroded Scotland 's comparative advantage in such industries over the later half of the 20th century . However , the decline in heavy industry in Scotland has been supplanted with the rise in the manufacture of lighter , less labour - intensive products such as optoelectronics , software , chemical products and derivatives as well as life sciences . The engineering and defence sectors employ around 30,000 people in Scotland . The principal companies operating in the sector include ; BAE Systems , Rolls - Royce , Raytheon , Alexander Dennis , Thales , SELEX Galileo and Babcock . The decline of heavy industry resulted in a sectoral shift of labour . This led to smaller firms strengthening links with the academic community and substantial , industry - specific retraining programmes for the workforce .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Mining generally performed well at the end of the medieval period , helped by buoyant demand for manufactured and luxury goods . Cornish tin production plunged during the Black Death itself , leading to a doubling of prices . Tin exports also collapsed catastrophically , but picked up again over the next few years . By the turn of the 16th century , the available alluvial tin deposits in Cornwall and Devon had begun to decline , leading to the commencement of bell and surface mining to support the tin boom that had occurred in the late 15th century . Lead mining increased , and output almost doubled between 1300 and 1500 . Wood and charcoal became cheaper once again after the Black Death , and coal production declined as a result , remaining depressed for the rest of the period -- nonetheless , some coal production was occurring in all the major English coalfields by the 16th century . Iron production continued to increase ; the Weald in the South - East began to make increased use of water - power , and overtook the Forest of Dean in the 15th century as England 's main iron - producing region . The first blast furnace in England , a major technical step forward in metal smelting , was created in 1496 in Newbridge in the Weald .
Curling
Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . A