vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
World War II
In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 .
Cold War
The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe .
Czechoslovakia
The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation , deportation , and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia ; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation . Under Generalplan Ost , it was assumed that around 50 % Czechs would be fit for Germanization . The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely . The authors of Generalplan Ost believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas , as even in Siberia they were considered a threat to German rule . Just like Jews , Poles , Serbs , and several other nations , Czechs were considered to be untermenschen by the Nazi state . In 1940 , in a secret Nazi plan for the Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized .
World War II
Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR .
Munich Agreement
The Sudeten Germans celebrated what they saw as their liberation . The imminent war , it seemed , had been avoided .
Allies of World War II
Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile .
Balkans
Finally , at the end of 1944 , the Soviets entered Romania and Bulgaria forcing the Germans out of the Balkans . They left behind a region largely ruined as a result of wartime exploitation . Cold
Berlin Wall
( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists .
Operation Barbarossa
Burning houses suspected of being partisan meeting places and poisoning water wells became common practice for soldiers of the German 9th Army . At Kharkov , the fourth largest city in the Soviet Union , food was provided only to the small number of civilians who worked for the Germans , with the rest designated to slowly starve . Thousands of Soviets were deported to Germany to be used as slave labor beginning in 1942 .
Cold War
Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control .
World War II
On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side .
North Africa
Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .
Norway–Sweden border
During World War II , when Norway was occupied by Germany and Sweden was neutral , many Norwegians became refugees and were transported or fled over the border . The regulation of Norwegian immigrants was strict between 1940 and 1941 ; several would - be-refugees were declined .
Cold War
Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union .
Causes of World War II
Twentieth - century events marked the culmination of a millennium - long process of intermingling between Germans and Slavs . Over the centuries , many Germans had settled in the east ( examples being the Volga Germans invited to Russia by Catherine the Great , and the Ostsiedlung in medieval times ) . Such migratory patterns created enclaves and blurred ethnic frontiers . The rise of nationalism in the 19th century made race a centerpiece of political loyalty . The rise of the nation - state had given way to the politics of identity , including Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism . Furthermore , Social - Darwinist theories framed the coexistence as a `` Teuton vs. Slav '' struggle for domination , land and limited resources . Integrating these ideas into their own world - view , the Nazis believed that the Germans , the `` Aryan race '' , were the master race and that the Slavs were inferior .
World War II
Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR .
Operation Barbarossa
The Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost ( `` General Plan for the East '' ) , which was prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942 , called for a `` new order of ethnographical relations '' in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe . The plan envisaged ethnic cleansing , executions , and enslavement of the overwhelming majority of the populations of conquered countries with very small differing percentages of the various conquered nations undergoing Germanization , expulsion into the depths of Russia , and other fates . The net effect of this plan would be to ensure that the conquered territories would be Germanized . It was divided into two parts : the Kleine Planung ( `` small plan '' ) , which covered actions to be taken during the war , and the Große Planung ( `` large plan '' ) , which covered actions to be undertaken after the war was won , and to be implemented gradually over a period of 25 to 30 years .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Since the influx of a large number of Germans into Germany would increase the burden already resting on the occupying authorities , they consider that the Allied Control Council in Germany should in the first instance examine the problem with special regard to the question of the equitable distribution of these Germans among the several zones of occupation . They are accordingly instructing their respective representatives on the control council to report to their Governments as soon as possible the extent to which such persons have already entered Germany from Poland , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary , and to submit an estimate of the time and rate at which further transfers could be carried out , having regard to the present situation in Germany . The Czechoslovak Government , the Polish Provisional Government and the control council in Hungary are at the same time being informed of the above and are being requested meanwhile to suspend further expulsions pending the examination by the Governments concerned of the report from their representatives on the control council .
Soviet Union in World War II
In former Axis countries , such as Germany , Romania and Hungary , Red Army officers generally viewed cities , villages and farms as being open to pillaging and looting . For example , Red Army soldiers and NKVD members frequently looted transport trains in 1944 and 1945 in Poland and Soviet soldiers set fire to the city centre of Demmin while preventing the inhabitants from extinguishing the blaze , which , along with multiple rapes , played a part in causing over 900 citizens of the city to commit suicide . In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany , when members of the SED reported to Stalin that looting and rapes by Soviet soldiers could result in negative consequences for the future of socialism in post-war East Germany , Stalin reacted angrily : `` I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud . '' Accordingly , all evidence of looting , rapes and destruction by the Red Army was deleted from archives in the Soviet occupation zone .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Over 30,000 people left the country and went to Canada , Sweden , and Mexico to avoid the draft . The Japanese anti-war group Beheiren helped some American soldiers to desert and hide from the military in Japan .
Sundarbans
A 2015 ethnographic study , conducted by a team of researchers from Heiderberg university in Germany , found a crisis brewing in the Sunderbans . The study contended that poor planning on the part of the India and Bangladesh governments coupled with natural ecological changes were forcing the flight of human capital from the region
Axis powers
Policy for lebensraum planned mass expansion of Germany 's borders as far eastwards as the Ural Mountains . Hitler planned for the `` surplus '' Russian population living west of the Urals to be deported to the east of the Urals . After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 , the Nazi regime 's stance towards an independent , territorially - reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a Russian national liberation army led by Andrey Vlasov that officially sought to overthrow Joseph Stalin and the communist regime and establish a new Russian state . Initially the proposal to support an anti-communist Russian army was met with outright rejection by Hitler , however by 1944 as Germany faced mounting losses on the Eastern Front , Vlasov 's forces were recognized by Germany as an ally , particularly by Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler .
Operation Barbarossa
After the war began , the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign slave workers . There were regulations enacted against the Ost - Arbeiter ( `` Eastern workers '' ) that included the death penalty for sexual relations with a German . Heinrich Himmler , in his secret memorandum , Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East ( dated 25 May 1940 ) , outlined the future plans for the non-German populations in the East . Himmler believed the Germanization process in Eastern Europe would be complete when `` in the East dwell only men with truly German , Germanic blood '' .
Soviet Union in World War II
In 1944 , the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany , including Operation Bagration , a massive offensive in Belarus against the German Army Group Centre . Stalin , Roosevelt and Churchill closely coordinated , such that Bagration occurred at roughly the same time as American and British forces initiation of the invasion of German held Western Europe on France 's northern coast . The operation resulted in the Soviets retaking Belarus and western Ukraine , along with the successful effective destruction of the Army Group Centre and 300,000 German casualties , though at the cost of more than 750,000 Soviet casualties . Romanians
Anthony Eden
In early 1943 Eden blocked a request from the Bulgarian authorities to aid with deporting part of the Jewish population from newly acquired Bulgarian territories to British - controlled Palestine . After his refusal , some of those people were transported to concentration camps in Nazi - occupied Poland .
World War II
On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals .
Friedrich Engels
However , during the June 1849 Prussian coup d'état the newspaper was suppressed . After the coup , Marx lost his Prussian citizenship , was deported , and fled to Paris and then London . Engels stayed in Prussia and took part in an armed uprising in South Germany as an aide - de-camp in the volunteer corps of August Willich . Engels also brought two cases of rifle cartridges with him when he went to join the uprising in Elberfeld on 10 May . 1849 . Later when Prussian troops came to Kaiserslautern to suppress an uprising there , Engels joined a group of volunteers under the command of August Willich , who were going to fight the Prussian troops . When the uprising was crushed , Engels was one of the last members of Willich 's volunteers to escape by crossing the Swiss border . Marx and others became concerned for Engels 's life until they finally heard from him .
Soviet Union in World War II
Most survival strategies during the siege , though , involved staying within the city and facing the problems through resourcefulness or luck . One way to do this was by securing factory employment because many factories became autonomous and possessed more of the tools of survival during the winter , such as food and heat . Workers got larger rations than regular civilians and factories were likely to have electricity if they produced crucial goods . Factories also served as mutual - support centers and had clinics and other services like cleaning crews and teams of women who would sew and repair clothes . Factory employees were still driven to desperation on occasion and people resorted to eating glue or horses in factories where food was scarce , but factory employment was the most consistently successful method of survival , and at some food production plants not a single person died .
Economy of Nazi Germany
During the war , as Germany acquired new territories ( either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries ) , these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices . Hitler 's policy of lebensraum strongly emphasized the conquest of new lands in the East , and the exploitation of these lands to provide cheap goods to Germany . In practice , however , the intensity of the fighting on the Eastern Front and the Soviet scorched earth policy , meant that the Germans found little they could use and , on the other hand , a large quantity of goods flowed into Germany from conquered lands in the West . For example , two - thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany . Norway lost 20 % of its national income in 1940 and 40 % in 1943 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
During the war , Germans seized food supplies from occupied countries and forced millions of foreigners to work on German farms , in addition to food shipped from farms in eastern Germany . When this ended in 1945 , the German rationing system ( which stayed in place ) had much lower supplies of food . The U.S. Army sent in large shipments of food to feed some 7.7 million prisoners of war -- far more than they had expected -- as well as the general population . For several years following the surrender , German nutritional levels were low . The Germans were not high on the priority list for international aid , which went to the victims of the Nazis . It was directed that all relief went to non-German displaced persons , liberated Allied POWs , and concentration camp inmates . During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in the U.S. and UK occupation zones received 1200 kilocalories a day in official rations , not counting food they grew themselves or purchased on the large - scale black market . In early October 1945 the UK government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels . The German Red Cross was dissolved , and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and on travel . The few agencies permitted to help Germans , such as the indigenous Caritasverband , were not allowed to use imported supplies . When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants , the U.S. State Department forbade it . The German food situation became worse during the very cold winter of 1946 -- 1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000 -- 1,500 kilocalories per day , a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating .
Modern history
The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact . The United States and various western European countries began a policy of `` containment '' of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end , including NATO . Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe , including western Germany , which the Soviets opposed . In other regions of the world , such as Latin America and Southeast Asia , the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements , which the United States and many of its allies opposed and , in some cases , attempted to `` roll back '' . Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact , though other movements would also emerge .
The Sound of Music (film)
The von Trapp family lost most of its wealth during the worldwide depression of the early 1930s , when the Austrian national bank folded . In order to survive , the family dismissed the servants and began taking in boarders . They also started singing onstage to earn money -- a fact that caused the proud Georg much embarrassment . In the film , the von Trapp family hike over the Alps from Austria to Switzerland to escape the Nazis , which would not have been possible ; Salzburg is over two hundred miles from Switzerland . The von Trapp villa , however , was only a few kilometers from the Austria -- Germany border , and the final scene shows the family hiking on the Obersalzberg near the German town of Berchtesgaden , within sight of Adolf Hitler 's Kehlsteinhaus Eagle 's Nest retreat . In reality , the family simply walked to the local train station and boarded a train to Italy . Although Georg was an ethnic German - Austrian , he was also an Italian citizen , having been born in the Dalmatian city of Zadar , which at that time was part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , and later fell into Italian territory after World War I. From Italy , they traveled to London and ultimately the United States .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Even before the war , Nazi Germany maintained a supply of slave labour . `` Undesirables '' ( German : unzuverlässige Elemente ) , such as the homeless , homosexuals , and alleged criminals as well as political dissidents , communists , Jews , and anyone else that the regime wanted out of the way were imprisoned in labour camps . Prisoners of war and civilians were brought into Germany from occupied territories after the German invasion of Poland . The necessary labour for the German war economy was provided by the new camp system , serving as one of the key instruments of terror . Historians estimate that some 5 million Polish citizens ( including Polish Jews ) went through them . Polish
Marshall Plan
Criticism of the Marshall Plan became prominent among historians of the revisionist school , such as Walter LaFeber , during the 1960s and 1970s . They argued that the plan was American economic imperialism , and that it was an attempt to gain control over Western Europe just as the Soviets controlled the Eastern Bloc . In a review of West Germany 's economy from 1945 to 1951 , German analyst Werner Abelshauser concluded that `` foreign aid was not crucial in starting the recovery or in keeping it going '' . The economic recoveries of France , Italy , and Belgium , Cowen argues , began a few months before the flow of US money . Belgium , the country that relied earliest and most heavily on free market economic policies after its liberation in 1944 , experienced swift recovery and avoided the severe housing and food shortages seen in the rest of continental Europe .
Treaty of Versailles
French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland .