vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low - pressure center , a closed low - level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( / ˈhʌrɪkən , - keɪn / ) , typhoon ( / taɪˈfuːn / ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; while in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as `` tropical cyclones '' or `` severe cyclonic storms '' .
Geography and wealth
There are exceptions . For example , Russia is not as well off as the United States or even Australia ; the latter is wealthier than Southern Europe . Also , within Russia , Moscow and especially St. Petersburg are wealthier than , for example , Siberia . Similarly , Germany 's poorest regions are situated in the North East . The wealthiest nations of Central America are generally those closest to the equator , namely Panama and Costa Rica , and Mongolia is poorer than China . Also , mainland United States is richer than Alaska and Canada . In Canada , the poorest region is in the North . In China , the poorest regions are in the West and the North East . And in southeast Asia , the richest nations are Malaysia , Thailand and Singapore , straddling the equator .
Climate of India
Floods are the most common natural disaster in India . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , the floods can kill thousands and displace millions . Excess , erratic , or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops . Almost all of India is flood - prone , and extreme precipitation events , such as flash floods and torrential rains , have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades , coinciding with rising temperatures . Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain .
Tropical cyclone
Tropical cyclones are classified into three main groups , based on intensity : tropical depressions , tropical storms , and a third group of more intense storms , whose name depends on the region . For example , if a tropical storm in the Northwestern Pacific reaches hurricane - strength winds on the Beaufort scale , it is referred to as a typhoon ; if a tropical storm passes the same benchmark in the Northeast Pacific Basin , or in the North Atlantic , it is called a hurricane . Neither `` hurricane '' nor `` typhoon '' is used in either the Southern Hemisphere or the Indian Ocean . In these basins , storms of a tropical nature are referred to as either tropical cyclones , severe tropical cyclones or very intense tropical cyclones .
Eastern Himalaya
Agricultural conditions vary throughout the region . In the highlands the soil is morainic , and the hill slopes are cut by the locals into successive steps or terraces only a few meters broad , thus preventing water run - off and allowing spring crops to thrive . The region 's economy relied mostly on Shifting cultivation agriculture , supplemented by hunting , fishing and barter trade . Agricultural does not produce sufficient yields to meet local neesd . The region 's economy remained stagnant and at subsistence levels for centuries due to the lack of capital , investor access , or entrepreneurial knowledge . Inhabitants also relied heavily on wild and semi-cultivated species for food and herbal medicines .
Tropical cyclone
The word hurricane , used in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific , is derived from huracán , the Spanish word for the Carib / Taino storm god , Juracán . This god is believed by scholars to have been at least partially derived from the Mayan creator god , Huracan . Huracan was believed by the Maya to have created dry land out of the turbulent waters . The god was also credited with later destroying the `` wooden people '' , the precursors to the `` maize people '' , with an immense storm and flood . Huracan is also the source of the word orcan , another word for a particularly strong European windstorm .
Climate of the United States
In the Northern Hemisphere winter , the subtropical highs retreat southward . The polar jet stream ( and associated conflict zone between cold , dry air masses from Canada and warm , moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico ) drops further southward into the United States - bringing more precipitation and periods of disturbed weather , as well as colder or mild air masses . Areas in the southern US ( Florida , the Gulf Coast , the Desert Southwest , and southern California ) however , often have more stable weather , as the polar jet stream 's impact does not usually reach that far south . Weather systems , be they high - pressure systems ( anticyclones ) , low - pressure systems ( cyclones ) or fronts ( boundaries between air masses of differing temperature , humidity and most commonly , both ) are faster - moving and more intense in the winter / colder months than in the summer / warmer months , when the belt of lows and storms generally move into southern Canada .
Geography and wealth
Geography and wealth have long been perceived as correlated attributes of nations . The continents along the equator , Africa and India , are the poorest . Even within Africa and India this effect can be seen , as the nations farthest from the equator are wealthier . In Africa , the wealthiest nations are the three on the southern tip of the continent , South Africa , Botswana , and Namibia , and the countries of North Africa . Similarly , in South America , Argentina , Southern Brazil , Chile , and Uruguay have long been the wealthiest . Within Asia , Indonesia , located on the equator , is among the poorest . Within Central Asia , Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south , like Uzbekistan . The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest standard of living tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation -- including Northern Europe , the United States , and Canada . Within prosperous nations , wealth often increases with distance from the equator ; for example , the Northeast United States has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and northern Italy wealthier than southern regions of the country . Gross
Israel
The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques , and a substantial agricultural modernization , drip irrigation , was invented in Israel . Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling . The Sorek desalination plant is the largest seawater reverse osmosis ( SWRO ) desalination facility in the world . By 2014 , Israel 's desalination programs provided roughly 35 % of Israel 's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40 % by 2015 and 70 % by 2050 . As of 2015 , more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households , agriculture and industry is artificially produced . The country hosts an annual Water Technology and Environmental Control Exhibition & Conference ( WATEC ) that attracts thousands of people from across the world . In 2011 , Israel 's water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars . As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology , Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years . The
Slash-and-burn
Sometimes there are several cycles of slash - and - burn within a few years ' time span . For example , in eastern Madagascar , the following scenario occurs commonly . The first wave might be cutting of all trees for wood use . A few years later , saplings are harvested to make charcoal , and within the next year the plot is burned to create a quick flush of nutrients for grass to feed the family zebu cattle . If adjacent plots are treated in a similar fashion , large - scale erosion will usually ensue , since there are no roots or temporary water storage in nearby canopies to arrest the surface runoff . Thus , any small remaining amounts of nutrients are washed away . The area is an example of desertification , and no further growth of any type may arise for generations .
Hurricane Hugo
In New York , downed power lines due to strong winds left nearly 85,000 homes and businesses on Long Island without electricity . In the central portions of the state , winds downed several trees . The last death in relation to Hurricane Hugo occurred near Buffalo when the winds toppled a tree onto a motorist . The storm then moved northeastward across eastern Canada into the far North Atlantic Ocean . New
Climate of the United States
The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods . Widespread severe flooding is rare . Some exceptions include the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982 -- 83 El Niño event in the western United States . Localized flooding can , however , occur anywhere , and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area , particularly the Southwest . The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the monsoon season in summer leads to sometimes devastating flash floods as well , while Nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt in the New England and Great Lakes regions .
Comparative mythology
Cultures around the world tell stories about a great flood . In many cases , the flood leaves only one survivor or group of survivors . For example , both the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Bible tell of a global flood that wiped out humanity and of a man who saved the Earth 's species by taking them aboard a boat . Similar stories of a single flood survivor appear in Hindu mythology as well as Greek , Norse mythology and Aztec mythology .
Tropical cyclone
Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to the impact of a tropical cyclone , compared to inland regions . The primary energy source for these storms is warm ocean waters , therefore these forms are typically strongest when over or near water , and weaken quite rapidly over land . Coastal damage may be caused by strong winds and rain , high waves ( due to winds ) , storm surges ( due to severe pressure changes ) , and the potential of spawning tornadoes . Tropical cyclones also draw in air from a large area -- which can be a vast area for the most severe cyclones -- and concentrate the precipitation of the water content in that air ( made up from atmospheric moisture and moisture evaporated from water ) into a much smaller area . This continual replacement of moisture - bearing air by new moisture - bearing air after its moisture has fallen as rain , may cause extremely heavy rain and river flooding up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the coastline , far beyond the amount of water that the local atmosphere holds at any one time .
Tropical cyclone
The RSMCs and TCWCs are not the only organizations that provide information about tropical cyclones to the public . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issues advisories in all basins except the Northern Atlantic for the purposes of the United States Government . The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) issues advisories and names for tropical cyclones that approach the Philippines in the Northwestern Pacific to protect the life and property of its citizens . The Canadian Hurricane Center ( CHC ) issues advisories on hurricanes and their remnants for Canadian citizens when they affect Canada .
Tropical cyclone
Another factor is rapid cooling with height , which allows the release of the heat of condensation that powers a tropical cyclone . High humidity is needed , especially in the lower - to - mid troposphere ; when there is a great deal of moisture in the atmosphere , conditions are more favorable for disturbances to develop . Low amounts of wind shear are needed , as high shear is disruptive to the storm 's circulation . Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 555 km ( 345 mi ) or five degrees of latitude away from the equator , allowing the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure center and creating a circulation . Lastly , a formative tropical cyclone needs a preexisting system of disturbed weather . Tropical cyclones will not form spontaneously . Low - latitude and low - level westerly wind bursts associated with the Madden - Julian oscillation can create favorable conditions for tropical cyclogenesis by initiating tropical disturbances .
Climate of the United States
In the cold season ( generally November to March ) , most precipitation occurs in conjunction with organized low - pressure systems and associated fronts . In the summer , storms are much more localized , with short - duration thunderstorms common in many areas east of the 100th meridian . In the warm season , storm systems affecting a large area are less frequent , and weather conditions are more solar ( sun ) controlled , with the greatest chance for thunderstorm and severe weather activity during peak heating hours , mostly between 3 PM and 9 PM local time . From May to August especially , often - overnight mesoscale - convective - system ( MCS ) thunderstorm complexes , usually associated with frontal activity , can deliver significant to flooding rainfall amounts from the Dakotas / Nebraska eastward across Iowa / Minnesota to the Great Lakes states . From late summer into fall ( mostly August to October ) , tropical cyclones sometimes approach or cross the Gulf and Atlantic states , bringing high winds , heavy rainfall , and storm surges ( often topped with battering waves ) to coastal areas . Record
Geography of China
Air pollution ( sulfur dioxide particulates ) from reliance on coal is a major issue , along with water pollution from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than Total Maximum Daily Load . There are water shortages , particularly in the north . The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution . Heavy deforestation with an estimated loss of one - fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development is occurring with resulting desertification . China is a party to the Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , the Antarctic Treaty , the Convention on Biological Diversity , the Climate Change treaty , the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification , the Endangered Species treaty , the Hazardous Wastes treaty , the Law of the Sea , the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994 , the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling , and agreements on Marine Dumping , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , and Wetlands protection . China has signed , but not ratified , the Kyoto Protocol ( but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement , as is India ) and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty .
Climate of Africa
In Madagascar , trade winds bring moisture up the eastern slopes of the island , which is deposited as rainfall , and bring drier downsloped winds to areas south and west , leaving the western sections of the island in a rain shadow . This leads to significantly more rainfall over northeast sections of Madagascar than its southwestern portions . Southern Africa receives most of its rainfall from summer convective storms and with extratropical cyclones moving through the Westerlies . Once a decade , tropical cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region .
Tropical cyclone
Over the past two centuries , tropical cyclones have been responsible for the deaths of about 1.9 million people worldwide . Large areas of standing water caused by flooding lead to infection , as well as contributing to mosquito - borne illnesses . Crowded evacuees in shelters increase the risk of disease propagation . Tropical cyclones significantly interrupt infrastructure , leading to power outages , bridge destruction , and the hampering of reconstruction efforts . On average , the Gulf and east coasts of the United States suffer approximately US $5 billion ( 1995 US $ ) in cyclone damage every year . The majority ( 83 % ) of tropical cyclone damage is caused by severe hurricanes , category 3 or greater . However , category 3 or greater hurricanes only account for about one - fifth of cyclones that make landfall every year .
Hurricane Katrina
Countries like Sri Lanka , which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami , also offered to help . Countries including Canada , Mexico , Singapore and Germany sent supplies , relief personnel ( like Technisches Hilfswerk ) , troops , ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery . Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel . Britain 's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding mad cow disease . Russia 's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later . The French offer was also declined and requested later .
Climate of India
Tropical cyclones , which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone , may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions . Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal . Cyclones bring with them heavy rains , storm surges , and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies . In the North Indian Ocean Basin , the cyclone season runs from April to December , with peak activity between May and November . Each year , an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 km / h ( 39 mph ) form ; of these , two strengthen into true tropical cyclones , which sustain gusts greater than 117 km / h ( 73 mph ) . On average , a major ( Category 3 or higher ) cyclone develops every other year .
Mesopotamia
The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain - fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) is to be obtained . This irrigation is aided by a high water table and by melting snows from the high peaks of the northern Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian Highlands , the source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that give the region its name . The usefulness of irrigation depends upon the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals , and this , from the earliest period , has assisted the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority .
Thunderstorm
Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm . Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration . Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards ( known as orographic lifting ) , thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely . One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India , which reported one of the highest hail - related death tolls on record in 1888 . China also experiences significant hailstorms . Across Europe , Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail .
Economy of India
India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul
Tropical cyclone
The word typhoon , which is used today in the Northwest Pacific , may be derived from Arabic ţūfān ( طوفان ) ( similar in Hindustani and Persian ) , which in turn originates from Greek Typhon ( Τυφών ) , a monster from Greek mythology associated with storms . The related Portuguese word tufão , used in Portuguese for typhoons , is also derived from Typhon . The word is also similar to Chinese `` táifēng '' ( Simplified Chinese : 台风 , Traditional Chinese : 颱風 ) ( fēng = wind ) , `` toifung '' in Cantonese , `` taifū '' ( 台風 ) in Japanese , and `` taepung '' ( 태풍 ) in Korean .
Ecuador
Almost all of the rivers in Ecuador form in the La Sierra region and flow east toward the Amazon River or west toward the Pacific Ocean . The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations . In the La Sierra region , the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes . Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions . The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente . A
Climate of Africa
The low - level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa , and helps form the tropical waves which march across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season . The jet exhibits both barotropic and baroclinic instability , which produces synoptic - scale , westward - propagating disturbances in the jet known as African easterly waves , or tropical waves . A small number of mesoscale storm systems embedded in these waves develop into tropical cyclones after they move from west Africa into the tropical Atlantic , mainly during August and September . When the jet lies south of normal during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season , tropical cyclone formation is suppressed .
Thunderstorm
Thunderstorms occur throughout the world , even in the polar regions , with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas , where they may occur nearly daily . At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth . Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth , a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java . Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin , Caracas , Manila and Mumbai . Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe , and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones . In temperate regions , they are most frequent in spring and summer , although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year . They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water . Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures .