vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla , like many other gorilla species , prefer a dense forest habitat that is uninhabited by humans . Due to the Cross River gorilla 's body size they require large and diverse areas of the forest to meet their habitat requirements . Similar to most endangered primates , their natural habitat exists where humans are often occupying and using for natural resources . Forests that are inhabited by the Cross River gorilla vary in altitude from approximately 100 to 2,037 metres ( 328 to 6,683 ft ) above sea level . Between 1996 and 1999 , Field work was conducted on Afi Mountain in Cross River State , Nigeria for a period of 32 months . A great deal of data were collected , and things such as habitat types and topography mapped using line transects , climate , spatial and temporal availability of tree and herb foods and also the Cross River gorilla 's wide range behavior , diet , and its grouping patterns . These data were all assessed from indirect evidence , such as feeding trails , nests , and feces .
House sparrow
P. d. domesticus , the nominate subspecies , is found in most of Europe , across northern Asia to Sakhalin and Kamchatka . It is the most widely introduced subspecies . P. d. balearoibericus von Jordans , 1923 , described from Majorca , is found in the Balearic Islands , southern France , the Balkans , and Anatolia . P. d. tingitanus ( Loche , 1867 ) , described from Algeria , is found in the Maghreb from Ajdabiya in Libya to Béni Abbès in Algeria , and to Morocco 's Atlantic coast . It hybridises extensively with the Spanish sparrow , especially in the eastern part of its range . P. d. niloticus Nicoll and Bonhote , 1909 , described from Faiyum , Egypt , is found along the Nile north of Wadi Halfa , Sudan . It intergrades with bibilicus in the Sinai , and with rufidorsalis in a narrow zone around Wadi Halfa . It has been recorded in Somaliland . P. d. persicus Zarudny and Kudashev , 1916 , described from the Karun River in Khuzestan , Iran , is found in the western and central Iran south of the Alborz mountains , intergrading with indicus in eastern Iran , and Afghanistan . P. d. biblicus Hartert , 1910 , described from Palestine , is found in the Middle East from Cyprus and south - eastern Turkey to the Sinai in the west and from Azerbaijan to Kuwait in the east .
Bird nest
Many birds nest close to human habitations and some have been specially encouraged . Nesting white storks have been protected and held in reverence in many cultures . Nest boxes are often used to encourage cavity nesting birds . The nesting of peregrine falcons on tall buildings has captured popular interest . Colonial breeders produce guano which is a valuable fertilizer . The saliva nest of the edible - nest swiftlet is used to make bird 's nest soup , long considered a delicacy in China . Collection of the swiftlet nests is big business : in one year , more than 3.5 million nests were exported from Borneo to China , and the industry was estimated at $1 billion US per year ( and increasing ) in 2008 . While the collection is regulated in some areas ( at the Gomantong Caves , for example , where nests can be collected only from February to April or July to September ) , it is not in others , and the swiftlets are declining in areas where the harvest reaches unsustainable levels . Brooklyn
Evidence of common descent
Reduced or absent vomeronasal organ in humans and Old World monkeys . Presence of non-functional sinus hair muscles in humans used in whisker movement . Degenerating palmaris longus muscle in humans . Teleost fish , anthropoid primates ( Simians ) , guinea pigs , some bat species , and some Passeriformes have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) , yet still possess the genes involved . This inability is due to mutations of the L - gulono - γ - lactone oxidase ( GLO ) gene -- and in primates , teleost fish , and guinea pigs it is irreversible . Remnant abdominal segments in cirripedes ( barnacles ) . Non-mammalian vertebrate embryos depend on nutrients from the yolk sac . Humans and other mammal genomes contain broken , non-functioning genes that code for the production of yolk . alongside the presence of an empty yolk sac with the embryo . Dolphin embryonic limb buds . Leaf formation in some cacti species . Presence of a vestigial endosymbiont Lepidodinium viride within the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium chlorophorum . The species Dolabrifera dolabrifera has an ink gland but is `` incapable of producing ink or its associated anti-predator proteins '' .
Thermoregulation
An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature , typically by keeping it at a constant level . To regulate body temperature , an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments . Evaporation of water , either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands , helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism 's tolerance range . Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat , relying heavily on panting to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth . Mammals like cats , dogs and pigs , rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout . The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly serves to increase friction and enhance grip . Birds also counteract overheating by gular fluttering , or rapid vibrations of the gular ( throat ) skin . Down feathers trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator . Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis . In marine mammals , such as whales , or animals that live in very cold regions , such as the polar bears , this is called blubber . Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels .
Hippocampus
The theta mode appears during states of active , alert behavior ( especially locomotion ) , and also during REM ( dreaming ) sleep . In the theta mode , the EEG is dominated by large regular waves with a frequency range of 6 to 9 Hz , and the main groups of hippocampal neurons ( pyramidal cells and granule cells ) show sparse population activity , which means that in any short time interval , the great majority of cells are silent , while the small remaining fraction fire at relatively high rates , up to 50 spikes in one second for the most active of them . An active cell typically stays active for half a second to a few seconds . As the rat behaves , the active cells fall silent and new cells become active , but the overall percentage of active cells remains more or less constant . In many situations , cell activity is determined largely by the spatial location of the animal , but other behavioral variables also clearly influence it .
Thermoregulation
Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss . Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of insulation . Some animals are regionally heterothermic and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature -- nearly to 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts , like the legs , feet ( or hooves ) , and nose . An
Wild turkey
The wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) is an upland ground bird native to North America and is the heaviest member of the diverse Galliformes . It is the same species as the domestic turkey , which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey ( not the related ocellated turkey ) . Although native to North America , the turkey probably got its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships coming from the Levant via Spain . The British at the time therefore associated the wild turkey with the country Turkey and the name prevails .
Virunga National Park
The park is known for its exceptional biodiversity , containing more bird , mammal and reptile species than any protected area on the continent of Africa . Although mountain gorillas are now extremely rare and listed as one of the most critically endangered species , successful conservation work has helped to secure the remaining populations . Their populations actually increased during the years of political upheaval in the region ( 1994 -- 2004 ) , and have continued to do so even throughout the difficult period of 2007 - 2008 . The 2010 mountain gorilla census has indicated that the conservation efforts of Virunga have been very successful regarding the gorilla population . Both savanna and forest elephants as well as chimpanzees and low land gorillas can still be found in Virunga , along with okapi , giraffes , buffaloes and many endemic birds . The neighboring Mount Hoyo area was managed with the park and is home to a population of Bambuti pygmy people , caves and waterfalls .
Red fox
Red foxes prefer to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening . Although they typically forage alone , they may aggregate in resource - rich environments . When hunting mouse - like prey , they first pinpoint their prey 's location by sound , then leap , sailing high above their quarry , steering in mid-air with their tails , before landing on target up to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) away . They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night . They are extremely possessive of their food and will defend their catches from even dominant animals . Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of surplus killing ; during one breeding season , four foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 black - headed gulls each , with peaks during dark , windy hours when flying conditions were unfavorable . Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this . Red foxes seem to dislike the taste of moles but will nonetheless catch them alive and present them to their kits as playthings .
Barn swallow
As its name implies , the barn swallow typically nests inside accessible buildings such as barns and stables , or under bridges and wharves . Before man - made sites became common , it nested on cliff faces or in caves , but this is now rare . The neat cup - shaped nest is placed on a beam or against a suitable vertical projection . It is constructed by both sexes , although more often by the female , with mud pellets collected in their beaks and lined with grasses , feathers , algae or other soft materials . The nest building ability of the male is also sexually selected ; females will lay more eggs and at an earlier date with males who are better at nest construction , with the opposite being true with males that are not . After building the nest , barn swallows may nest colonially where sufficient high - quality nest sites are available , and within a colony , each pair defends a territory around the nest which , for the European subspecies , is 4 to 8 m ( 43 to 86 sq ft ) in size . Colony size tends to be larger in North America .
Evidence of common descent
Other animal distribution examples include bears , located on all continents excluding Africa , Australia and Antarctica , and the polar bear only located solely in the Arctic Circle and adjacent land masses . Penguins are located only around the South Pole despite similar weather conditions at the North Pole . Families of sirenians are distributed exclusively around the earth 's waters , where manatees are located in western Africa waters , northern South American waters , and West Indian waters only while the related family , the dugongs , are located only in Oceanic waters north of Australia , and the coasts surrounding the Indian Ocean Additionally , the now extinct Steller 's sea cow resided in the Bering Sea .
Platypus
The average sleep time of a platypus is said to be as long as 14 hours per day , possibly because it eats crustaceans , which provide a high level of calories .
Barn owl
Barn owl Barn owl at the British Wildlife Centre , England Barn Owl screams recorded in Cardiganshire , Wales Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Strigiformes Family : Tytonidae Genus : Tyto Species : T. alba Binomial name Tyto alba ( Scopoli , 1769 ) Subspecies many , see text Global range in green Synonyms Strix alba Scopoli , 1769 Strix pratincola Bonaparte , 1838 Tyto delicatula Gould , 1837
Red fox
Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn , doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times . It is uncommon to spot them during the day , but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds . Foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban areas as well as on the edges of a city , visiting at night for sustenance . While foxes will scavenge successfully in the city ( and the foxes tend to eat anything that the humans eat ) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals , finding them endearing . Doing this regularly can attract foxes to one 's home ; they can become accustomed to human presence , warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with , particularly young cubs . Urban
Feral pig
Hunting with dogs is permitted and very common ; it has been practiced in the Southeast for generations . Competitions for producing the fastest bay dogs are prevalent in the South , with Uncle Earl 's Hog Dog Trials in Louisiana a popular example , held every summer since 1995 . Preferred scent dogs for catching feral pigs mostly are native breeds , and include the Catahoula Leopard Dog , the Blue Lacy , all of the Coonhound breeds , the Plott Hound , and the Blackmouth Cur ; catch dogs typically are American Pit Bull Terriers and their crosses , and American Bulldogs . The method of hunting has little variation and usually the hunter sends out bay dogs trained to chase the pig until it tires and then corner it , then a bigger catch dog is sent out to catch and hold down the pig , which may get aggressive , until the hunter arrives to kill it .
Lion
The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat , western India . Its habitat is a mixture of dry savanna forest and very dry deciduous scrub forest .
Lion
Lion range in Africa originally spanned most of the central rainforest - zone and the Sahara desert . Lions occur in savanna grasslands with scattered Acacia trees , which serve as shade . The species became extinct in North Africa in the 1960s . Two
Barn swallow
There are few taxonomic problems within the genus , but the red - chested swallow -- a resident of West Africa , the Congo basin , and Ethiopia -- was formerly treated as a subspecies of barn swallow . The red - chested swallow is slightly smaller than its migratory relative , has a narrower blue breast - band , and ( in the adult ) has shorter tail streamers . In flight , it looks paler underneath than barn swallow .
Golden lion tamarin
Secondly , in an effort to save the golden lion tamarins from extinction , some of the golden lion tamarins have been removed from small , isolated unsafe forests and placed into a larger , protected forest ; specifically they were moved to União Biological Reserve and Poço das Antas reserve . This effort to move the golden lion tamarins into União Biological Reserve in Brazil began in 1991 . The golden lion tamarins faced the potential of getting new diseases that they had not been previously exposed to . Many were exposed to callitrichid hepatitis , and contracted the disease .
Obligate nasal breathing
Rabbits and rodents are also obligate nasal breathers . Like horses , the normal anatomical position of the epiglottis causes it to be engaged over the caudal rim of the soft palate , sealing the oral pharynx from the lower airways . Even so , rabbits with advanced upper airway disease will attempt to breathe through their mouths .
Cross River gorilla
The occurrence of Cross River gorillas has been confirmed in the Mbe Mountains and the Forest Reserves of Afi River , Boshi Extension , and Okwanggo of Nigeria 's Cross River State , and in the Takamanda and Mone River Forest Reserves , and the Mbulu Forest , of the Cameroon 's South West Province . These locations cover a mostly continuous forest area of about 8,000 km ( 3,100 sq mi ) from Afi Mountain to Kagwene Mountain according to the 2007 regional action plan for Cross River gorilla conservation . Researchers and conservationists also postulate that there is a possible outlying locality in the forests near Bechati in the southeast . Today it 's estimated that their total population area covers about 12,000 km ( 4,600 sq mi ) . Cross River gorillas have been known to cling to the Afi - to - Kagwene landscape because of its rugged terrain and high altitude which keeps it secluded from human interference .
Barn swallow
A specific threat to wintering birds from the European populations is the transformation by the South African government of a light aircraft runway near Durban into an international airport for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The roughly 250 m ( 270 yd ) square Mount Moreland reed bed is a night roost for more than three million barn swallows , which represent 1 % of the global population and 8 % of the European breeding population . The reed bed lies on the flight path of aircraft using the proposed La Mercy airport , and there were fears that it would be cleared because the birds could threaten aircraft safety . However , following detailed evaluation , advanced radar technology will be installed to enable planes using the airport to be warned of bird movements and , if necessary , take appropriate measures to avoid the flocks .
Bird nest
Some crevice - nesting species , including ashy storm - petrel , pigeon guillemot , Eurasian eagle - owl and Hume 's tawny owl , lay their eggs in the relative shelter of a crevice in the rocks or a gap between boulders , but provide no additional nest material . Potoos lay their single egg directly atop a broken stump , or into a shallow depression on a branch -- typically where an upward - pointing branch died and fell off , leaving a small scar or knot - hole . Brood parasites , such as the New World cowbirds , the honeyguides , and many of the Old World and Australasian cuckoos , lay their eggs in the active nests of other species .
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia , Portuguese : mico - leão - dourado ( ˈmiku leˈɐ̃w̃ dowˈɾadu ) , ( liˈɐ̃w̃ doˈɾadu ) ) , also known as the golden marmoset , is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae . Native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil , the golden lion tamarin is an endangered species . The range for wild individuals is spread across four places along southeastern Brazil , and a captive population is maintained at about 490 individuals among 150 zoos .
Red panda
The red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) , also called the lesser panda , the red bear - cat , the red cat - bear , and the firefox is a mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China . It has reddish - brown fur , a long , shaggy tail , and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs ; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat , though with a longer body and somewhat heavier . It is arboreal , feeds mainly on bamboo , but also eats eggs , birds , and insects . It is a solitary animal , mainly active from dusk to dawn , and is largely sedentary during the day .
An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster
Nellie gets a chance when she is assigned to report on mice who disappear overnight into holes that open up on their floor all over New York City . Reed makes up a , as Nellie calls it , `` so - called monster '' that lives under Manhattan and takes mice away during the night to add more excitement to the otherwise unimportant story , intending to sell more papers . The night monster creates fears among the readers , as could be expected . Fievel begins having nightmares that cause him to lose sleep because of his fear of the monster ; the film opens up with Fievel having a dream about being chased by what he thinks the monster looks like ( a fiery demonic cat with a mouse trap on its tongue ) . When , through Tanya , he is assigned the job of following Nellie and drawing up interperatations of what the monster looks like based on witness testimony , this makes his insomnia all the worse . A particularly suspicious miniature French poodle named Madame Mousey , who has started living among the mice about this time , appears at every crime scene , claiming to be a fortune teller . The heroes finally decide to investigate her by means of the `` dog council '' that meets at Central Park . They also search down one of the holes , which leads directly to a group of cats known as the infamous Outlaw Cats hiding in the sewers . All the mice that had disappeared are being held in wood cages there , to be sold off to other cats and eaten .
Wild turkey
The south Mexican wild turkey is considered the nominate subspecies , and the only one that is not found in the United States or Canada . In central Mexico , archaeological M. gallopavo bones have been identified at sites dating to 800 -- 100 BC ( 10 ) , ( 11 ) . It is unclear whether these early specimens represent wild or domestic individuals , but domestic turkeys were likely established in central Mexico by the first half of the Classic Period ( c . AD 200 -- 1000 ) . Late Preclassic ( 300 BC -- AD 100 ) turkey remains identified at the archaeological site of El Mirador ( Petén , Guatemala ) represent the earliest evidence of the export of the south Mexican wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo ) to the ancient Maya world . The south Mexican wild subspecies , M. g . gallopavo , was domesticated either in Mexico or by Preclassic peoples in Mesoamerica , giving rise to the domestic turkey . The Spaniards brought this tamed subspecies back to Europe with them in the mid-16th century ; from Spain it spread to France and later Britain as a farmyard animal , usually becoming the centerpiece of a feast for the well - to - do . By 1620 it was common enough so that Pilgrim settlers of Massachusetts could bring turkeys with them from England , unaware that it had a larger close relative already occupying the forests of Massachusetts . It is one of the smallest subspecies and is best known in Spanish from its Aztec - derived name , guajolote . This wild turkey subspecies is thought to be critically endangered , as of 2010 .
Primate
NHPs are kept in zoos around the globe . Historically , zoos were primarily a form of entertainment , but more recently have shifted their focus towards conservation , education and research . GAP does not insist that all NHPs should be released from zoos , primarily because captive - born primates lack the knowledge and experience to survive in the wild if released .
Primate
Primates evolved from arboreal animals , and many species live most of their lives in trees . Most primate species live in tropical rain forests . The number of primate species within tropical areas has been shown to be positively correlated to the amount of rainfall and the amount of rain forest area . Accounting for 25 % to 40 % of the fruit - eating animals ( by weight ) within tropical rainforests , primates play an important ecological role by dispersing seeds of many tree species .
Red deer
The red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) is one of the largest deer species . The red deer inhabits most of Europe , the Caucasus Mountains region , Asia Minor , Iran , parts of western Asia , and central Asia . It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Morocco and Tunisia in northwestern Africa , being the only species of deer to inhabit Africa . Red deer have been introduced to other areas , including Australia , New Zealand , United States , Canada , Peru , Uruguay , Chile and Argentina . In many parts of the world , the meat ( venison ) from red deer is used as a food source .