vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Themistocles
Whatever the cause of Themistocles 's unpopularity in 479 BC , it obviously did not last long . Both Diodorus and Plutarch suggest he was quickly restored to the favour of the Athenians . Indeed , after 479 BC , he seems to have enjoyed a relatively long period of popularity .
Richard III (play)
Richard III is believed to be one of Shakespeare 's earlier plays , preceded only by the three parts of Henry VI and perhaps Titus Andronicus and a handful of comedies . It is believed to have been written c. 1592 - 1594 . Although Richard III was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 20 October 1597 by the bookseller Andrew Wise , who published the first Quarto ( Q1 ) later that year ( with printing done by Valentine Simmes ) , Christopher Marlowe 's Edward II , which can not have been written much later than 1592 ( Marlowe died in 1593 ) is thought to have been influenced by it . A second Quarto ( Q2 ) followed in 1598 , printed by Thomas Creede for Andrew Wise , containing an attribution to Shakespeare on its title page . Q3 appeared in 1602 , Q4 in 1605 , Q5 in 1612 , and Q6 in 1622 , the frequency attesting to its popularity . The First Folio version followed in 1623 .
Hamlet
The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 . David
Hamlet
Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable .
Prince Hamlet
This occurred in the late 1960s , immediately after the run of Dr. Kildare , the TV - series in which Chamberlain first made his name , ended . Vladimir Vysotsky played Hamlet in Moscow 's Taganka Theatre between 1971 and 1980 . Derek Jacobi played the role for the Prospect Theatre Company in 1977 . Christopher Walken played the role for the American Shakespeare Theatre in 1982 . Mark Rylance played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1988 and for Shakespeare 's Globe in 2000 . Kenneth Branagh played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 Ralph Fiennes won the Best Actor Tony Award in 1995 for his portrayal . Samuel West played Hamlet for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2001 - 2 and won the Critic 's Circle Award . Christopher Eccleston played the role for the West Yorkshire Playhouse in 2002 . Toby Stephens played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2004 . Ben Whishaw played the role for the old Vic in 2004 . Michael Stuhlbarg played the role for The Public Theater in 2008 . David Tennant played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2008 - 9 . Christian Camargo played the role for the Theatre for a New Audience in 2009 , for which he won an Obie Award . Jude Law played the role for the Donmar West End and later on Broadway . Michael Brando ( grandson of Marlon Brando ) played the role for a special TED event in 2010 ; he had played the role previously in 2008 - 9 . Michael Sheen played the role at the Young Vic in 2011 - 12 . Gustaf Skarsgård played Hamlet in Stockholm City Theatre 's Hamlet in 2010 . Maxine Peake played Hamlet at the Royal Exchange , Manchester in 2014 . Benedict Cumberbatch played Hamlet at the Barbican Centre in London in 2015 . Paapa Essiedu plays the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2016 . Christian Friedel plays Hamlet for the Staatsschauspiel Dresden since 2012 . Oscar Isaac plays Hamlet at The Public Theater in 2017 .
Hamlet
A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 .
Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby .
Hamlet
Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses .
Hamlet
In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' .
Hamlet
The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries .
Hamlet
Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia .
Hamlet
played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' . Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow . Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 . Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 . Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes . Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2.
Romeo and Juliet
In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration .
Medieval theatre
The anonymous pagan play Querolus , written c. 420 , was adapted in the 12th century by Vitalis of Blois . Other secular Latin plays were also written in the 12th century , mainly in France but also in England ( Babio ) . There certainly existed some other performances that were not fully fledged theatre ; they may have been carryovers from the original pagan cultures ( as is known from records written by the clergy disapproving of such festivals ) . It is also known that mimes , minstrels , bards , storytellers , and jugglers traveled in search of new audiences and financial support . Not much is known about these performers ' repertoire and few written texts survive . One of the most famous of the secular plays is the musical Le Jeu de Robin et Marion , written by Adam de la Halle in the 13th century , which is fully laid out in the original manuscript with lines , musical notation , and illuminations in the margins depicting the actors in motion . Adam also wrote another secular play , Jeu de la Fueillee in Arras , a French town in which theatre was thriving in the late 12th and 13th centuries . One play surviving from Arras , is Jeu de saint Nicolas by Jean Bodel ( c. 1200 ) .
Medieval theatre
Mummers plays are still performed regularly throughout the United Kingdom . What relation they may bear to their medieval antecedents is unknown . The surviving texts of this oral tradition were recorded in the 18th century , at a time when the industrial revolution began to break up the rural communities in which the plays were performed .
Medieval theatre
Performance of religious plays outside of the church began sometime in the 12th century through a traditionally accepted process of merging shorter liturgical dramas into longer plays which were then translated into vernacular and performed by laymen and thus accessible to a wider segment of society inclusive of the working class . The use of vernacular enabled drama to be understood and enjoyed by a larger audience . The Mystery of Adam ( 1150 ) gives credence to this theory as its detailed stage direction suggest that it was staged outdoors . A number of other plays from the period survive , including La Seinte Resurrection ( Norman ) , The Play of the Magi Kings ( Spanish ) , and Sponsus ( French ) .
Medieval theatre
Economic and political changes in the High Middle Ages led to the formation of guilds and the growth of towns , and this would lead to significant changes for theatre starting in this time and continuing into in the Late Middle Ages . Trade guilds began to perform plays , usually religiously based , and often dealing with a biblical story that referenced their profession . For instance , a baker 's guild would perform a reenactment of the Last Supper . In the British Isles , plays were produced in some 127 different towns during the Middle Ages . These vernacular `` mystery plays '' were written in cycles of a large number of plays : York ( 48 plays ) , Chester ( 24 ) , Wakefield ( 32 ) and Unknown ( 42 ) . A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages . Many of these plays contained comedy , devils , villains and clowns .
Hamlet
All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet .
Shakespeare's influence
William Shakespeare The Chandos portrait , artist and authenticity unconfirmed ( National Portrait Gallery , London , currently on display at the National Portrait Gallery , Washington , D.C. ) . baptised 26 April 1564 ( birth date unknown ) Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire , England 23 April 1616 Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire , England Occupation Playwright , poet , actor Signature
Medieval theatre
Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550 . The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind 's progress from birth to death . Though Everyman may possibly be the best known of this genre , it is atypical in many ways . Everyman receives Death 's summons , struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity . Along the way , he is deserted by Kindred , Goods , and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave .
Romeo and Juliet
John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . ''
Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet .
Shakespeare's influence
Many critics and scholars consider Shakespeare 's first plays experimental , and believe the playwright was still learning from his own mistakes . Gradually his language followed the `` natural process of artistic growth , to find its adequate projection in dramatic form '' . As he continued experimenting , his style of writing found many manifestations in plays . The dialogues in his plays were written in verse form and followed a decasyllabic rule . In Titus Andronicus , decasyllables have been used throughout . `` There is considerable pause ; and though the inflexibility of the line sound is little affected by it , there is a certain running over of sense '' . His work is still experimental in Titus Andronicus . However , in Love 's Labour 's Lost and The Comedy of Errors , there is `` perfect metre - abundance of rime ( rhyme ) , plenty of prose , arrangement in stanza '' . After these two comedies , he kept experimenting until he reached a maturity of style . `` Shakespeare 's experimental use of trend and style , as well as the achieved development of his blank verses , are all evidences of his creative invention and influences '' . Through experimentation of tri-syllabic substitution and decasyllabic rule he developed the blank verse to perfection and introduced a new style .
Actor
The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC ( though the changes in calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly ) when the Greek performer Thespis stepped onto the stage at the Theatre Dionysus to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story . Prior to Thespis ' act , Grecian stories were only expressed in song , dance , and in third person narrative . In honor of Thespis , actors are commonly called Thespians . The exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama : tragedy , comedy , and the satyr play . Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans . The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form , ranging from festival performances of street theatre , nude dancing , and acrobatics , to the staging of situation comedies , to high - style , verbally elaborate tragedies .
Medieval theatre
A change of patronage also caused drastic changes to the theatre . In England the monarch and nobility started to support professional theatre troupes ( including Shakespeare 's Lord Chamberlain 's Men and King 's Men ) , which catered to their upper class patrons ' tastes .
Hamlet
In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? ''
Romeo and Juliet
The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays .
Hamlet
^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 . Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote . Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College . Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 . Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 . Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins .