vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sound barrier
In his 1990 book Me - 163 , former Messerschmitt Me 163 `` Komet '' pilot Mano Ziegler claims that his friend , test pilot Heini Dittmar , broke the sound barrier while diving the rocket plane , and that several people on the ground heard the sonic booms . He claims that on 6 July 1944 , Dittmar , flying Me 163B V18 , bearing the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic code VA + SP , was measured traveling at a speed of 1,130 km / h ( 702 mph ) . However , no evidence of such a flight exists in any of the materials from that period , which were captured by Allied forces and extensively studied . Dittmar had been officially recorded at 1,004.5 km / h ( 623.8 mph ) in level flight on 2 October 1941 in the prototype Me 163A V4 . He reached this speed at less than full throttle , as he was concerned by the transonic buffeting . Dittmar himself does not make a claim that he broke the sound barrier on that flight , and notes that the speed was recorded only on the AIS . He does , however , take credit for being the first pilot to `` knock on the sound barrier . ''
Field of Dreams
During a lunch with the Iowa Chamber of Commerce , Robinson broached his idea of a final scene in which headlights could be seen for miles along the horizon . The Chamber folks replied that it could be done and the shooting of the final scene became a community event . The film crew was hidden on the farm to make sure the aerial shots did not reveal them . Dyersville was then blacked out and local extras drove their vehicles to the field . In order to give the illusion of movement , the drivers were instructed to continuously switch between their low and high beams .
Energy usage of the United States military
The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . To meet renewable energy goals , the Air Force plans to certify its entire fleet on coal - to - liquid synthetic fuel blends by 2011 . By 2016 , it plans to fuel half of its domestic transportation by US - produced synthetic blends , including blends of biofuels and jetfuels , known as Hydrotreated Renewable Jet ( HRJ ) . The Air Force is currently the leading purchaser of renewable energy within the Federal government and has been a long time pioneer of renewable energy development and leadership . The Air Force is recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency as a Green Power Partner , one of the nation 's top purchasers of green power . The Air Force Energy Plan , published in May 2010 , includes more information about the Air Force 's goals , including reducing demand , increasing supply , and changing the culture to include energy awareness .
Circumnavigation
In ballooning , which is totally at the mercy of the winds , the requirements are even more relaxed . The course must cross all meridians , and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles , chosen by the pilot , having radii of 3,335.85 kilometres ( 2,072.80 mi ) and enclosing the poles ( though not necessarily centred on them ) .
Sound barrier
This claim is widely disputed , even by pilots in his unit . All of the effects he reported are known to occur on the Me 262 at much lower speeds , and the ASI reading is simply not reliable in the transonic . Further , a series of tests made by Karl Doetsch at the behest of Willy Messerschmitt found that the plane became uncontrollable above Mach 0.86 , and at Mach 0.9 would nose over into a dive that could not be recovered from . Post-war tests by the RAF confirmed these results , with the slight modification that the maximum speed using new instruments was found to be Mach 0.84 , rather than Mach 0.86 .
Korean War
The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better .
Social media
Quality : In industrial ( traditional ) publishing -- mediated by a publisher -- the typical range of quality is substantially narrower ( skewing to the high quality side ) than in niche , unmediated markets like user - generated social media posts . The main challenge posed by content in social media sites is the fact that the distribution of quality has high variance : from very high - quality items to low - quality , sometimes even abusive or inappropriate content . Reach : Both industrial and social media technologies provide scale and are capable of reaching a global audience . Industrial media , however , typically use a centralized framework for organization , production , and dissemination , whereas social media are by their very nature more decentralized , less hierarchical , and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility . Frequency : The number of times users access a type of media per day . Heavy social media users , such as young people , check their social media account numerous times throughout the day . Accessibility : The means of production for industrial media are typically government or corporate ( privately owned ) ; social media tools are generally available to the public at little or no cost , or they are supported by advertising revenue . While social media tools are available to anyone with access to Internet and a computer or mobile device , due to the digital divide , the poorest segment of the population lacks access to the Internet and computer . Low - income people may have more access to traditional media ( TV , radio , etc . ) , as an inexpensive TV and aerial or radio costs much less than an inexpensive computer or mobile device . Moreover , in many regions , TV or radio owners can tune into free over the air programming ; computer or mobile device owners need Internet access to go on social media sites . Usability : Industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training . For example , in the 1970s , to record a pop song , an aspiring singer would have to rent time in an expensive professional recording studio and hire an audio engineer . Conversely , most social media activities , such as posting a video of oneself singing a song require only modest reinterpretation of existing skills ( assuming a person understands Web 2.0 technologies ) ; in theory , anyone with access to the Internet can operate the means of social media production , and post digital pictures , videos or text online .
Chroma key
The biggest challenge when setting up a bluescreen or greenscreen is even lighting and the avoidance of shadow , because it is best to have as narrow a color range as possible being replaced . A shadow would present itself as a darker color to the camera and might not register for replacement . This can sometimes be seen in low - budget or live broadcasts where the errors can not be manually repaired . The material being used affects the quality and ease of having it evenly lit . Materials which are shiny will be far less successful than those that are not . A shiny surface will have areas that reflect the lights making them appear pale , while other areas may be darkened . A matte surface will diffuse the reflected light and have a more even color range . In order to get the cleanest key from shooting greenscreen it is necessary to create a value difference between the subject and the greenscreen . In order to differentiate the subject from the screen , a two - stop difference can be used , either by making the greenscreen two stops higher than the subject , or vice versa .
Red light camera
Not all studies have been favorable to the use of red light cameras . A 2004 study of 17,271 crashes from North Carolina A & T University showed that the presence of red light cameras increased the overall number of crashes by 40 % . This research received no peer review and is considered flawed by the IIHS . A 2005 Virginia Department of Transportation study of the long - term effects of camera enforcement in the state found a decrease in the number of right - angle crashes with injuries , but an increase in rear - end crashes and an overall increase in the number of crashes causing injuries . In 2007 , the department issued an updated report which showed that the overall number of crashes at intersections with red light cameras increased . This report concluded that the decision to install red light cameras should be made on an intersection - by - intersection basis as some intersections saw decreases in crashes and injuries that justified the use of red light cameras , while others saw increases in crashes , indicating that the cameras were not suitable in that location . This study , too , is considered flawed by the IIHS . Aurora , Colorado experienced mixed results with red light cameras ; after starting camera enforcement at 4 intersections , crashes decreased by 60 % at one , increased 100 % at two , and increased 175 % at the fourth . According to the IIHS , most studies suggest the increase in rear - end collisions decreases once drivers have become accustomed to the new dynamics of the intersection . Some locations experience a decrease in rear - end collisions at intersections with red light cameras over time , for instance , in Los Angeles such collisions fell 4.7 % from 2008 to 2009 . However , a 2010 analysis by the Los Angeles City Controller found L.A. 's red light cameras had n't demonstrated an improvement in safety , specifically that of the 32 intersections equipped with cameras , 12 saw more crashes than before the cameras were installed , 4 had the same number , and 16 had fewer crashes ; also that factors other than the cameras may have been responsible for the reduced crashes at the 16 intersections . And in Winnipeg , Manitoba , crashes were found to have significantly increased in the years following the deployment of red light cameras . In 2010 , Arizona completed a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement cameras and decided they would not renew the program in 2011 ; lower revenue than expected , mixed public acceptance and mixed accident data were cited .
Sound barrier
During WWII and immediately thereafter , a number of claims were made that the sound barrier had been broken in a dive . The majority of these purported events can be dismissed as instrumentation errors . The typical airspeed indicator ( ASI ) uses air pressure differences between two or more points on the aircraft , typically near the nose and at the side of the fuselage , to produce a speed figure . At high speed , the various compression effects that lead to the sound barrier also cause the ASI to go non-linear and produce inaccurately high or low readings , depending on the specifics of the installation . This effect became known as `` Mach jump '' . Before the introduction of Mach meters , accurate measurements of supersonic speeds could only be made externally , normally using ground - based instruments . Many claims of supersonic speeds were found to be far below this speed when measured in this fashion .
Letter of credit
There is the possibility that performance of a documentary credit may be disturbed by legal action relating directly to the parties and their rights and obligations under the documentary credit or performance may be prevented by government action outside the control of the parties . Alternatively , performance of a contract -- including an obligation under a documentary credit relationship -- could also be prevented by external factors such as natural disasters or armed conflicts . These risks , however , are often seen as secondary to the risk of non-payment .
Positron emission tomography
While attenuation - corrected images are generally more faithful representations , the correction process is itself susceptible to significant artifacts . As a result , both corrected and uncorrected images are always reconstructed and read together .
Carburetor
When the engine is cold , fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold , starving the cylinders of fuel and making the engine difficult to start ; thus , a richer mixture ( more fuel to air ) is required to start and run the engine until it warms up . A richer mixture is also easier to ignite .
One World Trade Center
We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real , not just in sculptural sketches . We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling , not just beautiful . The design does have great sculptural implications , and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower , but it also has to be a highly efficient building . The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic , formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building does n't function well , if people do n't want to work and visit there , then we will have failed as architects . Layout
Factor analysis
It is sometimes suggested that principal components analysis is computationally quicker and requires fewer resources than factor analysis . Fabrigar et al. suggest that the ready availability of computer resources have rendered this practical concern irrelevant . PCA and factor analysis can produce similar results . This point is also addressed by Fabrigar et al. ; in certain cases , whereby the communalities are low ( e.g. , . 40 ) , the two techniques produce divergent results . In fact , Fabrigar et al. argue that in cases where the data correspond to assumptions of the common factor model , the results of PCA are inaccurate results . There are certain cases where factor analysis leads to ' Heywood cases ' . These encompass situations whereby 100 % or more of the variance in a measured variable is estimated to be accounted for by the model . Fabrigar et al. suggest that these cases are actually informative to the researcher , indicating a misspecified model or a violation of the common factor model . The lack of Heywood cases in the PCA approach may mean that such issues pass unnoticed . Researchers gain extra information from a PCA approach , such as an individual 's score on a certain component -- such information is not yielded from factor analysis . However , as Fabrigar et al. contend , the typical aim of factor analysis -- i.e. to determine the factors accounting for the structure of the correlations between measured variables -- does not require knowledge of factor scores and thus this advantage is negated . It is also possible to compute factor scores from a factor analysis .
Night vision
Active infrared night - vision combines infrared illumination of spectral range 700 -- 1,000 nm ( just below the visible spectrum of the human eye ) with CCD cameras sensitive to this light . The resulting scene , which is apparently dark to a human observer , appears as a monochrome image on a normal display device . Because active infrared night - vision systems can incorporate illuminators that produce high levels of infrared light , the resulting images are typically higher resolution than other night - vision technologies . Active infrared night vision is now commonly found in commercial , residential and government security applications , where it enables effective night time imaging under low - light conditions . However , since active infrared light can be detected by night - vision goggles , there can be a risk of giving away position in tactical military operations .
Night vision
Night vision technologies can be broadly divided into three main categories : image intensification , active illumination and thermal imaging .
Model (person)
Types of modelling include : fashion , glamour , fitness , bikini , fine art , body - part , promotional and commercial print models . Models are featured in a variety of media formats including : books , magazines , films , newspapers , internet and television . Fashion models are sometimes featured in films ( Prêt - à - Porter and Looker ) ; reality TV shows ( America 's Next Top Model and The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency ) ; and music videos ( `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' , `` Wicked Game '' , `` Daughters '' and `` Blurred Lines '' ) .
Color motion picture film
Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes : Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry ( camera negative stocks , duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks ) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry ( positive prints for direct projection ) , usually abbreviated as ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 . Fuji 's products are compatible with ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 .
Color motion picture film
Around 1920 , the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced . These also used black - and - white film to photograph multiple color - filtered source images , but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment . Before 1932 , when three - strip Technicolor was introduced , commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color .
Natural gas
Besides use in road vehicles , CNG can also be used in aircraft . Compressed natural gas has been used in some aircraft like the Aviat Aircraft Husky 200 CNG and the Chromarat VX - 1 KittyHawk
History of the telescope
In 1995 this imaging technique was demonstrated on an array of separate optical telescopes for the first time , allowing a further improvement in resolution , and also allowing even higher resolution imaging of stellar surfaces . The same techniques have now been applied at a number of other astronomical telescope arrays including : the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer , the CHARA array , and the IOTA array . A detailed description of the development of astronomical optical interferometry can be found here ( 3 ) .
History of photography
It has been suggested that some lost type of photographic technology must have been applied before 1357 : the Shroud of Turin contains an image that resembles a sepia photographic negative and is much clearer when it is converted to a positive image . The actual method that resulted in this image has not yet been conclusively identified . It first appeared in historical records in 1357 and radiocarbon dating tests indicate it was probably made between 1260 and 1390 . No other examples of detailed negative images from before the 19th century are known .
British Army during World War I
The primary types of visual signalling were Semaphore flags , lamps and flags , lamps and lights , and the heliograph . In open warfare , visual signalling ( employing signal flags and the heliograph ) was the norm . A competent signaller could transmit 12 words a minute with signal flags ( during daylight ) and signal lights ( at night ) . Signal lights , which were secured in a wooden case , employed a battery - operated Morse code key . These signalling techniques had certain disadvantages , however . In trench warfare , operators using these methods were forced to expose themselves to enemy fire ; while messages sent to the rear by signal lights could not be seen by enemy forces , replies to such messages were readily spotted , and operators were , once again , exposed to enemy fire .
Night vision
This magnifies the amount of received photons from various natural sources such as starlight or moonlight . Examples of such technologies include night glasses and low light cameras . In the military context , Image Intensifiers are often called `` Low Light TV '' since the video signal is often transmitted to a display within a control center . LLLTV These are usually integrated into a sensor containing both visible and IR detectors and the streams are used independently or in fused mode , depending on the mission at hand 's requirements. ( 1 )
iOS 11
A new `` Depth '' API allows third - party camera app developers to take advantage of the iPhone 7 Plus , iPhone 8 Plus , and iPhone X 's dual - camera `` Portrait mode '' . This will let apps implement the same depth - sensing technology available in the default iOS Camera app , to simulate a shallow depth - of - field .
Arizona
Other significant airports without regularly scheduled commercial flights include Scottsdale Municipal Airport ( IATA : SCF , ICAO : KSDL ) in Scottsdale , and Deer Valley Airport ( IATA : DVT , ICAO : KDVT , FAA : DVT ) home to two flight training academies and the Nation 's busiest general aviation airport .
Ship
Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories : aircraft carriers , cruisers , destroyers , frigates , corvettes , submarines and amphibious assault ships . The distinction between cruisers , destroyers , frigates , and corvettes is not rigorous ; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies . Battleships were used during the Second World War and occasionally since then ( the last battleships were removed from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in March 2006 ) , but were made obsolete by the use of carrier - borne aircraft and guided missiles .
Acronym
Acronyms are often taught as mnemonic devices , for example in physics the colors of the visible spectrum are ROY G. BIV ( red - orange - yellow - green - blue - indigo - violet ) . They are also used as mental checklists , for example in aviation : GUMPS , which is Gas - Undercarriage - Mixture - Propeller - Seatbelts . Other examples of mnemonic acronyms include CAN SLIM , and PAVPANIC as well as PEMDAS . Acronyms
Adobe Photoshop
There are various types of plugins , such as filter , export , import , selection , color correction , and automation . The most popular plugins are the filter plugins ( also known as a 8bf plugins ) , available under the Filter menu in Photoshop . Filter plugins can either modify the current image or create content . Below are some popular types of plugins , and some well - known companies associated with them :
Ottawa
The city is also home to the Canada Agriculture Museum , the Canada Aviation and Space Museum , the Canada Science and Technology Museum , Billings Estate Museum , Bytown Museum , Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography , the Bank of Canada Museum , and the Portrait Gallery of Canada .
Photo booth
Both black and white and colour photo booths are common in the US , however in Europe the colour photo booth has almost entirely replaced black and white booths . However , newer digital booths now offer the customer the option of whether to print in colour or in black and white . Most modern photo booths use video or digital cameras instead of film cameras , and are under computer control . Some booths can also produce stickers , postcards , or other items with the photographs on them , rather or as well as simply a strip of pictures . These often include an option of novelty decorative borders around the photos .
Chromolithography
Chromolithography is a unique method for making multi-colour prints . This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography , and includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour . When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs , the term photochrome is frequently used . Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of raised relief or recessed intaglio techniques .