vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economy of India
Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage .
Automotive industry in India
Vehicle Factory Jabalpur - started manufacturing Shaktiman trucks with technical assistance from MAN SE of Germany . The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the Indian Army with several specialist variants . VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces . Heavy Vehicles Factory - was established in 1965 in Avadi , near Chennai to produce tanks in India . Since its inception , HVF has produced all the tanks of India , including Vijayanta , Arjun , Ajeya , Bhishma and their variants for the Indian Army . HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India . Tata Motors , Poona , then known as TELCO - technical collaboration with Mercedes Benz to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks . Ashok Motors , later Ashok Leyland , Madras - technical collaboration with Leyland Motors to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks . Ashok Motors also discontinued its Austin venture formed in 1948 to sell Austin A40 and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses . Hindustan Motors - technical collaboration with General Motors to manufacture the Bedford range of medium lorry and bus chassis . Premier Automobiles - technical collaboration with Chrysler to manufacture the Dodge , Fargo range of medium lorry , panel vans , mini-bus and bus chassis . Simpsons & Co , Madras - part of Amalgamations Group ( TAFE Tractors ) - technical collaboration with Ford to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis , but did not utilise that option until the 1980s .
Karnataka
Nearly 56 % of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities . A total of 12.31 million hectares of land , or 64.6 % of the state 's total area , is cultivated . Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the southwest monsoon as only 26.5 % of the sown area is irrigated .
Forestry in India
From 1990 to 2000 , FAO finds India was the fifth largest gainer in forest coverage in the world ; while from 2000 to 2010 , FAO considers India as the third largest gainer in forest coverage .
Automotive industry in India
General Motors India Private Limited Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited -- Halol Tata Motors -- Sanand Ford India -- Sanand . Maruti Suzuki -- Ahmedabad
Labour in India
Djankov and Ramalho have reviewed a number of labour studies on developing countries including India . They find , consistent with above criticisms , that countries with rigid employment laws have larger unorganised sectors and higher unemployment , especially among young workers . They also report the rigid , inflexible labour laws are strongly related to low per capita income .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
To augment wage employment opportunities by providing employment on demand and by specific guaranteed wage employment every year to households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work to thereby extend a security net to the people and simultaneously create durable assets to alleviate some aspects of poverty and address the issue of development in the rural areas .
Automotive industry in India
Opel was present in India until 2006 . As of 2013 , Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners . Vehicles
Automotive industry in India
The Tariff commission policies , including similar restrictions that applied to other industries , came to be known as the `` license raj '' , which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry , where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply , with month - long waiting periods for cars , scooters , and motorcycles .
Economy of India
India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies .
Labour in India
Scholars suggest India 's rigid labour laws and excessive regulations assumed to protect the labour are the cause of slow employment growth in high paying , organised sector . India 's labour - related acts and regulations have led to labour - market rigidity . This encourages shadow economy for entrepreneurs , an economy that prefers to employ informal labour to avoid the complicated and opaque laws . In particular , Indian labour legislation such as the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 added rigid labour laws and one sided trade union laws . Although the Act does not prohibit layoffs and retrenchments , it does require entrepreneurs and companies to get the permission from government officials to fire an employee for absenteeism , retrench employees for economic reasons , or to close an economically nonviable company . This bureaucratic process can stretch into years , and the government officials have consistently and almost always denied such permission . As a result , the scholars argue that India 's inflexible labour laws have created a strong disincentive to formally register new companies and hire additional workers in existing organised sector companies . Unlike China , Indian businesses have avoided substituting India 's abundant labour for export or domestic opportunities , or use labour instead of expensive equipment for quality control or other operations . These are reasons for India 's weak employment growth .
Rhode Island
Health services are Rhode Island 's largest industry . Second is tourism , supporting 39,000 jobs , with tourism - related sales at $4.56 billion ( adjusted to inflation ) in the year 2000 . The third - largest industry is manufacturing . Its industrial outputs are submarine construction , shipbuilding , costume jewelry , fabricated metal products , electrical equipment , machinery , and boatbuilding . Rhode Island 's agricultural outputs are nursery stock , vegetables , dairy products , and eggs .
Thar Desert
Thar region of Rajasthan is the biggest wool - producing area in India . Chokla , Marwari , Jaisalmeri , Magra , Malpuri , Sonadi , Nali and Pungal breeds of sheep are found in the region . Of the total wool production in India , 40 - 50 % comes from Rajasthan . The sheep - wool from Rajasthan is considered best for carpet making industry in the world . The wool of Chokla breed of sheep is considered of superior quality . The breeding centres have been developed for Karakul and Merino sheep at Suratgarh , Jaitsar and Bikaner . Some important mills for making Woolen thread established in desert area are : Jodhpur Woolen Mill , Jodhpur ; Rajasthan Woolen Mill , Bikaner and India Woolen Mill , Bikaner . Bikaner is the biggest mandi ( market place ) of wool in Asia .
Automotive industry in India
Hyundai : Santa Fe . Isuzu Motors India : D - Max Jaguar ( Subsidiary of Tata Motors ) : XK , F - Type . Koenigsegg : CCX , CCXR , Agera . Lamborghini : Huracan , Aventador . Land Rover ( Subsidiary of Tata Motors ) : Discovery 4 , Range Rover Sport , Range Rover . Maserati : Quattroporte , Ghibli . Mercedes - Benz : Viano . MINI : Cooper , Cooper S , Convertible . Mitsubishi : Montero . Mitsubishi
Automotive industry in India
An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat , with a manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol , and a facility for Tata Nano at their plant in Sanand . Ford , Maruti Suzuki , and Peugeot - Citroen plants are also planned for Gujarat .
Automotive industry in India
Heavy Vehicles Factory , Avadi , Chennai Engine Factory Avadi , Avadi , Chennai Ashok Leyland -- Ennore Chennai , Hosur BharatBenz -- Oragadam , Chennai Kamaz Vectra Motors -- Hosur SAME Deutz - Fahr Tractors -- Ranipet , Vellore TAFE Tractors -- Chennai TVS Motor -- Hosur
Automotive industry in India
Bajaj Auto -- Chakan ( Pune ) , Waluj Aurangabad KTM Sportmotorcycles -- Chakan ( Pune ) India Kawasaki Motors -- Chakan ( Pune ) Vespa Scooters -- Baramati ( Pune ) Kinetic Engineering -- Pune , Ahmednagar
Forestry in India
India is a large and diverse country . Its land area includes regions with some of the world 's highest rainfall to very dry deserts , coast line to alpine regions , river deltas to tropical islands . The variety and distribution of forest vegetation is large : there are 600 species of hardwoods , including sal ( Shorea robusta ) . India is one of the 17 mega biodiverse regions of the world .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
On asset creation , there have not been too many detailed studies . A few focusing on the potential for asset creation under NREGA suggest that ( a ) the potential is substantial and ( b ) in some places it is being realized and ( c ) lack of staff , especially technical staff rather than lack of material are to blame for poor realization of this potential . Others have pointed out that water harvesting and soil conservation works promoted through NREGA `` could have high positive results on environment security and biodiversity and environment conservation '' A study conducted by researchers at the Indian Institute of Science and other collaborators attempts to quantify the environmental and socio - economic benefits of works done through the NREGA
Forestry in India
India was , until 1991 , one of the largest exporters of wild birds to international bird markets . Most of the birds traded were parakeets and munias . Most of these birds were exported to countries in Europe and the Middle East .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The act was first proposed in 1991 by P.V. Narasimha Rao . In 2006 , it was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 625 districts of India . Based on this pilot experience , NREGA was scoped up to covered all the districts of India from 1 April 2008 . The statute is hailed by the government as `` the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world '' . In its World Development Report 2014 , the World Bank termed it a `` stellar example of rural development '' .
Automotive industry in India
In September 2009 , Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars , for US $500 million . The cars will be manufactured both for the Indian market and for export . The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business . Fiat Motors announced that it would source more than US $1 billion worth auto components from India . A
Automotive industry in India
Ashok Leyland - originally a JV between Ashok Motors ( owned by the Hinduja Group ) and Leyland Motors , now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and Nissan Motors ( Japan ) for LCV 's ; and John Deere ( USA ) for construction equipment . KaMAZ Vectra - A JV between Russia 's KaMAZ and the Vectra Group MAN Force - A JV between Force Motors and MAN AG ( Germany ) SML Isuzu - originally , as Swaraj Mazda , a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda , now 53.5 % owned by Sumitomo Group and with its current name since 2011 . Tatra Vectra Motors Ltd - ( defunct ) Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra . Replaced by Kamaz . Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited . VE Commercial Vehicles Limited - VE Commercial Vehicles limited - A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited . Maruti Suzuki - A joint venture of Indian Maruti and Japanese Suzuki .
Labour in India
India has two broad groups of migrant labourers - one that migrates to temporarily work overseas , and another that migrates domestically on a seasonal and work available basis .
Forestry in India
Since 1991 , India has reversed the deforestation trend . Specialists of the United Nations report India 's forest as well as woodland cover has increased . A 2010 study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation ranks India amongst the 10 countries with the largest forest area coverage in the world ( the other nine being Russian Federation , Brazil , Canada , United States of America , China , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Australia , Indonesia and Sudan ) . India is also one of the top 10 countries with the largest primary forest coverage in the world , according to this study .
Pokhran-II
By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which had invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the ones who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences .
Education in India
After passing the Higher Secondary Examination ( the Standard 12 examination ) , students may enrol in general degree programmes such as bachelor 's degree ( graduation ) in arts , commerce or science , or professional degree programme such as engineering , law or medicine and become B. Sc. , B. Com. , and B.A. graduates . India 's higher education system is the third largest in the world , after China and the United States . The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission ( India ) ( UGC ) , which enforces its standards , advises the government , and helps coordinate between the centre and the state up to Post graduation and Doctorate ( Ph. D ) . Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission . All
Economy of India
Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country .
Textile industry in India
The main markets for jute are the United States , Canada , Russia , United Kingdom and Australia .
Automotive industry in India
In 1952 , the government appointed the first Tariff Commission , one of whose purposes was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry . In 1953 , the commission submitted their report , which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure , with licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles , with capacity increases allowable , as per demands , in the future . The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly , as well as those with no Indian partner . In 1954 , following the Tariff Commission implementation , General Motors , Ford , and Rootes Group , which had assembly - only plants in Mumbai , decided to move out of India .
Automotive industry in India
J.C. Bamford ( JCB ) ( Owned by British multinational corporation J.C. Bamford ) . BharatBenz ( Owned by Daimler AG of Germany and affiliated with Daimler 's Fuso and Mercedes - Benz brands ) Caterpillar Inc . DAF Hino Isuzu Iveco MAN Mercedes - Benz - manufactures luxury coaches in India . Piaggio Rosenbauer . Scania Tatra . Volvo .
Indian Railways
Indian Railways ( reporting mark IR ) is a State owned national transporter , responsible for rail transport in India . It is owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways . It is the third largest railway network in the world comprising 119,630 kilometres ( 74,330 mi ) of total track and 92,081 km ( 57,216 mi ) of running track over a route of 66,687 km ( 41,437 mi ) with 7,216 stations at the end of 2015 - 16 . In 2015 - 16 , IR carried 8.107 billion passengers annually or more than 22 million passengers a day and 1.101 billion tons of freight annually . As of the end of 2015 - 16 , of the total 68,525 km ( 42,579 mi ) route length , 28,327 km ( 17,602 mi ) or 45 % were electrified and 28,371 km ( 17,629 mi ) or 37 % were double or multiple line routes . The railway network is predominantly a broad gauge network . Small stretches of the network use metre and narrow gauges . All the electrified lines use 25 kV AC electric traction .
Alice Springs
The largest employer in Alice Springs is the Northern Territory Government , with 8 % of employed people working in government administration , 7 % in school education , and 4 % in the Alice Springs Hospital . The economy of Alice Springs is somewhat reliant on domestic and international tourism , with 4 % of its workforce employed providing accommodation . Flying
Republic of Ireland
Although multinational corporations dominate Ireland 's export sector , exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income . The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents , medical devices and software - related goods and services in the world . Ireland 's exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies ( such as Ryanair , Kerry Group and Smurfit Kappa ) and exports of mineral resources : Ireland is the seventh largest producer of zinc concentrates , and the twelfth largest producer of lead concentrates . The country also has significant deposits of gypsum , limestone , and smaller quantities of copper , silver , gold , barite , and dolomite . Tourism in Ireland contributes about 4 % of GDP and is a significant source of employment .
Automotive industry in India
The industry produced a total 14.25 million vehicles -- including passenger vehicles ( PV ) , commercial vehicles ( CV ) , and three - and two wheelers ( 3W and 2W ) -- in April -- October 2015 , as against 13.83 in April -- October 2014 , registering a marginal growth of 3.07 per cent , year - to - year .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
One of the objectives of NREGA was to improve the bargaining power of labour who often faced exploitative market conditions . Several studies have found that agricultural wages have increased significantly , especially for women since the inception of the scheme . This indicates that overall wage levels have increased due to the act , however , further research highlights that the key benefit of the scheme lies in the reduction of wage volatility . This highlights that NREGA may be an effective insurance scheme . Ongoing research efforts try to evaluate the overall welfare effects of the scheme ; a particular focus has been to understand whether the scheme has reduced migration into urban centers for casual work . Women
Labour in India
India has numerous labour laws such as those prohibiting discrimination and Child labour , those that aim to guarantee fair and humane conditions of work , those that provide social security , minimum wage , right to organise , form trade unions and enforce collective bargaining . India also has numerous rigid regulations such as maximum number of employees per company in certain sectors of economy , and limitations on employers on retrenchment and layoffs , requirement of paperwork , bureaucratic process and government approval for change in labour in companies even if these are because of economic conditions .
Forestry in India
India is a significant importer of forest products . Logs account for 67 % of all wood and wood products imported into India due to local preference for unprocessed wood . This preference is explained by the availability of inexpensive labor and the large number of productive sawmills . In trade year 2008 - 2009 , India imported logs worth $1.14 billion , an increase of about 70 % in just 4 years .
Labour in India
A number of economists ( e.g. : Fallon and Lucas , 1989 ; Besley and Burgess , 2004 ) have studied the industrial relations climate in India , with a large number of studies focusing on state - level differences in India 's Industrial Disputes Act . Some studies ( e.g. : Besley and Burges , 2004 ) purport to show that pro-worker amendments to the Industrial Disputes Act have had a negative impact on industrial output and employment - as well as on poverty . However these studies have faced serious criticism on the grounds that the data used are misinterpreted , and that the results are not robust with respect to standard econometric tests .
Automotive industry in India
Bharat Earth Movers - Bengaluru Scania Commercial Vehicles India Private Limited -- Bengaluru TAFE Tractors -- Doddaballapur Tata Motors -- Dharwad Bharat Earth Movers - Mysuru Volvo India Volvo Buses India -- Hosakote Volvo Trucks India -- Hosakote Volvo Construction Equipment India -- Hosakote
Economy of Mexico
In terms of share of the GDP by economic sector ( in 2004 ) , the largest contributors in agriculture are Jalisco ( 9.7 % ) , Sinaloa ( 7.7 % ) and Veracruz ( 7.6 % ) ; the greatest contributors in industrial production are the Federal District ( 15.8 % ) , State of México ( 11.8 % ) and Nuevo León ( 7.9 % ) ; the greatest contributors in the service sector are also the Federal District ( 25.3 % ) , State of México ( 8.9 % ) and Nuevo León ( 7.5 % ) .
Maldives
The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Organization of Islamic Cooperation , and the Non Aligned Movement . The World Bank classifies the Maldives as having an upper middle income economy . Fishing has historically been the dominant economic activity , and remains the largest sector by far , followed by the rapidly growing tourism industry . Along with Sri Lanka , it is one of only two South Asian countries rated `` high '' on the Human Development Index , with its per capita income one of the highest among SAARC nations .