vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Zimbabwe
During the 1990s , students , trade unionists , and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU - PF party policies . In 1996 , civil servants , nurses , and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues . The general health of the population also began to significantly decline ; by 1997 an estimated 25 % of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 29 March 2016 , the WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern status of the outbreak . Subsequent flare - ups occurred ; the last was declared over on 9 June 2016 , 42 days after the last case tested negative on 28 April 2016 in Monrovia .
Bubonic plague
In the Late Middle Ages ( 1340 -- 1400 ) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death , the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague , hit in 1347 , killing a third of the human population . Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare , crime , popular revolt , waves of flagellants , and persecution . The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries . Arab historians Ibn Al - Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia . Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s . Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early 1346 in the steppe region , where a plague reservoir stretches from the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea into southern Russia . The Mongols had cut off the trade route , the Silk Road , between China and Europe which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe . The epidemic began with an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants ' last trading station in the region , Caffa in the Crimea . In late 1346 , plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated into the town . When spring arrived , the Italian merchants fled on their ships , unknowingly carrying the Black Death . Carried by the fleas on rats , the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to the rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another .
Middle Ages
These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years . The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe , about one - third of the population . Towns were especially hard - hit because of their crowded conditions . Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited , and in some places fields were left unworked . Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields . Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food , both of which cut into agricultural income . Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings , and popular uprisings broke out across Europe . Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders . The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe , manifested by the foundation of new charities , the self - mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of Jews . Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century ; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
A number of people who had become infected with Ebola were medically evacuated for treatment in isolation wards in Europe or the US . They were mostly health workers with one of the NGOs in West Africa . With the exception of a single isolated case in Spain , no secondary infections occurred as a result of the medical evacuations . The US accepted four evacuees and three were flown to Germany . France , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom received two patients ( and five who were exposed ) .
World Health Organization
On 8 August 2014 , WHO declared that the spread of Ebola was a public health emergency ; an outbreak which was believed to have started in Guinea had spread to other nearby countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone . The situation in West Africa was considered very serious .
Child labour
Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide . The ten highest risk countries in 2012 , ranked in decreasing order , were : Myanmar , North Korea , Somalia , Sudan , DR Congo , Zimbabwe , Afghanistan , Burundi , Pakistan and Ethiopia . Of the major growth economies , Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest , India 27th , China 36th , Viet Nam 37th , Indonesia 46th , and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties , to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) was first described in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what is now South Sudan . Ebola had been discovered to be endemic to West Africa decades prior to the 2013 -- 2016 outbreak , but this was not well understood in West Africa or by the international health community . The 2013 -- 2016 outbreak was the first anywhere in the world to reach epidemic proportions . Previous outbreaks had been brought under control within a few weeks . Extreme poverty , dysfunctional healthcare systems , distrust of government after years of armed conflict , and the delay in responding for several months , all contributed to the failure to control the epidemic . Other factors included local burial customs of washing the body and the unprecedented spread of Ebola to densely populated cities . Map
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka , Indonesia , and the Maldives . The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history . Then - UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years . Governments and non-governmental organisations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases , prompting a massive humanitarian response . In the end , this fear did not materialise .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In September 2014 , the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa `` a threat to international peace and security '' and unanimously adopted a resolution urging UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak . In October , WHO and the UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response announced a comprehensive 90 - day plan to control and reverse the Ebola epidemic . The ultimate goal was to have capacity in place for the isolation of 100 % of Ebola cases and the safe burial of 100 % of casualties by 1 January 2015 ( the 90 - day target ) . Many nations and charitable organizations cooperated to realise the plan , and a WHO situation report published mid-December indicated that the international community was on track to meet the 90 - day target .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 28 August 2014 , authorities in Guinea issued an alert informing their medical services and neighbouring countries that a person who had been in close contact with an Ebola - infected patient had escaped their surveillance system . The alert prompted testing for Ebola at the Dakar laboratory , and the positive result launched an investigation , triggering urgent contact tracing . On 10 September , it was reported that the student had recovered but health officials continued to monitor his contacts for 21 days . No further cases were reported , and on 17 October 2014 , the WHO officially declared that the outbreak in Senegal had ended .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Although the WHO does not advise caring for Ebola patients at home , in some cases it became a necessity when no hospital treatment beds were available . For those being treated at home , the WHO advised informing the local public health authority and acquiring appropriate training and equipment . UNICEF , USAID and Samaritan 's Purse began to take measures to provide support for families that were forced to care for patients at home by supplying caregiver kits intended for interim home - based interventions . The kits included protective clothing , hydration items , medicines , and disinfectant , among other items . Even where hospital beds were available , it was debated whether conventional hospitals are the best place to care for Ebola patients , as the risk of spreading the infection is high . In October , the WHO and non-profit partners launched a program in Liberia to move infected people out of their homes into ad hoc centres that could provide rudimentary care . Health facilities with low - quality systems for preventing infection were involved as sites of amplification during viral outbreaks . Protective
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 28 January 2015 , the WHO reported that for the first time since the week ending 29 June 2014 , there had been fewer than 100 new confirmed cases reported in a week in the three most - affected countries . The response to the epidemic then moved to a second phase , as the focus shifted from slowing transmission to ending the epidemic . On 8 April 2015 , the WHO reported a total of only 30 confirmed cases , and the weekly update for 29 July reported only seven new cases . Cases continued to gradually dwindle and on 7 October 2015 , all three of the most seriously affected countries recorded their first joint week without any new cases . However , as of late 2015 , while the large - scale epidemic had ended , sporadic new cases were still being recorded , frustrating hopes that the epidemic could be declared over .
G20
As of 2017 , leaders from the following nations have been invited to the G20 summits : Azerbaijan , Benin , Brunei , Cambodia , Chad , Chile , Colombia , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Ethiopia , Guinea , Kazakhstan , Laos , Malawi , Malaysia , Mauritania , Myanmar , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , the Philippines , Poland , Senegal , Singapore , Spain , Switzerland , Thailand , the United Arab Emirates , Vietnam , and Zimbabwe .
Diphtheria
The number of cases has changed over the course of the last 2 decades , specifically throughout developing countries . Better standards of living , mass immunization , improved diagnosis , prompt treatment , and more effective health care have led to the decrease in cases worldwide . However , although outbreaks are rare , they still occur worldwide , especially in developed nations such as Germany among unvaccinated children , and Canada . After the breakup of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s , vaccination rates in its constituent countries fell so low that an explosion of diphtheria cases occurred . In 1991 , 2,000 cases of diphtheria occurred in the USSR . Because of this outbreak , since 1992 , many of the cases reported throughout other parts of Europe have been linked to the NIS epidemic . Belgium ( 3 / 3 ) and Finland ( 10 / 10 ) come in first , stating that 100 % of cases are connected to this epidemic . However , locations such as Poland and Germany have had a larger number of people diagnosed with Diphtheria overall , but claim that a smaller percentage have been linked directly to the NIS . By 1998 as many as 200,000 cases in the Commonwealth of Independent States were reported , with 5,000 deaths .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Minor Ebola virus outbreaks by country and by date -- 30 July 2014 to most recent WHO / Gov update 30 August 2015 Date Aggregate Total Nigeria Senegal United States Spain Mali United Kingdom Italy Refs Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 30 August 2015 36 15 20 8 0 0 8 6 0 0 29 December 2014 35 15 20 8 0 0 8 6 0 -- -- 14 December 2014 32 15 20 8 0 0 6 6 -- -- -- -- 2 November 2014 27 10 20 8 0 0 -- -- -- -- 12 October 2014 23 8 20 8 0 0 0 - -- -- -- -- -- 28 September 2014 22 8 20 8 0 0 - -- - -- -- -- -- -- 30 July 2014 -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Note 1 : This table contains countries that had limited local cases . Note 2 : Date is the `` as of '' date from the reference . A single source may report statistics for multiple `` as of '' dates .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 5 August 2014 , the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God confirmed that Brother Miguel Pajares , who had been volunteering in Liberia , had become infected . He was evacuated to Spain and died on 12 August . On 21 September it was announced that Brother Manuel García Viejo , another Spanish citizen who was medical director at the San Juan de Dios Hospital in Lunsar , had been evacuated to Spain from Sierra Leone after being infected with the virus . His death was announced on 25 September .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Resistance to interventions by health officials among the Guinean population remained greater than in Sierra Leone and Liberia , raising concerns over its impact on ongoing efforts to halt the epidemic . In mid-March , there were 95 new cases and on 28 March , and a 45 - day `` health emergency '' was declared in 5 regions of the country . On 22 May , the WHO reported another rise in cases , which was believed to have been due to funeral transmissions . On 25 May , six persons were placed in prison isolation after they were found travelling with the corpse of an individual who had died of the disease . On 1 June , it was reported that violent protests in a north Guinean town at the border with Guinea - Bissau had caused the Red Cross to withdraw its workers .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 28 August 2014 , the WHO released its first estimate of the possible total cases from the outbreak as part of its roadmap for stopping the transmission of the virus . It stated that `` this Roadmap assumes that in many areas of intense transmission the actual number of cases may be two - to fourfold higher than that currently reported . It acknowledges that the aggregate case load of Ebola could exceed 20,000 over the course of this emergency . The Roadmap assumes that a rapid escalation of the complementary strategies in intense transmission , resource - constrained areas will allow the comprehensive application of more standard containment strategies within three months . '' The report included an assumption that some country or countries would pay the required cost of their plan , estimated at half a billion US dollars .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In August 2014 , the WHO published a road map of the steps required to bring the epidemic under control and to prevent further transmission of the disease within West Africa ; the coordinated international response worked towards realising this plan .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 29 December 2014 , Pauline Cafferkey , a British aid worker who had just returned to Glasgow from Sierra Leone , was diagnosed with Ebola . She was treated and declared to be free of infection and released from hospital on 24 January 2015 . On 8 October , she was readmitted for complications caused by the virus and was in `` serious '' condition , according to a hospital report . On 14 October , her condition was listed as `` critical '' and 58 individuals were being monitored and 25 received an experimental vaccination , being close contacts . On 21 October , it was reported that she had been diagnosed with meningitis caused by the virus persisting in her brain . On 12 November , she was released from hospital after making a full recovery . However , on 23 February , Ms. Cafferkey was admitted for a third time , `` under routine monitoring by the Infectious Diseases Unit ... for further investigations '' , according to a spokesperson . Italy
West African Ebola virus epidemic
During the first week of November , it was reported that the situation was `` getting worse '' due to intense transmission in Freetown . According to the Disaster Emergency Committee , food shortages resulting from aggressive quarantines were making the situation worse , and on 4 November , it was reported that thousands had violated quarantine in search of food in the town of Kenema . With the number of cases continuing to increase , an MSF coordinator described the situation in Sierra Leone as `` catastrophic '' , saying , `` there are several villages and communities that have been basically wiped out ... Whole communities have disappeared but many of them are not in the statistics . '' In mid-November , the WHO reported that , while there was some evidence that the number of cases were no longer rising in Guinea and Liberia , steep increases persisted in Sierra Leone . Although the international community had responded to the emergency by building and equipping treatment centres , they were unable to function effectively due to poor staffing , low - quality coordination , government mismanagement and inefficiency . Ebola
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 31 July 2015 , the WHO announced `` an extremely promising development '' in the search for an effective vaccine for Ebola virus disease . While the vaccine had shown 100 % efficacy in individuals , more conclusive evidence was needed regarding its capacity to protect populations through herd immunity . In August 2015 , after substantial progress in reducing the scale of the epidemic , the WHO held a meeting to work out a `` Comprehensive care plan for Ebola survivors '' and identify research needed to optimize clinical care and social well - being . Stating that `` the Ebola outbreak has decimated families , health systems , economies , and social structures '' , the WHO called the aftermath of the epidemic `` an emergency within an emergency . '' Of special concern is recent research that shows some Ebola survivors experience a so - called `` post-Ebola Syndrome '' , with symptoms so severe that survivors may require medical care for months and even years . As the main epidemic was coming to an end in December 2015 , the UN announced that 22,000 children had been orphaned , losing one or both parents to Ebola . On 29 March 2016 , the Director - General of WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern status of the West African Ebola virus epidemic .
Non-communicable disease
The World Health Organization is the specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) that acts as coordinating authority on international public health issues , including NCDs . In May 2008 , the 193 Member States of the WHO approved a six - year plan to address non-communicable diseases , especially the rapidly increasing burden in low - and middle - income countries . The plan calls for raising the priority given to NCDs in international development work ' .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Major Ebola virus outbreaks by country and by date -- to most recent WHO / Gov update - 14 January 2016 Date Total Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone Sources Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 14 January 2016 28,542 11,299 3,806 2,535 10,675 4,809 14,061 3,955 23 December 2015 28,542 11,299 3,806 2,535 10,676 4,809 14,061 3,955 9 December 2015 28,542 11,299 3,806 2,535 10,675 4,809 14,061 3,955 25 November 2015 28,539 11,298 3,806 2,535 10,672 4,808 14,061 3,955 11 November 2015 28,539 11,298 3,806 2,535 10,672 4,808 14,061 3,955 25 October 2015 28,539 11,298 3,800 2,534 10,672 4,808 14,061 3,955 11 October 2015 28,454 11,297 3,800 2,534 10,672 4,808 13,982 3,955 Note 1 : Cases include confirmed , probable and suspected per the WHO , numbers are the cumulative figures as published on the given date , and due to retrospective revisions , differences between successive weekly totals are not necessarily the number of new cases that week . Note 2 : Data are from reports by the WHO Global Alert and Response Unit and the WHO 's Regional Office for Africa . All numbers are correlated with UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , if available . The reports were sourced from official information from the affected countries ' health ministries . The WHO has stated that the reported numbers `` vastly underestimate the magnitude of the outbreak '' , estimating there may be three times as many cases as officially reported . Note 3 : Date is the `` as of '' date from the reference . A single source may report statistics for multiple `` as of '' dates .
World Health Organization
Political pressure from China has led to Taiwan being barred from membership of the WHO and other UN-affiliated organizations , and in both 2017 and 2018 the WHO refused to allow Taiwanese delegates to attend the WHO annual assembly . On multiple occasions Taiwanese journalists have been denied access to report on the assembly .
Venezuela
Venezuela under Hugo Chávez suffered `` one of the worst cases of Dutch Disease in the world '' due to the Bolivarian government 's large dependence on oil sales . Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s . Nicolás Maduro was elected in 2013 after the death of Chavez . Chavez picked Maduro as his successor and appointed him vice president in 2013 . Maduro was elected President in a shortened election in 2013 following Chavez 's death . Despite the demand for a recount and claims of manipulation by his competitor , Maduro was announced victorious . Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to the rising shortages in the country , which included those of milk , flour , and other necessities . This led to an increase in malnutrition , especially among children . In 2014 , Venezuela entered an economic recession . In 2015 , Venezuela had the world 's highest inflation rate with the rate surpassing 100 % , becoming the highest in the country 's history . Economic problems , as well as crime and corruption , were some of the main causes of the 2014 -- 2018 Venezuelan protests , which left hundreds of protesters killed . Nicolás
World Health Organization
The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 7 April 1948 , with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948 . It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization . Since its creation , it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox . Its current priorities include communicable diseases , in particular HIV / AIDS , Ebola , malaria and tuberculosis ; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases ; sexual and reproductive health , development , and ageing ; nutrition , food security and healthy eating ; occupational health ; substance abuse ; and driving the development of reporting , publications , and networking .