vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Golf ball
Another consideration is `` spin '' , affected by compression and by the cover material ; a `` high - spin '' ball allows more of the ball 's surface to contact the clubface at impact , allowing the grooves of the clubface to `` grip '' the ball and induce more backspin at launch . Backspin creates lift that can increase carry distance , and also provides `` bite '' which allows a ball to arrest its forward motion at the initial point of impact , bouncing straight up or even backwards , allowing for precision placement of the ball on the green with an approach shot . However , high - spin cover materials , typically being softer , are less durable which shortens the useful life of the ball , and backspin is not desirable on most long - distance shots , such as with the driver , as it causes the shot to `` balloon '' and then to bite on the fairway , when additional rolling distance is usually desired .
Rules of netball
The objective of a game of netball is to score more goals than the opposition . Goals are scored when the ball is passed to team members in the goal circle who then shoot the ball through the goal ring .
Cristiano Ronaldo
In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch .
Football
In 1633 , David Wedderburn , a teacher from Aberdeen , mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called Vocabula . Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as `` keeping goal '' and makes an allusion to passing the ball ( `` strike it here '' ) . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball '' , suggesting that some handling was allowed . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ( `` drive that man back '' ) .
Zinedine Zidane
In 1972 , Zidane was born in Marseille as the youngest of five siblings . His father worked as a warehouseman and nightwatchman at a department store , often on the night shift , while his mother was a housewife . The family lived a reasonably comfortable life by the standards of the neighbourhood , which was notorious throughout Marseille for its high crime and unemployment rates . Zidane credits his strict upbringing and his father as the `` guiding light '' in his career .
Michael Jordan
Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA players -- including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade -- have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while they were growing up . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA , including Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , Grant Hill , Allen Iverson , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Dwyane Wade . Although Jordan was a well - rounded player , his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamentals of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented .
Women's association football
The majority of women footballers around the globe wear a traditional kit made up of a jersey , shorts , cleats and knee - length socks worn over shin guards .
Eden Hazard
In Belgium , Hazard 's talent and similar ascension up the country 's football hierarchy has led to comparisons to former Belgian international Enzo Scifo . Both players share the same birthplace and Scifo himself spent time with Hazard while he was in Tubize admitting `` Eden , you know , I 've coached in Tubize . During the week , I took care of the young people at least once , and he , in those days , I immediately saw he had a secure future '' .
South Africa
South Africa 's most popular sports are soccer , rugby and cricket . Other sports with significant support are swimming , athletics , golf , boxing , tennis , ringball , and netball . Although soccer commands the greatest following among the youth , other sports like basketball , surfing and skateboarding are increasingly popular .
Basketball
The object of the game is to outscore one 's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents ' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own . An attempt to score in this way is called a shot . A successful shot is worth two points , or three points if it is taken from beyond the three - point arc 6.75 metres ( 22 ft 2 in ) from the basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) in NBA games . A one - point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made .
LeBron James
Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113.4 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . With career averages of 27.1 points , 7.3 rebounds , 7.0 assists , and 1.6 steals per game , he is considered one of the most athletic and versatile players in the NBA , and has been compared to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated .
Michael Jordan
Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . Confirmed at the start of his career , and possibly later on , Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere .
Olympic Games
Athletes will sometimes become citizens of a different nation so they are able to compete in the Olympics . This is often because they are drawn to sponsorships or training facilities in such places as the United States . It could also be because an athlete is unable to qualify from within their original country . The athlete may not qualify because there are already qualified athletes in the athlete 's home country . Between 1992 and 2008 , about fifty athletes emigrated to the United States to compete on the US Olympic team after having previously competed for another nation .
Football
While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain , its public schools ( equivalent to private schools in other countries ) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes . First of all , the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its `` mob '' form and turning it into an organised team sport . Second , many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools . Third , it was teachers , students and former students from these schools who first codified football games , to enable matches to be played between schools . Finally , it was at English public schools that the division between `` kicking '' and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games first became clear .
Football (ball)
The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules and regulations .
Basketball
Small forward ( the `` 3 '' ) : often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble penetration ; on defense seeks rebounds and steals , but sometimes plays more actively .
12th man (football)
In association football , the crowd is very passionate and often sing throughout the whole match . Some occasions where the crowd noise is extra loud can be before kickoff ; during the buildup to and scoring of a goal ; when encouraging the team to come back from defeat ; to discourage an opposition penalty taker ; or to harass a referee giving a free kick to the opposition team .
Height in sports
Examples of very tall players are Ivo Karlović 2.11 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) , John Isner 2.08 m ( 6 ft 10 in ) , Juan Martín del Potro 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , and Marin Čilić 1.98 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) , all known for their powerful serves .
Basketball
Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever , they have evolved as part of basketball . During the early years of basketball 's evolution , two guards , two forwards , and one center were used . In more recent times specific positions evolved , but the current trend , advocated by many top coaches including Mike Krzyzewski is towards positionless basketball , where big guys are free to shoot from outside and dribble if their skill allows it . Popular descriptions of positions include :
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
The athletic population tends to put themselves at greater risk of TTS due to the participation in sports that involve the lower extremities . Strenuous activities involved in athletic activities put extra strain on the ankle and therefore can lead to the compression of the tibial nerve . Activities that especially involve sprinting and jumping have a greater risk of developing TTS . This is due to the ankle being put in eversion , inversion , and plantarflexion at high velocities . Examples of sports that can lead to TTS include basketball , track , soccer , lacrosse , and volleyball . Participation in these sports should be done cautiously due to the high risk of developing TTS . However athletes will tend to continue to participate in these activities therefore proper stretching , especially in lower extremities , prior to participation can assist in the prevention of developing TTS . Placing
Michael Jordan
Motivated to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad , and tallied several 40 - point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points , 11.6 rebounds , and 10.1 assists .
Basketball
At the professional level , most male players are above 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) and most women above 5 feet 7 inches ( 1.70 m ) . Guards , for whom physical coordination and ball - handling skills are crucial , tend to be the smallest players . Almost all forwards in the top men 's pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) or taller . Most centers are over 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) tall . According to a survey given to all NBA teams , the average height of all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) , with the average weight being close to 222 pounds ( 101 kg ) . The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol and Gheorghe Mureșan , who were both 7 feet 7 inches ( 2.31 m ) tall . The tallest current NBA player is Sim Bhullar , who stands at 7 feet 5 inches ( 2.26 m ) . At 7 feet 2 inches ( 2.18 m ) , Margo Dydek was the tallest player in the history of the WNBA .
Coureur des bois
A successful coureur des bois had to possess many skills , including those of businessman and expert canoeist . To survive in the Canadian wilderness , coureurs des bois also had to be competent in a range of activities including fishing , snowshoeing and hunting . As one Jesuit described them , venturing into the wilderness suited `` the sort of person who thought nothing of covering five to six hundred leagues by canoe , paddle in hand , or of living off corn and bear fat for twelve to eighteen months , or of sleeping in bark or branch cabins '' . As the life was both physically arduous and illegal , succeeding as a coureur was extremely difficult . However , the hope of making a profit motivated many , while the promise of adventure and freedom was enough to convince others to become outlaws .
Football player
It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Footballer and Gridiron football player . ( Discuss ) ( November 2015 ) A
Curling
One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit .
Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds)
Characterized as a `` jock '' , Morgan is the most athletic of the BAU team members , often being tasked with the more physical aspects of the job , such as taking down intimidating suspects or chasing a runaway on foot . He holds a black belt in judo and has occasionally been asked to train other FBI agents for fitness tests and in SWAT tactics . Due to his past as a juvenile delinquent and experience with gangsters in Chicago , he is rarely intimidated by suspects , even those belonging to criminal syndicates .
Cristiano Ronaldo
Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters .
Height in sports
In mixed martial arts , taller fighters have a distinct advantage in striking , because of their increased range . Shorter fighters on the other hand , tend to be stronger than taller opponents of equal weight and tend to pack a heavier punch . Shorter fighters often have the advantage while grappling defensively . Their lower centre of gravity makes it difficult to take them down and their shorter limbs make it harder to submit them . This however works both ways with smaller fighters sometimes struggling from certain positions i.e. the guard . While height is still regarded as an overall advantage , there have been many great fighters who are shorter than average such as José Aldo , Frankie Edgar and Fedor Emilianenko , once widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight fighter in the world , stands less than 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) , and has defeated opponents mostly taller than him , most imposing being Hong - man Choi , who stands 2.18 m ( 7 ft 2 in ) tall .
Football
After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game . The students of each school have their own ball ; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls . Older citizens , fathers , and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing , and to relive their own youth vicariously : you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents .
Long jump
Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal . For example , having a 100 m runner practice by running 200 m repeats on a track . This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance . Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1 -- 2 times a week . This is great for building sprint endurance , which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3 -- 6 times . Typical workouts would include 5 × 150 m . Preseason workouts may be longer , including workouts like 6 × 300 m
Glycogen
When athletes ingest both carbohydrate and caffeine following exhaustive exercise , their glycogen stores tend to be replenished more rapidly ; however , the minimum dose of caffeine at which there is a clinically significant effect on glycogen repletion has not been established .
Height in sports
Road racing cyclists can be of all heights but their height generally determines what role they choose . Taller cyclists tend to excel at the cobbled classics , as pure power helps get over the difficult and brutal cobblestones . Cyclists over 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) often understand the difficulties in hilly races , and realise their talents in cobbled classics from an early age and focus on them for their careers . This includes Johan Vansummeren 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Taylor Phinney 1.97 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) and Magnus Bäckstedt 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) . In recent years Paris -- Roubaix has been dominated by Fabian Cancellara 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) and Tom Boonen 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) .
Promotion (chess)
Less often , underpromotion to bishop may be necessary not to avoid stalemate , but to induce it and thus save a draw in an otherwise hopeless position . To the right is an example from the end of a study by Herman Mattison .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In both codes , tactical kicking is an important aspect of play . However , kicking in general play is more common in rugby league . Kicking is far more heavily restricted in American football ; the rules currently prohibit a player from kicking the ball after he has crossed the line of scrimmage , whereas a rugby league player can kick the ball at any time , from any point on the field . In rugby league , a player can receive a kick ( and still maintain possession ) if he is behind the kicker at the time of the kick ; that feature is not allowed in the American game , except in the onside kick scenario described above .
Height in sports
However there are some advantages a being a shorter fencer . Shorter fencers generally have less target area to defend . Furthermore it has been noted that if footwork abilities are equal , a smaller fencer finds it easier to co-ordinate their footwork when moving in and out of distance than taller opponents due to their lower center of balance . In some instances they may have a slight advantage when infighting as they can retract and replace their weapon point with more ease .
Direct free kick
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves , unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team 's penalty area , in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area .
Football (ball)
A football is a ball inflated with air that is used to play one of the various sports known as football . In these games , with some exceptions , goals or points are scored only when the ball enters one of two designated goal - scoring areas ; football games involve the two teams each trying to move the ball in opposite directions along the field of play .
Nike, Inc.
Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design .
Zinedine Zidane
Zidane made his professional debut with Cannes on 18 May 1989 in a French Division 1 match against Nantes . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 February 1991 also against Nantes in a 2 -- 1 win . After the match during a party for all the Cannes players , Zidane was given a car by Cannes Chairman Alain Pedretti , who had promised him one the day he scored his first goal for the club . On the pitch , Zidane displayed extraordinary technique on the ball , offering glimpses of the talent that would take him to the top of the world game . In his first full season with Cannes , the club secured its first ever European football berth by qualifying for the UEFA Cup after finishing fourth in the league . This remains the club 's highest finish in the top flight since getting relegated for the first time from the first division in the 1948 -- 49 season .
UEFA Champions League
Since 1990 , a UEFA international referee can not exceed the age of 45 years . After turning 45 , a referee must step down at the end of his season . The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness . Today , UEFA Champions League referees are required to pass a fitness test even to be considered at the international level .
FIFA World Cup
The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet .
FIFA World Cup
The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament .
Society of the United States
Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports , but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Tennis and many outdoor sports are also popular .
Society of the United States
Since the late nineteenth century , baseball is regarded as the national sport ; football , basketball , and ice hockey are the country 's three other leading professional team sports . College football and basketball also attract large audiences . Football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States . Soccer , though not a leading professional sport in the country , is played widely at the youth and amateur levels .