vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all books of the Rigveda except the fourth . It is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it : RV 6. 61 , RV 7. 95 and RV 7.96.It is mentioned as a divine and large river , which flows `` from the mountains to the samudra , '' which some take as the Indian Ocean . Talageri states that `` the references to the Sarasvati far outnumber the references to the Indus '' and `` The Sarasvati is so important in the whole of the Rigveda that it is worshipped as one of the Three Great Goddesses '' . However , the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the Rigveda is the late Harappan ( 1900 - 1300 BCE ) population shift eastwards to Haryana ; the latter part of the period corresponds to the common scholarly opinion of the date of this text .
Snake River
Many factors have influenced the construction of dams along the Snake River . A total of fifteen dams have been constructed along the Snake River for a multitude of different purposes , from its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains to its mouth on Lake Wallula , a slackwater reservoir formed behind McNary Dam on the Columbia River . Dams on the Snake can be grouped into three major categories . From its headwaters to the beginning of Hells Canyon , many small dams block the Snake to provide irrigation water . Between here and Hells Canyon , the first dam on the Snake , Swan Falls Dam , was built in 1901 . In Hells Canyon , a cascade of dams produce hydroelectricity from the river 's lofty decrease in elevation over a comparatively small distance . Finally , a third cascade of dams , from Hells Canyon to the mouth , facilitates navigation . Many different government and private agencies have worked to build dams on the Snake River , which now serve an important purpose for people living in the Snake 's drainage basin and trade of agricultural products to Pacific seaports .
St. Johns River
Tides cause seawater to enter the mouth of the St. Johns River and can affect the river 's level into the middle basin . As a result , much of the river in Jacksonville is part seawater , making it an estuarine ecosystem . The animals and plants in these systems can tolerate both fresh and salt water , and the fluctuations in saline content and temperatures associated with tidal surges and heavy rainfall discharge . Marine animals such as dolphins and sharks can be spotted at times in the St. Johns at Jacksonville as can manatees . Fish such as mullet ( Mullidae ) , flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma ) , shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) , and blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) migrate from the ocean to freshwater springs upriver to spawn .
Snake River
By the middle 19th century , the Oregon Trail , a pioneer trail of which a major portion followed the Snake River , had been established by aspiring settlers and traders . Steamboats and railroads moved agricultural products and minerals along the river throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries . The powerful , steep flow of the Snake River has been used since the 1890s to generate hydroelectricity , enhance navigation , and provide irrigation water from fifteen major dams built on the lower river , transforming it into a series of reservoirs . Several of these have been proposed for removal in order to restore some of the river 's once - tremendous salmon runs .
Mississippi River
Because of its size and high species diversity , the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions . The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species , including walleye , sauger , large mouth bass , small mouth bass , white bass , northern pike , bluegill , crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , common shiner , freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon .
Nile
The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps .
Mississippi River
A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi , most of which were built in the 1930s , is designed primarily to maintain a 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel for commercial barge traffic . The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing . The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it . No flood control is intended . During periods of high flow , the gates , some of which are submersible , are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function . Below St. Louis , the Mississippi is relatively free - flowing , although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams .
Amazon River
The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) . It is a member of the weasel family and is the largest of its kind . Because of habitat destruction and hunting , its population has dramatically decreased . Birds
Nile
The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states .
Snake River
The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods in the Snake River Plain also had a lasting effect on most of the middle Snake River . The high hydraulic conductivity of the mostly - basalt rocks in the plain led to the formation of the Snake River Aquifer , one of the most productive aquifers in North America . Many rivers and streams flowing from the north side of the plain sink into the aquifer instead of flowing into the Snake River , a group of watersheds called the lost streams of Idaho . The aquifer filled to hold nearly 100,000,000 acre feet ( 120 km ) of water , underlying about 10,000 square miles ( 26,000 km ) in a plume 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) thick . In places , water exits from rivers at rates of nearly 600 cubic feet per second ( 17 m / s ) . Much of the water lost by the Snake River as it transects the plain issues back into the river at its western end , by way of many artesian springs .
River Thames
The River Thames contains over 80 islands ranging from the large estuarial marshlands of the Isle of Sheppey and Canvey Island to small tree - covered islets like Rose Isle in Oxfordshire and Headpile Eyot in Berkshire . They are found all the way from the Isle of Sheppey in Kent to Fiddler 's Island in Oxfordshire . Some of the largest inland islands , for example Formosa Island near Cookham and Andersey Island at Abingdon , were created naturally when the course of the river divided into separate streams .
Wetland
Wetland systems ' rich biodiversity is becoming a focal point at International Treaty Conventions and within the World Wildlife Fund organization due to the high number of species present in wetlands , the small global geographic area of wetlands , the number of species which are endemic to wetlands , and the high productivity of wetland systems . Hundred of thousands of animal species , 20,000 of them vertebrates , are living in wetland systems . The discovery rate of fresh water fish is at 200 new species per year .
Nile
The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments .
Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River Watershed is a river basin spanning 37,167 square miles ( 96,260 km ) across Montana , with minor extensions into Wyoming and North Dakota toward headwaters and terminus , respectively . The Yellowstone Basin Watershed contains a system of rivers , including the Yellowstone River , and four tributary basins : the Clarks Fork Yellowstone , Wind River and Bighorn River , Tongue River , and Powder River . These rivers form tributaries to the Missouri River . The mainstem of the Yellowstone River is more than 700 miles ( 1,100 km ) long . At the headwaters , elevations exceed 12,800 feet ( 3,900 m ) above sea level and descends to 1,850 feet ( 560 m ) at the confluence with the Missouri River in North Dakota . The watershed spans 34,167 square miles . The area contains many lakes , including Yellowstone Lake . There are no storage dams located on the mainstem of the Yellowstone River . However , the watershed contains five major reservoirs : Bull Lake , Boyson , Buffalo , Bighorn , Tongue River , and Lake De Smet reservoirs .
Mississippi River
The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood , primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois .
Mississippi River
Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country , which resulted in the river 's storied steamboat era . During the American Civil War , the Mississippi 's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory due to the river 's importance as a route of trade and travel , not least to the Confederacy . Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats , the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees , locks and dams , often built in combination .
Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata , and is also one of the six distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province . It is not the deepest canyon in the world ( Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is much deeper ) . However , the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape . Geologically , it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon . These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent .
Sustainability
Water security and food security are inextricably linked . In the decade 1951 -- 60 human water withdrawals were four times greater than the previous decade . This rapid increase resulted from scientific and technological developments impacting through the economy -- especially the increase in irrigated land , growth in industrial and power sectors , and intensive dam construction on all continents . This altered the water cycle of rivers and lakes , affected their water quality and had a significant impact on the global water cycle . Currently towards 35 % of human water use is unsustainable , drawing on diminishing aquifers and reducing the flows of major rivers : this percentage is likely to increase if climate change impacts become more severe , populations increase , aquifers become progressively depleted and supplies become polluted and unsanitary . From 1961 to 2001 water demand doubled -- agricultural use increased by 75 % , industrial use by more than 200 % , and domestic use more than 400 % . In the 1990s it was estimated that humans were using 40 -- 50 % of the globally available freshwater in the approximate proportion of 70 % for agriculture , 22 % for industry , and 8 % for domestic purposes with total use progressively increasing .
Amazon River
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River Thames
The last advance from that Scandinavian ice flow to have reached this far south covered much of north west Middlesex and finally forced the Proto - Thames to take roughly its present course . At the height of the last ice age , around 20,000 BC , Britain was connected to mainland Europe by a large expanse of land known as Doggerland in the southern North Sea basin . At this time , the Thames ' course did not continue to Doggerland but flowed southwards from the eastern Essex coast where it met the Rhine , the Meuse and the Scheldt flowing from what are now the Netherlands and Belgium . These rivers formed a single river -- the Channel River ( Fleuve Manche ) -- that passed through the Dover Strait and drained into the Atlantic Ocean in the western English Channel .
Amazon River
The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) upriver from the mouth . Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes ( 3,000 or 8,900 long tons ; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons ) and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3,600 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) from the sea . Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres ( 480 mi ) higher , as far as Achual Point . Beyond that , small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche , just above Achual Point in Peru .
Illinois
In addition to the state 's rail lines , the Mississippi River and Illinois River provide major transportation routes for the state 's agricultural interests . Lake Michigan gives Illinois access to the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Interstate
River delta
The Ganges / Brahmaputra combination delta , which spans most of Bangladesh and empties into the Bay of Bengal , is the world 's largest delta .
North Carolina
North Carolina has 17 major river basins . The five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico , while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean . Of the 17 basins , 11 originate within the state of North Carolina , but only four are contained entirely within the state 's border -- the Cape Fear , the Neuse , the White Oak , and the Tar -- Pamlico basin .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
These views , however , have been contradicted by recent geophysical research , which suggests that the Ghaggar - Hakra system , although having greater discharge in Harappan times which was enough to sustain human habitation , was not sourced by the glaciers and snows of the Himalayas -- but rather by a system of perennial monsoon - fed rivers . Geologist Liviu Giosan of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and his team showed that in contrast to all Himalayan rivers in the region that dug out wide valleys in their own sediments as the monsoon declined , no such valley exists between the Sutlej and the Yamuna , demonstrating that neither the Ghaggar - Hakra nor any other Sarasvati candidate in that region had a Himalayan source . Late Holocene aridification subsequently reduced the Ghaggar - Hakra to the seasonal river it is today .
Amazon River
Belém is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean . The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located , and how wide it is , is a matter of dispute , because of the area 's peculiar geography . The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves ; between them lies Marajó , the world 's largest combined river / sea island .
Seine
Until the 1930s , a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver . World Canals by Charles Hadfield , David and Charles 1986
Fynbos
The area is also home to a large number of endemic creatures that have adapted to life in this area , such as the monkey beetles which pollinate Ixia viridiflora . Endemic species of fish in the five river systems occur in the area , too . Endemic reptiles and amphibians include a number of tortoises and the chameleon - like arum frog ( Hyperolius horstockii ) .
Meander
The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander geometry or meander planform geometry . It is characterized as an irregular waveform . Ideal waveforms , such as a sine wave , are one line thick , but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration . The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average cross-section at the full - stream level , typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Several factors of climate change are impacting the availability of water in the Philippines . The increasing number of intense droughts are reducing water levels and river flows and thus creating a shortage in water . The floods and landslides caused by extreme rainfall degrade watershed health and water quality by increasing runoff and erosion that increases sedimentation in reservoirs . Many freshwater coastal aquifers have seen saltwater intrusion which reduces the amount of freshwater available for use . About 25 % of coastal municipalities in Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao are affected by this and the issue is expected to get worse with sea level rise . Infrastructure
Sustainability
At the global scale and in the broadest sense environmental management involves the oceans , freshwater systems , land and atmosphere , but following the sustainability principle of scale it can be equally applied to any ecosystem from a tropical rainforest to a home garden . Atmosphere
Nile
The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color .
River Thames
The leisure navigation and sporting activities on the river have given rise to a number of businesses including boatbuilding , marinas , ships chandlers and salvage services . Ferries
Blackstone River
In addition to many unnamed tributaries , the following brooks and rivers feed the Blackstone :
River Mersey
From its lowest point , moving upstream , confluences and tributaries of the Mersey catchment include :
Wetland
A wetland is `` an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic and aerobic processes , which , in turn , forces the biota , particularly rooted plants , to adapt to flooding . '' There are four main kinds of wetlands -- marsh , swamp , bog and fen ( bogs and fens being types of mires ) . Some experts also recognize wet meadows and aquatic ecosystems as additional wetland types . The largest wetlands in the world include the swamp forests of the Amazon and the peatlands of Siberia . Ramsar
Indus River
The northern part of the Indus Valley , with its tributaries , forms the Punjab region , while the lower course of the Indus is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta . The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region . The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age . During the 2nd millennium BC , the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu ( both terms meaning `` seven rivers '' ) . Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra , and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra . The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the Classical Period , when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river , ca . 515 BC .
Storm drain
Archaeological studies have revealed use of rather sophisticated stormwater runoff systems in ancient cultures . For example , in Minoan Crete approximately 4000 years before present , cities such as Phaistos were designed to have storm drains and channels to collect precipitation runoff . At Cretan Knossos , storm drains include stone - lined structures large enough for a person to crawl through . Other examples of early civilizations with elements of stormwater drain systems include early people of Mainland Orkney such as Gurness and the Brough of Birsay in Scotland .
Meander
When a fluid is introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends , the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend . From here , two opposing processes occur : ( 1 ) irrotational flow and ( 2 ) secondary flow . For a river to ' meander ' , secondary flow must dominate .
Godavari River
The major tributaries of the river can be classified as the left bank tributaries which include the Purna , Pranhita , Indravati and Sabari River covering nearly 59.7 % of the total catchment area of the basin and the right bank tributaries Pravara , Manjira , Manair together contributing 16.1 % of the basin .
Water in California
On more than one occasion , the California Supreme Court has noted that `` the scope and technical complexity of issues concerning water resource management are unequalled by virtually any other type of activity presented to the courts . '' An example of this complexity is demonstrated in the case of National Audubon Society v. Superior Court .
River Thames
The growth of road transport , and the decline of the Empire in the years following 1914 , reduced the economic prominence of the river . During the Second World War , the protection of certain Thames - side facilities , particularly docks and water treatment plants , was crucial to the munitions and water supply of the country . The river 's defences included the Maunsell forts in the estuary , and the use of barrage balloons to counter German bombers using the reflectivity and shapes of the river to navigate during the Blitz .
Water in California
The Water Resources Collections and Archives is located at the University of California , Riverside and features a comprehensive collection of water - resource related documents .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second ( 7,000 -- 20,000 m / s ) . Although it is the fifth - largest river in the world by volume , this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon , which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second ( 200,000 m / s ) during wet seasons . On average , the Mississippi has only 8 % the flow of the Amazon River .
River Thames
By the 18th century , the Thames was one of the world 's busiest waterways , as London became the centre of the vast , mercantile British Empire , and progressively over the next century the docks expanded in the Isle of Dogs and beyond . Efforts were made to resolve the navigation conflicts upstream by building locks along the Thames . After temperatures began to rise again , starting in 1814 , the river stopped freezing over . The building of a new London Bridge in 1825 , with fewer piers ( pillars ) than the old , allowed the river to flow more freely and prevented it from freezing over in cold winters .
Transpiration stream
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