vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Child care
According to Chris Knight , the first humans were few ; then the population `` exploded ... Population expansion on such a scale is inconsistent with female tolerance of infanticide , harassment , or the heavy costs to mothers of male philandering and double standards . If unusually large numbers of unusually large - brained offspring were being successfully raised to maturity , the quality of childcare must have been exceptional . We know what the optimal solution would have been . There can be no doubt that mothers would have done best by ... taking advantage of every available childcare resource . ''
Women's empowerment
Women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics . It can also point to the approaches regarding other trivialized genders in a particular political or social context .
Social development theory
Many countries have introduced scores of new reforms and procedures -- such as the release of business directories , franchising , lease purchase , service , credit rating , collection agencies , industrial estates , free trade zones , and credit cards . Additionally , a diverse range of Internet services have formed . Each new facility improves effective use of available social energies for productive purposes . The importance of these facilities for speeding development is apparent when they are absent . When Eastern European countries wanted to transition to market - type economies , they were seriously hampered in their efforts due to the absence of supportive systems and facilities .
Andrew Carnegie
The conditions of human society create for this an imperious demand ; the concentration of capital is a necessity for meeting the demands of our day , and as such should not be looked at askance , but be encouraged . There is nothing detrimental to human society in it , but much that is , or is bound soon to become , beneficial . It is an evolution from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous , and is clearly another step in the upward path of development . --
Note-taking
Every new thought is written as a new line . Speed is the most desirable attribute of this method , because not much thought about formatting is needed to form the layout and create enough space for more notes . When taking these notes , you can number them or bullet them . This method can allow the reader to tell where a new thought ends and begins . This strategy is short and helpful , especially when a professor or teacher may need to read the notes .
Social exchange theory
Homans developed five key propositions that assist in structuring individuals ' behaviors based on rewards and costs . This set of theoretical ideas represents the core of Homans 's version of social exchange theory .
Education reform
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Education reform in the United States . ( Discuss ) ( July 2016 ) See
Price controls
Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said `` We economists do n't know much , but we do know how to create a shortage . If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes , for example , just pass a law that retailers ca n't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound . Instantly you 'll have a tomato shortage . It 's the same with oil or gas . ''
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Quite a reasonable article , though the language could perhaps be made simpler and flow better in places ( i 've just had a go at the first sentence ) . This is n't a complex concept and not as important as the mean or median in practice so i do n't think the article needs to be any longer -- if anything , it should be more concise . Qwfp ( talk ) 15 : 00 , 22 February 2008 ( UTC )
Descriptive psychology
`` A helpful means for making the transition from thinking in informational summary terms to thinking in status terms is to consider what we might naturally say to a child if we were teaching her the game of chess . Suppose that we have a board set up , the pieces arrayed in a mid-game situation , and we are explaining what a ' knight ' is . In doing so , it is highly unlikely that we would use an informational summary approach , which would include telling her such things as that our knights were made of onyx , weighed 2 ounces , were forty years old , and were made in Mexico . Rather , we would provide her with information that has to do with the knight 's place or position in the total scheme of things . Thus , we would describe what a knight is by informing her of its relationships to the other pieces in the game ( e.g. , its ability to capture them , to block their movements , to move vis - a-vis them only in a certain distinctive fashion , etc . ) . Further , looking at any given knight 's position relative to other pieces in the game situation displayed , we would help her to understand its current strategic importance . The crucial point here is that our thinking about the knight , indeed our thinking about what it is to be a knight , is quintessentially relational or positional in nature . When we have completed our description , what we have given our child is a summary formulation of the knight 's status -- its overall place in the scheme of things -- not an informational summary of many different kinds of facts about knights . ''
Child care
As a matter of social policy , consistent , good daycare , may ensure adequate early childhood education for children of less skilled parents . From a parental perspective , good daycare can complement good parenting .
Endocrine system
This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2017 )
Scientific method
Goldhaber and Nieto 2010 have observed that if theoretical structures with `` many closely neighboring subjects are described by connecting theoretical concepts then the theoretical structure ... becomes increasingly hard to overturn '' . When a narrative is constructed its elements become easier to believe . For more on the narrative fallacy , see also Fleck 1979 , p. 27 : `` Words and ideas are originally phonetic and mental equivalences of the experiences coinciding with them ... Such proto - ideas are at first always too broad and insufficiently specialized ... Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed , it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it . '' Sometimes , these have their elements assumed a priori , or contain some other logical or methodological flaw in the process that ultimately produced them . Donald M. MacKay has analyzed these elements in terms of limits to the accuracy of measurement and has related them to instrumental elements in a category of measurement .
Fair trade
Some people argue that these practices are justifiable : that strategic use of labeling may help embarrass ( or encourage ) major suppliers into changing their practices . They may make transparent corporate vulnerabilities that activists can exploit . Or they may encourage ordinary people to get involved with broader projects of social change . Misleading
Social development theory
The gathering conscious knowledge of society matures and breaks out on the surface in the form of new ideas -- espoused by pioneers who also take new initiatives to give expression to those ideas . Those initiatives may call for new strategies and new organizations , which conservative elements may resist . If the pioneer 's initiatives succeed , it encourages imitation and slow propagation in the rest of the community . Later , growing success leads to society assimilating the new practice , and it becomes regularized and institutionalized . This can be viewed in three distinct phases of social preparedness , initiative of pioneers , and assimilation by the society .
Social development theory
The center of power shifted from the aristocracy to the business class , which employed the growing power of money to gain political influence . During the vital stage , the rule of law becomes more formal and binding , providing a secure and safe environment for business to flourish . Banks , shipping companies and joint - stock companies increase in numbers to make use of the opportunities . Fresh innovative thinking leads to new ways of life that people accept as they prove beneficial . Science and experimental approaches begin to make a headway as the hold of tradition and dogma weaken . Demand for education rises .
Supply (economics)
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 )
Napoleon
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Rise of Napoleon . ( Discuss ) ( March 2018 ) Napoleon
Subject-matter expert
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Holmes on Homes
Shower Stalled - What should have been a basic bathroom enlargement snowballs into disaster for a young couple seeking to spruce up their mid-century home . Mike explains the importance of obtaining permits before any home renovation projects ( they protect the home owner , not the contractor ) and why no one should just build over top of old fixtures . Cabinet Chaos - A `` professional '' cabinet and kitchen company does a very unprofessional job on a couple 's home . Not only that , due to improper safety measures on the site , the couple 's son is poisoned ( he survives ) . They enlist Mike to testify in court on their behalf as well as salvage their wreck of a kitchen . Cold Feet - New home construction with improper vapor barrier between the garage and the bedroom above . The team uses spray - foam as insulation . Exit Wound - A walk - up stairwell is oozing water and has a dangerous tilt to it . Mike digs up the whole thing only to discover that while the brickwork is beautiful , it is n't up to code . All Decked Out - A `` power of sale '' house proves to be more than a homeowner bargained for , inheriting a mess of an addition that the previous owner built without a permit . Mike volunteers to replace a rotted , poorly built double - deck and also finds an architect and contractor to fix the rest of the errors inside the house . Step By Step - After a contractor poorly builds a staircase in their home , a couple turns to Mike who removes the old work and builds a new staircase . Smoke and Mirrors - A poorly installed wood fireplace creates consternation for a family . The Make It Right crew lend a hand in airing out the situation . Wall of Shame - Mike and a team of masons replace a wobbly stone wall and flimsy fence with beautiful new cobblestone . Drain Disdain - A botched attempt at adding a basement shower and a weight room leave a home owner incensed . Mike steps in to correct the last contractor 's well - meaning , yet amateur , efforts . Twice Bitten - New parents try to put an addition on their mid-century home to create a nursery for their daughter .
Social development theory
As the vital stage matures through the expansion of the commercial and industrial complex , surplus income arises , which prompts people to spend more on items so far considered out of reach . People begin to aspire for luxury and leisure that was not possible when life was at a subsistence level .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
When I took the decision to take the movie I said I 'd obviously do it with the right to refusal , I 'm not going to give in to anything . I asked the studio how they were going to deal with the sequel . But they did n't want to talk about it until the first film was out . It 's amazing ; a script has not yet been worked on for the sequel , which I find a bit baffling . --
Terror management theory
Evolutionary history also indicates that `` the costs of ignoring threats have outweighed the costs of ignoring opportunities for self - development . '' This reinforces the concept that abstract needs for individual and group self - esteem may continue to be selected for by evolution , even when they sometimes confer risks to physical health and well - being .
Consciousness
Another idea that has drawn attention for several decades is that consciousness is associated with high - frequency ( gamma band ) oscillations in brain activity . This idea arose from proposals in the 1980s , by Christof von der Malsburg and Wolf Singer , that gamma oscillations could solve the so - called binding problem , by linking information represented in different parts of the brain into a unified experience . Rodolfo Llinás , for example , proposed that consciousness results from recurrent thalamo - cortical resonance where the specific thalamocortical systems ( content ) and the non-specific ( centromedial thalamus ) thalamocortical systems ( context ) interact in the gamma band frequency via synchronous oscillations .
Sanctuary city
It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles . ( Discuss ) ( January 2017 )
Civil–military relations
Whether such a gap exists in the first place ? ( Most agree it does . ) What is the nature of the gap ? Does the gap matter ? If it does matter , what is causing it ? What changes in policy might be required to mitigate negative effects ? What
Scientific method
The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation , as in `` Why is the sky blue ? '' but can also be open - ended , as in `` How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease ? '' This stage frequently involves finding and evaluating evidence from previous experiments , personal scientific observations or assertions , as well as the work of other scientists . If the answer is already known , a different question that builds on the evidence can be posed . When applying the scientific method to research , determining a good question can be very difficult and it will affect the outcome of the investigation . Hypothesis
Quantum mechanics
Another active research topic is quantum teleportation , which deals with techniques to transmit quantum information over arbitrary distances .
New York Post
This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( September 2015 )
Adaptive radiation
Much research has been done on adaptive radiation due to its dramatic effects on the diversity of a population . However , more research is needed , especially to fully understand the many factors affecting adaptive radiation . Both empirical and theoretical approaches are helpful , though each has its disadvantages . In order to procure the largest amount of data , empirical and theoretical approaches must be united .
Democracy
In the 21st century , democracy has become such a popular method of reaching decisions that its application beyond politics to other areas such as entertainment , food and fashion , consumerism , urban planning , education , art , literature , science and theology has been criticised as `` the reigning dogma of our time '' . The argument suggests that applying a populist or market - driven approach to art and literature ( for example ) , means that innovative creative work goes unpublished or unproduced . In education , the argument is that essential but more difficult studies are not undertaken . Science , as a truth - based discipline , is particularly corrupted by the idea that the correct conclusion can be arrived at by popular vote . However , more recently , theorists have also advanced the concept epistemic democracy to assert that democracy actually does a good job tracking the truth .
Plate tectonics
In the theory of plume tectonics developed during the 1990s , a modified concept of mantle convection currents is used . It asserts that super plumes rise from the deeper mantle and are the drivers or substitutes of the major convection cells . These ideas , which find their roots in the early 1930s with the so - called `` fixistic '' ideas of the European and Russian Earth Science Schools , find resonance in the modern theories which envisage hot spots or mantle plumes which remain fixed and are overridden by oceanic and continental lithosphere plates over time and leave their traces in the geological record ( though these phenomena are not invoked as real driving mechanisms , but rather as modulators ) . Modern theories that continue building on the older mantle doming concepts and see plate movements as a secondary phenomena are beyond the scope of this article and are discussed elsewhere ( for example on the Plume tectonics article ) .
Deaf education
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) See
Sociological theory
Overall , there is a strong consensus regarding the central theoretical questions and the central problems that emerge from explicating such questions . Sociological theory attempts to answer the following three questions : ( 1 ) What is action ? ( 2 ) What is social order ? and ( 3 ) What determines social change ? In the myriad attempts to answer these questions , three predominately theoretical ( i.e. not empirical ) problems emerge . These problems are largely inherited from the classical theoretical traditions . The consensus on the central theoretical problems is : how to link , transcend or cope with the following `` big three '' dichotomies : subjectivity and objectivity , structure and agency , and synchrony and diachrony . The first deals with knowledge , the second with agency , and the last with time . Lastly , sociological theory often grapples with the problem of integrating or transcending the divide between micro , meso and macro-scale social phenomena , which is a subset of all three central problems . These problems are not altogether empirical problems , rather they are epistemological : they arise from the conceptual imagery and analytical analogies that sociologists use to describe the complexity of social processes .
Utilitarianism
Others argue that a moral theory that is so contrary to our deeply held moral convictions must either be rejected or modified . There have been various attempts to modify utilitarianism to escape its seemingly over-demanding requirements . One approach is to drop the demand that utility be maximized . In Satisficing Consequentialism , Michael Slote argues for a form of utilitarianism where `` an act might qualify as morally right through having good enough consequences , even though better consequences could have been produced . '' One advantage of such a system is that it would be able to accommodate the notion of supererogatory actions .
Alternative energy
There are numerous organizations within the academic , federal , and commercial sectors conducting large scale advanced research in the field of alternative energy . This research spans several areas of focus across the alternative energy spectrum . Most of the research is targeted at improving efficiency and increasing overall energy yields .
Super Why!
`` But why ? '' asks Whyatt . Then one of the Super Readers gives the reason why that particular word or phrase serves as the solution to the Super Big Problem . Once the solution is reached , it is used to wrap up the original problem ( Exceptions occasionally occur ; for example , in `` ' Twas The Night Before Christmas '' Whyatt asks why Santa gives out presents on Christmas Eve ) . With that resolution , Whyatt shouts out : `` Hip hip hooray ! The Super Readers saved the day ! '' and they sing a song to end the episode .
Muhammad Yunus
It has been suggested that Trial of Muhammad Yunus be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2015 .
Social development theory
The Green Revolution succeeded not only because it was a planned initiative , but also because it was a conscious and well - conceived program . It adopted the right approaches and was alive to the needs and aspirations of the farmers . Therefore it was well received . The planning and awareness exhibited in the project helped create a higher level organization that could harness the enthusiasm and energies of the farmers more effectively .
Yahoo! Answers
A number of studies have looked at the structure of the community and the interaction between askers and responders . Studies of user typology on the site have revealed that some users answer from personal knowledge -- `` specialists '' -- while others use external sources to construct answers -- `` synthesists '' , with synthesists tending to accumulate more reward points . Adamic et al. looked at the ego networks of users and showed that it is possible to distinguish `` answer people '' from `` discussion people '' with the former found in specialist categories for factual information , such as mathematics and the latter more common in general interest categories , such as marriage and wrestling . They also show that answer length is a good predictor of `` best answer '' choice . Kim and Oh looked at the comments given by users on choosing best answers and showed that content completeness , solution feasibility and personal agreement / confirmation were the most significant criteria .
Tariff
Comparative advantage theory allows for a `` static '' and not a `` dynamic '' analysis of the economy . That is , it examines the facts at a single point in time and determines the best response to those facts at that point in time , given our productivity in various industries . But when it comes to long - term growth , it says nothing about how the facts can change tomorrow and how they can be changed in someone 's favour . It does not indicate how best to transform factors of production into more productive factors in the future .
Magnetic field
Modern interest in this concept stems from particle theories , notably Grand Unified Theories and superstring theories , that predict either the existence , or the possibility , of magnetic monopoles . These theories and others have inspired extensive efforts to search for monopoles . Despite these efforts , no magnetic monopole has been observed to date .
Product life-cycle theory
The Product Life Cycle Theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher - Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade . The theory suggests that early in a product 's life - cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area where it was invented . After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets , production gradually moves away from the point of origin . In some situations , the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention . A commonly used example of this is the invention , growth and production of the personal computer with respect to the United States .
Business
A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include :
Cocoa production in Ghana
Yet the question remains for policy - makers as to the benefits of the state controlling an export monopoly and its strong presence of the public sector in the internal market , whether there should be even more liberalisation , and whether it is providing the right incentives for producers to develop better ( and sustainable ) farming practices .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2014 ) The