vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Reconstructive memory
`` What was the approximate height of the robber ? '' which would lead the respondent to estimate the height according to their original perceptions . They could alternatively be asked : `` How short was the robber ? '' which would persuade the respondent to recall that the robber was actually shorter than they had originally perceived .
Charging Bull
The Bull 's head is lowered , its nostrils flare , and its wickedly long , sharp horns are ready to gore ; it 's an angry , dangerous beast . The muscular body twists to one side , and the tail is curved like a lash : the Bull is also energetic and in motion .
Bust/waist/hip measurements
Bust / waist / hip measurements ( informally called vital statistics ) are a common method of specifying body proportions for the purpose of fitting clothes . They match the three inflection points of the female body shape . It is also often used in women 's personal ads or Internet profiles to indicate their appearance . In human body measurement , the three sizes are the circumferences of the bust , waist and hips ; usually rendered as three sizes : xx -- yy -- zz in inches , or centimeters . The three sizes are used mostly in fashion , and almost exclusively in reference to women , who , compared to men , are more likely to have a narrow waist relative to bust and hips . An important difference exist when measuring men 's hips for most fashion design purposes . In these instances , men 's hips are measured at the genitals .
Dodo
Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds , up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) tall . The bird was sexually dimorphic ; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks . Weight estimates have varied from study to study . In 1993 , Bradley C. Livezey proposed that males would have weighed 21 kilograms ( 46 lb ) and females 17 kilograms ( 37 lb ) . Also in 1993 , Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity ; weights in the wild were estimated to have been in the range of 10.6 -- 17.5 kg ( 23 -- 39 lb ) , and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7 -- 27.8 kg ( 48 -- 61 lb ) . A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg ( 22 lb ) . This has also been questioned , and there is still controversy over weight estimates . A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg ( 23 to 32 lb ) , based on CT scans of composite skeletons . It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season , and that individuals were fat during cool seasons , but less so during hot .
Barn swallow
The male barn swallow returns to the breeding grounds before the females and selects a nest site , which is then advertised to females with a circling flight and song . Plumage may be used to advertised : in some populations , like in the subspecies H. r . gutturalis , darker ventral plumage in males is associated with higher breeding success . In other populations , the breeding success of the male is related to the length of the tail streamers , with longer streamers being more attractive to the female . Males with longer tail feathers are generally longer - lived and more disease resistant , females thus gaining an indirect fitness benefit from this form of selection , since longer tail feathers indicate a genetically stronger individual which will produce offspring with enhanced vitality . Males in northern Europe have longer tails than those further south ; whereas in Spain the male 's tail streamers are only 5 % longer than the female 's , in Finland the difference is 20 % . In Denmark , the average male tail length increased by 9 % between 1984 and 2004 , but it is possible that climatic changes may lead in the future to shorter tails if summers become hot and dry .
Popeye
The strip is also responsible for popularizing , although not inventing , the word `` goon '' ( meaning a thug or lackey ) ; goons in Popeye 's world were large humanoids with indistinctly drawn faces that were particularly known for being used as muscle and slave labor by Popeye 's nemesis , the Sea Hag . One particular goon , the aforementioned female named Alice , was an occasional recurring character in the animated shorts , but she was usually a fairly nice character .
Centipede
Many species of centipedes lack eyes , but some possess a variable number of ocelli , which are sometimes clustered together to form true compound eyes . However , these eyes are only capable of discerning light and dark , and have no true vision . In some species , the first pair of legs at the head end of the centipede acts as sense organs similar to antennae , but unlike the antennae of most other animals , theirs point backwards . Unusual sense organs found in some groups are the organs of Tömösváry . These are located at the base of the antennae , and consist of a disc - like structure with a central pore surrounded by sensory cells . They are probably used for sensing vibrations , and may even provide a sense of hearing .
Pharynx
The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape , and bounded behind by a firm prominence , the torus tubarius or cushion , caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening :
Red fox
Steppes near Kherson , Ukraine krymeamontana ( Brauner , 1914 ) crymensis ( Brauner , 1914 ) Tobol'sk fox V. v. tobolica Ognev , 1926 This large subspecies has yellowish - rusty or dirty - reddish fur with a well - developed cross , and often a black area on the belly . The coat is long and fluffy . Obdorsk , Tobolsk , Russia Northern Chinese fox V. v. tschiliensis Matschie , 1907 Slightly larger than V. v. hoole , but unlike other Chinese red foxes , it closely approaches V. v. vulpes in size . Peiping , Chihli , northeastern China huli ( Sowerby , 1923 )
Night vision
Many animals have better night vision than humans do , the result of one or more differences in the morphology and anatomy of their eyes . These include having a larger eyeball , a larger lens , a larger optical aperture ( the pupils may expand to the physical limit of the eyelids ) , more rods than cones ( or rods exclusively ) in the retina , and a tapetum lucidum .
Alkaloid
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested . Alkaloid production in plants appeared to have evolved in response to feeding by herbivorous animals ; however , some animals have evolved the ability to detoxify alkaloids . Some alkaloids can produce developmental defects in the offspring of animals that consume but can not detoxify the alkaloids . One example is the alkaloid cyclopamine , produced in the leaves of corn lily . During the 1950s , up to 25 % of lambs born by sheep that had grazed on corn lily had serious facial deformations . These ranged from deformed jaws to cyclopia ( see picture ) . After decades of research , in the 1980s , the compound responsible for these deformities was identified as the alkaloid 11 - deoxyjervine , later renamed to cyclopamine .
Working memory
The first insights into the neuronal and neurotransmitter basis of working memory came from animal research . The work of Jacobsen and Fulton in the 1930s first showed that lesions to the PFC impaired spatial working memory performance in monkeys . The later work of Joaquin Fuster recorded the electrical activity of neurons in the PFC of monkeys while they were doing a delayed matching task . In that task , the monkey sees how the experimenter places a bit of food under one of two identical - looking cups . A shutter is then lowered for a variable delay period , screening off the cups from the monkey 's view . After the delay , the shutter opens and the monkey is allowed to retrieve the food from under the cups . Successful retrieval in the first attempt -- something the animal can achieve after some training on the task -- requires holding the location of the food in memory over the delay period . Fuster found neurons in the PFC that fired mostly during the delay period , suggesting that they were involved in representing the food location while it was invisible . Later research has shown similar delay - active neurons also in the posterior parietal cortex , the thalamus , the caudate , and the globus pallidus . The work of Goldman - Rakic and others showed that principal sulcal , dorsolateral PFC interconnects with all of these brain regions , and that neuronal microcircuits within PFC are able to maintain information in working memory through recurrent excitatory glutamate networks of pyramidal cells that continue to fire throughout the delay period . These circuits are tuned by lateral inhibition from GABAergic interneurons . The neuromodulatory arousal systems markedly alter PFC working memory function ; for example , either too little or too much dopamine or norepinephrine impairs PFC network firing and working memory performance .
Respiratory system
Both the lungs and the skin serve as respiratory organs in amphibians . The ventilation of the lungs in amphibians relies on positive pressure ventilation . Muscles lower the floor of the oral cavity , enlarging it and drawing in air through the nostrils into the oral cavity . With the nostrils and mouth closed , the floor of the oral cavity is then pushed up , which forces air down the trachea into the lungs . The skin of these animals is highly vascularized and moist , with moisture maintained via secretion of mucus from specialised cells , and is involved in cutaneous respiration . While the lungs are of primary organs for gas exchange between the blood and the environmental air ( when out of the water ) , the skin 's unique properties aid rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in oxygen - rich water . Some amphibians have gills , either in the early stages of their development ( e.g. tadpoles of frogs ) , while others retain them into adulthood ( e.g. some salamanders ) .
Primate
Considered generalist mammals , primates exhibit a wide range of characteristics . Some primates ( including some great apes and baboons ) are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal , but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees . Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree , walking on two or four limbs , knuckle - walking , and swinging between branches of trees ( brachiation ) .
Red fox
( show ) Subspecies Trinomial authority Description Range Synonyms Scandinavian red fox V. v. vulpes ( Nominate subspecies ) Linnaeus , 1758 A large subspecies measuring 70 -- 90 cm in length and weighing 5 -- 10 kg , the maximum length of the skull for males is 163.2 mm . The fur is bright red with a strongly developed whitish and yellow ripple on the lower back . Scandinavia and the northern and middle ( forest ) districts of the European part of the former Soviet Union , southwards to forest - steppe and eastwards approximately to the Urals , and probably Central and Western Europe alopex ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) communis ( Burnett , 1829 ) lineatus ( Billberg , 1827 ) nigro - argenteus ( Nilsson , 1820 ) nigrocaudatus ( Billberg , 1827 ) septentrionalis ( Brass , 1911 ) variegates ( Billberg , 1827 ) vulgaris ( Oken , 1816 ) British Columbian fox V. v. abietorum Merriam , 1900 Generally similar to V. v. alascensis , but with a lighter , longer and more slender skull Interior of British Columbia and probably southeastern Alaska , US sitkaensis ( Brass , 1911 ) Northern Alaskan fox V. v. alascensis Merriam , 1900 A large , long tailed , small eared form with golden - fulvous fur Andreafsky Wilderness , Alaska , US Eastern trans - Caucasian fox V. v. alpherakyi Satunin , 1906 A small subspecies weighing 4 kg , its maximum skull length is 132 -- 39 mm in males and 121 -- 26 mm in females . The fur is rusty grey or rusty brown , with a brighter rusty stripe along the spine . The coat is short , coarse and sparse . Geok Tepe , Aralsk , Kazakhstan Anatolian fox V. v. anatolica Thomas , 1920 Izmir , Aegean Region , Turkey Arabian fox V. v. arabica Thomas , 1920 Dhofar and the Hajar Mountains , Oman Atlas fox V. v. atlantica Wagner , 1841 Atlas Mountains , Mila Province , Algeria algeriensis ( Loche , 1858 ) Labrador fox V. v. bangsi Merriam , 1900 Similar to V. v.
Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea
Peppersoup , a West African soup that typically includes pepper , meats , and nutmeg Sopa de pescado con cacahuete , a ground nut soup with fish , onions and tomato
Cultural impact of the Beatles
The Beatle haircut , also known as the `` mop - top '' ( or moptop ) , because of its resemblance to a mop , or `` Arthur '' among fans , is a mid-length hairstyle named after and popularised by the Beatles , and widely mocked by many adults . It is a straight cut -- collar - length at the back and over the ears at the sides , with a straight fringe ( bangs ) . Because of the immense popularity of the Beatles , the haircut was widely imitated worldwide between 1964 and 1966 . Their hair - style led toy manufacturers to begin producing real - hair and plastic `` Beatle Wigs '' . Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corp. of New York was licensed to make `` the only AUTHENTIC Beatle Wig '' . There have been many attempts at counterfeiting , but in its original packaging this wig has become highly collectible .
Border Collie
In general , Border Collies are medium - sized dogs with a moderate amount of coat , which is most often thick and sheds often . They have a double coat that varies from smooth to rough and is occasionally curled . Whilst black and white is most commonly seen colour pattern of the Border Collie , the breed appears in just about any colour and pattern known to occur in dogs . Some of these include black tricolour ( black / tan / white ) , liver and white , and red tricolour ( red / tan / white ) have also been seen regularly , with other colours such as blue , lilac , red merle , blue merle , brindle , and Australian red ( also known as ee red , blonde , recessive red , or gold ) which is seen less frequently . Some Border Collies may also have single - colour coats .
Respiratory system
In humans and other mammals , the anatomy of a typical respiratory system is the respiratory tract . The tract is divided into an upper and a lower respiratory tract . The upper tract includes the nose , nasal cavities , sinuses , pharynx and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds . The lower tract ( Fig. 2 . ) includes the lower part of the larynx , the trachea , bronchi , bronchioles and the alveoli .
Brown bear
The teeth of brown bears reflect their dietary plasticity and are broadly similar to other bears excluding the two most herbivorous living bears , the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) and spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) , which have blunt , small premolars ( ideal for grinding down fibrous plants ) compared to the jagged premolars of ursid bears that at least seasonally often rely on flesh as a food source . The teeth are reliably larger than American black bears but average smaller in molar length than polar bears . Brown bears have the broadest skull of any extant ursine bear , only the afforementioned most herbivorous living bears exceed them in relative breadth of the skull . Another extant ursine bear , the sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ) , has a proportionately longer skull than the brown bear and can match the skull length of even large brown bear races , presumably as an aid for foraging heavily on insect colonies for which a long muzzle is helpful as an evolved feature in several unrelated mammalian groups .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
Maia is described as having curly , brown and gold hair ( her eyelashes are described as the color of toast ) , light brown skin and amber - brown eyes . She is also described as having a heart - shaped face and rather curvy figure when Clary notes , `` No girl should have that great of a body . ''
Royal corgis
The royal corgis are known all across the world and are closely associated with the Queen . The corgis have had numerous items dedicated to them , in particular being the subject of many statues and works of art . Because of the Queen 's fondness for the Welsh Corgi , an increased number of corgis were exhibited in the 1954 West Australian Canine Association 's Royal Show . Queen Elizabeth II 's crown coin KM # 1135 , made of copper nickel of size 33 mm , issued during her Golden Jubilee year , shows the Queen with a corgi .
Ear
The pinna consists of a single piece of elastic cartilage with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface . A tubercle , known as Darwin 's tubercle , is sometimes present , lying in the descending part of the helix and corresponding to the ear - tip of mammals . The earlobe consists of areola and adipose tissue . The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the localisation of sound . The brain accomplishes this by comparing arrival - times and intensities from each ear , in circuits located in the superior olivary complex and the trapezoid bodies which are connected via pathways to both ears .
Respiratory system
a biological system of specific organs and structures for gas exchange in animals and plants
Bird feet and legs
Grebes and many other waterfowl have shorter femur and a more or less narrow pelvis , too , which gives the impression that their legs are attached to the rear as in loons .
Origin of the domestic dog
Some studies have found greater diversity in the genetic markers of dogs from East and Central Asia compared to Europe and have concluded that dogs originated from these regions , despite no archaeological evidence to support the conclusions . One reason for these discrepancies is the sustained admixture between different dog and wolf populations across the Old and New Worlds over at least the last 10,000 years , which has blurred the genetic signatures and confounded efforts of researchers at pinpointing the origins of dogs . Another reason is that none of the modern wolf populations are related to the Pleistocene wolves that were first domesticated . In other words , the extinction of the wolves that were the direct ancestors of dogs has muddied efforts to pinpoint the time and place of dog domestication .
Origin of the domestic dog
Middle East : In 2010 , a study using single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated that dogs originated in the Middle East due to the greater sharing of haplotypes between dogs and Middle Eastern gray wolves , else there may have been significant admixture between some regional breeds and regional wolves . In 2011 , a study found that there had been dog - wolf hybridization and not an independent domestication .
Origin of the domestic dog
A criticism of the European proposal is that dogs in East Asia show more genetic diversity . However , dramatic differences in genetic diversity can be influenced both by an ancient and recent history of inbreeding . A counter-comment is that the modern European breeds only emerged in the 19th century , and that throughout history global dog populations experienced numerous episodes of diversification and homogenization , with each round further reducing the power of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history .
Red fox
Substantial gene pool mixing between different subspecies is known ; British red foxes have crossbred extensively with foxes imported from Germany , France , Belgium , Sardinia , and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia . However , genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe . Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly vagile species , with one red fox covering 320 km ( 200 mi ) in under a year 's time . Skull
Origin of the domestic dog
Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial , with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe , Central Asia , and East Asia . This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence , which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves , these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000 - 6,400 years ago , and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago . Using
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2017 , a study compared the nuclear genome sequences of three Neolithic dog specimens from Germany and Ireland with sequences from over 5,000 dogs and wolves . The study found that modern European dogs descended from their Neolithic ancestors with no evidence of a population turnover found by an earlier study . The study found that a single dog - wolf divergence occurred 36,900 - 41,500 YBP , followed by a divergence between Southeast Asian and Western Eurasian dogs 17,500 - 23,900 YBP and this indicates a single dog domestication event occurring between 20,000 - 40,000 YBP . The study did not support a dual domestication event found by an earlier study . Altai
Origin of the domestic dog
Europe In 2007 , a study of maternal mDNA sequences from dogs and wolves indicated that their haplotypes resolved into four monophyletic clades ( a grouping that includes its ancestor ) , of which two clades showed a strong relationship between dogs and the wolves of Europe .
New World
The term `` New World '' is used in a biological context , when one speaks of Old World ( Palearctic , Afrotropic ) and New World species ( Nearctic , Neotropic ) . Biological taxonomists often attach the `` New World '' label to groups of species that are found exclusively in the Americas , to distinguish them from their counterparts in the `` Old World '' ( Europe , Africa and Asia ) , e.g. New World monkeys , New World vultures , New World warblers .
Origin of the domestic dog
Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial , with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe , Central Asia , and East Asia . This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence , which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian groups ; these , before going extinct , were domesticated independently into two distinct dog populations between 14,000 -- 6,400 years ago . The Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs introduced by humans at least 6,400 years ago .
Origin of the domestic dog
South East Asia : In 2009 , a study of the maternal mitochondrial genome indicated the origin in south - eastern Asia south of the Yangtze River as more dog haplogroups had been found there . Paternal Y - chromosome DNA sequences indicated the south - western part of south - eastern Asia that is south of the Yangtze River ( comprising South - East Asia and the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi ) because of the greater diversity of yDNA haplogroups found in that region . A criticism of this proposal is that no wolf remains have been found in this region and the earliest archaeological evidence of a dog dates to only 4,700 YBP .
Origin of the domestic dog
The hypothesis proposed is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves . These were then domesticated independently before becoming extinct . The Western Eurasian dog population was then partially and gradually replaced by Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6400 years ago . A single domestication is thought to be due to chance , however dual domestication on different sides of the world is unlikely to have happened randomly and it suggests that external factors - an environmental driver - may have forced wolves to work together with humans for survival . It is possible that wolves took advantage of resources that humans had , or humans may have been introduced to wolves in an area in which they did n't previously live .