vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ojibwe
Superior Chippewa Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Cass Lake Band of Chippewa Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Pillagers Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation White Oak Point Band of Mississippi Chippewa Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Mille Lacs Indians Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians White Earth Band of Chippewa Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Otter Tail Band of Pillagers Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Removable Mille Lacs Indians Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Mississaugi First Nation North Caribou Lake First Nation Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway ( Historical ) Cat Lake First Nation Mishkeegogamang First Nation ( formerly known as New Osnaburgh First Nation
Souris River
The Souris River ( French : rivière Souris ) or Mouse River ( as it is alternatively known in the U.S. , a direct translation from its French name ) is a river in central North America . It is about 700 km ( 435 mi ) in length and drains about 23,600 square miles ( 61,100 km ) . It rises in the Yellow Grass Marshes north of Weyburn , Saskatchewan . It wanders south through North Dakota beyond Minot to its most southern point at the city of Velva , and then back north into Manitoba . The river passes through the communities of Melita , Hartney , Souris and Wawanesa and on to its confluence with the Assiniboine River at Treesbank , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south east of Brandon . The main tributaries which flow into the Souris in Manitoba are the Antler River , the Gainsborough and Plum Creeks . Much of its drainage basin is fertile silt and clay deposited by former glacial Lake Souris .
Great Lakes
Lake Erie From the Erie tribe , a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan ( long tail ) . Lake Huron The native Wyandot originally referred to the lake by the name karegnondi , a word which has been variously translated as `` Freshwater Sea '' , `` Lake of the Hurons '' , or simply `` lake '' . The first French explorers in the area named the lake after the inhabitants of the area , the Wyandot or `` Hurons '' . Lake Michigan From the Ojibwa word mishi - gami ( great water or large lake ) . Lake Ontario From the Wyandot ( Huron ) word ontarí'io ( lake of shining waters ) . Lake Superior English translation of the French term lac supérieur ( upper lake ) , referring to its position north of Lake Huron . The indigenous Ojibwe call it gichi - gami ( from Ojibwe gichi big , large , great ; gami water , lake , sea . Popularized in French - influenced transliteration as Gitchigumi as in Gordon Lightfoot 's 1976 story song , The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald , or Gitchee Gumee as in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's 1855 epic poem , The Song of Hiawatha ) .
Great Salt Lake
The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth - largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km ) , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km2 ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3,300 square miles ( 8,500 km ) . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region .
Barberton, Ohio
Lake Anna , a glacial kettle lake , is a 1 - acre ( 4,000 m ) natural spring lake that lies in the center of the original village of Barberton . It is the center of a 21 - acre ( 85,000 m ) park named after it . Lake Anna is named for O.C. Barber 's daughter Anna Laura Barber .
Freshwater West
The water at Freshwater West is part of the Pembrokeshire Marine SAC , and it also forms part of the Angle Peninsula Coast SSSI and is situated within Pembrokeshire Coast National Park . Strong currents come in from the northwest and southeast , and the beach has a tidal range of 6.5 metres ( 21 ft ) . At almost a mile long , Freshwater West flanked by extensive sand dunes and rock pools . The land in the area consists of dunes with fens , grassland , reedbeds , purple moor grass , rush pastures , and maritime cliffs , and is inhabited by wildlife such as waders , chough , over-wintering lapwings , and grey seal . Despite its natural beauty , Freshwater West is unsuitable for bathing due to strong offshore swells and strong currents . There is an abundance of fossils in the area , and in 1921 some 50 were reported to have been discovered here .
Vermont
The origin of the name `` Vermont '' is uncertain , but likely comes from the French Les Verts Monts , meaning `` the Green Mountains '' . Thomas Young introduced it in 1777 . In 1913 , the Secretary of State of Vermont speculated that the archaic French term Verd Mont ( green mountain ) may have inspired Young . Another source points out the predominance of mica - quartz - chlorite schist , a green - hued metamorphosed shale , as a possible reason . The Green Mountains form a north -- south spine running most of the length of the state , slightly west of its center . In the southwest portion of the state are located the Taconic Mountains . In the northwest , near Lake Champlain , is the fertile Champlain Valley . In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen .
Lake of the Ozarks
Lake of the Ozarks is a large reservoir created by impounding the Osage River in the northern part of the Ozarks in central Missouri . Extents of three smaller tributaries to the Osage are included in the impoundment : the Niangua River , Grandglaize Creek , and Gravois Creek . The lake has a surface area of 54,000 acres ( 220 km ) and 1,150 miles ( 1,850 km ) of shoreline , and the main channel of the Osage Arm stretches 92 miles ( 148 km ) from end to end . The total drainage area is over 14,000 square miles ( 36,000 km ) . The lake 's serpentine shape has earned it the nickname `` The Magic Dragon '' , which has in turn inspired the names of local institutions such as The Magic Dragon Street Meet .
Meander
A meander cutoff , also known as either a cutoff meander or abandoned meander , is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff . A lake that occupies an cutoff meander is known as an oxbow lake . Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as incised cutoff meanders . As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon , incised meanders that have either steep - sided , often vertical walls , are often , but not always , known as rincons in the southwest United States . Rincon in English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a small secluded valley , an alcove or angular recess in a cliff , or a bend in a river .
Ojibwe
Following the war , the United States government tried to forcibly remove all the Ojibwe to Minnesota , west of the Mississippi River . The Ojibwe resisted , and there were violent confrontations . In the Sandy Lake Tragedy , several hundred Ojibwe died because of the federal government 's failure to deliver fall annuity payments . Through the efforts of Chief Buffalo and the rise of popular opinion in the US against Ojibwe removal , the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory . A few families were removed to Kansas as part of the Potawatomi removal . Plains
Great Lakes region
The Great Lakes Commission , authorized by the region 's American states and Province of Ontario , and the additional Canadian Province of Quebec , comprises a bi-national authority with specified powers to protect and preserve the water and environmental resources of the Great Lakes and surrounding waterways and aquifers . The Commission 's authorities are confirmed by the Canadian and American federal governments , and by its constituent states and provinces . The states and provinces are represented in the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers .
Monongahela River
The Monongahela is formed by the confluence of the West Fork River and its `` East Fork '' -- the Tygart Valley River -- at Fairmont , West Virginia . The river is navigable its entire length with a series of locks and dams that maintain a minimum depth of 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) to accommodate coal - laden barges . In southwestern Pennsylvania , the Monongahela is met by two major tributaries : the Cheat River , which joins at Point Marion , and the Youghiogheny River , which joins at McKeesport .
Great Lakes
Several Native American tribes inhabited the region since at least 1000 BC , after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation . The peoples of the Great Lakes traded with the Hopewell culture from around 1000 AD , as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region , and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio . The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , was built at Cayuga Creek , near the southern end of the Niagara River , and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7 , 1679 .
Catawba River
Lake Wylie Dam in India Hook Fishing Creek Reservoir in Great Falls Dearborn - Great Falls Dam Cedar Creek Reservoir Dam Lake Wateree Dam
Crater Lake
Crater Lake ( Klamath : giiwas ) is a caldera lake in south - central Oregon in the western United States . It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity . The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148 - foot ( 655 m ) - deep caldera that was formed around 7,700 ( ± 150 ) years ago by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama . There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake ; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years . With a depth of 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) , the lake is the deepest in the United States . In the world , it ranks ninth for maximum depth , and third for mean ( average ) depth .
Midwestern United States
The second waterway is the network of routes within the Great Lakes . The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 completed an all - water shipping route , more direct than the Mississippi , to New York and the seaport of New York City . In 1848 , The Illinois and Michigan Canal breached the continental divide spanning the Chicago Portage and linking the waters of the Great Lakes with those of the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf of Mexico . Lakeport and river cities grew up to handle these new shipping routes . During the Industrial Revolution , the lakes became a conduit for iron ore from the Mesabi Range of Minnesota to steel mills in the Mid-Atlantic States . The Saint Lawrence Seaway ( 1862 , widened 1959 ) opened the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean .
Jordan River
Its section north of the Sea of Galilee ( Hebrew : כנרת Kinneret , Arabic : Bohayrat Tabaraya , meaning Lake of Tiberias ) is within the boundaries of Israel , and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights . South of the lake , it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan ( to the east ) , and Israel ( to the west ) .
Lake District
William Wordsworth published his Guide to the Lakes in 1810 , and by 1835 it had reached its fifth edition , now called A Guide Through the District of the Lakes in the North of England . This book was particularly influential in popularising the region . Wordsworth 's favourite valley was Dunnerdale or the Duddon Valley nestling in the south west of the Lake District .
Great Lakes
During World War II , the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes , USS Sable ( IX - 81 ) and USS Wolverine ( IX - 64 ) . Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff . Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6 , 1998 , when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927 . This bill , which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program , contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake . Not coincidentally , this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources . Following a small uproar , the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 ( although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake ) .
Great Lakes
Lake Nipissing , connected to Georgian Bay by the French River , contains two volcanic pipes , which are the Manitou Islands and Callander Bay . These pipes were formed by a violent , supersonic eruption of deep - origin . The lake lies in the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben , a Mesozoic rift valley that formed 175 million years ago . Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent -- Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron . Lake St. Clair , connected with Lake Huron ( to its north ) by the St. Clair River and with Lake Erie ( to its south ) by the Detroit River , is notable for the fact that Canadian territory along its southern shore ( the city of Windsor and Essex County ) lies south of the adjacent United States territory ( the city of Detroit ) . Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes , proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made , which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects , etc. , designated as related to `` The Great Lakes '' .
Great Salt Lake
Lake Bonneville existed until about 16,800 years ago , when a large portion of the lake was released through the Red Rock Pass in Idaho . With the warming climate , the remaining lake began to dry , leaving the Great Salt Lake , Utah Lake , Sevier Lake , and Rush Lake behind .
Canada–United States relations
A principal instrument of this cooperation is the International Joint Commission ( IJC ) , established as part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters . The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans - border water pollution . However , there have been some disputes . Most recently , the Devil 's Lake Outlet , a project instituted by North Dakota , has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project .
Hudson Valley
The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School . Cole took a steamship up the Hudson in the autumn of 1825 , the same year the Erie Canal opened , stopping first at West Point , then at Catskill landing . He hiked west high up into the eastern Catskill Mountains of New York State to paint the first landscapes of the area . The first review of his work appeared in the New York Evening Post on November 22 , 1825 . At that time , only the English native Cole , born in a landscape where autumnal tints were of browns and yellows , found the brilliant autumn hues of the area to be inspirational . Cole 's close friend , Asher Durand , became a prominent figure in the school as well . Painters Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The first Europeans to arrive in the area were Sieur du Lhut and his men in the fall and winter of 1679 - 1680 . For the next eighty years the area was primarily under French influence , and the fur trade grew throughout the first half of the 18th century , with beaver pelts as the prize trade good . French trade in the upper valley was dominated by the Ojibwe and tied to Lake Superior traders , whereas in the lower valley the Dakota assisted in trading with merchants based out of St. Louis downstream . After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 , British traders entered the area , and grew in numbers and influence with the help of the powerful North West Company .
Ojibwe
In his History of the Ojibway People ( 1855 ) , William W. Warren recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States . He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan , western Minnesota and westward , and all of Canada . When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added , the count becomes 15 :
Great Lakes region
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined the political protocols by which American states south of the lakes would enter the union as political equals with the original thirteen colonies . The ordinance , adopted in its final form just before the writing of the United States Constitution , was a sweeping , visionary proposal to create what was at the time a radical experiment in democratic governance and economy . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery , restricted primogeniture , mandated universal public education , provided for affordable farm land to people who settled and improved it , and required peaceful , lawful treatment of the Indian population . The ordinance prohibited the establishment of state religion and established civic rights that foreshadowed the United States Bill of Rights . Civil rights included freedom from cruel and unusual punishment , trial by jury , and exemption from unreasonable search and seizure . States were authorized to organize constitutional conventions and petition for admission as states equal to the original thirteen . Five states evolved from its provisions : Ohio , Indiana , Michigan , Illinois , and Wisconsin . The northeastern section of Minnesota , from the Mississippi to St. Croix River , also fell under ordinance jurisdiction and extended the constitution and culture of the Old Northwest to the Dakotas . The surge of settlement generated tension culminating in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 .
Ottawa
Étienne Brûlé , widely regarded as the first European to travel up the Ottawa River , passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes . Three years later , Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins , who had been using the Ottawa River for centuries . Many missionaries would later follow the early explorers and traders . The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa , derived from the Algonquin word adawe ( `` to trade '' , used in reference to the area 's importance to First Nations traders ) , to name the river . Philemon Wright , a New Englander , created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river , across from the present day city of Ottawa in Hull . He , with five other families and twenty - five labourers , set about to create an agricultural community called Wrightsville . Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade ( soon to be the area 's most significant economic activity ) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City . Bytown , Ottawa 's original name , was founded as a community in 1826 when hundreds of land speculators were attracted to the south side of the river when news spread that British authorities were immediately constructing the northerly end of the Rideau Canal military project at that location . The following year , the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project .
Louisiana Purchase
The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida . Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis . The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west . The
Lake of the Ozarks
The lake was created by the construction of the 2,543 - foot ( 775 m ) long Bagnell Dam by the Union Electric Company of St. Louis , Missouri . The principal engineering firm was Stone and Webster . Construction began August 8 , 1929 , was completed in April 1931 and reached spillway elevation on May 20 , 1931 . During construction , the lake was referred to as Osage Reservoir or Lake Osage . The Missouri General Assembly officially named it Lake Benton after Senator Thomas Hart Benton . None of the names stuck , as it was popularly referred to by its location at the northern edge of the Ozarks . The electric generating station , however , is still referred to by the utility company as the `` Osage Hydroelectric Plant . '' While some sources indicate that more than 20 towns , villages and settlements were permanently flooded to create the lake , subsequent research indicates that the actual number was closer to eight , while several other sites had been previously abandoned , were relocated to make way for the lake , or were on high enough ground that the creation of the lake did n't affect them .
Great Lakes
Lake Nipigon , connected to Lake Superior by the Nipigon River , is surrounded by sill - like formations of mafic and ultramafic igneous rock hundreds of meters high . The lake lies in the Nipigon Embayment , a failed arm of the triple junction ( centered beneath Lake Superior ) in the Midcontinent Rift System event , estimated at 1,109 million years ago . Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan , located along the south coast of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the east coast of Wisconsin . It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin , the Garden Peninsula in Michigan , and the chain of islands between them , all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Winnebago , connected to Green Bay by the Fox River , serves as part of the Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool . Grand Traverse Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan located on Michigan 's west coast , being one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes . The bay has one large peninsula and one major island known as Power Island . Its namesake is derived from when Jacques Marquette crossed the bay from Norwood to Northport calling it La Grande Traversee . Georgian Bay is an arm of Lake Huron , extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario . The bay , along with its narrow westerly extensions of the North Channel and Mississagi Strait , is separated from the rest of the lake by the Bruce Peninsula , Manitoulin Island , and Cockburn Island , all of which were also formed by the Niagara Escarpment . Lake Nipissing , connected to Georgian Bay by the French River , contains two volcanic pipes , which are the Manitou Islands and Callander Bay . These pipes were formed by a violent , supersonic eruption of deep - origin . The lake lies in the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben , a Mesozoic rift valley that formed 175 million years ago . Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent -- Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron .
French and Indian War
Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol .