vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Independence Day (India)
European traders had established outposts in the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century . Through overwhelming military strength , the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century . Following the First War of Independence of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India . In the decades following , civic society gradually emerged across India , most notably the Indian National Congress Party , formed in 1885 . The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montague -- Chelmsford Reforms , but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and calls for self - rule by Indian activists . The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience , led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In the 1946 election for the Congress presidency , Patel stepped down in favour of Nehru at the request of Gandhi . The election 's importance stemmed from the fact that the elected president would lead independent India 's first government . As the first Home Minister , Patel played a key role in the integration of the princely states into the Indian federation .
The Emergency (India)
Invoking article 352 of the Indian Constitution , Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil liberties and political opposition . The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention . Vijayaraje Scindia , Jayaprakash Narayan , Raj Narain , Morarji Desai , Charan Singh , Jivatram Kripalani , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani , Arun Jaitley , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Gayatri Devi , the dowager queen of Jaipur and other protest leaders were immediately arrested . Organisations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) and Jamaat - e-Islami along with some political parties were banned . Numerous Communist leaders were arrested along with many others involved with their party . Congress leaders who dissented the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution such as Mohan Dharia and Chandra Shekhar resigned their government and party positions and were arrested and placed under detention ,
The Emergency (India)
However , the Emergency also received support from several sections . It was endorsed by social reformer Vinoba Bhave ( who called it Anushasan parva , a time for discipline ) , industrialist J.R.D. Tata , writer Khushwant Singh , and Indira Gandhi 's close friend and Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy . However , Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency . Others have argued that Gandhi 's Twenty Point Programme increased agricultural production , manufacturing activity , exports and foreign reserves . Communal Hindu -- Muslim riots , which had resurfaced in the 1960s and 1970s , also reduced in intensity .
Subroto Mukerjee
India became independent from British rule on 15 August 1947 . However , due to partition of India , assets of the Indian Air Force ( like other branches of the military ) had to be divided between the new countries of India and Pakistan . The first three Air Chiefs of independent India , Air Marshals Sir Thomas Elmhirst KBE , CB , AFC , Sir Ronald Ivelaw Chapman , KBE , CBE , DFC , AFC , and Sir Gerald Ernest Gibbs , KBE , CIE , MC , were from the RAF . The IAF had to reorganise itself after the partition . Subroto assisted the Air Chiefs in reorganising the IAF . He went to the Imperial Defence College in England for further training in 1952 .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
After being driven from Jhansi and Kalpi , on 1 June 1858 Rani Lakshmi Bai and a group of Maratha rebels captured the fortress city of Gwalior from the Scindia rulers , who were British allies . This might have reinvigorated the rebellion but the Central India Field Force very quickly advanced against the city . The Rani died on 17 June , the second day of the Battle of Gwalior , probably killed by a carbine shot from the 8th King 's Royal Irish Hussars according to the account of three independent Indian representatives . The Company forces recaptured Gwalior within the next three days . In descriptions of the scene of her last battle , she was compared to Joan of Arc by some commentators . Indore
Vallabhbhai Patel
Junagadh was especially important to Patel , since it was in his home state of Gujarat . It was also important because in this Kathiawar district was the ultra-rich Somnath temple ( which in the 11th century had been plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni , who damaged the temple and its idols to rob it of its riches , including emeralds , diamonds , and gold ) . Under pressure from Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto , the Nawab had acceded to Pakistan . It was , however , quite far from Pakistan , and 80 % of its population was Hindu . Patel combined diplomacy with force , demanding that Pakistan annul the accession , and that the Nawab accede to India . He sent the Army to occupy three principalities of Junagadh to show his resolve . Following widespread protests and the formation of a civil government , or Aarzi Hukumat , both Bhutto and the Nawab fled to Karachi , and under Patel 's orders the Indian Army and police units marched into the state . A plebiscite organised later produced a 99.5 % vote for merger with India . In a speech at the Bahauddin College in Junagadh following the latter 's take - over , Patel emphasised his feeling of urgency on Hyderabad , which he felt was more vital to India than Kashmir :
Early Nationalists
Year of session Session Place Name of the president 1885 1st Mumbai W.C. Banerjee 1886 2nd Kolkata Dadabhai Naoroji 1887 3rd Chennai Justice Badruddin Tyabji 1888 4th Allahabad George Yule 1889 5th Mumbai Sir William Wedderburn 1890 6th Kolkata Mr. Pherozeshah Mehta 1891 7th Nagpur P Ananda Charlu 1892 8th Allahabad W.C. Banerjee 1893 9th Lahore Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji 1894 10th Chennai Alfred Webb 1895 11th Poona Surendranath Banerjee 1896 12th Kolkata Rahmatullah Sayani 1897 13th Amraoti M.C. Shankaran Nair 1898 14th Chennai A.M. Bose 1899 15th Lucknow Romesh Chunder Dutt 1900 16th Lahore N.G. Chandarverkar 1901 17th Kolkata D.E. Wacha 1902 18th Ahmedabad Surendranath Banerjee 1903 19th Chennai Lalmohan Ghosh 1904 20th Mumbai Sir Henry Cotton 1905 21st Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale
History of India
Bal Gangadhar Tilak , an Indian nationalist leader , declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation . His popular sentence `` Swaraj is my birthright , and I shall have it '' became the source of inspiration for Indians . Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , who held the same point of view , notably they advocated the Swadeshi movement involving the boycott of all imported items and the use of Indian - made goods ; the triumvirate were popularly known as Lal Bal Pal . Under them , India 's three big provinces -- Maharashtra , Bengal and Punjab shaped the demand of the people and India 's nationalism . In 1907 , the Congress was split into two factions : The radicals , led by Tilak , advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British . The moderates , led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale , on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule .
Partition of India
Allama Muhammad Iqbal , fifth from left , arriving at the 1930 session of the All India Muslim League , where he delivered his presidential address outlining his plan for a homeland for the Muslims of British India . Jawaharlal Nehru , Sarojini Naidu , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Congress in which Azad was elected president for the second time . Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman ( left ) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All - India Muslim League with Jinnah ( right ) presiding , and Liaquat Ali Khan centre .
Subhas Chandra Bose
On the Indian mainland , an Indian Tricolour , modelled after that of the Indian National Congress , was raised for the first time in the town in Moirang , in Manipur , in north - eastern India . The towns of Kohima and Imphal were placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese , Burmese National Army and the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades of INA during the attempted invasion of India , also known as Operation U-GO . However , Commonwealth forces held both positions and then counter-attacked , in the process inflicting serious losses on the besieging forces , which were then forced to retreat back into Burma .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
At one stage , faced with the need to send troops to reinforce the besiegers of Delhi , the Commissioner of the Punjab ( Sir John Lawrence ) suggested handing the coveted prize of Peshawar to Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan in return for a pledge of friendship . The British Agents in Peshawar and the adjacent districts were horrified . Referring to the massacre of a retreating British army in 1842 , Herbert Edwardes wrote , `` Dost Mahomed would not be a mortal Afghan ... if he did not assume our day to be gone in India and follow after us as an enemy . Europeans can not retreat -- Kabul would come again . '' In the event Lord Canning insisted on Peshawar being held , and Dost Mohammed , whose relations with Britain had been equivocal for over 20 years , remained neutral . Lieutenant
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In September 1858 Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal , head of the Khurrul tribe , led an insurrection in the Neeli Bar district , between the Sutlej , Ravi and Chenab rivers . The rebels held the jungles of Gogaira and had some initial successes against the British forces in the area , besieging Major Crawford Chamberlain at Chichawatni . A squadron of Punjabi cavalry sent by Sir John Lawrence raised the siege . Ahmed Khan was killed but the insurgents found a new leader in Mahr Bahawal Fatyana , who maintained the uprising for three months until Government forces penetrated the jungle and scattered the rebel tribesmen . Bihar
Vallabhbhai Patel
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel BR 1st Deputy Prime Minister of India In office 15 August 1947 -- 15 December 1950 Monarch George VI Governor General C. Rajagopalachari Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Morarji Desai Minister of Home Affairs In office 15 August 1947 -- 15 December 1950 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari 1st Commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces In office 15 August 1947 -- 15 December 1950 Monarch George VI Governor General C. Rajagopalachari Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Position abolished ( merged to the President of India ) Personal details Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel ( 1875 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1875 Nadiad , Bombay Presidency , British India ( now in Gujarat , India ) 15 December 1950 ( 1950 - 12 - 15 ) ( aged 75 ) Bombay , Bombay State , India ( now Mumbai , Maharashtra , India ) Cause of death Heart attack Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Jhaverba Patel Children Maniben Patel Dahyabhai Patel Father Jhaverbhai Patel Alma mater Inns of Court Profession Barrister Politician Activist Freedom Fighter Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1991 ) ( posthumously )
Subhas Chandra Bose
His most famous quote was `` Give me blood and I will give you freedom '' . Another famous quote was Dilli Chalo ( `` On to Delhi ) ! '' This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them . Jai Hind , or , `` Glory to India ! '' was another slogan used by him and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces . Another slogan coined by him was `` Ittehad , Etemad , Qurbani '' ( Urdu for `` Unity , Agreement , Sacrifice '' ) . INA also used the slogan Inquilab Zindabad , which was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani .
Non-cooperation movement
Gandhi 's call was for a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Act . All offices and factories would be closed . Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj - sponsored schools , police services , the military , and the civil service , and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj 's courts . Public transportation and English - manufactured goods , especially clothing , was boycotted . Indians returned honours and titles given by the government and resigned from various posts like teachers , lawyers , civil and military services .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel ( 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 ) , popularly known as Sardar Patel , was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India . He was an Indian barrister and statesman , a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and a founding father of the Republic of India who played a leading role in the country 's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united , independent nation . In India and elsewhere , he was often called Sardar , Chief in Hindi , Urdu , and Persian . He acted as de facto Supreme Commander - in - chief of Indian army during the political integration of India and the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 .
Quit India Movement
Part of a series of articles on Indian people Motto : Jai Hind People Lists of people from India by state History Indian independence movement Quit India Movement Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Festivals Literature Music Sports Languages Hindi English ( Indian ) Other regional languages Religion Hinduism ( Temples ) Islam Christianity Sikhism Jainism ( Temples ) Buddhism in India Zoroastrianism Bahá'í Faith
Subhas Chandra Bose
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু ( Bengali ) Head of State and Government Provisional Government of Free India ( Ārzī Hukūmat - e-Āzād Hind ) In office 21 October 1943 -- 18 August 1945 Preceded by Office created Succeeded by Office abolished President of the Indian National Congress In office 1938 -- 1939 Preceded by Jawaharlal Nehru Succeeded by Rajendra Prasad Personal details Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1897 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1897 Cuttack , British India 18 August 1945 ( 1945 - 08 - 18 ) ( aged 48 ) Taihoku , Japanese Taiwan ( present - day Taipei ) Political party Indian National Congress Forward Bloc ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Spouse ( s ) Emilie Schenkl Children Anita Bose Pfaff Mother Prabhavati Dutt Father Janakinath Bose Education Ravenshaw Collegiate Scottish Church College Alma mater University of Calcutta Fitzwilliam College Known for Indian nationalism Signature
Partition of India
Although Choudhry Rahmat Ali had in 1933 produced a pamphlet , Now or never , in which the term `` Pakistan '' , `` the land of the pure '' , comprising the Punjab , North West Frontier Province ( Afghania ) , Kashmir , Sindh , and Balochistan , was coined for the first time , the pamphlet did not attract political attention . A little later , a Muslim delegation to the Parliamentary Committee on Indian Constitutional Reforms gave short shrift to the Pakistan idea , calling it `` chimerical and impracticable '' .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
Thus Congress leaders entered the Viceroy 's Executive Council or the Interim Government of India . Nehru became the head , vice-president in title , but possessing the executive authority . Patel became the home member , responsible for internal security and government agencies . Congress - led governments were formed in most provinces , including the NWFP , in Punjab ( a coalition with the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Unionist Muslim League ) . The League led governments in Bengal and Sind . The Constituent Assembly was instructed to begin work to write a new constitution for India .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Very soon after the events in Meerut , rebellion erupted in the state of Awadh ( also known as Oudh , in modern - day Uttar Pradesh ) , which had been annexed barely a year before . The British Commissioner resident at Lucknow , Sir Henry Lawrence , had enough time to fortify his position inside the Residency compound . The Company forces numbered some 1700 men , including loyal sepoys . The rebels ' assaults were unsuccessful , and so they began a barrage of artillery and musket fire into the compound . Lawrence was one of the first casualties . The rebels tried to breach the walls with explosives and bypass them via underground tunnels that led to underground close combat . After 90 days of siege , defended by John Eardley Inglis , numbers of Company forces were reduced to 300 loyal sepoys , 350 British soldiers and 550 non-combatants .
Vallabhbhai Patel
When Gandhi was in prison , Patel was asked by Members of Congress to lead the satyagraha in Nagpur in 1923 against a law banning the raising of the Indian flag . He organised thousands of volunteers from all over the country to take part in processions of people violating the law . Patel negotiated a settlement obtaining the release of all prisoners and allowing nationalists to hoist the flag in public . Later that year , Patel and his allies uncovered evidence suggesting that the police were in league with local dacoits ( Devar Baba ) in the Borsad taluka even as the government prepared to levy a major tax for fighting dacoits in the area . More than 6,000 villagers assembled to hear Patel speak in support of proposed agitation against the tax , which was deemed immoral and unnecessary . He organised hundreds of Congressmen , sent instructions , and received information from across the district . Every village in the taluka resisted payment of the tax and prevented the seizure of property and land . After a protracted struggle , the government withdrew the tax . Historians believe that one of Patel 's key achievements was the building of cohesion and trust amongst the different castes and communities , which had been divided along socio - economic lines .
Partition of India
In March 1942 , with the Japanese fast moving up the Malayan Peninsula after the Fall of Singapore , and with the Americans supporting independence for India , Winston Churchill , the wartime Prime Minister of Britain , sent Sir Stafford Cripps , the leader of the House of Commons , with an offer of dominion status to India at the end of the war in return for the Congress 's support for the war effort . Not wishing to lose the support of the allies they had already secured -- the Muslim League , Unionists of the Punjab , and the Princes -- the Cripps offer included a clause stating that no part of the British Indian Empire would be forced to join the post-war Dominion . As a result of the proviso , the proposals were rejected by the Congress , which , since its founding as a polite group of lawyers in 1885 , saw itself as the representative of all Indians of all faiths . After the arrival in 1920 of Gandhi , the preeminent strategist of Indian nationalism , the Congress had been transformed into a mass nationalist movement of millions . In August 1942 , the Congress launched the Quit India Resolution which asked for drastic constitutional changes , which the British saw as the most serious threat to their rule since the Indian rebellion of 1857 . With their resources and attention already spread thin by a global war , the nervous British immediately jailed the Congress leaders and kept them in jail until August 1945 , whereas the Muslim League was now free for the next three years to spread its message . Consequently , the Muslim League 's ranks surged during the war , with Jinnah himself admitting , `` The war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise . '' Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader Abul Kalam Azad , and influential regional Muslim politicians such as A.K. Fazlul Huq of the leftist Krishak Praja Party in Bengal , Sikander Hyat Khan of the landlord - dominated Punjab Unionist Party , and Abd al - Ghaffar Khan of the pro-Congress Khudai Khidmatgar ( popularly , `` red shirts '' ) in the North West Frontier Province , the British were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India . The Muslim League 's demand for Pakistan pitted it against the British and Congress .
East Pakistan
Tenure Governor of East Pakistan Political Affiliation 14 October 1955 -- March 1956 Amiruddin Ahmad Muslim League March 1956 -- 13 April 1958 A.K. Fazlul Huq Muslim League 13 April 1958 -- 3 May 1958 Muhammad Hamid Ali ( acting ) Awami League 3 May 1958 -- 10 October 1958 Sultanuddin Ahmad Awami League 10 October 1958 -- 11 April 1960 Zakir Husain Muslim League 11 April 1960 -- 11 May 1962 Lieutenant - General Azam Khan , PA Military Administration 11 May 1962 -- 25 October 1962 Ghulam Faruque Independent 25 October 1962 -- 23 March 1969 Abdul Monem Khan Civil Administration 23 March 1969 -- 25 March 1969 Mirza Nurul Huda Civil Administration 25 March 1969 -- 23 August 1969 Major - General Muzaffaruddin , PA Military Administration 23 August 1969 -- 1 September 1969 Lieutenant - General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan , PA Military Administration 1 September 1969 -- 7 March 1971 Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan , PN Military Administration 7 March 1971 -- 6 April 1971 Lieutenant - General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan , PA Military Administration 6 April 1971 -- 31 August 1971 Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan , PA Military Administration 31 August 1971 -- 14 December 1971 Abdul Motaleb Malik Independent 14 December 1971 -- 16 December 1971 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi , PA Military Administration 16 December 1971 Province of East Pakistan dissolved
Subhas Chandra Bose
In Germany , he was attached to the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz which was responsible for broadcasting on the German - sponsored Azad Hind Radio . He founded the Free India Center in Berlin , and created the Indian Legion ( consisting of some 4500 soldiers ) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces . The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht , and later transferred to the Waffen SS . Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose : `` I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state , Adolf Hitler , as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India , whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose '' . This oath clearly abrogates control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose 's overall leadership of India . He was also , however , prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops , spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion ; many have questioned his judgment here , as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion , which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War .
India
Historians consider India 's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885 . The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state . These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty , the surveillance of the population , and the education of citizens . Technological changes -- among them , railways , canals , and the telegraph -- were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe . However , disaffection with the company also grew during this time , and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule . Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858 , it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the direct administration of India by the British government . Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British - style parliamentary system , the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest . In the decades following , public life gradually emerged all over India , leading eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 . Jawaharlal