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Cotton gin
Eli Whitney ( 1765 -- 1825 ) applied for a patent of his cotton gin on October 28 , 1793 ; the patent was granted on March 14 , 1794 , but was not validated until 1807 . Whitney 's patent was assigned patent number 72X . There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney . The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 in The Library of Southern Literature . In this article , the author claimed Catharine Littlefield Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush - like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton . To date , Greene 's role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently .
Cotton gin
While Whitney 's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short - staple cotton , it damaged the fibers of ( extra-long staple ) cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a `` Smooth Cylinder Cotton - gin '' , a roller gin . McCarthy 's gin was marketed for use with both short - staple and extra-long staple cotton , but was particularly useful for processing long - staple cotton . After McCarthy 's patent expired in 1861 , McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world . McCarthy 's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida , Georgia and South Carolina . It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins , and , when powered by one horse , produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day . The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint . Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate . In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade . These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States .
Cotton gin
The worm gear roller gin , which was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th -- 14th centuries , came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century , and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day . Another innovation , the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin , first appeared some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire . The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era .
Cotton gin
Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would process short staple cotton , and Hodgen Holmes , Robert Watkins , William Longstreet , and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796 . However , the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin , for which he is famous . Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies , a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable -- too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired .
Cotton gin
Between the 12th and 14th centuries , dual - roller gins appeared in India and China . The Indian version of the dual - roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century . This mechanical device was , in some areas , driven by water power .
Cotton gin
The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States , concentrated mostly in the South . Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850 . As a result , the region became even more dependent on plantations and slavery , with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy . While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds , a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day . The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production , increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850 . By 1860 , black slave labor from the American South was providing two - thirds of the world 's supply of cotton , and up to 80 % of the crucial British market . The cotton gin thus `` transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe 's first agricultural powerhouse '' . An
Cotton gin
A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds , allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation . The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens , while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing . Seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
After the close of the American Revolution in 1783 , the new government continued the strong property rights established under British rule and established a rule of law necessary to protect those property rights . The idea of issuing patents was incorporated into Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution authorizing Congress `` to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries . The invention of the Cotton Gin by American Eli Whitney made cotton potentially a cheap and readily available resource in the United States for use in the new textile industry .
Industrial Revolution
The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day .
Cotton gin
The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of `` ginning ribs '' , which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs . The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system . The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal . The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars , this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers . The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping . Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes ( 33,000 lb ) of cotton per hour .
Cotton gin
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Cotton gin
Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods ( `` bolls '' ) of the cotton plant where the fibers ( `` lint '' ) in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds . To make the fibers usable , the seeds and fibers must first be separated , a task which had been previously performed manually , with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation . Many simple seed - removing devices had been invented , but until the innovation of the cotton gin , most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale .
Southern United States
Cotton became dominant in the lower South after 1800 . After the invention of the cotton gin , short staple cotton could be grown more widely . This led to an explosion of cotton cultivation , especially in the frontier uplands of Georgia , Alabama and other parts of the Deep South , as well as riverfront areas of the Mississippi Delta . Migrants poured into those areas in the early decades of the 19th century , when county population figures rose and fell as swells of people kept moving west . The expansion of cotton cultivation required more slave labor , and the institution became even more deeply an integral part of the South 's economy .
Cotton gin
Because of its inadvertent effect on American slavery , and on its ensuring that the South 's economy developed in the direction of plantation - based agriculture ( while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere , such as in the North ) , the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War .
Cotton gin
Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue ( CGR ) consisting of sticks , leaves , dirt , immature bolls , and cottonseed . Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producing ethanol . Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing , there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process , but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production .
Cotton gin
Whitney 's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of lint per day . The model consisted of a wooden cylinder surrounded by rows of slender spikes , which pulled the lint through the bars of a comb - like grid . The grids were closely spaced , preventing the seeds from passing through . Loose cotton was brushed off , preventing the mechanism from jamming .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The textile industry , which had previously relied upon labor - intensive production methods , was also rife with potential for mechanization . In the late 18th century , the English textile industry had adopted the spinning jenny , water frame , and spinning mule which greatly improved the efficiency and quality of textile manufacture , but were closely guarded by the British government which forbade their export or the emigration of those who were familiar with the technology . The 1787 Beverly Cotton Manufactory was the first cotton mill in the United States , but it relied on horse power . Samuel Slater , an apprentice in one of the largest textile factories in England , immigrated to the United States in 1789 upon learning that American states were paying bounties to British expatriates with a knowledge of textile machinery . With the help of Moses Brown of Providence , Slater established America 's oldest currently existing cotton - spinning mill with a fully mechanized water power system at the Slater Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1793 .
Industrial Revolution
Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill .
Industrial Revolution
Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton ; previously , it had primarily been consumed in regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World -- the uncrowned Americas were far better able to recruit available land with the potential for new cotton production . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Haiti , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . ( A strain of cotton seed brought to Natchez in 1806 , Gossypium hirsutum , would become the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production to come : it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick . ) The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa .
Missouri Compromise
Southern states , after the War for Independence , had regarded slavery as an institution in decline ( with the exception of Georgia and South Carolina ) . This was manifest in the shift towards diversified farming in the Upper South , and in the gradual emancipation of slaves in New England , and more significantly , in the mid-Atlantic states . Beginning in the 1790s , with the introduction of the cotton gin , and by 1815 , with the vast increase in demand for cotton internationally , slave - based agriculture underwent an immense revival , spreading the institution westward to the Mississippi River . Slavery opponents in the South vacillated , as did their hopes for the imminent demise of human bondage .
Cotton gin
It was reported that , with an Indian cotton gin , which is half machine and half tool , one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day . With a modified Forbes version , one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day . If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines , and a few people 's labour was used to feed them , they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
In the mid-1780s , Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill that included a grain elevator and hopper boy . Evans ' design eventually displaced the traditional gristmills . By the turn of the century , Evans also developed one of the first high - pressure steam engines and began establishing a network of machine workshops to manufacture and repair these popular inventions . In 1789 , the widow of Nathanael Greene recruited Eli Whitney to develop a machine to separate the seeds of short fibered cotton from the fibers . The resulting cotton gin could be made with basic carpentry skills but reduced the necessary labor by a factor of 50 and generated huge profits for cotton growers in the South . While Whitney did not realize financial success from his invention , he moved on to manufacturing rifles and other armaments under government contract that could be made with `` expedition , uniformity , and exactness '' -- the foundational ideas for interchangeable parts . However , Whitney 's vision of interchangeable parts would not be achieved for over two decades with firearms and even longer for other devices .
Industrial Revolution
Parts of India , China , Central America , South America and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality .
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The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments , primarily due to the introduction of gin . Brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , gin became very popular after the government created a market for `` cuckoo grain '' or `` cuckoo malt '' ( grain that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling ) by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits . As thousands of gin - shops sprang up all over England , brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses . By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and , because of its cheapness , it became popular with the poor , leading to the so - called Gin Craze . Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops .
Cotton gin
In modern cotton production , cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers , in compressed rectangular `` modules '' weighing up to 10 metric tons each or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers . Cotton arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe , approximately 16 inches ( 41 cm ) in diameter , that is swung over the cotton . This pipe is usually manually operated , but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants . The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules . If the cotton is shipped in modules , the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton . The module feeder 's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton .
Economy of Scotland
Cotton began to replace linen in economic importance during the 1770s , with the first mill opening in Penicuik in 1778 . The trade brought urbanisation of the population , including large numbers of migrants from the Highlands and from Ireland . The thread manufacturers Coats plc had its origin in that trade . In 1782 , George Houston built what was then one of the largest cotton mills in the country in Johnstone .
Cotton gin
The cotton then enters a dryer , which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating , spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton . Finer foreign material , such as soil and leaves , passes through rods or screens for removal . The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger foreign matter , such as sticks and burrs , while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders .
Industrial Revolution
Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine .
Industrial Revolution
By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century .
Industrial Revolution
The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years .
Industrial Revolution
Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule . Model
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By the early 19th century , encouraged by lower duties on gin , the gin houses or `` Gin Palaces '' had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain , with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed . These bawdy , loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz ( published 1835 -- 1836 ) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill - health and alcoholism among the working classes .
Industrial Revolution
These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories .
Modern history
Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science . The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life . In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill . Matthew Boulton and James Watt 's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world . Nikola