vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Second Sino-Japanese War
Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941
Franklin D. Roosevelt
On the morning of April 13 , Roosevelt 's body was placed in a flag - draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train for the trip back to Washington . Along the route , thousands flocked to the tracks to pay their respects . After a White House funeral on April 14 , Roosevelt was transported by train from Washington , D.C. , to his place of birth at Hyde Park . As was his wish , Roosevelt was buried on April 15 in the Rose Garden of his Springwood estate .
United States in World War I
The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape .
New Deal
Worldwide , the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States . In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar . When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt , overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression . The political responses to the crises were essentially different : while American democracy remained strong , Germany replaced democracy with fascism , a Nazi dictatorship .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt won 57 % of the popular vote and carried all but six states . Historians and political scientists consider the 1932 -- 36 elections to be realigning elections . Roosevelt 's victory was enabled by the creation of the New Deal coalition , small farmers , the Southern whites , Catholics , big city political machines , labor unions , northern African Americans ( southern ones were still disfranchised ) , Jews , intellectuals , and political liberals . The creation of the New Deal coalition transformed American politics and started what political scientists call the `` New Deal Party System '' or the Fifth Party System . Between the Civil War and 1929 , Democrats had rarely controlled both houses of Congress and had won just four of seventeen presidential elections ; from 1932 to 1979 , Democrats won eight of twelve presidential elections and generally controlled both houses of Congress .
Great Depression in the United States
In 1934 -- 36 , came the much more controversial `` Second New Deal . '' It featured social security ; the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , a Very large relief agency for the unemployed run by the federal government ; the National Labor Relations Board , Which operated as a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions . Unemployment fell by 2⁄3 in Roosevelt 's first term ( from 25 % to 9 % , 1933 -- 1937 ) . The second set of reforms launched by the Roosevelt Administration during the same period , which is a responsibility for social welfare with the main legislation -- -- Social Security Act in 1935 . Insurance and poor relief ( `` public assistance '' or `` welfare '' ) are constituent parts of the legislation that provided pensions to the aged , benefit payments to dependent mothers , crippled children and blind people , and unemployment insurance . The Social Security Act still plays a significant role of the American health and human service system so far . Much of the economy had recovered by 1936 , but persistent , long - term unemployment lasted until rearmament began for World War II in 1940 .
New Deal
Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary ( only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940 ) . Douglas therefore hated the relief programs , which he said reduced business confidence , threatened the government 's future credit and had the `` destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens '' . Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business .
New Deal
In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority , a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding , generate electricity and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States . Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933 , the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output , thereby raising prices . As a result of this legislation , the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937 .
Great Depression
As the Depression wore on , Franklin D. Roosevelt tried public works , farm subsidies , and other devices to restart the U.S. economy , but never completely gave up trying to balance the budget . According to the Keynesians , this improved the economy , but Roosevelt never spent enough to bring the economy out of recession until the start of World War II . Monetarist
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The Pentagon Papers laid out the missteps taken by four administrations in their Vietnam policies . For example , they revealed the Johnson administration 's obfuscations to Congress concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incidents that had led to direct U.S. intervention ; they exposed the clandestine bombing of Laos that had begun in 1964 ; and they detailed the American government 's complicity in the death of Ngô Đình Diệm . The study presented a continuously pessimistic view of the likelihood of victory and generated fierce criticism of U.S. policies .
World War I
In December 1916 , after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania , the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies . Soon after , the U.S. President , Woodrow Wilson , attempted to intervene as a peacemaker , asking in a note for both sides to state their demands . Lloyd George 's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies . After initial outrage and much deliberation , they took Wilson 's note as a separate effort , signalling that the United States was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the `` submarine outrages '' . While the Allies debated a response to Wilson 's offer , the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of `` a direct exchange of views '' . Learning of the German response , the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January . They sought restoration of damages , the evacuation of occupied territories , reparations for France , Russia and Romania , and a recognition of the principle of nationalities . This included the liberation of Italians , Slavs , Romanians , Czecho - Slovaks , and the creation of a `` free and united Poland '' . On the question of security , the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars , complete with sanctions , as a condition of any peace settlement . The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds that Germany had not put forward any specific proposals .
1963
October 1 -- John F. Kennedy Toasts of the President and Emperor Haile Selassie at a Luncheon in Rockville , Maryland . October 2 Nigeria becomes a republic ; The 1st Republican Constitution is established . In the U.S. , the President 's Commission on the Status of Women issues its final reports to President Kennedy . October 3 -- 1963 Honduran coup d'état : A violent coup in Honduras pre-empts the October 13 election , ends a period of reform under President Ramón Villeda Morales and begins two decades of military rule under General Oswaldo López Arellano . October 4 -- Hurricane Flora , one of the worst Atlantic storms in history , hits Hispaniola and Cuba , killing nearly 7,000 people . October 8 -- Sam Cooke and his band are arrested after trying to register at a `` whites only '' motel in Louisiana . In the months following , he records the song `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . October 9 -- In northeast Italy , over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it . October 10 The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , signed on August 5 , takes effect . The second James Bond film , From Russia with Love , opens in the UK . October 14 -- A revolution starts in Radfan , South Yemen , against British colonial rule . October 16 -- The thousandth day of John F. Kennedy 's presidency . October 19 -- Alec Douglas - Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . October 24 -- the fire at the spaceport Baikonur in one of the martial mines missiles R - 9 . Seven people were killed . October 28 -- Demolition of the 1910 Pennsylvania Station begins in New York City , continuing until 1966 . October 30 -- The car manufacturing firm Lamborghini is founded in Italy . October 31 -- 74 die in a gas explosion during a Holiday on Ice show at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum in Indianapolis .
History of United States foreign policy
including Elihu Root , Charles Evans Hughes , and Hoover himself , were Progressives who accepted much of Wilson 's internationalism ... They did seek to use American political influence and economic power to goad European governments to moderate the Versailles peace terms , induce the Europeans to settle their quarrels peacefully , secure disarmament agreements , and strengthen the European capitalist economies to provide prosperity for them and their American trading partners .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Reform of the economy was the goal of the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) of 1933 . It sought to end cutthroat competition by forcing industries to establish rules of operation for all firms within specific industries , such as minimum prices , agreements not to compete , and production restrictions . Industry leaders negotiated the rules which were approved by NIRA officials . Industry needed to raise wages as a condition for approval . Provisions encouraged unions and suspended antitrust laws . NIRA was found to be unconstitutional by unanimous decision of the US Supreme Court in May 1935 ; Roosevelt strongly protested the decision . Roosevelt reformed the financial regulatory structure of the nation with the Glass -- Steagall Act , creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) to underwrite savings deposits . The act also sought to curb speculation by limiting affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms . In 1934 , the Securities and Exchange Commission was created to regulate the trading of securities , while the Federal Communications Commission was established to regulate telecommunications .
United States
The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Williams assigned John Abt , assistant general counsel for FERA , to complete the investigation . On Sept. 11 , 1935 , Hines directed the skeptical and meticulous David W. Kennamer to investigate the disaster . There was immediate friction between them ; Kennamer believed Abt did not have an open mind and Abt felt further investigation was unnecessary . Working with Harry W. Farmer , another VA investigator , Kennamer completed his 2 volume report on October 30 , 1935 . Farmer added a third volume concerning the identification of the veterans . Kennamer 's report included 2,168 pages of exhibits , 118 pages of findings , and a 19 page general comment . His findings differed substantially from those of Williams , citing three officials of the Florida Emergency Relief Administration as negligent ( Administrator Conrad Van Hyning , Asst . Administrator Fred Ghent and Camp Superintendent Ray Sheldon ) . In a response to Abt 's draft report to the President , Ijams sided with Kennamer . Hines and Hopkins never agreed on a final report , and Kennamer 's findings were suppressed . They remained so for decades .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt , a chain - smoker throughout his entire adult life , had been in declining physical health since at least 1940 . In March 1944 , shortly after his 62nd birthday , he underwent testing at Bethesda Hospital and was found to have high blood pressure , atherosclerosis , coronary artery disease causing angina pectoris , and congestive heart failure .
Taxation in the United States
Federal taxes were expanded greatly during World War I. In 1921 , Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon engineered a series of significant income tax cuts under three presidents . Mellon argued that tax cuts would spur growth . Taxes were raised again in the latter part of the Great Depression , and during World War II . Income tax rates were reduced significantly during the Johnson , Nixon , and Reagan presidencies . Significant tax cuts for corporations and all individuals were enacted during the second Bush presidency .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
On July 2 , 1902 the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end , and provincial civil governments having been established , the office of Military Governor was terminated . On July 4 , Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 5 , 1901 proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict .
Civilian Conservation Corps
Although the CCC was probably the most popular New Deal program , it never was authorized as a permanent agency . The program was reduced in scale as the Depression waned and employment opportunities improved . After conscription ( the draft ) began in 1940 , fewer eligible young men were available . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Roosevelt administration directed all federal programs to emphasize the war effort . Most CCC work , except for wildland firefighting , was shifted onto U.S. military bases to help with construction .
Munich Agreement
Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939
Franklin D. Roosevelt
As the 1932 presidential election approached , Roosevelt increasingly turned his attention to national politics . He established a campaign team led by Howe and Farley and a `` brain trust '' of policy advisers . With the economy ailing , many Democrats hoped that the 1932 elections would see the election of the first Democratic president since Woodrow Wilson . Roosevelt 's re-election had established him as the front - runner for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination . Roosevelt rallied the progressive supporters of the Wilson administration while also appealing to many conservatives , establishing himself as the leading candidate in the South and West . The chief opposition to Roosevelt 's candidacy came from Northeastern conservatives such as Al Smith , the 1928 Democratic presidential nominee . Smith hoped to deny Roosevelt the two - thirds support necessary to win the party 's presidential nomination at the 1932 Democratic National Convention in Chicago , and then emerge as the nominee after multiple rounds of balloting . Roosevelt entered the convention with a delegate lead due to his success in the 1932 Democratic primaries , but most delegates entered the convention unbound to any particular candidate . On the first presidential ballot of the convention , Roosevelt received the votes of more than half but less than two - thirds of the delegates , with Smith finishing in a distant second place . Speaker of the House John Nance Garner , who controlled the votes of Texas and California , threw his support behind Roosevelt after the third ballot , and Roosevelt clinched the nomination on the fourth ballot . With little input from Roosevelt , Garner won the vice presidential nomination . Roosevelt flew in from New York after learning that he had won the nomination , becoming the first major party presidential nominee to accept the nomination in person .
Canada–United States relations
Canada allowed the construction of the Alaska Highway and participated in the building of the atomic bomb . 49,000 Americans joined the RCAF ( Canadian ) or RAF ( British ) air forces through the Clayton Knight Committee , which had Roosevelt 's permission to recruit in the U.S. in 1940 -- 42 .
Treaty of Versailles
After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 . Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . House
1935 Labor Day hurricane
The second and third orders , however , were almost immediately compromised . At a news conference on September 5 , Hopkins asserted that there was no negligence traceable to FERA in the failed evacuation of the camps as the Weather Bureau advisories had given insufficient warning . He also dispatched his assistant , Aubrey Willis Williams , to Florida to coordinate FERA efforts and to investigate the deaths . Williams and Hines ' assistant , Colonel George E. Ijams , both arrived in Miami on September 6 . Ijams concentrated on the dead , their collection , identification and proper disposition . This was to prove exceptionally difficult . Bodies were scattered throughout the Keys and their rapid decomposition created ghastly conditions . State and local health officials demanded a ban on all movement of bodies and their immediate burial or cremation in place ; the next day Governor Sholtz so ordered . This was reluctantly agreed to by Hines with the understanding that those buried would be later disinterred and shipped home or to Arlington when permitted by the State health authorities .
Surrender of Japan
Although the Vice President Henry A. Wallace had been involved in the Manhattan Project since the beginning , his successor , Harry S. Truman , was not briefed on the project by Stimson until April 23 , 1945 , eleven days after he became president on Roosevelt 's death on April 12 , 1945 . On May 2 , 1945 , Truman approved the formation of the Interim Committee , an advisory group that would report on the atomic bomb . It consisted of Stimson , James F. Byrnes , George L. Harrison , Vannevar Bush , James Bryant Conant , Karl Taylor Compton , William L. Clayton , and Ralph Austin Bard , advised by scientists Robert Oppenheimer , Enrico Fermi , Ernest Lawrence , and Arthur Compton . In a June 1 report , the Committee concluded that the bomb should be used as soon as possible against a war plant surrounded by workers ' homes and that no warning or demonstration should be given .
Modern history
Disagreements between the US , Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 . See
New Deal
The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government , particularly to help the poor , the unemployed , youth , the elderly and stranded rural communities . The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs , whereby the states hired people on relief . With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 , the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief in granting direct relief or benefits . Total federal , state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929 to 6.4 % in 1932 and 9.7 % in 1934 -- the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 % . In 1935 -- 1940 , welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal , state and local government budgets . In his memoirs , Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response . He and his wife were not on relief , but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians . Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency . Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt was criticized for his economic policies , especially the shift in tone from individualism to collectivism with the dramatic expansion of the welfare state and regulation of the economy . Those criticisms continued decades after his death . One factor in the revisiting of these issues in later decades was the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . When in 1981 Reagan was quoted in The New York Times saying that fascism was admired by many New Dealers , he came under heavy criticism , for Reagan had greatly admired Roosevelt and was a leading New Dealer in Hollywood .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Beginning in 1925 , Roosevelt spent most of his time in the Southern United States , at first on his houseboat , the Larooco . Intrigued by the potential benefits of hydrotherapy , he established a rehabilitation center at Warm Springs , Georgia , in 1926 . To create the rehabilitation center , Roosevelt assembled a staff of physical therapists and used most of his inheritance to purchase the Merriweather Inn . In 1938 , Roosevelt founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , leading to the development of polio vaccines .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
On November 1 , 1935 , the American Legion completed its own report on the hurricane . The Legion 's National Commander , Ray Murphy , mailed a copy to President Roosevelt . It concluded that :
Franklin D. Roosevelt
State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help .