vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Written Chinese
轉注 / 转注 zhuǎnzhù : Transference , in which a character , often with a simple , concrete meaning takes on an extended , more abstract meaning . Example : 網 / 网 wǎng `` net '' , which was originally a pictograph depicting a fishing net . Over time , it has taken on an extended meaning , covering any kind of lattice ; for instance , it can be used to refer to a computer network . 假借 jiǎjiè : Borrowing , in which a character is used , either intentionally or accidentally , for some entirely different purpose . Example : 哥 gē `` older brother '' , which is written with a character originally meaning `` song / sing '' , now written 歌 gē . Once , there was no character for `` older brother '' , so an otherwise unrelated character with the right pronunciation was borrowed for that meaning .
Limiting magnitude
The limiting magnitude for naked eye visibility refers to the faintest stars that can be seen with the unaided eye near the zenith on clear moonless nights . The quantity is most often used as an overall indicator of sky brightness , in that light polluted and humid areas generally have brighter limiting magnitudes than remote desert or high altitude areas . The limiting magnitude will depend on the observer , and will increase with the eye 's dark adaptation . On a relatively clear sky , the limiting visibility will be about 6th magnitude .
Law of demand
If an increase in the price of a commodity causes households to expect the price of a commodity to increase further , they may start purchasing a greater amount of the commodity even at the presently increased price . Similarly , if the household expects the price of the commodity to decrease , it may postpone its purchases . Thus , some argue that the law of demand is violated in such cases . In this case , the demand curve does not slope down from left to right ; instead it presents a backward slope from the top right to down left . This curve is known as an exceptional demand curve. prestigious goods also fail law of demand .
Potentiality and actuality
Aristotle describes potentiality and actuality , or potency and action , as one of several distinctions between things that exist or do not exist . In a sense , a thing that exists potentially does not exist , but the potential does exist . And this type of distinction is expressed for several different types of being within Aristotle 's categories of being . For example , from Aristotle 's Metaphysics , 1017a :
Pragmatism
Moral questions immediately present themselves as questions whose solution can not wait for sensible proof . A moral question is a question not of what sensibly exists , but of what is good , or would be good if it did exist . ( ... ) A social organism of any sort whatever , large or small , is what it is because each member proceeds to his own duty with a trust that the other members will simultaneously do theirs . Wherever a desired result is achieved by the co-operation of many independent persons , its existence as a fact is a pure consequence of the precursive faith in one another of those immediately concerned . A government , an army , a commercial system , a ship , a college , an athletic team , all exist on this condition , without which not only is nothing achieved , but nothing is even attempted . ( The Will to Believe James 1896 )
Political campaign
A husting , or the hustings , was originally a physical platform from which representatives presented their views or cast votes before a parliamentary or other election body . By metonymy , the term may now refer to any event , such as debates or speeches , during an election campaign where one or more of the representative candidates are present .
Hyperinflation
Enactment of price controls to prevent discounting the value of paper money relative to gold , silver , hard currency , or other commodities fail to force acceptance of a paper money that lacks intrinsic value . If the entity responsible for printing a currency promotes excessive money printing , with other factors contributing a reinforcing effect , hyperinflation usually continues . Hyperinflation is generally associated with paper money , which can easily be used to increase the money supply : add more zeros to the plates and print , or even stamp old notes with new numbers . Historically , there have been numerous episodes of hyperinflation in various countries followed by a return to `` hard money '' . Older economies would revert to hard currency and barter when the circulating medium became excessively devalued , generally following a `` run '' on the store of value .
Cogito, ergo sum
`` This certainty , that `` I myself am in that I will die , '' is the basic certainty of Dasein itself . It is a genuine statement of Dasein , while cogito sum is only the semblance of such a statement . If such pointed formulations mean anything at all , then the appropriate statement pertaining to Dasein in its being would have to be sum moribundus ( I am in dying ) , moribundus not as someone gravely ill or wounded , but insofar as I am , I am moribundus . The MORIBUNDUS first gives the SUM its sense . ''
Cross of Gold speech
When a crisis like the present arose and the national bank of his day sought to control the politics of the nation , God raised up an Andrew Jackson , who had the courage to grapple with that great enemy , and by overthrowing it , he made himself the idol of the people and reinstated the Democratic party in public confidence . What will the decision be today ? The Democratic party has won the greatest success in its history . Standing upon this victory - crowned summit , will it turn its face to the rising or the setting sun ? Will it choose blessings or cursings -- life or death -- which ? Which ?
Recycling
The final government regulation towards increased demand is recycled product labeling . When producers are required to label their packaging with amount of recycled material in the product ( including the packaging ) , consumers are better able to make educated choices . Consumers with sufficient buying power can then choose more environmentally conscious options , prompt producers to increase the amount of recycled material in their products , and indirectly increase demand . Standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on supply of recyclates if the labeling includes information on how and where the product can be recycled .
Ellipsis
An ellipsis may also imply an unstated alternative indicated by context . For example , when Sue says `` I never drink wine ... `` , the implication is that she does drink something else -- such as vodka .
Native Son
Job and Bigger are parallel characters in their dealings with suffering . That further suggests the aptness of Wright 's epigraph . Job suffered trials from an outside force that he could not control . Similar to Job , Bigger struggled with an outside force of the racial norms of society . The parallel is further strengthened by the freedom both characters display in their defiance .
Cogito, ergo sum
Archimedes used to demand just one firm and immovable point in order to shift the entire earth ; so I too can hope for great things if I manage to find just one thing , however slight , that is certain and unshakable . ( AT VII 24 ; CSM II 16 )
Logic
The notion of implication formalized in classical logic does not comfortably translate into natural language by means of `` if ... then ... '' , due to a number of problems called the paradoxes of material implication .
Ellipsis
When the ellipsis is placed alone into a parenthesis ( ... ) or -- less often -- between brackets ( ... ) , which is what happens usually within a text transcription , it means the original text had more contents on the same position but are not useful to our target in the transcription . When the suppressed text is at the beginning or at the end of a text , the ellipsis does not need to be placed in a parenthesis .
Natural logarithm
By Lindemann -- Weierstrass theorem , the natural logarithm of any positive algebraic number other than 1 is a transcendental number .
Pi
A circle encloses the largest area that can be attained within a given perimeter . Thus the number π is also characterized as the best constant in the isoperimetric inequality ( times one - fourth ) . There are many other , closely related , ways in which π appears as an eigenvalue of some geometrical or physical process ; see below .
International Financial Reporting Standards
Par . 108 . Under the concept of financial capital maintenance where capital is defined in terms of nominal monetary units , profit represents the increase in nominal money capital over the period . Thus , increases in the prices of assets held over the period , conventionally referred to as holding gains , are , conceptually , profits . They may not be recognised as such , however , until the assets are disposed of in an exchange transaction . When the concept of financial capital maintenance is defined in terms of constant purchasing power units , profit represents the increase in invested purchasing power over the period . Thus , only that part of the increase in the prices of assets that exceeds the increase in the general level of prices is regarded as profit . The rest of the increase is treated as a capital maintenance adjustment and , hence , as part of equity .
Pi
and there is a unique positive real number π with this property . A more abstract variation on the same idea , making use of sophisticated mathematical concepts of topology and algebra , is the following theorem : there is a unique ( up to automorphism ) continuous isomorphism from the group R / Z of real numbers under addition modulo integers ( the circle group ) onto the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value one . The number π is then defined as half the magnitude of the derivative of this homomorphism .
Speed of light
More generally , it is normally impossible for information or energy to travel faster than c . One argument for this follows from the counter-intuitive implication of special relativity known as the relativity of simultaneity . If the spatial distance between two events A and B is greater than the time interval between them multiplied by c then there are frames of reference in which A precedes B , others in which B precedes A , and others in which they are simultaneous . As a result , if something were travelling faster than c relative to an inertial frame of reference , it would be travelling backwards in time relative to another frame , and causality would be violated . In such a frame of reference , an `` effect '' could be observed before its `` cause '' . Such a violation of causality has never been recorded , and would lead to paradoxes such as the tachyonic antitelephone .
Time
According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time , we are time . Hence , the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been , which allows the past to exist in the present . The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility , task , or engagement . It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned , which causes `` being ahead of oneself '' when thinking of a pending occurrence . Therefore , this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present . The present becomes an experience , which is qualitative instead of quantitative . Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time , or temporal existence , is broken or transcended . We are not stuck in sequential time . We are able to remember the past and project into the future -- we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence ; we can , in our thoughts , step out of ( ecstasis ) sequential time .
Ellipsis
Other use is the suspension of a part of a text , or a paragraph , or a phrase or a part of a word because it is obvious , or unnecessary , or implied . For instance , sometimes the ellipsis is used to avoid the complete use of expletives .
Refinancing
To take advantage of a better interest rate ( a reduced monthly payment or a reduced term ) To consolidate other debt ( s ) into one loan ( a potentially longer / shorter term contingent on interest rate differential and fees ) To reduce the monthly repayment amount ( often for a longer term , contingent on interest rate differential and fees ) To reduce or alter risk ( for example , switching from a variable - rate to a fixed - rate loan ) To free up cash ( often for a longer term , contingent on interest rate differential and fees )
Magic in Harry Potter
Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person 's mind -- a form of magical `` telepathy '' ( although Snape , an able practitioner of the art , dismisses the colloquial term `` mind - reading '' , as a drastic oversimplification ) . It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person , whether real or imaginary . A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a Legilimens , and can , for example , detect lies and deceit in another person , witness memories in another person 's past , or `` plant '' false visions in another 's mind .
Negative number
The ambiguity of the `` − '' symbol does not generally lead to ambiguity in arithmetical expressions , because the order of operations makes only one interpretation or the other possible for each `` − '' . However , it can lead to confusion and be difficult for a person to understand an expression when operator symbols appear adjacent to one another . A solution can be to parenthesize the unary `` − '' along with its operand .
Area of a circle
These identities are important for comparison inequalities in geometry . For example , the area enclosed by a circle of radius R in a flat space is always greater than the area of a spherical circle and smaller than a hyperbolic circle , provided all three circles have the same ( intrinsic ) radius . That is ,
God bless you
God bless you ( variants include God bless or bless you ) is a common English expression , used to wish a person blessings in various situations , especially as a response to a sneeze , and also , when parting or writing a valediction .
Potentiality and actuality
This has been referred to as one of `` the most intensely studied sentences in the history of philosophy '' . In the Metaphysics , Aristotle wrote at more length on a similar subject and is often understood to have equated the active intellect with being the `` unmoved mover '' and God . Nevertheless , as Davidson remarks :
Planck's law
This 1 / λ factor shifts the peak of the distribution to higher energies .
Holy Chalice
With the rising popularity of the Grail legend in 19th - century Romanticism , a number of other artifacts of greater or lesser notability came to be identified with the `` Holy Grail '' or `` Holy Chalice '' .
Utilitarianism
involves our saying , for instance , that a world in which absolutely nothing except pleasure existed -- no knowledge , no love , no enjoyment of beauty , no moral qualities -- must yet be intrinsically better -- better worth creating -- provided only the total quantity of pleasure in it were the least bit greater , than one in which all these things existed as well as pleasure .
Potentiality and actuality
One implication of this interpretation is that whatever happens to be the case right now is an entelechia , as though something that is intrinsically unstable as the instantaneous position of an arrow in flight deserved to be described by the word that everywhere else Aristotle reserves for complex organized states that persist , that hold out against internal and external causes that try to destroy them .
Bootstrapping
Tall boots may have a tab , loop or handle at the top known as a bootstrap , allowing one to use fingers or a boot hook tool to help pulling the boots on . The saying `` to pull oneself up by one 's bootstraps '' was already in use during the 19 century as an example of an impossible task . The idiom dates at least to 1834 , when it appeared in the Workingman 's Advocate : `` It is conjectured that Mr. Murphee will now be enabled to hand himself over the Cumberland river or a barn yard fence by the straps of his boots . '' In 1860 it appeared in a comment on philosophy of mind : `` The attempt of the mind to analyze itself ( is ) an effort analogous to one who would lift himself by his own bootstraps . '' Bootstrap as a metaphor , meaning to better oneself by one 's own unaided efforts , was in use in 1922 . This metaphor spawned additional metaphors for a series of self - sustaining processes that proceed without external help . Baron
Negative number
These rules lead to another ( equivalent ) rule -- the sign of any product a × b depends on the sign of a as follows :
Inventory turnover
An item whose inventory is sold ( turns over ) once a year has higher holding cost than one that turns over twice , or three times , or more in that time . Stock turnover also indicates the briskness of the business . The purpose of increasing inventory turns is to reduce inventory for three reasons .
List of mathematical symbols
R ▹ S = R − R ⋉ S ( \ displaystyle R \ triangleright S = R-R \ ltimes S ) ⇒ → ⊃ ⇒ ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow ) → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) ⊃ ( \ displaystyle \ supset ) \ Rightarrow \ rightarrow \ supset material implication implies ; if ... then propositional logic , Heyting algebra A ⇒ B means if A is true then B is also true ; if A is false then nothing is said about B . ( → may mean the same as ⇒ , or it may have the meaning for functions given below . ) ( ⊃ may mean the same as ⇒ , or it may have the meaning for superset given below . ) x = 6 ⇒ x − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 is true , but x − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 ⇒ x = 6 is in general false ( since x could be − 6 ) . ⊆ ⊂ ⊆ ( \ displaystyle \ subseteq ) ⊂ ( \ displaystyle \ subset ) \ subseteq \ subset subset is a subset of set theory ( subset ) A ⊆ B means every element of A is also an element of B . ( proper subset ) A ⊂ B means A ⊆ B but A ≠ B . ( Some writers use the symbol ⊂ as if it were the same as ⊆ . ) ( A ∩ B) ⊆ A N ⊂ Q Q ⊂ R ⊇ ⊃ ⊇ ( \ displaystyle \ supseteq ) ⊃ ( \ displaystyle \ supset ) \ supseteq \ supset superset is a superset of set theory A ⊇ B means every element of B is also an element of A . A ⊃ B means A ⊇ B but A ≠ B . ( Some writers use the symbol ⊃ as if it were the same as ⊇ . ) ( A ∪ B) ⊇ B R ⊃ Q ⋐ ( \ displaystyle \ Subset ) \ Subset compact embedding is compactly contained in set theory A ⋐ B means the closure of B is a compact subset of A .
An-Nasr
This is the lofty , dignified ideal the Qur'an exhorts people to toil towards and attain , an ideal in which man 's exaltation is in neglecting his own pride and where his soul 's freedom is in his subservience to Allah . The goal set is the total release of human souls from their egoistic shackles , their only ambition being to attain Allah 's pleasure . Along with this release there must be exerted a striving which helps man to flourish in the world , promote human civilisation and provide a rightly - guided , unblemished , constructive , just leadership devoted to Allah .
Nominative determinism
Nominative determinism , literally `` name - driven outcome '' , is the hypothesis that people tend to gravitate towards areas of work which reflect their names . The name fits because people , possibly subconsciously , made themselves fit . Nominative determinism differs from the concept of aptronyms in that it focusses on causality .
Above-the-line deduction
In the United States tax law , an above - the - line deduction is a deduction that the Internal Revenue Service allows a taxpayer to subtract from his or her gross income in arriving at `` adjusted gross income '' for the taxable year . These deductions are set forth in Internal Revenue Code Section 62 . A taxpayer 's gross income minus his or her above - the - line deductions is equal to the adjusted gross income . Because these deductions are taken before adjusted gross income is calculated , they are designated `` above - the - line . '' Thus , those deductions allowed in computing `` taxable income '' under section 63 of the IRC are `` below the line deductions '' ( thus , adjusted gross income represents `` the line '' ) . Above - the - line deductions may be more valuable to high income taxpayers than below - the - line deductions .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
Where is the Life we have lost in living ? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge ? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information ? -- T.S. Eliot , Chorus from `` The Rock ''
Working memory
Other researchers have argued that the capacity of working memory is better characterized as the ability to mentally form relations between elements , or to grasp relations in given information . This idea has been advanced , among others , by Graeme Halford , who illustrated it by our limited ability to understand statistical interactions between variables . These authors asked people to compare written statements about the relations between several variables to graphs illustrating the same or a different relation , as in the following sentence : `` If the cake is from France , then it has more sugar if it is made with chocolate than if it is made with cream , but if the cake is from Italy , then it has more sugar if it is made with cream than if it is made of chocolate '' . This statement describes a relation between three variables ( country , ingredient , and amount of sugar ) , which is the maximum most individuals can understand . The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit ( all relevant information can be seen continuously ) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously .
Inverted question and exclamation marks
Unicode 5.1 also includes U + 2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG , which is an inverted version of the interrobang ( also known as a `` gnaborretni '' ) , a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph .
Social equality
Floridi goes onto claim that this `` ontological equality principle means that any form of reality ( any instance of information / being ) , simply for the fact of being what it is , enjoys a minimal , initial , overridable , equal right to exist and develop in a way which is appropriate to its nature . '' Values in his claims correlate to those shown in the sociological textbook You May Ask Yourself by Dalton Conley . The notion of `` ontological equality '' describes equality by saying everything is equal by nature . Everyone is created equal at birth . Everything has equal right to exist and develop by its nature .
Correlation does not imply causation
The third - cause fallacy ( also known as ignoring a common cause or questionable cause ) is a logical fallacy where a spurious relationship is confused for causation . It asserts that X causes Y when , in reality , X and Y are both caused by Z . It is a variation on the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and a member of the questionable cause group of fallacies .
Native Son
Debatable as the final scene is , in which for the first time Bigger calls a white man by his first name , Bigger is never anything but a failed human . He represents a black man conscious of a system of racial oppression that leaves him no opportunity to exist but through crime . As he says to Gus , `` They do n't let us do nothing ... ( and ) I ca n't get used to it . '' A line goes , one can not exist by simply reacting : a man must be more than the sum total of his brutalizations . Bigger admits to wanting to be an aviator and later , to Max , aspire to other positions esteemed in the American Dream . But here he can do nothing ... just be one of many blacks in what was called the `` ghetto '' and maybe get a job serving whites ; crime seems preferable , rather accidental or inevitable . Not surprisingly , then , he already has a criminal history , and he has even been to reform school . Ultimately , the snap decisions which law calls `` crimes '' arose from assaults to his dignity , and being trapped like the rat he killed with a pan living a life where others held the skillet .