vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Technology during World War II
After World War I , the concept of massed aerial bombing -- `` The bomber will always get through '' -- had become very popular with politicians and military leaders seeking an alternative to the carnage of trench warfare , and as a result , the air forces of Britain , France , and Germany had developed fleets of bomber planes to enable this ( France 's bomber wing was severely neglected , whilst Germany 's bombers were developed in secret as they were explicitly forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles ) .
Siege of Sarajevo
On 6 February 1994 , a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre , UN Secretary - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately . On 9 February 1994 , agreeing to the request of the UN , the North Atlantic Council of NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe ( CINCSOUTH ) , U.S. Admiral Jeremy Boorda , to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets . Only Greece failed to support the use of airstrikes , but did not veto the proposal . The Council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs demanding that they remove heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20 -- 21 February or face air strikes . There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum , and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that his country 's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of airstrikes . On 12 February 1994 , Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty - free day in 22 months ( since April 1992 ) . A
Photo booth
Traditionally , photo booths contain a seat or bench designed to seat the one or two patrons being photographed . The seat is typically surrounded by a curtain of some sort to allow for some privacy and help avoid outside interference during the photo session . Once the payment is made , the photo booth will take a series of photographs , although most modern booths may only take a single photograph and print out a series of identical pictures . Before each photograph , there will be an indication , such as a light or a buzzer , that will signal the patron to prepare their pose . After the last photograph in the series ( typically between 3 and 8 ) has been taken , the photo booth begins developing the film -- a process that used to take several minutes in the old `` wet chemistry '' booths , but is now typically accomplished in about 30 seconds with digital technology . The prints are then delivered to the customer . Typical dimensions of these prints vary . The classic and most familiar arrangement from the old style photo booths is four pictures on a strip about 40 mm wide by 205 mm long ; digital prints tend to have a square arrangement of two images above two images .
Iowa-class battleship
When they were commissioned during World War II , the Iowa - class battleships came equipped with two aircraft catapults designed to launch floatplanes . Initially , the Iowas carried the Vought OS2U Kingfisher and Curtiss SC Seahawk , both of which were employed to spot for the battleship 's main gun batteries -- and , in a secondary capacity , perform search - and - rescue missions .
Mach Five
When pressed , the Mach Five releases a remote control robot bird capable of transmitting footage back to the Mach Five from wherever it is . This function was n't used in the film .
Eiffel Tower
French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower .
The Deer Hunter
Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in their back pocket depicting them all together as children , to enhance the sense of camaraderie amongst them . Additionally , director Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete Pennsylvania IDs for each of them , including driver 's licenses , medical cards , and various other pieces of paraphernalia , in order to enhance each actor 's sense of his character .
Kent State shootings
Photographs of the dead and wounded at Kent State that were distributed in newspapers and periodicals worldwide amplified sentiment against the United States ' invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War in general . In particular , the camera of Kent State photojournalism student John Filo captured a 14 - year - old runaway , Mary Ann Vecchio , screaming over the dead body of Jeffrey Miller , who had been shot in the mouth . The photograph , which won a Pulitzer Prize , became the most enduring image of the events , and one of the more enduring images of the anti-Vietnam War movement .
Nuclear weapon
The simplest method for delivering a nuclear weapon is a gravity bomb dropped from aircraft ; this was the method used by the United States against Japan . This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon . It does , however , limit attack range , response time to an impending attack , and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time . With miniaturization , nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter - bombers . This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery ; the majority of U.S. nuclear warheads , for example , are free - fall gravity bombs , namely the B61 . Montage
James Stockdale
On 9 September 1965 , while flying from USS Oriskany on a mission over North Vietnam , Stockdale ejected from his Douglas A-4 Skyhawk , which had been struck by enemy fire and completely disabled . He parachuted into a small village , where he was severely beaten and taken prisoner .
Model (person)
Atmosphere models are hired by the producers of themed events to enhance the atmosphere or ambience of their event . They are usually dressed in costumes exemplifying the theme of the event and are often placed strategically in various locations around the venue . It is common for event guests to have their picture taken with atmosphere models . For example , if someone is throwing a `` Brazilian Day '' celebration , they would hire models dressed in samba costumes and headdresses to stand or walk around the party . Podium
North Pole
Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole . For example , the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N , though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait . In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine , and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies . Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years . The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002 , and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties . Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Because aluminum in the USSR was supplied in different gauges from that available in the US ( metric vs imperial ) , the entire aircraft had to be extensively re-engineered . In addition , Tupolev substituted his own favored airfoil sections for those used by Boeing , with the Soviets themselves already having their own Wright R - 1820 - derived 18 cylinder radial engine , the Shvetsov ASh - 73 of comparable power and displacement to the B - 29 's Duplex Cyclone radials available to power their design . In 1947 , the Soviets debuted both the Tupolev Tu - 4 ( NATO ASCC code named Bull ) , and the Tupolev Tu - 70 transport variant . The Soviets used tail - gunner positions similar to the B - 29 in many later bombers and transports .
Great Wall of China
Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye .
Global Positioning System
The U.S. government controls the export of some civilian receivers . All GPS receivers capable of functioning above 18 km ( 60,000 feet ) altitude and 515 m / s ( 1,000 knots ) , or designed or modified for use with unmanned air vehicles like , e.g. , ballistic or cruise missile systems , are classified as munitions ( weapons ) -- which means they require State Department export licenses .
Internet privacy
The Harvard Law Review published a short piece called `` In The Face of Danger : Facial Recognition and Privacy Law '' , much of it explaining how `` privacy law , in its current form , is of no help to those unwillingly tagged . '' Any individual can be unwillingly tagged in a photo and displayed in a manner that might violate them personally in some way , and by the time Facebook gets to taking down the photo , many people will have already had the chance to view , share , or distribute it . Furthermore , traditional tort law does not protect people who are captured by a photograph in public because this is not counted as an invasion of privacy . The extensive Facebook privacy policy covers these concerns and much more . For example , the policy states that they reserve the right to disclose member information or share photos with companies , lawyers , courts , government entities , etc. if they feel it absolutely necessary . The policy also informs users that profile pictures are mainly to help friends connect to each other . However , these , as well as other pictures , can allow other people to invade a person 's privacy by finding out information that can be used to track and locate a certain individual . In an article featured in ABC News , it was stated that two teams of scientists found out that Hollywood stars could be giving up information about their private whereabouts very easily through pictures uploaded to the Internet . Moreover , it was found that pictures taken by some phones and tablets including iPhones automatically attach the latitude and longitude of the picture taken through metadata unless this function is manually disabled .
Rotation
In flight dynamics , the principal rotations described with Euler angles above are known as pitch , roll and yaw . The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch ( nose moves up ) of an aircraft , particularly when starting the climb after takeoff .
Jefferson Airplane
This phase of the Airplane 's career peaked with their famous performance at the Monterey International Pop Festival in June 1967 . Monterey showcased leading bands from several major music `` scenes '' including New York , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and the United Kingdom , and the resulting TV and film coverage gave national ( and international ) exposure to groups that had previously had only regional fame . Two songs from the Airplane 's set were subsequently included in the D.A. Pennebaker film documentary of the event .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand Limited ( NZX : AIR ) is the flag carrier airline of New Zealand . Based in Auckland , the airline operates scheduled passenger flights to 21 domestic and 31 international destinations in 19 countries around the Pacific Rim and the United Kingdom . The airline has been a member of the Star Alliance since 1999 .
San Jose International Airport
After the September 11 attacks and the dot - com bubble burst in 2001 , the city lost several flights . Air Canada dropped its flights to Toronto and Ottawa , Canada , and American Airlines ended its nonstops to Taipei , Vancouver , and Paris . American also dropped its flights to Miami , St. Louis , Seattle / Tacoma , Portland ( OR ) , Denver , Orange County , CA and Phoenix ; the airline 's flights to Los Angeles were downgraded to American Eagle regional flights .
Zimbabwe
Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007 . Australia 's Qantas , Germany 's Lufthansa , and Austrian Airlines were among the first to pull out and in 2007 British Airways suspended all direct flights to Harare . The country 's flagship airline Air Zimbabwe , which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia , ceased operations in February 2012 . As of 2017 , several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe .
Mount Everest
Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular , and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps . In 1986 Steve McKinney led an expedition to Mount Everest , during which he became the first person to fly a hang - glider off the mountain . Frenchman Jean - Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest in September 1988 , descending in minutes from the south - east ridge to a lower camp . In 2011 , two Nepalese made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres ( 16,400 ft ) in 45 minutes . On 5 May 2013 , the beverage company Red Bull sponsored Valery Rozov , who successfully BASE jumped off of the mountain while wearing a wingsuit , setting a record for world 's highest BASE jump in the process .
Air New Zealand
As of 5 December 2017 , Air New Zealand and its wholly owned subsidiaries operate a total of 106 aircraft . The mainline fleet consists of 56 aircraft : 30 Airbus A320 jet aircraft for domestic and short - haul international flights , and eight Boeing 777 - 200ER , seven Boeing 777 - 300ER and eleven Boeing 787 - 9 Dreamliner jet aircraft for long - haul flights .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The dismissal of General Ira Eaker at the end of 1943 as commander of the Eighth Air Force and his replacement by American aviation legend , Maj. Gen Jimmy Doolittle signaled a change in how the American bombing effort went forward over Europe . Doolittle 's major influence on the European air war occurred early in the year when he changed the policy requiring escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times . With his permission , initially performed with P - 38s and P - 47s with both previous types being steadily replaced with the long - ranged P - 51s as the spring of 1944 wore on , American fighter pilots on bomber defense missions would primarily be flying far ahead of the bombers ' combat box formations in air supremacy mode , literally `` clearing the skies '' of any Luftwaffe fighter opposition heading towards the target . This strategy fatally disabled the twin - engined Zerstörergeschwader heavy fighter wings and their replacement , single - engined Sturmgruppen of heavily armed Fw 190As , clearing each force of bomber destroyers in their turn from Germany 's skies throughout most of 1944 . As part of this game - changing strategy , especially after the bombers had hit their targets , the USAAF 's fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport while returning to base , contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe .
Circumnavigation
The first lighter - than - air aircraft of any type to circumnavigate under its own power was the rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , which did so in 1929 .
Long jump
The double - arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off . This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse . Sprint
Alan Shepard
Shepard 's next assignment was to VF - 193 , a night fighter squadron flying the Banshee , that was based at Naval Air Station Moffett Field , California . The squadron was part of Commander James D. `` Jig Dog '' Ramage 's Air Group 19 . Naval aviators with experience in jet aircraft were still relatively rare , and Ramage specifically requested Shepard 's assignment on the advice of Elder , who commanded VF - 193 's sister squadron , VF - 191 . Ramage made Shepard his own wingman , a decision that would save Ramage 's life in 1954 , when his oxygen system failed and Shepard talked him through a landing . As squadron operations officer , Shepard 's most important task was imparting his knowledge of flying jets to his fellow aviators to keep them alive . He served two tours on the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany in the western Pacific . It set out on a combat tour off Korea in 1953 , during the Korean War , but the Korean Armistice Agreement ended the fighting in July 1953 , and Shepard did not see combat .
Hot air balloon
Early unmanned hot air balloons were used in China . Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom , during the Three Kingdoms era ( 220 -- 280 AD ) , used airborne lanterns for military signaling . These lanterns are known Chinese lanterns ( simplified Chinese : 孔明灯 ; traditional Chinese : 孔明燈 ) .
Military history of the United States
As a result of the Libyan Civil War , the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which imposed a no - fly zone over Libya , and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi . The United States , along with Britain , France and several other nations , committed a coalition force against Gaddafi 's forces . On 19 March 2011 , the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime . The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector , the NATO - directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition 's actions in the theater . Throughout the conflict however , the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians , while the real conflict was between Gaddafi 's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him . During the conflict , American drones were also deployed .
Grunge
A key figure in creating the `` look '' of the grunge scene for outsiders was music photographer Charles Peterson . Peterson 's black and white , uncropped , and sometimes blurry shots of the underground Pacific Northwest music scene 's members playing and jamming , wearing their characteristic everyday clothes , were used by Sub Pop to promote its Seattle bands . Second
Air New Zealand
KiaOra , the airline 's in - flight magazine , was removed from international flights from March 2009 . It is now only in seat backs on domestic and trans - Tasman services , however it can still be found in the inflight magazine racks on international flights . As a guide on international services , there is now a brief publication named Entertainment Magazine detailing the entertainment available on the flight , which also contains the buy on board ' in - Bites ' menu .
Red light camera
In the United Kingdom the authorities often refer to red - light cameras , along with speed cameras , as safety cameras . They were first used in the early 1990s , with initial deployment by the Department for Environment , Transport and the Regions . All costs were paid by the local authority in which the individual camera was placed , and revenues accrued from fines were paid to the Treasury Consolidated Fund . In 1998 the government handed the powers of collection to local road - safety partnerships , comprising `` ... local authorities , Magistrates ' Courts , the Highways Agency and the police . ''
Global Positioning System
The next spring , Frank McClure , the deputy director of the APL , asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem -- pinpointing the user 's location , given that of the satellite . ( At the time , the Navy was developing the submarine - launched Polaris missile , which required them to know the submarine 's location . ) This led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system . In 1959 , ARPA ( renamed DARPA in 1972 ) also played a role in TRANSIT . Emblem
Independence Day (India)
In the anticipation of terrorist attacks , particularly from militants , security measures are intensified , especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and in troubled states such as Jammu and Kashmir . The airspace around the Red Fort is declared a no - fly zone to prevent aerial attacks and additional police forces are deployed in other cities .
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
On May 4 , 2014 ( Star Wars Day ) , the studio posted a selfie taken by Iger with an unidentified actor in a Chewbacca costume . Iger stated the photo was taken when he visited Pinewood Studios two weeks earlier to discuss the shoot , `` which was just about to start '' , with Abrams , Kennedy , and Horn . Principal photography began in Abu Dhabi on May 16 , 2014 . Abrams and the cast members went to Abu Dhabi in early - May , where large sets were built on location -- including a shuttle - like spacecraft , a large tower , and a big market -- and where explosives were used to create a `` blast crater '' . Cast members were spotted practicing driving vehicles that would be used during filming . Production moved to Pinewood Studios in June .
The Mountain Between Us (film)
In January , after the cancellation of their flight out of Boise Airport to Denver , due to stormy weather , neurosurgeon Dr. Ben Bass ( Idris Elba ) and photojournalist Alex Martin ( Kate Winslet ) hire Walter ( Beau Bridges ) , a local private pilot to get them to Salt Lake City , for connecting flights to Alex 's wedding in New York ( scheduled the following day ) and Ben 's emergency surgery appointment in Baltimore , Maryland . As they board a small plane , along with Walter 's dog , Alex asks Walter if he has filed a flight plan , to which he says no , he does n't need to , as `` ... it 's still light out ... '' , they 're flying VFR , and they 'll beat the approaching storm . He tells them he flew combat missions in Vietnam , so unless somebody is shooting at them , they 'll get there . Minutes after takeoff , Walter points out they 're over the High Uintas Wilderness , ' a million acres of pure ass wilderness ' . Alex notices the storm is ahead , as Walter suffers a stroke , causing the plane to crash on a mountaintop . Ben , Alex , and the dog survive , with various injuries , but Walter is killed .
United States Postal Service
During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis .
Hot air balloon
The hot air balloon is the first successful human - carrying flight technology . The first untethered manned hot air balloon flight was performed by Jean - François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes on November 21 , 1783 , in Paris , France , in a balloon created by the Montgolfier brothers . The first hot - air balloon flown in the Americas was launched from the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia on January 9 , 1793 by the French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard . Hot air balloons that can be propelled through the air rather than simply drifting with the wind are known as thermal airships .