vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American football
American football evolved from the sports of association football ( soccer ) and rugby football . Rugby football , like American football , is a sport where two competing teams vie for control of a ball , which can be kicked through a set of goalposts or run into the opponent 's goal area to score points .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
A comparison between American football and rugby league is possible because of their shared origins and similar game concepts . Along with Canadian football , rugby league is the most similar sport to American football . Both sports involve the concept of a limited number of downs / tackles and scoring touchdowns / tries takes clear precedence over goal - kicking .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
Both sports descend from the older game of rugby football in the 19th Century when its two offshoots developed . British colonists and the British military in Canada brought football to North America . It became popular in American and Canadian universities and prep schools . At the time , association football and rugby football were not as differentiated as they are now and teams would negotiate the rules before playing each game . The sports of American football and Canadian football evolved from these intercollegiate games .
American football
American football also plays a significant role in American culture . The day on which the Super Bowl is held is considered a de facto national holiday , and in parts of the country like Texas , the sport has been compared to a religion . Football is also linked to other holidays ; New Year 's Day is traditionally the date for several college football bowl games , including the Rose Bowl . However , if New Year 's Day is on a Sunday , the bowl games are moved to another date to not conflict with the typical NFL Sunday schedule . Thanksgiving football is an American tradition , hosting many high school , college , and professional games . Steve Deace of USA Today wrote that Americans are passionate about football `` because it embodies everything we love about American exceptionalism . Merit is rewarded , not punished . Masculinity is celebrated , not feminized . People of various beliefs and backgrounds -- a melting pot , if you will -- must unify for a common goal for the team to be successful '' . Implicit rules such as playing through pain and sacrificing for the better of the team are promoted in football culture .
Football
The early forms of football played in England , sometimes referred to as `` mob football '' , would be played between neighbouring towns and villages , involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse , struggling to move an item , such as inflated animal 's bladder to particular geographical points , such as their opponents ' church , with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes . The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals , such as Shrovetide , Christmas , or Easter , and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns ( see below ) .
Football
Games played in Mesoamerica with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well - documented as existing since before this time , but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball , and no links have been found between such games and modern football sports . Northeastern American Indians , especially the Iroquois Confederation , played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball ; however , although it is a ball - goal foot game , lacrosse ( as its modern descendant is called ) is likewise not usually classed as a form of `` football . ''
American football
In American football , the winner is the team that has scored the most points at the end of the game . There are multiple ways to score in a football game .
Football
There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word `` football '' . It is widely assumed that the word `` football '' ( or the phrase `` foot ball '' ) refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball . There is an alternative explanation , which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe , which were played on foot . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation .
American football
There are several non-contact variants of American football , such as flag football . In flag football the ballcarrier is not tackled ; instead , defenders aim to pull a flag tied around their waist . Another variant , touch football , simply requires the ballcarrier to be touched to be considered downed . A game of touch football may require that the player be touched with either one or two hands to be considered down , depending on the rules used .
Football
Austus -- a compromise between Australian rules and American football , invented in Melbourne during World War II . Bossaball -- mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics ; played on inflatables and trampolines . Cycle ball − a sport similar to association football played on bicycles Footvolley -- mixes Association football and beach volleyball ; played on sand Football tennis -- mixes Association football and tennis Kickball -- a hybrid of Association football and baseball , invented in the United States in about 1942 . Speedball -- a combination of American football , soccer , and basketball , devised in the United States in 1912 . Universal football -- a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league , trialled in Sydney in 1933 . Volata -- a game resembling Association football and European handball , devised by Italian fascist leader , Augusto Turati , in the 1920s . Wheelchair rugby -- also known as Murderball , invented in Canada in 1977 . Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby .
Football
As was the case in Britain , by the early 19th century , North American schools and universities played their own local games , between sides made up of students . For example , students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football , a variant of the association football codes , as early as the 1820s . They remained largely `` mob football '' style games , with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area , often by any means necessary . Rules were simple , violence and injury were common . The violence of these mob - style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them . Yale University , under pressure from the city of New Haven , banned the play of all forms of football in 1860 , while Harvard University followed suit in 1861 . In its place , two general types of football evolved : `` kicking '' games and `` running '' ( or `` carrying '' ) games . A hybrid of the two , known as the `` Boston game '' , was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club . The club , considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States , was formed in 1862 by schoolboys who played the `` Boston game '' on Boston Common . The game began to return to American college campuses by the late 1860s . The universities of Yale , Princeton ( then known as the College of New Jersey ) , Rutgers , and Brown all began playing `` kicking '' games during this time . In 1867 , Princeton used rules based on those of the English Football Association . The
Football
By the 1870s , Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland . Trinity College , Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby ( see the Developments in the 1850s section , above ) . The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely . Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a `` rough - and - tumble game '' which allowed tripping .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
A touchdown is the American football equivalent of rugby league 's try . Despite the names , a try requires the ball to be ' touched down ' to the ground , whereas a touchdown does n't . In American football it is sufficient for the player carrying the ball to cause the ball to enter the end zone ( in - goal area ) while still in bounds , by carrying it in or holding the ball in or through the imaginary plane of the goal line . In rugby league the ball must be pressed to the ground in the in - goal area . An American football touchdown scores 6 points and a rugby league try is worth 4 points .
American football
Football is a full - contact sport , and injuries are relatively common . Most injuries occur during training sessions , particularly ones that involve contact between players . To try to prevent injuries , players are required to wear a set of equipment . At a minimum players must wear a football helmet and a set of shoulder pads , but individual leagues may require additional padding such as thigh pads and guards , knee pads , chest protectors , and mouthguards . Most injuries occur in the lower extremities , particularly in the knee , but a significant number also affect the upper extremities . The most common types of injuries are strains , sprains , bruises , fractures , dislocations , and concussions .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In American football teams often opt to go for a field goal ( worth 3 points ) rather than attempt a touchdown . The rugby league equivalent , also called a field goal , is worth only one point and is much less common . The key difference between a field goal in the two sports is that an American football field goal attempt is normally kicked with a teammate holding the ball , whereas in rugby league the field goal is attempted using a drop - kick .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In American football , the offense can throw the ball forward once on a play from behind the line of scrimmage . The forward pass is a distinguishing feature of American and Canadian football as it is strictly forbidden in rugby league .
Football
A game known as `` football '' was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century : it was prohibited by the Football Act 1424 and although the law fell into disuse it was not repealed until 1906 . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a `` football '' ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 ( some references cite 1636 ) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball . The word `` pass '' in the most recent translation is derived from `` huc percute '' ( strike it here ) and later `` repercute pilam '' ( strike the ball again ) in the original Latin . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team . The original word translated as `` goal '' is `` metum '' , literally meaning the `` pillar at each end of the circus course '' in a Roman chariot race . There is a reference to `` get hold of the ball before ( another player ) does '' ( Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere ) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed . One sentence states in the original 1930 translation `` Throw yourself against him '' ( Age , objice te illi ) . France
Football
Australian rules football -- officially known as `` Australian football '' , and informally as `` football '' , `` footy '' or `` Aussie rules '' . In some areas it is referred to as `` AFL '' , the name of the main organising body and competition Auskick -- a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children Metro footy ( or Metro rules footy ) -- a modified version invented by the USAFL , for use on gridiron fields in North American cities ( which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches ) Kick - to - kick -- informal versions of the game 9 - a-side footy -- a more open , running variety of Australian rules , requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area ( includes contact and non-contact varieties ) Rec footy -- `` Recreational Football '' , a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules , created by the AFL , which replaces tackles with tags Touch Aussie Rules -- a non-tackle variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom Samoa rules -- localised version adapted to Samoan conditions , such as the use of rugby football fields Masters Australian football ( a.k.a. Superules ) -- reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age Women 's Australian rules football -- women 's competition played with a smaller ball and ( sometimes ) reduced contact Gaelic football -- Played predominantly in Ireland . Commonly referred to as `` football '' or `` Gaelic '' Ladies Gaelic football International rules football -- a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players See
American football
Despite these new rules , football remained a violent sport . Dangerous mass - formations , which involved interlocking interference , like the flying wedge resulted in serious injuries and deaths . A 1905 peak of 19 fatalities nationwide resulted in a threat by President Theodore Roosevelt to abolish the game unless major changes were made . In response , sixty - two colleges and universities met in New York City to discuss rule changes on December 28 , 1905 , and these proceedings resulted in the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States , later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) .
Football
In the mid-19th century , various traditional football games , referred to collectively as caid , remained popular in Ireland , especially in County Kerry . One observer , Father W. Ferris , described two main forms of caid during this period : the `` field game '' in which the object was to put the ball through arch - like goals , formed from the boughs of two trees ; and the epic `` cross-country game '' which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played , and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary . `` Wrestling '' , `` holding '' opposing players , and carrying the ball were all allowed .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
Generally , American football games last much longer than 80 - minute rugby league matches . Because the field is reset after each tackle in American football , it is much slower - paced than the more hectic rugby league , in which play stops for only as long as it takes the tackled player to get back to his feet and return the ball to play . Another major difference is that only the player with possession of the ball may be interfered with in rugby league ; defending players interfering with any other attacking player ( and vice versa ) will incur a penalty . Passing in the two sports also differs : while backward passing is common to both sports , in American football players are allowed to throw the ball forward in certain situations whereas in rugby league forward passing is always illegal . Rugby league players have to kick the ball or run it forward to advance it downfield . To score a try or touchdown in rugby league , the player has to push the ball directly onto the ground once in the try zone , whereas in American football the player has to simply cross the line . American football also requires its players to use a large amount of protective equipment , including helmets , gloves and padding around the body , whereas protective clothing is much more minimal in rugby league , usually amounting to light padding ( if any ) and soft head gear ( hard helmets being illegal ) . The major difference between rugby league and American Football ( Gridiron ) is rugby fields are 100 metres where American football is 100 yards .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In both games , following a try / touchdown , there is the opportunity to score additional points by kicking the ball between the posts and over the bar . In American football this is called an extra point or a `` point after touchdown '' ( PAT ) in the NFL ( worth 1 point ) , in rugby league it is known as a conversion ( worth 2 points ) . There are two key differences between an extra point and a conversion , conversions can not be charged down like an extra point attempt but they must be taken from the same position as the try was scored . Hence it is important to score under the posts rather than in the corner , which makes for a difficult kick . Rugby league has no equivalent to American football 's two - point conversion , in which the scoring team chooses not to kick at goal , but attempt a second touchdown from short range .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In rugby league the ball can not be passed forward , so players can advance the ball by either running with it , or kicking it ahead and chasing it . This concept is preserved in American football ; any player may pass the ball backwards , regardless of player position and location of the field . In addition , a ball passed backwards remains live , even if not caught , so long as it remains in play , similar to rugby league .
American football
The touchdown ( TD ) , worth six points , is the most valuable scoring play in American football . A touchdown is scored when a live ball is advanced into , caught in , or recovered in the end zone of the opposing team . The scoring team then attempts a try or conversion , more commonly known as the point ( s ) - after - touchdown ( PAT ) , which is a single scoring opportunity .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
The ball can be thrown sideways or backwards without restriction in both games . In American football this is known as a lateral and is much less common than in rugby league . The lateral is most commonly seen on plays at the very end of the game when a team needing a touchdown with only time on the clock for one more play attempts to avoid being tackled by passing to any teammate behind him that may advance the ball . A common trick play called the hook and ladder combines the two - a short forward pass is thrown , with the player catching the pass immediately throwing a lateral to a trailing teammate who is hopefully unnoticed by defensive players . Laterals are also seen in pitch or pitchout plays , where the quarterback tosses the ball to a back behind him , rather than handing it off .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In both games it is permitted to bring down the player in possession of the ball and prevent them making forward progress . Play then restarts from the next down or tackle . In rugby league , it is common for the player in possession to ' off - load ' the ball , passing out of the tackle ( before forward progress is halted ) in order not to use up a tackle and to keep the play alive . This is much less common in American football , where the lateral pass is most commonly used as a desperation strategy when trailing near the end of a game .
Football
Note : although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects , Sepak takraw has ancient origins and can not be considered a hybrid game .
Football
Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of `` ball play '' or `` playing at ball '' . This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked .
Football (ball)
In the United States and Canada , the term football usually refers to a ball made of cow hide leather , which is required in professional and collegiate football . Footballs used in recreation and in organized youth leagues may be made of rubber or plastic materials ( the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all - rubber footballs , though they are less common than leather ) . Since 1941 , Horween Leather Company has been the exclusive supplier of leather for National Football League footballs . The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween , who had played and coached in the NFL . Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to Spalding , supplier of balls to the Arena Football League .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
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Women's association football
Association football , the modern game , also has documented early involvement of women . In Europe , it is possible that 12th - century French women played football as part of that era 's folk games . An annual competition in Mid-Lothian , Scotland during the 1790s is reported , too . In 1863 , football governing bodies introduced standardized rules to prohibit violence on the pitch , making it more socially acceptable for women to play .
Football
Blow football Button football -- also known as Futebol de Mesa , Jogo de Botões Fantasy football FIFA Video Games Series Lego Football Mario Strikers Penny football Pro Evolution Soccer Subbuteo Table football -- also known as foosball , table soccer , babyfoot , bar football or gettone Based
Comparison of American football and rugby league
Many of the positions have similar names but in practice are very different . A fullback in American football is very different from a fullback in rugby league . However , some of the positions are fairly similar : for instance , the stand - off / five - eighth and halfback carry out a similar role to a quarterback in American football .
American football rules
The majority of a football game takes place on plays , or downs , that begin at the line of scrimmage . The officials spot the ball ( place it in a designated spot on the field ) on the line of scrimmage and declare it ready for play .
American football
A rule change was necessary to prevent this strategy from taking hold , and a reversion to the scrum was considered . However , Camp successfully proposed a rule in 1882 that limited each team to three downs , or tackles , to advance the ball five yards . Failure to advance the ball the required distance within those three downs would result in control of the ball being forfeited to the other team . This change effectively made American football a separate sport from rugby , and the resulting five - yard lines added to the field to measure distances made it resemble a gridiron in appearance . Other major rule changes included a reduction of the field size to 110 by 53.333 yards ( 100.584 m × 48.768 m ) , and the adoption of a scoring system that awarded four points for a touchdown , two for a safety and a goal following a touchdown , and five for a goal from field ; additionally , tackling below the waist was legalized . The last , and arguably most important innovation , which would at last make American football uniquely `` American '' , was the legalization of interference , or blocking , a tactic which was highly illegal under the rugby - style rules . 1908
Comparison of American football and rugby league
There is also a minor distinction in what constitutes a forward or backward pass in the two sports . In rugby league ( as in rugby union ) , a pass is considered forward ( and thus illegal ) if the person catching the ball is ahead of the player throwing it . In American football , a pass is considered forward only if the path of the ball itself has a forward component to it . For instance , the Music City Miracle ( a play in which the receiving end of a lateral pass was ahead of the person throwing it , but the path was not forward ) was a legal lateral in American football but would have been an illegal forward pass had it been attempted in rugby .
American football
There are two categories of kicks in football : scrimmage kicks , which can be executed by the offensive team on any down from behind or on the line of scrimmage , and free kicks . The free kicks are the kickoff , which starts the first and third quarters and overtime and follows a try attempt or a successful field goal , and the safety kick , which follows a safety .