vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In July 2015 , researchers announced that a vaccine trial in Guinea had been completed that appeared to give protection from the virus . The vaccine , rVSV - ZEBOV , had shown 100 % efficacy in individuals , but more conclusive evidence was needed regarding its capacity to protect populations through `` herd immunity '' . The vaccine trial employed `` ring vaccination '' , a technique that was also used in the 1970s to eradicate smallpox , in which health workers control an outbreak by vaccinating all suspected infected individuals within the surrounding area .
Fermentation
Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present . For example , in the late 1970s , it was discovered that microorganisms could be mutated with physical and chemical treatments to be higher - yielding , faster - growing , tolerant of less oxygen , and able to use a more concentrated medium . Strain selection and hybridization developed as well , affecting most modern food fermentations . Other approaches to advancing the fermentation industry has been done by companies such as BioTork , a biotechnology company that naturally evolves microorganisms to improve fermentation processes . This approach differs from the more popular genetic modification , which has become the current industry standard .
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin Angels has committed itself to eradicating childhood blindness due to VAD on the planet by the year 2020 . Operation 20 / 20 was launched in 2007 and will cover 18 countries . The program gives children two high - dose vitamin A and anti-parasitic supplements ( twice a year for four years ) , which provides children with enough of the nutrient during their most vulnerable years in order to prevent them from going blind and suffering from other life - threatening diseases caused by VAD .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In December 2016 , the results of the two - year Guinea trial were published announcing that rVSV - ZEBOV had been found to protect people who had been exposed to cases of Ebola . Of the nearly 6,000 people vaccinated , none had contracted Ebola after a ten - day period while in the group not vaccinated 23 cases developed . In addition to showing high efficacy among those vaccinated , the trial also showed that unvaccinated people were indirectly protected from Ebola virus through the ring vaccination approach , termed `` herd immunity '' . The vaccine has not yet had regulatory approval , but it is considered to be so effective that 300,000 doses have already been stockpiled . Researchers have found the results `` quite encouraging ( but ) there is still a lot more work to be done on vaccines for Ebola . '' Not yet known is the length of time that a vaccination will be effective and whether it will prove effective for the Sudan or other strains of the virus rather than only the Zaire strain , which is responsible for the West Africa outbreak .
Virus
Not all virus infections produce a protective immune response in this way . HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion . This is known as `` escape mutation '' as the viral epitopes escape recognition by the host immune response . These persistent viruses evade immune control by sequestration , blockade of antigen presentation , cytokine resistance , evasion of natural killer cell activities , escape from apoptosis , and antigenic shift . Other viruses , called neurotropic viruses , are disseminated by neural spread where the immune system may be unable to reach them .
Nairobi
In December 2010 , the Government embarked on a policy to phase out matatus as a means of public transport . Consequently , no new matatus are licensed to operate from January 2011 while the current ones will be allowed to live out their lifespan ; a move aimed at enhancing the safety of citizens and visitors as well . However , the matatus continue to occupy the road ways in large numbers contributing to the congestion of Nairobi . Buses
Wikipedia:Citing sources
N In an article published in The Lancet in 2012 , researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type .
Lyme disease
New techniques for clinical testing of Borrelia infection have been developed , such as LTT - MELISA , although the results of studies are contradictory . The first peer reviewed study assessing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the test was presented in 2012 and demonstrated potential for LTT to become a supportive diagnostic tool . In 2014 , research of LTT - MELISA concluded that it is `` sensible '' to include the LTT test in the diagnostic protocol for putative European - acquired Lyme borreliosis infections . Other diagnostic techniques , such as focus floating microscopy , are under investigation . New research indicates chemokine CXCL13 may also be a possible marker for neuroborreliosis .
Tooth decay
No carious lesion No treatment Carious lesion Inactive lesion No treatment Active lesion Non-cavitated lesion Non-operative treatment Cavitated lesion Operative treatment Existing filling No defect No replacement Defective filling Ditching , overhang No replacement Fracture or food impaction Repair or replacement of filling Inactive lesion No treatment Active lesion Non-cavitated lesion Non-operative treatment Cavitated lesion Repair or replacement of filling An
Vitamin A deficiency
Treatment of VAD can be undertaken with both oral and injectable forms , generally as vitamin A palmitate .
A Cure for Wellness
The film premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at the Butt - Numb - A-Thon Film Festival in Austin , Texas , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox , after initially being slated for September 23 , 2016 .
Diphtheria
Probable : a clinically compatible case that is not laboratory - confirmed and is not epidemiologically linked to a laboratory - confirmed case Confirmed : a clinically compatible case that is either laboratory - confirmed or epidemiologically linked to a laboratory - confirmed case
Statin
LDL - lowering potency varies between agents . Cerivastatin is the most potent , ( withdrawn from the market in August , 2001 due to risk of serious rhabdomyolysis ) followed by ( in order of decreasing potency ) , rosuvastatin , atorvastatin , simvastatin , lovastatin , pravastatin , and fluvastatin . The relative potency of pitavastatin has not yet been fully established . The
Natural selection
Natural selection is seen in action in the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms . Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 , antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases . The widespread misuse of antibiotics has selected for microbial resistance to antibiotics in clinical use , to the point that the methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) has been described as a `` superbug '' because of the threat it poses to health and its relative invulnerability to existing drugs . Response strategies typically include the use of different , stronger antibiotics ; however , new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs . This is an evolutionary arms race , in which bacteria develop strains less susceptible to antibiotics , while medical researchers attempt to develop new antibiotics that can kill them . A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects . Arms races are not necessarily induced by man ; a well - documented example involves the spread of a gene in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina suppressing male - killing activity by Wolbachia bacteria parasites on the island of Samoa , where the spread of the gene is known to have occurred over a period of just five years
Water fluoridation
Fluoride toothpaste is the most widely used and rigorously evaluated fluoride treatment . Its introduction in the early 1970s is considered the main reason for the decline in tooth decay in industrialized countries , and toothpaste appears to be the single common factor in countries where tooth decay has declined . Toothpaste is the only realistic fluoride strategy in many low - income countries , where lack of infrastructure renders water or salt fluoridation infeasible . It relies on individual and family behavior , and its use is less likely among lower economic classes ; in low - income countries it is unaffordable for the poor . Fluoride toothpaste prevents about 25 % of cavities in young permanent teeth , and its effectiveness is improved if higher concentrations of fluoride are used , or if the toothbrushing is supervised . Fluoride mouthwash and gel are about as effective as fluoride toothpaste ; fluoride varnish prevents about 45 % of cavities . By comparison , brushing with a nonfluoride toothpaste has little effect on cavities .
Amy Winehouse
Winehouse was released from the London Clinic 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at Nelson Mandela 's 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury , and continued receiving treatment as an outpatient . In July 2008 , Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with `` some areas of emphysema '' and said she was getting herself together by `` eating loads of healthy food , sleeping loads , playing my guitar , making music and writing letters to my husband every day . '' She also kept a vertical tanning bed in her flat . Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008 at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection . Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave . She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication .
Medicare (United States)
The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2013 MedPAC annual report , March 2013 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to offer a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2015 , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended level .
Entamoeba histolytica
For example , AIDS accentuates the damage and pathogenicity of E. histolytica . On the other hand , cells infected with HIV are often consumed by E. histolytica . Infective HIV remains viable within the amoeba , although there has been no proof of human reinfection from amoeba carrying this virus .
Thalidomide
In Spain , thalidomide was widely available throughout the 1970s , perhaps even into the 1980s . There were two reasons for this . First , state controls and safeguarding were poor ; indeed , it was not until 2008 that the government even admitted the country had ever imported thalidomide . Second , Grünenthal failed to insist that its sister company in Madrid warn Spanish doctors , and permitted it to not warn them . The Spanish advocacy group for victims of thalidomide estimates that in 2015 , there were 250 -- 300 living victims of thalidomide in Spain .
Germ theory of disease
After the cholera epidemic had subsided , government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump . They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population , and afterward they rejected Snow 's theory . To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal - oral method transmission of disease , which they dismissed .
Chickenpox
If aciclovir by mouth is started within 24 hours of rash onset , it decreases symptoms by one day but has no effect on complication rates . Use of acyclovir therefore is not currently recommended for individuals with normal immune function . Children younger than 12 years old and older than one month are not meant to receive antiviral drugs unless they have another medical condition which puts them at risk of developing complications .
List of The Last Ship characters
After the defeat of the Immunes and the successful creation of the `` contagious cure '' by Dr. Rachel Scott , Michener is sworn in as President of the United States by a surviving judge in St. Louis . One of Michener 's first official acts as President is to issue pardons to the Immunes who got swept up in the Ramsey brothers ' campaign , as well as to Dr. Scott , who intentionally killed Niels Sørensen in order to create the contagious cure ; he also promoted CDR Chandler to Chief of Naval Operations while the Nathan James is in drydock .
Virus
Assembly -- Following the structure - mediated self - assembly of the virus particles , some modification of the proteins often occurs . In viruses such as HIV , this modification ( sometimes called maturation ) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell .
Vinegar
A 6 % solution of acetic acid , comparable in acidity to vinegar , can effectively kill mycobacteria , as tested against drug - resistant tuberculosis bacteria as well as other mycobacteria in culture . Polyphenols
Herpes simplex
Pedro Cuatrecasas states , `` during the R&D of acyclovir ( Zovirax ) , marketing ( department of Burroughs Wellcome ) insisted that there were ' no markets ' for this compound . Most had hardly heard of genital herpes ... '' Thus , marketing the medical condition -- separating the ' normal cold sore ' from the ' stigmatized genital infection ' was to become the key to marketing the drug , a process now known as ' disease mongering ' .
Eating disorder
Internet and modern technologies provide new opportunities for prevention . On - line programs have the potential to increase the use of prevention programs . The development and practice of prevention programs via on - line sources make it possible to reach a wide range of people at minimal cost . Such an approach can also make prevention programs to be sustainable .
Infertility
High costs may also be a factor and research by the Genk Institute for Fertility Technology , in Belgium , claimed a much lower cost methodology ( about 90 % reduction ) with similar efficacy , which may be suitable for some fertility treatment . At the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development ( ICPD ) in Cairo , the prevention and treatment of infertility was accepted into the program of action for reproductive healthcare . Infertility has shown to have a greater effect on developing nations than on birth rates or population control , but also on a social level as well . Reproduction is a large aspect of life for many cultures within developing nations , and infertility can lead to social and familial problems such as rejection or abandonment as well as personal psychological issues . Currently , fertility treatment options and programs are only available through private health sectors in developing nations and little - to - no treatment is available through public health sectors . The fertility treatment options offered through the private sectors are often costly or not easily accessible . Additionally , counseling is considered an essential aspect of fertility treatment , and due to lack of education and resources such forms of therapy remain scarce as well . While quality fertility care is not readily available in developing nations ( such as sub-Saharan African countries ) , a standard procedure of care could be easily implemented for a low cost as a basic intervention . The lack of fertility treatment is problematic , and high birth and population rates are every reason to implement treatment options rather than reject them .
Dutch elm disease
Alamo ( propiconazole ) has become available more recently , though several university studies show it to be effective for only the current season it is injected . Alamo is primarily recommended for treatment of oak wilt .
Thalidomide
In 1968 , after a long campaign by The Sunday Times , a compensation settlement for the UK victims was reached with Distillers Company ( now part of Diageo ) , which had distributed the drug in the UK . This compensation , which is distributed by the Thalidomide Trust in the UK , was substantially increased by Diageo in 2005 . The UK Government gave survivors a grant of £ 20 million , to be distributed through the Thalidomide Trust , in December 2009 . Australia
Statin
To market statins effectively , Merck had to convince the public of the dangers of high cholesterol , and doctors that statins were safe and would extend lives . As a result of public campaigns , people in the United States became familiar with their cholesterol numbers and the difference between `` good '' and `` bad '' cholesterol , and rival pharmaceutical companies began producing their own statins , such as pravastatin ( Pravachol ) , manufactured by Sankyo and Bristol - Myers Squibb . In April 1994 , the results of a Merck - sponsored study , the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study , were announced . Researchers tested simvastatin , later sold by Merck as Zocor , on 4,444 patients with high cholesterol and heart disease . After five years , the study concluded the patients saw a 35 % reduction in their cholesterol , and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42 % . In 1995 , Zocor and Mevacor both made Merck over US $1 billion . Endo was awarded the 2006 Japan Prize , and the Lasker - DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008 . For his `` pioneering research into a new class of molecules '' for `` lowering cholesterol , '' Endo was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Alexandria , Virginia in 2012 . Michael C. Brown and Joseph Goldstein , who won the Nobel Prize for related work on cholesterol , said of Endo : `` The millions of people whose lives will be extended through statin therapy owe it all to Akira Endo . ''
The Doctors (talk show)
In Egypt , after the end of Al - Bernameg , rumors surfaced on the internet that Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef will return with a new program on Egyptian television that has no relation with satire and politics . Bassem denied the rumors . However , it was revealed in 2014 on the fifth of September that Bassem Youssef will return to television with an Egyptian version of The Doctors .
Infertility
Infertility is often not seen ( by the West ) as being an issue outside industrialized countries . This is because of assumptions about overpopulation problems and hyper fertility in developing countries , and a perceived need for them to decrease their populations and birth rates . The lack of health care and high rates of life - threatening illness ( such as HIV / AIDS ) in developing countries , such as those in Africa , are supporting reasons for the inadequate supply of fertility treatment options . Fertility treatments , even simple ones such as treatment for STIs that cause infertility , are therefore not usually made available to individuals in these countries .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Treatment is often started without confirmation of infection because of the serious complications that may result from delayed treatment . Treatment depends on the infectious agent and generally involves the use of antibiotic therapy . If there is no improvement within two to three days , the patient is typically advised to seek further medical attention . Hospitalization sometimes becomes necessary if there are other complications . Treating sexual partners for possible STIs can help in treatment and prevention .
Scabies
Scabies is endemic in many developing countries , where it tends to be particularly problematic in rural and remote areas . In such settings , community - wide control strategies are required to reduce the rate of disease , as treatment of only individuals is ineffective due to the high rate of reinfection . Large - scale mass drug administration strategies may be required where coordinated interventions aim to treat whole communities in one concerted effort . Although such strategies have shown to be able to reduce the burden of scabies in these kinds of communities , debate remains about the best strategy to adopt , including the choice of drug .
Vitamin A deficiency
Decreasing night blindness requires the improvement of vitamin A status in at - risk populations . Supplements and fortification of food have been shown to be effective interventions . Supplement treatment for night blindness includes massive doses of vitamin A ( 200,000 IU ) in the form of retinyl palmitate to be taken by mouth , which is administered two to four times a year . Intramuscular injections are poorly absorbed and are ineffective in delivering sufficient bio-available vitamin A. Fortification of food with vitamin A is costly , but can be done in wheat , sugar , and milk . Households may circumvent expensive fortified food by altering dietary habits . Consumption of yellow - orange fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids , specifically beta - carotene , provides pro-vitamin A precursors that can prevent VAD related night blindness . However , the conversion of carotene to retinol varies from person to person and bioavailability of carotene in food varies .
Black Sabbath
On 4 March 2016 , Iommi discussed future re-releases of the Tony Martin - era catalogue . He explained : `` We 've held back on the reissues of those albums because of the current Sabbath thing with Ozzy Osbourne , but they will certainly be happening ... I 'd like to do a couple of new tracks for those releases with Tony Martin ... I 'll also be looking at working on Cross Purposes and Forbidden . '' Martin has suggested that this could coincide with the 30th anniversary of The Eternal Idol , in 2017 . In an interview that August , Martin added `` ( Iommi ) still has his cancer issues of course and that may well stop it all from happening but if he wants to do something I am ready . '' On 10 August 2016 , Iommi revealed that his cancer was in remission .
Medical glove
With the availability of non-powdered medical gloves that were easy to don , calls for the elimination of powdered gloves became louder . By 2016 , healthcare systems in Germany and the United Kingdom had eliminated their use . In March 2016 , the FDA issued a proposal to ban their medical use as well . The United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) passed a rule on December 19 , 2016 banning all powdered gloves intended for medical use . The rule became effective on January 18 , 2017 .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Another study , which was released in August 2015 looked at the health difficulties reported by survivors . Calling the set of symptoms `` post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome '' , the research found symptoms that included `` chronic joint and muscle pain , fatigue , anorexia , hearing loss , blurred vision , headache , sleep disturbances , low mood and short - term memory problems '' , and suggested the `` implementation of specialized health services to treat and follow - up survivors '' .
Capital punishment in the United States
Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections .
Vitiligo
Narrowband ultraviolet B ( NBUVB ) phototherapy lacks the side - effects caused by psoralens and is as effective as PUVA . As with PUVA , treatment is carried out twice weekly in a clinic or every day at home , and there is no need to use psoralen .