vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Baptism
Yes Yes Trinity Methodists and Wesleyans The sacrament of initiation into Christ 's holy Church whereby one is incorporated into the covenant of grace and given new birth through water and the spirit . Baptism washes away sin and clothes one in the righteousness of Christ . It is a visible sign and seal of inward regeneration . By sprinkling , pouring , or immersion . Yes Yes , although contingent upon repentance and a personal acceptance of Christ as Saviour . Trinity Metropolitan Community Church Baptism is conducted in the order of worship . sprinkling , pouring , or immersion Yes Yes Trinity Moravian Church The individual receives the pledge of the forgiveness of sins and admission through God 's covenant through the blood of Jesus Christ sprinkling , pour , or immersion Yes Yes Trinity Nazarenes Baptism signifies the acceptance of Christ Jesus as Saviour and are willingly to obey him righteously and in holiness . sprinkling , pouring , or immersion Yes Yes Trinity Oneness Pentecostals Necessary for salvation because it conveys spiritual rebirth . Being baptized is an ordinance directed and established by Jesus and the Apostles . By submersion . Also stress the necessity of a baptism of the Holy Spirit ( Acts 2 : 38 ; 8 : 14 -- 17 , 35 -- 38 ) . No Yes Jesus Pentecostals ( Trinitarian ) Water Baptism is an ordinance , a symbolic ritual used to witness to having accepted Christ as personal Savior . By submersion . Also stress the necessity of a `` second '' Baptism of a special outpouring from the Holy Spirit . No Varies Trinity Reformed ( includes Presbyterian churches ) A sacrament and means of grace . A sign and a seal of the remission of sins , regeneration , admission into the visible church , and the covenant of grace . It is an outward sign of an inward grace . By sprinkling , pouring , immersion or submersion Yes Yes , the outward means by which the Holy Spirit inwardly accomplishes regeneration and remission of sins Trinity Quakers ( Religious Society of Friends ) Only an external symbol that is no longer to be practiced Do not believe in Baptism of water , but only in an inward , ongoing purification of the human spirit in a life of discipline led by the Holy Spirit . -- -- -- Denomination ( continued ) Beliefs about baptism Type of baptism Baptize infants ?
Concordat of Worms
According to the terms of the compromise , the election of bishops and abbots was to follow proper procedure , that is , the canons of the cathedral were to elect the bishop . The monks were to choose the abbot , and only ecclesiastical superiors were to invest the candidate with ring and staff ( the traditional insignia of the episcopal office ) . This was a minimum that the church had demanded ( who had far fewer problems with a mere nomination by a layman if the layman did not actually hand over ring and staff ) . To make up for this and symbolise the worldly authority of the bishop which the pope had always recognised to derive from the Emperor , another symbol , the scepter , was invented , which would be handed over by the king ( or his legate ) . The rest is an actual compromise : In Germany , the Emperor ( or his legate ) would have the right to be present at elections to resolve any disputes between candidates ( `` yet without violence '' ) . What this meant , in effect , was that the king would have the bishop he wanted ( though over time , the territorial princes would get some `` representation '' within the chapters , making it less easy to ignore them ) . The bishop - elect would then by invested by the Emperor ( or representative ) with the scepter and , sometime afterwards , by his ecclesial superior with ring and staff . As William of Champeaux assured Henry V , he had nothing to lose by surrendering the right of investiture . The king retained substantially what he already possessed -- the power to fill bishoprics with men of his choice . Nevertheless , Gregory VII 's dramatisation of the issue produced a significant improvement in the character of men raised to the episcopacy . Kings no longer interfered so frequently in their election , and when they did , they generally nominated more worthy candidates for the office .
Euthanasia
Euthanasia ( from Greek : εὐθανασία ; `` good death '' : εὖ , eu ; `` well '' or `` good '' -- θάνατος , thanatos ; `` death '' ) is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
A second important concern is the appropriate source of the eggs that are needed . SCNT requires human eggs , which can only be obtained from women . The most common source of these eggs today are eggs that are produced and in excess of the clinical need during IVF treatment . This is a minimally invasive procedure , but it does carry some health risks , such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome .
Huntington's disease
Huntington 's disease , particularly the application of the genetic test for the disease , has raised several ethical issues . The issues for genetic testing include defining how mature an individual should be before being considered eligible for testing , ensuring the confidentiality of results , and whether companies should be allowed to use test results for decisions on employment , life insurance or other financial matters . There was controversy when Charles Davenport proposed in 1910 that compulsory sterilization and immigration control be used for people with certain diseases , including HD , as part of the eugenics movement . In vitro fertilization has some issues regarding its use of embryos . Some HD research has ethical issues due to its use of animal testing and embryonic stem cells .
Urban renewal
Other cities across the USA began to create redevelopment programs in the late 1930s and 1940s . These early projects were generally focused on slum clearance and were implemented by local public housing authorities , which were responsible both for clearing slums and for building new affordable housing . In 1944 , the GI Bill ( officially the Serviceman 's Readjustment Act ) guaranteed Veterans Administration ( VA ) mortgages to veterans under favorable terms , which fueled suburbanization after the end of World War II , as places like Levittown , New York , Warren , Michigan and the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles were transformed from farmland into cities occupied by tens of thousands of families in a few years .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home , in a hospital or institution , or in church . Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite , especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital . The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass .
Egg donation
Multiple birth is a common complication . Incidence of twin births is very high . At the present time , the ASRM recommends that no more than 1 or 2 embryos be transferred in any given cycle . Remaining embryos are frozen , whether for future transfers if the first one fails , for siblings , or for eventual embryo donation .
Urban renewal
Other programs , such as that in Castleford in the United Kingdom and known as The Castleford Project seek to establish a process of urban renewal which enables local citizens to have greater control and ownership of the direction of their community and the way in which it overcomes market failure . This supports important themes in urban renewal today , such as participation , sustainability and trust -- and government acting as advocate and ' enabler ' , rather than an instrument of command and control .
Voting rights in the United States
Two California court rulings , Collier v. Menzel , and Walters v. Weed , also addressed the residency question of homeless voters :
Baptism
Since the Catholic , Orthodox , Anglican , Methodist and Lutheran churches teach that baptism is a sacrament that has actual spiritual and salvific effects , certain key criteria must be complied with for it to be valid , i.e. , to actually have those effects . If these key criteria are met , violation of some rules regarding baptism , such as varying the authorized rite for the ceremony , renders the baptism illicit ( contrary to the church 's laws ) but still valid .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
In 2007 , the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was discussed in the Senate , which would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a large majority of illegal entrants in the country , significantly increased legal immigration and increased enforcement . The bill failed to pass a cloture vote , essentially killing it .
Electric chair
We have no doubt that if the Legislature of this State should undertake to proscribe for any offense against its laws the punishment of burning at the stake , breaking at the wheel , etc. , it would be the duty of the courts to pronounce upon such attempt the condemnation of the Constitution . The question now to be answered is whether the legislative act here assailed is subject to the same condemnation . Certainly , it is not so on its face , for , although the mode of death described is conceded to be unusual , there is no common knowledge or consent that it is cruel ; it is a question of fact whether an electric current of sufficient intensity and skillfully applied will produce death without unnecessary suffering .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
It is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg . When this is done , the cytoplasmic factors affect the nucleus to become a zygote . The blastocyst stage is developed by the egg which helps to create embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst . The first animal that was developed by this technique was Dolly , the sheep , in 1996 .
Egg donation
The first child born from egg donation was reported in Australia in 1983 . In July 1983 , a clinic in Southern California reported a pregnancy using egg donation , which led to the birth of the first American child born from egg donation on February 3 , 1984 . This procedure was performed at the Harbor UCLA Medical Center and the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine . In the procedure , which is no longer used today , a fertilized egg that was just beginning to develop was transferred from one woman in whom it had been conceived by artificial insemination to another woman who gave birth to the infant 38 weeks later . The sperm used in the artificial insemination came from the husband of the woman who bore the baby .
Baptism
A 1997 document , Becoming a Christian : The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism , gave the views of a commission of experts brought together under the aegis of the World Council of Churches . It states :
Reabsorption
In renal physiology , reabsorption or tubular reabsorption is the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid ( pre-urine ) and returns them to the circulating blood . It is called reabsorption ( and not absorption ) both because these substances have already been absorbed once ( particularly in the intestines ) and because the body is reclaiming them from a post glomerular fluid stream that is well on its way to becoming urine ( that is , they will soon be lost to the urine unless they are reclaimed ) . Substances are reabsorbed from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries . This happens as a result of sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na / K ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells . Thus , the glomerular filtrate becomes more concentrated , which is one of the steps in forming urine . Reabsorption allows many useful solutes ( primarily glucose and amino acids ) , salts and water that have passed through Bowman 's capsule , to return to the circulation . These solutes are reabsorbed isotonically , in that the osmotic potential of the fluid leaving the proximal convoluted tubule is the same as that of the initial glomerular filtrate . However , glucose , amino acids , inorganic phosphate , and some other solutes are reabsorbed via secondary active transport through cotransport channels driven by the sodium gradient .
Augusten Burroughs
`` That 's what gay people need to be allowed to do -- get married . Not have domestic partnerships ; that 's not acceptable . I do n't believe for a moment ( gay marriage ) would destroy the sanctity of marriage . But let 's just say for a moment that it does . Well , then the sanctity of marriage just has to be destroyed . It 's just too bad . You ca n't have one set of benefits and only give them to some of the people . ''
Jumping the broom
It has often been assumed that , in England , jumping over the broom ( or sometimes walking over a broom ) , always indicated an irregular or non-church union ( as in the expressions `` Married over the besom '' , `` living over the brush '' ) , but there are examples of the phrase being used in the context of legal weddings , both religious and civil .
Salve Regina
V. Pray for us , O holy Mother of God . R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ .
Heart valve
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Illustration
Cremation
Contrary to popular belief , the cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense . After the incineration is completed , the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverised by a machine called a Cremulator -- essentially a high - capacity , high - speed blender -- to process them into `` ashes '' or `` cremated remains '' , although pulverisation may also be performed by hand . This leaves the bone with a fine sand like texture and color , able to be scattered without need for mixing with any foreign matter , though the size of the grain varies depending on the Cremulator used . Their mean weight is 2.4 kg for an adult human , while the mean weight for adult males is about 1 kg higher than that for adult females . There are various types of Cremulators , including rotating devices , grinders , and older models using heavy metal balls .
APA Ethics Code
The American Psychological Association ( APA ) task force report on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation concluded that conversion therapy was `` unlikely to be successful '' and involved `` some risk of harm '' . Likewise , the U.S. Surgeon General issued a call to action in 2001 , concluding that `` there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed '' .
Huntington's disease
Huntington 's disease has autosomal dominant inheritance , meaning that an affected individual typically inherits one copy of the gene with an expanded trinucleotide repeat ( the mutant allele ) from an affected parent . Since penetrance of the mutation is very high , those who have a mutated copy of the gene will have the disease . In this type of inheritance pattern , each offspring of an affected individual has a 50 % risk of inheriting the mutant allele and therefore being affected with the disorder ( see figure ) . This probability is sex - independent .
Huntington's disease
HD is typically inherited from a person 's parents , although up to 10 % of cases are due to a new mutation . The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either of an individual 's two copies of a gene called Huntingtin . This means a child of an affected person typically has a 50 % chance of inheriting the disease . The Huntingtin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called `` huntingtin '' . Expansion of CAG ( cytosine - adenine - guanine ) triplet repeats in the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein results in an abnormal protein , which gradually damages cells in the brain , through mechanisms that are not fully understood . Diagnosis is by genetic testing , which can be carried out at any time , regardless of whether or not symptoms are present . This fact raises several ethical debates : the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing ; whether parents have the right to have their children tested ; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results .
Huntington's disease
The families of individuals who have inherited or are at risk of inheriting HD have generations of experience of HD , but may be unaware of recent breakthroughs in understanding the disease , and of the availability of genetic testing . Genetic counseling benefits these individuals by updating their knowledge , seeking to dispel any unfounded beliefs that they may have , and helping them consider their future options and plans . Also covered is information concerning family planning choices , care management , and other considerations .
Huntington's disease
About 99 % of HD diagnoses based on the typical symptoms and a family history of the disease are confirmed by genetic testing to have the expanded trinucleotide repeat that causes HD . Most of the remaining are called HD - like ( HDL ) syndromes . The cause of most HDL diseases is unknown , but those with known causes are due to mutations in the prion protein gene ( HDL1 ) , the junctophilin 3 gene ( HDL2 ) , a recessively inherited unknown gene ( HDL3 -- only found in two families and poorly understood ) , and the gene encoding the TATA box - binding protein ( SCA17 , sometimes called HDL4 ) . Other autosomal dominant diseases that can be misdiagnosed as HD are dentatorubral - pallidoluysian atrophy and neuroferritinopathy . There are also autosomal recessive disorders that resemble sporadic cases of HD . These include chorea acanthocytosis and pantothenate kinase - associated neurodegeneration . One X-linked disorder of this type is McLeod syndrome .
Huntington's disease
The first thorough description of the disease was by George Huntington in 1872 . Examining the combined medical history of several generations of a family exhibiting similar symptoms , he realized their conditions must be linked ; he presented his detailed and accurate definition of the disease as his first paper . Huntington described the exact pattern of inheritance of autosomal dominant disease years before the rediscovery by scientists of Mendelian inheritance .
Huntington's disease
Because HD follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance , there is a strong motivation for individuals who are at risk of inheriting it to seek a diagnosis . The genetic test for HD consists of a blood test which counts the numbers of CAG repeats in each of the HTT alleles . Cutoffs are given as follows :
Huntington's disease
`` Of its hereditary nature . When either or both the parents have shown manifestations of the disease ... , one or more of the offspring almost invariably suffer from the disease ... But if by any chance these children go through life without it , the thread is broken and the grandchildren and great - grandchildren of the original shakers may rest assured that they are free from the disease . '' .
Huntington's disease
Counseling and guidelines on the use of genetic testing for HD have become models for other genetic disorders , such as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias . Presymptomatic testing for HD has also influenced testing for other illnesses with genetic variants such as polycystic kidney disease , familial Alzheimer 's disease and breast cancer . The European Molecular Genetics Quality Network have published yearly external quality assessment scheme for molecular genetic testing for this disease and have developed best practice guidelines for genetic testing for HD to assist in testing and reporting of results .
Huntington's disease
Medical diagnosis of the onset of HD can be made following the appearance of physical symptoms specific to the disease . Genetic testing can be used to confirm a physical diagnosis if there is no family history of HD . Even before the onset of symptoms , genetic testing can confirm if an individual or embryo carries an expanded copy of the trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene that causes the disease . Genetic counseling is available to provide advice and guidance throughout the testing procedure , and on the implications of a confirmed diagnosis . These implications include the impact on an individual 's psychology , career , family planning decisions , relatives and relationships . Despite the availability of pre-symptomatic testing , only 5 % of those at risk of inheriting HD choose to do so .
Huntington's disease
During the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance at the turn of the 20th century , HD was used tentatively as an example of autosomal dominant inheritance . The English biologist William Bateson used the pedigrees of affected families to establish that HD had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern . The strong inheritance pattern prompted several researchers , including Smith Ely Jelliffe , to attempt to trace and connect family members of previous studies . Jelliffe collected information from across New York and published several articles regarding the genealogy of HD in New England . Jelliffe 's research roused the interest of his college friend , Charles Davenport , who commissioned Elizabeth Muncey to produce the first field study on the East Coast of the United States of families with HD and to construct their pedigrees . Davenport used this information to document the variable age of onset and range of symptoms of HD ; he claimed that most cases of HD in the USA could be traced back to a handful of individuals . This research was further embellished in 1932 by P.R. Vessie , who popularized the idea that three brothers who left England in 1630 bound for Boston were the progenitors of HD in the USA . The claim that the earliest progenitors had been established and eugenic bias of Muncey 's , Davenport 's , and Vessie 's work contributed to misunderstandings and prejudice about HD . Muncey and Davenport also popularized the idea that in the past some HD sufferers may have been thought to be possessed by spirits or victims of witchcraft , and were sometimes shunned or exiled by society . This idea has not been proven . Researchers have found contrary evidence ; for instance , the community of the family studied by George Huntington openly accommodated those who exhibited symptoms of HD .
Huntington's disease
Until the discovery of a genetic test , statistics could only include clinical diagnosis based on physical symptoms and a family history of HD , excluding those who died of other causes before diagnosis . These cases can now be included in statistics ; and , as the test becomes more widely available , estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the disorder are likely to increase .
Huntington's disease
Although Huntington 's has been recognized as a disorder since at least the Middle Ages , the cause has been unknown until fairly recently . Huntington 's was given different names throughout this history as understanding of the disease changed . Originally called simply ' chorea ' for the jerky dancelike movements associated with the disease , HD has also been called `` hereditary chorea '' and `` chronic progressive chorea '' . The first definite mention of HD was in a letter by Charles Oscar Waters , published in the first edition of Robley Dunglison 's Practice of Medicine in 1842 . Waters described `` a form of chorea , vulgarly called magrums '' , including accurate descriptions of the chorea , its progression , and the strong heredity of the disease . In 1846 Charles Gorman observed how higher prevalence seemed to occur in localized regions . Independently of Gorman and Waters , both students of Dunglison at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia , Johan Christian Lund also produced an early description in 1860 . He specifically noted that in Setesdalen , a secluded mountain valley in Norway , there was a high prevalence of dementia associated with a pattern of jerking movement disorders that ran in families .