vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of New York (state)
Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile Mohawk and Gennessee valleys and the Niagara Frontier . Buffalo and Rochester became boomtowns . Significant migration of New England `` Yankees '' ( mainly of English descent ) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled `` Yorkers '' ( mainly of German , Dutch , and Scottish descent ) . More than 15 % of the state 's 1850 population had been born in New England . The western part of the state grew fastest at this time . By 1840 , New York was home to seven of the nation 's thirty largest cities .
The Bronx
( Bronx Community Boards 7 ( between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers ) and 8 ( facing the Hudson River ) -- plus part of Board 12 )
New Amsterdam
In 1661 the Communipaw ferry was founded and began a long history of trans - Hudson ferry and ultimately rail and road transportation . On September 15 , 1655 , New Amsterdam was attacked by 2,000 Indians as part of the Peach Tree War . They destroyed 28 farms , killed 100 settlers , and took 150 prisoners .
New Amsterdam
Broadway was the main street that led out of town north towards Harlem . The town was surrounded to the north by a wall leading from the eastern to the western shore . The course of this city wall is today Wall Street . A canal led from the harbor inland and was filled in 1676 , which today is Broad Street .
Paterson, New Jersey
In August 2011 , Paterson was severely affected in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene , particularly by flooding of the Passaic River , where waters rose to levels unseen for 100 years , leading to the displacement of thousands and the closure of bridges over the river . Touring the area with Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Craig Fugate , U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano declared , `` This is as bad as I 've seen , and I 've been in eight states that have been impacted by Irene . '' The same day , President Obama declared New Jersey a disaster area , and announced that he would visit the city .
History of rail transport in the United States
Freight railroads continue to play an important role in the United States ' economy , especially for moving imports and exports using containers , and for shipments of coal and , since 2010 , of oil . According to the British news magazine The Economist , `` They are universally recognized in the industry as the best in the world . '' Productivity rose 172 % between 1981 and 2000 , while rates rose 55 % ( after accounting for inflation ) . Rail 's share of the American freight market rose to 43 % , the highest for any rich country .
History of New York (state)
New York played a pivotal role during the American Revolution and subsequent war . The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies . The Sons of Liberty were active in New York City to challenge British authority . After a major loss at the Battle of Long Island , the Continental Army suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area , leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war . The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans , convincing France to formally ally with them . New York 's constitution was adopted in 1777 , and strongly influenced the United States Constitution . New York City was the national capital at various times between 1785 and 1790 , where the Bill of Rights was drafted . Albany became the permanent state capital in 1797 . In 1787 , New York became the eleventh state to ratify the United States Constitution .
The impact of geography on colonial America
The colonization of the south was greatly affected by the geography of the region . Jamestown Island ( then a peninsula ) itself was chosen for its physical geographic properties . Located inland a ways the peninsula offered protection from European powers as well as the James River ran deep enough in that the colonists could anchor their ships off shore , providing a simple and easy access . Geography often had a role in playing in settlement selection in the south , with most early settlements only extending as far inland as ships or boat could easily travel . The fall line between the piedmont and tidewater region is marked by settlements on where boats could not travel further due to the waterfalls and rapids common in this region .
New Amsterdam
In 1524 , nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch , the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoulême by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano , to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France , former Count of Angoulême . The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen ( English : `` Half Moon '' ) , captained by Henry Hudson in the service of the Dutch Republic , as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau , Prince of Orange , Holland 's stadholder . Hudson named the river the Mauritius River . He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company . Instead , he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial , private missions to the area the following years .
Paterson, New Jersey
In 1791 Alexander Hamilton ( 1755 / 57 -- 1804 ) , first United States Secretary of the Treasury , helped found the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures ( S.U.M. ) , which helped encourage the harnessing of energy from the Great Falls of the Passaic River to secure economic independence from British manufacturers . Paterson , which was founded by the society , became the cradle of the industrial revolution in America . Paterson was named for William Paterson , statesman , signer of the Constitution and Governor of New Jersey who signed the 1792 charter that established the Town of Paterson .
History of Pennsylvania
In 1609 , the Dutch Republic , in the midst of the Dutch Golden Age , commissioned Henry Hudson to explore North America . Shortly thereafter , the Dutch established the colony of New Netherland to profit from the North American fur trade . In 1655 , during the Second Northern War , the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant captured the New Sweden . Although Sweden never again controlled land in the area , several Swedish and Finnish colonists remained , and with their influence came America 's first log cabins .
American Revolutionary War
Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics , however , there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action . Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill . During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia , Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions , which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns . Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign , and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army , have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies .
River Thames
So extensive have the changes to this landscape been that what little evidence there is of man 's presence before the ice came has inevitably shown signs of transportation here by water and reveals nothing specifically local . Likewise , later evidence of occupation , even since the arrival of the Romans , may lie next to the original banks of the Brent but have been buried under centuries of silt .
Delaware River
The Delaware River is named in honor of Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr ( 1577 -- 1618 ) , an English nobleman and the Virginia colony 's first royal governor who defended the colony during the First Anglo - Powhatan War . Lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colony 's council president , John Ratcliffe , and attacked the colony 's fledgling settlements . Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colony 's original settlers at Jamestown from giving up and returning to England and is credited with saving the Virginia colony . The name of barony ( later an earldom ) is pronounced as in the current spelling form `` Delaware '' ( / ˈdɛləwɛər / ( listen ) DEL - ə - wair ) and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre .
Colonial history of the United States
The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans .
History of rail transport in the United States
First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture and finance . Supplemented with the telegraph that added rapid communications , the United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . The railroads at first supplemented , then largely replaced the previous transportation modes of turnpikes and canals , rivers and intracoastal ocean traffic . For highly efficient Northern railroads played a major role in winning the Civil War , while the overburdened Southern lines collapsed in the face of an insurmountable challenge . In the late 19th century pipelines were built for the oil trade , and in the 20th century trucking and aviation emerged .
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
The Middle East has been a region of geopolitical and economic significance to the world far before American involvement in the area . This was largely because the `` Middle East contained or bordered on the land bridges , passageways , and narrows -- the Sinai isthmus , the Caucuses , the Strait of Gibraltar , the Dardanelles , Bab el Mandeb , and the Strait of Hormuz -- and the sheltered seas -- the Mediterranean , the Black Sea , the Caspian Sea , the Red Sea , and the Persian Gulf -- that provided the best routes connecting the different extremities of the vast Eurasian / African continent . '' The value of being a prominent player in the region was therefore obvious to the United States as well as to several other Western powers including Great Britain and France . In addition to its pivotal geographic location in the world , the abundance of oil in the Middle East has probably played the biggest role in issues of foreign policy and international relations . The United States needed Middle Eastern oil and Middle Eastern nations needed Western capital and technology . This mutually beneficial but dependent relationship would forge strong alliances but also be the cause of harsh conflicts .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The importance of the actual content of the papers to U.S. policy - making was disputed , but the window that they provided into the flawed decision - making process at the highest levels of the U.S. government opened the issue for other questions . Their publication was a news event and the government 's legal ( Nixon lost to the Supreme Court ) and extra-legal efforts ( the `` Plumbers '' break - in at the office of Ellsberg 's psychiatrist committed to gain material to discredit him , was one of the first steps on the road to Watergate ) carried out to prevent their publication -- mainly on national security grounds -- then went on to generate yet more criticism and suspicion of the government by the American public .
Paterson, New Jersey
East River Section is a section that is referred to by locals roughly bordering Riverside at 5th Avenue and extending south to Broadway , sandwiched in by Madison Avenue to McClean Boulevard ( Route 20 ) . However , the neighborhood 's layout unofficially extends to the `` Paterson - Newark / Hudson Route '' of River Road in the Paterson - Memorial Park section of Fair Lawn whose house addresses are in alignment with the now defunct Jewish synagogue on the corner of 33rd Street and Broadway , which connects Paterson to Newark / Hudson , and at one time was a main route through River Drive , which starts in Elmwood Park and rides north to south along the East Bank of the Passaic River in Paterson 's original county .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
Since the late 19th century , dredging of river bottom sediments has been done to allow large ships to enter the Fox River . The contaminated sediment has been used since the 1960s to fill local wetlands , causing adverse effects on wildlife and plants . After 1978 it was used to develop an off - shore engineered holding area called Renard Isle , also known as Kidney Island .
History of New York (state)
The Iroquois established dominance over the fur trade throughout their territory , bargaining with European colonists . Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the Iroquoian confederacy . Situated athwart major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement , the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans , which is also to say that the settlers , whether Dutch , French or English , were caught up with the Iroquois as well . Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes ; they typically lived along rivers , streams , or the Atlantic Coast . But , both groups of natives were well - established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems ; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them . The natives had `` a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting , gathering , manufacturing , and farming ... ( and were ) a mosaic of Native American tribes , nations , languages , and political associations . '' The Iroquois usually met at an Onondaga in Northern New York , which changed every century or so , where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The maritime history of the United States is a broad theme within the history of the United States . As an academic subject , it crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines , focusing on understanding the United States ' relationship with the oceans , seas , and major waterways of the globe . The focus is on merchant shipping , and the financing and manning of the ships . A merchant marine owned at home is not essential to an extensive foreign commerce . In fact , it may be cheaper to hire other nations to handle the carrying trade than to participate in it directly . On the other hand , there are certain advantages , particularly during time of war , which may warrant an aggressive government encouragement to the maintenance of a merchant marine .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The result of worsening trade prospects between 1621 and 1663 was declining profitability , leading to reorientation of investment flows during this period . There was now much more investment in infrastructure , like the trekvaarten , an extensive system of canals that formed the basis of a sophisticated public transportation system , based on trekschuiten or horse - drawn boats ( later emulated during the industrial revolution in the British canal system and the Erie Canal in the U.S. ) . This was also a period of major land reclamation projects , the droogmakerijen of inland lakes like Beemster and Schermer that were drained by windmills and converted to polders . In this way appreciable areas of fertile arable land were gained , reversing the trend of the 15th and 16th centuries . Finally , there was a tremendous boom in real estate investment , ranging from the extensions of cities like Amsterdam ( where the famous canal belts were built ) to harbor improvements and fortifications . The total urban population was nearly doubled in the century after 1580 , necessitating a commensurate boom in urban construction , which by 1640 assumed the proportions of a speculative `` bubble '' .
Ship
Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce . They have supported the spread of colonization and the slave trade , but have also served scientific , cultural , and humanitarian needs . After the 15th century , new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world population growth . Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of much pollution of the river . Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923 , but little was done to improve the river until the federal Clean Water Act was passed in 1972 . Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox , but problems still exist . According to some measures of pollution ( e.g. dissolved oxygen , pollution - tolerant worm counts ) , the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972 . However , according to other measures of pollution ( e.g. , phosphorus , estrogenic compounds , discarded pharmaceuticals ) , the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972 . As a result , debate over the river 's contamination continues between environmentalists , the paper industry , Indian tribes , and elected officials at the federal , state , and local levels .
Michigan
The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal connecting the Great Lakes and the Hudson River and New York City . The new route brought a large influx of settlers , who became farmers and merchants and shipped out grain , lumber , and iron ore . By the 1830s , Michigan had 80,000 residents , more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood .
History of New York (state)
New York City increased its already large share of television programming , home to the network news broadcasts , as well as two of the three major cable news networks . The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times became two of the three `` national '' newspapers , read throughout the country . New York also increased its dominance of the financial services industry centered on Wall Street , led by banking expansion , a rising stock market , innovations in investment banking , including junk bond trading and accelerated by the savings and loan crisis that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The St. Croix River Association ( SCRA ) is a watershed - wide non-profit advocating for conservation throughout the watershed . Founded in 1911 as an all - volunteer citizens group , it has evolved into a staffed , mature nonprofit organization and official `` friends group '' of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . Its mission is to protect , restore and celebrate the St. Croix River and its watershed . St
Jay Treaty
Name Present day location Fort au Fer Lake Champlain -- Champlain , New York Fort Dutchman 's Point Lake Champlain -- North Hero , Vermont Fort Lernoult ( including Fort Detroit ) Detroit River -- Detroit , Michigan Fort Mackinac Straits of Mackinac -- Mackinac Island , Michigan Fort Miami Maumee River -- Maumee , Ohio Fort Niagara Niagara River -- Youngstown , New York Fort Ontario Lake Ontario -- Oswego , New York Fort Oswegatchie Saint Lawrence River -- Ogdensburg , New York
New Jersey
New Jersey has long been an important area for both rock and rap music . Some prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey are :
Henry Hudson
In 1608 , English merchants of the East India and Muscovy Companies again sent Hudson in the Hopewell to attempt to locate a passage to the Indies , this time to the east around northern Russia . Leaving London on 22 April , the ship traveled almost 2,500 miles , making it to Novaya Zemlya well above the Arctic Circle in July , but even in the summer they found the ice impenetrable and turned back , arriving at Gravesend on 26 August .
Mississippi River
The Old River Control Structure , between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin , sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30 % of the Mississippi 's flow to the Atchafalaya River . There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi 's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin . If this facility were to fail during a major flood , there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi 's main channel . The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood , but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play . In particular , the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity . These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973 , which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods , such as that of 2011 .
The Bronx
The Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape ( also known historically as the Delawares ) , while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck . It was divided by the Aquahung River .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley is served by two airports with commercial airline service : Westchester County Airport ( HPN ) near White Plains and Stewart International Airport ( SWF ) near Newburgh .
Big Apple
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Dutch East India Company
With regard to the VOC 's importance in global corporate history , Australian journalist Hugh Edwards ( 1970 ) writes , `` The Vereenigde Oost - Indische Compagnie was the most powerful single commercial concern the world has ever known . General Motors , British Tobacco , Ford , The Shell Company , Mitsubishi , Standard Oil -- any of the other giant holdings of today are on the level of village bootmakers compared with the might and power and influence once wielded by the VOC . '' In his book Amsterdam : A History of the World 's Most Liberal City ( 2013 ) , Russell Shorto summarizes the VOC 's greatness : `` Like the oceans it mastered , the VOC had a scope that is hard to fathom . One could craft a defensible argument that no company in history has had such an impact on the world . Its surviving archives -- in Cape Town , Colombo , Chennai , Jakarta , and The Hague -- have been measured ( by a consortium applying for a UNESCO grant to preserve them ) in kilometers . In innumerable ways the VOC both expanded the world and brought its far - flung regions together . It introduced Europe to Asia and Africa , and vice versa ( while its sister multinational , the West India Company , set New York City in motion and colonized Brazil and the Caribbean Islands ) . It pioneered globalization and invented what might be the first modern bureaucracy . It advanced cartography and shipbuilding . It fostered disease , slavery , and exploitation on a scale never before imaged . ''