vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of democracy
The continuations of the early Germanic thing : The Witenagemot ( folkmoot ) of Early Medieval England , councils of advisors to the kings of the petty kingdoms and then that of a unified England before the Norman Conquest . The Frankish custom of the Märzfeld or Camp of Mars . In the Iberian Peninsula , in Portuguese , Leonese , Castillian , Aragonese , Catalan and Valencian customs , cortes were periodically convened to debate the state of the Realms . Tynwald , on the Isle of Man , claims to be one of the oldest continuous parliaments in the world , with roots back to the late 9th or 10th century . The Althing , the parliament of the Icelandic Commonwealth , founded in 930 . It consisted of the 39 , later 55 , goðar ; each owner of a goðarð ; and each hereditary goði kept a tight hold on his membership , which could in principle be lent or sold . Thus , for example , when Burnt Njal 's stepson wanted to enter it , Njal had to persuade the Althing to enlarge itself so a seat would become available . But as each independent farmer in the country could choose what goði represented him , the system could be claimed as an early form of democracy . The Alþing has run nearly continuously to the present day . The Althing was preceded by less elaborate `` things '' ( assemblies ) all over Northern Europe . The Thing of all Swedes , which took place annually at Uppsala at the end of February or in early March . As in Iceland , the lawspeaker presided over the assemblies , but the Swedish king functioned as a judge . A famous incident took place circa 1018 , when King Olof Skötkonung wanted to pursue the war against Norway against the will of the people . Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker reminded the king in a long speech that the power resided with the Swedish people and not with the king . When the king heard the din of swords beating the shields in support of Þorgnýr 's speech , he gave in . Adam of Bremen wrote that the people used to obey the king only when they thought his suggestions seemed better , although in war his power was absolute . The Swiss Landsgemeinde .
Theatre of China
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Musical theatre
Hong Kong 's first modern musical , produced in both Cantonese and Mandarin , is Snow. Wolf. Lake ( 1997 ) . Beginning with a 2002 tour of Les Misérables , numerous Western musicals have been imported to mainland China and staged in English . Attempts at localizing Western productions in China began in 2008 when Fame was produced in Mandarin with a full Chinese cast at the Central Academy of Drama in Beijing . Since then , other western productions have been staged in China in Mandarin with a Chinese cast . The first Chinese production in the style of Western musical theatre was The Gold Sand in 2005 . In addition , Li Dun , a well - known Chinese producer , produced Butterflies , based on a classic Chinese love tragedy , in 2007 as well as Love U Teresa in 2011 .
Theatre of China
Xiangsheng is a certain traditional Chinese comedic performance in the forms of monologue or dialogue or naralouge or salalouge or cococlouge .
Theatre of China
During the Dynasty of Empress Ping , shadow puppetry first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China . There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry , Pekingese ( northern ) and Cantonese ( southern ) . The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the puppets , as opposed to the type of play performed by the puppets . Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy , rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for nazi propaganda . Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two . They were built using thick leather which created more substantial shadows . Symbolic color was also very prevalent ; a black face represented honesty , a red one bravery . The rods used to control Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the puppets ' heads . Thus , they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created . Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller . They were created out of thin , translucent leather ( usually taken from the belly of a peacock ) . They were painted with vibrant paints , thus they cast a very colorful shadow . The thin rods which controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet . The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet then turned at a ninety degree angle to connect to the neck . While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast , they laid outside the shadow of the puppet ; thus they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure . The rods attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body . When the heads were not being used , they were stored in a muslin book or fabric lined box . The heads were always removed at night . This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact , the puppets would come to life at night . Some puppequeers went so far as to store the heads in one book and the bodies in another , to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets . Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the seventh century before becoming a tool of the government .
Chinese Buddhism
A number of popular accounts in historical Chinese literature have led to the popularity of certain legends regarding the introduction of Buddhism into China . According to the most popular one , Emperor Ming of Han ( 28 -- 75 CE ) precipitated the introduction of Buddhist teachings into China . The ( early 3rd to early 5th century ) Mouzi Lihuolun first records this legend :
Theatre of China
Chinese performers usually clap with the audience at the end of a performance ; the return applause signals `` thank you '' to the audience .
Jai alai
Jai alai is a popular sport within the Latin American countries and the Philippines from its Hispanic influence . It was one of the two gambling sports from Europe , the other being horse racing , in the semi-colonial Chinese cities of Shanghai and Tianjin , and was shut down after the communist victory there . The jai alai arena in Tianjin 's former Italian Concession was then confiscated and turned into a recreation center for the city 's working class .
Pillow
Chinese pillows were traditionally solid , though sometimes used with a softer fabric over them . Over many Chinese dynasties , pillows were made from a wide range of materials including bamboo , jade , porcelain , wood , and bronze . Ceramic pillows became the most popular . The use of the ceramic pillow first appeared in the Sui Dynasty between 581 and 618 while mass production appeared in the Tang Dynasty between 618 and 907 . The Chinese decorated their pillows by making them different shapes and by painting pictures of animals , humans , and plants on them . One common type of pottery used was Cizhou ware . Chinese ceramic pillows reached their peak in terms of production and use during the Song , Jin , and Yuan dynasties between the 10th and 14th century , but slowly phased out during the Ming and Qing dynasties between 1368 and 1911 with the emergence of better pillow making materials .
The Jungle Book (2016 film)
In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there .
Chinese marriage
In recent years , Confucian wedding rituals have become popular among Chinese couples . In such ceremonies , which are a recent innovation with no historic antecedent , the bride and groom bow and pay respects to a large portrait of Confucius hanging in the banquet hall while wedding attendants and the couple themselves are dressed in traditional Chinese robes .
Forbidden City
The Forbidden City ( 1918 ) , a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American . The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) , a biographical film about Puyi , was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People 's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City . Forbidden City Cop ( 1996 ) a Hong Kong wuxia comedy film about an imperial secret agent Marco Polo a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s , was filmed inside the Forbidden City . Note , however , that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty , when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan . The 2003 real - time strategy game Rise of Nations depicts the Forbidden City as one of the great wonders of the world ; in terms of game mechanics , it functions identically to a major city and provides additional resources to the player .
Marco Polo (game)
In modern times , Marco Polo has been played worldwide . Various regions have their own versions of the game , with names such as Mermaid on the Rocks and Alligator . The term `` marco polo game '' is sometimes used to describe an online game where a similar call - and - response system of gameplay is adopted .
Forbidden City
Jade has a unique place in Chinese culture . The Museum 's collection , mostly derived from the imperial collection , includes some 30,000 pieces . The pre-Yuan dynasty part of the collection includes several pieces famed throughout history , as well as artefacts from more recent archaeological discoveries . The earliest pieces date from the Neolithic period . Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty pieces , on the other hand , include both items for palace use , as well as tribute items from around the Empire and beyond .
Qing dynasty
By early Qing , the romanticized courtesan culture that had been much more popular in the late - Ming with men who had sought after a model of a refinement and literacy that was missing from their marriage partners had mostly disappeared . Such a decline was the result of the Qing 's reinforced defense of fundamental Confucian family values as well as an attempt to put a stop to the cultural revolution that was happening at the time . The court thus began to rain down heavily on such practices as prostitution , pornography , rape , and homosexuality . However , by the time of the Qianlong emperor , red light districts had once again become capitals of tasteful and trending courtesanship . In economically diverse port cities such as Tianjin , Chongqing , and Hankou , the sex trade became a large business , which helped supply a fine hierarchy of prostitutes to all classes of men . Shanghai , which had been rapidly growing in the late nineteenth century , became a city where prostitutes of different ranks whom male patrons fawned over and gossiped about , as some became recognized as national entities of femininity .
Hōryū-ji
The origin of the style is still controversial and has no consensus . From the South dynasty ( Kobayashi , Mochizuki etc . ) , from Northern Qi , Northern Zhou or Sui dynasty ( Ueno , Machida etc . ) are all possibilities . The scantiness of surviving Chinese Buddhist sculptures makes it difficult .
Wicked (musical)
After its stop in Bradford , the tour moved to Asia , first playing at the Grand Theater in Singapore . It then moved to the Lyric Theatre ( HK Academy of Performing Arts ) in Hong Kong , marking the first ever professional production of Wicked in Hong Kong . It is currently playing in Manila at The Theatre Solaire , marking Manila 's first professional production of Wicked .
Written Chinese
Chinese is one of the oldest continually used writing systems still in use . The earliest generally accepted examples of Chinese writing date back to the reign of the Shang Dynasty king Wu Ding ( 1250 -- 1192 BC ) . These were divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones , primarily ox scapulae and turtle shells . Characters were carved on the bones in order to frame a question ; the bones were then heated over a fire and the resulting cracks were interpreted to determine the answer . Such characters are called 甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén `` shell - bone script '' or oracle bone script .
Zootopia
In China , where it was locally known as Crazy Animal City ( 疯狂 动物 城 ) , the film exceeded expectations and was considered Hollywood 's biggest breakout success in China since 2015 's Jurassic World made $229 million . It had an opening day of $3.4 million on its way to $23.6 million for its three - day opening weekend , debuting in second place and scoring the biggest non-sequel animated opening , as well as the second biggest three - day opening and IMAX opening for an animated film , behind Kung Fu Panda 3 . In its ninth day of release ( a Saturday ) , it recorded the biggest single - day gross ever for an animated film , with $25 million ( compared to $10.6 million on its first Saturday ) , and passed the lifetime total of Big Hero 6 to become the highest - grossing Disney animated film in China . In its second weekend , it grossed $60 million , an enormous increase of 139 % from its previous weekend , and crossed the $100 million mark to become the third animated film in China to do so , after Kung Fu Panda 3 and Monkey King : Hero Is Back . This also marked the single best weekend for an animated film . In mid-March , the combined total of Kung Fu Panda 3 and Zootopia alone broke 2014 's record of $286 million in box office grosses for American animated features in China . In its third weekend , it grossed $40 million for a total of $175 million , making it the highest - grossing animated film of all time in China . On March 27 , its seventeenth day of release , it passed the $200 million mark , becoming the first animated film , the second Disney film , and the sixth Hollywood film overall to pass that milestone . It became the highest - grossing animated film of all time and the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , behind only The Mermaid .
George Takei
Takei serves as chair of the Council of Governors of East West Players , considered the foremost Asian Pacific American theater in the United States . Takei
Written Chinese
Regular script is considered the archetype for Chinese writing , and forms the basis for most printed forms . In addition , regular script imposes a stroke order , which must be followed in order for the characters to be written correctly . ( Strictly speaking , this stroke order applies to the clerical , running , and grass scripts as well , but especially in the running and grass scripts , this order is occasionally deviated from . ) Thus , for instance , the character 木 mù `` wood '' must be written starting with the horizontal stroke , drawn from left to right ; next , the vertical stroke , from top to bottom ; next , the left diagonal stroke , from top to bottom ; and lastly the right diagonal stroke , from top to bottom .
Zootopia
Zootopia 's largest markets overseas are China ( $235.6 million ) , followed by Japan ( $70.1 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $39.2 million ) , Germany ( $34.2 million ) , the UK ( $34.2 million ) , France ( $31.9 million ) , and South Korea ( $31.6 million ) . In China , it is the highest - grossing Disney film in local currency ( ¥ 1.530 billion ) , surpassing Avengers : Age of Ultron ( ¥ 1.464 billion ) , as well as the seventh highest - grossing film of all time . In Russia , it is the second highest - grossing film of all time in local currency ( ₽ 2.3 billion ) , behind only Avatar ( ₽ 3.6 billion ) . It topped the Russian and German box office for three weekends , and the Chinese and Korean box office for two weekends .
Wicked (musical)
Mexico City Teatro Telcel October 17 , 2013 January 18 , 2015 First Spanish - language replica production . Seoul Charlotte Theater November 22 , 2013 October 5 , 2014 First Korean - language replica production São Paulo Teatro Renault March 4 , 2016 December 18 , 2016 First Portuguese - language , first South American replica production ; holds the record for largest stage ever used by a production of Wicked . Sapporo Hokkaido Shiki Theatre May 3 , 2016 Currently running Daegu Keimyung Arts Center May 18 , 2016 June 19 , 2016 First Korean - language revival production Cast transferred to Seoul Seoul Opera Theater at Seoul Arts Center July 12 , 2016 August 28 , 2016 First Korean - language revival production International Tour The Alhambra Theatre , Bradford Grand Theater , Singapore Lyric Theatre ( HKAPA ) , Hong Kong The Theatre at Solaire , Manila Shanghai Cultural Square , Shanghai Tianqiao Performing Arts Center , Beijing Guangzhou Opera House , Guangzhou Zorlu Performans Sanatları Merkezi , Istanbul Theater 11 , Zurich July 13 , 2016 December 31 , 2017 English - language production
Qing dynasty
During the Ming - Qing period ( 1368 -- 1911 ) the biggest development in the Chinese economy was its transition from a command to a market economy , the latter becoming increasingly more pervasive throughout the Qing 's rule . From roughly 1550 to 1800 China proper experienced a second commercial revolution , developing naturally from the first commercial revolution of the Song period which saw the emergence of long - distance inter-regional trade of luxury goods . During the second commercial revolution , for the first time , a large percentage of farming households began producing crops for sale in the local and national markets rather than for their own consumption or barter in the traditional economy . Surplus crops were placed onto the national market for sale , integrating farmers into the commercial economy from the ground up . This naturally led to regions specializing in certain cash - crops for export as China 's economy became increasingly reliant on inter-regional trade of bulk staple goods such as cotton , grain , beans , vegetable oils , forest products , animal products , and fertilizer . Xián
Titanic (1997 film)
Titanic was the first foreign - language film to succeed in India , which has the largest movie - going audience in the world . A 2012 Hindustan Times report attributes this to the film 's similarities and shared themes with most Bollywood films . Initial
East China Sea
The sea is called the East Sea in Chinese ( 東海 ; Dōng Hǎi ) , being one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature . There are three other seas , one for each of the four cardinal directions .
End of the Han dynasty
Conflicts at the end of the Han dynasty Yellow Turbans Liang Province Dong Zhuo ( Xingyang ) Yangcheng Jieqiao Xiangyang Fengqiu Xu Province Yan Province Jiangdong Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu Xiapi Yijing Yuan Shu Guandu Bowang Xiakou Northern China ( Liyang * Ye * Nanpi * White Wolf Mtn . ) Jiangxia Red Cliffs Northwest China ( Tong Pass * Jicheng * Lucheng * Qi Mtns . * Yangping ) Ruxu ( 213 ) Yi Province Hanzhong Xiaoyao Ford Ruxu ( 217 ) Fancheng Jing Province Three Kingdoms → Main
Silk Road
A maritime Silk Route opened up between Chinese - controlled Giao Chỉ ( centred in modern Vietnam , near Hanoi ) , probably by the 1st century . It extended , via ports on the coasts of India and Sri Lanka , all the way to Roman - controlled ports in Roman Egypt and the Nabataean territories on the northeastern coast of the Red Sea . The earliest Roman glassware bowl found in China was unearthed from a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BCE , indicating that Roman commercial items were being imported through the South China Sea . According to Chinese dynastic histories , it is from this region that the Roman embassies arrived in China , beginning in 166 CE during the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Emperor Huan of Han . Other Roman glasswares have been found in Eastern - Han - era tombs ( 25 -- 220 CE ) more further inland in Nanjing and Luoyang . P.O. Harper asserts that a 2nd or 3rd - century Roman gilt silver plate found in Jingyuan , Gansu , China with a central image of the Greco - Roman god Dionysus resting on a feline creature , most likely came via Greater Iran ( i.e. Sogdiana ) . Valerie Hansen ( 2012 ) believed that earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century , during Late Antiquity and the Dominate period , and come from the Byzantine Empire . However , Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) highlights the recent discovery of sixteen Principate - era Roman coins found in Xi'an ( formerly Chang'an , one of the two Han capitals ) that were minted during the reigns of Roman emperors spanning from Tiberius to Aurelian ( i.e. 1st to 3rd centuries CE ) . It is true that these coins were found in China , but they were deposited there in the twentieth century , not in ancient times , and therefore they do not shed light on historic contacts between China and Rome . Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and quite possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in southern Vietnam , which was then part of the Kingdom of Funan bordering the Chinese province of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam .
Musical theatre
Other countries with an especially active musicals scene include the Netherlands , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Mexico , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , and Turkey .
Written Chinese
In contrast to the popular conception of Chinese as a primarily pictographic or ideographic language , the vast majority of Chinese characters ( about 95 % of the characters in the Shuowen Jiezi ) are constructed as either logical aggregates or , more often , phonetic complexes . In fact , some phonetic complexes were originally simple pictographs that were later augmented by the addition of a semantic root . An example is 炷 zhù `` candle '' ( now archaic , meaning `` lampwick '' ) , which was originally a pictograph 主 , a character that is now pronounced zhǔ and means `` host '' , or The character 火 huǒ `` fire '' was added to indicate that the meaning is fire - related .
The Revenant (2015 film)
The Revenant premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre on December 16 , 2015 , and had a limited release on December 25 , expanding on January 8 , 2016 . It received positive reviews from critics , with the performances , direction and cinematography receiving particular praise , and won three Golden Globe Awards and five BAFTA Awards . At the 88th Academy Awards , the film received 12 nominations , including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor for Hardy , with Iñárritu , DiCaprio and Emmanuel Lubezki winning the awards for Best Director , Best Actor and Best Cinematography , respectively . DiCaprio also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor .