vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Delaware River
The West Branch rises in Schoharie County , New York at 1,886 feet ( 575 m ) above sea level , near Mount Jefferson , and flows tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough . The branch flows generally southwest , entering Delaware County and flowing through the towns of Stamford and Delhi . In southwestern Delaware County it flows in an increasingly winding course through the mountains , generally southwest . At Stilesville the West Branch was impounded in the 1960s to form the Cannonsville Reservoir , the westernmost of the reservoirs in the New York City water system . It is the most recently constructed New York City reservoir and began serving the city in 1964 . Draining a large watershed of 455 square miles ( 1,180 km ) , the reservoir 's capacity is 95.7 billion US gallons ( 362,000,000 m ) . This water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the 44 - mile ( 71 km ) West Delaware Tunnel in Tompkins , New York . Then it flows through the aqueduct into the Rondout Reservoir , where the water enters the 85 miles ( 137 km ) Delaware Aqueduct , that contributes to roughly 50 % of the city 's drinking water supply . At Deposit , on the border between Broome and Delaware counties , it turns sharply to the southeast and is paralleled by New York State Route 17 . It joins the East Branch at 880 feet ( 270 m ) above sea level at Hancock to form the Delaware .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States . The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada . It is the second - largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third - largest by surface area , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow , open - water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron , and the combined body of water is sometimes called Michigan -- Huron ( also Huron -- Michigan ) . The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route . Located on the southern side of the Straits is the town of Mackinaw City , Michigan , the site of Fort Michilimackinac , a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715 , and on the northern side is St. Ignace , Michigan , site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians , founded in 1671 . In 1673 , Jacques Marquette , Louis Joliet and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River , nearly to its headwaters , in their search for the Mississippi River , cf . Fox -- Wisconsin Waterway . The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island , a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center , founded in 1781 .
Great Lakes region
The escarpment begins where its determining limestone / dolostone begins , in west - central New York . There , it separates the lowlands that contain Lake Ontario from Lake Erie . It curves to the northwest through the Ontario province to the island belt that divides the Georgian Bay from Lake Huron . From there , it heads westward through the land - arm between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan and southwestward into the narrow points dividing Green Bay from Lake Michigan . Finally , it fades away with the thinning out of the limestone and is hardly traceable across the Mississippi River .
Delaware River
Both the East Branch and West Branch of the Delaware River parallel each other , both flowing in a southwesterly direction .
Ojibwe
The Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) were part of a long - term alliance with the Anishinaabe Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples , called the Council of Three Fires . They fought against the Iroquois Confederacy , based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present - day New York , and the Sioux to the west . The Ojibwe expanded eastward , taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay .
Mississippi River
The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin . Ralph Samuelson of Lake City , Minnesota , created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922 . He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year .
Mississippi River
The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo - zaaga'igan ( Elk Lake ) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo - ziibi ( Elk River ) . After flowing into Lake Bemidji , the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag - ziibi ( River from the Traversing Lake ) . After flowing into Cass Lake , the name of the river changes to Gaa - miskwaawaakokaag - ziibi ( Red Cedar River ) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish - ziibi ( Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River ) , Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River , then finally as Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River . After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft , the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi - ziibi was named `` Mississippi River '' . The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians , known as the Gichi - ziibiwininiwag , are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi - ziibi . The Cheyenne , one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River , called it the Máʼxe - éʼometaaʼe ( Big Greasy River ) in the Cheyenne language . The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe . The Pawnee name is Kickaátit .
Great Salt Lake
The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity ( far saltier than seawater ) and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Due to the high density resulting from its mineral content , swimming in the Great Salt Lake is similar to floating . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake - effect snows from late fall through spring .
Great Salt Lake
Willard Bay , also known as Willard Bay Reservoir or Arthur V. Watkins Reservoir is a fresh water reservoir , completed in 1964 , which separated , drained , and subsequently filled with fresh water from the Weber River , a portion of the Great Salt Lake 's northeastern arm .
Monongahela River
In 1817 , the Pennsylvania legislature authorized the Monongahela Navigation Company to build 16 dams with bypass locks to create a river transportation system between Pittsburgh and the area that would later become West Virginia . Originally planned to run as far south as the Cheat River , the system was extended to Fairmont , and bituminous coal from West Virginia was the chief product transported downstream . After a canal tunnel through Grant 's Hill in Pittsburgh was completed in 1832 , boats could travel between the Monongahela River and the Western Division Canal of Pennsylvania 's principal east - west canal and railroad system , the Main Line of Public Works . In 1897 , the federal government took possession of the Monongahela Navigation through condemnation proceedings . Later , the dam - lock combinations were increased in size and reduced in number . In 2006 , the navigation system , operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , had nine dam - locks along 128.7 miles ( 207.1 km ) of waterway . The locks overcame a change in elevation of about 147 feet ( 44.8 m ) .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word `` Michigan '' originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi - gami meaning `` great water '' .
Great Lakes
The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th - century canals . By the 1960s , the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Erie . Periodic mass dieoffs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore ; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan 's biomass , which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s , as high as 90 % . In the late 1960s , the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids , including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon ; by the 1980s , alewife populations had dropped drastically . The ruffe , a small percid fish from Eurasia , became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior 's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986 . Its range , which has expanded to Lake Huron , poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery . Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River , the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes . The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons : it preys upon bottom - feeding fish , overruns optimal habitat , spawns multiple times a season , and can survive poor water quality conditions .
War of 1812
In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers .
Hoover Dam
Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the United States by volume ( when it is full ) . The dam is located near Boulder City , Nevada , a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project , about 30 mi ( 48 km ) southeast of Las Vegas , Nevada . The dam 's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada , Arizona , and California . Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction ; nearly a million people tour the dam each year . The heavily traveled U.S. Route 93 ( US 93 ) ran along the dam 's crest until October 2010 , when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened .
Salt Lake City
Before Mormon settlement , the Shoshone , Ute , and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years . At the time of Salt Lake City 's founding , the valley was within the territory of the Northwestern Shoshone ; however , occupation was seasonal , near streams emptying from canyons into the Salt Lake Valley . One of the local Shoshone tribes , the Western Goshute tribe , referred to the Great Salt Lake as Pi'a - pa , meaning `` big water '' , or Ti'tsa - pa , meaning `` bad water '' . The land was treated by the United States as public domain ; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone was ever recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States . The first U.S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825 , although others had been in Utah earlier , some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley ( the Dominguez - Escalante expedition of 1776 were undoubtedly aware of Salt Lake Valley 's existence ) . U.S. Army officer John C. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845 . The Donner Party , a group of ill - fated pioneers , had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846 . Salt
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The Fox River flows from north to south in its first section . The Upper Fox River begins as a small stream northeast of Pardeeville . It flows southwest towards Portage and comes within 2 miles ( 3 km ) of the Wisconsin River before turning north . After flowing past Montello , the river goes northeast until reaching Lake Butte des Morts . Here it is joined by the tributary Wolf River before entering the west side of Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh . The Upper Fox flows for a total of 142 miles ( 229 km ) .
Ojibwe
As the people continued to migrate westward , the `` northern branch '' divided into a `` westerly group '' and a `` southerly group '' . The `` southern branch '' and the `` southerly group '' of the `` northern branch '' came together at their `` sixth stopping place '' on Spirit Island ( 46 ° 41 ′ 15 '' N 092 ° 11 ′ 21 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 46.68750 ° N 92.18917 ° W ﻿ / 46.68750 ; - 92.18917 ) located in the Saint Louis River estuary at the western end of Lake Superior . ( This has since been developed as the present - day Duluth / Superior cities . ) The people were directed in a vision by the miigis being to go to the `` place where there is food ( i.e. , wild rice ) upon the waters . '' Their second major settlement , referred to as their `` seventh stopping place '' , was at Shaugawaumikong ( or Zhaagawaamikong , French , Chequamegon ) on the southern shore of Lake Superior , near the present La Pointe , Wisconsin .
Great Lakes
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins , they form a single , naturally interconnected body of fresh water , within the Great Lakes Basin . The lakes form a chain connecting the east - central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean . From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River , water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan , southward to Erie , and finally northward to Lake Ontario . The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers , and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands . There are also several thousand smaller lakes , often called `` inland lakes , '' within the basin . The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom , while the surface area of the entire basin ( the lakes and the land they drain ) is about the size of the UK and France combined . Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States ; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada . The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes : Ontario does not border Lake Michigan , and Michigan does not border Lake Ontario . New York and Wisconsin 's jurisdictions extend into two lakes , and the remaining states into one of the lakes .
Great Salt Lake
The Great Salt Lake is fed by three major rivers and several minor streams . The three major rivers are each fed directly or indirectly from the Uinta Mountain range in northeastern Utah . The Bear River starts on the north slope of the Uintas and flows north past Bear Lake , into which some of Bear River 's waters have been diverted via a man - made canal into the lake , but later empty back into the river by means of the Bear Lake Outlet . The river then turns south in southern Idaho and eventually flows into the northeast arm of the Great Salt Lake . The Weber River also starts on the north slope of the Uinta Mountains and flows into the east edge of the lake . The Jordan River does not receive its water directly from the Uintas , rather it flows from freshwater Utah Lake , which itself is fed primarily by the Provo River ; the Provo River does originate in the Uintas , a few miles from the Weber and Bear . The Jordan flows from the north part of Utah Lake into the southeast corner of the Great Salt Lake .
Lake of the Ozarks
The reservoir is impounded at its northeastern end by Bagnell Dam , and the Osage River is both its primary inflow and outflow . Long and winding in shape , the lake consists of the main , 93 - mile - long ( 150 km ) Osage River channel as well as several arms , each fed by a different tributary . The southwestern arm is fed by the Niangua and Little Niangua Rivers , the southeastern arm by Grandglaize Creek , and the northern arm by several streams including Gravois Creek , Indian Creek , and Little Gravois Creek . Many smaller tributaries also drain into the lake , creating numerous small coves and indentations in its shore . As a result , the lake has approximately 1,150 miles ( 1,850 km ) of shoreline .
French and Indian War
Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support .
Rocky Mountains
By the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , which established the 49th parallel north as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods to the `` Stony Mountains '' ; the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as `` joint occupancy '' of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean . Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues , the Oregon dispute , was deferred until a later time .
Great Lakes region
During the American Revolution , the region was contested between Britain and rebellious American colonies . Hoping for favorable claims of territorial control in an eventual peace treaty with Britain , American adventurers led by Kentucky militia leader George Rogers Clark briefly occupied village settlements , including Cahokia , Kaskaskia and Vincennes unopposed , with passive support from Francophone inhabitants . In the Peace of Paris ( 1784 ) Britain ceded what became known as The Northwest Territory , the area bounded by Great Lakes , Mississippi and Ohio rivers , and the eastern colonies of New York and Pennsylvania , to the fledgling United States . Britain , which may have entertained ambitions to repossess the area if America failed to govern it , retained control over its forts and licensed fur trade for fifteen years .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes ( French : les Grands - Lacs ) , also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America , are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America , on the Canada -- United States border , which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River . Consisting of Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron ( or Michigan -- Huron ) , Erie , and Ontario , they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area , and second largest by total volume containing 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water by volume . The total surface is 94,250 square miles ( 244,106 km ) , and the total volume ( measured at the low water datum ) is 5,439 cubic miles ( 22,671 km ) . Due to their sea - like characteristics ( rolling waves , sustained winds , strong currents , great depths , and distant horizons ) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas . Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area , and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country . The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The Fox River is a river in the north central United States , in eastern Wisconsin . Along the banks is a chain of cities and villages , including Oshkosh , Neenah , Menasha , Appleton , Little Chute , Kimberly , Combined Locks , and Kaukauna . Except for Oshkosh , located on the Upper Fox River near Lake Winnebago , these cities and villages identify as the Fox Cities . Further north along the Lower Fox River , from its outlet from Lake Winnebago and before its mouth at Lake Michigan , are the cities of De Pere and Green Bay ( located at the lake ) , and the villages of Ashwaubenon and Allouez ; although they are in the Fox River Valley , this grouping of cities and villages does not refer to themselves as Fox Cities .
Ojibwe
Continuing their westward expansion , the Ojibwe divided into the `` northern branch '' , following the north shore of Lake Superior , and the `` southern branch '' , along its south shore .
Ojibwe
The `` westerly group '' of the `` northern branch '' migrated along the Rainy River , Red River of the North , and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the Pacific Northwest . Along their migration to the west , they came across many miigis , or cowry shells , as told in the prophecy .
Ojibwe
Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission , which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior - Lake Michigan areas . The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas . Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the 1854 Treaty Authority , which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Arrowhead Region . In Michigan , the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting , fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste . Marie , and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron . In Canada , the Grand Council of Treaty No. 3 manages the Treaty 3 hunting and fishing rights related to the area around Lake of the Woods .
John C. Calhoun
Lake Calhoun , a lake of the Chain of Lakes in Minneapolis , was named after Calhoun by surveyors sent by Calhoun during his tenure as Secretary of War to map the area around Fort Snelling in 1817 . On May 4 , 2017 , it was renamed Lake Bde Maka Ska by a vote of the Minneapolis Park Board , pending approval by the Minnesota Department Of Natural Resources and the U.S. Board Of Geographic Names . Bde Maka Ska in the Dakota language means White Banks Lake . The Confederate government honored Calhoun on a one - cent postage stamp , which was printed in 1862 but was never officially released .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is home to a wide variety of fish species and other organisms . It was originally home to lake whitefish , lake trout , yellow perch , panfish , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass and bowfin , as well as some species of catfish . As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1919 , an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting , there has been a decline in native lake trout populations , ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species , the alewife . As a result , salmonids , including various strains of brown trout , steelhead ( rainbow trout ) , coho and chinook salmon , were introduced as predators in order to decrease the alewife population . This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded , resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species . Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead , brown trout , and coho and chinook salmon , which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries . However , several introduced invasive species , such as lampreys , round goby , zebra mussels and quagga mussels , continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility , resulting in knock - on changes to Lake Michigan 's ecosystem , threatening the vitality of native fish populations .