vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Constitution of India
The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment .
India
India is the world 's most populous democracy . A parliamentary republic with a multi-party system , it has seven recognised national parties , including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , and more than 40 regional parties . The Congress is considered centre - left in Indian political culture , and the BJP right - wing . For most of the period between 1950 -- when India first became a republic -- and the late 1980s , the Congress held a majority in the parliament . Since then , however , it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP , as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at the centre .
Partition of India
Many Sikhs and Hindu Punjabis came from West Punjab and settled in East Punjab ( which then also included Haryana and Himachal Pradesh ) and Delhi . Hindus fleeing from East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) settled across Eastern India and Northeastern India , many ending up in neighbouring Indian states such as West Bengal , Assam , and Tripura . Some migrants were sent to the Andaman islands where Bengalis today form the largest linguistic group .
Education in India
However , due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will , this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios , shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training . Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India . As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India . Education has also been made free for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 .
India
The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE . In the following millennium , the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed . Social stratification , based on caste , emerged in the first millennium BCE , and Buddhism and Jainism arose . Early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires ; the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia . In the medieval era , Judaism , Zoroastrianism , Christianity , and Islam arrived , and Sikhism emerged , all adding to the region 's diverse culture . Much of the north fell to the Delhi Sultanate ; the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire . The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal Empire . In the mid-18th century , the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule , and in the mid-19th under British crown rule . A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century , which later , under Mahatma Gandhi , was noted for nonviolent resistance and led to India 's independence in 1947 .
Kargil War
Before the Partition of India in 1947 , Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh , a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic , ethnic and religious groups , living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world 's highest mountains . The First Kashmir War ( 1947 -- 48 ) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district , with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . After Pakistan 's defeat in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary .
Independence Day (India)
As early as three years after independence , the Naga National Council called for a boycott of Independence Day in northeast India . Separatist protests in this region intensified in the 1980s ; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by insurgent organisations such as the United Liberation Front of Assam and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland , marred celebrations . With increasing insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir from the late 1980s , separatist protesters boycotted Independence Day there with bandh ( strikes ) , use of black flags and by flag burning . Terrorist outfits such as Lashkar - e-Taiba , the Hizbul Mujahideen and the Jaish - e-Mohammed have issued threats , and have carried out attacks around Independence Day . Boycotting of the celebration has also been advocated by insurgent Maoist rebel organisations .
History of India
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period , when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago . The first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh , India .
Sundarbans
The Sundarbans has a population of over 4 million but much of it is mostly free of permanent human habitation . Despite human habitations and a century of economic exploitation of the forest well into the late 1940s , the Sundarbans retained a forest closure of about 70 % according to the Overseas Development Administration ( ODA ) of the United Kingdom in 1979 .
Allies of World War II
At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war it suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Iraq
Treaty of Versailles
On 13 January 1935 , 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations , a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area . 528,105 votes were cast , with 477,119 votes ( 90 per cent of the ballot ) in favour of union with Germany ; 46,613 votes were cast for the status quo , and 2,124 votes for union with France . The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935 . When the result was announced 4,100 people , including 800 refugees from Germany fled to France .
Economy of India
The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration .
History of India
Before his struggle began Jaipal had raised a large army of Punjabi Hindus . When Jaipal went to the Punjab region , his army was raised to 100,000 horsemen and an innumerable host of foot soldiers . According to Ferishta :
Swadeshi movement
The positive element of economic swadeshi was the regeneration of indigenous goods and panni , maadu , naai and paai . The boycott of foreign goods led to the increase in demand of indigenous goods especially clothes which felt short of supply . The mill - owners of Bombay and Ahmadabad came to its rescue . The Boycott movement in Bengal supplied a momentum and driving force to the cotton mills in India and the opportunity thus presented was exploited by the mill - owners . It was complained at that time that the Bombay mill - owners made a huge profit at the expense of what they regarded as ' Bengali Sentimentalism ' , for buying indigenous cloth at any sacrifice .
Partition of India
In March 1940 , in the League 's annual three - day session in Lahore , Jinnah gave a two - hour speech in English , in which were laid out the arguments of the Two - nation theory , stating , in the words of historians Talbot and Singh , that `` Muslims and Hindus ... were irreconcilably opposed monolithic religious communities and as such no settlement could be imposed that did not satisfy the aspirations of the former . '' On the last day of its session , the League passed , what came to be known as the Lahore Resolution , sometimes also `` Pakistan Resolution '' , demanding that `` the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North - Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign . '' Though it had been founded more than three decades earlier , the League would gather support among South Asian Muslims only during the Second World War .
All-India Muslim League
Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims . The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s , especially after the Lahore Resolution . Under Jinnah 's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook .
Partition of India
Even after the 1951 Census many Muslim families from India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s . According to historian Omar Khalidi the Indian Muslim migration to West Pakistan between December 1947 and December 1971 was from U.P. , Delhi , Gujarat , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu and Kerala . The next stage of migration , which lasted between 1973 and the 1990s , was when the migration of Indian Muslims to Pakistan was reduced to its lowest levels since 1947 . The primary destination for these migrants was Karachi and other urban centers in Sindh .
Economy of India under the British Raj
The Indian economy under the British Raj describes the economy of India during the years of the British Raj , from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the Indian economy essentially remained stagnant , growing at the same rate ( 1.2 % ) as the population . India experienced deindustrialization during this period . Compared to the Mughal Era , India during the British colonial era had a lower per - capita income , a large decline in the secondary sector , and lower levels of urbanisation . India 's share of the world economy and share of global industrial output declined significantly during British rule from 28 % to 2 % .
Economy of India under the British Raj
The Indian economy grew at about 1 % per year from 1880 to 1920 , and the population also grew at 1 % . The result was , on average , no long - term change in income levels . Agriculture was still dominant , with most peasants at the subsistence level . Extensive irrigation systems were built , providing an impetus for growing cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry , especially jute , cotton , sugarcane , coffee and tea . Agricultural income imparted the strongest effect on GDP . Agriculture grew by expanding the land frontier between 1860 and 1914 ; this became more difficult after 1914 .
Economy of India
Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods .
Economy of India
India started recovery in 2013 -- 14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4 % from the previous year 's 5.5 % . The acceleration continued through 2014 - 15 and 2015 -- 16 with growth rates of 7.5 % and 8.0 % respectively . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . However the growth rate subsequently decelerated , to 7.1 % and 6.6 % in 2016 - 17 and 2017 - 18 respectively , partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation and the Goods and Services Tax ( India ) .
India
According to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Indian economy in 2017 was nominally worth US $2.611 trillion ; it is the sixth - largest economy by market exchange rates , and is , at US $9.459 trillion , the third - largest by purchasing power parity , or PPP . With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8 % over the past two decades , and reaching 6.1 % during 2011 -- 12 , India is one of the world 's fastest - growing economies . However , the country ranks 140th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP . Until 1991 , all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics . Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world . An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy ; since then it has slowly moved towards a free - market system by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows . India has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995 .
Economy of India
The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies .
Economy of India
In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents .
History of India
From 1 CE to 1000 CE , the Indian population and economy were stagnant with no growth for a thousand years . During the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era , between 1000 and 1500 , India began to experience population and GDP growth for the first time in a thousand years , with the population increasing nearly 50 % and the GDP increasing nearly 80 % by 1500 . In terms of GDP per capita , India 's per - capita income was lower than the Middle East from 1 CE ( 16 % lower ) to 1000 CE ( about 40 % lower ) , but by the late Delhi Sultanate era in 1500 , India 's GDP per capita had increased to being almost on - par with the Middle East .
Economy of India
The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A
Economy of India
Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $19 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.0 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.0 billion ) in 2010 .
Economy of India under the British Raj
According to British economist Angus Maddison , India 's share of the world economy went from 24.4 % in 1700 to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output also declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 , and Britain replaced India as the world 's largest textile manufacturer in the 19th century . Mughal India also had a higher per - capita income in the late 16th century than British India had in the early 20th century , and the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage to the Mughal economy ( 18.2 % ) than it did to the economy of early 20th - century British India ( 11.2 % ) . In terms of urbanization , Mughal India also had a higher percentage of its population ( 15 % ) living in urban centers in 1600 than British India did in the 19th century .
Economy of India
In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act to streamline and nationalise the then existing privately owned eight domestic airlines into Indian Airlines for domestic services and the Tata group owned Air India for international services. . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . Deregulation
Economy of India
The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's seventh - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 139th in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $7,783 as of 2018 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy , surpassing China .
India
Driven by growth , India 's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US $329 in 1991 , when economic liberalisation began , to US $1,265 in 2010 , to an estimated US $1,723 in 2016 , and is expected to grow to US $2,358 by 2020 ; however , it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Sri Lanka , and Thailand , and is expected to remain so in the near future . However , it is higher than Pakistan , Nepal , Afghanistan , Bangladesh and others .