vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indigo revolt
The historian Jogesh Chandra Bagal describes the revolt as a non-violent revolution and gives this as a reason why the indigo revolt was a success compared to the Sepoy Revolt . R.C. Majumdar in `` History of Bengal '' goes so far as to call it a forerunner of the non-violent passive resistance later successfully adopted by Gandhi . The revolt had a strong effect on the government , which immediately appointed the `` Indigo Commission '' in 1860 . In the commission report , E.W.L. Tower noted that `` not a chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood '' . Evidently it was a major triumph of the peasants to incite such emotion in the Europeans ' minds . Thus the revolt was a success .
American Civil War
By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
The tactics of the WSPU included shouting down speakers , hunger strikes , stone - throwing , window - smashing , and arson of unoccupied churches and country houses . Historian Martin Pugh says , `` militancy clearly damaged the cause . '' Whitfield says , `` the overall effect of the suffragette militancy , however , was to set back the cause of women 's suffrage . '' Historian Harold Smith , citing historian Sandra Holton , has argued that by 1913 WSPU gave priority to militancy rather than obtaining the vote . Their battle with Liberals have become a `` kind of holy war , so important that it could not be called off even if continuing it prevented suffrage reform . This preoccupation with the struggle distinguished the WSPU from that by the NUWSS , which remained focused on obtaining women 's suffrage . ''
Soweto uprising
Student organisations directed the energy and anger of the youth toward political resistance . Students in Thembisa organised a successful and non-violent solidarity march , but a similar protest held in Kagiso led to police stopping a group of participants and forcing them to retreat , before killing at least five people while waiting for reinforcements . The violence only died down on 18 June . The University of Zululand 's records and administration buildings were set ablaze , and 33 people died in incidents in Port Elizabeth in August . In Cape Town 92 people died between August and September .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
`` Women who were active in the lunch counter sit - in movement of 1960 led the transformation of SNCC from a coordinating office into a cadre of militant activists dedicated to expanding the civil rights movement throughout the South . In February 1961 , Diane Nash and Ruby Doris Smith were among four SNCC members who joined the Rock Hill , South Carolina , desegregation protests , which featured the jail - no - bail tactic - demonstrators serving their jail sentences rather than accepting bail . '' `` In May 1961 , Nash led a group of student activists to Alabama in order to sustain the Freedom Rides after the initial group of protesters organized by the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) encountered mob violence in Birmingham . During May and June , Nash , Smith , and other student freedom riders traveled on buses from Montgomery to Jackson , Mississippi , where they were swiftly arrested and imprisoned . In August , when veterans of the sit - ins and the Freedom Rides met to discuss SNCC 's future , Baker helped to avoid a damaging split by suggesting separate direct - action and voter - registration wings . Nash became the leader of the direct - action wing of SNCC . ''
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Founded in 1960 and inspired by the Greensboro sit - ins and Nashville sit - ins , independent student - led groups began direct - action protests against segregation in dozens of southern communities . SNCC focused on mobilizing local communities , a policy in which African American communities would push for change , impelling the federal government to act once the injustice had become apparent . The most common action of these groups was organizing sit - ins at racially segregated lunch counters to protest the pervasiveness of Jim Crow and other forms of racism . While in the Civil Rights Cases ( 109 U.S. 3 ( 1883 ) ) , the Court ruled that the equal protection clause `` did not cover private individuals , organizations , or establishments , '' the trials of arrested sit - in protesters created an opening for the Court to reevaluate its earlier ruling and expand the clause to cover acts of private discrimination . The sit - in movement was a turning point in using the courts and jail to exert moral and economic pressure on southern communities . In addition to sitting in at lunch counters , the groups also organized and carried out protests at segregated White public libraries , public parks , public swimming pools , and movie theaters . At that time , all those facilities financed by taxes were closed to blacks . The white response was often to close the facility , rather than integrate it .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC continued to maintain coalition with several white radical organizations , most notably Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) , and inspired them to focus on militant anti-draft resistance . At an SDS - organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966 , Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement . Some participants in ghetto rebellions of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War , and SNCC had first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966 . According to historians Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin , SDS 's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was `` inspired by Black Power ( and ) emboldened by the ghetto rebellions . '' SNCC appear to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan : `` Hell no ! We wo n't go ! '' For a time in 1967 , SNCC seriously considered an alliance with Saul Alinsky 's Industrial Areas Foundation , and generally supported IAF 's work in Rochester and Buffalo 's black communities .
Apartheid
Persistent violence added to the tension during the negotiations . This was due mostly to the intense rivalry between the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) and the ANC and the eruption of some traditional tribal and local rivalries between the Zulu and Xhosa historical tribal affinities , especially in the Southern Natal provinces . Although Mandela and Buthelezi met to settle their differences , they could not stem the violence . One of the worst cases of ANC - IFP violence was the Boipatong massacre of 17 June 1992 , when 200 IFP militants attacked the Gauteng township of Boipatong , killing 45 . Witnesses said that the men had arrived in police vehicles , supporting claims that elements within the police and army contributed to the ongoing violence . Subsequent judicial inquiries found the evidence of the witnesses to be unreliable or discredited , and that there was no evidence of National Party or police involvement in the massacre . When de Klerk visited the scene of the incident he was initially warmly welcomed , but he was suddenly confronted by a crowd of protesters brandishing stones and placards . The motorcade sped from the scene as police tried to hold back the crowd . Shots were fired by the police , and the PAC stated that three of its supporters had been gunned down . Nonetheless , the Boipatong massacre offered the ANC a pretext to engage in brinkmanship . Mandela argued that de Klerk , as head of state , was responsible for bringing an end to the bloodshed . He also accused the South African police of inciting the ANC - IFP violence . This formed the basis for ANC 's withdrawal from the negotiations , and the CODESA forum broke down completely at this stage .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Carmichael raised the banner of Black Power nationally in a speech in Greenwood , Mississippi in June 1966 , as part of SNCC 's response to the attempted assassination of James Meredith . After a contentious debate over the meaning of `` Black Power '' , issues of black nationalism and black separatism , and the organization 's strategic direction , white SNCC members were asked to leave the organization in December 1966 . The vote , characterized by some as `` expelling '' whites and by others as `` asking whites to work against racism in white communities , '' was extremely close ; 19 Aye , 18 Nay , and 24 abstentions .
Sarah Huckabee Sanders
On June 29 , 2017 , Sanders said during a press briefing that the `` president in no way , form or fashion has ever promoted or encouraged violence . '' However , in February 2016 , Trump said during a presidential campaign speech : `` So if you see somebody getting ready to throw a tomato , knock the crap out of them , would you ? ... I promise you , I will pay for the legal fees . I promise . '' Politifact also `` found at least seven other examples in which Trump offered public musings that showed a tolerance for , and sometimes even a favorable disposition toward , physical violence . ''
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
There was a great deal of civic unrest on college campuses throughout the 1960s as students became increasingly involved in the Civil Rights Movement , Second Wave Feminism , and anti-war movement . Doug McAdam explains the success of the mass mobilization of volunteers for Freedom Summer in terms of `` Biographical Availability '' , where individuals must have a certain degree of social , economic , and psychological freedom to be able to participate in large scale social movements . This explanation can also be applied to the Anti-War Movement because it occurred around the same time and the same biographical factors applied to the college - aged anti-war protesters . David Meyers ( 2007 ) also explains how the concept of personal efficacy affects mass movement mobilization . For example , according to Meyers ' thesis , consider that American wealth increased drastically after World War II . At this time , America was a superpower and enjoyed great affluence after thirty years of depression , war , and sacrifice . Benjamin T. Harrison ( 2000 ) argues that the post World War II affluence set the stage for the protest generation in the 1960s . His central thesis is that the World Wars and Great Depression spawned a ' beat generation ' refusing to conform to mainstream American values which lead to the emergence of the Hippies and the counterculture . The Anti-war movement became part of a larger protest movement against the traditional American Values and attitudes . Meyers ( 2007 ) builds off this claim in his argument that the `` relatively privileged enjoy the education and affirmation that afford them the belief that they might make a difference . '' As a result of the present factors in terms of affluence , biographical availability ( defined in the sociological areas of activism as the lack of restrictions on social relationships of which most likely increases the consequences of participating in a social movement ) , and increasing political atmosphere across the county , political activity increased drastically on college campuses .
All-India Muslim League
However , 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India . Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa . The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed .
Kent State shootings
In the succeeding years , many in the anti-war movement have referred to the shootings as `` murders , '' although no criminal convictions were obtained against any National Guardsman . In December 1970 , journalist I.F. Stone wrote the following :
Great Depression in Canada
These conflicts diminished after 1935 , when the Communist Party shifted strategies and Bennett 's Conservatives were defeated . Agitation and unrest nonetheless persisted throughout the depression , marked by periodic clashes , such as a sit - down strike in Vancouver that ended with `` Bloody Sunday . '' These developments had far - reaching consequences in shaping the postwar environment , including the domestic cold war climate , the rise of the welfare state , and the implementation of an institutional framework for industrial relations .
Apartheid
In January 1985 , Botha addressed the government 's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives . Mandela 's reply was read in public by his daughter Zinzi -- his first words distributed publicly since his sentence to prison twenty - one years before . Mandela described violence as the responsibility of the apartheid regime and said that with democracy there would be no need for violence . The crowd listening to the reading of his speech erupted in cheers and chants . This response helped to further elevate Mandela 's status in the eyes of those , both internationally and domestically , who opposed apartheid .
Townshend Acts
The non-importation movement was not as effective as promoters had hoped . British exports to the colonies declined by 38 percent in 1769 , but there were many merchants who did not participate in the boycott . The boycott movement began to fail by 1770 , and came to an end in 1771 .
Voting rights in the United States
Although elections were often surrounded by violence , blacks continued to vote and gained many local offices in the late 19th century . In the late 19th century , a Populist - Republican coalition in several states gained governorships and some congressional seats in 1894 . To prevent such a coalition from forming again and reduce election violence , the Democratic Party , dominant in all southern state legislatures , took action to disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites outright .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
In July 2007 , the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC . A phenomenon of `` pendulum displacement '' has developed , where people hasten at night to safety . According to Yakin Ertürk , the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007 , violence against women in North and South Kivu included `` unimaginable brutality '' . Ertürk added that `` Armed groups attack local communities , loot , rape , kidnap women and children , and make them work as sexual slaves '' . In December 2008 , GuardianFilms of The Guardian released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia .
Southern United States
The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement . While the movement existed in all parts of the United States , its focus was against disfranchisement and the Jim Crow laws in the South . Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South , including the Montgomery Bus Boycott , the Mississippi Freedom Summer , the March on Selma , Alabama , and the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr ... In addition , some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South , such as King 's `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South . The Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King , Jr. 's boyhood home on Auburn Avenue . Additionally , Ebenezer Baptist Church is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center , location of Martin Luther and Coretta Scott King 's gravesites .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Young black girls also played a significant part in the SNCC demonstrations . In July 1963 , dozens of young black girls participated in a SNCC protest of a segregated movie theater in Americus Georgia . Over 30 of them were arrested and eventually held against their will in the Leesburg Stockade . They were freed over a month later due to the help of a SNCC volunteer who photographed the girls and published the pictures in a SNCC newsletter . However , despite the multiple humans rights violations that they enduring in the stockade , many girls continued to fight for civil rights after they were freed .
St. Augustine, Florida
In late 1963 , nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of schools was unconstitutional , African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city . They were also trying to integrate public accommodations , such as lunch counters , and were met with arrests and Ku Klux Klan violence . Local college students held non-violent protests throughout the city , including sit - ins at the local Woolworth 's , picket lines , and marches through the downtown . These protests were often met with police violence . Homes of African Americans were firebombed , black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death , and others were fired from their jobs .
Stone Mountain
In August 2017 , after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , ( a white supremacist protest against the removal of a Confederate monument ) turned violent , people across the country demanded the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials . Georgia State Representative Stacey Abrams called for the removal of Stone Mountain 's carving .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC was also deeply affected by the killing of Sammy Younge Jr. the first black college student to be killed as a result of his involvement in the civil rights movement . Younge was a Navy veteran who later enrolled in the Tuskegee Institute and participated in the Selma - to - Montgomery campaign , as well as other SNCC projects . His murder by a white supremacist in January 1966 , and subsequent acquittal of the killer , furthered the group 's disillusionment that the federal government would protect them . SNCC took Younge 's death as the occasion to denounce the war in Vietnam , the first statement of its kind by a major civil rights organization . SNCC highlighted Younge 's death as an example of the hypocrisy of fighting for freedom abroad while rights were denied in the US and was used as a call for people to refuse the draft and work for freedom at home instead .
History of United States prison systems
In Southern cities , a different form of violence emerged in the post-war years . Race riots erupted in Southern cities almost immediately after the war and continued for years afterward . Edward L. Ayers concludes that antebellum legal restraints on blacks and widespread poverty were the primary cause of many of these clashes . Whites resented labor competition from blacks in the depressed post-war Southern economy , and police forces -- many composed of unreconstructed Southerners -- often resorted to violence . The ultimate goal for both blacks and whites was to obtain political power in the vacuum created by war and emancipation ; again , blacks ultimately lost this struggle during the Reconstruction period . Beginning
Atlanta
During the 1960s , Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and students from Atlanta 's historically black colleges and universities playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . While minimal compared to other cities , Atlanta was not free of racial strife . In 1961 , the city attempted to thwart blockbusting by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights , countering the efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the `` city too busy to hate '' . Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages , with public transportation desegregated by 1959 , the restaurant at Rich 's department store by 1961 , movie theaters by 1963 , and public schools by 1973 . The
Favela
The mass urban migration to Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s resulted in the proliferation of favelas across the urban terrain . In order to deal with the `` favela problem '' ( Portes 1979 , pp. 5 ) , the state implemented a full - scale favela removal program in the 1960s and 1970s that resettled favelados to the periphery of the city ( Oliveira 1996 ) . According to Anthony ( 2013 ) , some of the most brutal favela removals in Rio de Janeiro 's history occurred during this period . The military regime of the time provided limited resources to support the transition and favelados struggled to adapt to their new environments that were effectively ostracised communities of poorly built housing , inadequate infrastructure and lacking in public transport connections ( Portes 1979 ) . Perlman ( 2006 ) points to the state 's failure in appropriately managing the favelas as the main reason for the rampant violence , drugs and gang problems that ensued in the communities in the following years . The creation of BOPE ( Special Police Operations Battalion ) in 1978 was the government 's response to this violence ( Pino 1997 ) . BOPE , in their all black military ensemble and weaponry , was Rio 's attempt to confront violence with an equally opposing entity .
French Revolution
A major aspect of the French Revolution was the dechristianisation movement , a movement strongly rejected by many devout people . Especially for women living in rural areas of France , the closing of the churches meant a loss of normalcy .
Gilded Age
Starting in the mid-1880s a new group , the Knights of Labor , grew rapidly . Too rapidly , for it spun out of control and failed to handle the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . The Knights avoided violence , but their reputation collapsed in the wake of the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago in 1886 , when anarchists allegedly bombed the policemen dispersing a meeting . Police then randomly fired into the crowd , killing and wounding a number of people , including other police , and arbitrarily rounded up anarchists , including leaders of the movement . Seven anarchists went on trial ; four were hanged even though no evidence directly linked them to the bombing . One had in his possession a Knights of Labor membership card . At its peak , the Knights claimed 700,000 members . By 1890 , membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000 , then faded away .
Apartheid
In 1949 , the youth wing of the African National Congress ( ANC ) took control of the organisation and started advocating a radical black nationalist programme . The new young leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown through mass campaigns . In 1950 that philosophy saw the launch of the Programme of Action , a series of strikes , boycotts and civil disobedience actions that led to occasional violent clashes with the authorities .
Karachi
In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Karachi was rocked by political and conflict , while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan . Conflict between the MQM party , and ethnic Sindhis , Pashtuns , and Punjabis was sharp . The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean - up in 1992 -- an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994 . Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime , but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals , the MQM party , and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
By then , SNCC was no longer an effective organization . Much analysis at the time blamed Carmichael 's departure from the group for the decline , though others would dispute this . In 1968 , SNCC lost numerous organizers , such as Kathleen Neal , Bob Brown , and Bobby Rush , to the Black Panther Party . Ella Baker said that `` SNCC came North at a time when the North was in a ferment that led to various interpretations on what was needed to be done . With its own frustrations , it could not take the pace - setter role it took in the South ... ''