vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Boise, Idaho
On the sports entertainment front , Boise is home to an all - female , DIY , flat track roller derby league , the Treasure Valley Rollergirls , which beginning on Labor Day Weekend 2010 hosted an international , two - day , double elimination tournament , the first Spudtown Knockdown , featuring eight teams from throughout the American West and Canada .
Olympic Games
In 1999 the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in an effort to systematise the research and detection of performance - enhancing drugs . There was a sharp increase in positive drug tests at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics . Several medallists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified because of doping offences . During the 2006 Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked . The IOC - established drug testing regimen ( now known as the Olympic Standard ) has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate . During the Beijing games , 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency . Both urine and blood tests were used to detect banned substances . Several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games ; only three athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing . In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes were tested . Prior to the Games 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances and were not allowed to compete . During and after the Games eight athletes tested positive for a banned substance and were suspended , including shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk , who was stripped of her gold medal . Russian
History of tennis
Between 1974 and 1978 , any tennis player who participated in World Team Tennis was banned by the French Tennis Federation from playing in the French Open in the same calendar year .
Height in sports
Differences in height can also be mitigated in sabre or foil , because those weapons have Right of Way rules , where hitting first does not necessarily result scoring being able to score a point as a riposte may take precedence .
Women's association football
In August 1917 , a tournament was launched for female munition workers ' teams in northeast England . Officially titled the Tyne Wear & Tees Alfred Wood Munition Girls Cup , it was popularly known as The Munitionettes ' Cup . The first winners of the trophy were Blyth Spartans , who defeated Bolckow Vaughan 5 -- 0 in a replayed final tie at Middlesbrough on 18 May 1918 in front of a crowd of 22,000 . The tournament ran for a second year in season 1918 -- 19 , the winners being the ladies of Palmer 's shipyard in Jarrow , who defeated Christopher Brown 's of Hartlepool 1 -- 0 at St James ' Park in Newcastle on 22 March 1919 .
North Carolina
While North Carolina has no Major League Baseball team , it does have numerous minor league baseball teams , with the highest level of play coming from the AAA - affiliated Charlotte Knights and Durham Bulls . Additionally , North Carolina has minor league teams in other team sports including soccer and ice hockey , most notably North Carolina FC and the Charlotte Checkers , both of which play in the second tier of their respective sports .
Samurai
Though many women engaged in battle commonly alongside samurai men in japan , most of female warriors ( Onna - bugeisha ) were not formal samurai . They usually were not allowed to wear two swords and did not form master - servant relationships with lords , nevertheless there are some exceptions .
History of women in the United States
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Lebanon
Lebanon has six ski resorts . Because of Lebanon 's unique geography , it is possible to go skiing in the morning and swimming in the Mediterranean Sea in the afternoon . At the competitive level , basketball and football are among Lebanon 's most popular sports . Canoeing , cycling , rafting , climbing , swimming , sailing and caving are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon . The Beirut Marathon is held every fall , drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad .
Conscription in the United States
The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion 's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations . Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women . At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System : National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System ( filed April 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court for the Central District of California ; dismissed by the District Court July 29 , 2013 as not `` ripe '' for decision ; appeal argued December 8 , 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ; reversed and remanded February 19 , 2016 ) , and Kyle v. Selective Service System ( filed July 3 , 2015 , U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey ) , brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle - LaBell , who tried to register but was turned away because she is female .
Clay court
The first is the men 's winter clay season consisting of tournaments in South America . Played primarily in February after the Australian Open and before the Indian Wells Masters , the ATP has four tournaments in this swing , although other ATP tournament played on hardcourt occur the same weeks . The WTA discontinued its participation in Rio de Janeiro after 2016 , so there are no clay court women 's tournaments during this period .
Jockey
For the most part Canada has generally followed the lead of the U.S. in opportunities for women riders . Canada has far fewer tracks than the U.S. and to date Canada has only two female jockeys with 1,000 wins . However , in both actual and relative numbers as well as overall success rate , Canada has surpassed its southern neighbor in opportunities for women at the highest level ; their respective Triple Crown series : Starting with Joan Phipps in the 1973 Breeders ' Stakes , 10 different women have competed in 30 Canadian Triple Crown races , with a combined 2 wins , 3 places , 4 shows . Moreover , while no US Triple Crown race has ever featured more than one female rider , that feat has occurred on 10 occasions in Canada , and 3 different women -- Francine Villeneuve , Chantal Sutherland and Emma - Jayne Wilson -- have raced in all three Canadian races . Sutherland has done it twice over and Wilson thrice over .
Right-to-work law
The federal government operates under open shop rules nationwide , but many of its employees are represented by unions . Unions that represent professional athletes have written contracts that include particular representation provisions ( such as in the National Football League ) , but their application is limited to `` wherever and whenever legal , '' as the Supreme Court has clearly held that the application of a right - to - work law is determined by the employee 's `` predominant job situs . '' Players on professional sports teams in states with right - to - work laws are thus subject to those laws and can not be required to pay any portion of union dues as a condition of continued employment .
Golf ball
Typically , the flaw that caused the ball to fail QC does not have a significant effect on its flight characteristics ( balls with serious flaws are usually discarded outright at the manufacturing plant ) , and so these `` X-outs '' will often perform identically to their counterparts that have passed the company 's QC . They are thus a good choice for casual play . However , because the balls have been effectively `` disowned '' for practical and legal purposes by their manufacturer , they are not considered to be the same as the brand - name balls on the USGA 's published Conforming Golf Ball List . Therefore , when playing in a tournament or other event that requires the ball used by the player to appear on this list as a `` condition of competition '' , X-outs of any kind are illegal .
Golf (card game)
During play it is not legal for a player to pick up a card from the discard pile and return it to the discard pile without playing it , to allow another player to retrieve the card . A card picked up from the discard pile must be swapped with one of the current player 's cards .
Eating disorder
Although most of these athletes develop eating disorders to keep their competitive edge , others use exercise as a way to maintain their weight and figure . This is just as serious as regulating food intake for competition . Even though there is mixed evidence showing at what point athletes are challenged with eating disorders , studies show that regardless of competition level all athletes are at higher risk for developing eating disorders that non-athletes , especially those that participate in sports where thinness is a factor .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
King , who also competed in the Virginia Slims of Houston during the same week , won in straight sets , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 . In the first set , she fell behind 3 -- 2 when Riggs broke her serve . In a 2015 interview , she said that most people do not remember that she was initially behind in the first set , and it looked bad for her in the early going . At this point , King realized that she `` had to win '' given the importance of the match , and broke right back and again in the tenth game to close out the set . She had learned from Court 's loss and was ready for Riggs ' game . Rather than playing her own usual aggressive game , King mostly stayed at the baseline , easily handling Riggs 's lobs and soft shots , making him cover the entire court as she ran him from side to side and beat him at his own defensive style of play . After quickly failing from the baseline , where he had intended to play , Riggs dropped his comedic effect and showed a more serious demeanor , as he was forced to change to a serve - and - volley game .
Basketball
The ball may not be kicked , nor be struck with the fist . For the offense , a violation of these rules results in loss of possession ; for the defense , most leagues reset the shot clock and the offensive team is given possession of the ball out of bounds .
Salt Lake City
Utah became the first state outside Minnesota where bandy exists when Olympic Bandy Club was formed in Salt Lake City . Salt Lake is also home to two roller derby leagues : the Salt City Derby Girls and Wasatch Roller Derby , both of which field travel teams .
Curling
Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third .
Actor
Formerly , in some societies , only men could become actors , and women 's roles were generally played by men or boys . When used for the stage , women occasionally played the roles of prepubescent boys .
Basketball
Games are played in four quarters of 10 ( FIBA ) or 12 minutes ( NBA ) . College men 's games use two 20 - minute halves , college women 's games use 10 - minute quarters , and United States high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters . 15 minutes are allowed for a half - time break under FIBA , NBA , and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in United States high schools . Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school , which is four minutes in length . Teams exchange baskets for the second half . The time allowed is actual playing time ; the clock is stopped while the play is not active . Therefore , games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time , typically about two hours .
Football
These codes have in common the prohibition of the use of hands ( by all players except the goalkeeper ) , unlike other codes where carrying or handling the ball is allowed
Fox Sports 1
NCAA football and basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big East men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big 12 football and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 football and men 's and women 's basketball ( 2013 -- present ) Big Ten football and men 's basketball ( 2017 -- present ) Holiday Bowl ( 2017 -- present )
Pub
Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers . Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays , hence the term `` Sunday League Football '' . Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub 's bowling green .
Williams sisters
Tournament 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Career W / L Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open 3R SF Absent QF Absent QF Absent 36 -- 4 French Open Absent Absent 3R Absent 3R 3R 17 - 3 Wimbledon 1R 3R 3R Absent 2R QF 2R 45 -- 5 US Open 1R SF 3R Absent Absent 3R SF QF Absent 25 -- 6 Win - Loss 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 16 -- 1 10 -- 0 10 -- 1 6 -- 0 8 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 9 -- 1 20 -- 1 14 -- 1 0 -- 0 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 4 -- 2 0 -- 0 8 - 1 0 - 0 2 - 1 125 - 14 Olympic Games Summer Olympics Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held Not Held 1R Not Held 15 -- 1 Year - End Championships WTA Finals Did Not Qualify Did Not Qualify SF Did Not Qualify 0 -- 1
History of tennis
In the famous Battle of the Sexes exhibition match against the vocally sexist Bobby Riggs in September 1973 , King brought even more media attention to tennis , and to women professionals in all walks of life by beating Riggs .
Anterior cruciate ligament
Women have been known to suffer ACL injuries more frequently than men ; current research gives some explanations for this . The joint through which the anterior cruciate ligament passes , along with the actual size of the anterior cruciate ligament , is significantly smaller in women than in men . This makes it more susceptible to damage . Along with these aspects , women tend to not activate their hamstring muscles as much as their male counterparts during certain cutting movements causing less stability in the knee joint . In addition , the quadriceps angle , or Q - angle , between the anterior superior iliac spine and patellar ligament may contribute to the predisposition of ACL tears . There is some evidence that suggests since women are known to have larger Q - angles than their male counterparts , they might be more susceptible to ACL tears .
Olympic Games
The IOC allowed the formation of National Olympic Committees representing nations that did not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organisations demand . As a result , colonies and dependencies are permitted to compete at Olympic Games . Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico , Bermuda , and Hong Kong , all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country . The current version of the Charter allows for the establishment of new National Olympic Committees to represent nations which qualify as `` an independent State recognised by the international community '' . Therefore , it did not allow the formation of National Olympic Committees for Sint Maarten and Curaçao when they gained the same constitutional status as Aruba in 2010 , although the IOC had recognised the Aruban Olympic Committee in 1986 . After 2012 , Netherlands Antilles athletes can choose to represent either the Netherlands or Aruba .
List of Olympic female gymnasts for the United States
Kathy Gleason ( 5 ) 1968 0 0 0 0 19 Grossfeld , Muriel Muriel Grossfeld 1956 , 1960 , 1964 0 0 0 0 23 Grulkowski , Ruth Ruth Grulkowski 1952 0 0 0 0 21 Hatch , Annia Annia Hatch 0 0 26 Hernandez , Laurie Laurie Hernandez 2016 0 16 Hoesly , Marie Marie Hoesly 1952 0 0 0 0 35 Howard , Kathy Kathy Howard 1976 0 0 0 0 18 Howe , Judy Judy Howe 1956 0 0 0 0 21 Humphrey , Terin Terin Humphrey 0 0 17 Johnson , Brandy Brandy Johnson 1988 0 0 0 0 15 Johnson , Kathy Kathy Johnson 1984 0 24 Johnson , Shawn Shawn Johnson 2008 0 16 Kirkman , Doris Doris Kirkman ( 6 ) 1952 0 0 0 0 22 Klein , Jacquelyn Jacquelyn Klein 1956 0 0 0 0 19 Kocian , Madison Madison Kocian 2016 0 19 Kupets , Courtney Courtney Kupets 0 18 Liukin , Nastia Nastia Liukin 2008 5 18 Maloney , Kristen Kristen Maloney 2000 0 0 19 Marlowe , Melissa Melissa Marlowe 1988 0 0 0 0 16 Maroney , McKayla McKayla Maroney 2012 0 16 Maycock , Betty - Jean Betty - Jean Maycock 1960 0 0 0 0 17 McClements , Dorothy Dorothy McClements 1964 0 0 0 0 19
Height in sports
A good example of such a fencer is Valentina Vezzali 1.64 m ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) who used her small size and lower centre of gravity to confound taller opponents .
Rotation
Rotation of a ball or other object , usually called spin , plays a role in many sports , including topspin and backspin in tennis , English , follow and draw in billiards and pool , curve balls in baseball , spin bowling in cricket , flying disc sports , etc . Table tennis paddles are manufactured with different surface characteristics to allow the player to impart a greater or lesser amount of spin to the ball .
Rules of netball
There are several styles of passing the ball , including one - handed shouldered passes , two - handed passes ( chest - passes ) , overhead passes , bounce passes , lob passes , drop passes , bullet passes and underarm passes .
Women in Vietnam
The role of women in warfare and outside the home continued to increase throughout the 20th century , especially during the Indochina Wars . During and after the Vietnam War , the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam made efforts to increase women 's rights , equity , and representation in government . This included the creation of job quotas during the 1960s , which required that women occupy a certain percentage of jobs in different sectors .
Jim Thorpe
Apart from his track and field appearances , he also played in one of two exhibition baseball games at the 1912 Olympics , which featured two teams composed mostly of U.S. track and field athletes . Thorpe had previous experience in the sport , as the public would soon learn .
History of women in the United States
In December 2015 , Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women .
Jockey
Women today account for 17 % of jockeys in Victoria . But , they receive only 10 % of the rides , and are often overlooked in favour of male jockeys , especially in the cities . In some regions of Australia about half of the apprentice jockey intakes are women .
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Women , regardless of their race , creed , color or political affiliation , have the right to participate in the revolutionary struggle in any way that their desire and capacity determine . Women have the right to work and receive a fair salary . Women have the right to decide the number of children they have and care for . Women have the right to participate in the matters of the community and hold office if they are free and democratically elected . Women and their children have the right to Primary Attention in their health and nutrition . Women have the right to an education . Women have the right to choose their partner and are not obliged to enter into marriage . Women have the right to be free of violence from both relatives and strangers . Women will be able to occupy positions of leadership in the organization and hold military ranks in the revolutionary armed forces . Women will have all the rights and obligations elaborated in the Revolutionary Laws and regulations .
Fitness culture
Another important aspect of fitness culture is the gender differentiation in exercises performed . One study showed that women prefer to do cardiovascular exercise over weight training because it allows them to gain strength without transgressing norms for feminine physical appearance , whereas men prefer other exercises like bodybuilding or boxing in order to be more muscular .
Jockey
Based on American statistics , women comprise only 14 percent of working jockeys and ride only 10 percent of all race starts . Only two percent ride at the elite level of Triple Crown races . Gender discrimination is widely viewed as the cause , as far more women are capable of making weight as a jockey , and in most other equestrian disciplines , an overwhelming majority of participants are women .
Golf ball
Practice balls conform to all applicable requirements of the Rules of Golf , and as such are legal for use on the course , but as the hitting characteristics are not ideal , players usually opt for a better - quality ball for actual play .
Artificial turf
The controversial issue of gender equality and an equal playing field for all has sparked debate in many countries around the world . A lawsuit was filed on 1 October 2014 in an Ontario tribunal court by a group of women 's international soccer players against FIFA and the Canadian Soccer Association and specifically points out that in 1994 FIFA spent $2 million to plant natural grass over artificial turf in New Jersey and Detroit .