vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Non-communicable disease
Non-communicable disease A nurse with a non-communicable diseases kit , Fiji , 2012 . Classification and external resources ICD - 10 Xxx. x ICD - 9 - CM xxx ( edit on Wikidata )
CCR5
It is estimated that HIV - 1 entered the human population in Africa in the early 1900s , symptomatic infections were not reported until the 1980s . The HIV - 1 epidemic is therefore far too young to be the source of positive selection that drove the frequency of CCR5 Δ32 from zero to 10 % in 2000 years . In 1998 , Stephens et al. suggested that bubonic plague ( Yersinia pestis ) had exerted positive selective pressure on CCR5 Δ32 . This hypothesis was based on the timing and severity of the Black Death pandemic , which killed 30 % of the European population of all ages between 1346 and 1352 . After the Black Death , there were less severe , intermittent , epidemics . Individual cities experienced high mortality , but overall mortality in Europe was only a few percent . In 1655 - 1656 a second pandemic called the `` Great Plague '' killed 15 - 20 % of Europe 's population . Importantly , the plague epidemics were intermittent . Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease , primarily infecting rodents and spread by fleas and only occasionally infecting humans . Human - to - human infection of bubonic plague does not occur , though it can occur in pneumonic plague , which infects the lungs . Only when the density of rodents is low are infected fleas forced to feed on alternative hosts such as humans , and under these circumstances a human epidemic may occur . Based on population genetic models , Galvani and Slatkin ( 2003 ) argue that the intermittent nature of plague epidemics did not generate a sufficiently strong selective force to drive the allele frequency of CCR5 Δ32 to 10 % in Europe .
New Year
Country Start year Venice 1522 Sweden 1529 Holy Roman Empire ( ~ Germany ) 1544 Spain , Portugal , Poland 1556 Prussia , Denmark and Norway 1559 France ( Edict of Roussillon ) 1564 Southern Netherlands 1576 Lorraine 1579 Dutch Republic 1583 Scotland 1600 Russia , Ukraine 1700 Tuscany 1721 Britain , Ireland and British Empire except Scotland 1752 Japan 1873 China ( ROC and PRC ) 1912 Greece 1923 Turkey 1926 Thailand 1941
Megacity
By 2025 , Asia alone will have at least 30 megacities , including Mumbai , India ( 2015 population of 20.75 million people ) , Shanghai , China ( 2015 population of 35.5 million people ) , Delhi , India ( 2015 population of 21.8 million people ) , Tokyo , Japan ( 2015 population of 38.8 million people ) and Seoul , South Korea ( 2015 population of 25.6 million people ) . In Africa , Lagos , Nigeria has grown from 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 21 million today .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 9 December 2014 , news reports described the discovery of `` a grim scene '' -- piles of bodies , overwhelmed medical personnel and exhausted burial teams -- in the remote eastern Kono District . On 15 December , the CDC indicated that their main concern was Sierra Leone , where the epidemic had shown no signs of abating as cases continued to rise exponentially ; by the second week of December , Sierra Leone had reported nearly 400 cases -- more than three times the number reported by Guinea and Liberia combined . According to the CDC , `` the risk we face now ( is ) that Ebola will simmer along , become endemic and be a problem for Africa and the world , for years to come . '' On 17 December , President Koroma launched `` Operation Western Area Surge '' and workers went door - to - door in the capital city looking for possible cases . The operation led to a surge in the number of cases , with 403 new ones reported between 14 and 17 December .
Famine
The largest famine of the 20th century , and almost certainly of all time , was the 1958 -- 61 Great Leap Forward famine in China . The immediate causes of this famine lay in Mao Zedong 's ill - fated attempt to transform China from an agricultural nation to an industrial power in one huge leap . Communist Party cadres across China insisted that peasants abandon their farms for collective farms , and begin to produce steel in small foundries , often melting down their farm instruments in the process . Collectivisation undermined incentives for the investment of labor and resources in agriculture ; unrealistic plans for decentralized metal production sapped needed labor ; unfavorable weather conditions ; and communal dining halls encouraged overconsumption of available food . Such was the centralized control of information and the intense pressure on party cadres to report only good news -- such as production quotas met or exceeded -- that information about the escalating disaster was effectively suppressed . When the leadership did become aware of the scale of the famine , it did little to respond , and continued to ban any discussion of the cataclysm . This blanket suppression of news was so effective that very few Chinese citizens were aware of the scale of the famine , and the greatest peacetime demographic disaster of the 20th century only became widely known twenty years later , when the veil of censorship began to lift .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Research suggests that many Ebola infections are asymptomatic , meaning that some infected people show no symptoms of the disease . For example , two studies done on previous outbreaks showed that 71 % of seropositive individuals did not have the clinical disease in one outbreak and another study reported that 46 % of asymptomatic close contacts of patients with Ebola were seropositive . On 22 January , the WHO issued Clinical Care for survivors of Ebola Virus Disease : interim guidance . The guidance covers specific issues like musculoskeletal pain , which is reported in up to 75 % of survivors . The pain is symmetrical and more pronounced in the morning , with the larger joints most affected . There is also possible periarticular tenosynovitis affecting the shoulders . The WHO guidelines advise to distinguish non-inflammatory arthralgia from inflammatory arthritis . With regard to ocular problems , sensitivity to light and blurry vision have been indicated among survivors . Among the aftereffects of Ebola virus disease , uveitis and optic nerve disease could appear after an individual is discharged . Ocular problems could threaten sight in survivors , thus the need for prompt treatment . In treating such individuals , the WHO recommends urgent intervention if uveitis is suspected ; this consists mainly of prednisone ( a corticosteroid ) . Hearing loss has been reported in Ebola survivors 25 % of the time . Treatment , in the case of acute labyrinthitis ( inner ear disorder ) , should be given within 10 days of the onset of symptoms and prochlorperazine , a vestibular sedative , may be administered for vertigo .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Difficulties in attempting to halt transmission have also included the multiple disease outbreaks across country borders . Dr Peter Piot , the scientist who co-discovered the Ebola virus , stated that the outbreak was not following its usual linear patterns as mapped out in earlier outbreaks -- this time the virus was `` hopping '' all over the West African epidemic region . Furthermore , past epidemics had occurred in remote regions , but this outbreak spread to large urban areas , which had increased the number of contacts an infected person might have and made transmission harder to track and break . On 9 December , a study indicated that a single individual introduced the virus into Liberia , causing the most cases of the disease in that country .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In March 2014 , the Senegal Ministry of Interior closed its southern border with Guinea , but on 29 August , the health minister announced the country 's first case -- a university student from Guinea who was being treated in a Dakar hospital . The patient was a native of Guinea who had traveled to Dakar , arriving on 20 August . On 23 August , he sought medical care for symptoms including fever , diarrhoea , and vomiting . He received treatment for malaria , but did not improve and left the facility . Still experiencing the same symptoms , on 26 August he was referred to a specialized facility for infectious diseases , and subsequently hospitalized .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 12 November 2014 , Mali reported deaths from Ebola in an outbreak unconnected with the first case in Kayes . The first probable case was an imam who had fallen ill on 17 October in Guinea and was transferred to the Pasteur Clinic in Mali 's capital city , Bamako , for treatment . He was treated for kidney failure but was not tested for Ebola ; he died on 27 October and his body returned to Guinea for burial . A nurse and a doctor who had treated the imam subsequently fell ill with Ebola and died . The next 3 cases were related to the imam as well : a man who had visited the imam while he was in hospital , his wife and his son . On 22 November , the final case related to the imam was reported -- a friend of the Pasteur Clinic nurse who had died from the Ebola virus . On 12 December , the last case in treatment recovered and was discharged , `` so there are no more people sick with Ebola in Mali '' , according to a Ministry of Health source . On 16 December , Mali released the final 13 individuals who were being quarantined and 24 days later ( 18 January 2015 ) without new cases , the country was declared Ebola - free .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
According to the 21 January 2015 WHO Situation Report , the case incidence was rapidly decreasing in Sierra Leone . However , in February and March , it was reported that there was again a rise in the number of cases . The following month , the 5 April WHO report again disclosed a downward trend and the WHO weekly update for 29 July reported a total of only 3 new cases , the lowest in more than a year . On 17 August , the country had its first week with no new cases , and one week later the last patients were released . However , a new case was reported on 1 September , when a patient from Sella Kafta village in Kambia District tested positive for the disease after her death ; hers eventually resulted in 3 other cases from among her contacts .
Famine
A few of the great famines of the late 20th century were : the Biafran famine in the 1960s , the Khmer Rouge - caused famine in Cambodia in the 1970s , the North Korean famine of the 1990s and the Ethiopian famine of 1983 -- 85 .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
In the days following the tsunami , significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading . However , the public health risks may have been exaggerated , and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources . The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami . Further
West African Ebola virus epidemic
A study published in May 2015 discussed the case of Ian Crozier , a Zimbabwe - born physician and American citizen who became infected with Ebola while he was working at an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone . He was transported to the US and successfully treated at Emory University Hospital . However , after discharge Crozier began to experience symptoms including low back pain , bilateral enthesitis of the Achilles tendon , paresthesias involving his lower legs , and eye pain , which was diagnosed as uveitis . His eye condition worsened and a specimen of aqueous humor obtained from his eye tested positive for Ebola . The authors of the study concluded that `` further studies to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the ocular persistence of Ebola and the possible presence of the virus in other immune - privileged sites ( e.g. , in the central nervous system , gonads , and articular cartilage ) are warranted . '' The authors also noted that 40 % of participants in a survey of 85 Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone reported having `` eye problems '' , though the incidence of actual uveitis was unknown .
G20
A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future . The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order , in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee . The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late - 2000s recession . It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage , shaping the G20 's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons . Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal for the 100 metres when he tested positive for stanozolol after the event . In a highly controversial 3 -- 2 judge 's decision , South Korean boxer Park Si - Hun defeated American Roy Jones , Jr. , despite Jones pummelling Park for three rounds , landing 86 punches to Park 's 32 . Allegedly , Park himself apologized to Jones afterward . One judge shortly thereafter admitted the decision was a mistake , and all three judges voting against Jones were eventually suspended . The official IOC investigation concluding in 1997 found that three of the judges had been wined and dined by South Korean officials . This led to calls for Jones to be awarded a gold medal , but the IOC still officially stands by the decision , despite the allegations . American diver Greg Louganis suffered a concussion after he struck his head on the springboard during the preliminary rounds . He completed the preliminaries despite his injury , earning the highest single score of the qualifying round for his next dive and repeated the dive during the finals , earning the gold medal by a margin of 25 points . However , Louganis at the time had just been diagnosed HIV - positive six months prior to the games -- a diagnosis that was not publicly disclosed until 1995 . Most of Louganis ' corporate sponsors dropped him as a client following the disclosure in 1995 , and people in and out of the international diving community began to question Louganis ' decision not to disclose his HIV status during the 1988 Seoul Olympics , even though blood in a pool posed no risk . The blood was diluted by thousands of gallons of water , and `` chlorine kills HIV '' , said John Ward , chief of HIV / AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Also , skin is a very effective barrier to HIV ; only a diver with an open wound would face any risk . `` If the virus just touches the skin , it is unheard of for it to cause infection : the skin has no receptors to bind HIV '' , explained Anthony Fauci .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
USAID published an open competitive bidding for proposals that address the challenge of developing `` ... new practical and cost - effective solutions to improve infection treatment and control that can be rapidly deployed ; 1 ) to help health care workers provide better care and 2 ) transform our ability to combat Ebola '' . On 12 December 2014 , USAID announced the result of the first selection in a press release .
Smallpox vaccine
Smallpox was eradicated by a massive international search for outbreaks , backed up with a vaccination program , starting in 1967 . It was organised and co-ordinated by a World Health Organization ( WHO ) unit , set up and headed by Donald Henderson . The last case in the Americas occurred in 1971 ( Brazil ) , south - east Asia ( Indonesia ) in 1972 , and on the Indian subcontinent in 1975 ( Bangladesh ) . After two years of intensive searches , what proved to be the last endemic case anywhere in the world occurred in Somalia , in October 1977 . A Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication chaired by Frank Fenner examined the evidence from , and visited where necessary , all countries where smallpox had been endemic . In December 1979 they concluded that smallpox had been eradicated ; a conclusion endorsed by the WHO General Assembly in May 1980 . However , even as the disease was being eradicated there still remained stocks of smallpox virus in many laboratories . Accelerated by two cases of smallpox in 1978 , one fatal ( Janet Parker ) , caused by an accidental and unexplained containment breach at a laboratory at the University of Birmingham Medical School , the WHO ensured that known stocks of smallpox virus were either destroyed or moved to safer laboratories . By 1979 only four laboratories were known to have smallpox virus . All English stocks held at St Mary 's Hospital , London were transferred to more secure facilities at Porton Down and then to the US at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , Georgia in 1982 , and all South African stocks were destroyed in 1983 . By 1984 the only known stocks were kept at the CDC in the US and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology ( VECTOR ) in Koltsovo , Russia . These states report that their repositories are for possible anti bioweaponry research and insurance if some obscure reservoir of natural smallpox is discovered in the future .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
An August 2014 study found that nearly two thirds of Ebola cases in Guinea were believed to be due to burial practices including washing of the body of one who had died . In November , WHO released a protocol for safe and dignified burial of people who die from Ebola virus disease . It encouraged inclusion of family and clergy , and gave specific instructions for Muslim and Christian burials . In the 21 January 2015 WHO road map update , it was reported that 100 % of districts in Sierra Leone and 71 % of districts in Guinea had a list of key religious leaders who promoted safe and dignified burials . Speaking on 27 January 2015 , Guinea 's Grand Imam , the country 's highest cleric , gave a very strong message saying , `` There is nothing in the Koran that says you must wash , kiss or hold your dead loved ones , '' and he called on citizens to do more to stop the virus by practising safer burying rituals that do not compromise tradition .
Ring a Ring o' Roses
Since the 20th century , the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665 , or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England . Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this ; by 1951 , however , it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom . Peter and Iona Opie , the leading authorities on nursery rhymes , remarked :
Yemen
The war has blocked food imports , leading to a famine that is affecting 17 million people . The lack of safe drinking water , caused by depleted aquifers and the destruction of the country 's water infrastructure , has also caused the world 's worst outbreak of cholera , with the number of suspected cases exceeding 913,741 . Over 2,196 people have died since the outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017 .
Virus
The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the over 2,000 recognised species of animal , plant , and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years . In 1957 , equine arterivirus and the cause of Bovine virus diarrhoea ( a pestivirus ) were discovered . In 1963 , the hepatitis B virus was discovered by Baruch Blumberg , and in 1965 , Howard Temin described the first retrovirus . Reverse transcriptase , the enzyme that retroviruses use to make DNA copies of their RNA , was first described in 1970 , independently by Howard Martin Temin and David Baltimore . In 1983 Luc Montagnier 's team at the Pasteur Institute in France , first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV . In 1989 Michael Houghton 's team at Chiron Corporation discovered Hepatitis C .
Brave New World
In an article in the 4 May 1935 issue of the Illustrated London News , G.K. Chesterton explained that Huxley was revolting against the `` Age of Utopias '' . Much of the discourse on man 's future before 1914 was based on the thesis that humanity would solve all economic and social issues . In the decade following the war the discourse shifted to an examination of the causes of the catastrophe . The works of H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw on the promises of socialism and a World State were then viewed as the ideas of naive optimists . Chesterton wrote :
West African Ebola virus epidemic
During the height of the crisis , Wikipedia 's Ebola page received 2.5 million page views per day , making Wikipedia one of the world 's most highly used sources of trusted medical information regarding the disease .
World Health Organization
The head of the organization is the Director - General , elected by the World Health Assembly . The current Director - General is Tedros Adhanom , who was appointed on 1 July 2017 . WHO employs 8,500 people in 147 countries . In support of the principle of a tobacco - free work environment the WHO does not recruit cigarette smokers . The organization has previously instigated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003 .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
There was serious concern that the disease would spread further within West Africa or elsewhere in the world , such as :
Sustainability
At the global scale , scientific data now indicates that humans are living beyond the carrying capacity of planet Earth and that this can not continue indefinitely . This scientific evidence comes from many sources but is presented in detail in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the planetary boundaries framework . An early detailed examination of global limits was published in the 1972 book Limits to Growth , which has prompted follow - up commentary and analysis . A 2012 review in Nature by 22 international researchers expressed concerns that the Earth may be `` approaching a state shift '' in its biosphere .
Modern history
The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era . America 's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America 's entry into World War II . The majority of countries set up relief programs , and most underwent some sort of political upheaval , pushing them to the left or right . In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war . The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism . In Asia , Japan became an ever more assertive power , especially with regards to China . Nanjing
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
The Broad Street cholera outbreak ( or Golden Square outbreak ) was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street ( now Broadwick Street ) in the Soho district of London , England . This outbreak , which killed 616 people , is best known for the physician John Snow 's study of its causes and his hypothesis that contaminated water , not air , was the source of cholera . This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century . Later , the term `` focus of infection '' would be used to describe sites , such as the Broad Street pump , in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection . John Snow 's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double - blind experiment .