vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tao
The Tao can be roughly thought of as the flow of the Universe , or as some essence or pattern behind the natural world that keeps the Universe balanced and ordered . It is related to the idea of qi , the essential energy of action and existence . The Tao is a non-dualistic principle -- it is the greater whole from which all the individual elements of the Universe derive . Keller considers it similar to the negative theology of Western scholars , but the Tao is rarely an object of direct worship , being treated more like the Hindu concepts of karma or dharma than as a divine object . The Tao is more commonly expressed in the relationship between wu ( void or emptiness , in the sense of wuji ) and yinyang ( the natural dynamic balance between opposites ) , leading to its central principle of wu wei ( non-action , or action without force ) .
Stress (linguistics)
Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful than non-stressed syllables . Research has shown , however , that although dynamic accent is accompanied by greater respiratory force , it does not mean a more forceful articulation in the vocal tract .
Say Uncle
In the United States and Canada , the idiomatic expression `` Say ' uncle ' ! '' may be used as an imperative command to demand submission of one 's opponent , such as during an informal wrestling match . Similarly , the exclamation `` Uncle ! '' is an indication of submission -- analogous to `` I give up '' -- or it may be a cry for mercy , in such a game or match .
Rest (physics)
In physics , rest is the state of an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object ; when the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be `` at rest '' . According to the theory of relativity , it is said that an object is `` at rest relative to '' another . For example , a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform . The train can be said to be `` at rest with respect to the station '' , or , as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and / or provided by context , simply `` at rest '' . In reality , there is nothing at absolute rest . For example , Earth 's gravitation constantly pulls objects toward its surface , while Earth is one of the objects the Sun constantly pulls towards itself , causing it to orbit the Sun ; the Sun , in turn , orbits the center of the Milky Way ; and so on .
Sensitivity and specificity
d ' is a dimensionless statistic . A higher d ' indicates that the signal can be more readily detected .
Socioeconomic status
Conversely , high SES individuals occupy high power positions that call for greater expressivity . High SES parents encourage their children to question the world around them . In addition to asking their children more questions , these parents push their children to create questions of their own . In contrast with low SES parents , these individuals often view the power disparity between parent and child as detrimental to the family . Opting instead to treat children as equals , high SES conversations are characterized by a give and take between parent and child . These interactions help prepare these children for occupations that require greater expressivity .
Magick (Thelema)
These words often have no intrinsic meaning in and of themselves . However , when deconstructed , each individual letter may refer to some universal concept found in the system that the formula appears . Additionally , in grouping certain letters together one is able to display meaningful sequences that are considered to be of value to the spiritual system that utilizes them ( e.g. spiritual hierarchies , historiographic data , psychological stages , etc . )
Individualism
Humanism is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity , concerns , and capabilities , particularly rationality . Although the word has many senses , its meaning comes into focus when contrasted to the supernatural or to appeals to authority . Since the 19th century , humanism has been associated with an anti-clericalism inherited from the 18th - century Enlightenment philosophes . 21st century Humanism tends to strongly endorse human rights , including reproductive rights , gender equality , social justice , and the separation of church and state . The term covers organized non-theistic religions , secular humanism , and a humanistic life stance .
Son (novel)
In Beyond , Gabe is now a young man , with a power to see into other people 's minds for a split second , called `` veering . '' Gabe is also curious about his old home and his real mother . Meanwhile , Jonas notices Claire , finds out that she is the mother of Gabe , and convinces Gabe that Claire is his mother and that the Trademaster is evil and caused her to grow old .
Video poker
`` Tens or Better '' is a variation of 6 / 5 Jacks or Better . The minimum paying hand is a pair of tens , rather than a pair of Jacks . Strategy is similar between the two games , in spite of the very different full house and flush payouts .
Age of Enlightenment
Enlightenment , understood in the widest sense as the advance of thought , has always aimed at liberating human beings from fear and installing them as masters . Yet the wholly enlightened earth radiates under the sign of disaster triumphant .
Promotion (chess)
Promotion to a queen is the most common , since the queen is the most powerful piece . Underpromotion ( promotion to a piece other than a queen ) occurs more often in chess problems than in practical play . In practical play , underpromotions are rare , but not extraordinarily so ( see table below ) . As the most powerful piece , the queen is usually the most desirable , but promotion to a different piece can be advantageous in certain situations . A promotion to knight is occasionally useful , particularly if the knight can give immediate check . A promotion to a rook is occasionally necessary to avoid a draw by immediate stalemate that would occur if the promotion was to a queen . Promotion to a bishop almost never occurs in practical play ( about one game in 33,000 ) . ( See Underpromotion : Promotion to rook or bishop for examples of underpromotions to rook and bishop made in order to avoid stalemate . )
Trinity
The third Council of Sirmium , in 357 , was the high point of Arianism . The Seventh Arian Confession ( Second Sirmium Confession ) held that both homoousios ( of one substance ) and homoiousios ( of similar substance ) were unbiblical and that the Father is greater than the Son . ( This confession was later known as the Blasphemy of Sirmium )
Social equality
`` Equal opportunities '' is interpreted as being judged by ability , which is compatible with a free - market economy . Relevant problems are horizontal inequality − the inequality of two persons of same origin and ability and differing opportunities given to individuals − such as in ( education ) or by inherited capital .
Negative number
In the first example , a credit of 8 is combined with a debt of 3 , which yields a total credit of 5 . If the negative number has greater magnitude , then the result is negative :
Negative and positive rights
Thus a thief may have a negative obligation not to steal , and a police officer may have a negative obligation not to tackle people -- but a police officer tackling the thief easily meets the burden of proof that he acted justifiably , since his was a breach of a lesser obligation and negated the breach of a greater obligation . Likewise a shopkeeper or other passerby may also meet this burden of proof when tackling the thief . But if any of those individuals pulled a gun and shot the ( unarmed ) thief for stealing , most modern societies would not accept that the burden of proof had been met . The obligation not to kill -- being universally regarded as one of the highest , if not the highest obligation -- is so much greater than the obligation not to steal that a breach of the latter does not justify a breach of the former . Most modern societies insist that other , very serious ethical questions need come into play before stealing could justify killing .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
What the hammer ? what the chain ? In what furnace was thy brain ? What the anvil ? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp ? -- William Blake , The Tyger
Mental calculation
If one `` route '' seems to be harder for one student vs. another route and its intermediate numbers , that student can simply choose another simpler route of multiplication for themselves even though it 's the same original problem . The
Lexicographical order
With this terminology , the above definition of the lexicographical order becomes more concise : Given a partially or totally ordered set A , and two words a and b over A , then one has a < b for the lexicographical order , if
Pi
Wirtinger 's inequality also generalizes to higher - dimensional Poincaré inequalities that provide best constants for the Dirichlet energy of an n - dimensional membrane . Specifically , π is the greatest constant such that
You Raise Me Up
The song was originally composed as an instrumental piece and titled `` Silent Story '' . Some have claimed there is a strong resemblance to the traditional Irish tune Londonderry Air , to which Løvland has commented : `` There are similarities but no plagiarism . When I made `` You Raise Me Up '' I asked myself - what is the inner essence of Irish music ? '' Løvland later approached Irish novelist and songwriter Brendan Graham to write the lyrics to his melody , after reading Graham 's novels .
Wealth inequality in the United States
There is an important distinction between income and wealth . Income refers to a flow of money over time in the form of a rate ( per hour , per week , or per year ) ; wealth is a collection of assets owned minus liabilities . In essence , income is specifically what people receive through work , retirement , or social welfare whereas wealth is what people own . While the two are seemingly related , income inequality alone is insufficient for understanding economic inequality for two reasons :
Holy Chalice
The Holy Grail appears as a miraculous artifact in Arthurian literature in the 12th century , and is soon associated with the Holy Chalice .
Time dilation
which expresses the fact that the moving observer 's period of the clock Δ t ′ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ' ) is longer than the period Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) in the frame of the clock itself .
Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics , and particularly phonology , stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word , or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence . This emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length , full articulation of the vowel , and changes in pitch . The terms stress and accent are often used synonymously in this context , but they are sometimes distinguished . For example , when emphasis is produced through pitch alone , it is called pitch accent , and when produced through length alone , it is called quantitative accent . When caused by a combination of various intensified properties , it is called stress accent or dynamic accent ; English uses what is called variable stress accent .
Nosebleed
In the Dutch language , `` pretending to have a nosebleed '' is a saying that means pretending not to know anything about something , when actually being involved somehow .
Height in sports
In fencing , it is generally advantageous ( especially in épée ) to be taller because a longer arm span allows one 's weapon to reach one 's opponent 's body from a further distance as well as in some instances being easier to make more angulated attacks .
Potentiality and actuality
The argument of Ross for this interpretation requires him to assert that Aristotle actually used his own word entelecheia wrongly , or inconsistently , only within his definition , making it mean `` actualization '' , which is in conflict with Aristotle 's normal use of words . According to Sachs ( 2005 ) this explanation also can not account for the `` as such '' in Aristotle 's definition .
The Miller's Tale
He also recounts a story ( sometimes told of Thales ) of an astrologer who falls into a pit while studying the stars . The issue of whether learned or unlearned faith is better is also relevant to The Prioress 's Tale and The Parson 's Tale .
Philosophical skepticism
One may also observe that the things one perceives are , in a sense , polluted by experience . Any given perception -- say , of a chair -- will always be perceived within some context or other ( i.e. , next to a table , on a mat , etc . ) Since this is the case , one often only speaks of ideas as they occur in the context of the other things that are paired with it , and therefore , one can never know of the true nature of the thing , but only how it appears to us in context . ( Empiricus : 64 )
Terror management theory
the problem of heroics is the central one of human life , that it goes deeper into human nature than anything else because it is based on organismic narcissism and on the child 's need for self - esteem as the condition for his life . Society itself is a codified hero system , which means that society everywhere is a living myth of the significance of human life , a defiant creation of meaning .
Context effect
The attractiveness effect , the second contextual effect on consumer behavior , maintains that one item will increase the attractiveness of another item that is similar , but superior to it . By showing that an item is superior to a similar one the likability and possible purchasing power of the superior item increases .
Filipino values
This is the shared sense of identity and consciousness of the ' other ' . It means treating others with respect and dignity as an equal , not someone below the individual .
Native Son
Mr. Boris Max : A lawyer from the Communist Party who represents Bigger against the State 's prosecuting attorney . As a Jewish American , he is in a position to understand Bigger . It is through his speech during the trial that Wright reveals the greater moral and political implications of Bigger Thomas ' life . Even though Mr. Max is the only one who understands Bigger , Bigger still horrifies him by displaying just how damaged white society has made him . When Mr. Max finally leaves Bigger he is aghast at the extent of the brutality of racism in America . The third part of the novel called Fate seems to focus on Max 's relationship with Bigger , and because of this Max becomes the main character of Fate .
Grip (job)
Arm up ( Arm down ) -- To raise ( or lower ) the arm of a crane .
Potentiality and actuality
... since in nature one thing is the material ( hulē ) for each kind ( genos ) ( this is what is in potency all the particular things of that kind ) but it is something else that is the causal and productive thing by which all of them are formed , as is the case with an art in relation to its material , it is necessary in the soul ( psuchē ) too that these distinct aspects be present ;
Joseph McCarthy
During the Korean War , when President Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur , McCarthy charged that Truman and his advisors must have planned the dismissal during late - night sessions when `` they 've had time to get the President cheerful '' on bourbon and Bénédictine . McCarthy declared , `` The son of a bitch should be impeached . ''
Surrender of Japan
After the formal surrender on September 2 aboard Missouri , investigations into Japanese war crimes began quickly . At a meeting with General MacArthur later in September , Emperor Hirohito offered to take blame for the war crimes , but his offer was rejected , and he was never tried . Legal procedures for the International Military Tribunal for the Far East were issued on January 19 , 1946 .
Korean War
On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the president 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the president and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo .
Surrender of Japan
MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 , and immediately decreed several laws : No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people . No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food . Flying the Hinomaru or `` Rising Sun '' flag was severely restricted . MacArthur
Surrender of Japan
Contrary to what had been intended at its conception , the Declaration made no mention of the Emperor at all . Allied intentions on issues of utmost importance to the Japanese , including whether Hirohito was to be regarded as one of those who had `` misled the people of Japan '' or even a war criminal , or alternatively , whether the Emperor might become part of a `` peacefully inclined and responsible government '' were thus left unstated .
Korean War
Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border .
Arthur Phillip
Phillip showed in other ways that he recognised that New South Wales could not be run simply as a prison camp . Lord Sydney , often criticised as an ineffectual incompetent , had made one fundamental decision about the settlement that was to influence it from the start . Instead of just establishing it as a military prison , he provided for a civil administration , with courts of law . Two convicts , Henry and Susannah Kable , sought to sue Duncan Sinclair , the captain of Alexander , for stealing their possessions during the voyage . Convicts in Britain had no right to sue , and Sinclair had boasted that he could not be sued by them . Despite this , the court found for the plaintiffs and ordered the captain to make restitution for the loss of their possessions .
War of the Austrian Succession
Emperor Charles VI had made provision for the succession of his daughter , Maria Theresa , to the throne as Empress of the Holy Roman Empire . Although the Salic law prevented succession through the female line , during his lifetime Emperor Charles VI obtained consent from several of the individual German states that were a part of the Holy Roman Empire for his Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 , which circumvented the Salic Law to allow his daughter to succeed to the throne . While the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy was distracted by the succession , Frederick , upon coming to the throne , rejected the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and opportunistically invaded Silesia on 16 December 1740 . In support of his invasion , Frederick used a questionable interpretation of a treaty ( 1537 ) between the Hohenzollerns and the Piasts of Brieg as a pretext . What Frederick really feared was that other princes of Europe were preparing to exploit the succession struggle to acquire Habsburg possessions for themselves and / or diminish the power of the Holy Roman Empire . In particular , Frederick feared that Augustus III , Elector of Saxony and King of Poland , was preparing to seize Silesia for himself to unite Saxony and Poland .
Korean War
Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . Soldiers
Containment
Truman himself adopted a rollback strategy in the Korean War after the success of the Inchon landings in September 1950 , only to reverse himself after the Chinese counterattack two months later and revert to containment . General Douglas MacArthur called on Congress to continue the rollback policy , but Truman fired him for insubordination .
Emperor of Japan
From 1192 to 1867 , sovereignty of the state was exercised by the shōguns , or their shikken regents ( 1203 -- 1333 ) , whose authority was conferred by Imperial warrant . When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ) , they described Japanese conditions in analogy , likening the Emperor with great symbolic authority but little political power , to the Pope , and the shōgun to secular European rulers ( e.g. , the Holy Roman Emperor ) . In keeping with the analogy , they even used the term `` Emperor '' in reference to the shōguns and their regents , e.g. in the case of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , whom missionaries called `` Emperor Taico - sama '' ( from Taikō and the honorific sama ) .
Emperor of Japan
The role of the Emperor of Japan has historically alternated between a largely ceremonial symbolic role and that of an actual imperial ruler . Since the establishment of the first shogunate in 1199 , the Emperors of Japan have rarely taken on a role as supreme battlefield commander , unlike many Western monarchs . Japanese Emperors have nearly always been controlled by external political forces , to varying degrees . In fact , between 1192 and 1867 , the shōguns , or their shikken regents in Kamakura ( 1203 -- 1333 ) , were the de facto rulers of Japan , although they were nominally appointed by the Emperor . After the Meiji Restoration in 1867 , the Emperor was the embodiment of all sovereign power in the realm , as enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1889 . Since the enactment of the 1947 Constitution , he has been a ceremonial head of state without even nominal political powers .
Korean War
On 3 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to `` burn Sinuiju . '' As he had done previously in July and October , MacArthur again denied the request , explaining that he planned to use the town 's facilities after seizing it . However , at the same meeting , MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign , agreeing to Stratemeyer 's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns : `` Burn it if you so desire . Not only that , Strat , but burn and destroy as a lesson any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy . '' The same evening , MacArthur 's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved . In his diary , Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows : `` Every installation , facility , and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target . '' Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to `` destroy every means of communications and every installation , factory , city , and village . ''