vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Salt Lake
Categorically stating the number of islands is difficult , as the method used to determine what is an island is not necessarily the same in each source . Since the water level of the lake can vary greatly between years , what may be considered an island in a high water year may be considered a peninsula in another , or an island in a low water year may be covered during another year . According to the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Geological Survey , `` there are eight named islands in the lake that have never been totally submerged during historic time . All have been connected to the mainland by exposed shoals during periods of low water . '' In addition to these eight islands , the lake also contains a number of rocks , reefs , or shoals that become fully or partially submerged at high water levels .
Cahokia
Archeologists recovered more than 250 other skeletons from Mound 72 . Scholars believe almost 62 percent of these were sacrificial victims , based on signs of ritual execution , method of burial , and other factors . The skeletons include :
Lundy
The island is primarily composed of granite of 59.8 ± 0.4 -- 58.4 ± 0.4 million years ( from the Palaeocene epoch ) , with slate at the southern end ; the plateau soil is mainly loam , with some peat . Among the igneous dykes cutting the granite are a small number composed of a unique orthophyre . This was given the name Lundyite in 1914 , although the term -- never precisely defined -- has since fallen into disuse .
Traditionalist Catholicism
Another comparison is that Eastern Rite Catholics number 16 million . Approximately 7,650,000 belong to the fourteen Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite , whether they attend the Divine Liturgy in that liturgical rite or in another , and 8,300,000 belong to other Eastern Catholic Churches of Armenian , Coptic and Syriac traditions .
Magnetar
As of March 2016 , 23 magnetars are known , with six more candidates awaiting confirmation . A full listing is given in the McGill SGR / AXP Online Catalog . Examples of known magnetars include :
Forbidden City
At the centre of the ramps leading up to the terraces from the northern and southern sides are ceremonial ramps , part of the Imperial Way , featuring elaborate and symbolic bas - relief carvings . The northern ramp , behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony , is carved from a single piece of stone 16.57 metres ( 54.4 ft ) long , 3.07 metres ( 10.1 ft ) wide , and 1.7 metres ( 5.6 ft ) thick . It weighs some 200 tonnes and is the largest such carving in China . The southern ramp , in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony , is even longer , but is made from two stone slabs joined together -- the joint was ingeniously hidden using overlapping bas - relief carvings , and was only discovered when weathering widened the gap in the 20th century .
Working memory
Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity . An early quantification of the capacity limit associated with short - term memory was the `` magical number seven '' suggested by Miller in 1956 . He claimed that the information - processing capacity of young adults is around seven elements , which he called `` chunks '' , regardless of whether the elements are digits , letters , words , or other units . Later research revealed this number depends on the category of chunks used ( e.g. , span may be around seven for digits , six for letters , and five for words ) , and even on features of the chunks within a category . For instance , span is lower for long than short words . In general , memory span for verbal contents ( digits , letters , words , etc . ) depends on the phonological complexity of the content ( i.e. , the number of phonemes , the number of syllables ) , and on the lexical status of the contents ( whether the contents are words known to the person or not ) . Several other factors affect a person 's measured span , and therefore it is difficult to pin down the capacity of short - term or working memory to a number of chunks . Nonetheless , Cowan proposed that working memory has a capacity of about four chunks in young adults ( and fewer in children and old adults ) .
Maya calendar
Some systems started the count with 1 Imix ' , followed by 2 Ik ' , 3 Ak'b'al , etc. up to 13 B'en . The day numbers then start again at 1 while the named - day sequence continues onwards , so the next days in the sequence are 1 Ix , 2 Men , 3 K'ib ' , 4 Kab'an , 5 Etz'nab ' , 6 Kawak and 7 Ajaw . With all twenty named days used , these now began to repeat the cycle while the number sequence continues , so the next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix ' . The repetition of these interlocking 13 - and 20 - day cycles therefore takes 260 days to complete ( that is , for every possible combination of number / named day to occur once ) .
Vinaya Pitaka
The Pali version of the Patimokkha , the code of conduct that applies to Buddhist monastics , contains 227 rules for bhikkhus and 311 rules for bhikkhunis . The Vibhanga section ( s ) of Vinaya Pitaka constitute ( s ) a commentary on these rules , giving detailed explanations of them along with the origin stories for each rule . The Khandhaka / Skandhaka sections give numerous supplementary rules grouped by subject , again with origin stories . The Buddha called his teaching the `` Dhamma - Vinaya '' , emphasizing both the philosophical teachings of Buddhism as well as the training in virtue that embodies that philosophy .
Colombian emeralds
Duke of Devonshire Emerald -- this emerald was named after the sixth Duke of Devonshire . This precious gem can now be viewed in a vault at the Natural History Museum in London . Patricia Emerald -- this 630 - carat , di - hexagonal cut was first discovered in 1920 . It is named after the mine owner 's daughter , Patricia . This emerald currently resides in the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Crown of the Andes -- one of the most famous pieces of Colombian emerald - encrusted jewelry in the world . It has 453 stones totaling 1,521 carats . This piece includes the 45 - carat Atahualpa Emerald , which was named after the last Inca emperor . Gachalá Emerald - 858 carat emerald , found in Gachalá in 1967 Hooker Emerald Brooch - brooch made from a Colombian emerald from an unknown mine , possibly Muzo Fura Emerald - the second - biggest emerald in the world , with 2.2 kilograms ( 4.9 lb ) or 11,000 carat , found in Muzo , in 1999 Tena Emerald - the most valuable emerald in the world , 400 grams ( 0.88 lb ) or 2,000 carat , found in Muzo , in 1999
First Battle of Bull Run
McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows :
Curling
Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics .
Apothecaries' system
Even in Turkey a system of weights similar to the European apothecaries ' system was used for the same purpose . For medical purposes the tcheky ( approx. 320 g ) was divided in 100 drachms , and the drachm in ( 16 killos or ) 64 grains . This is close to the classical Greek weight system , where a mina ( corresponding roughly to a Roman libra ) was also divided into 100 drachms .
Elgin Marbles
The Parthenon Marbles acquired by Elgin include some 21 figures from the statuary from the east and west pediments , 15 of an original 92 metope panels depicting battles between the Lapiths and the Centaurs , as well as 247 feet ( or 75m ) of the Parthenon Frieze which decorated the horizontal course set above the interior architrave of the temple . As such , they represent more than half of what now remains of the surviving sculptural decoration of the Parthenon .
Mount Everest
By the end of the 2010 climbing season , there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals . Some notable `` firsts '' by climbers include :
Florence Cathedral
A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future . Brunelleschi , like all cathedral builders , had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built . To lift 37,000 tons of material , including over 4 million bricks , he invented hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones . These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi 's chief contribution to architecture . Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier , it is his name , rather than Neri 's , that is commonly associated with the dome .
Computer
Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years , mostly using one - to - one correspondence with fingers . The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick . Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi ( clay spheres , cones , etc . ) which represented counts of items , probably livestock or grains , sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers . The use of counting rods is one example . The
Los Angeles County, California
In 2000 , there were hundreds of Christian churches , 202 Jewish synagogues , 145 Buddhist temples , 48 Muslim mosques , 44 Bahai worship centers , 37 Hindu mandirs , 28 Tenrikyo churches and fellowships , 16 Shinto worship centers , and 14 Sikh gurdwaras in the county . The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles has approximately 5 million members and is the largest diocese in the United States .
Diamond
Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity , making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds , such as the 4 Cs , irrelevant for most applications . 80 % of mined diamonds ( equal to about 135,000,000 carats ( 27,000 kg ) annually ) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially . In addition to mined diamonds , synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s ; another 570,000,000 carats ( 114,000 kg ) of synthetic diamond is produced annually for industrial use ( in 2004 ; in 2014 it is 4,500,000,000 carats ( 900,000 kg ) , 90 % of which is produced in China ) . Approximately 90 % of diamond grinding grit is currently of synthetic origin .
The Piano Lesson
`` You got to put all that behind you , Berniece . That 's the same thing like Crawley . Everybody got stones in their passway . You got to step over them or walk around them . You picking them up and carrying them with you . All you got to do is set them down by the side of the road . You ai n't got to carry them with you . You can walk over there right now and play that piano ... and God will walk over there with you . ''
Kuiper belt
Less formally , if q is 4 , for example , there are 8 ( = 2 ) times more objects in the 100 -- 200 km range than in the 200 -- 400 km range , and for every object with a diameter between 1000 and 1010 km there should be around 1000 ( = 10 ) objects with diameter of 100 to 101 km .
Roanoke Colony
From 1937 to 1941 , a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare , mother of Virginia Dare . They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths . Most historians believe that they are a fraud , but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine . Virginia
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Some of the recommended quantities for the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come under criticism for lack of clarity . For instance , the pyramid recommends two to three servings from the protein - rich group , but this is intended to be a maximum . The pyramid recommends two to four fruit servings , but this is intended to be the minimum .
Stone Mountain
Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s , but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847 . This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869 . Over the years , Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures , including the locks of the Panama Canal , the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo . In recent years , granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King , Jr . Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King 's honor ; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China . Unfortunately , quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain , such as the Devil 's Crossroads , which was located on top of the mountain .
Diamond
Today , most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia ( mostly in Sakha Republic , for example Mir pipe and Udachnaya pipe ) , Botswana , Australia ( Northern and Western Australia ) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 2005 , Russia produced almost one - fifth of the global diamond output , according to the British Geological Survey . Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe , with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons per year in the 1990s . There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the Northwest Territories of Canada and Brazil . Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond - bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes . Political
Cahokia
Four young males , missing their hands and skulls . A mass grave of more than 50 women around 21 years old , with the bodies arranged in two layers separated by matting . A mass burial containing 40 men and women who appear to have been violently killed . The suggestion has been made that some of these were buried alive : `` From the vertical position of some of the fingers , which appear to have been digging in the sand , it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred -- that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies . ''
Florence Cathedral
The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles , being only 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) thick at the base and 30 centimetres ( 1 ft ) thick at the top . To create such circles , Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations , creating nine masonry rings , which can be observed today from the space between the two domes . To counteract hoop stress , the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains .
Grand Canyon
There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants , 167 species of fungi , 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park . This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot ( 2,400 m ) elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim . Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants ( known only within the Park 's boundaries ) while only ten percent of the Park 's flora is exotic . Sixty - three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Play
Motte-and-bailey castle
Newer castle designs placed less emphasis on mottes . Square Norman keeps built in stone became popular following the first such construction in Langeais in 994 . Several were built in England and Wales after the conquest ; by 1216 there were around 100 in the country . These massive keeps could be either erected on top of settled , well established mottes , or could have mottes built around them -- so - called `` buried '' keeps . The ability of mottes , especially newly built mottes , to support the heavier stone structures , was limited , and many needed to be built on fresh ground . Concentric castles , relying on several lines of baileys and defensive walls , made increasingly little use of keeps or mottes at all .
Kashi Vishwanath Temple
The Kashi Vishwanath temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day . On certain occasions the numbers reach 1,000,000 and more . Noteworthy about the temple is 15.5 metre high gold spire and gold dome . There are three domes each made up of pure gold .
Japanese swordsmithing
The smelting process used is different from the modern mass production of steel . A clay vessel about 1.1 m ( 3 ft 7 in ) tall , 3 m ( 10 ft ) long , and 1.1 m ( 3 ft 7 in ) wide is constructed . This is known as a tatara . After the clay tub has set , it is fired until dry . A charcoal fire is started from soft pine charcoal . Then the smelter will wait for the fire to reach the correct temperature . At that point he will direct the addition of iron sand known as satetsu . This will be layered in with more charcoal and more iron sand over the next 72 hours . Four or five people need to constantly work on this process . It takes about a week to build the tatara and complete the iron conversion to steel . Because the charcoal can not exceed the melting point of iron , the steel is not able to become fully molten , and this allows both high and low carbon material to be created and separated once cooled . When complete , the Tatara is broken to remove the steel bloom , known as a kera . At the end of the process the tatara will have consumed about 10 short tons ( 9.1 t ) of satetsu and 12 short tons ( 11 t ) of charcoal leaving about 2.5 short tons ( 2.3 t ) of kera , from which less than a ton of tamahagane can be produced . A single kera can typically be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars , making it many times more expensive than modern steels . Tamahagane
Diamond
In 2008 , the Wittelsbach Diamond , a 35.56 - carat ( 7.112 g ) blue diamond once belonging to the King of Spain , fetched over US $24 million at a Christie 's auction . In May 2009 , a 7.03 - carat ( 1.406 g ) blue diamond fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs ( 6.97 million euros , or US $9.5 million at the time ) . That record was , however , beaten the same year : a 5 - carat ( 1.0 g ) vivid pink diamond was sold for $10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1 , 2009 .
History of the Jews in Egypt
According to the official census published in 1898 ( i. , xviii . ) , there were in Egypt 25,200 Jews in a total population of 9,734,405 .
Great Pyramid of Giza
There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years .
California State Lottery
Five numbers are selected from a set of 47 balls , while a Mega Number is chosen from a second set , of 27 balls . ( This Mega Number is not to be confused with the gold - colored ball in Mega Millions , which also is known as the Mega Number . )
Movable type
In 1725 the Qing Dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable - type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic Gujin Tushu Jicheng ( 《 古今 图书 集成 》 / 《 古今 圖書 集成 》 , Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times ) . Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes , making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type .
Solomon's Temple
According to the Bible , two courts surrounded the Temple . The Inner Court ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) , or Court of the Priests ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) , was separated from the space beyond by a wall of three courses of hewn stone , surmounted by cedar beams ( 1 Kings 6 : 36 ) . It contained the Altar of burnt - offering ( 2 Chr. 15 : 8 ) , the Brazen Sea laver ( 4 : 2 -- 5 , 10 ) and ten other lavers ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 , 39 ) . A brazen altar stood before the Temple ( 2 Kings 16 : 14 ) , its dimensions 20 cubits square and 10 cubits high ( 2 Chr. 4 : 1 ) . The Great Court surrounded the whole Temple ( 2 Chr. 4 : 9 ) . It was here that people assembled to worship . ( Jeremiah 19 : 14 ; 26 : 2 ) . Molten
Elizabethan government
The monarch decided when Parliament was to be called . In total , Elizabeth only called Parliament thirteen times , 11 of which were to ask for money .
HTML
As of version 4.0 , HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references , both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup , rather than literally . A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically .
Flag of Portugal
The white inescutcheon is itself charged with five smaller blue shields ( escudetes ) arranged like a Greek cross ( 1 + 3 + 1 ) . Each smaller shield holds five white bezants displayed in the form of a saltire ( 2 + 1 + 2 ) . The red bordure is charged with seven yellow castles : three on the chief portion ( one in each corner and one in the middle ) , two in the middle points of each quadrant of the curved base ( rotated 45 degrees ) , and two more on each side of the bordure , over the flag 's horizontal middle line . Each castle is composed by a base building , showing a closed ( yellow ) gate , on top of which stand three battlemented towers . In heraldic terminology , the shield 's blazon is described as Argent , five escutcheons in cross azure each charged with five plates in saltire , on a bordure gules seven towers triple - turreted Or , three in chief .
Easter Island
Possible means by which the statues were moved include employment of a miro manga erua , a Y - shaped sledge with cross pieces , pulled with ropes made from the tough bark of the hau tree and tied around the statue 's neck . Anywhere from 180 to 250 men were required for pulling , depending on the size of the moai . Some 50 of the statues were re-erected in modern times . One of the first was on Ahu Ature Huke in Anakena beach in 1956 . It was raised using traditional methods during a Heyerdahl expedition .
Maldives
The Maldives has twenty - six natural atolls and few island groups on isolated reefs , all of which have been divided into twenty - one administrative divisions ( 19 administrative atolls and cities of Malé and Addu ) .
Population pyramid
7 - 8 Children 6 - 7 Children 5 - 6 Children 4 - 5 Children 3 - 4 Children 2 - 3 Children 1 - 2 Children 0 - 1 Children
Yahoo! Answers
26,000,000 unique visitors ( users ) ( US ) 110,000,000 total visits ( US )
Parthenon
Measured at the stylobate , the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres ( 228 by 101 ft ) . The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide ( 97.8 × 63.0 ft ) . On the exterior , the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres ( 6.2 ft ) in diameter and are 10.4 metres ( 34 ft ) high . The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter . The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total , each column containing 20 flutes . ( A flute is the concave shaft carved into the column form . ) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae .
Mid-ocean ridge
It is estimated that 20 volcanic eruptions occur each year along earth 's mid-ocean ridges and that every year 2.5 km ( 0.97 sq mi ) of new seafloor is formed by this process . With a crustal thickness of 1 to 2 km ( 0.62 to 1.24 mi ) , this amounts to about 4 km ( 0.96 cu mi ) of new ocean crust formed every year .