vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Computer
In most computers , individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number ( its operation code or opcode for short ) . The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode ; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode , and so on . The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions ; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from , each with a unique numerical code . Since the computer 's memory is able to store numbers , it can also store the instruction codes . This leads to the important fact that entire programs ( which are just lists of these instructions ) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data . The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer 's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann , or stored program , architecture . In some cases , a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on . This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer . Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs , such as in CPU caches .
Modem
A Winmodem or softmodem is a stripped - down modem that replaces tasks traditionally handled in hardware with software . In this case the modem is a simple interface designed to act as a digital - to - analog and an analog - to - digital converter . Softmodems are cheaper than traditional modems because they have fewer hardware components . However , the software generating and interpreting the modem tones to be sent to the softmodem uses many system resources . For online gaming , this can be a real concern . Another problem is the lack of cross-platform compatibility , meaning that non-Windows operating systems ( such as Linux ) often do not have an equivalent driver to operate the modem . List
Modem
Most consumers did not know about networking and routers when broadband became available . However , many people knew that a modem connected a computer to the Internet over a telephone line . To take advantage of consumers ' familiarity with modems , companies called these devices broadband modems rather than using less familiar terms such as adapter , interface , transceiver , or bridge . In fact , broadband modems fit the definition of modem because they use complex waveforms to carry digital data . They use more advanced technology than dial - up modems : typically they can modulate and demodulate hundreds of channels simultaneously or use much wider channels than dial - up modems .
Wireless security
This stands for Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol . This protocol allows for a secure transport of data , passwords , and encryption keys without the need of a certificate server . This was developed by Cisco , Microsoft , and RSA Security .
Git
Torvalds turned over maintenance on 26 July 2005 to Junio Hamano , a major contributor to the project . Hamano was responsible for the 1.0 release on 21 December 2005 , and remains the project 's maintainer .
Computer
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology , such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers . Most computers are universal , and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed . However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems ; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms ( by quantum factoring ) very quickly .
Gray code
We can formalize the concept of monotone Gray codes as follows : consider the partition of the hypercube Q n = ( V n , E n ) ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( n ) = ( V_ ( n ) , E_ ( n ) ) ) into levels of vertices that have equal weight , i.e.
Hard disk drive
The rate of areal density growth has dropped below the historical Moore 's law rate of 40 % per year , and the deceleration is expected to persist through at least 2020 . Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies , the median forecast by industry observers and analysts for 2020 and beyond for areal density growth is 20 % per year with a range of 10 -- 30 % . The achievable limit for the HAMR technology in combination with BPR and SMR may be 10 Tbit / in , which would be 20 times higher than the 500 Gbit / in represented by 2013 production desktop HDDs . As of 2015 , HAMR HDDs have been delayed several years , and are expected in 2018 . They require a different architecture , with redesigned media and read / write heads , new lasers , and new near - field optical transducers .
Client–server model
In a peer - to - peer network , two or more computers ( peers ) pool their resources and communicate in a decentralized system . Peers are coequal , or equipotent nodes in a non-hierarchical network . Unlike clients in a client -- server or client -- queue -- client network , peers communicate with each other directly . In peer - to - peer networking , an algorithm in the peer - to - peer communications protocol balances load , and even peers with modest resources can help to share the load . If a node becomes unavailable , its shared resources remain available as long as other peers offer it . Ideally , a peer does not need to achieve high availability because other , redundant peers make up for any resource downtime ; as the availability and load capacity of peers change , the protocol reroutes requests .
Twisted pair
ISO / IEC 11801 : 2002 ( Annex E ) attempts to internationally standardize the various designations for shielded cables by using combinations of three letters - U for unshielded , S for braided shielding ( in outer layer only ) , and F for foil shielding - to explicitly indicate the type of screen for overall cable protection and for protecting individual pairs or quads , using a two - part abbreviation in the form of x / xTP .
URL
A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host , by default on port number 80 . URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website .
Input/output
In the context of the ALGOL 68 programming language , the input and output facilities are collectively referred to as transput . The ALGOL 68 transput library recognizes the following standard files / devices : stand in , stand out , stand errors and stand back .
Internet privacy
DuckDuckGo : DuckDuckGo is a meta - search engine that combines the search results from various search engines ( excluding Google ) and providing some unique services like using search boxes on various websites and providing instant answers out of the box . MetaGer : MetaGer is a meta - search engine ( obtains results from various sources ) and in Germany by far the most popular safe search engine . All servers are stationed in Germany , a plus considering that the German legislation tends to respect privacy rights better than many other European countries . Ixquick : IxQuick is a Dutch - based meta - search engine ( obtains results from various sources ) . It commits also to the protection of the privacy of its users . Ixquick uses similar safety features as MetaGer . Yacy : Yacy is a decentralized - search engine developed on the basis of a community project , which started in 2005 . The search engine follows a slightly different approach to the two previous ones , using a peer - to - peer principle that does not require any stationary and centralized servers . This has its disadvantages but also the simple advantage of greater privacy when surfing due to basically no possibility of hacking . Tor Browser ( The Onion Router ) : Tor Browser is a free software that provides access to anonymised network that enables anonymous communication . It directs the internet traffic through multiple relays . This encryption method prevents others from tracking a certain user , thus allowing user 's IP address and other personal information to be concealed .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
In both places where it is used , it is immediately explained . Does n't that work ? I ca n't judge , because I do n't need this article . Lambiam 01 : 28 , 6 May 2006 ( UTC ) That 's the problem . Nobody who is editing it does . ( And linear or independent might be just as bad . ) Septentrionalis 01 : 51 , 6 May 2006 ( UTC ) I have reverted the addition of a wikilink to Commutative operation because it does not really cover the concept meant here . Commutative diagram is more to the point , but even I :) can see that that is a bridge too far . Lambiam 02 : 13 , 6 May 2006 ( UTC ) Well it would be nice if commutative operation really brought out the idea of commutative diagrams ; it is in there , it 's just not going to be obvious to the audience here ... Septentrionalis 03 : 25 , 6 May 2006 ( UTC ) The way I see it is as follows . For `` commutative '' in the sense of commutative diagram , reducing everything to the simplest case , operations f and g commute if : f o g = g o f . There is no universal quantification here , and the commuting operations are a pair of unary operations ( although generalizations are possible and usual ) . For `` commutative '' in the sense of commutative operation , operation ⊕ is commutative if , x ⊕ y = y ⊕ x for all x and y in the domain . Here the universal quantification is essential , and there is one operation which is binary . I expect that attempts to unify the two notions will produced strained and non-natural results . Lambiam 18 : 51 , 6 May 2006 ( UTC ) Rather than try to explain the usage , I kept the idea . See what you think ; I would n't put Commutative diagram under the See also , but go ahead if you like . Perhaps a general article on Commutativity ? Septentrionalis 01 : 58 , 7 May 2006 ( UTC )
Wireless security
Only when the firewall gets back an ACK , which would happen only in a legitimate connection , would the firewall send the original SYN segment on to the server for which it was originally intended . The firewall does n't set aside resources for a connection when a SYN segment arrives , so handling a large number of false SYN segments is only a small burden . Rate
Command-line interface
Depending on the program , additional or more specific help on accepted parameters is sometimes available by either providing the parameter in question as an argument to the help parameter or vice versa ( as in / H : W or in / W : ? ( assuming / W would be another parameter supported by the program ) ) .
Communications satellite
After the 1990s , satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections . This can be very useful for users who are located in remote areas , and can not access a broadband connection , or require high availability of services .
Nintendo 64 accessories
The Jumper Pak ( ターミネータ パック , Tāminēta Pakku , Terminator Pack ) is a filler that plugged into the console 's memory expansion port . It serves no functional purpose other than to terminate the RAMBUS bus in the absence of the Expansion Pak . This is functionally equivalent to a continuity RIMM in a RAMBUS motherboard filling the unused RIMM sockets until the user upgrades . Early Nintendo 64 consoles ( prior to the Expansion Pak 's release ) came with the Jumper Pak included and already installed . Jumper Paks were not sold individually in stores and could only be ordered individually through Nintendo 's online store . The system requires the Jumper Pak when the Expansion Pak is not present or else there will be no picture on the TV screen .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Hamato Yoshi is a ninjutsu master whose history is always intertwined with Splinter 's .
HTTPS
HTTPS has been shown vulnerable to a range of traffic analysis attacks . Traffic analysis attacks are a type of side - channel attack that relies on variations in the timing and size of traffic in order to infer properties about the encrypted traffic itself . Traffic analysis is possible because SSL / TLS encryption changes the contents of traffic , but has minimal impact on the size and timing of traffic . In May 2010 , a research paper by researchers from Microsoft Research and Indiana University discovered that detailed sensitive user data can be inferred from side channels such as packet sizes . More specifically , the researchers found that an eavesdropper can infer the illnesses / medications / surgeries of the user , his / her family income and investment secrets , despite HTTPS protection in several high - profile , top - of - the - line web applications in healthcare , taxation , investment and web search . Although this work demonstrated vulnerability of HTTPS to traffic analysis , the approach presented by the authors required manual analysis and focused specifically on web applications protected by HTTPS .
Twisted pair
Because the shielding is made of metal , it may also serve as a ground . Usually a shielded twisted pair cable has a special grounding wire added called a drain wire which is electrically connected to the shield or screen . The drain wire simplifies connection to ground at the connectors .
Modem
Cable modems use infrastructure originally intended to carry television signals and therefore designed from the outset to carry higher frequencies . A single cable can carry radio and television signals at the same time as broadband internet service without interference . Newer types of broadband modems are also available , including satellite modems and power line modems .
OSI model
The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection . It defines the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium ( for example , an electrical cable , an optical fiber cable , or a radio frequency link ) . This includes the layout of pins , voltages , line impedance , cable specifications , signal timing and similar characteristics for connected devices and frequency ( 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz etc . ) for wireless devices . It is responsible for transmission and reception of unstructured raw data in a physical medium . Bit rate control is done at the physical layer . It may define transmission mode as simplex , half duplex , and full duplex . It defines the network topology as bus , mesh , or ring being some of the most common .
Client–server model
The client -- server model does not dictate that server - hosts must have more resources than client - hosts . Rather , it enables any general - purpose computer to extend its capabilities by using the shared resources of other hosts . Centralized computing , however , specifically allocates a large amount of resources to a small number of computers . The more computation is offloaded from client - hosts to the central computers , the simpler the client - hosts can be . It relies heavily on network resources ( servers and infrastructure ) for computation and storage . A diskless node loads even its operating system from the network , and a computer terminal has no operating system at all ; it is only an input / output interface to the server . In contrast , a fat client , such as a personal computer , has many resources , and does not rely on a server for essential functions .
Internet privacy
An HTTP cookie is data stored on a user 's computer that assists in automated access to websites or web features , or other state information required in complex web sites . It may also be used for user - tracking by storing special usage history data in a cookie , and such cookies -- for example , those used by Google Analytics -- are called tracking cookies . Cookies are a common concern in the field of Internet privacy . Although website developers most commonly use cookies for legitimate technical purposes , cases of abuse occur . In 2009 , two researchers noted that social networking profiles could be connected to cookies , allowing the social networking profile to be connected to browsing habits .
OSI model
A number of layer - management protocols , a function defined in the management annex , ISO 7498 / 4 , belong to the network layer . These include routing protocols , multicast group management , network - layer information and error , and network - layer address assignment . It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer , not the protocol that carries them .
Prometheus
The three most prominent aspects of the Prometheus myth have parallels within the beliefs of many cultures throughout the world ( see creation of man from clay , theft of fire , and references for eternal punishment ) . It is the first of these three which has drawn attention to parallels with the biblical creation account related in the religious symbolism expressed in the book of Genesis .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Hi - Tech , occasionally referred to as the Hi - Tech , is a humanoid Arthropod alien and Dregg 's second in command . As his name would imply , Hi - Tech is always seen with advanced alien armor and weaponry .
Kim Jong-un
This article contains Korean text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja .
Command-line interface
In some cases , different levels of help can be selected for a program . Some programs supporting this allow to give a verbosity level as an optional argument to the help parameter ( as in / H : 1 , / H : 2 , etc . ) or they give just a short help on help parameters with question mark and a longer help screen for the other help options .
Wireless security
A simple but ineffective method to attempt to secure a wireless network is to hide the SSID ( Service Set Identifier ) . This provides very little protection against anything but the most casual intrusion efforts .
Land of Nod
Nod is said to be outside of the presence or face of God . Origen defined Nod as the land of trembling and wrote that it symbolized the condition of all who forsake God . Early commentators treated it as the opposite of Eden ( worse still than the land of exile for the rest of humanity ) . In the English tradition Nod was sometimes described as a desert inhabited only by ferocious beasts or monsters . Others interpreted Nod as dark or even underground -- away from the face of God .
Wireless security
This stands for the Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol . This protocol is based on 802.1 X and helps minimize the original security flaws by using WEP and a sophisticated key management system . This EAP - version is safer than EAP - MD5 . This also uses MAC address authentication . LEAP is not secure ; THC - LeapCracker can be used to break Cisco 's version of LEAP and be used against computers connected to an access point in the form of a dictionary attack . Anwrap and asleap finally are other crackers capable of breaking LEAP .
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
The opening credits of the film feature pseudo-Swedish subtitles , which soon turn into an appeal to visit Sweden and see the country 's moose . The subtitles are soon stopped , but moose references continue throughout the actual credits until the credits are stopped again and restarted in a different visual style and with references to llamas , animals often mentioned in Flying Circus . The subtitles were written by Michael Palin as a way to `` entertain the ' captive ' audience '' at the beginning of the film .
Communications satellite
Beginning with the Mars Exploration Rovers , landers on the surface of Mars have used orbiting spacecraft as communications satellites for relaying their data to Earth . The landers use UHF transmitters to send their data to the orbiters , which then relay the data to Earth using either X band or Ka band frequencies . These higher frequencies , along with more powerful transmitters and larger antennas , permit the orbiters to send the data much faster than the landers could manage transmitting directly to Earth , which conserves valuable time on the NASA Deep Space Network .
Lisbeth Salander
Due to her deep - seated mistrust of authority , Salander refuses at first to cooperate in any way with her defense , relying instead on her friends in Sweden 's hacker community . They eventually help Blomkvist discover the full scope of the Section 's conspiracy , which he strives to publish at the risk of his own life . Salander eventually writes , and passes to Giannini , an exact description of the sexual abuse she suffered at Bjurman 's hands , but written in such a way as to make it sound hallucinatory so as to mislead the prosecution .
Communications satellite
Communications satellites are used for military communications applications , such as Global Command and Control Systems . Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR , the DSCS , and the FLTSATCOM of the United States , NATO satellites , United Kingdom satellites ( for instance Skynet ) , and satellites of the former Soviet Union . India has launched its first Military Communication satellite GSAT - 7 , its transponders operate in UHF , F , C and K band bands . Typically military satellites operate in the UHF , SHF ( also known as X-band ) or EHF ( also known as K band ) frequency bands . Further
Prometheus
This short piece by Kafka concerning his interest in Prometheus was supplemented by two other mythological pieces written by him . As stated by Reiner Stach , `` Kafka 's world was mythical in nature , with Old Testament and Jewish legends providing the templates . It was only logical ( even if Kafka did not state it openly ) that he would try his hand at the canon of antiquity , reinterpreting it and incorporating it into his own imagination in the form of allusions , as in ' The Silence of the Sirens , ' ' Prometheus , ' and ' Poseidon . ' '' Among contemporary poets , the British poet Ted Hughes wrote a 1973 collection of poems titled Prometheus on His Crag . The Nepali poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota ( d . 1949 ) also wrote an epic titled Prometheus ( प्रमीथस ) .
Internet privacy
An ISP can not know the contents of properly - encrypted data passing between its consumers and the Internet . For encrypting web traffic , https has become the most popular and best - supported standard . Even if users encrypt the data , the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and of the recipient . ( However , see the IP addresses section for workarounds . )
Modem
Mass - produced modems in the United States began as part of the SAGE air - defense system in 1958 ( the year the word modem was first used ) , connecting terminals at various airbases , radar sites , and command - and - control centers to the SAGE director centers scattered around the United States and Canada . SAGE modems were described by AT&T 's Bell Labs as conforming to their newly published Bell 101 dataset standard . While they ran on dedicated telephone lines , the devices at each end were no different from commercial acoustically coupled Bell 101 , 110 baud modems .
Chernobyl disaster
This was the entirety of the announcement of the accident . The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union ( TASS ) then discussed Three Mile Island and other American nuclear accidents , an example of the common Soviet tactic of emphasizing foreign disasters when one occurred in the Soviet Union . The mention of a commission , however , indicated to observers the seriousness of the incident , and subsequent state radio broadcasts were replaced with classical music , which was a common method of preparing the public for an announcement of a tragedy .
Software bug
Isaac Asimov used the term `` bug '' to relate to issues with a robot in his short story `` Catch That Rabbit '' , published in 1944 , and included in his well - known collection of short stories I , Robot . From page 1 of `` Catch That Rabbit '' : `` U.S. Robots had to get the bugs out of the multiple robot , and there were plenty of bugs , and there are always at least half a dozen bugs left for the field - testing . '' A