vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Descriptive psychology
`` An organization is a human community , and therefore is characterized ( in terms of its parameters ) fundamentally by its members , practices , statuses , choice principles , concepts , locutions , and world . An organization exists for the accomplishment of its mission -- a specific , valued state of affairs -- and its core practices are directly related to mission . The mission provides both pragmatically and ethically an anchoring point for the choice principles of the organization . A special mission - related status , that of manager , exists to see to the effective and efficient pursuit of the mission ; authority is invested in managers for the accomplishment of mission , and all other members agree to subordinate their independent agency to management authority . Members are either part of the line -- directly involved in accomplishing the mission -- or staff , involved in supporting the line . The world of the organization looks different depending on which systematic logic one uses : three important organizational worlds are those in which people , machines and numbers are the ultimate objects . ''
Fair trade
The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization ( ATO ) : that year , British NGO Oxfam launched `` Helping - by - Selling '' , a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail - order catalogues .
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association ( BCBSA ) is a federation of 36 separate United States health insurance organizations and companies , providing health insurance in the United States to more than 106 million people . Blue Cross was founded in 1929 and became the Blue Cross Association in 1960 , while Blue Shield emerged in 1939 and the Blue Shield Association was created in 1948 . The two organizations merged in 1982 .
Elections in the United States
The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 required candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions and campaign expenditure . It was amended in 1974 to legally limit campaign contributions . It banned direct contributing to campaigns by corporations and trade unions and limited individual donations to $1,000 per campaign . It introduced public funding for Presidential primaries and elections . The Act also placed limits of $5,000 per campaign on PACs ( political action committees ) . The limits on individual contributions and prohibition of direct corporate or labor union campaigns led to a huge increase in the number of PACs . Today many labor unions and corporations have their own PACs , and over 4,000 in total exist . The 1974 amendment also specified a Federal Election Commission , created in 1975 to administer and enforce campaign finance law . Various other provisions were also included , such as a ban on contributions or expenditures by foreign nationals ( incorporated from the Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) ( 1966 ) ) .
Lobbying in the United States
But the proposals ran into serious opposition from various groups including the lobbying industry itself . Opponents argued that the proposed reporting rules would have infringed on the right to petition , making it difficult not just for lobbyists , but for regular citizens to communicate their views on controversial issues without having their names and viewpoints entered into a government database . Opposition groups suggested that although the proposed rules were promoted as a way to regulate `` lobbyists , '' persons described as a `` private party '' could be practically anybody , and that anybody contacting a federal official might be deemed to be a `` lobbyist '' . The U.S. Department of Justice raised constitutional and other objections to the bill . Opponents mobilized over 450 groups including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and National Association of Realtors with letter writing campaigns against the proposed restrictions . Lobbyist Howard Marlowe argued in a `` stern letter '' that the restriction on gift - giving to federal employees would create `` fear of retribution for political donations '' :
United Nations
The UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) , an organization for grant - based technical assistance founded in 1945 , is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development . The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index , a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty , literacy , education , life expectancy , and other factors . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , also founded in 1945 , promotes agricultural development and food security . UNICEF ( the United Nations Children 's Fund ) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child . Three
Social development theory
The government accomplished all this by setting up many new organizations . It set up the Food Corporation to buy food grains from surplus production areas and distribute it in areas with shortages . It constituted an Agricultural Pricing Commission to ensure a minimum floor price to farmers so that there was no disincentive for increased production . Seed and fertilizer corporations were formed to ensure supply of good quality seeds and timely supply of fertilizers , etc . Agricultural scientists were motivated to do their work better by the offer of better pay scales and greater infrastructural facilities .
Lobbying in the United States
There is anecdotal evidence from numerous newspaper accounts of different groups battling that lobbying activity usually achieves results . For example , the Obama administration pledged to stop for - profit colleges from `` luring students with false promises '' , but with this threat , the lobbying industry sprang into action with a $16 million campaign , and their efforts succeeded in watering down the proposed restrictions . How did the lobbying campaign succeed ? Actions taken included :
Public administration
Organizational theory in public administration is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them . Ethics in public administration serves as a normative approach to decision making . Policy analysis serves as an empirical approach to decision making . Public budgeting is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands . Human resource management is an in - house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased , ethical and values - based manner . The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits , employee health care , compensation , and many more ( e.g. , human rights , Americans with Disabilities Act ) . The executives managing the HR director and other key departmental personnel are also part of the public administration system .
Superfecundation
Superfecundation is the fertilization of two or more ova from the same cycle by sperm from separate acts of sexual intercourse , which can lead to twin babies from two separate biological fathers . The term superfecundation is derived from fecund , meaning the ability to produce offspring . Heteropaternal superfecundation refers to the fertilization of two separate ova by two different fathers . Homopaternal superfecundation refers to the fertilization of two separate ova from the same father , leading to fraternal twins . While heteropaternal superfecundation is referred to as a form of atypical twinning , genetically , the twins are half siblings . Superfecundation , while rare , can occur through either separate occurrences of sexual intercourse or through artificial insemination .
Primary election
The United States is one of few countries to select candidates through popular vote in a primary election system ; most countries rely on party leaders to vote candidates , as was previously the case in the U.S. In modern politics , primary elections have been described as a significant vehicle for taking decision - making from political insiders to the voters , though this is disputed by select political science research . The selection of candidates for federal , state , and local general elections takes place in primary elections organized by the public administration for the general voting public to participate in for the purpose of nominating the respective parties ' official candidates ; state voters start the electoral process for governors and legislators through the primary process , as well as for many local officials from city councilors to county commissioners . The candidate who moves from the primary to be successful in the general election takes public office .
Lobbying in the United States
A lobbyist , according to the legal sense of the word , is a professional , often a lawyer . Lobbyists are intermediaries between client organizations and lawmakers : they explain to legislators what their organizations want , and they explain to their clients what obstacles elected officials face . One definition of a lobbyist is someone `` employed to persuade legislators to pass legislation that will help the lobbyist 's employer . '' Many lobbyists work in lobbying firms or law firms , some of which retain clients outside lobbying . Others work for advocacy groups , trade associations , companies , and state and local governments . Lobbyists can be one type of government official , such as a governor of a state , who presses officials in Washington for specific legislation . A lobbyist may put together a diverse coalition of organizations and people , sometimes including lawmakers and corporations , and the whole effort may be considered to be a lobby ; for example , in the abortion issue , there is a `` pro-choice lobby '' and a `` pro-life lobby '' .
Lobbying in the United States
Since lobbying rules require extensive disclosure , there is a large amount of information in the public sphere about which entities lobby , how , at whom , and for how much . The current pattern suggests much lobbying is done primarily by corporations , although a wide variety of coalitions representing diverse groups also occurs . Lobbying takes place at every level of government , including federal , state , county , municipal , and even local governments . In Washington , D.C. , lobbying usually targets members of Congress , although there have been efforts to influence executive agency officials as well as Supreme Court appointments . Lobbying can have an important influence on the political system ; for example , a study in 2014 suggested that special interest lobbying enhanced the power of elite groups and was a factor shifting the nation 's political structure toward an oligarchy in which average citizens have `` little or no independent influence '' .
Child care
In monetary - and production - based societies , informal childcare is seen in families who do not have enough funds to finance placing their children in a more expensive child care facility . A study done by Roberta Iversen and Annie Armstrong explains that due to long and irregular working hours of working parents , low - socioeconomic families are more likely to utilize informal childcare . Those low income families are also more apt to work longer hours on an irregular and inflexible schedule , which ultimately makes using a childcare facility , that has regular business hours , unlikely .
One-child policy
The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' .
Political action committee
Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs : connected and non-connected . Judicial decisions added a third classification , independent - expenditure only committees , which are colloquially known as `` Super PACs '' .
United States Postal Service
A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc .
Political campaign
Fundraising techniques include having the candidate call or meet with large donors , sending direct mail pleas to small donors , and courting interest groups who could end up spending millions on the race if it is significant to their interests .
American Equal Rights Association
The New York campaign had been financed partly by the Hovey Fund , which was created by a bequest that provided a large sum of money to support abolitionism , women 's rights and other reform movements . According to the terms of the bequest , if slavery was abolished , the remainder of the money was to go to the other reform movements , which meant that the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment should have freed up a significant stream of money for the women 's movement . However , Wendell Phillips , the head of the fund , declared that slavery would not truly be abolished until blacks were enfranchised on the same basis as whites , and he channeled much of fund 's money toward that cause . The AERA nonetheless expected the Hovey Fund to support its Kansas campaign , which worked for the enfranchisement of both African Americans and women . The fund refused to finance the Kansas campaign , however , because Phillips opposed mixing those two causes , leaving the campaign desperately short of money . It was difficult for the women 's movement itself to raise enough money for projects like this because few women had independent sources of income , and even those with employment generally were required by law to turn over their pay to their husbands .
Child care
Family child care homes can be operated by a single individual out of their home . In most states , the legal age of 18 is only required . There may be occasions when more than one individual cares for children in a family childcare home . This can be a stay - at - home parent who seeks supplemental income while caring for their own child . There are also many family childcare providers who have chosen this field as a profession . Both state and county agency legislation regulate the ratios ( number and ages of children ) allowed per family child care home . Some counties have more stringent quality standards that require licensing for family child care homes while other counties require little or no regulations for childcare in individuals ' homes . Some family child care homes operate illegally with respect to tax legislation where the care provider does not report fees as income and the parent does not receive a receipt to qualify for childcare tax deductions . However , licensing a family child care home is beneficial for family child care home providers so that they can have access to financial benefits from their state government , or the federal government where they are allowed to accept children from parents who meet the criterion to benefit from the government childcare subsidy funding . Examples of such benefits are : free Professional Development and training courses , Child And Adult Care Food Program ( which allows eligible childcare and family childcare home providers to claim a portion of costs relating to nutritious meals served to children ) , and more ; .
Political action committee
Under the FEC ( Federal Election Commission ) rules , leadership PACs are non-connected PACs , and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs . Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions , Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties . A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official can not use funds to support that official 's own campaign . However , it may fund travel , administrative expenses , consultants , polling , and other non-campaign expenses .
UNICEF
Most of UNICEF 's work is in the field , with a presence in 190 countries and territories . UNICEF 's network of over 150 country offices , headquarters and other offices , and 34 National Committees carry out UNICEF 's mission through programs developed with host governments . Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed .
Electoral College (United States)
Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress .
Chick-fil-A
According to Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno , Chick - fil - A has a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick - fil - A : Who We Are . A document released by Chick - fil - A on September 20 , 2012 , does not mention any organizations opposed to same - sex marriage as being part of Chick - fil - A 's donation base . WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially , with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages . Chick
Politics of the Philippines
While local government units have autonomy , most of their budget is derived from the Internal Revenue Allotment , a disbursement from the national government which is ultimately derived from taxes . This makes most local government units ultimately dependent on the national government , unless they have other sources of income , such as property taxes .
Local government in the United States
Texas does not provide for independent cities nor for consolidated city - county governments . However , local governments are free to enter into `` interlocal agreements '' with other ones , primarily for efficiency purposes . ( A common example is for cities and school districts in a county to contract with the county for property tax collection ; thus , each resident receives only one property bill . )
Health care in the United States
Advocates for single - payer health care often point to other countries , where national government - funded systems produce better health outcomes at lower cost . Opponents deride this type of system as `` socialized medicine '' , and it has not been one of the favored reform options by Congress or the President in both the Clinton and Obama reform efforts . It has been pointed out that socialized medicine is a system in which the government owns the means of providing medicine . England is an example of socialized system , as , in America , is the Veterans Health Administration . Medicare is an example of a mostly single - payer system , as is France . Both of these systems have private insurers to choose from , but the government is the dominant purchaser .
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
In 2013 , the Reason Foundation , an American libertarian group , conducted a study of the results of the ARRA . Only 23 % of the 8,381 sampled companies hired new workers and kept all of them when the project was completed . Also , just 41 % of sampled companies hired workers at all , while 30 % of sampled companies did hire but laid off all workers once the government money stopped funding . These results cast doubt on previously stated estimates of job creation numbers , which do not factor those companies that did not retain their workers or hire any at all .
Cali Cartel
The independent cells structure is what set the Cali Cartel apart from the Medellín Cartel . The Cali Cartel operated as a tight group of independent criminal organizations , as opposed to the Medellíns ' structure of a central leader , Pablo Escobar .
Lobbying in the United States
Lawrence Lessig , a professor at Harvard Law School and author of Republic , Lost , suggested that the moneyed persuasive power of special interests has insinuated itself between the people and the lawmakers . He quoted congressperson Jim Cooper who remarked that Congress had become a `` Farm League for K Street '' in the sense that congresspersons were focused on lucrative lobbying careers after Congress rather than on serving the public interest while in office . In a speech , Lessig suggested the structure of incentives was such that legislators were tempted to propose unnecessary regulations as a way to further lobbying industry activity . According to one view , major legislation such as proposed Wall Street reforms have spurred demand for `` participating in the regulatory process . '' Lessig suggested the possibility that it was not corporations deciding to take up lobbying , but Congress choosing to debate less - than - important issues to bring well - heeled corporations into the political fray as lobbyists . As a result of his concerns , Lessig has called on state governments to summon a Second Constitutional Convention to propose substantive reform . Lessig believes that a constitutional amendment should be written to limit political contributions from non-citizens , including corporations , anonymous organizations , and foreign nationals .