vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dear Evan Hansen
After Evan shows the Murphy family Connor 's ' emails ' , Cynthia is ecstatic that her son had a friend , but Larry is more hurt that Connor took his family and his privileged life for granted . When Cynthia tries to show Zoe the emails she is angry , remembering Connor 's violent and scary behavior . They argue again , but Zoe still refuses to mourn Connor ( `` Requiem '' ) . Despite this , after reading the suicide note , Zoe notices that she is mentioned and asks Evan why Connor would say that about her . Evan , unable to tell her the truth , tells her all the reasons he loves her under the guise of Connor saying them ( `` If I Could Tell Her '' ) . Overcome with emotion , he impulsively kisses Zoe , but she pulls away and tells him to leave .
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
Jules Verne several times mentions Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury , `` Captain Maury '' in Verne 's book , a real - life oceanographer who explored the winds , seas , currents , and collected samples of the bottom of the seas and charted all oceans . Verne would have known of Matthew Maury 's international fame and perhaps Maury 's French ancestry .
Environmental policy of the United States
The actions taken during the Bush administration were seen by environmentalists as ideological rather than scientifically based . The criticism stemmed from the president 's shifting views while he was a candidate for president and executive action taken as president . The Bush presidency was viewed as being weak on the environment due to ideology and close ties with big oil . However , Eli Lehrer from the Competitive Enterprise Institute contended that the Bush administration issued more regulations than any other administration in U.S. history . Reducing
Key West, Florida
Key West was relatively isolated until 1912 , when it was connected to the Florida mainland via the Overseas Railway extension of Henry M. Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway ( FEC ) . Flagler created a landfill at Trumbo Point for his railyards . The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 destroyed much of the railroad and killed hundreds of residents , including around 400 World War I veterans who were living in camps and working on federal road and mosquito - control projects in the Middle Keys . The FEC could not afford to restore the railroad .
BIOS
In a December 2013 interview with 60 Minutes , Deborah Plunkett , Information Assurance Director for the US National Security Agency claimed that NSA analysts had uncovered and thwarted a possible BIOS attack by a foreign nation state . The attack on the world 's computers could have allegedly `` literally taken down the US economy . '' The segment further cites anonymous cyber security experts briefed on the operation as alleging the plot was conceived in China . A later article in The Guardian cast doubt on the likelihood of such a threat , quoting Berkeley computer - science researcher Nicholas Weaver , Matt Blaze , a computer and information sciences professor at the University of Pennsylvania , and cybersecurity expert Robert David Graham in an analysis of the NSA 's claims .
Bell (surname)
Earl Bell ( born 1955 ) , American pole vaulter Edward Bell ( disambiguation ) , multiple people Edmond Bell , English MP Eileen Bell ( born 1943 ) , Northern Ireland politician Elizabeth Bell ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including : Elizabeth Bell ( doctor ) ( 1869 -- 1934 ) , Ireland 's first woman doctor Elizabeth Viola Bell ( 1897 -- 1990 ) , New Zealand community leader Elizabeth Bell ( actress ) ( 1941 -- 2012 ) , British actress who played stage and screen Elizabeth Bell ( composer ) ( born 1928 ) , founder of the New York Women Composers , Inc . Ellis Bell , pseudonym of Emily Brontë Emily Bell ( born 1965 ) , British journalist Emma Bell ( born 1986 ) , American actress Eric Temple Bell ( 1883 -- 1960 ) , American mathematician
Agatha Christie
Christie occasionally inserted stereotyped descriptions of characters into her work , particularly before the end of the Second World War ( when such attitudes were more commonly expressed publicly ) , and particularly in regard to Italians , Jews , non-Europeans , and sometimes Americans , the last usually as impossibly naïve or uninformed . For example , she described `` Hebraic men with hook - noses wearing rather flamboyant jewellery '' in the first editions of the collection The Mysterious Mr Quin ( 1930 ) , in the short story `` The Soul of the Croupier '' ; in later editions , the passage was edited to describe `` sallow men '' wearing same .
Rover's Morning Glory
In July 2005 , Dieter fought professional boxer Eric `` Butterbean '' Esch in a bout billed as `` War on the Shore '' . Months earlier , Dieter called Esch a fat slob on the air , and the two got into a fight in the studio . Over the next couple of months Dieter trained with a professional fight instructor for his first boxing match . Rover worked with the City of Cleveland to shut down a street in the downtown area , had a ring erected in the middle of the road and brought in beer - vending trucks . Rover told the city he was n't sure how many people would attend , but guessed 750 . Police estimated over 12,000 people came out to see the three - round fight , forcing the fight to start almost an hour early because of crowd control concerns . Esch knocked Dieter down a number of times during the fight , but each time Dieter was able to get up before the ten - count . It ended in a unanimous decision for Esch on all judges ' scorecards , while Dieter suffered a broken rib . Afterwards , Esch expressed a great respect for Dieter 's ability to withstand the punishment given by a professional fighter , and the two became friends . Esch has since been in - studio and participated in other events with the show .
Positron emission tomography
The concept of emission and transmission tomography was introduced by David E. Kuhl , Luke Chapman and Roy Edwards in the late 1950s . Their work later led to the design and construction of several tomographic instruments at the University of Pennsylvania . In 1975 tomographic imaging techniques were further developed by Michel Ter - Pogossian , Michael E. Phelps , Edward J. Hoffman and others at Washington University School of Medicine .
Colonial history of the United States
The Great Awakening was a major religious revival movement that took place in most colonies in the 1730s and 1740s . The movement began with Jonathan Edwards , a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims ' Calvinist roots and to reawaken the `` Fear of God . '' English preacher George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers continued the movement , traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style . Followers of Edwards and other preachers called themselves the `` New Lights '' , as contrasted with the `` Old Lights '' who disapproved of their movement . To promote their viewpoints , the two sides established academies and colleges , including Princeton and Williams College . The Great Awakening has been called the first truly American event .
History of the United Kingdom
Doomsayers on the left such as Sidney and Beatrice Webb , J.A. Hobson , and G.D.H. Cole repeated the dire warnings they had been making for years about the imminent death of capitalism , only now far more people paid attention . Starting in 1935 the Left Book Club provided a new warning every month , and built up the credibility of Soviet - style socialism as an alternative .
Muhammad Yunus
Yunus 's brothers are also active in academia . His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science ( CMES ) , which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages . His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter and a well known social activist in Bangladesh . He is also the moderator of several Talk show programmes in Bangladesh . Monica Yunus , his elder daughter , is an operatic soprano , working in New York City .
Mars
Early in December 1900 , we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars ( the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars ) lasting seventy minutes . I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country . The observer there is a careful , reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed . It was given as from a well - known geographical point on Mars . That was all . Now the story has gone the world over . In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars , and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up . Whatever the light was , we have no means of knowing . Whether it had intelligence or not , no one can say . It is absolutely inexplicable .
Serial killer
Such memorabilia includes the paintings , writings , and poems of these killers . Recently , marketing has capitalized even more upon interest in serial killers with the rise of various merchandise such as trading cards , action figures , and books such as The Serial Killer Files : The Who , What , Where , How , and Why of the World 's Most Terrifying Murderers by Harold Schechter , and The A-Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers by Schecter and David Everitt . Some serial killers attain celebrity status in the way they acquire fans , and may have previous personal possessions auctioned off on websites like eBay . A few examples of this are Ed Gein 's 150 - pound stolen gravestone and Bobby Joe Long 's sunglasses .
Edward Augustus Freeman
Edward Augustus Freeman ( 1823 - 08 - 02 ) 2 August 1823 Metchley Abbey , Harborne , Warwickshire , England 16 March 1892 ( 1892 - 03 - 16 ) ( aged 68 ) Alicante , Spain Cause of death smallpox Alma mater Trinity College , Oxford Occupation Historian Title Regius Professor of Modern History Term 1884 -- 1892 Predecessor William Stubbs Successor James Anthony Froude
O Brother, Where Art Thou?
The Ku Klux Klan , at the time a political force of white populism , is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance . The character Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour , is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , one - time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state . W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business , and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show . In one campaign , W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom , an oft - used campaign device in the reform era , promising to sweep away patronage and corruption . His theme song had the hook , `` Please pass the biscuits , Pappy '' , emphasizing his connection with flour .
History of the United States (1945–64)
On the domestic front , after a short transition , the economy grew rapidly , with widespread prosperity , rising wages , and the movement of most of the remaining farmers to the towns and cities . Politically , the era was dominated by liberal Democrats who held together the New Deal Coalition : Harry Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) , John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) and Lyndon Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) . Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) was a moderate who did not attempt to reverse New Deal programs such as regulation of business and support for labor unions ; he expanded Social Security and built the interstate highway system . For most of the period , the Democrats controlled Congress ; however , they were usually unable to pass as much liberal legislation as they had hoped because of the power of the Conservative Coalition . The Liberal coalition took control of Congress after Kennedy 's assassination in 1963 , and launched the Great Society .
Agatha Christie
This was their main residence for the rest of their lives and the place where Christie did most of her writing . This house , too , bears a blue plaque . Christie led a very low - profile life despite being known in the town of Wallingford , where she was for many years President of the local amateur dramatic society . Blue
Norman Bates
In the novel , Norman is well - read in occult and esoteric authors such as P.D. Ouspensky and Aleister Crowley . He is aware that `` Mother '' disapproves of these authors as being against religion .
Philosophical skepticism
Bayle 's real intention behind his extremely destructive works remained controversial . Some described him to be a Fideist , while others speculated him to be a secret Atheist . However , no matter what his original intention was , Bayle did cast significant influence on the upcoming Age of Enlightenment with his destruction of some of the most essential theological ideas and his justification of religious tolerance Atheism in his works .
Ear
Georg von Békésy was a Hungarian biophysicist born in Budapest , Hungary . In 1961 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ .
Jim Thorpe
Although the public did n't seem to care much about Thorpe 's past , the Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) , and especially its secretary James Edward Sullivan , took the case very seriously . Thorpe wrote a letter to Sullivan , in which he admitted playing professional baseball :
Bennet Omalu
Omalu is lead author in a study published in November 2017 that for the first time confirmed CTE in a living person . A chemical tracer , FDDNP , binds to tau proteins , detectable by positron emission tomography , and associated with the distinctive topographical distributions characteristic of CTE . Tested on at least a dozen former NFL players , it was confirmed postmortem in former linebacker Fred McNeill .
Scientific method
In 1877 , Charles Sanders Peirce ( / pɜːrs / like `` purse '' ; 1839 -- 1914 ) characterized inquiry in general not as the pursuit of truth per se but as the struggle to move from irritating , inhibitory doubts born of surprises , disagreements , and the like , and to reach a secure belief , belief being that on which one is prepared to act . He framed scientific inquiry as part of a broader spectrum and as spurred , like inquiry generally , by actual doubt , not mere verbal or hyperbolic doubt , which he held to be fruitless . He outlined four methods of settling opinion , ordered from least to most successful :
Easter Island
The island was most likely populated by Polynesians who navigated in canoes or catamarans from the Gambier Islands ( Mangareva , 2,600 km ( 1,600 mi ) away ) or the Marquesas Islands , 3,200 km ( 2,000 mi ) away . According to some theories , such as the Polynesian Diaspora Theory , there is a possibility that early Polynesian settlers arrived from South America due to their remarkable sea - navigation abilities . Theorists have supported this through the agricultural evidence of the sweet potato . The sweet potato was a favoured crop found among Polynesian society for generations . However , the origins of the sweet potato trace back to South America , proving evidence of interaction at some point in time between these two geographic areas . When James Cook visited the island , one of his crew members , a Polynesian from Bora Bora , Hitihiti , was able to communicate with the Rapa Nui . The language most similar to Rapa Nui is Mangarevan , with an estimated 80 percent similarity in vocabulary . In 1999 , a voyage with reconstructed Polynesian boats was able to reach Easter Island from Mangareva in 19 days . A
Ellipsis
The Chicago Manual of Style suggests the use of an ellipsis for any omitted word , phrase , line , or paragraph from within but not at the end of a quoted passage . There are two commonly used methods of using ellipses : one uses three dots for any omission , while the second one makes a distinction between omissions within a sentence ( using three dots : ... ) and omissions between sentences ( using a period and a space followed by three dots : ... ) .
The Bahamas
In 1648 , the Eleutherian Adventurers , led by William Sayle , migrated from Bermuda . These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera -- the name derives from the Greek word for freedom . They later settled New Providence , naming it Sayle 's Island after one of their leaders . To survive , the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks .
Ellipsis
An ellipsis ( plural ellipses ; from the Ancient Greek : ἔλλειψις , élleipsis , ' omission ' or ' falling short ' ) is a series of dots ( typically three , such as `` ... '' ) that usually indicates an intentional omission of a word , sentence , or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning .
Grover Cleveland
In the midst of the fight for repeal of Free Silver coinage in 1893 , Cleveland sought the advice of the White House doctor , Dr. O'Reilly , about soreness on the roof of his mouth and a crater - like edge ulcer with a granulated surface on the left side of Cleveland 's hard palate . Samples of the tumor were sent anonymously to the Army Medical Museum . The diagnosis was not a malignant cancer , but instead an epithelioma .
Ellipsis
Whether an ellipsis at the end of a sentence needs a fourth dot to finish the sentence is a matter of debate ; Chicago advises it , as does the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association ( APA style ) , , while some other style guides do not ; the Merriam - Webster Dictionary and related works treat this style as optional , saying that it `` may '' be used . More commonly , a normal full stop ( period ) terminates the sentence , then a separate three - dot ellipsis is used to indicate one or more subsequent elided sentences before continuing a longer quotation . Business Insider magazine suggests this style , and it is also used in many academic journals . Even the Associated Press Stylebook -- notably hostile to punctuation that journalists may consider optional and removable to save newsprint column width -- favors this approach . It is consistent in intent if not exact form with the agreement among those in favor of a fused four - dot ellipsis that the first of them is a full stop terminating the sentence and the other three are the ellipsis .
Scientific method
Watson and Crick showed an initial ( and incorrect ) proposal for the structure of DNA to a team from Kings College -- Rosalind Franklin , Maurice Wilkins , and Raymond Gosling. Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content . Later Watson saw Franklin 's detailed X-ray diffraction images which showed an X-shape and was able to confirm the structure was helical . This rekindled Watson and Crick 's model building and led to the correct structure ... 1 . DNA - characterizations
Ida B. Wells
Ida Bell Wells - Barnett ( July 16 , 1862 -- March 25 , 1931 ) , more commonly known as Ida B. Wells , was an African - American journalist , newspaper editor , suffragist , sociologist , feminist , Georgist , and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement . She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in 1909 . She arguably became the most famous black woman in America , during a life that was centered on combating prejudice and violence .
Shakespeare's influence
`` Shakespeare 's blank verse is one of the most important of all his influences on the way the English language was written '' . He used the blank verse throughout in his writing career experimenting and perfecting it . The free speech rhythm gave Shakespeare more freedom for experimentation . `` Adaptation of free speech rhythm to the fixed blank - verse framework is an outstanding feature of Shakespeare 's poetry '' . The striking choice of words in common place blank verse influenced `` the run of the verse itself , expanding into images which eventually seem to bear significant repetition , and to form , with the presentation of character and action correspondingly developed , a more subtle and suggestive unity '' . Expressing emotions and situations in form of a verse gave a natural flow to language with an added sense of flexibility and spontaneity .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Bernard Martin argues in The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative that Coleridge was also influenced by the life of Anglican clergyman John Newton , who had a near - death experience aboard a slave ship .
To Kill a Mockingbird
One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . '' Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , '' before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun '' .
The Raven
`` The Raven '' has influenced many modern works , including Vladimir Nabokov 's Lolita in 1955 , Bernard Malamud 's `` The Jewbird '' in 1963 and Ray Bradbury 's `` The Parrot Who Knew Papa '' in 1976 . The process by which Poe composed `` The Raven '' influenced a number of French authors and composers , such as Charles Baudelaire and Maurice Ravel , and it has been suggested that Ravel 's Boléro may have been deeply influenced by `` The Philosophy of Composition . '' The poem is additionally referenced throughout popular culture in films , television , music , and video games .
Paul Revere
Longfellow 's poem is not historically accurate , but the inaccuracies were deliberate . Longfellow had researched the historical event , using such works as George Bancroft 's History of the United States , but he changed the facts for poetic effect . The poem was one of a series in which he sought to create American legends ; earlier examples include The Song of Hiawatha ( 1855 ) and The Courtship of Miles Standish ( 1858 ) . Longfellow was successful in creating a legend : Revere 's stature rose significantly in the years following the poem 's publication .
Brontë family
The influence revealed by Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is much less clear . Anne 's works are largely founded on her experience as a governess and on that of her brother 's decline . Furthermore , they demonstrate her conviction , a legacy from her father , that books should provide moral education . This sense of moral duty and the need to record it , are more evident in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall . The influence of the gothic novels of Ann Radcliffe , Horace Walpole , Gregory `` Monk '' Lewis and Charles Maturin is noticeable , and that of Walter Scott too , if only because the heroine , abandoned and left alone , resists not only by her almost supernatural talents , but mainly due to the power drawn from her temperament .