vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States home front during World War II
Roosevelt easily won the bitterly contested 1940 election , but the Conservative coalition maintained a tight grip on Congress regarding taxes and domestic issues . Wendell Willkie , the defeated GOP candidate in 1940 , became a roving ambassador for Roosevelt . After Vice President Henry A. Wallace became emeshed in a series of squabbles with other high officials , Roosevelt stripped him of his administrative responsibilities and dropped him from the 1944 ticket . Roosevelt in cooperation with big city party leaders , replaced Wallace with Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman . Truman was best known for investigating waste , fraud and inefficiency in wartime programs . In very light turnout in 1942 the Republicans made major gains . In the 1944 election , Roosevelt defeated Tom Dewey in a race that attracted little attention .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Hospital physicians and two outside specialists ordered Roosevelt to rest . His personal physician , Admiral Ross McIntire , created a daily schedule that banned business guests for lunch and incorporated two hours of rest each day . During the 1944 re-election campaign , McIntire denied several times that Roosevelt 's health was poor ; on October 12 , for example , he announced that `` The President 's health is perfectly OK . There are absolutely no organic difficulties at all . '' Roosevelt realized that his declining health could eventually make it impossible for him to continue as president , and in 1945 he told a confidant that he might resign from the presidency following the end of the war . Election
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Historian David Wyman and others argue that the Roosevelt administration knew that the Nazis were systematically killing Jews , but nevertheless followed a policy of not rescuing them . According to Professor Wyman , Roosevelt 's record on Jewish refugees and their rescue is very poor and one of the worst failures of his presidency . He has been criticized for failing to issue public statements or address the issue of European Jews in any of his 998 press conferences .
Hoover Dam
With most work finished on the dam itself ( the powerhouse remained uncompleted ) , a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30 , 1935 , to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The morning of the dedication , it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m. ; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time . Despite the change in the ceremony time , and temperatures of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , 10,000 people were present for the President 's speech , in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover , who was not invited to the ceremony . To mark the occasion , a three - cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department -- bearing the name `` Boulder Dam '' , the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947 . After the ceremony , Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
One might speculate that Hines wished to avoid a public quarrel with Hopkins , who had enjoyed Roosevelt 's patronage since his term as New York Governor . Hines was a holdover from the Hoover administration . Such an internal dispute would embarrass the Roosevelt administration at the time a vote on the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act ( `` Bonus Bill '' ) was upcoming ( it passed on Jan. 27 , 1936 , over the President 's veto ) . Also , 1936 was a presidential election year . Kennamer did appear at the House hearings in April 1936 , along with Hines , Ijams , Williams and the 3 officials he pilloried in his report . He was not questioned about his controversial findings nor did he volunteer his opinions .
New Deal
Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Daughters of the American Revolution
The First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt invited Anderson to the White House to perform especially for her and President Roosevelt . During this time , Anderson came under considerable pressure from the NAACP to refuse to perform for segregated audiences . Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from her membership of the DAR in protest at their treatment of Anderson . Roosevelt and the Marian Anderson Committee arranged for the singer to give her concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial , with the Mall of Washington as her auditorium . Symbolically , the concert took place on Easter Sunday , April 9 , 1939 .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) first charged Roosevelt with being fascist less than two months after he took office . On May Day , 1933 , the CPUSA ran a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing `` the whole Roosevelt program of preparation for fascism and war '' and calling Roosevelt a `` fascist dictator '' . The ads ' examples of alleged fascist activities included `` forced labor for the unemployed '' and harsh tactics against striking farm workers in California . Scholar Paul Kengor wrote that the charges were ridiculous . Richard Hofstadter noted that critics from the left believed `` that the NRA was a clear imitation of Mussolini 's corporate state '' .
Woodrow Wilson
This article is part of a series about Woodrow Wilson Early Life Boyhood home South Carolina home President of Princeton University Campaign for Governor of New Jersey President of the United States Presidency First Term 1912 campaign Election 1st Inauguration Women 's suffrage Suffrage parade The New Freedom Silent Sentinels Federal Reserve Act Clayton Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission United States occupation of Veracruz Pancho Villa Expedition Coalfield War Daylight saving time Banana Wars Second Term 1916 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration 18th Amendment 19th Amendment World War I World War I Zimmermann Telegram Thrasher incident Entry into war Against Austria - Hungary Against Germany American home front Espionage Act Fourteen Points Paris Peace Conference Big Four Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Judicial appointments Wilson House Woodrow Wilson School Wilson Center Presidential Library Wilsonianism
Selective Service Act of 1917
A problem that came up in the writing of the bill and its negotiation through Congress was the desire of former President Theodore Roosevelt to assemble a volunteer force to go to Europe . President Wilson and others , including army officers , were reluctant to permit this for a variety of reasons . The final bill contained a compromise provision permitting the president to raise four volunteer divisions , a power Wilson did not exercise .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt condemned lynching as murder , but he did not support Republican proposals to make it a federal crime , although his wife Eleanor did so . Roosevelt told an advocate : `` If I come out for the anti-lynching bill now , they ( Southern Democratic senators ) will block every bill I ask Congress to pass to keep America from collapsing . I just ca n't take that risk '' .
United States non-interventionism
The President of the United States Woodrow Wilson , after winning reelection with the slogan `` He kept us out of war , '' was able to navigate neutrality in World War I for about three years . Early on , their historic shunning of foreign entanglements , and the presence in the US of immigrants with divided loyalties in the conflict helped maintain neutrality . Various causes compelled American entry into World War I , and Congress would vote to declare war on Germany ; this would involve the nation on the side of the Triple Entente , but only as an `` associated power '' fighting the same enemy , not one officially allied with them . A few months after the declaration of War , Wilson gave a speech to congress outlining his aims to end the conflict , labeled the Fourteen Points . While this American proclamation was less triumphalist than the aims of some of its allies , it did propose in the final point , that a general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike . After the war , Wilson traveled to Europe and stayed for months to labor on the post-war treaty ; no president had previously enjoined such sojourn outside of the country . In that Treaty of Versailles , Wilson 's association was formulated as the League of Nations . Protest
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Though 8 million workers remained unemployed in 1936 , economic conditions had improved since 1932 and Roosevelt was widely popular . An attempt by Huey Long and other individuals to organize a left - wing alternative to the Democratic Party collapsed after Long 's death in 1935 . Roosevelt won re-nomination with little opposition at the 1936 Democratic National Convention , while his allies overcame Southern resistance to permanently abolish the long - established rule that had required Democratic presidential candidates to win the votes of two - thirds of the delegates rather than a simple majority . The Republicans nominated Kansas Governor Alf Landon , a well - respected but bland candidate whose chances were damaged by the public re-emergence of the still - unpopular Herbert Hoover . While Roosevelt campaigned on his New Deal programs and continued to attack Hoover , Landon sought to win voters who approved of the goals of the New Deal but disagreed with its implementation .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914
Republican Party (United States)
The New Deal coalition of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades , excepting the two - term presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower . Blacks moved into the Democratic Party during the New Deal era as they could vote in the North , but not in the South . After Roosevelt took office in 1933 , New Deal legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933 . However , long - term unemployment remained a drag until 1940 . In the 1934 midterm elections , 10 Republican senators went down to defeat , leaving them with only 25 against 71 Democrats . The House of Representatives likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities .
New Deal
The depression had devastated the nation . As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4 , 1933 , all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals -- many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts . Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929 . An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 1933 , out of five million in all . Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy . Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , who remained wealthy during the Depression , stated years later that `` in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping , under law and order , the other half '' .
New Deal
Under Roosevelt , many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects , building bridges , airports , dams , post offices , hospitals and hundreds of thousands of miles of road . Through reforestation and flood control , they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation . As noted by one authority , Roosevelt 's New Deal `` was literally stamped on the American landscape '' . Farm
History of New York (state)
In the late 1890s governor Theodore Roosevelt and fellow Republicans such as Charles Evans Hughes worked with many Democrats such as Al Smith to promote Progressivism . They battled trusts and monopolies ( especially in the insurance industry ) , promoted efficiency , fought waste , and called for more democracy in politics . Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
A 2004 econometric study by Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian concluded that the `` New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression as President Roosevelt and his economic planners had hoped '' , but that the `` New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression '' . They believe that the `` abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s '' . They do not credit Roosevelt for the remarkable prosperity of the 1940s .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt Photograph by Leon Perskie , 1944 32nd President of the United States In office March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Vice President John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Preceded by Herbert Hoover Succeeded by Harry S. Truman 44th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1929 -- December 31 , 1932 Lieutenant Herbert H. Lehman Preceded by Al Smith Succeeded by Herbert H. Lehman Assistant Secretary of the Navy In office March 17 , 1913 -- August 26 , 1920 President Woodrow Wilson Preceded by Beekman Winthrop Succeeded by Gordon Woodbury Member of the New York State Senate for the 26th district In office January 1 , 1911 -- March 17 , 1913 Preceded by John F. Schlosser Succeeded by James E. Towner Personal details Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 1882 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1882 Hyde Park , New York , U.S. April 12 , 1945 ( 1945 - 04 - 12 ) ( aged 63 ) Warm Springs , Georgia , U.S. Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage Resting place Home of FDR National Historic Site , Hyde Park , New York Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Eleanor Roosevelt ( m . 1905 ) Relations Roosevelt family Delano family Children Anna Eleanor James Franklin Elliott Franklin Delano Jr . John Aspinwall Parents James Roosevelt I Sara Roosevelt Alma mater Harvard University ( B.A. ) Signature
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In the months prior to the July 1940 Democratic National Convention , there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would run for an unprecedented third term . The two - term tradition , although not yet enshrined in the Constitution , had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in the 1796 presidential election . Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement as to his willingness to be a candidate again , and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats , such as James Farley , that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination . However , as Germany swept through Western Europe and menaced Britain in mid-1940 , Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat . He was aided by the party 's political bosses , who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat Wendell Willkie , the popular Republican nominee . 1940
New Deal
The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate . The banking system was made less vulnerable . The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses . Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers , employees and government .
Federal Reserve Act
This article is part of a series about Woodrow Wilson Early Life Boyhood home South Carolina home President of Princeton University Campaign for Governor of New Jersey President of the United States Presidency First Term 1912 campaign Election 1st Inauguration Women 's suffrage Suffrage parade The New Freedom Silent Sentinels Federal Reserve Act Clayton Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission United States occupation of Veracruz Pancho Villa Expedition Coalfield War Daylight saving time Banana Wars Second Term 1916 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration 18th Amendment 19th Amendment World War I World War I Zimmermann Telegram Thrasher incident Entry into war Against Austria - Hungary Against Germany American home front Espionage Act Fourteen Points Paris Peace Conference Big Four Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Judicial appointments Wilson House Woodrow Wilson School Wilson Center Presidential Library Wilsonianism
History of the United States (1945–64)
In 1947 , well before McCarthy became active , the Conservative Coalition in Congress passed the Taft Hartley Act , designed to balance the rights of management and unions , and delegitimizing Communist union leaders . The challenge of rooting out Communists from labor unions and the Democratic Party was successfully undertaken by liberals , such as Walter Reuther of the autoworkers union and Ronald Reagan of the Screen Actors Guild ( Reagan was a liberal Democrat at the time ) . Many of the purged leftists joined the presidential campaign in 1948 of FDR 's Vice President Henry A. Wallace . A
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
By the middle of his second term , much criticism of Roosevelt centered on fears that he was heading toward a dictatorship by attempting to seize control of the Supreme Court in the Court - packing incident of 1937 , attempting to eliminate dissent within the Democratic Party in the South during the 1938 mid-term elections and by breaking the tradition established by George Washington of not seeking a third term when he again ran for re-election in 1940 . As two historians explain : `` In 1940 , with the two - term issue as a weapon , anti-New Dealers ( ... ) argued that the time had come to disarm the `` dictator '' and to dismantle the machinery `` .
History of United States foreign policy
Small - scale military interventions continued after 1921 as the Banana Wars tapered off . The Hoover administration began a goodwill policy and withdrew all military forces . President Roosevelt announced the `` Good Neighbor Policy '' by which the United States would no longer intervene to promote good government , but would accept whatever governments were locally chosen . His Secretary of State Cordell Hull endorsed article 8 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States ; it provides that `` no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another '' .
Great Depression in the United States
Roosevelt 's declining popularity in 1938 was evident throughout the US in the business community , the press , and the Senate and House . Many were labeling the recession the `` Roosevelt Recession '' . In late December 1938 , Roosevelt looked to gain popularity with the American people , and try to regain the nation 's confidence in the economy . His decision that December to name Harry Hopkins as Secretary of Commerce was an attempt to achieve the confidence he so badly needed . The appointment came as a surprise to most because of Hopkins ' lack of business experience , but proved to be vastly important in shaping the years following the recession .
Triple Alliance (1882)
Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Soviet - Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance May 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 Slovak -- Hungarian War Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Soviet - British - French Moscow negotiations Apr. - Aug. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Danzig Corridor Crisis May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939
United States non-interventionism
However , there were still many who held on to non-interventionism . Although a minority , they were well organized , and had a powerful presence in Congress . Pro-German or anti-British opinion contributed to non-interventionism . Roosevelt 's national share of the 1940 presidential vote declined by seven percentage points from 1936 . Of the 20 counties in which his share declined by 35 points or more , 19 were largely German - speaking . Of the 35 counties in which his share declined by 25 to 34 points , German was the largest or second - largest original nationality in 31 . Non-interventionists rooted a significant portion of their arguments in historical precedent , citing events such as Washington 's farewell address and the failure of World War I . `` If we have strong defenses and understand and believe in what we are defending , we need fear nobody in this world , '' Robert Maynard Hutchins , President of the University of Chicago , wrote in a 1940 essay . Isolationists believed that the safety of the nation was more important than any foreign war .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
While the First New Deal of 1933 had broad support from most sectors , the Second New Deal challenged the business community . Conservative Democrats , led by Al Smith , fought back with the American Liberty League , savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin . But Smith overplayed his hand , and his boisterous rhetoric let Roosevelt isolate his opponents and identify them with the wealthy vested interests that opposed the New Deal , strengthening Roosevelt for the 1936 landslide . By contrast , labor unions , energized by the Wagner Act , signed up millions of new members and became a major backer of Roosevelt 's reelections in 1936 , 1940 and 1944 .
Woodrow Wilson
March 1917 also brought the first of two revolutions in Russia , which impacted the strategic role of the U.S. in the war . The overthrow of the imperial government removed a serious barrier to America 's entry into the European conflict , while the second revolution in November relieved the Germans of a major threat on their eastern front , and allowed them to dedicate more troops to the Western front , thus making U.S. forces central to Allied success in battles of 1918 . Wilson initially rebuffed pleas from the Allies to dedicate military resources to an intervention in Russia against the Bolsheviks , based partially on his experience from attempted intervention in Mexico ; nevertheless he ultimately was convinced of the potential benefit and agreed to dispatch a limited force to assist the Allies on the eastern front .