vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Adolescence
Wisdom , or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience , increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty - five , then levels off . Thus , it is during the adolescence - adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age . Wisdom is not the same as intelligence : adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group , and relative standing usually does not change -- everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way .
North America
North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended with the transatlantic migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants .
Xenon
Xenon has a minimum alveolar concentration ( MAC ) of 72 % at age 40 , making it 44 % more potent than N O as an anesthetic . Thus , it can be used with oxygen in concentrations that have a lower risk of hypoxia . Unlike nitrous oxide ( N O ) , xenon is not a greenhouse gas and is viewed as environmentally friendly . Though recycled in modern systems , xenon vented to the atmosphere is only returning to its original source , without environmental impact . Neuroprotectant
Time Quintet
This series takes place in a roughly contemporary setting , usually understood to be in the near future with respect to the publication dates of the first two novels . Since the series was written over the course of decades , it is not possible to establish an exact year in which each story takes place ; historical events mentioned in the books ( such as the dates of the Apollo space program and the name of the President of the United States ) do not always correspond to the `` real world '' . In recognition of this , and of the cosmic nature of the series , the inside front cover of Many Waters states that the series is set in Kairos , a way of looking at time as `` real time , pure numbers with no measurement '' , reflecting her belief that `` God 's time and our time are not the same '' .
Space Race
The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire , fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module . The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle ( Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 ) and the Lunar Module ( Apollo 5 ) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968 . Apollo 1 's mission to check out the Apollo Command / Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom 's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7 , launched on October 11 , 1968 . The eleven - day mission was a total success , as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission , paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule . Artist
Communications satellite
The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1 . Put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4 , 1957 , it was equipped with an on - board radio - transmitter that worked on two frequencies : 20.005 and 40.002 MHz . Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space and rocket development . While incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another . And it was the first artificial satellite in the steps leading to today 's satellite communications .
Summer Time in Europe
where y is the year , and a mod b is the remainder of division after truncating a and b to integers . The above formula is valid until 2099 .
Magnetosphere of Jupiter
By 1973 the magnetic moment was known within a factor of two , whereas the tilt was correctly estimated at about 10 ° . The modulation of Jupiter 's DAM by Io ( the so - called Io - DAM ) was discovered in 1964 , and allowed Jupiter 's rotation period to be precisely determined . The definitive discovery of the Jovian magnetic field occurred in December 1973 , when the Pioneer 10 spacecraft flew near the planet .
Julian calendar
This would move the starting date back three years to 8 BC , and from the lunar synchronism back to 26 January ( Julian ) . But since the corresponding Roman date in the inscription is 24 January , this must be according to the incorrect calendar which in 8 BC Augustus had ordered to be corrected by the omission of leap days . As the authors of the previous paper point out , with the correct four - year cycle being used in Egypt and the three - year cycle abolished in Rome it is unlikely that Augustus would have ordered the three - year cycle to be introduced in Asia .
Adolescence
Adolescence is a period frequently marked by increased rights and privileges for individuals . While cultural variation exists for legal rights and their corresponding ages , considerable consistency is found across cultures . Furthermore , since the advent of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 ( children here defined as under 18 ) , almost every country in the world ( except the U.S. and South Sudan ) has legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminatory stance towards young people of all ages . This includes protecting children against unchecked child labor , enrollment in the military , prostitution , and pornography . In many societies , those who reach a certain age ( often 18 , though this varies ) are considered to have reached the age of majority and are legally regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions . People below this age are considered minors or children . A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through legal emancipation .
Radioactive decay
τ = T 1 / 2 ln ⁡ 2 ≈ 8267 ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( T_ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ( \ ln 2 ) ) \ approx 8267 ) years , t = − τ ln ⁡ N N 0 ≈ 10356 ( \ displaystyle t = - \ tau \ , \ ln ( \ frac ( N ) ( N_ ( 0 ) ) ) \ approx 10356 ) years .
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian mathematics and science was based on a sexagesimal ( base 60 ) numeral system . This is the source of the 60 - minute hour , the 24 - hour day , and the 360 - degree circle . The Sumerian calendar was based on the seven - day week . This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map - making . The Babylonians also had theorems on how to measure the area of several shapes and solids . They measured the circumference of a circle as three times the diameter and the area as one - twelfth the square of the circumference , which would be correct if p were fixed at 3 . The volume of a cylinder was taken as the product of the area of the base and the height ; however , the volume of the frustum of a cone or a square pyramid was incorrectly taken as the product of the height and half the sum of the bases . Also , there was a recent discovery in which a tablet used p as 25 / 8 ( 3.125 instead of 3.14159 ~ ) . The Babylonians are also known for the Babylonian mile , which was a measure of distance equal to about seven modern miles ( 11 km ) . This measurement for distances eventually was converted to a time - mile used for measuring the travel of the Sun , therefore , representing time .
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same .
Red giant
In about 5 to 6 billion years , the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand . At its largest , its surface ( photosphere ) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth . It will then lose its atmosphere completely ; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf . The evolution of the Sun into and through the red - giant phase has been extensively modelled , but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit . The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen , it loses mass causing Earth ( and all planets ) to orbit farther away . There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5 -- 6.5 billion years , so the fate of Earth is not well understood . At its brightest , the red - giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature .
Kuiper belt
On October 15 , 2014 , it was revealed that Hubble had uncovered three potential targets , provisionally designated PT1 ( `` potential target 1 '' ) , PT2 and PT3 by the New Horizons team . The objects ' diameters were estimated to be in the 30 -- 55 km range ; too small to be seen by ground telescopes , at distances from the Sun of 43 -- 44 AU , which would put the encounters in the 2018 -- 2019 period . The initial estimated probabilities that these objects were reachable within New Horizons ' fuel budget were 100 % , 7 % , and 97 % , respectively . All were members of the `` cold '' ( low - inclination , low - eccentricity ) classical Kuiper belt , and thus very different from Pluto . PT1 ( given the temporary designation `` 1110113Y '' on the HST web site ) , the most favorably situated object , was magnitude 26.8 , 30 -- 45 km in diameter , and will be encountered around January 2019 . Once sufficient orbital information was provided , the Minor Planet Center gave official designations to the three target KBOs : 2014 MU 69 ( PT1 ) , 2014 OS 393 ( PT2 ) , and 2014 PN 70 ( PT3 ) . By the fall of 2014 , a possible fourth target , 2014 MT 69 , had been eliminated by follow - up observations . PT2 was out of the running before the Pluto flyby .
Adolescence
Puberty is a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and psychological changes occur , culminating in sexual maturity . The average age of onset of puberty is at 11 for girls and 12 for boys . Every person 's individual timetable for puberty is influenced primarily by heredity , although environmental factors , such as diet and exercise , also exert some influences . These factors can also contribute to precocious and delayed puberty .
Voting rights in the United States
A third voting rights movement was won in the 1960s to lower the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen . Activists noted that most of the young men who were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War were too young to have any voice in the selection of the leaders who were sending them to fight . Some states had already lowered the voting age : notably Georgia , Kentucky , and Hawaii , had already permitted voting by persons younger than twenty - one .
Kuiper belt
Quaoar would make a particularly attractive flyby target for a probe tasked with exploring the interstellar medium , as it currently lies near the heliospheric nose ; Pontus Brandt at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and his colleagues have studied a probe that would flyby Quaoar in the 2030s before continuing to the intersellar medium through the heliospheric nose . Quaoar is also an attractive target due to a likely disappearing methane atmosphere and cyro - volcanism . The mission studied by Brandt and his colleagues would launch using SLS and achieve 30 km / s using a Jupiter flyby . Alternatively , for an orbiter mission , a study published in 2012 concluded that Ixion and Huya are among the most feasible targets . For instance , the authors calculated that an orbiter mission could reach Ixion after 17 years cruise time if launched in 2039 .
Plate tectonics
Titan , the largest moon of Saturn , was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the Huygens probe , which landed on Titan on January 14 , 2005 .
Moon landing
The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 .
Society of the United States
During the Vietnam War era , attitudes swung well away from prohibition . Commentators noted that an eighteen - year - old could be drafted into the military to fight in a war overseas , but could not buy a beer . Most states lowered the legal drinking age to eighteen .
Alan Shepard
NASA received permission from Eisenhower to recruit its first astronauts from the ranks of military test pilots . The service records of 508 graduates of test pilot schools were obtained from the United States Department of Defense . From these , 110 were found that matched the minimum standards : the candidates had to be younger than 40 , possess a bachelor 's degree or equivalent and to be 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.80 m ) or less . While these were not all strictly enforced , the height requirement was firm , owing to the size of the Project Mercury spacecraft . The 110 were then split into three groups , with the most promising in the first group .
Mid-ocean ridge
Oceanic ridge and deep sea vent chemistry Age of oceanic crust . The red is most recent , and blue is the oldest . Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory Seafloor magnetic striping A demonstration of magnetic striping
Earth
The angle of Earth 's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time . Its axial tilt does undergo nutation ; a slight , irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years . The orientation ( rather than the angle ) of Earth 's axis also changes over time , precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle ; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year . Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth 's equatorial bulge . The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth 's surface . This polar motion has multiple , cyclical components , which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion . In addition to an annual component to this motion , there is a 14 - month cycle called the Chandler wobble . Earth 's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length - of - day variation .
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them .
Aryabhata (satellite)
Aryabhata India 's first indigenously built Satellite launched into Space Mission type Astrophysics Operator ISRO COSPAR ID 1975 - 033A SATCAT no . 7752 Mission duration 4 days achieved Spacecraft properties Launch mass 360 kg ( 794 lb ) Power 46 watts Start of mission Launch date 19 April 1975 , 07 : 30 ( 1975 - 04 - 19UTC07 : 30Z ) UTC Rocket Kosmos - 3M Launch site Kapustin Yar 107 / 2 End of mission Last contact 24 April 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 25 ) Decay date 31 February 1992 Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Low Earth Perigee 568 kilometres ( 353 mi ) Apogee 611 kilometres ( 380 mi ) Inclination 50.6 degrees Period 96.46 minutes Epoch 19 May 1975
Blue Lake (South Australia)
Conflicting dates have been estimated for its last eruption , of 4,300 years ago , of 28,000 years ago , and , most recently , a little before 6,000 years ago . If the youngest date is correct , this could be the most recent volcanic eruption on the Australian mainland .
New Zealand
Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females , and 80.2 years for males . Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline . New Zealand 's fertility rate of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country , and natural births account for a significant proportion of population growth . Consequently , the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations , with 20 % of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger . By 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million , the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18 % to 29 % . In 2008 , the leading cause of premature death was cancer , at 29.8 % , followed by ischaemic heart disease , 19.7 % , and then cerebrovascular disease , 9.2 % . As of 2016 , total expenditure on health care ( including private sector spending ) is 9.2 % of GDP .
Satellite
Following pressure by the American Rocket Society , the National Science Foundation , and the International Geophysical Year , military interest picked up and in early 1955 the Army and Navy were working on Project Orbiter , two competing programs : the army 's which involved using a Jupiter C rocket , and the civilian / Navy Vanguard Rocket , to launch a satellite . At first , they failed : initial preference was given to the Vanguard program , whose first attempt at orbiting a satellite resulted in the explosion of the launch vehicle on national television . But finally , three months after Sputnik 2 , the project succeeded ; Explorer 1 became the United States ' first artificial satellite on 31 January 1958 .
Philippines
It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon . The 3.21 % population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.95 % for the 2005 -- 2010 period , but remains a contentious issue . The population 's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9 % aged from 15 to 64 years old . Life expectancy at birth is 71.94 years , 75.03 years for females and 68.99 years for males . Poverty Incidence significantly dropped to 21.6 % in 2015 from 25.2 % in 2012 .
Time dilation
With current technology severely limiting the velocity of space travel , however , the differences experienced in practice are minuscule : after 6 months on the International Space Station ( ISS ) ( which orbits Earth at a speed of about 7,700 m / s ) an astronaut would have aged about 0.005 seconds less than those on Earth . The Hafele and Keating experiment involved flying planes around the world with atomic clocks on board . Upon the trips ' completion the clocks were compared to a static , ground based atomic clock . It was found that 7002273000000000000 ♠ 273 ± 7 nanoseconds had been gained on the planes ' clocks . The current human time travel record holder is Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev . He gained 22.68 milliseconds of lifetime on his journeys to space and therefore beat the previous record of about 20 milliseconds by cosmonaut Sergei Avdeyev .
Alan Shepard
Neither Shepard nor Lovell expected there would be much difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14 , but Apollo 13 went disastrously wrong . An oxygen tank explosion caused the moon landing to be aborted and nearly resulted in the loss of the crew . It became a joke between Shepard and Lovell , who would offer to give Shepard back the mission each time they bumped into each other . The failure of Apollo 13 delayed Apollo 14 until 1971 so that modifications could be made to the spacecraft . The target of the Apollo 14 mission was switched to the Fra Mauro formation , the intended destination of Apollo 13 .
Moon landing
After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
This article is part of a series on the Science and technology of the United States of America Apollo 11 in the orbit of the Moon , July 1969 Timeline Before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 1991 1991 - present Development Discoveries NASA spin - off technologies Technological and industrial history Contributions by ethnicity ( show ) African - Americans Native Americans Puerto Ricans United States portal
Sabbath in Christianity
The new moon , occurring every 29 or 30 days , is an important separately sanctioned occasion in Judaism and some other faiths . It is not widely regarded as Sabbath , but some Hebrew Roots and Pentecostal churches , such as the native New Israelites of Peru and the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church , do keep the day of the new moon as Sabbath or rest day , from evening to evening . New - moon services can last all day . Main
United States
The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . Life expectancy ranged from a high of 81.3 years in Hawaii to a low of 73.4 years in American Samoa . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries .
World State in Brave New World
Aging is a thing of the past in the World State . Biological engineering has eliminated the impact of old age upon the human body ; using blood transfusions , chemical enhancements , and hormone replacement therapy , as well as the standard devotion to physical sports , people maintain young , strong bodies for the duration of their lives , and do not exhibit any physical indications of old age , even appearing young when they eventually expire from natural causes . Without these physical signs , it is virtually impossible to gauge a person 's age based on appearance , and as a result , ageism is non-existent .
Space Race
The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15 , 1975 , at 12 : 20 UTC , and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later . The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16 : 19 UTC . The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts , and the crew shook hands , exchanged gifts , and visited each other 's craft .