vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hades
Perhaps from fear of pronouncing his name , around the 5th century BC , the Greeks started referring to Hades as Pluto ( Πλούτων , Ploútōn ) , with a root meaning `` wealthy '' , considering that from the abode below ( i.e. , the soil ) come riches ( e.g. , fertile crops , metals and so on ) . Plouton became the Roman god who both rules the underworld and distributed riches from below . This deity was a mixture of the Greek god Hades and the Eleusinian icon Ploutos , and from this he also received a priestess , which was not previously practiced in Greece . More elaborate names of the same genre were Ploutodótēs ( Πλουτοδότης ) or Ploutodotḗr ( Πλουτοδοτήρ ) meaning `` giver of wealth '' .
Binomial nomenclature
The second part of a binomial may be an adjective . The adjective must agree with the genus name in gender . Latin has three genders , masculine , feminine and neuter , shown by varying endings to nouns and adjectives . The house sparrow has the binomial name Passer domesticus . Here domesticus ( `` domestic '' ) simply means `` associated with the house '' . The sacred bamboo is Nandina domestica rather than Nandina domesticus , since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine . The tropical fruit langsat is a product of the plant Lansium parasiticum , since Lansium is neuter . Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) are - us , - a , - um ( as in the previous example of domesticus ) ; - is , - is , - e ( e.g. tristis , meaning `` sad '' ) ; and - or , - or , - us ( e.g. minor , meaning `` smaller '' ) . For further information , see Latin declension : Adjectives . The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case . An example is the binomial name of the lion , which is Panthera leo . Grammatically the noun is said to be in apposition to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender ; in this case , Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine . The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the genitive ( possessive ) case . The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin , depending on the declension of the noun . Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are - ii or - i in the singular and - orum in the plural , and for feminine nouns - ae in the singular and - arum in the plural . The noun may be part of a person 's name , often the surname , as in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii , the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii , or the olive - backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni .
Taxonomy (biology)
Organisms were first classified by Aristotle ( Greece , 384 -- 322 BC ) during his stay on the Island of Lesbos . He classified beings by their parts , or in modern terms attributes , such as having live birth , having four legs , laying eggs , having blood , or being warm - bodied . He divided all living things into two groups : plants and animals . Some of his groups of animals , such as Anhaima ( animals without blood , translated as invertebrates ) and Enhaima ( animals with blood , roughly the vertebrates ) , as well as groups like the sharks and cetaceans , are still commonly used today . His student Theophrastus ( Greece , 370 -- 285 BC ) carried on this tradition , mentioning some 500 plants and their uses in his Historia Plantarum . Again , several plant groups currently still recognized can be traced back to Theophrastus , such as Cornus , Crocus , and Narcissus . Medieval
The Wiggles characters
Introduced in 1992 , Henry the Octopus , who directs an underwater band and loves to dance with his eight legs `` . He was named after Tony Henry , the drummer in The Cockroaches , who also provided The Wiggles with musical support throughout the years . The character was developed by Fatt , who originally served as Henry 's voice . Paul Paddick took over the role of the voice in the mid-2000s . He has appeared as both a puppet and a mascot , the latter of which has been played by various dancers on staff .
Jockey
The word is by origin a diminutive of `` jock '' , the Northern English or Scots colloquial equivalent of the first name `` John , '' which is also used generically for `` boy , or fellow '' ( compare `` Jack '' , `` Dick '' ) , at least since 1529 . A familiar instance of the use of the word as a name is in `` Jockey of Norfolk '' in Shakespeare 's Richard III . v. 3 , 304 .
Dodo
The Latin name cucullatus ( `` hooded '' ) was first used by Juan Eusebio Nieremberg in 1635 as Cygnus cucullatus , in reference to Carolus Clusius 's 1605 depiction of a dodo . In his 18th - century classic work Systema Naturae , Carl Linnaeus used cucullatus as the specific name , but combined it with the genus name Struthio ( ostrich ) . Mathurin Jacques Brisson coined the genus name Raphus ( referring to the bustards ) in 1760 , resulting in the current name Raphus cucullatus . In 1766 , Linnaeus coined the new binomial Didus ineptus ( meaning `` inept dodo '' ) . This has become a synonym of the earlier name because of nomenclatural priority .
Binomial nomenclature
When used with a common name , the scientific name often follows in parentheses , although this varies with publication . For example , `` The house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) is decreasing in Europe . ''
Polygon
The word `` polygon '' comes from Late Latin polygōnum ( a noun ) , from Greek πολύγωνον ( polygōnon / polugōnon ) , noun use of neuter of πολύγωνος ( polygōnos / polugōnos , the masculine adjective ) , meaning `` many - angled '' . Individual polygons are named ( and sometimes classified ) according to the number of sides , combining a Greek - derived numerical prefix with the suffix - gon , e.g. pentagon , dodecagon . The triangle , quadrilateral and nonagon are exceptions .
German Shepherd
The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund by von Stephanitz , literally translating to `` German Shepherd Dog '' . The breed was so named due to its original purpose of assisting shepherds in herding and protecting sheep . At the time , all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name ; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde , or Old German Shepherd Dogs .
Binomial nomenclature
In zoology `` Patella vulgata Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The name `` Linnaeus '' tells the reader who it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet ; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found ( in this case the 10th edition of the book Systema Naturae ) . `` Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) '' . The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica ; the parentheses indicate that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus . The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given , nor the date on which the change was made , although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information . In botany `` Amaranthus retroflexus L . '' -- `` L . '' is the standard abbreviation used in botany for `` Linnaeus '' . `` Hyacinthoides italica ( L . ) Rothm . -- Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica ; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides ; the ICN does not require that the dates of either publication be specified .
French horn
As the name indicates , humans originally used to blow on the actual horns of animals before starting to emulate them in metal . This original usage survives in the shofar , a ram 's horn , which plays an important role in Jewish religious rituals .
List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters
Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days . Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog , Nutty . Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book ... Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps . Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human . Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds . He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep . Nutty
Artemis
The boar is one of the favorite animals of the hunters , and also hard to tame . In honor of Artemis ' skill , they sacrificed it to her . Oineus and Adonis were both killed by Artemis ' boar .
Binomial nomenclature
The binomial name should generally be written in full . The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report , or the same species is mentioned repeatedly ; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used , but may then be abbreviated to an initial ( and a period / full stop ) . For example , a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as `` Canis lupus , C. aureus , C. simensis '' . In rare cases , this abbreviated form has spread to more general use ; for example , the bacterium Escherichia coli is often referred to as just E. coli , and Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps even better known simply as T. rex , these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given .
Boxer (dog)
The name of the breed could also be simply due to the names of the very first known specimens of the breed ( Lechner 's Box , for instance ) .
Pluto (mythology)
Plouton was one of several euphemistic names for Hades , described in the Iliad as the god most hateful to mortals . Plato says that people prefer the name Plouton , `` giver of wealth , '' because the name of Hades is fear - provoking . The name was understood as referring to `` the boundless riches of the earth , both the crops on its surface -- he was originally a god of the land -- and the mines hidden within it . '' What is sometimes taken as `` confusion '' of the two gods Plouton and Ploutos ( `` Wealth '' ) held or acquired a theological significance in antiquity . As a lord of abundance or riches , Pluto expresses the aspect of the underworld god that was positive , symbolized in art by the `` horn of plenty '' ( cornucopia ) , by means of which Plouton is distinguished from the gloomier Hades .
Carthage
The name Carthage / ˈkarθɪdʒ / is the Early Modern anglicisation of French Carthage / kaʁ. taʒ / , from Latin Carthāgō ( cf . Greek Karkhēdōn ( Καρχηδών ) and Etruscan * Carθaza ) from the Punic qrt - ḥdšt ( 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 ‬ ) `` new city '' , implying it was a `` new Tyre '' . The Latin adjective pūnicus , meaning `` Phoenician '' , is reflected in English in some borrowings from Latin -- notably the Punic Wars and the Punic language .
Species
In his biology , Aristotle used the term γένος ( génos ) to mean a kind , such as a bird or fish , and εἶδος ( eidos ) to mean a specific form within a kind , such as ( within the birds ) the crane , eagle , crow , or sparrow . These terms were translated into Latin as `` genus '' and `` species '' , though they do not correspond to the Linnean terms thus named ; today the birds are a class , the cranes are a family , and the crows a genus . A kind was distinguished by its attributes ; for instance , a bird has feathers , a beak , wings , a hard - shelled egg , and warm blood . A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members , the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents . Aristotle believed all kinds and forms to be distinct and unchanging . His approach remained influential until the Renaissance .
List of Cars characters
Fillmore was originally going to be named Waldmire , after a Route 66 resident , but Waldmire , a vegan , did n't want his name to be used , because Fillmore toys would be featured in Happy Meals at McDonald 's .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
He often uses nicknames for the other characters , calling Pooh `` Pooh Boy '' , `` Fluff Boy '' and `` Buddy Bear '' , Rabbit `` Ol ' Long Ears '' , `` Fluffface '' and `` Bunny Boy '' , and Eeyore `` Donkey Boy '' ( with Tigger pronouncing it as ' dunkey ' ) . In The Tigger Movie and The Book of Pooh , Tigger also sometimes calls Owl `` Beak Lips '' .
The Walt Disney Company
In 1928 , to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , Disney came up with the idea of a mouse character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California , drawing up a few simple drawings . The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse ( Disney 's wife , Lillian , disliked the sound of ' Mortimer Mouse ' ) and starred in several Disney produced films . Ub Iwerks refined Disney 's initial design of Mickey Mouse . Disney 's first sound film Steamboat Willie , a cartoon starring Mickey , was released on November 18 , 1928 through Pat Powers ' distribution company . It was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released , but the third to be created , behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho . Steamboat Willie was an immediate smash hit , and its initial success was attributed not just to Mickey 's appeal as a character , but to the fact that it was the first cartoon to feature synchronized sound . Disney used Pat Powers ' Cinephone system , created by Powers using Lee de Forest 's Phonofilm system . Steamboat Willie premiered at B.S. Moss 's Colony Theater in New York City , now The Broadway Theatre . Disney 's Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks and re-released successfully in 1929 .
Fallopian tube
They are named after their discoverer , the 16th century Italian anatomist Gabriele Falloppio , who thought they resembled tubas , the plural of tuba in Italian being tube .
Bogeyman
The name `` Öcü '' is believed to be the corrupted form of the imported Arabic word al - jinnī ( الجني ) , which is anglicized as Genie -- the supernatural creatures in early Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology , often described as beings created from a `` smokeless '' and `` scorching fire '' . While genies exist in Turkish folklore as `` cin '' ( ( / d͡ʒin / ) , singular ) ( `` cinler '' , ( / d͡ʒinˈleɾ / ) , plural ) , they are separate beings from the Öcü . Ukraine -- Babay is a monster who is believed to punish naughty children . United Arab Emirates -- Children were scared with ( Om Al - Khadar wa Alleef ) ( أم الخضر واللّيف ) which means ( Mother of green and leef `` bark '' ) , which takes the appearance of a tall woman with very long hair that flows in the wind . This name is used both in the UAE and in some neighboring countries like Bahrain . This mythical creature is usually used by parents to make their children stay inside after sunset and go to sleep ( scaring them with her ) . The name was inspired by the Palm tree because of the scary sounds that come out of it when the wind blows , and also because it 's high and its leaves are so long that it resembles a woman . United States -- The Jersey Devil , which originated in the New Jersey Pine Barrens , is believed by many to be an old time Boogeyman created by residents to scare off travelers from coming into the area . Bloody Bones , also known as Rawhead or Tommy Rawhead , is a boogeyman of the U.S. South . Bloody Bones tales originated in Britain . The Bogeyman may be called `` Boogerman '' or `` Boogermonster '' in rural areas of the American South ( `` booger '' being the American English equivalent of the British English `` bogey '' ) , and was most often used to keep young children from playing outside past dark , or wandering off in the forest .
Gram-positive bacteria
The adjectives Gram - positive and Gram - negative derive from the surname of Hans Christian Gram ; as eponymous adjectives , their initial letter can be either capital G or lower - case g , depending on which style guide ( e.g. , that of the CDC ) , if any , governs the document being written . This is further explained at Gram staining § Orthographic note .
Taxonomy (biology)
Naming and classifying our surroundings has probably been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate . It would always have been important to know the names of poisonous and edible plants and animals in order to communicate this information to other members of the family or group . Medicinal plant illustrations show up in Egyptian wall paintings from c. 1500 BC , indicating that the uses of different species were understood and that a basic taxonomy was in place . Ancient
House sparrow
To many people across the world , the house sparrow is the most familiar wild animal and , because of its association with humans and familiarity , it is frequently used to represent the common and vulgar , or the lewd . One of the reasons for the introduction of house sparrows throughout the world was their association with the European homeland of many immigrants . Birds usually described later as sparrows are referred to in many works of ancient literature and religious texts in Europe and western Asia . These references may not always refer specifically to the house sparrow , or even to small , seed - eating birds , but later writers who were inspired by these texts often had the house sparrow in mind . In particular , sparrows were associated by the ancient Greeks with Aphrodite , the goddess of love , due to their perceived lustfulness , an association echoed by later writers such as Chaucer and Shakespeare . Jesus 's use of `` sparrows '' as an example of divine providence in the Gospel of Matthew also inspired later references , such as that in Shakespeare 's Hamlet and the Gospel hymn His Eye Is on the Sparrow .
Polygon
The word `` polygon '' derives from the Greek adjective πολύς ( polús ) `` much '' , `` many '' and γωνία ( gōnía ) `` corner '' or `` angle '' . It has been suggested that γόνυ ( gónu ) `` knee '' may be the origin of `` gon '' .
Apollo
Lycegenes ( / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly - SEJ - ə - neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs ) , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' Lycoctonus ( / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly - KOK - tə - nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos ) , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' Origin
Moose
The wapiti is superficially very similar to the red deer of central and western Europe , although it is distinctly different behaviorally and genetically . Early European explorers in North America , particularly in Virginia where there were no moose , called the wapiti `` elk '' because of its size and resemblance to familiar - looking deer like the red deer . The moose resembled the `` German elk '' ( the moose of continental Europe ) , which was less familiar to the British colonists . For a long time neither species had an official name , but were called a variety of things . Eventually , in North America the wapiti became known as an elk while the moose retained its Anglicized Native - American name . In 1736 , Samuel Dale wrote to the Royal Society of Great Britain :
Name of France
The name `` France '' ( and its adjective `` French '' ) can have four different meanings which it is important to distinguish in order to avoid ambiguities . Its origin is the Germanic word `` frank '' which means `` free '' and is also a male name .
Name of France
In Hebrew France is called צרפת ‬ ( Tzarfat ) . In Māori France is known as Wīwī , derived from the French phrase oui , oui ( yes , yes ) .
Griot
In African languages , griots are referred to by a number of names : jeli in northern Mande areas , jali in southern Mande areas , guewel in Wolof , gawlo in Pulaar ( Fula ) , and iggawen in Hassaniyan . Griots form an endogamous caste , meaning that most of them only marry fellow griots and that those who are not griots do not normally perform the same functions that they perform .
Boxer (dog)
It has been claimed that the name `` Boxer '' was jokingly applied by an English traveler who noted a tendency of the dog to use its paws in fighting . This seems improbable . Any such action would likely result in a badly bitten if not broken leg . On the other hand , a German breeder of forty years ' experience states positively that the Boxer does not use his feet , except to try and extinguish a small flame such as a burning match . But a Boxer does box with his head . He will hit ( not bite ) a cat with his muzzle hard enough to knock it out and he will box a ball with his nose . Or perhaps , since the German dictionary translates ' boxer ' as ' prize - fighter ' the name was bestowed in appreciation of the fighting qualities of the breed rather than its technique .
Libya
The Latin name Libya ( from Greek Λιβύη , Libyē ) referred to the region west of the Nile generally corresponding to its central location in North Africa historically visited by many mediterranean cultures which referred to its original inhabitants as the `` Libúē . '' The name Libya ( / ˈlɪbiə / ( listen ) or / ˈlɪbjə / was introduced in 1934 for Italian Libya , reviving the historical name for Northwest Africa , from the ancient Greek Λιβύη ( Libúē ) . It was intended to supplant terms applied to Ottoman Tripolitania , the coastal region of what is today Libya having been ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911 , as the Eyalet of Tripolitania . The name `` Libya '' was brought back into use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli .
Siberia
The modern usage of the name was recorded in the Russian language after the Empire 's conquest of the Siberian Khanate . A further variant claims that the region was named after the Xibe people . The Polish historian Chycliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the proto - Slavic word for `` north '' ( север , sever ) , but Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation . He said that the neighbouring Chinese , Turks , and Mongolians , who have similar names for the region , would not have known Russian . He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with Turkic origin , `` su '' ( water ) and `` bir '' ( wild land ) .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
WP : NAME specifically gives that things are placed at articles that go by their most common name in English , not by any official name . Hence Republic of Korea is a redirect to South Korea and so on . I would also strongly object to moving an article from a well known name to an unknown one , that may even be a hoax name . WilyD 20 : 44 , 5 March 2007 ( UTC )
Pluto (mythology)
Conti 's inclusion of adianthus ( Adiantum in modern nomenclature ) is less straightforward . The name , meaning `` unmoistened '' ( Greek adianton ) , was taken in antiquity to refer to the fern 's ability to repel water . The plant , which grew in wet places , was also called capillus veneris , `` hair of Venus , '' divinely dry when she emerged from the sea . Historian of medicine John M. Riddle has suggested that the adianthus was one of the ferns Dioscorides called asplenon and prescribed as a contraceptive ( atokios ) . The associations of Proserpine ( Persephone ) and the maidenhair are alluded to by Samuel Beckett in a 1946 poem , in which the self is a Platonic cave with capillaires , in French both `` maidenhair fern '' and `` blood vessels '' . An
Polar bear
Constantine John Phipps was the first to describe the polar bear as a distinct species in 1774 . He chose the scientific name Ursus maritimus , the Latin for ' maritime bear ' , due to the animal 's native habitat . The Inuit refer to the animal as nanook ( transliterated as nanuq in the Inupiat language ) . The Yupik also refer to the bear as nanuuk in Siberian Yupik . The bear is umka in the Chukchi language . In Russian , it is usually called бе́лый медве́дь ( bélyj medvédj , the white bear ) , though an older word still in use is ошку́й ( Oshkúj , which comes from the Komi oski , `` bear '' ) . In Quebec , the polar bear is referred to as ours blanc ( `` white bear '' ) or ours polaire ( `` polar bear '' ) . In the Norwegian - administered Svalbard archipelago , the polar bear is referred to as Isbjørn ( `` ice bear '' ) .