vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Visa requirements for British citizens
Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days Visa exemption is valid from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018 . A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .
Freedom of speech by country
Article 30 : The freedom and privacy of communication of Hong Kong residents shall be protected by law . No department or individual may , on any grounds , infringe upon the freedom and privacy of communication of residents except that the relevant authorities may inspect communication in accordance with legal procedures to meet the needs of public security or of investigation into criminal offences . 第 三 十 條 : 香港 居民 的 通訊 自由 和 通訊 秘密 受 法律 的 保護. 除 因 公共 安全 和 追查 刑事 犯罪 的 需要 , 由 有關 機關 依照 法律 程序 對 通訊 進行 檢查 外 , 任何 部門 或 個人 不得 以 任何 理由 侵犯 居民 的 通訊 自由 和 通訊 秘密 .
Italian Australians
The concern of Benito Mussolini about the high emigration figures of the mid-1920s pushed the Fascist government 's decision in 1927 to stop all migration to overseas countries , with rarely permitted exceptions , apart from female and minor close relatives ( under - age sons , unmarried daughters of any age , parents and unmarried sisters without family in Italy ) dependent on residents abroad . In the early 1920s Italians had found that it was not difficult to enter Australia , as there were no visa requirements . The Amending Immigration Act of 1924 prohibited the entry of migrants unless they had a written guarantee completed by a sponsor , an Atto di richiamo ( ' Call notice ' ) . In this case , any migrant could come to Australia free of charge . Without a sponsor , the required landing money was ten pounds until 1924 and forty since 1925 . O'Connor states : `` In 1928 , as the number of arrivals increased , a ' gentleman 's agreement ' between Italy and Australia limited the entry of Italians to no more than 2 % of British arrivals , amounting to a maximum of 3,000 Italians per year '' .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Section 1 . All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws .
Ellis Island
SI -- Special Inquiry IV -- Immigrant Visa LPC -- Likely or Liable to become a Public Charge Med . Cert . -- Medical certificate issued
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Act , codified as Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of title 42 of the United States Code , prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race , color , religion , sex or national origin ( see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e - 2 ) . Title VII applies to and covers an employer `` who has fifteen ( 15 ) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year '' as written in the Definitions section under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e ( b ) . Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race , color , religion , sex , or national origin , such as by an interracial marriage . The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy , age , and disability discrimination ( See Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ) .
Ellis Island
With the passing of the Immigrant Quota Act of 1921 , the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly . The passing of the bill ended the era of mass immigration . After 1924 , Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station .
Church of Ireland
The church has been divided over aspects of human sexuality . In 2002 , the issue became pertinent as a vicar provided a blessing for a lesbian couple . The denomination announced a period of discernment to allocate time to the perspectives within the discussion . In 2010 , a congregation was recognised by the church for receiving an LGBTI award for offering services for LGBTI people .
Official bilingualism in Canada
`` i ) A Conservative Government will support the Official Languages Act ensuring that English and French have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Immigration Historical immigration to the United States from all countries of the world and throughout the history of the country , for religious , political and economic reasons . Since the late 19th century , the History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States and illegal immigration to the United States have influenced the ethnic balance of that immigration . Various groups have been denied entry due to discrimination , economic protectionism , and political conflict with their nation of origin . Other groups have received favored status , such as refugees and nationals of allied nations . Transatlantic migrations from Europe , especially in the 19th century , created ethnic enclaves in many eastern cities and settling many rural areas east of the Mississippi Immigration from Asia has had the most influence on Hawaii and the West Coast , but has also created predominantly Asian neighborhoods in many major cities across the country . Immigration from Mexico and other existing Latino populations has strongly influenced the Southwest . Westward expansion of the United States The Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted the western boundary of European settlement to the watershed east of the Appalachian Mountains ; despite the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 and Nonintercourse Acts prohibiting private purchase of Native American lands , the territory between the Mississippi River and Appalachian Mountains granted to the United States by the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was gradually opened to white settlers through public purchase of Indian lands . The Homestead Act promoting settlement west of the Mississippi after the Louisiana Purchase Mormon settlement of Utah California Gold Rush Oregon Trail Klondike Gold Rush promoting settlement of Alaska Internal migration African Americans escaped from slavery , sometimes via the Underground Railroad , reaching the free North before the American Civil War . In the 20th century , to seek jobs and escape racial violence , African Americans left the South in the Great Migration and Second Great Migration , moving to Northern , Midwestern , and Western cities , where they had to compete with recent European immigrants . Especially as transportation systems have improved over the centuries , it has become relatively easy for many Americans to move from one part of the country to another , given the lack of internal borders and dominance of English in most areas . Many do so for reasons of economic opportunity , climate , or culture . The American Industrial Revolution , promoted urbanization of what was previously a largely agrarian society Railroads , promoting migration westwards and streetcar suburbs , created significant ethnic shifts in urban areas .
Democratic Party (United States)
Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the U.S. immigration system such that residents that have come into the U.S. illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship . President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was `` long past time to fix our broken immigration system '' , particularly to allow `` incredibly bright young people '' that came over as students to become full citizens . The Public Religion Research Institute found in a late 2013 study that 73 % of Democrats supported the pathway concept , compared to 63 % of Americans as a whole .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Self - identifying as both Hispanic or Latino and not Hispanic or Latino is neither explicitly allowed nor explicitly prohibited .
Gun laws in Canada
Canada 's federal laws severely restrict the ability of civilians to transport restricted or prohibited ( grandfathered ) firearms in public . Section 17 of the Firearms Act makes it an offence to possess prohibited or restricted firearms other than at a dwelling - house or authorized location , but there are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 19 and 20 of the act . Section 19 allows for persons to be issued an authorization to transport , or ATT , authorizing the transport of a firearm outside the home for certain purposes , such as for its transfer to a new owner , going to and from a range , a training course , repair shop or gun show , or when the owner wishes to change the address where the firearm is stored . Such firearms must be transported unloaded , equipped with a trigger lock and stored in secure , locked containers . In rarer cases , section 20 of the act allows individuals to receive an authorization to carry , or ATC , granting permission to carry loaded restricted firearms or ( section 12 ( 6 ) ) prohibited handguns on their persons for certain reasons specified in the act . These reasons are as follows : if the person is a licensed trapper and carries the firearm while trapping , if the person is in a remote wilderness area and needs the firearm for protection against wildlife , if the person 's work involves guarding or handling money or other items of substantial value , or if the person 's life is in danger and police protection is inadequate to protect him or her . It should be noted that the authorities almost never issue an ATC for the last reason , that is to say , because a person 's life is threatened and police protection is inadequate . The vast majority of ATC 's issued are to employees of armoured car companies to allow carry of a company owned firearm only while working .
Overview of gun laws by nation
The criteria considered during the issue of NPB firearm permits are whether the applicant faces a threat to their life . PB firearms criteria are more stringent , often for persons in government positions who face immediate danger or threats , those whose occupation involves open threats and danger , and family members of such people . PB licences became more regulated in 2014 , when otherwise - eligible persons were frequently rejected on basis of national security grounds . Exceptions are made for defence officers who are allowed to keep firearms without licences under the Defence Service rule , and a handful of professional shooters .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
On April 17 , 2013 , the so - called `` Gang of Eight '' in the United States Senate introduced S. 744 , the long - awaited Senate version of the immigration reform bill proposed in Congress . Text of the proposed legislation was promptly released on the website of Senator Charles Schumer . The bill has not been taken up by the United States House of Representatives .
Ecuador
In the early years of World War II , Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants , and in 1939 , when several South American countries refused to accept 165 Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship Koenigstein , Ecuador granted them entry permits .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Federal government ; ( Comment : The proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e - 16 ) Federally recognized Native American tribes Religious groups performing work connected to the group 's activities , including associated education institutions ; Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
These numbers are separate from illegal immigration , which peaked at probably over 1 million per year around the year 2000 and has probably declined to about 500,000 per year by 2009 , which seems comparable or perhaps less than the outflow returning to their native countries . Some of the legal immigrant categories may include former illegal immigrants who have come current on legal applications and passed background checks ; these individuals are included in the count of legal visas , not as a separate or additional number .
Citizenship
Legal status of persons Concepts Administrative detention Citizenship Immigration ( illegal ) Jus sanguinis Jus soli Nationality Naturalization Permanent residency Statelessness Designations Administrative detainee Alien enemy Citizen ( dual / multiple naturalized ) Illegal immigrant Migrant worker Political prisoner Refugee Stateless person Social politics Illegal immigration Immigration law Nationalism Nationality law Nativism
History of immigration to the United States
The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States starting with the first European settlements from around 1600 . Beginning around this time , British and other Europeans settled primarily on the east coast . Later Africans were imported as slaves . The United States experienced successive waves of immigration , particularly from Europe . Immigrants sometimes paid the cost of transoceanic transportation by becoming indentured servants after their arrival in the New World . Later , immigration rules became more restrictive ; the ending of numerical restrictions occurred in 1965 . Recently , cheap air travel has increased immigration from Asia and Latin America .
Freedom of speech by country
In the weeks preceding the election of 2010 , the privately owned TV channel TV4 refused to show an advertisement of the Sweden Democrats party , fearing that it could be prosecuted for publishing hate speech . The ad displayed women in traditional Islamistic burkhas reaching for an emergency brake labelled with the text `` Pensions '' , and an elderly woman reaching for an emergency brake labelled with the text `` Immigration '' , thus implying that there is a fiscal conflict between pension payments and allowing immigration . The law regulating TV and radio broadcasts had previously expressly prohibited discrimination against advertisers , granting a rejected advertiser the right to complain to a national board . However , the ban was lifted just two months before the election , thus making it possible for TV and radio broadcasters to opt out on some parties while showing the commercials of other parties . This was the first election when the Sweden Democrats gained seats in the Swedish Parliament . Some Danish ministers criticized the TV4 decision as democratically unacceptable .
Freedom of speech by country
The government restricts the right of broadcasting to authorized radio and television channels ; the authorizations are granted by an independent administrative authority ; this authority has recently removed the broadcasting authorizations of some foreign channels because of their antisemitic content .
Admission to the bar in the United States
Applicants must have U.S. citizenship , permanent residency ( a Green Card ) , or a valid work visa for a patent - related job . An applicant on a work visa , upon passing the exam , is only given `` limited recognition '' to perform work for the employer listed on the work visa . Only U.S. citizens can maintain their registration in the patent bar while they are working outside the United States . Additionally , the USPTO requires that applicants to the patent bar have earned a bachelor 's degree . Applicants are categorized as having earned an accredited `` bachelor 's degree in a recognized technical subject '' ( category A ) , having earned a `` bachelor 's degree in another subject '' with sufficient credits to qualify for the exam ( category B ) , or having `` practical engineering or scientific experience '' ( category C ) .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
After the immigration of 123,000 Chinese in the 1870s , who joined the 105,000 who had immigrated between 1850 and 1870 , Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which targeted a single ethnic group by specifically limiting further Chinese immigration . Chinese had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China , the availability of jobs working on railroads , and the Gold Rush that was going on at that time in California . The expression `` Yellow Peril '' became popular at this time .
APA Ethics Code
In the task force 's report , the APA recommends that therapists adopt an affirmative , supportive approach for clients who present for therapy to change their sexual orientation rather than attempting to convert their sexual orientation .
Switzerland–European Union relations
In a referendum in February 2014 , the Swiss voters narrowly approved a proposal to limit the freedom of movement of foreign citizens to Switzerland . The European Commission said it would have to examine the implications of the result on EU -- Swiss relations since literal implementation would invoke the guillotine clause .
Barbados
Homosexual acts are illegal in Barbados and the colonial era law bears a maximum sentence of life in prison ; however the law is rarely enforced .
Friends
In their original contracts for the first season , cast members were paid $22,500 per episode . The cast members received different salaries in the second season , beginning from the $20,000 range to $40,000 per episode . Before their salary negotiations for the third season , the cast decided to enter collective negotiations , despite Warner Bros . ' preference for individual deals . The actors were given the salary of the least paid cast member , meaning Aniston and Schwimmer had their salaries reduced . The stars were paid $75,000 per episode in season three , $85,000 in season four , $100,000 in season five , $125,000 in season six , $750,000 in seasons seven and eight , and $1 million in seasons nine and ten , making Aniston , Cox , and Kudrow the highest - paid TV actresses of all time . The cast also received syndication royalties beginning in 2000 after renegotiations . At the time , that financial benefit of a piece of the show 's lucrative back - end profits had only been given out to stars who had ownership rights in a show , like Jerry Seinfeld and Bill Cosby .
Friends
Because of syndication revenue , Friends continues to generate approximately $1 billion each year for Warner Bros. That translates into about $20 million in annual residuals each for Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , who each get 2 % of syndication income for Friends . The series has a syndication deal through multiple networks including Nickelodeon , TBS , and Paramount ( formerly known as Spike ) .
Rachel Green
Crane and Kauffman strongly envisioned Friends as an ensemble comedy , and Warner Bros. initially marketed the show as such by having the cast appear in their entirety for all press , interviews and photo shoots . One of few sitcoms at the time to be neither a workplace comedy , family sitcom or star a famous comedian , Elizabeth Kolbert of The New York Times explained that each of the show 's main characters are `` of equal importance . '' As a writer , Crane preferred it this way because `` utilizing six equal players , rather than emphasizing one or two , would allow for myriad story lines . '' Kauffman echoed `` that Friends worked best when the entire ensemble was onstage . '' The only reason Aniston is credited first during the show 's title sequence is because the cast is listed alphabetically . The show 's ensemble format is also believed to have prevented jealous conflicts among the cast . Famously , the Friends cast became the first in television history to negotiate as a group for equal salaries , refusing to work until their demands of $100,000 per episode were met during season three , which eventually increased to $1 million per episode by seasons nine and ten -- approximately $25 million per year . Alongside Cox and actress Lisa Kudrow , who portrays Phoebe , Aniston became the highest - paid television actress of all time . By then , Aniston had surpassed Cox as the show 's most famous cast member due to having launched an international hair trend with the `` Rachel '' and successfully transitioning into a film career , combined with her high - profile relationship with her then - husband , actor Brad Pitt , who had once guest starred in an episode of the show . At times the producers would use the actress ' popularity to boost the show 's ratings , notably her character 's seventh season kiss with actress Winona Ryder and pregnancy arc . Aniston had been telling the press that the show 's ninth season would be her last , and was initially hesitant to return to Friends to film its tenth and final season . She explained to NBC 's Matt Lauer , `` I wanted it to end when people still loved us and we were on a high . And then I was also feeling like , ' How much more of Rachel do I have in me ? ' '' However , the actress ultimately agreed to complete the tenth season of Friends , which was reduced from 24 to 18 episodes to accommodate Aniston 's busy film schedule .
The Big Bang Theory
In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 - $200,000 the duo had been making per episode .
Friends
NBC heavily promoted the series finale , which was preceded by weeks of media hype . Local NBC affiliates organized viewing parties around the U.S. , including an event at Universal CityWalk featuring a special broadcast of the finale on an outdoor Astrovision screen . The finale was the subject of two episodes of Dateline NBC , a weekly television newsmagazine , one of which ran for two hours . A one - hour retrospective of clips from previous episodes was shown before to the airing of the episode . Following the finale , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno was filmed on the set of the Friends ' Central Perk coffee house , which featured the series 's cast as guests . The advertising rates for the finale averaged $2 million for 30 seconds of commercial time , breaking the record held by the Seinfeld finale at $1.7 million .