vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chernobyl disaster
By the year 2000 , the number of Ukrainians claiming to be radiation ' sufferers ' ( poterpili ) and receiving state benefits had jumped to 3.5 million , or 5 % of the population . Many of these are populations resettled from contaminated zones , or former or current Chernobyl plant workers . According to IAEA - affiliated scientific bodies , these apparent increases of ill health result partly from economic strains on these countries and poor health - care and nutrition ; also , they suggest that increased medical vigilance following the accident has meant that many cases that would previously have gone unnoticed ( especially of cancer ) are now being registered . Piglet
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Part A ( Hospital Insurance , or HI ) covers inpatient hospital services , skilled nursing care , and home health and hospice care . The HI trust fund is mainly funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 2.9 % of earnings , shared equally between employers and workers . Part B ( Supplementary Medical Insurance , or SMI ) covers physician services , outpatient services , and home health and preventive services . The SMI trust fund is funded through beneficiary premiums ( set at 25 % of estimated program costs for the aged ) and general revenues ( the remaining amount , approximately 75 % ) . Part C ( Medicare Advantage , or MA ) is a private plan option for beneficiaries that covers all Part A and B services , except hospice . Individuals choosing to enroll in Part C must also enroll in Part B. Part C is funded through the HI and SMI trust funds . Part D covers prescription drug benefits . Funding is included in the SMI trust fund and is financed through beneficiary premiums ( about 25 % ) and general revenues ( about 75 % ) .
Wales
A 2009 Welsh health survey , conducted by the Welsh Assembly , reported that 51 % of adults reported their health good or excellent , while 21 % described their health as fair or poor . The survey also recorded that 27 % of Welsh adults had a long - term chronic illness , such as arthritis , asthma , diabetes and heart disease . Enquiries into health - related lifestyle choices report 27 % of the adult population are smokers , 45 % admit drinking alcohol above recommended guidelines at least once a week , while 29 % undertake the recommended weekly physical activity .
Vermont
An increasingly aging population is expected to improve the position of aging services and health care in the state economy . In 2013 , Fletcher Allen Health Care , with 7,100 employees , was the second - largest employer of people in the state and the largest private employer .
Terror management theory
Many people are more motivated by social pressures , rather than health risks . Specifically for younger people , mortality salience is stronger in eliciting changes of one 's behavior when it brings awareness to the immediate loss of social status or position , rather than a loss , such as death that one can not imagine and feels far off . However , there are many different factors to take into consideration , such as how strongly an individual feels toward a decision , his or her level of self - esteem , and the situation around the individual . Particularly with people 's smoking behaviors , self - esteem and mortality salience have different effects on individuals ' decisions . In terms of the longevity of their smoking decisions , it has been seen that individuals ' smoking habits are affected , in the short - term sense , when they are exposed to mortality salience that interrelates with their own self - esteem . Moreover , people who viewed social exclusion prompts were more likely to quit smoking in the long run than those who were simply shown health - effects of smoking . More specifically , it was demonstrated that when individuals had high levels of self - esteem they were more likely to quit smoking following the social pressure messages , rather than the health risk messages . In this specific instance , terror management , and specifically mortality salience is showing how people are more motivated by the social pressures and consequences in their environment , rather than consequences relating to their health . This is mostly seen in young adult smokers with higher smoking - based self - esteems who are not thinking of their future health and the less - immediate effects of smoking on their health .
Institutional review board
Research in conventional educational settings , such as those involving the study of instructional strategies or effectiveness of various techniques , curricula , or classroom management methods . In the case of studies involving the use of educational tests , there are specific provisions in the exemption to ensure that subjects can not be identified or exposed to risks or liabilities . Research involving the analysis of existing data and other materials if they are already publicly available , or where the data can be collected such that individual subjects can not be identified in any way . Studies intended to assess the performance or effectiveness of public benefit or service programs , or to evaluate food taste , quality , or consumer acceptance .
Water fluoridation
Much of the early work on establishing the connection between fluoride and dental health was performed by scientists in the U.S. during the early 20th century , and the U.S. was the first country to implement public water fluoridation on a wide scale . It has been introduced to varying degrees in many countries and territories outside the U.S. , including Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Hong Kong , Ireland , Israel , Korea , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Serbia , Singapore , Spain , the UK , and Vietnam . In 2004 , an estimated 13.7 million people in western Europe and 194 million in the U.S. received artificially fluoridated water . In 2010 , about 66 % of the U.S. population was receiving fluoridated water .
Institutional review board
Safeguard the rights , safety , and well - being of all trial subjects . Special attention should be paid to trials that may include vulnerable subjects , such as pregnant women , children , prisoners , the elderly , or persons with diminished comprehension . Obtain trial protocol ( s ) / amendment ( s ) , written Informed Consent Form ( s ) ( ICFs ) and consent form updates the investigator proposes for use in the trial , subject recruitment procedures ( e.g. , advertisements ) , written information to be provided to subjects , investigator 's brochure , available safety information , information about payments and compensation available to subjects , the investigator 's current curriculum vitae and / or other documentation evidencing qualifications , and any other documents the IRB may need to fulfill its responsibilities . Review both the amount and method of payment to subjects to assure neither presents problems of coercion or undue influence on the trial subjects . Payments to a subject should be prorated and not wholly contingent on completion of the trial by the subject . Information regarding payment to subjects , including the methods , amounts , and schedule of payment to trial subjects , should be set forth in the written informed consent form and any other written information to be provided to subjects . The way payment will be prorated should be specified . Ensure that the proposed trial is reviewed within a reasonable time and document opinions and decisions in writing , clearly identifying the trial , the documents reviewed and recorded dates for approvals , required modifications prior to approval , disapproval of a proposed trial , or termination / suspension of any prior approval . Continuing review of ongoing trials is required at intervals appropriate to the degree of risk to human subjects , but at least once per year .
Antigen-presenting cell
The main types of professional antigen - presenting cells are dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells . Dendritic
First Nations
The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast communities centred around ocean and river fishing ; in the interior of British Columbia , hunting and gathering and river fishing . In both of these areas , salmon was of chief importance . For the people of the plains , bison hunting was the primary activity . In the subarctic forest , other species such as the moose were more important . For peoples near the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River , shifting agriculture was practised , including the raising of maize , beans , and squash .
Adolescence
In contemporary society , adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform . While some of these , such as emotional distress ( fear of abuse or exploitation ) and sexually transmitted infections / diseases ( STIs / STDs ) , including HIV / AIDS , are not necessarily inherent to adolescence , others such as teenage pregnancy ( through non-use or failure of contraceptives ) are seen as social problems in most western societies . One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI . Adolescents in the United States often chose `` anything but intercourse '' for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs . Across the country , clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) , which can cause genital warts , and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population . Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group . One - quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21 . Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation , eighty - one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children . They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs . Furthermore , teachers want to address such topics with their students . But , although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school , over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so . According to anthropologist Margaret Mead , the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause ; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil .
List of U.S. states and territories by population
The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens , non-citizen permanent residents , and non-citizen long - term visitors . Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state .
World Health Organization
The 2012 -- 2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed . Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases : the first , to reduce the `` health , social and economic burden '' of communicable diseases in general ; the second to combat HIV / AIDS , malaria and tuberculosis in particular .
CCR5
This finding in humans confirmed a previously - observed experiment in an animal model of CCR5 Δ32 homozygosity . After infection with West Nile Virus , CCR5 Δ32 mice had markedly increased viral titers in the central nervous system and had increased mortality compared with that of wild - type mice , thus suggesting that CCR5 expression was necessary to mount a strong host defense against West Nile virus .
Smallpox vaccine
By 1800 , Jenner 's work had been published in all the major European languages and had reached Benjamin Waterhouse in the United States -- an indication of rapid spread and deep interest . The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in Trinity , Newfoundland , in 1798 by Dr. John Clinch , boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner . Despite some concern about the safety of vaccination the mortality using carefully selected vaccine was close to zero , and it was soon in use all over Europe and the United States . The
Health care in the United States
While life expectancy is one measure , HHS uses a composite health measure that estimates not only the average length of life , but also , the part of life expectancy that is expected to be `` in good or better health , as well as free of activity limitations . '' Between 1997 and 2010 , the number of expected high quality life years increased from 61.1 to 63.2 years for newborns . The underutilization of preventative measures , rates of preventable illness and prevalence of chronic disease suggest that the US healthcare system does not sufficiently promote wellness . Over the past decade rates of teen pregnancy and low birth rates have come down significantly , but not disappeared . Rates of obesity , heart disease ( high blood pressure , controlled high cholesterol ) , and type 2 diabetes are areas of major concern . While chronic disease and multiple co-morbidities became increasingly common among a population of elderly Americans who were living longer , the public health system has also found itself fending off a rise of chronically ill younger generation . According to the US Surgeon General `` The prevalence of obesity in the U.S. more than doubled ( from 15 % to 34 % ) among adults and more than tripled ( from 5 % to 17 % ) among children and adolescents from 1980 to 2008 . '' A concern for the health system is that the health gains do not accrue equally to the entire population . In the United States , disparities in health care and health outcomes are widespread . Minorities are more likely to suffer from serious illnesses ( e.g. , type 2 diabetes , heart disease and colon cancer ) and less likely to have access to quality health care , including preventative services . Efforts are underway to close the gap and to provide a more equitable system of care . Innovation
Sensitivity and specificity
Imagine a study evaluating a new test that screens people for a disease . Each person taking the test either has or does not have the disease . The test outcome can be positive ( classifying the person as having the disease ) or negative ( classifying the person as not having the disease ) . The test results for each subject may or may not match the subject 's actual status . In that setting :
World Health Organization
The WHO regularly publishes a World Health Report , its leading publication , including an expert assessment of a specific global health topic . Other publications of WHO include the Bulletin of the World Health Organization , the Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ( overseen by EMRO ) , the Human Resources for Health ( published in collaboration with BioMed Central ) , and the Pan American Journal of Public Health ( overseen by PAHO / AMRO ) .
Conquistador
Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time : from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and vice versa . The spread of old - world diseases , including smallpox , flu and typhus , decimated the inhabitants of the New World .
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity ( also called the true positive rate , the recall , or probability of detection in some fields ) measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such ( e.g. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition ) . Specificity ( also called the true negative rate ) measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such ( e.g. the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition ) .
Dental anesthesia
Some reactions are caused by administration of too much drug , usually because of the route of entry of drug ( intravenously ) or the quick uptake of drug into the system , or the aftereffect of the vasoconstrictor . Unfavourable reactions to LA can be classified into 3 different groups : psychogenic , allergic , toxic .
Health care in the United States
Aa 2013 National Research Council study stated that , when considered as one of 17 high - income countries , the United States was at or near the top in infant mortality , heart and lung disease , sexually transmitted infections , adolescent pregnancies , injuries , homicides , and rates of disability . Together , such issues place the U.S. at the bottom of the list for life expectancy in high - income countries . As of 2007 , U.S. males could be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in Switzerland , and U.S. females could be expected to live over 5 years less than women in Japan . Females born in the U.S. in 2015 have a life expectancy of 81.6 years , and males 76.9 years ; more than 3 years less and as much as over 5 years less than people born in Switzerland ( 85.3 F , 81.3 M ) or Japan ( 86.8 F , 80.5 M ) in 2015 .
Terror management theory
Researchers Cohen et al. ( 2004 ) , in their particular study on TMT , tested the preferences for different types of leaders , while reminding people of their mortality . Three different candidates were presented to participants . The three leaders were of three different types : task - oriented ( emphasized setting goals , strategic planning , and structure ) , relationship - oriented ( emphasized compassion , trust , and confidence in others ) , and charismatic . The participants were then placed in one of two conditions : mortality salient or control group . In the former condition the participants were asked to describe the emotions surrounding their own death , as well as the physical act of the death itself , whereas the control group were asked similar questions about an upcoming exam . The results of the study were that the charismatic leader was favored more , and the relationship - oriented leader was favored less , in the mortality - salient condition . Further research has shown that mortality salient individuals also prefer leaders who are members of the same group , as well as men rather than women ( Hoyt et al. 2010 ) . This has links to social role theory .
Walt Disney World International Program
During their interview , participants fill out a role preference sheet and can indicate by order of preference the type of role they would like to apply for . Participants on the International College Program are often assigned to roles based on seasonal need and may be rotated based on peak time operational needs . Participants on the International College Program may apply for several positions , including , but not limited to : attractions , characters , food and beverage , housekeeping , and lifeguarding .
Institutional review board
In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and Department of Health and Human Services ( specifically Office for Human Research Protections ) regulations ( see Human subject research legislation in the United States ) have empowered IRBs to approve , require modifications in planned research prior to approval , or disapprove research . IRBs are responsible for critical oversight functions for research conducted on human subjects that are `` scientific '' , `` ethical '' , and `` regulatory '' . The equivalent body responsible for overseeing U.S. federally funded research using animals is the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ( IACUC ) .
First Nations
The attempt to force assimilation involved punishing children for speaking their own languages or practicing their own faiths , leading to allegations in the 20th century of cultural genocide and ethnocide . There was widespread physical and sexual abuse . Overcrowding , poor sanitation , and a lack of medical care led to high rates of tuberculosis , and death rates of up to 69 % . Details of the mistreatment of students had been published numerous times throughout the 20th century , but following the closure of the schools in the 1960s , the work of indigenous activists and historians led to a change in the public perception of the residential school system , as well as official government apologies , and a ( controversial ) legal settlement .
Social media
We worry that social media is kind of the virtual bathhouse -- Dr. Lynn Fitzgibbons , an infectious disease physician Santa Barbara County Public Health Department
Egg donation
A systematic review of factors contributing to parental decision - making in disclosing donor conception has shown that parents cite the child 's best interest as the main factor they use to make the decision Parents who disclose donor conception to the child emphasize the importance of an honest parent - child relationship , while parents who do not disclose express their desire to protect the child from social stigma or other trauma . Health care staff and support groups have been demonstrated to affect the decision to disclose the procedure . It is generally recommended that parents who disclose should do so in age - appropriate ways , ideally starting well before the age of five with a discussion of the fact that their parents needed help to have a child because certain things are needed to make a child -- namely , sperm and eggs -- and because the parents did not have one of those things , a nice woman gave it to them .
Child care
Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Parents may also turn to independent rating services , or rely on recommendations and referrals . Some places develop voluntary quality networks , for example in Australia most childcare services are part of a national Quality Assurance system . Some places require caregivers to take classes in pediatric CPR and first aid . Most countries have laws relating to childcare , which seek to keep children safe and prevent and punish child abuse . Such laws may add cost and complexity to childcare provision and may provide tools to help ensure quality childcare .
World Health Organization
WHO has also worked on global initiatives in surgery , including emergency and essential surgical care , trauma care , and safe surgery . The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is in current use worldwide in the effort to improve patient safety .
Throat irritation
Viruses are common causes of the common cold . Less often , bacteria may also cause pharyngitis . Both of these organisms enter the body via the nose or mouth as aerosolized particles when someone sneezes or coughs . Because many germs are contagious , one can even acquire them from touching utensils , toys , personal care products or door knobs . The most common viruses that causes throat irritation include the common cold virus , influenza , infectious mononucleosis , measles and croup . Most bacteria and viruses usually induce throat irritation during the winter or autumn .
Lead poisoning
In developed countries , people with low levels of education living in poorer areas are most at risk for elevated lead . In the US , the groups most at risk for lead exposure are the impoverished , city - dwellers , and immigrants . African - American children and those living in old housing have also been found to be at elevated risk for high blood lead levels in the US . Low - income people often live in old housing with lead paint , which may begin to peel , exposing residents to high levels of lead - containing dust .
Estrogen
Estrogen Drug class Estradiol , the major estrogen sex hormone in humans and a widely used medication . Class identifiers Use Contraception , Menopause , hypogonadism , transgender women , prostate cancer , breast cancer , others ATC code G03C Biological target Estrogen receptors ( ERα , ERβ , mERs ( e.g. , GPER , others ) ) External links MeSH D004967 In Wikidata
Lyme disease
In Europe , the vector is Ixodes ricinus , which is also called the sheep tick or castor bean tick . In China , Ixodes persulcatus ( the taiga tick ) is probably the most important vector . In North America , the black - legged tick or deer tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) is the main vector on the East Coast .