vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
War of the Austrian Succession
Charles had much more charisma than his father , and now Louis XV was favourably disposed toward helping him create another uprising in Scotland . Louis XV sent Drummond of Balhaldy as an emissary to the Stuart `` court '' in Rome . French plans called for Charles to be in Dunkirk , France , to assemble with the fleet on 10 January 1744 , yet Balhaldy had only arrived in Rome on 19 December 1743 . Thus there was very little time to waste . On 23 December 1743 , Charles ' father named him `` Prince Regent '' so that Charles could act in his own name . In the spring of 1744 , Prince Charles secretly arrived in France and was about to board the ships that would take him to England . However , on the night before he was to board , a fierce storm blew up ( this storm became known as the `` Protestant Wind '' ) and wrecked or dispersed the entire fleet . The violent storms had wrecked the crossing attempt , and the planned invasion was abandoned . However , Charles did not give up hope of restoring the Stuart family to the throne of England .
English Civil War
During the `` Personal Rule '' , Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures : he believed in High Anglicanism , a sacramental version of the Church of England , theologically based upon Arminianism , a creed shared with his main political advisor , Archbishop William Laud . In 1633 , Charles appointed Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury and started making the Church more ceremonial , replacing the wooden communion tables with stone altars . Puritans accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism ; when they complained , he had them arrested . In 1637 John Bastwick , Henry Burton , and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud 's views -- a rare penalty for gentlemen , and one that aroused anger . Moreover , the Church authorities revived the statutes passed in the time of Elizabeth I about church attendance and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican church services .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Their conversion was reinforced after 1810 . In that year , George III , who had suffered periodically from mental instability ( due to a blood disorder now known as porphyria ) , became permanently insane and spent the remaining 10 years of his life unable to discharge his duties . The Prince Regent was prevented from using the full powers of Kingship . The Regent became George IV in 1820 , but during his 10 - year reign was indolent and frivolous . Consequently , for 20 years the throne was virtually vacant and Tory Cabinets led by Tory Prime Ministers filled the void , governing virtually on their own .
History of the United Kingdom
The stalemate required an endless supply of men and munitions . By 1916 , volunteering fell off , the government imposed conscription in Britain ( but not in Ireland ) to keep up the strength of the Army . After a rough start in industrial mobilisation , Britain replaced prime minister Asquith in December 1916 with the much more dynamic Liberal leader David Lloyd George . The nation now successfully mobilised its manpower , womanpower , industry , finances , Empire and diplomacy , in league with France and the U.S. to defeat the enemy . After defeating Russia , the Germans tried to win in the spring of 1918 before the millions of American soldiers arrived . They failed , and they were overwhelmed and finally accepted an Armistice in November 1918 , that amounted to a surrender .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The
Surrender of Japan
According to General Sumihisa Ikeda and Admiral Zenshirō Hoshina , Privy Council President Hiranuma then turned to the Emperor and asked him : `` Your majesty , you also bear responsibility ( sekinin ) for this defeat . What apology are you going to make to the heroic spirits of the imperial founder of your house and your other imperial ancestors ? ''
Elections in Canada
If a government loses a confidence motion , traditionally the prime minister will ask the governor general to call an election and the governor general follows that advice . However , the viceroy 's compliance is not assured ; the governor general also has the right to seek out another party leader who might be able to command the confidence of the House and ask him or her to form a government . This happened in 1926 and is referred to as the King - Byng Affair .
English Civil War
During the period of the English Civil War , the role of bishops as wielders of political power and as upholders of the established church became a matter of heated political controversy . John Calvin formulated a doctrine of Presbyterianism , which held that in the New Testament the offices of presbyter and episkopos were identical ; he rejected the doctrine of apostolic succession . Calvin 's follower John Knox brought Presbyterianism to Scotland when the Scottish church was reformed in 1560 . In practice , Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government , as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling hierarchy .
Turning a blind eye
There is a misconception that the order was to be obeyed at Nelson 's discretion , but this is contradicted by the fact that it was a general order to all the attacking ships ( some of whom did break off ) , and that later that day Nelson openly stated that he had `` fought contrary to orders '' . Sir Hyde Parker was recalled in disgrace and Nelson appointed Commander - in - Chief of the fleet following the battle .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World .
History of the United Kingdom
A weak ruler as regent ( 1811 -- 20 ) and king ( 1820 -- 30 ) , George IV let his ministers take full charge of government affairs , playing a far lesser role than his father , George III . The principle now became established that the king accepts as prime minister the person who wins a majority in the House of Commons , whether the king personally favors him or not . His governments , with little help from the king , presided over victory in the Napoleonic Wars , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . His brother William IV ruled ( 1830 -- 37 ) , but was little involved in politics . His reign saw several reforms : the poor law was updated , child labour restricted , slavery abolished in nearly all the British Empire , and , most important , the Reform Act 1832 refashioned the British electoral system .
Clan Munro
In 1411 a major feud broke out between Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany and Domhnall of Islay , Lord of the Isles over the Earldom of Ross . This resulted in the Battle of Harlaw where chief Hugh Munro , 9th Baron of Foulis rose up in support of the Lord of the Isles . The Munros are said to have fought in the Lord of the Isles ' host ' against an army of Scottish Lowlanders led by Alexander Stewart , Earl of Mar . In 1428 a group of Munros were granted remission by King James I of Scotland for past offences when he came to Inverness to assert his authority in the Highlands .
Whigs (British political party)
The Whigs now moved into opposition and particularly decried the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , which they attempted to block through their majority in the House of Lords . The Tory administration led by Harley and the Viscount Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new Tory peers to force the treaty through .
History of the United Kingdom
The Whig Party recovered its strength and unity by supporting moral reforms , especially the reform of the electoral system , the abolition of slavery and emancipation of the Catholics . Catholic emancipation was secured in the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics in Britain .
Restoration (England)
Many Royalist exiles returned and were rewarded . Prince Rupert of the Rhine returned to the service of England , became a member of the privy council , and was provided with an annuity . George Goring , 1st Earl of Norwich , returned to be the Captain of the King 's guard and received a pension . Marmaduke Langdale returned and was made `` Baron Langdale '' . William Cavendish , Marquess of Newcastle , returned and was able to regain the greater part of his estates . He was invested in 1666 with the Order of the Garter ( which had been bestowed upon him in 1650 ) , and was advanced to a dukedom on 16 March 1665 .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years .
War of the Austrian Succession
As the Jacobite army moved south into England , Charles kept assuring his troops that aid and reinforcements from English Jacobites would be arriving at any time . This aide and reinforcements were desperately needed as the Jacobites were badly outnumbered by the three British government armies already in the field . Finally on 6 December 1745 , at Derby in the English midlands , Charles was reluctantly persuaded by his senior officers to turn back to Scotland . Upon hearing about the turnabout in Derby , the French gave up on their plans for an invasion of England . The Jacobites felt they could more securely fight the Hanovarians in a defensive battle on Scottish soil rather than fighting the British government army in England . On 17 January 1746 , at the Battle of Falkirk Muir , 8,000 Scots , the largest amount of troops gathered by the Jacobite cause during the uprising defeated 7,000 of British troops . Ultimately , however , Charles Stuart and his uprising were defeated on 27 April 1746 at the Battle of Culloden .
English Civil War
Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury , where a council - of - war discussed two courses of action : whether to advance towards Essex 's new position near Worcester , or to march along the now opened road towards London . The Council decided to take the London route , but not to avoid a battle , for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong , and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision . In the Earl of Clarendon 's words : `` it was considered more counsellable to march towards London , it being morally sure that the earl of Essex would put himself in their way '' . Accordingly , the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October , gaining two days ' start on the enemy , and moved south - east . This had the desired effect , as it forced Essex to move to intercept them .
Battle of Long Island
The British were stunned to find that Washington and the army had escaped . Later in the day , August 30 , the British troops occupied the American fortifications . When news of the battle reached London , it caused many festivities to take place . Bells were rung across the city , candles were lit in windows and King George III gave Howe the Order of the Bath .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established .
English Civil War
Having dissolved Parliament and unable to raise money without it , the king assembled a new one in 1628 . ( The elected members included Oliver Cromwell and Edward Coke . ) The new Parliament drew up the Petition of Right , and Charles accepted it as a concession in order to obtain his subsidy . Amongst other things , the Petition referred to the Magna Carta . However , it did not grant him the right of tonnage and poundage , which Charles had been collecting without Parliamentary authorisation since 1625 . Several of the more active members of the opposition were imprisoned , which caused some outrage ; one , John Eliot , subsequently died in prison , becoming regarded as a martyr for the rights of Parliament .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 .
Qing dynasty
Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk , tea , and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China . In the late 1700s , the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver . To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium , the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal . Since China 's economy was essentially self - sufficient , the country had little need to import goods or raw materials from the Europeans , so the usual way of payment was through silver . The Daoguang Emperor , concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects , ordered Lin Zexu to end the opium trade . Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839 , leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year . In
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Early in his reign , William III ( 1689 -- 1702 ) preferred `` Mixed Ministries '' ( or coalitions ) consisting of both Tories and Whigs . William thought this composition would dilute the power of any one party and also give him the benefit of differing points of view . However , this approach did not work well because the members could not agree on a leader or on policies , and often worked at odds with each other .
French and Indian War
In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 .
French and Indian War
Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Anne ( 1702 -- 1714 ) followed this pattern but preferred Tory Cabinets . This approach worked well as long as Parliament was also predominantly Tory . However , in 1708 , when the Whigs obtained a majority , Anne did not call on them to form a government , refusing to accept the idea that politicians could force themselves on her merely because their party had a majority . She never parted with an entire Ministry or accepted an entirely new one regardless of the results of an election . Anne preferred to retain a minority government rather than be dictated to by Parliament . Consequently , her chief ministers Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin and Robert Harley , who were called `` Prime Minister '' by some , had difficulty executing policy in the face of a hostile Parliament .
History of the United Kingdom
Under the coalition government , British military aircraft participated in the UN-mandated intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war , flying a total of 3,000 air sorties against forces loyal to the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi between March and October 2011 . 2011 also saw England suffer unprecedented rioting in its major cities in early August , killing five people and causing over £ 200 million worth of property damage .
History of the United Kingdom
Gladstone 's financial policies , based on the notion of balanced budgets , low taxes and laissez - faire , were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed . Called the `` Grand Old Man '' later in life , he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and lower middle class . The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility and opposition to aristocracy . His moralism often angered his upper - class opponents ( including Queen Victoria , who strongly favoured Disraeli ) , and his heavy - handed control split the Liberal party . His foreign policy goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion ; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self - interest . This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by the Germans with a Bismarckian system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms . Salisbury
United Kingdom
In 1603 , the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI , King of Scots , inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London ; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political , legal , and religious institutions .
Stamp Act 1765
Between 17 and 27 January , Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country . On 7 February , the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274 -- 134 , saying that it would back the King in enforcing the Act . Henry Seymour Conway , the government 's leader in the House of Commons , introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues , which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' , while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act . Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it . Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs .
Governor General of Canada
The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power . For the most part , however , the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day - to - day basis by elected and appointed individuals , leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country ; at such a moment , the governor general removes him or herself from public , though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general 's ability to perform governmental roles .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
The violation of British neutral rights triggered an uproar in Britain . Britain sent 11,000 troops to Canada , the British fleet was put on a war footing , with plans to capture New York City if war broke out , and a sharp note was dispatched to Washington to demand return of the prisoners and an apology . Lincoln , concerned about Britain entering the war , ignored anti-British sentiment and issued what the British interpreted as an apology , without apologizing , and ordered the prisoners to be released .
Anthony Eden
The Observer newspaper accused Eden of lying to Parliament over the Suez Crisis , while MPs from all parties criticised his calling a ceasefire before the Canal was taken . Churchill , while publicly supportive of Eden 's actions , privately criticised his successor for not seeing the military operation through to its conclusion . Eden easily survived a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 8 November . 1957
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Byng was recalled to Britain and court - martialled . There was violent public outrage about the loss of Menorca , mostly directed against Newcastle . He tried to deflect the blame by emphasising the alleged cowardice of Byng . After being tried by his peers , the admiral was eventually executed by firing squad for `` not doing his utmost `` . By that time Newcastle and his government had fallen . It was replaced by a weaker administration headed by the Duke of Devonshire and dominated by William Pitt .