vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
English Reformation
Grindal 's successor , Archbishop Whitgift , more reflected the Queen 's determination to discipline those who were unprepared to accept her settlement . A conformist , he imposed a degree of obedience on the clergy that apparently alarmed even the Queen 's ministers , such as Lord Burghley . The Puritan cause was not helped even by its friends . The pseudonymous `` Martin Marprelate '' tracts , which attacked conformist clergy with a libellous humorous tone , outraged senior Puritan clergy and set the government on an unsuccessful attempt to run the writer to earth . The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 incidentally made it more difficult for Puritans to resist the conclusion that since God `` blew with his wind and they were scattered '' he could not be too offended by the religious establishment in the land .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
As Prince of Wales , Edward had publicly referred to Labour county councillors as `` cranks '' and made speeches counter to government policy . During his reign as king , his refusal to accept the advice of ministers continued : he opposed the imposition of sanctions on Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia , refused to receive the deposed Emperor of Ethiopia , and would not support a strengthening of the League of Nations .
History of the United Kingdom
During the War of the Second Coalition ( 1799 -- 1801 ) , Britain occupied most of the French and Dutch colonies ( the Netherlands had been a satellite of France since 1796 ) , but tropical diseases claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops . When the Treaty of Amiens created a pause , Britain was forced to return most of the colonies . In May 1803 , war was declared again . Napoleon 's plans to invade Britain failed due to the inferiority of his navy , and in 1805 , Lord Nelson 's fleet decisively defeated the French and Spanish at Trafalgar , which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars . The
Glumdalclitch
When the Queen of Brobdingnag takes Gulliver into her court , he has Glumdalclitch brought to court with him . The prideful Gulliver thinks of himself as being greatly honored and promoted by moving to court , but never ceases to love and seek the approval of the little girl who first helped him . Indeed , he remembers her fondly even after returning to England .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The resulting general election returned a hung parliament , but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties . Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed . After a further election in December 1910 , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill .
Governor General of Canada
In 1926 , Liberal prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party , requested that Governor General the Lord Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election . Byng , however , refused his Canadian prime minister 's advice , citing both the facts that King held the minority of seats in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier ; he thus called on Arthur Meighen to form a government . Within a week however , Meighen 's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote , forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power . King then went on to the Imperial Conference that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the Balfour Declaration , which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years : namely , that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom . These new developments were codified in the Statute of Westminster , through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931 , Canada , along with the Union of South Africa and the Irish Free State , immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK . In addition , the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government . Accordingly , in 1928 , the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general 's diplomatic role as the British government 's envoy .
Victorian morality
When the monarchy was restored , a period of loose living and debauchery inspired too by the rise of French court cultural influence all over Europe , appeared to be a reaction to the earlier religious based forms of repression . ( See : Charles II of England ) The two social forces of Puritanism and libertinism continued to motivate the collective psyche of Great Britain from the Restoration onward . This was particularly significant in the public perceptions of the later Hanoverian monarchs who immediately preceded Queen Victoria . For instance , her uncle George IV was commonly perceived as a pleasure - seeking playboy , whose conduct in office was the cause of much scandal .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
A compromise was eventually established in which Britain would keep troops on the European continent under the command of the Duke of Brunswick , while Pitt was given authority to launch several colonial expeditions . He sent forces to attack French settlements in West Africa and the West Indies , operations which were tactically successful and brought financial benefits . In Britain a popular surge of patriotism and support for the government resulted . Pitt formed a triumvirate to direct operations with George Anson in command of the navy and John Ligonier in charge of the army . A Militia Act was passed to create a sizable force to defend Britain which would free up regular troops for operations overseas .
Norman conquest of England
William faced difficulties in his continental possessions in 1071 , but in 1072 he returned to England and marched north to confront King Malcolm III of Scotland . This campaign , which included a land army supported by a fleet , resulted in the Treaty of Abernethy in which Malcolm expelled Edgar the Ætheling from Scotland and agreed to some degree of subordination to William . The exact status of this subordination was unclear -- the treaty merely stated that Malcolm became William 's man . Whether this meant only for Cumbria and Lothian or for the whole Scottish kingdom was left ambiguous .
English Civil War
In early January 1642 , accompanied by 400 soldiers , Charles attempted to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason . This attempt failed . When the troops marched into Parliament , Charles enquired of William Lenthall , the Speaker , as to the whereabouts of the five . Lenthall replied , `` May it please your Majesty , I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me , whose servant I am here . '' In other words , the Speaker proclaimed himself a servant of Parliament , rather than of the King .
History of the United Kingdom
Disraeli fought to protect established political , social , and religious values and elites ; he emphasized the need for national leadership in response to radicalism , uncertainty , and materialism . He is especially known for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the British Empire in India and Africa as the foundation of British greatness , in contrast to Gladstone 's negative attitude toward imperialism . Gladstone denounced Disraeli 's policies of territorial aggrandizement , military pomp , and imperial symbolism ( such as making the Queen Empress of India ) , saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation .
English Civil War
Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a secret treaty with the Scots , again promising church reform , on 28 December 1647 . Under the agreement , called the `` Engagement '' , the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles ' behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years .
English Civil War
All this put Charles in a desperate financial position . As King of Scots , he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England ; as King of England , he had to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England . His means of raising English revenue without an English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this . Against this backdrop , and according to advice from the Magnum Concilium ( the House of Lords , but without the Commons , so not a Parliament ) , Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640 .
English Civil War
The Parliamentarians who opposed the King had not remained passive during this pre-war period . As in the case of Kingston upon Hull , they had taken measures to secure strategic towns and cities by appointing to office men sympathetic to their cause , and on 9 June they had voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers and appointed Robert Devereux , 3rd Earl of Essex commander three days later . He received orders `` to rescue His Majesty 's person , and the persons of the Prince ( of Wales ) and the Duke of York out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them '' . The Lords Lieutenant , whom Parliament appointed , used the Militia Ordinance to order the militia to join Essex 's army .
English Civil War
Although the monarchy was restored , it was still only with the consent of Parliament ; therefore , the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government . This system would result in the outcome that the future Kingdom of Great Britain , formed in 1707 under the Acts of Union , would manage to forestall the kind of often - bloody revolution , typical of European republican movements that followed the Jacobin revolution in 18th century France and the later success of Napoleon , which generally resulted in the total abolition of monarchy . It was no coincidence that the United Kingdom was spared the wave of revolutions that occurred in Europe in the 1840s . Specifically , future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard , and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution and in the 1701 Act of Settlement . After the Restoration , Parliament 's factions became political parties ( later becoming the Tories and Whigs ) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries -- items thrown include leaflets , manure , flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice , and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile ( tear gas ) . Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House . For instance , in 1976 , Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate . However , perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by Charles I , who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason . This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House , and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons .
History of the United Kingdom
William Ewart Gladstone ( 1809 -- 1898 ) was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli , serving as prime minister four times ( 1868 -- 74 , 1880 -- 85 , 1886 , and 1892 -- 94 ) . He was the moral compass of the Liberal Party and is famous for his oratory , his religiosity , his liberalism , his rivalry with Disraeli , and for his poor relations with the Queen . Gladstone 's first ministry saw many reforms including Disestablishment of the Protestant Church of Ireland and the introduction of secret voting . His party was defeated in 1874 , but made a comeback based on opposition to Turkey 's Bulgarian atrocities against Christians . Gladstone 's Midlothian Campaign of 1879 -- 80 was an pathbreaking introduction of many modern political campaigning techniques . His Liberal party was increasingly pulled apart on the Irish issue . He proposed Irish home rule in 1886 ; It failed to pass and the resulting split in the Liberal Party kept it out of office for 20 years ( with only a short interruption ) .
Governor General of Canada
The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general , prompting , as they did , the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces . As a result , the viceroys became largely nominal heads , while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown ; a concept first put to the test when , in 1849 , Governor - General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant - Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill , despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances .
English Civil War
In 1639 , Charles had recalled Wentworth to England and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford , attempting to have him achieve similar results in Scotland . This time he proved less successful and the English forces fled the field in their second encounter with the Scots in 1640 . Almost the entirety of Northern England was occupied and Charles was forced to pay £ 850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing . If he did not , they would `` take '' the money by pillaging and burning the cities and towns of Northern England .
Hundred Years' War
In Wales , Owain Glyndŵr was declared Prince of Wales on 16 September 1400 . He was the leader of the most serious and widespread rebellion against English authority in Wales since the conquest of 1282 -- 1283 . The rebellion was finally put down only in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years . Assassination
History of the United Kingdom
Lord Palmerston ( 1784 -- 1865 ) dominated foreign policy for decades , through a period when Britain was at the height of its power , serving terms as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister . He became controversial at the time , and remains so today , for his aggressive bullying and his `` liberal interventionist '' policies . He was intensely patriotic ; he used the Royal Navy to undermine the Atlantic slave trade . Disraeli
House of Lords
The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons , but the Lower House continued to grow in influence , reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century . Conflicts between the King and the Parliament ( for the most part , the House of Commons ) ultimately led to the English Civil War during the 1640s . In 1649 , after the defeat and execution of King Charles I , the Commonwealth of England was declared , but the nation was effectively under the overall control of Oliver Cromwell , Lord Protector of England , Scotland and Ireland .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831 . At first , the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill , but were forced to relent when the prime minister , Charles , 2nd Earl Grey , advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers . To avoid this , the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832 . The Reform Act 1832 , also known as the `` Great Reform Act '' , abolished the rotten boroughs , established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs , and granted representation to populous cities , but still retained many pocket boroughs .
English Civil War
The Long Parliament then passed the Triennial Act , also known as the Dissolution Act in May 1641 , to which the Royal Assent was readily granted . The Triennial Act required that Parliament be summoned at least once every three years , and that when the King failed to issue proper summons , the members could assemble on their own . This act also forbade ship money without Parliament 's consent , fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans . Monopolies were cut back severely , and the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished by the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 and the Triennial Act respectively . All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act . On 3 May , Parliament decreed The Protestation , attacking the ' wicked counsels ' of Charles 's government , whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend ' the true reformed religion ' , parliament , and the king 's person , honour and estate . Throughout May , the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and episcopalianism in general , each time defeated in the Lords .
Trent Affair
On the land , at the end of March 1861 , Britain had 2,100 regular troops in Nova Scotia , 2,200 in the rest of Canada , and scattered posts in British Columbia , Bermuda , and the West Indies . Lieutenant General Sir William Fenwick Williams , Commander in Chief , North America , did what he could with his small forces , but he wrote repeatedly to the authorities back in Britain that he needed considerable reinforcements to prepare his defenses adequately .
United Kingdom
In the mid-17th century , all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars ( including the English Civil War ) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short - lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland . During the 17th and 18th centuries , British sailors were involved in acts of piracy ( privateering ) , attacking and stealing from ships off the coast of Europe and the Caribbean . The
Restoration (England)
John Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I . At the Restoration , he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in Guernsey for the rest of his life . Sir Henry Vane the Younger served on the Council of State during the Interregnum even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation ( approval ) of the King 's execution . At the Restoration , after much debate in Parliament , he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act . In 1662 he was tried for high treason , found guilty and beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662 .
Mercantilism
In specific instances , protectionist mercantilist policies also had an important and positive impact on the state that enacted them . Adam Smith , for instance , praised the Navigation Acts , as they greatly expanded the British merchant fleet and played a central role in turning Britain into the world 's naval and economic superpower from the 18th century onward . Some economists thus feel that protecting infant industries , while causing short - term harm , can be beneficial in the long term .
Trent Affair
On December 17 , Adams received Seward 's November 30 dispatch stating that Wilkes acted without orders , and Adams immediately told Russell . Russell was encouraged by the news , but deferred any action until a formal response to the British communication was received . The note was not released to the public , but rumors were published by the press of the Union intent . Russell refused to confirm the information , and John Bright later asked in Parliament , `` How came it that this dispatch was never published for the information of the people of this country ? ''
English Civil War
The English Civil War broke out less than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 . Elizabeth 's death had resulted in the succession of her first cousin twice - removed , King James VI of Scotland , to the English throne as James I of England , creating the first personal union of the Scottish and English kingdoms . As King of Scots , James had become accustomed to Scotland 's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of the Scottish government in 1583 , so that upon assuming power south of the border , the new King of England was genuinely affronted by the constraints the English Parliament attempted to place on him in exchange for money . In spite of this , James ' personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income .
History of the United Kingdom
The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform . They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830 -- 1834 , and the Reform Act 1832 became their signature measure . It broadened the franchise slightly and ended the system of rotten and pocket boroughs ( where elections were controlled by powerful families ) , and gave seats to new industrial centres . The aristocracy continued to dominate the government , the Army and Royal Navy , and high society . After parliamentary investigations demonstrated the horrors of child labour , limited reforms were passed in 1833 .
English Civil War
Pym immediately launched a Bill of Attainder , stating Strafford 's guilt and demanding that the Earl be put to death . Unlike a guilty finding in a court case , attainder did not require a legal burden of proof , but it did require the king 's approval . Charles , however , guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder , without which the bill could not be passed . Furthermore , the Lords were opposed to the severity of the sentence of death imposed upon Strafford . Yet , increased tensions and a plot in the army to support Strafford began to sway the issue . On 21 April , the Commons passed the Bill ( 204 in favour , 59 opposed , and 250 abstained ) , and the Lords acquiesced . Charles , still incensed over the Commons ' handling of Buckingham , refused . Strafford himself , hoping to head off the war he saw looming , wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider . Charles , fearing for the safety of his family , signed on 10 May . Strafford was beheaded two days later . In the meantime both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king 's involvement in Strafford 's plot .
Trent Affair
In February 1862 , the Duke of Cambridge , the British Army 's commander - in - chief , gave his analysis of British military reaction to the Trent affair :