vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Easter Island
Easter Island lies atop the Rano Kau Ridge , and consists of three shield volcanoes with parallel geologic histories . Poike and Rano Kau exist on the east and south slopes of Terevaka , respectively . Rano Kau developed between 0.78 and 0.46 Ma from tholeiitic to alkalic basalts . This volcano possesses a clearly defined summit caldera . Benmoreitic lavas extruded about the rim from 0.35 to 0.34 Ma . Finally , between 0.24 and 0.11 Ma , a 6.5 km fissure developed along a NE - SW trend , forming monogenetic vents and rhyolitic intrusions . These include the cryptodome islets of Motu Nui and Motu Iti , the islet of Motu Kao Kao , the sheet intrusion of Te Kari Kari , the perlitic obsidian Te Manavai dome and the Maunga Orito dome .
Easter Island
Almost all ( 95 % ) moai were carved from compressed , easily worked solidified volcanic ash or tuff found at a single site on the side of the extinct volcano Rano Raraku . The native islanders who carved them used only stone hand chisels , mainly basalt toki , which lie in place all over the quarry . The stone chisels were sharpened by chipping off a new edge when dulled . While sculpting was going on , the volcanic stone was splashed with water to soften it . While many teams worked on different statues at the same time , a single moai took a team of five or six men approximately a year to complete . Each statue represented the deceased head of a lineage .
Klondike (solitaire)
In Agnes , the stock is dealt in batches of seven on reserve piles and every one is available . Furthermore , the bases of the foundations depends on the twenty - ninth card , which is dealt on the foundations . In Easthaven ( a.k.a. Aces Up ) , twenty - one cards are dealt into seven piles of three , two face - down and one face - up . A space in this game can only be filled by a king or any sequence starting with a king ( although they can simplify the rule and put any card or a sequence in an empty space , as it does in several rules ) , and when a play goes to a standstill , seven new cards are dealt to the tableau , one top of each pile . Easthaven may include 2 or 3 card decks . In Nine Across nine columns of cards are dealt , as opposed to the seven of conventional Klondike . The player can choose which cards to form the foundations ; if one or more eights are exposed , for example , the player may decide to build on eights , and the piles are built up 8 - 9 - 10 - J-Q-K - Ace - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 . If eights are built on , sevens fill up spaces and so forth . The stock is dealt through one by one as many times as required . In Thumb and Pouch , a card in the tableau can be built upon another that is any suit other than its own ( e.g. spades can not be placed over spades ) and spaces can be filled by any card or sequence . In Whitehead , all cards are dealt face up , building is by color ( red on red , black on black ) , a sequence made up of cards that are of the same suit can be moved as a unit , and a space can be filled by any card or sequence . In Westcliff , thirty cards are dealt into ten piles of three cards , two face down and one face up . A space in this game can be filled with any card or sequence .
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral
It has two entrance doors in degradation with archivolts and historical tympanums . The archivolts are attached over eleven columns , three are of white marble ( middle and corners ) and the rest of granite . In the center are the figures of twelve prophets and the Apostles on the sideline . On the tympanums is a large frieze separated from the upper body by a strip supported by grotesque corbels ; on this floor are two windows decorated with Romanesque archivolts .
Cahokia
Monks Mound is the largest structure and central focus of the city : a massive platform mound with four terraces , 10 stories tall , it is the largest man - made earthen mound north of Mexico . Facing south , it is 100 ft ( 30 m ) high , 951 ft ( 290 m ) long , 836 ft ( 255 m ) wide and covers 13.8 acres ( 5.6 ha ) . It contains about 814,000 cu yd ( 622,000 m ) of earth . The mound was built higher and wider over the course of several centuries through as many as ten separate construction episodes , as the mound was built taller and the terraces and apron were added .
Column
Early columns were constructed of stone , some out of a single piece of stone . Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture . Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone , mortared or dry - fit together . In many classical sites , sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together , using stone or metal pins . The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis ( the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides ) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column , so that the top is as little as 83 % of the bottom diameter . This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see , and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect .
Internal Revenue Service
There have been 47 previous commissioners of Internal Revenue and 26 acting commissioners since the agency was created in 1862 .
Stone Mountain
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny , which was the time when North America and North Africa collided . Over time , erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock . This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain , both in DeKalb County , smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain .
Ancient Greek architecture
Door and window openings were spanned with a lintel , which in a stone building limited the possible width of the opening . The distance between columns was similarly affected by the nature of the lintel , columns on the exterior of buildings and carrying stone lintels being closer together than those on the interior , which carried wooden lintels . Door and window openings narrowed towards the top . Temples were constructed without windows , the light to the naos entering through the door . It has been suggested that some temples were lit from openings in the roof . A door of the Ionic Order at the Erechtheion ( 17 feet high and 7.5 feet wide at the top ) retains many of its features intact , including mouldings , and an entablature supported on console brackets . ( See Architectural Decoration , below ) Structure
Curling
When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction .
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
Through his group , solo , and family work , he became one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice . He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first ( and currently only ) dancer from the world of pop and rock ' n ' roll . Jackson 's other achievements include 39 Guinness World Records -- including one for `` Most Successful Entertainer of All Time '' -- 13 Grammy Awards as well as the Grammy Legend Award and Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , 26 American Music Awards , 16 World Music Awards and the estimated sale of up 1 billion units worldwide . Winning countless awards for his humanitarian endeavors , the singer has been honored by two Presidents of the United States . He has also been named as the artist of `` the Decade '' , `` Generation '' , `` Century '' , and `` Millennium '' and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 . Jackson has also won hundreds of other awards , making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music .
North Africa
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thousands
British Army during World War I
The regulars and reserves -- at least on paper -- totalled a mobilised force of almost 700,000 men , although only 150,000 men were immediately available to be formed into the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) that was sent to the continent . This consisted of six infantry divisions and one of cavalry . By contrast , the French Army in 1914 mobilised 1,650,000 troops and 62 infantry divisions , while the German Army mobilised 1,850,000 troops and 87 infantry divisions .
Maya calendar
Some Mayan monuments include glyphs that record an 819 - day count in their Initial Series . These can also be found in the Dresden codex . This is described in Thompson . More examples of this can be found in Kelley . Each group of 819 days was associated with one of four colors and the cardinal direction with which it was associated -- black corresponded to west , red to east , white to north and yellow to south .
Curling
The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed .
Flag of Portugal
The seven castles are traditionally considered a symbol of the Portuguese victories over their Moorish enemies , under Afonso III , who supposedly captured seven enemy fortresses in the course of his conquest of the Algarve , concluded in 1249 . However , this explanation is weakly founded since this king did not have seven castles on his banner , but an unspecified number . Some reconstructions display about sixteen castles ; this number changed to twelve in 1385 , to seven in 1485 and to eleven in 1495 ; it then changed back to seven , in 1578 , this time definitively . An hypothesis about the origin of the castles on a red bordure lies in the family ties of Afonso III with Castile ( both his mother and second wife were Castilian ) , whose arms consisted of a golden castle on a red field .
Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea has been the site of extensive archaeological research since the 1980s . Approximately 27 percent of the Science Reserve had been surveyed by 2000 , identifying 76 shrines , 4 adze manufacturing workshops , 3 other markers , 1 positively identified burial site , and 4 possible burial sites . By 2009 , the total number of identified sites had risen to 223 , and archaeological research on the volcano 's upper flanks is ongoing . It has been suggested that the shrines , which are arranged around the volcano 's summit along what may be an ancient snow line , are markers for the transition to the sacred part of Mauna Kea . Despite many references to burial around Mauna Kea in Hawaiian oral history , few sites have been confirmed . The lack of shrines or other artifacts on the many cinder cones dotting the volcano may be because they were reserved for burial .
Eukaryote
It has been estimated that there may be 75 distinct lineages of eukaryotes . Most of these lineages are protists .
Peninsular War
Officially , Soult had 40,000 men at his disposal , but after the rigorous campaign in Galicia thousands of his troops were sick and he could muster 20,000 men . He experienced difficulties in equipping all of these , and a chronic shortage of horses and transport vehicles compounded his problems , but Soult persevered . He captured the Spanish naval base at Ferrol on 26 January 1809 , capturing eight ships of the lines , three frigates and several thousand prisoners . Of more immediate value were enormous equipment stockpiles , including 20,000 Brown Bess muskets , which enabled Soult to repair his army 's material deficiencies and to proceed with the projected invasion of Portugal .
Solomon's Temple
Solomon then led the whole assembly of Israel in prayer , noting that the construction on the temple represented a fulfilment of God 's promise to David , dedicating the temple as a place of prayer and reconciliation for the people of Israel and for foreigners living in Israel , and highlighting the paradox that God who lives in the heavens can not really be contained within a single building . The dedication was concluded with sacrifices said to have included `` twenty - two thousand bulls and one hundred and twenty thousand sheep '' .
Haiku
This haiku by Issa illustrates that 17 Japanese on do not always equate to 17 English syllables ( `` nan '' counts as two on and `` nonda '' as three . )
Automated teller machine
In 1996 , Andrew Stone , a computer security consultant from Hampshire in the UK , was convicted of stealing more than £ 1 million by pointing high - definition video cameras at ATMs from a considerable distance and recording the card numbers , expiry dates , etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards along with video footage of the PINs being entered . After getting all the information from the videotapes , he was able to produce clone cards which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each account , but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using multiple copied cards . In court , it was shown that he could withdraw as much as £ 10,000 per hour by using this method . Stone was sentenced to five years and six months in prison .
Vehicle registration plates of France
Bearing in mind that only 23 letters were used by the format and that most of the départements used four numbers after reaching QA , the number of car plates that the FNI format provides can be estimated at : ( 999 × 22 ) + ( 999 × 14 × 23 ) + ( 9988 × 9 × 23 ) + ( 988 × 21 × 23 × 23 ) = 13,386,864 . This figure does not take into account avoided letter and number combinations .
Moai
The quarries in Rano Raraku appear to have been abandoned abruptly , with a litter of stone tools and many completed moai outside the quarry awaiting transport and almost as many incomplete statues still in situ as were installed on ahu . In the nineteenth century , this led to conjecture that the island was the remnant of a sunken continent and that most completed moai were under the sea . That idea has long been debunked , and now it is understood that :
Diamond
Used in so - called diamond anvil experiments to create high - pressure environments , diamonds are able to withstand crushing pressures in excess of 600 gigapascals ( 6 million atmospheres ) .
Spanish language
22,000 Guam 19,092 US Virgin Islands 16,788 16,788 16,788 Latvia 2,209,000 13,943 ( 1 % of 1,447,866 ) Turkey 73,722,988 1,134 1,134 13,480 Cyprus 2 % of 660,400 India 1,210,193,422 9,750 ( students ) Estonia 9,457 ( 1 % of 945,733 ) Jamaica 2,711,476 8,000 8,000 8,000 Namibia 3,870 Egypt 3,500 Malta 3,354 ( 1 % of 335,476 ) European Union ( excluding Spain ) 460,624,488 2,397,000 ( 934,984 already counted ) Total 7,430,000,000 ( Total World Population ) 460,711,061 ( 6.2 % ) 497,002,329 ( 6.6 % ) 545,178,992 ( 7.3 % )
List of poker hands
There are 1,302,540 possible high cards hands and 1,277 distinct ranks of high card hand under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each high card hand is ranked first by the rank of its highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its second highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its third highest - ranking card , then by the rank of its fourth highest - ranking card , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking card . For example , K ♠ 6 ♣ 5 ♥ 3 2 ♣ ranks higher than Q ♠ J 6 ♣ 5 ♥ 3 ♣ , which ranks higher than Q ♠ 10 8 ♣ 7 4 ♠ , which ranks higher than Q ♥ 10 ♥ 7 ♣ 6 ♥ 4 ♠ , which ranks higher than Q ♣ 10 ♣ 7 5 ♣ 4 , which ranks higher than Q ♥ 10 7 ♠ 5 ♠ 2 ♥ . High card hands that differ by suit alone , such as 10 ♣ 8 ♠ 7 ♠ 6 ♥ 4 and 10 8 7 ♠ 6 ♣ 4 ♣ , are of equal rank .
Angel of the Lord
The term `` angel of God '' ( Heb . mal'akh ' Elohim ) occurs 12 times ( 2 of which are plural ) . The following are examples :
Promotion (chess)
The percentage of games with promotions can be misleading , because usually a player resigns when he sees that he can not stop his opponent from promoting a pawn . In the 2006 ChessBase database of 3,200,000 games ( many at grandmaster or master level ) , about 1.5 % of the games include a promotion . In these games ( counting only once the games in which the same player promotes more than one pawn to the same piece ) the proportions of promotions to each piece are approximately :
French Polynesia
The islands of French Polynesia make up a total land area of 3,521 square kilometres ( 1,359 sq mi ) , scattered over more than 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) of ocean . There are 118 islands in French Polynesia ( and many more islets or motus around atolls ) . The highest point is Mount Orohena on Tahiti .
Lebanon
Occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla , and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh . The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn , where R stood for Canaanite L. The name occurs nearly 70 times in the Hebrew Bible , as לְבָנוֹן .
Spanish language
of 47,756,439 ) 1,910,258 ( 4 % of 47,756,439 ) 6,685,901 ( 14 % of 47,756,439 ) El Salvador 6,349,939 6,330,889 ( 99.7 % ) 6,349,939 ( 19,050 limited proficiency ) Nicaragua 6,218,321 6,037,990 ( 97.1 % ) ( 490,124 with other mother tongue ) 6,218,321 ( 180,331 limited proficiency ) Brazil 206,120,000 460,018 460,018 6,056,018 ( 460,018 native speakers + 96,000 limited proficiency + 5,500,000 can hold a conversation ) Italy 60,795,612 255,459 1,037,248 ( 2 % of 51,862,391 ) 5,704,863 ( 11 % of 51,862,391 ) Costa Rica 4,890,379 4,806,069 ( 84,310 with other mother tongue ) 4,851,256 ( 99.2 % ) Panama 3,764,166 3,263,123 ( 501,043 with other mother tongue ) 3,504,439 ( 93.1 % ) Uruguay 3,480,222 3,330,022 ( 150,200 with other mother tongue ) 3,441,940 ( 98.9 % ) Puerto Rico 3,474,182 3,303,947 ( 95.1 % ) 3,432,492 ( 98.8 % ) Morocco 34,378,000 6,586 6,586 3,415,000 ( 10 % ) United Kingdom 64 105 700 120,000 518,480 ( 1 % of 51,848,010 ) 3,110,880 ( 6 % of 51,848,010 ) Philippines 101,562,305 438,882 3,016,773 Germany 81,292,400 644,091 ( 1 % of 64,409,146 ) 2,576,366 ( 4 % of 64,409,146 ) Equatorial Guinea 1,622,000 1,683 918,000 ( 90.5
Maya civilization
Although not much is known about Maya scribes , some did sign their work , both on ceramics and on stone sculpture . Usually , only a single scribe signed a ceramic vessel , but multiple sculptors are known to have recorded their names on stone sculpture ; eight sculptors signed one stela at Piedras Negras . However , most works remained unsigned by their artists .
Axial skeleton
Skull contains 22 bones from which 8 are cranial and 14 are facial . 6 middle ear ossicles ( 3 in each ear ) . 1 hyoid bone in neck . 33 bones of vertebral column . 1 chest bone called sternum . 24 ribs ( 12 pairs ) .
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park near Stone Mountain , Georgia . At its summit , the elevation is 1,686 feet ( 514 m ) MSL and 825 feet ( 251 m ) above the surrounding area . Stone Mountain is well - known for not only its geology , but also the enormous rock relief on its north face , the largest bas - relief in the world . The carving depicts three Confederate figures during the Civil War : Jefferson Davis , Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson .
National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
NCF 2005 has been translated into 22 languages and has influenced the syllabii in 17 States . The NCERT gave a grant of Rs. 10 lakh to each State to promote NCF in the language of the State and to compare its current syllabus with the syllabus proposed , so that a plan for future reforms could be made . Several States have taken up this challenge . This exercise is being carried out with the involvement of State Councils for Educational Research and Training ( SCERT ) and District Institutes of Education and Training ( DIET ) .
Russian Orthodox Church
By 1987 the number of functioning churches in the Soviet Union had fallen to 6,893 and the number of functioning monasteries to just 18 . In 1987 in the Russian SFSR , between 40 % and 50 % of newborn babies ( depending on the region ) were baptized . Over 60 % of all deceased received Christian funeral services . Glasnost
Diamond
Diamond - bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth 's surface by deep - origin volcanic eruptions . The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed -- 150 km ( 93 mi ) or more ( three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes ) . This is a relatively rare occurrence . These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes . The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action , but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased . During eruption these pipes are open to the surface , resulting in open circulation ; many xenoliths of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes . Diamond - bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest , coolest regions of continental crust ( cratons ) . This is because cratons are very thick , and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable . Not all pipes contain diamonds , and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable .
Gray code
Norman B. Spedding , however , registered a patent in 1994 with several examples showing that it was possible . Although it is not possible to distinguish 2 positions with n sensors on a single track , it is possible to distinguish close to that many . For example , when n is itself a power of 2 , n sensors can distinguish 2 − 2n positions . Hiltgen and Paterson published a paper in 2001 exhibiting a single - track Gray code with exactly 360 angular positions , constructed using 9 sensors . Since this number is larger than 2 = 256 , more than 8 sensors are required by any code , although a BRGC could distinguish 512 positions with 9 sensors . An STGC for P = 30 and n = 5 is reproduced here : Single
Motte-and-bailey castle
Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top , and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation . Some were also built over older artificial structures , such as Bronze Age barrows . The size of mottes varied considerably , with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height ( 10 feet to 100 feet ) , and from 30 to 90 metres ( 98 to 295 ft ) in diameter . This minimum height of 3 metres ( 9.8 feet ) for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes . In England and Wales , only 7 % of mottes were taller than 10 metres ( 33 feet ) high ; 24 % were between 10 and 5 metres ( 33 and 16 ft ) , and 69 % were less than 5 metres ( 16 feet ) tall . A motte was protected by a ditch around it , which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself .
Automated teller machine
To simplify the analysis of ATM usage around the world , financial institutions generally divide the world into seven regions , due to the penetration rates , usage statistics , and features deployed . Four regions ( USA , Canada , Europe , and Japan ) have high numbers of ATMs per million people . Despite the large number of ATMs , there is additional demand for machines in the Asia / Pacific area as well as in Latin America . Macau may have the highest density of ATMs at 254 ATMs per 100,000 adults . ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the Near East and Africa .