vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Manhattan Project
The British bargaining position had worsened ; the American scientists had decided that the United States no longer needed outside help , and they wanted to prevent Britain exploiting post-war commercial applications of atomic energy . The committee supported , and Roosevelt agreed to , restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war -- especially not bomb design -- even if doing so slowed down the American project . By early 1943 the British stopped sending research and scientists to America , and as a result the Americans stopped all information sharing . The British considered ending the supply of Canadian uranium and heavy water to force the Americans to again share , but Canada needed American supplies to produce them . They investigated the possibility of an independent nuclear program , but determined that it could not be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe .
Containment
The Munich Agreement of 1938 was a failed attempt to contain Nazi expansion in Europe . The U.S. tried to contain Japanese expansion in Asia in 1937 to 1941 , and Japan reacted with its attack on Pearl Harbor .
Japanese cuisine
Many countries have imported portions of Japanese cuisine . Some may adhere to the traditional preparations of the cuisines , but in some cultures the dishes have been adapted to fit the palate of the local populace . In 1970s sushi travelled from Japan to Canada and the United States , it was modified to suit the American palate , and re-entered the Japanese market as `` American Sushi '' . An example of this phenomenon is the California roll , which was created in North America in the 1970s , rose in popularity across the United States through the 1980s , and thus sparked Japanese food 's -- more precisely , sushi 's -- global popularity .
Military history of the United States during World War II
In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC - 1 conference , the Americans and British agreed that their strategic objectives were : ( 1 ) `` The early defeat of Germany as the predominant member of the Axis with the principal military effort of the United States being exerted in the Atlantic and European area ; and ( 2 ) A strategic defensive in the Far East . '' Thus , the Americans concurred with the British in the grand strategy of `` Europe first '' ( or `` Germany first '' ) in carrying out military operations in World War II . The UK feared that , if the United States was diverted from its main focus in Europe to the Pacific ( Japan ) , Hitler might crush both the Soviet Union and Britain , and would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe . The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , did not result in a change in U.S. policy . Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans did n't have second thoughts about Europe First . The two countries reaffirmed that , `` notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War , our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy . And her defeat is the key to victory . Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow . ''
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . The
Gold standard
In the early 1930s , the Federal Reserve defended the dollar by raising interest rates , trying to increase the demand for dollars . This helped attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The war was the result of a decades - long Japanese imperialist policy to expand its influence politically and militarily in order to secure access to raw material reserves , food , and labor . The period after World War I brought about increasing stress on the Japanese polity . Leftists sought universal suffrage and greater rights for workers . Increasing textile production from Chinese mills was adversely affecting Japanese production . The Great Depression brought about a large slowdown in exports . All of this contributed to militant nationalism , culminating in the rise to power of a militarist fascist faction . This faction was led at its height by the Hideki Tojo cabinet of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association under edict from Emperor Hirohito . In 1931 , the Mukden Incident helped spark the Japanese invasion of Manchuria . The Chinese were defeated and Japan created a new puppet state , Manchukuo ; many historians cite 1931 as the beginning of the war . The view has been adopted by the PRC government . From 1931 to 1937 , China and Japan continued to skirmish in small , localized engagements , so - called `` incidents '' .
Military history of the United States
The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war , and on its growing submarine fleet . The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943 -- 45 , reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa . During 1942 and 1943 , the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK , beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942 , Sicily and Italy in 1943 , France in 1944 , and the invasion of Germany in 1945 , parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east . That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 . While the final European Axis Powers were defeated within a year of Operation Overlord , the fighting in Central Europe was especially bloody for the United States , with more US military deaths occurring in Germany than in any other country during the war . General
Surrender of Japan
`` The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people . Freedom of speech , of religion , and of thought , as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established . '' `` Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind , but not those which would enable her to rearm for war . To this end , access to , as distinguished from control of , raw materials shall be permitted . Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted . '' `` The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established , in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people , a peacefully inclined and responsible government . ''
Surrender of Japan
At a series of high - level meetings in May , the Big Six first seriously discussed ending the war -- but none of them on terms that would have been acceptable to the Allies . Because anyone openly supporting Japanese surrender risked assassination by zealous army officers , the meetings were closed to anyone except the Big Six , the Emperor , and the Privy Seal -- no second - or third - echelon officers could attend . At these meetings , despite the dispatches from Japanese ambassador Satō in Moscow , only Foreign minister Tōgō realized that Roosevelt and Churchill might have already made concessions to Stalin to bring the Soviets into the war against Japan . As a result of these meetings , Tōgō was authorized to approach the Soviet Union , seeking to maintain its neutrality , or ( despite the very remote probability ) to form an alliance .
Foreign trade of the United States
Near the end of the Second World War U.S. policy makers began to experiment on a broader level . In the 1940s , working with the British government , the United States developed two innovations to expand and govern trade among nations : the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and the International Trade Organization ( ITO ) . GATT was a temporary multilateral agreement designed to provide a framework of rules and a forum to negotiate trade barrier reductions among nations .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany , Italy , Japan and starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor . During the first two years of World War II , the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made officially in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 , while supplying Britain , the Soviet Union , and China with war material through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941 , as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland . In the Pacific Theater , there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers . The U.S. economic sanctions on Japan , as part of the effort to deter Japanese military aggression in Asia and the Pacific , was a major cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . During the war , over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces , with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded . There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war , of whom 116,129 returned home after the war . Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who mobilized the nation 's industries and induction centers to supply the Army , commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under General Hap Arnold . The Navy , led by Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox and Admiral Ernest King , proved more autonomous . Overall priorities were set by Roosevelt and the Joint Chiefs of Staff , chaired by William Leahy . Highest priority went to the defeat of Germany in Europe , but first the war against Japan in the Pacific was more urgent after the sinking of the main battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor .
Axis powers
Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity ; their economies were small , dependent on international trade , external sources of fuel and other industrial resources . As a result , Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low , even by 1943 .
Emperor of Japan
After the United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's Black Ships forcibly opened Japan to foreign trade , and the shogunate proved incapable of hindering the `` barbarian '' interlopers , the Emperor Kōmei began to assert himself politically . By the early 1860s , the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically . Disaffected domains and rōnin began to rally to the call of sonnō jōi ( `` revere the Emperor , expel the barbarians '' ) . The domains of Satsuma and Chōshū , historic enemies of the Tokugawa , used this turmoil to unite their forces and won an important military victory outside of Kyoto against Tokugawa forces .
Surrender of Japan
We have ordered Our Government to communicate to the Governments of the United States , Great Britain , China and the Soviet Union that Our Empire accepts the provisions of their Joint Declaration .
History of United States foreign policy
James G. Blaine , a leading Republican ( and its losing candidate for president in 1884 ) was a highly innovative Secretary of State in the 1880s . By 1881 , Blaine had completely abandoned his high - tariff Protectionism and used his position as Secretary of State to promote freer trade , especially within the Western Hemisphere . His reasons were twofold : firstly , Blaine 's wariness of British interference in the Americas was undiminished , and he saw increased trade with Latin America as the best way to keep Britain from dominating the region . Secondly , he believed that by encouraging exports , he could increase American prosperity . President Garfield agreed with his Secretary of State 's vision and Blaine called for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade . At the same time , Blaine hoped to negotiate a peace in the War of the Pacific then being fought by Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . Blaine sought to expand American influence in other areas , calling for renegotiation of the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty to allow the United States to construct a canal through Panama without British involvement , as well as attempting to reduce British involvement in the strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii . His plans for the United States ' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere , as he sought commercial treaties with Korea and Madagascar . By 1882 , however , a new Secretary was reversing Blaine 's Latin American initiatives .
Axis powers
On 7 December 1941 , Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked . Since Japan had made the first move , Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked . Nevertheless , expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event , Hitler ordered the Reichstag to formally declare war on the United States . Italy also declared war on the U.S. .
Axis powers
Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat Oshima Hiroshi visited Joachim von Ribbentrop in Berlin in 1935 . Oshima informed von Ribbentrop of Japan 's interest in forming a German -- Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union . Von Ribbentrop expanded on Oshima 's proposal by advocating that the alliance be based in a political context of a pact to oppose the Comintern . The proposed pact was met with mixed reviews in Japan , with a faction of ultra-nationalists within the government supporting the pact while the Japanese Navy and the Japanese Foreign Ministry were staunchly opposed to the pact . There was great concern in the Japanese government that such a pact with Germany could disrupt Japan 's relations with Britain , endangering years of a beneficial Anglo - Japanese accord , that had allowed Japan to ascend in the international community in the first place . The response to the pact was met with similar division in Germany ; while the proposed pact was popular amongst the upper echelons of the Nazi Party , it was opposed by many in the Foreign Ministry , the Army , and the business community who held financial interests in China to which Japan was hostile . Karl
Powers of the President of the United States
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States .
Surrender of Japan
The Japanese Army and Navy had their own independent atomic - bomb programs and therefore the Japanese understood enough to know how very difficult building it would be . Therefore , many Japanese and in particular the military members of the government refused to believe the United States had built an atomic bomb , and the Japanese military ordered their own independent tests to determine the cause of Hiroshima 's destruction . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , argued that even if the United States had made one , they could not have many more . American strategists , having anticipated a reaction like Toyoda 's , planned to drop a second bomb shortly after the first , to convince the Japanese that the U.S. had a large supply .
Hawaii
Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act . This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan , even though prices for Asian - manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia .
Jay Treaty
The treaty was `` surprisingly generous '' in allowing Americans to trade with Great Britain on a most - favored - nation basis . In return , the United States gave most favored nation trading status to Britain , and acquiesced in British anti-French maritime policies . American merchants obtained limited rights to trade in the British West Indies . Two joint boundary commissions were set up to establish the boundary line in the Northeast ( it agreed on one ) and in the Northwest ( this commission never met and the boundary was settled after the War of 1812 ) .
Causes of the Great Depression
The high tariff walls such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act critically impeded the payment of war debts . As a result of high U.S. tariffs , only a sort of cycle kept the reparations and war - debt payments going . During the 1920s , the former allies paid the war - debt installments to the U.S. chiefly with funds obtained from German reparations payments , and Germany was able to make those payments only because of large private loans from the U.S. and Britain . Similarly , U.S. investments abroad provided the dollars , which alone made it possible for foreign nations to buy U.S. exports .
Korea under Japanese rule
From around the time of the First Sino - Japanese War , Japanese merchants had been settling in towns and cities in Korea seeking economic opportunity . By 1910 , the number of Japanese settlers in Korea reached over 170,000 , creating the largest overseas Japanese community in the world at the time . The Japanese leadership 's conviction that their country was overcrowded -- especially in rural areas -- led to encouraging farmers to emigrate . Terauchi
Great Depression in the United States
The need for these war materials created a huge spurt in production , thus leading to promising amount of employment in America . Moreover , Britain chose to pay for their materials in gold . This stimulated the gold inflow and raised the monetary base , which in turn , stimulated the American economy to its highest point since the summer of 1929 when the depression began .
World War II
In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David
Korea under Japanese rule
After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule , the `` Name Restoration Order '' was issued on 23 October 1946 by the United States Army Military Government in Korea south of the 38th parallel , enabling Koreans to restore their names if they wished . Many Koreans in Japan chose to retain their Japanese names , either to avoid discrimination , or later , to meet the requirements for naturalization as Japanese citizens .
Axis powers
On learning of German -- Japanese negotiations , Italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with Japan . Italy had hoped that due to Japan 's long - term close relations with Britain , that an Italo - Japanese alliance could pressure Britain into adopting a more accommodating stance towards Italy in the Mediterranean . In the summer of 1936 , Italian Foreign Minister Ciano informed Japanese Ambassador to Italy , Sugimura Yotaro , `` I have heard that a Japanese -- German agreement concerning the Soviet Union has been reached , and I think it would be natural for a similar agreement to be made between Italy and Japan '' . Initially Japan 's attitude towards Italy 's proposal was generally dismissive , viewing a German -- Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union as imperative while regarding an Italo - Japanese alliance as secondary , as Japan anticipated that an Italo - Japanese alliance would antagonize Britain that had condemned Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia . This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation , while Italy remained favourable to Japan . As a result of Italy 's support for Japan against international condemnation , Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Railroads allowed harvests to reach markets more quickly and Gustavus Franklin Swift 's refrigerated railroad car allowed fresh meat and fish to reach distant markets . Food distribution also became more mechanized as companies like Heinz and Campbell distributed previously perishable foods by canning and evaporation . Commercial bakeries , breweries , and meatpackers replaced locally owned operators and drove demand for raw agricultural goods . Despite increasing demand , rising production caused a drop in prices , creating substantial discontent among farmers . Organizations like The Grange and Farmers Alliance emerged to demand monetary policy that allowed for money supply expansion ( as most farmers carried significant debt from planting time to harvest time ) , railroad regulations , and protective tariffs .
Korea under Japanese rule
From the late 18th to late 19th centuries , Western governments sought to intercede in and influence the political and economic fortunes of Asian countries through the use of new approaches described by such terms as `` protectorate '' , `` sphere of influence '' , and `` concession '' , which minimized the need for direct military conflict between competing European powers . The newly modernized government of Meiji Japan sought to join these colonizing efforts and the Seikanron ( `` advocacy of a punitive expedition to Korea '' ) began in 1873 . This effort was allegedly fueled by Saigō Takamori and his supporters , who insisted that Japan confront Korea 's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of Emperor Meiji , and as it involves the authority of the emperor , and military intervention `` could not be postponed '' .
World War II
The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia .