vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Military history of the United States during World War II
Battle Campaign Date start Date end Victory Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 7 December 1941 Japan United States declares war on Japan 8 December 1941 15 August 1945 Battle of Guam 8 December 1941 8 December 1941 Japan Battle of Wake Island Pacific Ocean theater of World War II 8 December 1941 23 December 1941 Japan Battle of the Philippines South West Pacific 8 December 1941 8 May 1942 Japan Battle of Balikpapan Netherlands East Indies campaign 23 January 1942 24 January 1942 Japan Battle of Ambon Netherlands East Indies campaign 30 January 1942 3 February 1942 Japan Battle of Makassar Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 4 February 1942 4 February 1942 Japan Battle of Badung Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 18 February 1942 19 February 1942 Japan Battle of Timor Netherlands East Indies campaign 19 February 1942 10 February 1943 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of the Java Sea Netherlands East Indies campaign 27 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Sunda Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Java Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 12 March 1942 Japan Invasion of Tulagi Solomon Islands campaign 3 May 1942 4 May 1942 Japan Battle of the Coral Sea New Guinea campaign 4 May 1942 8 May 1942 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of Corregidor 5 May 1942 6 May 1942 Japan Battle of Midway Pacific Theater of Operations 4 June 1942 7 June 1942 United States Battle of the Aleutian Islands Pacific Theater of Operations 6 June 1942 15 August 1943 Allies Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu - Tanambogo Guadalcanal campaign 7 August 1942 9 August 1942 Allies Battle of Savo Island Guadalcanal campaign 8 August 1942
Allies of World War II
Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Alberto Tarchiani , an anti-fascist journalist and activist , was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio , which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces . On his suggestion , Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945 . The purpose of this act , which brought no military follow - up , was mainly to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference , as a reward for its co-belligerence . However , the British Prime Minister Churchill and John Foster Dulles were resolutely against the idea , and so Italy 's new government was left out of the Conference .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
John D. Rockefeller was a forceful driver of consolidation in the American oil industry . Beginning in 1865 , he bought refineries , railroads , pipelines , and oilfields and ruthlessly eliminated competition to his Standard Oil . By 1879 , he controlled 90 % of oil refined in the US . Standard Oil used pipelines to directly connect the Pennsylvanian oilfields with the refineries in New Jersey , Cleveland , Philadelphia , and Baltimore , rather than loading and unloading railroad tank cars , which enabled huge gains in efficiency and profitability . Given the unprecedented scale of Standard Oil 's network , the company developed novel methods for managing , financing , and organizing its businesses . Because laws governing corporations limited their ability to do business across state lines , Standard Oil pioneered the use of a central trust that owned and controlled the constituent companies in each state . The use of trusts by other industries to stifle competition and extract monopoly prices led to the 1890 passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act . In the 1911 case of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States , the Supreme Court ordered the Standard Oil Trust be disbanded into competing companies that would become Exxon ( Standard Oil of New Jersey ) , Mobil ( Standard Oil of New York ) , and Chevron ( Standard Oil of California ) .
Hawaii
Oʻahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 , 1941 . The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations , carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines , brought the United States into World War II .
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
Regardless of the provenance of the quote , Yamamoto believed that Japan could not win a protracted war with the US . Moreover , he seems later to have believed that the Pearl Harbor attack had been a blunder -- even though he was the person who came up with the idea of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . It is recorded that `` Yamamoto alone '' ( while all his staff members were celebrating ) spent the day after Pearl Harbor `` sunk in apparent depression '' . He is also known to have been upset by the bungling of the Foreign Ministry which led to the attack happening while the countries were technically at peace , thus making the incident an unprovoked sneak attack that would certainly enrage the Americans .
Military history of the United States during World War II
By 1941 the United States was taking an active part in the war , despite its nominal neutrality . In spring U-boats began their `` wolf - pack '' tactics which threatened to sever the trans - Atlantic supply line ; Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland . The US Navy 's `` neutrality patrols '' were anything but , as in practice their function was to report Axis ship and submarine sightings to the British and Canadian navies , and from April the US Navy began escorting Allied convoys from Canada as far as the `` Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point '' ( MOMP ) south of Iceland , where they handed off to the RN .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Despite Article 23 of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare , article 171 of the Treaty of Versailles and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on May 14 , 1938 , condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan , the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war .
Axis powers
The burden of the war upon participating countries has been measured through the percentage of gross national product ( GNP ) devoted to military expenditures . Nearly one - quarter of Germany 's GNP was committed to the war effort in 1939 , and this rose to three - quarters of GNP in 1944 , prior to the collapse of the economy . In 1939 , Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China ; this rose to three - quarters of GNP in 1944 . Italy did not mobilize its economy ; its GNP committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels .
World War II
The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Japanese occupation of Korea after annexation was largely uncontested militarily by the smaller , poorly armed , and poorly trained Korean army . Many former soldiers and other volunteers left the Korean peninsula for Manchuria and Primorsky Krai in Russia . Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as Dongnipgun ( Liberation Army ) , which traveled across the Korean - Chinese border , using guerrilla warfare tactics against Japanese forces . The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932 and subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo deprived many of these groups of their bases of operation and supplies . Many were forced to either flee to China , or to join the Red Army - backed forces in eastern Russia . One of the guerrilla groups was led by the future leader of communist North Korea , Kim Il - sung , in Japanese controlled Manchuria . Kim Il - Sung 's time as a guerrilla leader was formative upon his political ideology once he came to power . Three
History of Mexico
Following losses of oil ships in the Gulf ( the Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro ) to German submarines ( U-564 and U-106 respectively ) the Mexican government declared war on the Axis powers on May 30 , 1942 .
Surrender of Japan
In the longest bombing mission of the war , B - 29s from the 315 Bombardment Wing flew 6,100 km ( 3,800 mi ) to destroy the Nippon Oil Company refinery at Tsuchizaki on the northern tip of Honshū . This was the last operational refinery in the Japan Home Islands , and it produced 67 % of their oil . After the war , the bombing raids were justified as already in progress when word of the Japanese surrender was received , but this is only partially true . A
Korea under Japanese rule
Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short - lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945 . Japanese rule of Korea was the outcome of a process that began with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 , whereby a complex coalition of the Meiji government , military , and business officials sought to integrate Korea both politically and economically into the Empire of Japan . A major stepping - stone towards the Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 , in which the then - Korean Empire was declared a protectorate of Japan . The annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 , which was never actually signed by the Korean Regent , Gojong .
British Empire
In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Churchill 's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe , but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain 's standing and prestige as an imperial power . Most damaging of all was the Fall of Singapore , which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar . The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand , which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces , into closer ties with the United States . This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America .
Surrender of Japan
We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan 's power to make war . Only a Japanese surrender will stop us .
Allies of World War II
At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , and dependent states , such as the British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe till the Balkan Campaign , Netherlands , Belgium , Greece and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Lugou Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese strategists were undoubtedly influenced by Admiral Togo 's surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet at Port Arthur in 1904 . Yamamoto 's emphasis on destroying the American battleships was in keeping with the Mahanian doctrine shared by all major navies during this period , including the U.S. Navy and Royal Navy . Planner
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
On the evening of August 2 , 1964 , the destroyer USS Maddox was conducting an electronic intelligence collection mission in international waters ( even as claimed by North Vietnam ) in the Gulf of Tonkin when it was attacked by three P - 4 torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy . Reports later reached the Johnson administration saying that the Maddox was under attack . Two nights later , after being joined by the destroyer C. Turner Joy , the Maddox again reported that both vessels were under attack ( this event , which took place under adverse weather conditions , in fact never occurred ) . Regardless , President Johnson addressed Congress asking for more political power to utilize American military forces in South Vietnam , using the attack on the Maddox as cause to get what he wanted .
Allies of World War II
The US led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight Eisenhower .
Allies of World War II
In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . In
Economy of Nazi Germany
The beginning of the war resulted in a British blockade which seriously restricted German access to world markets . Petroleum , sugar , coffee , chocolate and cotton were all extremely scarce . Germany used coal gasification to replace petroleum imports to a limited extent , and relied on Romanian oilfields at Ploiesti . Germany was dependent on Sweden for the majority of their iron ore production , and relied on Spain and Portugal to provide tungsten . Switzerland continued to trade with Germany , and was very useful as a friendly neutral to Germany . Until the declaration of war of the Soviet Union , the Third Reich received massive supplies of grain and raw materials from the USSR , which they paid for with industrial machinery , weapons and they even sold German designs for a battleship . This economic dependence on the Soviet Union was exemplified when in spring 1940 the Soviet Union asked for two chemical plants as compensation for raw materials . The Germans declined after intervention of the military . Cherkashchyna
Military history of the United States during World War II
V-J Day which occurred on 15 August 1945 marked the end of the United States ' war with the Empire of Japan . Since Japan was the last remaining Axis Power , V-J Day also marked the end of World War II .
Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1945 , China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but economically weak and on the verge of all - out civil war . The economy was sapped by the military demands of a long costly war and internal strife , by spiraling inflation , and by corruption in the Nationalist government that included profiteering , speculation and hoarding .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The 1859 discovery of crude oil in western Pennsylvania set off an `` oil rush '' reminiscent of the 1849 California Gold Rush and would prove to be a valuable resource on the eve of the Civil War . Because crude oil needs to be distilled to extract usable fuel oils , oil refining quickly became a major industry in the area . However , the rural and mountainous terrain of these Pennsylvania oilfields allowed neither economical in - situ refining nor efficient railroad transportation of extracted oil . Beginning in 1865 , the construction of oil pipelines to connect the oilfields with railroads or oil refineries alleviated this geographical bottleneck but also put thousands of coopers and teamsters ( who made the barrels and drove the wagons to transport oil ) out of business . As the network of oil pipelines expanded , they became more integrated with both the railway and telegraph systems which enabled even greater coordination in production , scheduling , and pricing .
Cold War
As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente .
Korea under Japanese rule
Most Korean atomic - bomb victims in Japan were drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the name of humanitarian assistance , Japan paid South Korea four billion yen ( approx . thirty five million dollars ) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the effects of the atomic bomb . Korean
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In late December 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt met at the Arcadia Conference , which established a joint strategy between the U.S. and Britain . Both agreed on a Europe first strategy that would prioritize the defeat of Germany before Japan . The U.S. and Britain established the Combined Chiefs of Staff to coordinate military policy and the Combined Munitions Assignments Board to coordinate the allocation of supplies . An agreement was also reached to establish a centralized command in the Pacific theater called ABDA , named for the American , British , Dutch , and Australian forces in the theater . On January 1 , 1942 , the United States , Britain , China , the Soviet Union , and twenty - two other countries issued the Declaration by United Nations , in which each nation pledged to defeat the Axis powers . These countries opposed to the Axis would be known as the Allied Powers .
Bullpen
This wartime usage in the United States has occurred as recently as World War II . Tokio Yamane described conditions in Japanese relocation camps , referring to a `` bull pen '' within a stockade at Tule Lake , California .
Technology during World War II
World War II marked the first full - scale war where mechanization played a significant role . Most nations did not begin the war equipped for this . Even the vaunted German Panzer forces relied heavily on non-motorised support and flank units in large operations . While Germany recognized and demonstrated the value of concentrated use of mechanized forces , they never had these units in enough quantity to supplant traditional units . However , the British also saw the value in mechanization . For them it was a way to enhance an otherwise limited manpower reserve . America as well sought to create a mechanized army . For the United States , it was not so much a matter of limited troops , but instead a strong industrial base that could afford such equipment on a great scale .
World War II
In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese
Allies of World War II
Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire . Iraq In
Causes of World War II
Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920 , Japanese militarism and invasions of China in the 1930s , and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy . The immediate cause was Britain and France declaring war on Germany after it invaded Poland in September 1939 .
Technology during World War II
The Empire of Japan was also developing an atomic Bomb , however , it floundered due to lack of resources despite gaining interest from the government .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Following the resounding victory at Midway , the United States began a major land offensive . The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping , or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance or were heavily defended but could be bypassed , such as Rabaul . Because air power was crucial to any operation , only islands that could support airstrips were targeted by the Allies . The fighting for each island in the Pacific Theater would be savage , as the Americans faced a determined and battle - hardened enemy who had known little defeat on the ground . Air
Military history of the United States
Following World War II , the United States emerged as a global superpower vis - a-vis the Soviet Union in the Cold War . In this period of some forty years , the United States provided foreign military aid and direct involvement in proxy wars against the Soviet Union . It was the principal foreign actor in the Korean War and Vietnam War during this era . Nuclear weapons were held in ready by the United States under a concept of mutually assured destruction with the Soviet Union .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S.