vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
House sparrow
As an adult , the house sparrow mostly feeds on the seeds of grains and weeds , but it is opportunistic and adaptable , and eats whatever foods are available . In towns and cities , it often scavenges for food in garbage containers and congregates in the outdoors of restaurants and other eating establishments to feed on leftover food and crumbs . It can perform complex tasks to obtain food , such as opening automatic doors to enter supermarkets , clinging to hotel walls to watch vacationers on their balconies , and nectar robbing kowhai flowers . In common with many other birds , the house sparrow requires grit to digest the harder items in its diet . Grit can be either stone , often grains of masonry , or the shells of eggs or snails ; oblong and rough grains are preferred .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2010 , a study identified 51 regions of the dog genome that were associated with phenotypic variation among breeds in 57 traits studied , which included body , cranial , dental , and long bone shape and size . There were 3 quantitative trait loci that explained most of the phenotypic variation . Indicators of recent selection were shown by many of the 51 genomic regions that were associated with traits that define a breed , which include body size , coat characteristics , and ear floppiness . Geneticists have identified more than 300 genetic loci and 150 genes associated with coat color variability . Knowing the mutations associated with different colors has allowed the correlation between the timing of the appearance of variable coat colors in horses with the timing of their domestication . Other studies have shown how human - induced selection is responsible for the allelic variation in pigs . Together , these insights suggest that , although natural selection has kept variation to a minimum before domestication , humans have actively selected for novel coat colors as soon as they appeared in managed populations .
Origin of the domestic dog
Arctic North - East Siberia : In 2015 , a study looked at the mitochondrial control region sequences of 13 ancient canid remains and one modern wolf from five sites across Arctic north - east Siberia . The fourteen canids revealed nine mitochondrial haplotypes , three of which were on record and the others not reported before . The phylogentic tree generated from the sequences showed that four of the Siberian canids dated 28,000 YBP and one Canis c.f. variabilis dated 360,000 YBP were highly divergent . The haplotype designated as S805 ( 28,000 YBP ) from the Yana River was one mutation away from another haplotype S902 ( 8,000 YBP ) that represents Clade A of the modern wolf and domestic dog lineages . Closely related to this haplotype was one that was found in the recently - extinct Japanese wolf . Several ancient haplotypes were oriented around S805 , including Canis c.f. variabilis ( 360,000 YBP ) , Belgium ( 36,000 YBP -- the `` Goyet dog '' ) , Belgium ( 30,000 YBP ) , and Konsteki , Russia ( 22,000 YBP ) . Given the position of the S805 haplotype on the phylogenetic tree , it may potentially represent a direct link from the progenitor ( including Canis c.f. variabilis ) to the domestic dog and modern wolf lineages . The gray wolf is thought to be ancestral to the domestic dog , however its relationship to C. variabilis , and the genetic contribution of C. variabilis to the dog , is the subject of debate .
Hippocampus
These two hippocampal activity modes can be seen in primates as well as rats , with the exception that it has been difficult to see robust theta rhythmicity in the primate hippocampus . There are , however , qualitatively similar sharp waves and similar state - dependent changes in neural population activity .
Origin of the domestic dog
East Asia : In 2002 , a study of maternal mDNA indicated that the dog diverged from its ancestor in East Asia because there were more dog mDNA haplotypes found there than in other parts of the world , but this was rebutted because village dogs in Africa also show a similar haplotype diversity . In 2015 , a whole genome analysis of modern dog and wolf sequences concluded that based on the genetic diversity of today 's East Asian dogs , the dog had originated in southern East Asia , followed by a migration of a subset of ancestral dogs 15,000 YBP towards the Middle East , Africa and Europe and reaching Europe 10,000 YBP . Then , one of these lineages migrated back to northern China and admixed with endemic Asian lineages before migrating to the Americas . A criticism of this proposal is that no dog remains date beyond 12,000 YBP in this region but date to 14,000 YBP in western Europe , however it is accepted that archaeological studies in the Far East are generally lagging behind those in Europe .
Origin of the domestic dog
Domesticated dogs are more clearly identified when they are associated with human occupation , and those interred side - by - side with human remains provide the most conclusive evidence , ( refer to the table below -- 14,708 YBP Bonn - Oberkassel dog ) .
Polar bear
In general , adult polar bears live solitary lives . Yet , they have often been seen playing together for hours at a time and even sleeping in an embrace , and polar bear zoologist Nikita Ovsianikov has described adult males as having `` well - developed friendships . '' Cubs are especially playful as well . Among young males in particular , play - fighting may be a means of practicing for serious competition during mating seasons later in life . Polar bears are usually quiet but do communicate with various sounds and vocalizations . Females communicate with their young with moans and chuffs , and the distress calls of both cubs and subadults consists of bleats . Cubs may hum while nursing . When nervous , bears produce huffs , chuffs and snorts while hisses , growls and roars are signs of aggression . Chemical communication can also be important : bears leave behind their scent in their tracks which allow individuals to keep track of one another in the vast Arctic wilderness .
Barn swallow
The short wings , red belly and incomplete breast band of H. r . tytleri are also found in H. r . erythrogaster , and DNA analyses show that barn swallows from North America colonised the Baikal region of Siberia , a dispersal direction opposite to that for most changes in distribution between North America and Eurasia .
Origin of the domestic dog
The Newgrange and ancient European dog mDNA sequences could be largely assigned to mDNA haplogroups C and D but modern European dog sequences could be largely assigned to mDNA haplogroups A and B , indicating a turnover of dogs in the past from a place other than Europe . As this split dates older than the Newgrange dog this suggests that the replacement was only partial . The analysis showed that most modern European dogs had undergone a population bottleneck which can be an indicator of travel . The archaeological record shows dog remains dating over 15,000 YBP in Western Eurasia , over 12,500 YBP in Eastern Eurasia , but none older than 8,000 YBP in Central Asia . The study proposed that dogs may have been domesticated separately in both Eastern and Western Eurasia from two genetically distinct and now extinct wolf populations . East Eurasian dogs then made their way with migrating people to Western Europe between 14,000 - 6,400 YBP where they partially replaced the dogs of Europe . Two domestication events in Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia has recently been found for the domestic pig .
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
The Japanese dwarf flying squirrel ( Pteromys momonga ; Japanese : ニホン モモンガ ; Hepburn : Nihon momonga ) is one of two species of Old World flying squirrels . It is native to Japan where it inhabits sub-alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests on Honshu and Kyushu islands . It grows to a length of 20 cm ( 8 in ) and has a membrane connecting its wrists and ankles which enables it to glide from tree to tree . During the day this squirrel hides in a hole , usually in a coniferous tree , emerging at night to feed on buds , leaves , bark , fruits and seeds . This squirrel faces no particular threats , has a wide range and is relatively common , and the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a `` least - concern species '' .
House sparrow
Most house sparrows do not move more than a few kilometres during their lifetimes . However , limited migration occurs in all regions . Some young birds disperse long distances , especially on coasts , and mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter . Two subspecies , P. d. bactrianus and P. d. parkini , are predominantly migratory . Unlike the birds in sedentary populations that migrate , birds of migratory subspecies prepare for migration by putting on weight .
House sparrow
House sparrows express strong circadian rhythms of activity in the laboratory . They were among the first bird species to be seriously studied in terms of their circadian activity and photoperiodism , in part because of their availability and adaptability in captivity , but also because they can `` find their way '' and remain rhythmic in constant darkness . Such studies have found that the pineal gland is a central part of the house sparrow 's circadian system : removal of the pineal eliminates the circadian rhythm of activity , and transplant of the pineal into another individual confers to this individual the rhythm phase of the donor bird . The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus have also been shown to be an important component of the circadian system of house sparrows . The photoreceptors involved in the synchronisation of the circadian clock to the external light - dark cycle are located in the brain and can be stimulated by light reaching them directly though the skull , as revealed by experiments in which blind sparrows , which normally can still synchronise to the light - dark cycle , failed to do so once India ink was injected as a screen under the skin on top of their skulls .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2014 , a study compared the hemoglobin levels of village dogs and people on the Chinese lowlands with those on the Tibetan Plateau . It found the hemoglobin levels higher for both people and dogs in Tibet , suggesting that Tibetan dogs might share similar adaptive strategies as the Tibetan people . A population genetic analysis then showed a significant convergence between humans and dogs in Tibet . Like the Tibetan people , Tibetan mastiffs appear to have derived these benefits partially from the EPAS1 gene , acquired through introgression .
House sparrow
The bird 's scientific name and its usual English name have the same meaning . The Latin word passer , like the English word `` sparrow '' , is a term for small active birds , coming from a root word referring to speed . The Latin word domesticus means `` belonging to the house '' , like the common name a reference to its association with humans . The house sparrow is also called by a number of alternative English names , including English sparrow , chiefly in North America ; and Indian sparrow or Indian house sparrow , for the birds of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia . Dialectal names include sparr , sparrer , spadger , spadgick , and philip , mainly in southern England ; spug and spuggy , mainly in northern England ; spur and sprig , mainly in Scotland ; and spatzie or spotsie , from the German Spatz , in North America .
Maya civilization
The Maya had few domestic animals ; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC , and the Muscovy duck by the Late Postclassic . Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication , but were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening . All of these were used as food animals ; dogs were additionally used for hunting . It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened .
Red panda
The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m ( 7,200 and 15,700 ft ) altitude , inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 ° C ( 50 and 77 ° F ) with little annual change . It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests , especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo .
Origin of the domestic dog
Haplogroup F : Derived from post-domestication wolf -- dog hybridization in Japan . A study of 600 dog specimens found only one dog whose sequence indicated hybridization with the extinct Japanese wolf .
Jarmo
Agricultural activity is attested by the presence of stone sickles , cutters , bowls and other objects , for harvesting , preparing and storing food , and also by receptacles of engraved marble . In the later phases instruments made of bone , particularly perforating tools , buttons and spoons , have been found . Further research has shown that the villagers of Jarmo grew wheat of two types , emmer and einkorn , a type of primitive barley and lentils ( it is common to record the domestication of grains , less so of pulses ) . Their diet , and that of their animals , also included species of wild plant , peas , acorns , carob seeds , pistachios and wild wheat . Snail shells are also abundant . There is evidence that they had domesticated goats , sheep and dogs . On the higher levels of the site pigs have been found , together with the first evidence of pottery .
Water buffalo
Two extant types of domestic water buffalo are recognized based on morphological and behavioural criteria -- the river buffalo of South Asia and further west to the Balkans , Egypt , and Italy , and the swamp buffalo , found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east . The origins of the domestic water buffalo types are debated , although results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the swamp type may have originated in China and was domesticated about 4,000 years ago , while the river type may have originated from India and was domesticated about 5,000 years ago . Water buffalo were traded from the Indus Valley Civilisation to Mesopotamia , in modern Iraq , 2500 BC by the Meluhhas . The seal of a scribe employed by an Akkadian king shows the sacrifice of water buffalo .
Origin of the domestic dog
Europe : In 2013 , a study analysed the complete and partial mitochondrial genome sequences of 18 fossil canids dated from 1,000 to 36,000 YBP from the Old and New Worlds , and compared these with the complete mitochondrial genome sequences from modern wolves and dogs . Phylogenetic analysis showed that modern dog mDNA haplotypes resolve into four monophyletic clades with strong statistical support , and these have been designated by researchers as clades A-D . Based on the specimens used in this study , clade A included 64 % of the dogs sampled and these were sister to a 14,500 YBP wolf sequence from the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen , Switzerland , with a most recent common ancestor estimated to 32,100 YBP . This group of dogs matched three fossil pre-Columbian New World dogs dated between 1,000 and 8,500 YBP , which supported the hypothesis that pre-Columbian dogs in the New World share ancestry with modern dogs and that they likely arrived with the first humans to the New World . Clade B included 22 % of the dog sequences and was related to modern wolves from Sweden and the Ukraine , with a common recent ancestor estimated to 9,200 YBP . However , this relationship might represent mitochondrial genome introgression from wolves because dogs were domesticated by this time . Clade C included 12 % of the dogs sampled and these were sister to two ancient dogs from the Bonn - Oberkassel cave ( 14,700 YBP ) and the Kartstein cave ( 12,500 YBP ) near Mechernich in Germany , with a common recent ancestor estimated to 16,000 -- 24,000 YBP . Clade D contained sequences from 2 Scandinavian breeds ( Jamthund , Norwegian Elkhound ) and were sister to another 14,500 YBP wolf sequence also from the Kesserloch cave , with a common recent ancestor estimated to 18,300 YBP . Its branch is phylogenetically rooted in the same sequence as the `` Altai dog '' ( not a direct ancestor ) . The data from this study indicated a European origin for dogs that was estimated at 18,800 -- 32,100 years ago based on the genetic relationship of 78 % of the sampled dogs with ancient canid specimens found in Europe .
Barn owl
In the United Kingdom , the `` Barn Owl Nest Box Scheme '' is promoted by the World Owl Trust and has many participants in local areas such as Somerset , where a webcam has been set up inside a nest box in which seven young were reared in 2014 . Another barn owl nest box live - streaming webcam located in California , United States has proved popular online . In May 2012 , it was revealed that farmers in Israel and Jordan had , over a period of ten years , replaced pesticides with barn owls in a joint conservation venture called `` Project Barn Owl '' .
House sparrow
The house sparrow is monogamous , and typically mates for life . Birds from pairs often engage in extra-pair copulations , so about 15 % of house sparrow fledglings are unrelated to their mother 's mate . Male house sparrows guard their mates carefully to avoid being cuckolded , and most extra-pair copulation occurs away from nest sites . Males may sometimes have multiple mates , and bigamy is mostly limited by aggression between females . Many birds do not find a nest and a mate , and instead may serve as helpers around the nest for mated pairs , a role which increases the chances of being chosen to replace a lost mate . Lost mates of both sexes can be replaced quickly during the breeding season . The formation of a pair and the bond between the two birds is tied to the holding of a nest site , though paired house sparrows can recognise each other away from the nest . Nesting
Water buffalo
The husbandry system of water buffalo depends on the purpose for which they are bred and maintained . Most of them are kept by people who work on small farms in family units . Their buffalo live in very close association with them , and are often their greatest capital asset . The women and girls in India generally look after the milking buffalo while the men and boys are concerned with the working animals . Throughout Asia , they are commonly tended by children who are often seen leading or riding their charges to wallowing places . Water buffalo are the ideal animals for work in the deep mud of paddy fields because of their large hooves and flexible foot joints . They are often referred to as `` the living tractor of the East '' . It probably is possible to plough deeper with buffalo than with either oxen or horses . They are the most efficient and economical means of cultivation of small fields . In most rice - producing countries , they are used for threshing and for transporting the sheaves during the rice harvest . They provide power for oilseed mills , sugarcane presses , and devices for raising water . They are widely used as pack animals , and in India and Pakistan also for heavy haulage . In their invasions of Europe , the Turks used buffalo for hauling heavy battering rams . Their dung is used as a fertilizer , and as a fuel when dried .
Arctic fox
In the spring , the Arctic fox 's attention switches to reproduction and a home for their potential offspring . They live in large dens in frost - free , slightly raised ground . These are complex systems of tunnels covering as much as 1,000 m ( 1,200 sq yd ) and are often in eskers , long ridges of sedimentary material deposited in formerly glaciated regions . These dens may be in existence for many decades and are used by many generations of foxes . Pups
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
A swarm of honeybees makes their debut in the very first chapter . They live in the hive where Pooh tries to get his honey . They frequently appear in virtually every version of the Disney adaptations . There appear to be several different beehives in the Hundred Acre Wood . Whenever Pooh and his friends encounter the bees , trouble usually occurs with the bees going after them .
House sparrow
Similarly , even when blind , house sparrows continue to be photoperiodic , i.e. show reproductive development when the days are long , but not when the days are short . This response is stronger when the feathers on top of the head are plucked , and is eliminated when India ink is injected under the skin at the top of the head , showing that the photoreceptors involved in the photoperiodic response to day length are located inside the brain .
Primate
Euarchontoglires Glires Rodentia ( rodents ) Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Euarchonta Scandentia ( treeshrews ) Primatomorpha Dermoptera ( colugos ) † Plesiadapiformes Primates
Rabbit
Rabbits have long been domesticated . Beginning in the Middle Ages , the European rabbit has been widely kept as livestock , starting in ancient Rome . Selective breeding has generated a wide variety of rabbit breeds , many of which ( since the early 19th century ) are also kept as pets . Some strains of rabbit have been bred specifically as research subjects .
Origin of the domestic dog
Researchers have proposed that in the past a hunting partnership existed between humans and dogs that was the basis for dog domestication . The transition from the Late Pleistocene into the early Holocene was marked by climatic change from cold and dry to warmer , wetter conditions and rapid shifts in flora and fauna , with much of the open habitat of large herbivores being replaced by forests . In the early Holocene , it is proposed that along with changes in arrow - head technology that hunting dogs were used by hunters to track and retrieve wounded game in thick forests . The dog 's ability to chase , track , sniff out and hold prey can significantly increase the success of hunters in forests , where human senses and location skills are not as sharp as in more open habitats . Dogs are still used for hunting in forests today .
Origin of the domestic dog
No agreement using modern DNA : In 2016 , a whole - genome study of wolves and dogs concluded that admixture had confounded the ability to make inferences about the place of dog domestication . Past studies based on single - nucleotide polymorphisms , genome - wide similarities with Chinese wolves , and lower linkage disequilibrium might reflect regional admixture between dogs with wolves and gene flow between dog populations , with genetically divergent dog breeds possibly maintaining more wolf ancestry in their genome . The study proposed that the analysis of ancient DNA might be a better approach . Using
Arctic fox
During the winter , 95.5 % of Arctic foxes utilize commuting trips , which remain within the fox 's home range . Commuting trips in Arctic foxes last less than 3 days and occur between 0 - 2.9 times a month . Nomadism is found in 3.4 % of the foxes , and loop migrations ( where the fox travels to a new range , then returns to its home range ) are the least common at 1.1 % . Arctic foxes in Canada that undergo nomadism and migrations voyage from the Canadian archipelago to Greenland and northwestern Canada . The duration and distance traveled between males and females is not significantly different .
House sparrow
The house sparrow is host to a huge number of parasites and diseases , and the effect of most is unknown . Ornithologist Ted R. Anderson listed thousands , noting that his list was incomplete . The commonly recorded bacterial pathogens of the house sparrow are often those common in humans , and include Salmonella and Escherichia coli . Salmonella is common in the house sparrow , and a comprehensive study of house sparrow disease found it in 13 % of sparrows tested . Salmonella epidemics in the spring and winter can kill large numbers of sparrows . The house sparrow hosts avian pox and avian malaria , which it has spread to the native forest birds of Hawaii . Many of the diseases hosted by the house sparrow are also present in humans and domestic animals , for which the house sparrow acts as a reservoir host . Arboviruses such as the West Nile virus , which most commonly infect insects and mammals , survive winters in temperate areas by going dormant in birds such as the house sparrow . A few records indicate disease extirpating house sparrow populations , especially from Scottish islands , but this seems to be rare .