vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma in situ
Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion ( SIL ) , previously called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN ) , is a form of dysplasia that can progress to cervical cancer . The term carcinoma in situ may be used interchangeably with high - grade SIL . Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is the most common precancer in women . Bowen 's disease is a squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin . Colon polyps often contain areas of CIS that will almost always transform into colon cancer if left untreated . High - grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is equivalent to CIS of the prostate . Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma ( BAC ) of the lung is the only form of CIS that can kill directly because , in rare cases ( the `` pneumonic form '' ) , it expands greatly and fills the lungs , preventing breathing and causing other dire effects on the host . Thus , the pneumonic form of BAC is a true malignant entity , but is not `` invasive '' in the classical sense . For this reason , it is considered a form of CIS by pathologists , but not by oncologists or surgeons , and inclusion of this form of cancer among the types of CIS is controversial .
Angular cheilitis
Several different nutritional deficiency states of vitamins or minerals have been linked to AC . It is thought that in about 25 % of people with AC , iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved . Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third World countries . Chronic iron deficiency may also cause koilonychia ( spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails ) and glossitis ( inflammation of the tongue ) . It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC , but it is known that it causes a degree of immunocompromise ( decreased efficiency of the immune system ) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida . Vitamin B2 deficiency ( ariboflavinosis ) may also cause AC , and other conditions such as redness of mucous membranes , magenta colored glossitis ( pink inflammation of the tongue ) . Vitamin B5 deficiency may also cause AC , along with glossitis , and skin changes similar to seborrhoeic dermatitis around the eyes , nose and mouth . Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC , and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency ( a lack of folic acid ) , which also causes glossitis and megaloblastic anemia . Vitamin B3 deficiency ( pellagra ) is another possible cause , and in which other association conditions such as dermatitis , diarrhea , dementia and glossitis can occur . Biotin ( vitamin B7 ) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC , along with hair loss ( alopecia ) and dry eyes . Zinc deficiency is known to cause AC . Other symptoms may include diarrhea , alopecia and dermatitis . Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc , and is associated with AC .
BRCA1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 1JM7 , 1JNX , 1N5O , 1OQA , 1T15 , 1T29 , 1T2U , 1T2V , 1Y98 , 2ING , 3COJ , 3K0H , 3K0K , 3K15 , 3PXA , 3PXB , 3PXC , 3PXD , 3PXE , 4IFI , 4IGK , 4JLU , 4OFB , 4U4A , 4Y18 , 4Y2G Identifiers Aliases BRCA1 , breast cancer 1 , early onset , BRCAI , BRCC1 , BROVCA1 , IRIS , PNCA4 , PPP1R53 , PSCP , RNF53 , FANCS , breast cancer 1 , DNA repair associated External IDs OMIM : 113705 MGI : 104537 HomoloGene : 5276 GeneCards : BRCA1 ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 17 ( human ) Band 17q21. 31 Start 43,044,295 bp End 43,170,245 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr .
Oncogene
A proto - oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression . Proto - oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation . Proto - oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals , usually through their protein products . Upon acquiring an activating mutation , a proto - oncogene becomes a tumor - inducing agent , an oncogene . Examples of proto - oncogenes include RAS , WNT , MYC , ERK , and TRK . The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt 's lymphoma , which starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence within the vicinity of the MYC gene . The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors . When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed , these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates . Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr - Abl gene found on the Philadelphia chromosome , a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22 . Bcr - Abl codes for a tyrosine kinase , which is constitutively active , leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation . ( More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below )
BRCA1
Legal decisions surrounding the BRCA1 and BRCA2 patents will affect the field of genetic testing in general . A June 2013 article , in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics ( No. 12 - 398 ) , quoted the US Supreme Court 's unanimous ruling that , `` A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature and not patent eligible merely because it has been isolated , '' invalidating Myriad 's patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes . However , the Court also held that manipulation of a gene to create something not found in nature could still be eligible for patent protection . The Federal Court of Australia came to the opposite conclusion , upholding the validity of an Australian Myriad Genetics patent over the BRCA1 gene in February 2013 . The Federal Court also rejected an appeal in September 2014 . Yvonne D'Arcy won her case against US - based biotech company Myriad Genetics in the High Court of Australia . In their unanimous decision on October 7 , 2015 the `` high court found that an isolated nucleic acid , coding for a BRCA1 protein , with specific variations from the norm that are indicative of susceptibility to breast cancer and ovarian cancer was not a ' patentable invention . ' ''
Plant breeding
Statistical methods were also developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment . In 1933 another important breeding technique , cytoplasmic male sterility ( CMS ) , developed in maize , was described by Marcus Morton Rhoades . CMS is a maternally inherited trait that makes the plant produce sterile pollen . This enables the production of hybrids without the need for labor - intensive detasseling .
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism , and inherit the genes of that parent only ; it does not involve the fusion of gametes , and almost never changes the number of chromosomes . Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single - celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria . Many plants and fungi sometimes reproduce asexually .
Self-pollination
The disadvantages of self - pollination come from a lack of variation that allows no adaptation to the changing environment or potential pathogen attack . Self - pollination can lead to inbreeding depression caused by expression of deleterious recessive mutations , or to the reduced health of the species , due to the breeding of related specimens . This is why many flowers that could potentially self - pollinate have a built - in mechanism to avoid it , or make it second choice at best . Genetic defects in self - pollinating plants can not be eliminated by genetic recombination and offspring can only avoid inheriting the deleterious attributes through a chance mutation arising in a gamete .
Oncogene
Category Examples Cancers Gene functions Growth factors , or mitogens c - Sis glioblastomas , fibrosarcomas , osteosarcomas , breast carcinomas , and melanomas induces cell proliferation . Receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , platelet - derived growth factor receptor ( PDGFR ) , and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor ( VEGFR ) , HER2 / neu Breast cancer , gastrointestinal stromal tumours , non-small - cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation . Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Src - family , Syk - ZAP - 70 family , and BTK family of tyrosine kinases , the Abl gene in CML - Philadelphia chromosome colorectal and breast cancers , melanomas , ovarian cancers , gastric cancers , head and neck cancers , pancreatic cancer , lung cancer , brain cancers , and blood cancers mediate the responses to , and the activation receptors of cell proliferation , migration , differentiation , and survival Cytoplasmic Serine / threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits Raf kinase , and cyclin - dependent kinases ( through overexpression ) . malignant melanoma , papillary thyroid cancer , colorectal cancer , and ovarian cancer Involved in organism development , cell cycle regulation , cell proliferation , differentiation , cells survival , and apoptosis Regulatory GTPases Ras protein adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon , thyroid tumors , and myeloid leukemia involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation . Transcription factors myc gene malignant T - cell lymphomas and acute myleoid leukemias , breast cancer , pancreatic cancer , retinoblastoma , and small cell lung cancer - They regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation .
Cell cycle
The cip / kip family includes the genes p21 , p27 and p57 . They halt cell cycle in G phase , by binding to , and inactivating , cyclin - CDK complexes . p21 is activated by p53 ( which , in turn , is triggered by DNA damage e.g. due to radiation ) . p27 is activated by Transforming Growth Factor of β ( TGF β ) , a growth inhibitor .
Chinese marriage
The wife lacks filial piety towards her parents - in - law ( 不順 舅 姑 ) . This makes the parents - in - law potentially capable of breaking a marriage against both partners ' wills . She fails to bear a son ( 無 子 ) . She is vulgar or lewd / adulterous ( 淫 ) . She is jealous ( 妒 ) . This includes objecting to her husband taking an additional wife or concubine . She has a vile disease ( 有 惡疾 ) . She is gossipy ( 口 多 言 ) . She commits theft ( 竊 盜 ) .
Egg donation
An egg donor may be motivated to donate eggs for altruistic reasons . A survey of 80 American women showed that 30 % were motivated by altruism alone , another 20 % were attracted only by monetary compensation , while 40 % of donors were motivated by both reasons . The same study found that 45 % of egg donors were students the first time they donated and averaged $4,000 for each donation .
Egg donation
Women who produce healthy eggs may also elect to use a donor egg so they will not pass on genetic diseases .
Egg donation
Parents of donors may regard the donated eggs as a family asset and may regard the donor conceived people as grandchildren .
Egg donation
In countries that prohibit compensation there is an extreme dearth of young women willing to go through this procedure . Additionally , in most countries where it is legal and compensated , the law places a cap on the compensation and that cap tends to be in the vicinity of $1000 -- $2000 . In the US , no law caps the compensation , but the American Society for Reproductive Medicine ( ASRM ) requires member clinics to abide by ASRM standards , which provide that `` sums of $5,000 or more require justification and sums above $10,000 are not appropriate . '' The `` justification '' for payments over $5000 may include previous successful donations , unusually good family health history , or membership in minority ethnicities for which it is more difficult to find donors .
Business
When businesses need to raise money ( called capital ) , they sometimes offer securities for sale .
Franchising
As with any business venture , franchising is not immune to risk . But if undertaken in the right way , franchising can be a vehicle of success for both the franchisor and franchisee .
Business
Agriculture , such as the domestication of fish , animals and livestock , as well as lumber , oil and mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials , such as wood , petroleum , natural gas , ores , plants or minerals . Financial services businesses include banks , brokerage firms , credit unions , credit cards , insurance companies , asset and investment companies such as private equity firms , private equity funds , real estate investment trusts , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , mutual funds , index funds , and hedge funds , stock exchanges , and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital . Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property . They include film studios and production houses , mass media companies such as cable television networks , online digital media agencies , talent agencies , mobile media outlets , newspapers , book and magazine publishing houses . Industrial manufacturers produce products , either from raw materials or from component parts , then export the finished products at a profit . They include tangible goods such as cars , buses , medical devices , glass , or aircraft . Real estate businesses sell , invest , construct and develop properties , including land , residential homes , and other buildings . Retailers , wholesalers , and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers ; they make their profits by marking up their prices . Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers . Transportation businesses such as railways , airlines , shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee . Utilities produce public services such as water , electricity , waste management or sewage treatment . These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government . Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government , to consumers , or to other businesses . Interior decorators , beauticians , hairstylists , make - up artists , tanning salons , laundromats , dry cleaners , and pest controllers are service businesses .
Fair trade
Much contention surrounds the issue of fair trade products becoming a part of large companies . Starbucks is still only 3 % fair trade -- enough to appease consumers , but not enough to make a real difference to small farmers , according to some activists . The ethics of buying fair trade from a company that is not committed to the cause are questionable ; these products are only making a small dent in a big company even though these companies ' products account for a significant portion of global fair trade .
Franchising
There is also risk for the people buying the franchises . However , failure rates are much lower for franchise businesses than independent business startups .
Fair trade
Fair Trade Universities have been successful because they are a `` feel good '' movement . The movement also has an established history , making it a true movement rather just a fad . Thirdly , Fair Trade Universities are effective because they raise awareness about an issue and offer a solution . The solution is an easy one for college students to handle , just paying about five cents more for a cup of coffee or tea can make a real difference .
Chick-fil-A
S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist ; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company . The company 's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists `` To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us . To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick - fil - A . ''
Fair trade
Booth says that the selling techniques used by some sellers and some supporters of Fairtrade are bullying , misleading , and unethical . There are problems with the use of boycott campaigns and other pressure to force sellers to stock a product they think ethically suspect . However , the opposite has been argued , that a more participatory and multi-stakeholder approach to auditing might improve the quality of the process .
Business
A business ( also known as an enterprise , a company , or a firm ) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people , be they natural , legal , or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers . A business can also be described as an organisation that provides goods and services for human needs .
Business
Sole proprietorship : A sole proprietorship , also known as a sole trader , is owned by one person and operates for their benefit . The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees . A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business , whether from operating costs or judgments against the business . All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor , including , for example , computer infrastructure , any inventory , manufacturing equipment , or retail fixtures , as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor . Partnership : A partnership is a business owned by two or more people . In most forms of partnerships , each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business . The three most prevalent types of for - profit partnerships are : general partnerships , limited partnerships , and limited liability partnerships . Corporation : The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners . Corporations can be either government - owned or privately owned . They can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations . A privately owned , for - profit corporation is owned by its shareholders , who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff . A privately owned , for - profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals , or publicly held , with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange . Cooperative : Often referred to as a `` co-op '' , a cooperative is a limited - liability business that can organize as for - profit or not - for - profit . A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members , not shareholders , and they share decision - making authority . Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives . Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy . Limited liability companies ( LLC ) , limited liability partnerships , and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections . In contrast , unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not as protected . Franchises : A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation . Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse . One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business .
Olympic Games
Many economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games , emphasising that such `` mega-events '' often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run . Conversely hosting ( or even bidding for ) the Olympics appears to increase the host country 's exports , as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games . Moreover , research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city , which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector . This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards , although not permanently . This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society .
Fair trade
As far as farmers ' satisfaction with the fair trade system , the growers want consumers to know that fair trade has provided important support to their families and their cooperative . Overall , farmers are satisfied with the current fair trade system , but some farmers , such as the Mazaronquiari group from CAC Pangoa , desire yet a higher price for their products in order to live a higher quality of life .
Fair trade
Some producers also profit from the indirect benefits of fair trade practices . Fair trade cooperatives create a space of solidarity and promote an entrepreneurial spirit among growers . When growers feel like they have control over their own lives within the network of their cooperative , it can be very empowering . Operating a profitable business allows growers to think about their future , rather than worrying about how they are going to survive in poverty .
Business
A company limited by guarantee . Commonly used where companies are formed for noncommercial purposes , such as clubs or charities . The members guarantee the payment of certain ( usually nominal ) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation , but otherwise , they have no economic rights in relation to the company . This type of company is common in England . A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital . A company limited by shares . The most common form of the company used for business ventures . Specifically , a limited company is a `` company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested '' with corporations being `` the most common example of a limited company . '' This type of company is common in England and many English - speaking countries . A company limited by shares may be a publicly traded company or a privately held company . A company limited by guarantee with a share capital . A hybrid entity , usually used where the company is formed for noncommercial purposes , but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return . This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK , although provisions still exist in law for them to exist . A limited liability company . `` A company -- statutorily authorized in certain states -- that is characterized by limited liability , management by members or managers , and limitations on ownership transfer '' , i.e. , L.L.C. LLC structure has been called `` hybrid '' in that it `` combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship '' . Like a corporation , it has limited liability for members of the company , and like a partnership it has `` flow - through taxation to the members '' and must be `` dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member '' . An unlimited company with or without a share capital . A hybrid entity , a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts ( if any ) of the company are not limited . In this case doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply .
Political action committee
In one high - profile case , a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an LLC formed for the purpose of hiding their personal name . One super PAC , that originally listed a $250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find , led to a subsequent filing where the previously `` secret donors '' were revealed . However , campaign finance experts have argued that this tactic is already illegal , since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another .