vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Erwin Rommel
Speidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Strölin on 27 May in Germany , ostensibly at Rommel 's request , although the latter was not present . Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West , and , according to Speidel , Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations . Around the same timeframe , the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had allegedly decided to take part in the conspiracy . On 16 May , they informed Allen Dulles , through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies , that Rommel could not be counted on for support .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel was interested in propaganda , beyond the promotion of his own image . In 1944 , after visiting Rommel in France and reading his proposals on counteracting Allied propaganda , Alfred - Ingemar Berndt remarked : `` He is also interested in this propaganda business and wants to develop it by all means . He has even thought and brought out practical suggestions for each program and subject . ''
Lisbeth Salander
The Girl Who Played With Fire ( 2006 ) begins with Salander 's returning to Sweden after having traveled for a year . Shortly afterward , Salander is falsely implicated in the murder of three people : Bjurman and two of Blomkvist 's colleagues . The frame - up is in fact a conspiracy between her biological father , former Soviet spy Alexander Zalachenko , and the Section , an illegal faction within Säpo , the Swedish Security Service , whose members had protected her father after he defected from the USSR . Zalachenko had been a high - ranking member of the GRU , and his defection was regarded by Säpo as an intelligence windfall , thus leading to the Section 's covering up his subsequent illegal activities . Zalachenko had his son ( and Salander 's half - brother ) Ronald Neidermann kill Blomkvist 's colleagues , who were writing an exposé article on Zalachenko and Neidermann 's prostitution ring , and Bjurman , a former Säpo employee who would have been exposed in the article as Salander 's rapist . The Section then falsely incriminates Salander to cover up their concealment of Zalachenko 's crimes .
Freedom of speech by country
In 1996 , Albert Langer was imprisoned for advocating that voters fill out their ballot papers in a way that was invalid . Amnesty International declared Langer to be a prisoner of conscience . The section which outlawed Langer from encouraging people to vote this way has since been repealed and the law now says only that it is an offence to print or publish material which may deceive or mislead a voter .
Anthony Eden
The resignation document written by Eden for release to the Cabinet on 9 January 1957 admitted his dependence on stimulants but not that they affected his judgement during the Suez crisis in the autumn of 1956 . `` ... I have been obliged to increase the drugs ( taken after the `` bad abdominal operations '' ) considerably and also increase the stimulants necessary to counteract the drugs . This has finally had an adverse effect on my precarious inside , '' he wrote . However , in his book The Suez Affair ( 1966 ) , historian Hugh Thomas , quoted by David Owen , CH , PC , FRCP , claimed that Eden had revealed to a colleague that he was `` practically living on Benzedrine '' at the time .
Eiffel Tower
Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed .
Foreign policy of the United States
In 1970 , the CIA worked with coup - plotters in Chile in the attempted kidnapping of General René Schneider , who was targeted for refusing to participate in a military coup upon the election of Salvador Allende . Schneider was shot in the botched attempt and died three days later . The CIA later paid the group $35,000 for the failed kidnapping .
Erwin Rommel
According to a post-war account by Karl Strölin , three of Rommel 's friends -- the Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart , Strölin ( who had served with Rommel in the First World War ) , Alexander von Falkenhausen and Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel -- began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944 . According to Strölin , sometime in February , Rommel agreed to lend his support to the resistance . On 15 April 1944 Rommel 's new chief of staff , Hans Speidel , arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stülpnagel . Speidel had previously been connected to Carl Goerdeler , the civilian leader of the resistance , but not to the plotters led by Claus von Stauffenberg , and came to Stauffenberg 's attention only due to his appointment to Rommel 's headquarters . The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty . Erwin von Witzleben , who would have become commander - in - chief of the Wehrmacht had the plot succeeded , was a field marshal , but had been inactive since 1942 . The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle .
Anthony Eden
As Prime Minister , Eden was notorious for telephoning ministers and newspaper editors from 6 am onwards . Rothwell writes that even before Suez , the telephone had become `` a drug '' and that `` During the Suez Crisis Eden 's telephone mania exceeded all bounds '' .
Elvis Presley
After training , Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg , Germany , on October 1 . While on maneuvers , Presley was introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant . He became `` practically evangelical about their benefits '' , not only for energy but for `` strength '' and weight loss as well , and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging . The Army also introduced Presley to karate , which he studied seriously training with Jürgen Seydel , and later included in his live performances , and became a lifelong interest . Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley 's wish to be seen as an able , ordinary soldier , despite his fame , and to his generosity . He donated his Army pay to charity , purchased TV sets for the base , and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit .
James Dean
James Dean also known as James Dean : Portrait of a Friend ( 1976 ) with Stephen McHattie as James Dean James Dean : The First American Teenager ( 1976 ) , a television biography that includes interviews with Sal Mineo , Natalie Wood and Nicholas Ray . Forever James Dean ( 1988 ) , Warner Home Video ( 1995 ) James Dean : The Final Day features interviews with William Bast , Liz Sheridan and Maila Nurmi . Dean 's bisexuality is openly discussed . Episode of Naked Hollywood television miniseries produced by The Oxford Film Company in association the BBC , aired in the US on the A&E Network , 1991 . James Dean : Race with Destiny ( 1997 ) directed by Mardi Rustam , starring Casper Van Dien as James Dean . James Dean ( fictionalized TV biographical film ) ( 2001 ) with James Franco as James Dean James Dean -- Outside the Lines ( 2002 ) , episode of Biography , US television documentary includes interviews with Rod Steiger , William Bast , and Martin Landau ( 2002 ) . Living Famously : James Dean , Australian television biography includes interviews with Martin Landau , Betsy Palmer , William Bast , and Bob Hinkle ( 2003 , 2006 ) . James Dean -- Kleiner Prinz , Little Bastard aka James Dean -- Little Prince , Little Bastard , German television biography , includes interviews with William Bast , Marcus Winslow Jr , Robert Heller ( 2005 ) Sense Memories ( PBS American Masters television biography ) ( 2005 ) James Dean -- Mit Vollgas durchs Leben , Austrian television biography includes interviews with Rolf Weutherich and William Bast ( 2005 ) . Two Friendly Ghosts ( 2012 ) Joshua Tree , 1951 : A Portrait of James Dean ( 2013 ) . Life ( 2015 ) . Directed by Anton Corbijn , starring Dane DeHaan as Dean .
Erwin Rommel
At the same time , the Western Allies , and particularly the British , depicted Rommel as the `` good German '' . His reputation for conducting a clean war was used in the interest of the West German rearmament and reconciliation between the former enemies -- Britain and the United States on one side and the new Federal Republic of Germany on the other . When Rommel 's alleged involvement in the plot to kill Hitler became known after the war , his stature was enhanced in the eyes of his former adversaries . Rommel was often cited in Western sources as a patriotic German willing to stand up to Hitler . Churchill wrote about him in 1950 : `` ( Rommel ) ( ... ) deserves our respect because , although a loyal German soldier , he came to hate Hitler and all his works , and took part in the conspiracy of 1944 to rescue Germany by displacing the maniac and tyrant . ''
Reichstag fire
In The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , William L. Shirer wrote that at Nuremberg , General Franz Halder stated in an affidavit , that Hermann Göring boasted about setting the fire :
Anthony Eden
The offer by Guy Mollet was referred to by Sir John Colville , Churchill 's former private secretary , in his collected diaries , The Fringes of Power ( 1985 ) , his having gleaned the information in 1957 from Air Chief Marshal Sir William Dickson during an air flight ( and , according to Colville , after several whiskies and soda ) . Mollet 's request for Union with Britain was rejected by Eden , but the additional possibility of France joining the Commonwealth of Nations was considered , although similarly rejected . Colville noted , in respect of Suez , that Eden and his Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd `` felt still more beholden to the French on account of this offer '' .
Allies of World War II
Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops .
Erwin Rommel
Two generals from Hitler 's headquarters , Wilhelm Burgdorf and Ernst Maisel , visited Rommel at his home on 14 October 1944 . Burgdorf informed him of the charges and offered him three options : he could choose to defend himself personally to Hitler in Berlin , or if he refused to do so ( which would be taken as an admission of guilt ) , he would either face the People 's Court -- which would have been tantamount to a death sentence -- or choose a quiet suicide . In the former case , his family would have suffered even before the all - but - certain conviction and execution , and his staff would have been arrested and executed as well . In the latter case , the government would claim that he died a hero and bury him with full military honours , and his family would receive full pension payments . Burgdorf had brought a cyanide capsule .
Erwin Rommel
The close relationship between Rommel and Hitler continued following the Western campaign ; after Rommel sent to him a specially prepared diary on the 7th Division , he received a letter of thanks from the dictator ( According to Speer , normally , he would send extremely unclear reports which annoyed Hitler greatly ) . According to Maurice Remy , the relationship , which Remy calls `` a dream marriage '' , only showed the first crack in 1942 , and later gradually turned into , in the words of German writer Ernst Jünger who was in contact with Rommel in Normandy , `` hassliebe '' ( a love - hate relationship ) . Ruge 's diary and Rommel 's letter to his wife showed his mood to fluctuate wildly regarding Hitler : while he showed disgust towards the atrocities and disappointment towards the situation , he was overjoyed to welcome a visit from Hitler , only to return to depression the next day when faced with reality . Hitler displayed the same emotions . Amid growing doubts and differences , he would remain eager to hear from Rommel 's calls ( they had almost daily , hour - long , highly animated conversations , with the preferred topic being technical innovations ) , once almost grabbed the telephone out of Linge 's hand . Hitler tried to fix the dysfunctional relationship many times without results , with Rommel calling his attempts `` Sunlamp Treatment '' , although later he said that `` Once I have loved the Führer , and I still do . '' Remy and Der Spiegel remark that the statement was very much genuine , while Watson notes that he believed he deserved to die for his treasonable plan .
James Dean
James Byron Dean ( February 8 , 1931 -- September 30 , 1955 ) was an American actor . He is remembered as a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment and social estrangement , as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film , Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , in which he starred as troubled teenager Jim Stark . The other two roles that defined his stardom were loner Cal Trask in East of Eden ( 1955 ) and surly ranch hand Jett Rink in Giant ( 1956 ) .
Reichstag fire
In private , Hitler said of the chairman of the Communist Party , Ernst Torgler : `` I 'm convinced he was responsible for the burning of the Reichstag , but I ca n't prove it '' .
Reichstag fire
In 1946 , Hans Gisevius a member of anti-Hitler resistance within the German government and former member of the Gestapo , Abwehr , and foreign ministry , indicated his supposition that the Nazis were the arsonists . Gisevius posits that Karl Ernst by order of possibly Goebbels , collected a commando of SA men headed by Hans Georg `` Heini '' Gewehr , who set the fire . Among them was a criminal named Rall , who later made a ( suppressed ) confession before he was murdered by the Gestapo . Almost all participants were murdered in the Night of the Long Knives ; Gewehr survived this purge but was later reported , inaccurately , to have died in the war . Gewehr actually lived until 1976 and was involved in much of the post-war controversy about the origins of the fire .
Reichstag fire
Göring : I was told by an official . Things which were reported to me on the night of the fire ... could not be tested or proven . The report was made to me by a responsible official , and was accepted as a fact , and as it could not be tested immediately it was announced as a fact . When I issued the first report to the press on the morning after the fire the interrogation of Van der Lubbe had not been concluded . In any case I do not see that anyone has any right to complain because it seems proved in this trial that Van der Lubbe had no such card on him .
Erwin Rommel
The myth then took shape during the opening years of World War II , as a component of Nazi propaganda to praise the Wehrmacht and instill optimism in the German public , with Rommel 's willing participation . When Rommel came to North Africa , it was picked up and disseminated in the West by the British press as the Allies sought to explain their continued inability to defeat the Axis forces in North Africa . The British military and political figures contributed to the heroic image of the man as Rommel resumed offensive operations in January 1942 against the British forces weakened by redeployments to the Far East . During parliamentary debate following the fall of Tobruk , Churchill described Rommel as an `` extraordinary bold and clever opponent '' and a `` great field commander '' .
Reichstag fire
In 1960 , Fritz Tobias ( de ) , a West German SPD public servant and part - time historian , published a series of articles in Der Spiegel , later turned into a book , in which he argued that Vаn der Lubbe acted alone . Tobias was widely attacked for his articles , which showed that Van der Lubbe was a pyromaniac , with a long history of burning down buildings or attempting to burn down buildings . Tobias established that Van der Lubbe attempted to burn down several buildings in the days prior to 27 February . In March 1973 , the Swiss historian Walter Hofer organized a conference intended to rebut the claims made by Tobias . At the conference , Hofer claimed to have found evidence that some of the detectives who investigated the fire had been Nazis . Mommsen commented on Hofer 's claims by stating , `` Professor Hofer 's rather helpless statement that the accomplices of Van der Lubbe ' could only have been Nazis ' is tacit admission that the committee did not actually obtain any positive evidence in regard to the alleged accomplices ' identity . '' Mommsen also had a counter-study supporting Hofer , which was suppressed for political reasons , an act that he admits was a serious breach of ethics .
Anthony Eden
In 1945 he was mentioned by Halvdan Koht among seven candidates who were qualified for the Nobel Prize in Peace . However , he did not explicitly nominate any of them . The person actually nominated was Cordell Hull .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . ''
Friedrich Engels
Engels decided to return to Germany in 1844 . On the way , he stopped in Paris to meet Karl Marx , with whom he had an earlier correspondence . Marx had been living in Paris since late October 1843 , after the Rheinische Zeitung was banned in March 1843 by Prussian governmental authorities . Prior to meeting Marx , Engels had become established as a fully developed materialist and scientific socialist , independent of Marx 's philosophical development .
History of the United States (1945–64)
`` McCarthyism '' was expanded to include attacks on supposed Communist influence in Hollywood , which resulted in a black - list whereby artists who refused to testify about possible Communist connections could not get work . Some famous celebrities ( such as Charlie Chaplin ) left the U.S. ; other worked under pseudonyms ( such as Dalton Trumbo ) . McCarthyism included investigations into academics and teachers as well .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' .
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role .
Anthony Eden
Suez damaged Eden 's reputation for statesmanship , in many eyes , and led to a breakdown in his health . He went on vacation to Jamaica in November 1956 , at a time when he was still determined to soldier on as Prime Minister . His health , however , did not improve , and during his absence from London his Chancellor Harold Macmillan and Rab Butler worked to manoeuvre him out of office . On the morning of the ceasefire Eisenhower agreed to meet with Eden to publicly resolve their differences , but this offer was later withdrawn after Secretary of State Dulles advised that it could inflame the Middle Eastern situation further .
Technology during World War II
World War II was the first war where military operations widely targeted the research efforts of the enemy . This included the exfiltration of Niels Bohr from German - occupied Denmark to Britain in 1943 ; the sabotage of Norwegian heavy water production ; and the bombing of Peenemunde .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel was a highly decorated officer in World War I and was awarded the Pour le Mérite for his actions on the Italian Front . In 1937 he published his classic book on military tactics , Infantry Attacks , drawing on his experiences from World War I. In World War II , he distinguished himself as the commander of the 7th Panzer Division during the 1940 invasion of France . His leadership of German and Italian forces in the North African Campaign established his reputation as one of the most able tank commanders of the war , and earned him the nickname der Wüstenfuchs , `` the Desert Fox '' . Among his British adversaries he earned a strong reputation for chivalry , and the North African campaign has often been called a `` war without hate '' . He later commanded the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion of Normandy in June 1944 .
Erwin Rommel
In North Africa , Rommel received help in cultivating his image from Alfred Ingemar Berndt , a senior official at the Reich Propaganda Ministry who had volunteered for military service . Seconded by Goebbels , Berndt was assigned to Rommel 's staff and became one of his closest aides . Berndt often acted as liaison between Rommel , the Propaganda Ministry and the Führer Headquarters . He directed Rommel 's photo shoots and filed radio dispatches describing the battles .
World War I
Following the Tsar 's abdication , Vladimir Lenin was ushered by train from Switzerland into Russia 16 April 1917 . He was financed by Jacob Schiff . Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party , led by Lenin , which demanded an immediate end to the war . The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany . At first , the Bolsheviks refused the German terms , but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed , the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk on 3 March 1918 . The treaty ceded vast territories , including Finland , the Baltic provinces , parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers . Despite this enormous apparent German success , the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel for the Central Powers war effort .
Serial killer
However , there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U.S. earlier . The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat , who described Peter Kürten as a Serienmörder ( ' serial - murderer ' ) in his article `` Die Düsseldorfer Sexualverbrechen '' ( 1930 ) . The earliest usage attested of the specific term serial killer listed in the Oxford English Dictionary was from a 1960s German film article written by Siegfried Kracauer , about the German expressionist film M ( 1931 ) , portraying a pedophilic Serienmörder .
Triple Alliance (1882)
The man chiefly responsible for the Triple Alliance was Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Germany .