vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare's reputation
Dryden 's sentiments about Shakespeare 's imagination and capacity for painting `` nature '' were echoed in the 18th century by , for example , Joseph Addison ( `` Among the English , Shakespeare has incomparably excelled all others '' ) , Alexander Pope ( `` every single character in Shakespeare is as much an Individual as those in Life itself '' ) , and Samuel Johnson ( who scornfully dismissed Voltaire 's and Rhymer 's neoclassical Shakespeare criticism as `` the petty cavils of petty minds '' ) . The long - lived belief that the Romantics were the first generation to truly appreciate Shakespeare and to prefer him to Ben Jonson is contradicted by praise from writers throughout the 18th century . Ideas about Shakespeare that many people think of as typically post-Romantic were frequently expressed in the 18th and even in the 17th century : he was described as a genius who needed no learning , as deeply original , and as creating uniquely `` real '' and individual characters ( see Timeline of Shakespeare criticism ) . To compare Shakespeare and his well - educated contemporary Ben Jonson was a popular exercise at this time , a comparison that was invariably complimentary to Shakespeare . It functioned to highlight the special qualities of both writers , and it especially powered the assertion that natural genius trumps rules , that `` there is always an appeal open from criticism to nature '' ( Samuel Johnson ) .
Harry Patch
The BBC commissioned Carol Ann Duffy , the Poet Laureate , to write a poem to mark the deaths of Patch and Henry Allingham ( who died one week before Patch , on 18 July 2009 ) . The result , Last Post , was read by Duffy on the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 on 30 July 2009 , the day of Allingham 's funeral .
The Bronx
The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the `` Heinrich Heine Memorial '' , better known as the Lorelei Fountain . After Heine 's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected , allegedly for anti-Semitic motives , a centennial monument to the radical German - Jewish poet ( 1797 -- 1856 ) , his incensed German - American admirers , including Carl Schurz , started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan , at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street . However , this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism , aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art . In 1899 , the memorial by Ernst Gustav Herter was placed in Joyce Kilmer Park , near the Yankee Stadium . In 1999 , it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse .
Cogito, ergo sum
Descartes , in a lesser - known posthumously published work dated as written ca . 1647 and titled La Recherche de la Vérité par La Lumiere Naturale ( The Search for Truth by Natural Light ) , wrote :
The Coquette
This humble stone , in memory of ELIZABETH WHITMAN , Is inscribed by her weeping friends , To whom she endeared herself By uncommon tenderness and affection . Endowed with superior genius and accomplishments , She was still more distinguished by humility and benevolence . Let Candour throw a veil over her frailties , For great was her charity to others . She lived an example of calm resignation , And sustained the last painful scene , Far from every friend . Her departure was on the 25th of July , A.D. 1788 . In the 37th year of her age ; The tears of strangers watered her grave .
Romeo and Juliet
In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) .
Banksy
The last time I hit this spot I painted a crap picture of two men in banana costumes waving hand guns . A few weeks later a writer called Ozone completely dogged it and then wrote `` If it 's better next time I 'll leave it '' in the bottom corner . When we lost Ozone we lost a fearless graffiti writer and as it turns out a pretty perceptive art critic . Ozone -- rest in peace .
Harry Patch
The former UK Poet Laureate , Andrew Motion composed a poem , The Death of Harry Patch , which he read for the first time on The World at One Radio 4 programme on Armistice Day 2010 .
Shakespeare's reputation
By contrast to the stage history , in literary criticism there was no lag time , no temporary preference for other dramatists : Shakespeare had a unique position at least from the Restoration in 1660 and onwards . While Shakespeare did not follow the unbending French neo-classical `` rules '' for the drama and the three classical unities of time , place , and action , those strict rules had never caught on in England , and their sole zealous proponent Thomas Rymer was hardly ever mentioned by influential writers except as an example of narrow dogmatism . Dryden , for example , argued in his influential Essay of Dramatick Poesie ( 1668 ) -- the same essay in which he noted that Shakespeare 's plays were performed only half as often as those of Beaumont and Fletcher -- for Shakespeare 's artistic superiority . Though Shakespeare does not follow the dramatic conventions , Dryden wrote , Ben Jonson does , and as a result Jonson lands in a distant second place to `` the incomparable Shakespeare '' , the follower of nature , the untaught genius , the great realist of human character .
Polka
Other composers who wrote music in the style of the polka were Jaromír Weinberger , Dmitri Shostakovich and Igor Stravinsky .
Gilded Age
Some well - known painters of the Gilded Age include : Winslow Homer , Thomas Eakins , John Singer Sargent , Mary Cassatt , James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Childe Hassam , John Henry Twachtman and Maurice Prendergast .
Shakespeare's influence
He introduced in poetry two main factors -- `` verbal immediacy and the moulding of stress to the movement of living emotion '' . Shakespeare 's words reflected passage of time with `` fresh , concrete vividness '' giving the reader an idea of the time frame . His remarkable capacity to analyze and express emotions in simple words was noteworthy :
Agatha Christie
Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie , Lady Mallowan , DBE ( née Miller ; 15 September 1890 -- 12 January 1976 ) was an English crime novelist , short story writer and playwright . She is best known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections , particularly those revolving around her fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple . She also wrote the world 's longest - running play , a murder mystery , The Mousetrap , and six romances under the name Mary Westmacott . In 1971 she was elevated to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for her contribution to literature .
Haiku
Masaoka Shiki ( 1867 -- 1902 ) was a reformer and modernizer . A prolific writer , even though chronically ill during a significant part of his life , Shiki disliked the ' stereotype ' haikai writers of the 19th century who were known by the deprecatory term tsukinami , meaning ' monthly ' , after the monthly or twice - monthly haikai gatherings of the end of the 18th century ( in regard to this period of haikai , it came to mean ' trite ' and ' hackneyed ' ) . Shiki also criticized Bashō . Like the Japanese intellectual world in general at that time , Shiki was strongly influenced by Western culture . He favored the painterly style of Buson and particularly the European concept of plein - air painting , which he adapted to create a style of haiku as a kind of nature sketch in words , an approach called shasei ( 写生 , `` sketching from life '' ) . He popularized his views by verse columns and essays in newspapers .
Jack-o'-lantern
The poet John Greenleaf Whittier , who was born in Massachusetts in 1807 , wrote the poem `` The Pumpkin '' ( 1850 ) :
To Autumn
Although Keats managed to write many poems in 1819 , he was suffering from a multitude of financial troubles throughout the year , including concerns over his brother , George , who , after emigrating to America , was badly in need of money . Despite these distractions , on 19 September 1819 he found time to write `` To Autumn '' . The poem marks the final moment of his career as a poet . No longer able to afford to devote his time to the composition of poems , he began working on more lucrative projects . Keats 's declining health and personal responsibilities also raised obstacles to his continuing poetic efforts .
Mercantilism
Mercantilist literature also extended beyond England . Italy and France produced noted writers of mercantilist themes , including Italy 's Giovanni Botero ( 1544 -- 1617 ) and Antonio Serra ( 1580 -- ? ) and , in France , Jean Bodin and Colbert . Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List , as well as followers of the American system and British free - trade imperialism , thus stretching the system into the 19th century . However , many British writers , including Mun and Misselden , were merchants , while many of the writers from other countries were public officials . Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations , Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters .
Ring Out, Wild Bells
Excerpts of the poem were also utilised by George Harrison in his song Ding Dong , Ding Dong ( `` Ring out the old -- Ring in the new . Ring out the false -- Ring in the true '' ) . Harrison misattributed these passages to Sir Frank Crisp once they were all written and engraved on walls and other parts of Friar Park , the mansion bought by Harrison which once belonged to Sir Frank .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday Mumford & Sons Alt - J Bastille All Time Low Panic ! at the Disco Palma Violets Drenge Neck Deep Mariachi El Bronx Metallica Bring Me the Horizon Royal Blood Alexisonfire Pierce the Veil Modestep Marmozets FIDLAR Babymetal The Libertines Kendrick Lamar Jamie T The Maccabees The Cribs The Gaslight Anthem Against Me ! Lonely the Brave Feed The Rhino
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Less Than Jake Pennywise Anti-Flag Goldfinger Tiger Army The Unseen Frank Turner The Briggs The Loved Ones Blackhole ( band ) Hexes Gallows Alkaline Trio Thrice Flogging Molly MxPx Cancer Bats The King Blues Fucked Up The Gaslight Anthem Hifi Handgrenades Random Hand
Brontë family
Their influence certainly existed but it is difficult to define in its totality . Writers who followed them doubtlessly thought about them while they were creating their dark and tormented worlds such as Thomas Hardy in Jude the Obscure or Tess of the d'Urbervilles , or George Eliot with Adam Bede and The Mill on the Floss . There were also more conventional authors such as Matthew Arnold , who in a letter from 1853 , says of Charlotte , that she only pretends to heartless : ' ( ... ) nothing but hunger , rebellion and rage ' . In contrast , Mrs Humphry Ward , author of Robert Elsmere and morality novels , only finds didactic among the works of Charlotte , while she appreciates the happy blend of romance and realism in the works of Emily . There is however nothing that could constitute a literary vein .
E. E. Cummings
In 1943 , modern dancer and choreographer Jean Erdman presented `` The Transformations of Medusa , Forever and Sunsmell '' with a commissioned score by John Cage and a spoken text from the title poem by E.E. Cummings , sponsored by the Arts Club of Chicago . Erdman also choreographed `` Twenty Poems '' ( 1960 ) , a cycle of E.E. Cummings 's poems for eight dancers and one actor , with a commissioned score by Teiji Ito . It was performed in the round at the Circle in the Square Theatre in Greenwich Village .
Zimbabwe
Internationally famous artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa . A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast . Zimbabwean musicians like Thomas Mapfumo , Oliver Mtukudzi , the Bhundu Boys ; Alick Macheso and Audius Mtawarira have achieved international recognition . Among members of the white minority community , Theatre has a large following , with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe 's urban areas .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In 1819 , Keats had attempted to write sonnets , but found that the form did not satisfy his purpose because the pattern of rhyme worked against the tone that he wished to achieve . When he turned to the ode form , he found that the standard Pindaric form used by poets such as John Dryden was inadequate for properly discussing philosophy . Keats developed his own type of ode in `` Ode to Psyche '' , which preceded `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' and other odes he wrote in 1819 . Keats 's creation established a new poetic tone that accorded with his aesthetic ideas about poetry . He further altered this new form in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' by adding a secondary voice within the ode , creating a dialogue between two subjects . The technique of the poem is ekphrasis , the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words . Keats broke from the traditional use of ekphrasis found in Theocritus 's Idyll , a classical poem that describes a design on the sides of a cup . While Theocritus describes both motion found in a stationary artwork and underlying motives of characters , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' replaces actions with a series of questions and focuses only on external attributes of the characters .
Charles Dickens
Dickens 's biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare . Dickensian characters are amongst the most memorable in English literature , especially so because of their typically whimsical names . The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge , Tiny Tim , Jacob Marley , Bob Cratchit , Oliver Twist , The Artful Dodger , Fagin , Bill Sikes , Pip , Miss Havisham , Sydney Carton , Charles Darnay , David Copperfield , Mr. Micawber , Abel Magwitch , Daniel Quilp , Samuel Pickwick , Wackford Squeers , and Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture , and in some cases have passed into ordinary language : a scrooge , for example , is a miser - or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity .
Russian culture
Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world , with some of the most famous literary works belonging to it . Russia 's literary history dates back to the 10th century ; in the 18th century its development was boosted by the works of Mikhail Lomonosov and Denis Fonvizin , and by the early 19th century a modern native tradition had emerged , producing some of the greatest writers of all time . This period and the Golden Age of Russian Poetry began with Alexander Pushkin , considered to be the founder of modern Russian literature and often described as the `` Russian Shakespeare '' or the `` Russian Goethe '' . It continued in the 19th century with the poetry of Mikhail Lermontov and Nikolay Nekrasov , dramas of Aleksandr Ostrovsky and Anton Chekhov , and the prose of Nikolai Gogol , Ivan Turgenev , Leo Tolstoy , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , Mikhail Saltykov - Shchedrin , Ivan Goncharov , Aleksey Pisemsky and Nikolai Leskov . Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky in particular were titanic figures , to the point that many literary critics have described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday You Me at Six Queens of the Stone Age ( Secret set ) Tory Lanez Sub Focus Live Lethal Bizzle Anne - Marie Oh Wonder Declan McKenna The Orwells The Magic Gang Marika Hackman Lea Porcelain Flume Glass Animals Everything Everything Loyle Carner Sundara Karma Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes Marmozets Tom Misch Live Cabbage Inheaven Blaenavon King No One Haim Halsey Mura Masa Wiley Milky Chance Ray BLK The Sherlocks Pond SG Lewis Fickle Friends Mutemath X Ambassadors
You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed
`` You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed '' is a poem by Nigerian writer Gabriel Okara . One of the most popular in his oeuvre , it is a frequent feature of anthologies , such as A New Book of African Verse edited by John Reed and Clive Wake ( Heinemann African Writers Series , 1985 ) . `` The piece belongs with the best of Senghor 's nostalgic verse , '' wrote Michael Echeruo in a tribute to Brutus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday , `` with the militancy of many of David Diop 's lyrics , and certainly with J.P. Clark 's ' Ivbie ' , another of my favorite African poems . Okara 's poem is more relaxed than these , however , more ironic , less tortured . In some ways , of course , it is less urgent , less strident , less involved . If Clark 's ' Ivbie ' was complex and for good reason , You laughed , and laughed , and laughed seemed also appropriately straightforward : proud without arrogance , hurting without showing it , and blunt without rudeness . '' The first of Okara 's poems that it was Echeruo 's pleasure to read , it was also in his opinion the most enduring . The poem is sometimes wrongly attributed to Dennis Brutus .
Leslie Fiedler
Despite Fiedler 's scholarship , his move to Wisconsin left him very short of funds . He reportedly had to survive on forty cents a day , while his avowed Trotskyist beliefs were opposed by the university 's Stalinist contingent . One of the more prominent of the campus Stalinists was Margaret Shipley , who became Fiedler 's girlfriend . Within a few months of knowing each other , Fiedler and Shipley decided to marry in 1939 . Among his professors at Wisconsin , Fiedler developed a special fondness for William Ellery Leonard . Leonard oversaw Fiedler 's MA thesis ( a Marxist reading of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde ) and his dissertation ( an interpretation of John Donne 's poetry in relation to medieval thought ) .
William Tyndale
Although best known for his translation of the Bible , Tyndale was also an active writer and translator . As well as his focus on the ways in which religion should be lived , he had a focus on political issues .
St Paul's Cathedral
Also remembered are Florence Nightingale , J.M.W. Turner , Arthur Sullivan , Hubert Parry , Samuel Johnson , Lawrence of Arabia , William Blake and Sir Alexander Fleming as well as clergy and residents of the local parish . There are lists of the Bishops and cathedral Deans for the last thousand years . One of the most remarkable sculptures is that of the Dean and poet , John Donne . Before his death , Donne posed for his own memorial statue and was depicted by Nicholas Stone as wrapped in a burial shroud , and standing on a funeral urn . The sculpture , carved around 1630 , is the only one to have survived the conflagration of 1666 intact . The treasury is also in the crypt but the cathedral has very few treasures as many have been lost , and on 22 December 1810 a major robbery took almost all of the remaining precious artefacts .
Ramcharitmanas
Ramcharitmanas ( Devanāgarī : श्रीरामचरितमानस , IAST : ŚrīRāmacaritamānasa ) , is an epic poem in the language Awadhi , composed by the 16th - century Indian bhakti poet Goswami Tulsidas ( c. 1532 -- 1623 ) . Ramcharitmanas literally means `` Lake of the deeds of Rama '' . Ramcharitmanas is considered as one of the greatest works of Hindi literature , Indian literature as well as of the world literature . The work has variously been acclaimed as `` the living sum of Indian culture '' , `` the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry '' , `` the greatest book of all devotional literature '' and `` the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people '' .
E. E. Cummings
His father 's death had a profound effect on Cummings , who entered a new period in his artistic life . He began to focus on more important aspects of life in his poetry . He started this new period by paying homage to his father in the poem `` my father moved through dooms of love '' .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie was a well - regarded writer . He published three books on travel .
Pub
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district , to which it gives its name . It became famous ( or according to others , infamous ) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London 's artists , intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas , Augustus John , and George Orwell . Several establishments in Soho , London , have associations with well - known , post-war literary and artistic figures , including the Pillars of Hercules , The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses . The Canonbury Tavern , Canonbury , was the prototype for Orwell 's ideal English pub , The Moon Under Water . The
History of the Great Wall of China
The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy .
Novel
Other important works of the tradition are Paul Scarron 's Roman Comique ( 1651 -- 57 ) , the anonymous French Rozelli with its satire on Europe 's religions , Alain - René Lesage 's Gil Blas ( 1715 -- 1735 ) , Henry Fielding 's Joseph Andrews ( 1742 ) and Tom Jones ( 1749 ) , and Denis Diderot 's Jacques the Fatalist ( 1773 , printed posthumously in 1796 ) .
Romanticism
Romanticism in Italian literature was a minor movement , yet still important ; it began officially in 1816 when Mme de Staël wrote an article in the journal Biblioteca italiana called `` Sulla maniera e l'utilità delle traduzioni '' , inviting Italian people to reject Neoclassicism and to study new authors from other countries . Before that date , Ugo Foscolo had already published poems anticipating Romantic themes . The most important Romantic writers were Ludovico di Breme , Pietro Borsieri and Giovanni Berchet . Better known authors such as Alessandro Manzoni and Giacomo Leopardi were influenced by Enlightenment as well as by Romanticism and Classicism .
Venezuela
Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos , Teresa de la Parra , Arturo Uslar Pietri , Adriano González León , Miguel Otero Silva , and Mariano Picón Salas . The great poet and humanist Andrés Bello was also an educator and intellectual ( He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of Simón Bolívar ) . Others , such as Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul , contributed to Venezuelan Positivism .
Helena Bonham Carter
Bonham Carter is known for her unconventional and eccentric sense of fashion . Vanity Fair named her on its 2010 Best - Dressed List and she was selected by Marc Jacobs to be the face of his autumn / winter 2011 advertising campaign . She has cited Vivienne Westwood and Marie Antoinette as her main style influences .