vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Concordat of Worms
The Holy Roman Emperors of Ottonian dynasty , when they came to the throne , believed they should have the power to appoint the pope . They also believed they should appoint minor church officials . The result was that , more often than not , bishops , abbots of monasteries , and even the pope were not independent , but resembled lackeys or sycophants of the crown of the Holy Roman Empire . This attitude was bolstered by the general conception that the Holy Roman Emperor and all other European Kings were chosen by God to be leaders .
Surrender of Japan
Originally , Hatanaka hoped that simply occupying the palace and showing the beginnings of a rebellion would inspire the rest of the Army to rise up against the move to surrender . This notion guided him through much of the last days and hours and gave him the blind optimism to move ahead with the plan , despite having little support from his superiors . Having set all the pieces into position , Hatanaka and his co-conspirators decided that the Guard would take over the palace at 02 : 00 . The hours until then were spent in continued attempts to convince their superiors in the Army to join the coup . At about the same time , General Anami committed seppuku , leaving a message that , `` I -- with my death -- humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime . '' Whether the crime involved losing the war , or the coup , remains unclear .
Military history of Australia during World War I
Another legacy was the manner in which it led to the emergence -- albeit only fleetingly -- of an independence in Australian foreign affairs . Although previously Australian foreign interests had been largely handled by Britain , as a combatant Australia sent its own delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , while it also began to take a more assertive role in regional affairs in the Pacific . At the peace conference Prime Minister Hughes pushed aggressively for reparations and an Australian mandate over German New Guinea ; a stance which conflicted with the liberal internationalist inspired Fourteen Points put forward by American President Woodrow Wilson . Regardless , following the war there was little real change in Imperial relations and Dominion affairs , and as a result the war arguably did not lead to any significant change in Australia 's perception of its role in the world . Indeed , profound change would only occur following the Japanese crisis of 1942 , which ultimately saw Australia pursue a foreign policy more independent of Britain , and an alliance with the United States .
Malayan Union
The idea of the Union was first expressed by the British on October 1945 ( plans had been presented to the War Cabinet as early as May 1944 ) in the aftermath of the Second World War by the British Military Administration . Sir Harold MacMichael was assigned the task of gathering the Malay state rulers ' approval for the Malayan Union in the same month . In a short period of time , he managed to obtain all the Malay rulers ' approval . The reasons for their agreement , despite the loss of political power that it entailed for the Malay rulers , has been much debated ; the consensus appears to be that the main reasons were that as the Malay rulers were of course resident during the Japanese occupation , they were open to the accusation of collaboration , and that they were threatened with dethronement . Hence the approval was given , though it was with utmost reluctance .
Arthur Phillip
Phillip was a far - sighted governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration and a system for emancipating the convicts . But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected , and he faced immense problems of labour , discipline and supply . His friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper , and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them .
Emperor of Japan
The Japanese imperial dynasty bases its position in the expression that it has `` reigned since time immemorial '' ( 万世 一 系 bansei ikkei ) . It is true that its origins are buried in the mists of time : there are no records of any Emperor who was not said to have been a descendant of other , yet earlier Emperors . There is suspicion that Emperor Keitai ( c. 500 AD ) may have been an unrelated outsider , though the sources state that he was a male - line descendant of Emperor Ōjin . However , his descendants , including his successors , were according to records descended from at least one and probably several imperial princesses of the older lineage . The tradition built by those legends has chosen to recognize just the putative male ancestry as valid for legitimizing his succession , not giving any weight to ties through the said princesses .
Vietnam War
On 15 March 1973 , Nixon implied the US would intervene again militarily if the North launched a full offensive and Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger during his June 1973 confirmation hearings re-affirmed this . Public and congressional reaction to Nixon 's statement was unfavourable which prompted the U.S. Senate to pass the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit an intervention .
Concordat of Worms
For temporal secular reasons , the kings did nothing to dispel this attitude . It meant more power for them . A series of popes began to directly challenge this condition . The most vocal and strident was Pope Gregory VII . Reform took a century , but brought greater autonomy for the papacy and the Church in general .
Emperor of Japan
Currently , the Emperor of Japan is the only head of state in the world with the English title of `` Emperor '' . The Imperial House of Japan is the oldest continuing monarchical house in the world . The historical origins of the Emperors lie in the late Kofun period of the 3rd -- 7th centuries AD , but according to the traditional account of the Kojiki ( finished 712 ) and Nihon Shoki ( finished 720 ) , Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu , who was said to be a direct descendant of the sun - goddess Amaterasu . The current Emperor is Akihito . He acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne upon the death of his father , Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito ) , in 1989 . The Japanese government announced in December 2017 that Akihito will abdicate on 30 April 2019 .
Korean War
On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare .
Samurai
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier ( 1506 -- 1552 ) : `` There is no nation in the world which fears death less . '' Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people : `` I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese , for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger . '' Xavier spent the years 1549 -- 1551 converting Japanese to Christianity . He also observed : `` The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China , Korea , Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines . ''
Korea under Japanese rule
Following the annexation of Korea , the Japanese administration introduced a free public education system modeled after the Japanese school system with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary , middle and high schools , culminating at the Keijō Imperial University in Seoul . As in Japan itself , education was viewed primarily as an instrument of `` the Formation of the Imperial Citizen '' ( 황민 화 ; 皇 民 化 ) with a heavy emphasis on moral and political instruction . Japanese religious groups such as Protestant Christians willingly supported the Japanese authorities in their effort to assimilate Koreans through education .
Korea under Japanese rule
Upon Emperor Gojong 's death , anti-Japanese rallies took place nationwide , most notably the March 1st Movement of 1919 . A declaration of independence was read in Seoul . It is estimated that 2 million people took part in these rallies . The Japanese violently suppressed the protests : According to Korean records , 46,948 were arrested , 7,509 killed and 15,961 wounded ; according to Japanese figures , 8,437 were arrested , 553 killed and 1,409 wounded . About 7,000 people were killed by Japanese police and soldiers during the 12 months of demonstrations .
Emperor of Japan
Following Japan 's defeat in the Second World War , all of the collateral branches of the imperial family were abolished under the Allied occupation of the country and the subsequent constitutional reforms , forcing those families to sell their assets to private or government owners . Staff numbers in the imperial households were slashed from a peak of roughly 6000 to about 1000 . The imperial estates and the Emperor 's personal fortune ( then estimated at US $17.15 million , or roughly US $625 million in 2017 terms ) were transferred to either state or private ownership , excepting 6,810 acres of landholdings . Since the 1947 constitutional reforms , the imperial family has been supported by an official civil list sanctioned by the Japanese government . The largest imperial divestments were the former imperial Kiso and Amagi forest lands in Gifu and Shizuoka prefectures , grazing lands for livestock in Hokkaido and a stock farm in the Chiba region , all of which were transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries . Imperial property holdings have been further reduced since 1947 after several handovers to the government . Today , the primary imperial properties include the two Imperial Palaces at Tokyo and Kyoto , imperial villas at Hayama and at Nasu and a number of imperial farms and game preserves .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the imperial institution ; that Japan not be occupied ; that the Japanese armed forces be disbanded voluntarily ; and that war criminals be prosecuted by Japanese courts .
Korea under Japanese rule
As Japan established the puppet state of Manchukuo , Korea became more vital to the internal communications and defense of the Japanese empire against the Soviet Union . Japan decided in the 1930s to make the Koreans become more loyal to the Emperor by requiring Korean participation in the State Shinto devotions , and by weakening the influences of both Christianity and traditional religion .
Korea under Japanese rule
Missionaries , however , were alarmed at the rise in communist activity during the 1920s . Communist literature was effectively banned in Korea at this time , but it was sometimes smuggled into the country disguised as Christian literature , often addressed to missionaries to further avoid suspicion . Communist concepts , such as class struggle , and its partner nationalist movement were resonating well with some of the peasants and lower - class citizens of colonial - era Korea ; this was worrying to some missionaries because of communism 's atheist components . At one point , communist students in Seoul held an `` anti-Sunday School conference '' and loudly protested religion in front of churches . This protest renewed Japanese governmental interest in censorship of communist ideas and language .
Korea under Japanese rule
In 2002 , South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators . Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted . The collaborators not only benefited from exploiting their countrymen , but the children of these collaborators benefited further by acquiring higher education with the exploitation money they had amassed .
Samurai
In the first place , the nation with which we have had to do here surpasses in goodness any of the nations lately discovered . I really think that among barbarous nations there can be none that has more natural goodness than the Japanese . They are of a kindly disposition , not at all given to cheating , wonderfully desirous of honour and rank . Honour with them is placed above everything else . There are a great many poor among them , but poverty is not a disgrace to any one . There is one thing among them of which I hardly know whether it is practised anywhere among Christians . The nobles , however poor they may be , receive the same honour from the rest as if they were rich .
Axis powers
The Empire of Japan , a constitutional monarchy ruled by Hirohito , was the principal Axis power in Asia and the Pacific . Under the emperor were a political cabinet and the Imperial General Headquarters , with two chiefs of staff . By 1945 the Emperor of Japan was more than a symbolic leader ; he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Japanese administrative policy shifted more aggressively towards cultural assimilation in 1938 ( Naisen ittai ) with a new government report advising reform to strengthen the war effort . This left less room for Korean language studies and by 1943 all Korean language courses had been phased out . Teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited . Although the government report advised further , more radical reform , the 10 - year plan would never fully go into effect .
Korea under Japanese rule
Many Japanese settlers were interested in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese land ownership was officially legalized in 1906 . Governor - General Terauchi Masatake facilitated settlement through land reform , which initially proved popular with most of the Korean population . The Korean land ownership system was a system of absentee landlords , only partial owner - tenants and cultivators with traditional ( but no legal proof of ) ownership . Terauchi 's new Land Survey Bureau conducted cadastral surveys that reestablished ownership by basis of written proof ( deeds , titles , and similar documents ) . Ownership was denied to those who could not provide such written documentation ; these turned out to be mostly high - class and impartial owners who had only traditional verbal cultivator rights . Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations such as the Oriental Development Company . Many former Korean landowners , as well as agricultural workers , became tenant farmers , having lost their entitlements almost overnight . Headquarters
Korea under Japanese rule
Colonial Korea was subject to the same Leprosy Prevention Laws of 1907 and 1931 as the Japanese home islands . These laws directly and indirectly permitted the segregation of patients in sanitariums , where forced abortions and sterilization were common . The laws authorized punishment of patients `` disturbing the peace '' , as most Japanese leprologists believed that vulnerability to the disease was inheritable . In Korea , many leprosy patients were also subjected to hard labor .
Korea under Japanese rule
Lee Young - hoon , a professor at Seoul National University states that less than 10 % of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded , not robbed . He also insists that Koreans ' knowledge about the era under Japanese rule is mostly made up by later educators . Many of Lee 's arguments , however , have been contested .
Emperor of Japan
The constitution , also known as the `` Constitution of Japan '' ( 日本 国 憲法 , Nihonkoku - Kenpō , formerly written 日本 國 憲法 ( same pronunciation ) ) , `` Postwar Constitution '' ( 戦後 憲法 , Sengo - Kenpō ) or the `` Peace Constitution '' ( 平和 憲法 , Heiwa - Kenpō ) , was drawn up under the Allied occupation that followed World War II and was intended to replace Japan 's previous militaristic and quasi-absolute monarchy system with a form of liberal democracy . Currently , it is a rigid document and no subsequent amendment has been made to it since its adoption .
Korea under Japanese rule
The outbreak of the Donghak peasant revolution in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea . In April 1894 , the Korean government asked for Chinese assistance in ending the Donghak peasant revolt . In response , Japanese leaders , citing a violation of the Convention of Tientsin as a pretext , decided upon military intervention to challenge China . On 3 May 1894 , 1,500 Qing forces appeared in Incheon . The same day , 6,000 Japanese forces also landed in Incheon , producing the Sino - Japanese War . Japan won the First Sino - Japanese War , and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 . Among its many stipulations , the treaty recognized `` the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea '' , thus ending Korea 's tributary relationship with the Chinese Qing dynasty , leading to the proclamation of full independence of Joseon Korea in 1895 . At the same time , Japan suppressed the Donghak revolution with Korean government forces . With the exception of czarist Russia , Japan now held military predominance in Korea . Assassination
Korea under Japanese rule
Japanese Korea 日本 統治 時代 の 朝鮮 Nippon Tōchi - jidai no Chōsen 일제 강점기 ( 日 帝 强占 期 ) Ilje Gangjeomgi Annexed dependency of the Empire of Japan 1910 -- 1945 Flag Seal of the Government - General of Korea Anthem `` Kimigayo '' Korea as part of the Empire of Japan in 1945 , with Japanese place names . Capital Keijō ( Gyeongseong ) Languages Japanese ( official ) Korean Religion De jure : None ; De facto : State Shinto Government Dependent territory Emperor 1910 -- 1912 Meiji 1912 -- 1926 Taishō 1926 -- 1945 Shōwa Governor - General 1910 -- 1916 Terauchi Masatake 1916 -- 1919 Hasegawa Yoshimichi 1942 -- 1944 Kuniaki Koiso 1944 -- 1945 Nobuyuki Abe Historical era Empire of Japan Japanese protectorate 17 November 1905 Annexation treaty signed 22 August 1910 Annexation by Japan 29 August 1910 March 1st Movement 1 March 1919 Sōshi - kaimei order 1939 Surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 Currency Korean yen Preceded by Succeeded by Korean Empire Soviet Civil Administration United States Army Military Government in Korea Today part of North Korea South Korea a . Japanese : 京城 , Hangul : 경성 ; RR : Gyeongseong ; MR : Kyŏngsŏng b . According to Korean Christians .
Korea under Japanese rule
Randall S. Jones wrote that `` economic development during the colonial period can be said to have laid the foundation for future growth in several respects . '' According to Myung Soo Cha of Yeungnam University , `` the South Korean developmental state , as symbolized by Park Chung Hee , a former officer of the Japanese Imperial army serving in wartime Manchuria , was closely modeled upon the colonial system of government . In short , South Korea grew on the shoulders of the colonial achievement , rather than emerging out of the ashes left by the Korean War , as is sometimes asserted . ''
Korea under Japanese rule
One point of view is that , although the Japanese education system in Korea was detrimental towards the colony 's cultural identity , its introduction of public education as universal was a step in the right direction to improve Korea 's human capital . Towards the end of Japanese rule , Korea saw elementary school attendance at 38 percent . Children of elite families were able to advance to higher education , while others were able to attend technical schools , allowing for `` the emergence of a small but important class of well - educated white collar and technical workers ... who possessed skills required to run a modern industrial economy . '' The Japanese education system ultimately produced hundreds of thousands of educated South Koreans who later became `` the core of the postwar political and economic elite . ''
Korea under Japanese rule
A series of anti-Chinese riots erupted throughout Korea in 1931 as a result of public anger against the treatment of Korean migrants in Manchuria . In the small town of Wanpaoshan near Changchun , `` violent clashes '' broke out between the Chinese and Korean residents . The Governor - General of Korea announced there were more than 100 dead Chinese victims . Approximately 127 Chinese people were killed , 393 wounded , and a considerable number of properties were destroyed . The worst of the rioting occurred in Pyongyang on 5 July . The Chinese further alleged the Japanese authorities in Korea did not take adequate steps to protect the lives and property of the Chinese residents , and blamed the authorities for allowing inflammatory accounts to be published . The anti-Chinese sentiments benefited the Japanese , as these sentiments `` displaced attention and resentment away from Japanese imperialism '' . As a result of this riot , the Minister of Foreign Affairs Kijūrō Shidehara , who insisted on Japanese , Chinese , and Korean harmony , lost his position .
Korea under Japanese rule
Protestant missionary efforts in Asia were nowhere more successful than in Korea . American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received . In the days Korea was under Japanese control , Christianity became in part an expression of nationalism in opposition to Japan 's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion . In 1914 , out of 16 million people , there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics ; by 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000 . Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful . Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue . The Catholics tolerated Shinto rites . The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian - based and Christian death and funerary rituals .
Korea under Japanese rule
After the war , 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C Japanese war crimes , 23 of whom were sentenced to death ( compared to 920 Japanese who were sentenced to death ) , including Korean prison guards who were particularly notorious for their brutality during the war . The figure is relatively high considering that ethnic Koreans made up a very small percentage of the Japanese military . Judge Bert Röling , who represented the Netherlands at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East , noted that `` many of the commanders and guards in POW camps were Koreans -- the Japanese apparently did not trust them as soldiers -- and it is said that they were sometimes far more cruel than the Japanese . '' In his memoirs , Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs wrote that during the Bataan Death March , `` the Korean guards were the most abusive . The Japs did n't trust them in battle , so used them as service troops ; the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets ; and then they thought they were veterans . ''