vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States Bill of Rights
Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds :
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
This first section of the amendment has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment , and this amendment in turn has been the most frequently litigated part of the Constitution .
Freedom of religion in the United States
The `` Establishment Clause , '' stating that `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , '' is generally read to prohibit the Federal government from establishing a national church ( `` religion '' ) or excessively involving itself in religion , particularly to the benefit of one religion over another . Following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and through the doctrine of incorporation , this restriction is held to be applicable to state governments as well .
Standing (law)
United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines Justiciability Advisory opinions Standing Ripeness Mootness Political questions Jurisdiction Subject - matter Federal - question Diversity Amount in controversy Supplemental Removal Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 Personal In personam In rem Quasi in rem Federalism Erie doctrine Abstention Sovereign immunity Abrogation Rooker -- Feldman doctrine Adequate and independent state ground
Freedom of religion in the United States
Thomas Jefferson wrote that the First Amendment erected a `` wall of separation between church and state '' likely borrowing the language from Roger Williams , founder of the First Baptist Church in America and the Colony of Rhode Island , who used the phrase in his 1644 book , The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . James Madison , often regarded as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' , also often wrote of the `` perfect separation '' , `` line of separation '' , `` strongly guarded as is the separation between religion and government in the Constitution of the United States '' , and `` total separation of the church from the state '' . Controversy rages in the United States between those who wish to restrict government involvement with religious institutions and remove religious references from government institutions and property , and those who wish to loosen such prohibitions . Advocates for stronger separation of church and state emphasize the plurality of faiths and non-faiths in the country , and what they see as broad guarantees of the federal Constitution . Their opponents emphasize what they see as the largely Christian heritage and history of the nation ( often citing the references to `` Nature 's God '' and the `` Creator '' of men in the Declaration of Independence ) . Some more socially conservative Christian sects , such as the Christian Reconstructionist movement , oppose the concept of a `` wall of separation '' and prefer a closer relationship between church and state .
Chinese marriage
Wedding ceremony : The final ritual would be the actual wedding ceremony where bride and groom become a married couple , which consists of many elaborate parts ( see below ) : Wedding procession : Before the meeting party 's arrival , the bride would be helped by a respectable old woman to tie up her hair with colorful cotton threads . She would wear a red skirt because the Chinese believed red symbolised happiness . When the party arrived , the bride must cry with her mother to symbolize her reluctance to leave home . She would then be led or carried by her elder brother to the sedan . From here , the wedding procession from the bride 's home to the groom 's home consists of a traditional band , the bride 's sedan , the maids of honor 's sedans ( if there are maids of honor ) , and bride 's dowry in the forms other than money . The most common dowries included scissors like two butterflies never separating , rulers indicating acres of fields , and vases for peace and wealth . Welcoming the bride : The wedding procession of the bride 's family stops at the door of the groom 's home . In the meeting party the groom would meet a series of difficulties intentionally set in his path . Only after coping with these could he pass to see his wife - to - be . Actual wedding ceremonies : On the arrival of the sedan at the wedding place , there would be music and firecrackers . The bride would be led along the red carpet in a festive atmosphere . The groom , also in a red gown , would kowtow three times to worship the heaven , parents and spouse . Equivalent to exchanging vows in the west , the couple would pay respect to the Jade Emperor , the patron family deities ( or patron buddhas and bodhisattvas ) , paying respect to deceased ancestors , the bride and groom 's parents and other elders , and paying respect to each other . Then , the new couple would go to their bridal chamber and guests would be treated to a feast . Wedding banquets In Chinese society , the wedding banquet is known as xǐ - jǐu ( 喜酒 , lit . joyful wine ) , and is sometimes far more important than the actual wedding itself . There are ceremonies such as the bride presenting wines or tea to parents , spouse , and guests .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment .
Wedding cake
The contemporary wedding cake has grown out of several different ethnic traditions . One of the first traditions began in Ancient Rome where bread was broken over the bride 's head to bring good fortune to the couple .
Jewish wedding
The origin of this custom is unknown , although many reasons have been given . The primary reason is that joy must always be tempered . This is based on two accounts in the Talmud of rabbis who , upon seeing that their son 's wedding celebration was getting out of hand , broke a vessel -- in the second case a glass -- to calm things down . Another explanation is that it is a reminder that despite the joy , Jews still mourn the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem . Because of this , some recite the verses `` If I forget thee / O Jerusalem ... '' ( Ps. 137 : 5 ) at this point . Many other reasons have been given by traditional authorities .
United States v. Alvarez
On June 28 , 2012 , a divided Supreme Court held that the Stolen Valor Act 's prohibition against making false statements of having been awarded a military medal violated the First Amendment . However , the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for the decision .
Bill of Rights 1689
Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties , the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later , more general , statements of rights ; these include the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights . For example , as with the Bill of Rights 1689 , the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and `` cruel and unusual punishment '' . Similarly , `` cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment '' is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights .
Jewish wedding
The groom gives the bride a ring , traditionally a plain wedding band , and recites the declaration : Behold , you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the law of Moses and Israel . The groom places the ring on the bride 's right index finger . According to traditional Jewish law , two valid witnesses must see him place the ring .
Freedom of speech by country
Blasphemy and hate speech are forbidden . The blasphemy law applies to all religions . The hate speech law protects people of different sexual orientations , races , skin colors , places of birth , national or ethnic origins , religions or beliefs and disabled people . The sentence for committing these crimes could theoretically be imprisonment , but during the modern juridical history the sentence has always been a fine .
Freedom of speech by country
In the United States freedom of expression is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . There are several common law exceptions including obscenity , defamation , incitement to riot or imminent lawless action , fighting words , fraud , speech covered by copyright , and speech integral to criminal conduct ; this is not to say that it is illegal , but just that either state governments or the federal government may make them illegal . There are federal criminal law statutory prohibitions covering all the common law exceptions other than defamation , of which there is civil law liability , as well as terrorist threats , making false statements in `` matters within the jurisdiction '' of the federal government , spreading false and misleading information relating to death or injury of members of the US Military , speech related to information decreed to be related to national security such as military and classified information , false advertising , perjury , privileged communications , trade secrets , copyright , and patents . There also exist so - called `` gag orders '' which prevent the recipient of search warrants and certain court orders ( such as those concerning national security letters , subpoenas , pen registers and trap and trace devices , 18 U.S.C. § 2703 ( d ) orders , suspicious activity reports ) from revealing them . Most states and localities have many identical restrictions , as well as harassment , and time , place and manner restrictions . In addition , in California it is a crime to post a police officer 's or public safety official 's address or telephone number on the Internet for the purpose of obstruction of justice or retaliation for the exercise of official duties . The
Jewish wedding
The Sheva Brachot or seven blessings are recited by the hazzan or rabbi , or by select guests who are called up individually . Being called upon to recite one of the seven blessings is considered an honour . The groom is given the cup of wine to drink from after the seven blessings . The bride also drinks the wine . In some traditions , the cup will be held to the lips of the groom by his new father - in - law and to the lips of the bride by her new mother - in - law . Traditions vary as to whether additional songs are sung before the seven blessings .
Declaration of nullity
A declaration of nullity made by the Catholic Church is distinct from a civil divorce . A civil divorce may serve as proof for the ecclesiastical tribunal that the marriage community can not be rebuilt . In some countries , such as Italy , in which Catholic Church marriages are automatically transcribed to the civil records , a Church declaration of nullity may be granted the exequatur and treated as the equivalent of a civil divorce .
Standing (law)
The only other way someone can have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute is if the existence of the statute would otherwise deprive him of a right or a privilege even if the statute itself would not apply to him . The Virginia Supreme Court made this point clear in the case of Martin v. Ziherl 607 S.E. 2d 367 ( Va . 2005 ) . Martin and Ziherl were girlfriend and boyfriend and engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse when Martin discovered that Ziherl had infected her with herpes , even though he knew he was infected and did not inform her of this . She sued him for damages , but because ( at the time the case was filed ) it was illegal to commit `` fornication '' ( sexual intercourse between a man and a woman who are not married ) , Ziherl argued that Martin could not sue him because joint tortfeasors - those involved in committing a crime - can not sue each other over acts occurring as a result of a criminal act ( Zysk v. Zysk , 404 S.E. 2d 721 ( Va . 1990 ) ) . Martin argued in rebuttal that because of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas ( finding that state 's sodomy law unconstitutional ) , Virginia 's anti-fornication law was also unconstitutional for the reasons cited in Lawrence . Martin argued , therefore , she could , in fact , sue Ziherl for damages .
Separation of church and state in the United States
^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . ''
Parens patriae
In U.S. litigation , parens patriae can be invoked by the state to create its standing to sue ; the state declares itself to be suing on behalf of its people . For example , the Hart - Scott - Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act of 1976 ( 15 USC 15c ) , through Section 4C of the Clayton Act , permits state attorneys general to bring parens patriae suits on behalf of those injured by violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act .
Separation of church and state in the United States
As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In 1995 , the church 's First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve issued `` The Family : A Proclamation to the World , '' which stresses the importance of the family . The proclamation states that `` marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God and that the family is central to the Creator 's plan for the eternal destiny of His children . '' The document further says that `` gender is an essential characteristic of individual premortal , mortal , and eternal identity and purpose , '' that the father and mother have differing but equal roles in raising children , and that successful marriages and families , founded upon the teachings of Jesus Christ , can last eternally . This document is widely cited by LDS members as a statement of principle .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia :
Wedding cake
Traditionally the bride would place a ring inside the couple 's portion of the cake to symbolise acceptance of the proposal . During the mid-17th century to the beginning of the 19th , the `` bride 's pie '' was served at most weddings . Guests were expected to have a piece out of politeness . It was considered very rude and bad luck not to eat the bride 's pie . One tradition of bride 's pie was to place a glass ring in the middle of the dessert and the maiden who found it would be the next to marry , similar to the modern tradition of catching the Flower bouquet . Bride 's pie would evolve into the bride 's cake . At this point the dessert was no longer in the form of a pie and was sweeter than its predecessor . The bride cake was traditionally a plum or fruit cake . The myth that eating the pie would bring good luck was still common but the glass ring slowly died out and the flower bouquet toss replaced it . Tiered
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Constituent Assembly went back and forth on the exact status of non-juring priests . On 5 February 1791 , non-juring priests were banned from preaching in public . By not allowing the clergy to preach the National Assembly was trying to silence the Clergy . This punishment that was imposed by the assembly signified that all refractory priest could no longer practice marriages and baptisms which were public ceremonies . By not allowing refractory clergy to practice these large public ceremonies they were silenced . However , non-juring clergy continued to celebrate the Mass and attract crowds because the Assembly feared that stripping them of all of their powers would create chaos and that would be ineffective towards silencing them . Although the Assembly allowed them to continue working in ceremonies that were not public they stated that they could only do so until they had been replaced by a clergyman who had taken the oath ( juring ) . A large percentage of the refractionary priests were not replaced until 10 August 1792 , which was more than a year after the original 50 % had taken the oath ; by the time they began to be replaced the Assembly had made some changes and it was not as significant that they were practicing Mass .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . '' Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions .
Maryland Toleration Act
... no person or persons ... professing to believe in Jesus Christ , shall from henceforth be anyways troubled , Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province ... --
Jewish wedding
Reform Judaism has a new custom where brides and grooms break the wine glass together .
Jewish wedding
Former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Ovadia Yosef has strongly criticized the way this custom is sometimes carried out , arguing that `` Many unknowledgeable people fill their mouths with laughter during the breaking of the glass , shouting ' mazel tov ' and turning a beautiful custom meant to express our sorrow '' over Jerusalem 's destruction `` into an opportunity for lightheadedness . ''
Jewish wedding
After the meal , Birkat Hamazon ( Grace after meals ) is recited , followed by sheva brachot . At a wedding banquet , the wording of the blessings preceding Birkat Hamazon is slightly different from the everyday version . Prayer booklets called benchers , may be handed out to guests . After the prayers , the blessing over the wine is recited , with two glasses of wine poured together into a third , symbolising the creation of a new life together .
Jewish wedding
Prior to the ceremony , Ashkenazi Jews have a custom to cover the face of the bride ( usually with a veil ) , and a prayer is often said for her based on the words spoken to Rebecca in Genesis 24 : 60 . The veiling ritual is known in Yiddish as badeken . Various reasons are given for the veil and the ceremony , a commonly accepted reason is that it reminds the Jewish people of how Jacob was tricked by Laban into marrying Leah before Rachel , as her face was covered by her veil ( see Vayetze ) . Sephardi Jews do not perform this ceremony .
Glass (surname)
Glass or Glaß is a surname with two main sources . First , it is a Jewish surname , adopted by some Eastern European Ashkenazi in the nineteenth century . After being forced by the authorities to take on a surname , Jews in this area typically chose names referring to places , animals , occupations or signifying personal traits . The name Glass referred to Glass - making , Glazing and the Glass trade . Second , it is a Scottish surname from the Gaelic word glas , meaning grey - and was originally used as a nickname for someone with grey hair .
Jewish wedding
Dancing is a major feature of Jewish weddings . It is customary for the guests to dance in front of the seated couple and entertain them . Traditional Ashkenazi dances include :
Toast (honor)
Putting one 's glass down before the toast is complete , or simply holding one 's glass without drinking is widely regarded as impolite , suggesting that one does not share the benevolent sentiments expressed in the toast , nor the unity and fellowship implicit in toasting itself . Even the non-drinker is counseled not to refuse to allow wine to be poured for a toast . Inverting the glass is especially discouraged .