vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thymus
The thymus is also present in most vertebrates , with similar structure and function as the human thymus . Some animals have multiple secondary ( smaller ) thymi in the neck ; this phenomenon has been reported for mice and also occurs in 5 out of 6 human fetuses . As in humans , the Guinea pig 's thymus naturally atrophies as the animal reaches adulthood , but the athymic hairless guinea pig ( which arose from a spontaneous laboratory mutation ) possesses no thymic tissue whatsoever , and the organ cavity is replaced with cystic spaces .
Wild turkey
The wild turkey in the United States in 1957 ranged from Arizona to southeastern Oklahoma and thence through Tennessee , West Virginia , and New York , and south to Florida and Texas . It formerly ranged north to southeastern South Dakota , southern Wisconsin , southern Ontario , and southwestern Maine . The A.O.U. Checklist also described Upper Pliocene fossils in Kansas , and Pleistocene fossils widely from New Mexico to Pennsylvania and Florida . The Californian turkey , Meleagris californica , is an extinct species of turkey indigenous to the Pleistocene and early Holocene of California . It became extinct about 10,000 years ago . The present Californian wild turkey population derives from wild birds re-introduced during the 1960s and 70s from other areas by game officials . They proliferated after 2000 to become an everyday sight in the East Bay Area by 2015 .
Thermoregulation
To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures , some mammals hibernate during cold periods . To remain in `` stasis '' for long periods , these animals build up brown fat reserves and slow all body functions . True hibernators ( e.g. , groundhogs ) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the core temperature of false hibernators ( e.g. , bears ) varies ; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods . Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid , non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation .
Wild turkey
The Rio Grande wild turkey ranges through Texas to Oklahoma , Kansas , New Mexico , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and was introduced to central and western California , as well as parts of a few northeastern states . It was also introduced to Hawai ʻi in the late 1950s . Population estimates for this subspecies range from 1,022,700 to 1,025,700 . This subspecies , native to the central plain states , was first described in 1879 , and has relatively long legs , better adapted to a prairie habitat . Its body feathers often have a green - coppery sheen . The tips of the tail and lower back feathers are a buff - to - very light tan color . Its habitats are brush areas next to streams , rivers or mesquite , pine and scrub oak forests . The Rio Grande turkey is gregarious .
Guinea pig
As a result of their widespread popularity , especially in households with children , guinea pigs have shown a presence in culture and media . Some noted appearances of the animal in literature include the short story `` Pigs Is Pigs '' by Ellis Parker Butler , which is a tale of bureaucratic incompetence . Two guinea pigs held at a railway station breed unchecked while humans argue as to whether they are `` pigs '' or `` pets '' for the purpose of determining freight charges . Butler 's story , in turn , inspired the Star Trek : The Original Series episode `` The Trouble With Tribbles '' , written by David Gerrold . In the Golden Hamster Saga books , two guinea pigs named Enrico and Caruso are modern - day thespians ( named after Enrico Caruso ) who serve as secondary characters , and often irritate the main character , Freddy Auratus , who strongly dislikes their acting antics .
Guinea pig
Toxemia of pregnancy ( hypertension ) is a common problem and kills many pregnant females . Signs of toxemia include : anorexia , lack of energy , excessive salivation , a sweet or fruity breath odor due to ketones , and seizures in advanced cases . Pregnancy toxemia appears to be most common in hot climates . Other serious complications during pregnancy can include a prolapsed uterus , hypocalcaemia , and mastitis . Guinea
Rabbit
Within the order lagomorphs , the ears are utilized to detect and avoid predators . In the family leporidae , the ears are typically longer than they are wide . For example , in black tailed jack rabbits , their long ears cover a greater surface area relative to their body size that allow them to detect predators from far away . Contrasted to cotton tailed rabbits , their ears are smaller and shorter , requiring predators to be closer to detect them before fleeing . Evolution has favored rabbits to have shorter ears so the larger surface area does not cause them to lose heat in more temperate regions . The opposite can be seen in rabbits that live in hotter climates , mainly because they possess longer ears that have a larger surface area that help with dispersion of heat as well as the theory that sound does not travel well in more arid air , opposed to cooler air . Therefore , longer ears are meant to aid the organism in detecting prey sooner rather than later in warmer temperatures . The rabbit is characterized by its shorter ears while hares are characterized by their longer ears . Rabbits ears are an important structure to aid thermoregulation and detect predators due to how the outer , middle , and inner ear muscles coordinate with one another . The ear muscles also aid in maintaining balance and movement when fleeing predators . Anatomy
Brown bear
In western Eurasia , they inhabit mostly mountainous woodlands , in ranges such as the Alps , the Pyrenees and the Caucasus , though they may have been driven into more wooded , precipitous habitats due to the prior extensive persecution of the species in some regions . Desolate parts of northern and eastern Europe , like large patches of Scandinavia and the Carpathian Mountains , have always been quite heavily forested and have maintained relatively stable populations of bears , indicating that the brown bears here are well - adapted to forest - dwelling , although they generally seek foraging opportunities in forest openings such as bogs . In general , enclosed forest is sub-standard foraging habitat for brown bears and so they occur irregularly in true taiga lands , despite the boreal forest falling at the middle of their circumpolar distribution .
Primate
Many species of NHP are kept as pets by humans , the Allied Effort to Save Other Primates ( AESOP ) estimates that around 15,000 NHPs live as exotic pets in the United States . The expanding Chinese middle class has increased demand for NHPs as exotic pets in recent years . Although NHP import for the pet trade was banned in the U.S. in 1975 , smuggling still occurs along the United States -- Mexico border , with prices ranging from US $ 3000 for monkeys to $30,000 for apes .
Where the Red Fern Grows
On the way back home , he spends the night in Robber 's Cave in the Sparrow Hawk Mountains . There he builds a fire and plays with the puppies . While trying to sleep , he hears a noise that he realizes is the cry of a mountain lion . In the morning , he continues on . He comes to a sycamore tree and sees the names Dan and Ann carved inside a heart in the bark and decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann .
Guinea pig
Biological experimentation on guinea pigs has been carried out since the 17th century . The animals were frequently used as model organisms in the 19th and 20th centuries , resulting in the common epithet `` guinea pig '' for a test subject , but have since been largely replaced by other rodents such as mice and rats . They are still used in research , primarily as models for human medical conditions such as juvenile diabetes , tuberculosis , scurvy , and pregnancy complications .
Barn owl
Barn owls are cavity nesters . They choose holes in trees , fissures in cliff faces , the large nests of other birds such as the hamerkop ( Scopus umbretta ) and , particularly in Europe and North America , old buildings such as farm sheds and church towers . Buildings are preferred to trees in wetter climates in the British Isles and provide better protection for fledglings from inclement weather . Trees tend to be in open habitats rather than in the middle of woodland and nest holes tend to be higher in North America than in Europe because of possible predation by raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) . No nesting material is used as such but , as the female sits incubating the eggs , she draws in the dry furry material of which her regurgitated pellets are composed , so that by the time the chicks are hatched , they are surrounded by a carpet of shredded pellets . Oftentimes other birds such as jackdaws ( Corvus monedula ) nest in the same hollow tree or building and seem to live harmoniously with the owls .
Lion
This population has been listed as Critically Endangered in 2015 and survives in West Africa from Senegal , Burkina Faso , Benin to Niger and Nigeria . It is possibly extinct in Mauritania , Mali , Ghana , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , Sierra Leone and Togo . Central African lion ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. azandica ( Allen , 1924 ) The type specimen was a male lion from northeastern Belgian Congo . The population occurs in the northeastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda . It is locally extinct in Rwanda . Cape lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) ( Smith , 1842 ) The type specimen originated at the Cape of Good Hope . The population lived in the Cape Province and Natal , South Africa . East African lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) , ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. massaica ( Neumann , 1900 ) , syn . P. l. sabakiensis ( Lönnberg , 1910 ) , P. l. roosevelti ( Heller , 1914 ) ; P. l. nyanzae ( Heller , 1914 ) ; P. l. hollisteri ( Allen ) , 1924 ) P. l. webbiensis ( Zukowsky , 1964 ) Several type specimen were described from East African range countries . In East Africa , lion populations occur in Ethiopia , Kenya , Somalia , South Sudan , Tanzania and Uganda , but are regionally extinct in Djibouti , Egypt and Eritrea . Southern African lion ( P. l. melanochaita ) ( P. l. leo ) formerly P. l. bleyenberghi ( Lönnberg , 1914 ) , P. l. krugeri ( Roberts , 1929 ) , syn . P. l. vernayi ( Roberts , 1948 ) Several type specimen were described from Southern African range countries . Recorded body weights of individuals indicate that it is the heaviest of wild African lions . In Southern Africa lions occur in Namibia , Angola and northern Botswana . In the southwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , they are considered regionally extinct .
Primate
The Philippine tarsier , has a high - frequency limit of auditory sensitivity of approximately 91 kHz with a dominant frequency of 70 kHz . Such values are among the highest recorded for any terrestrial mammal , and a relatively extreme example of ultrasonic communication . For Philippine tarsiers , ultrasonic vocalizations might represent a private channel of communication that subverts detection by predators , prey and competitors , enhances energetic efficiency , or improves detection against low - frequency background noise . Male howler monkeys are among the loudest land mammals and their roars can be heard up to 4.8 km ( 3.0 mi ) . Roars are produced by modified larynx and enlarged hyoid bone which contains an air sac . These calls are thought to relate to intergroup spacing and territorial protection as well as possibly mate - guarding . The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of at least four different predators , and the reactions of other monkeys vary according to the call . For example , if an alarm call signals a python , the monkeys climb into the trees , whereas the eagle alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground . Many non-human primates have the vocal anatomy to produce human speech but lack the proper brain wiring . Vowel - like vocal patterns have been recorded in baboons which has implications for the origin of speech in humans .
Euphrates
The Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs from the 1st millennium BCE depict lion and bull hunts in fertile landscapes . Sixteenth to nineteenth century European travellers in the Syrian Euphrates basin reported on an abundance of animals living in the area , many of which have become rare or even extinct . Species like gazelle , onager and the now - extinct Arabian ostrich lived in the steppe bordering the Euphrates valley , while the valley itself was home to the wild boar . Carnivorous species include the gray wolf , the golden jackal , the red fox , the leopard and the lion . The Syrian brown bear can be found in the mountains of Southeast Turkey . The presence of European beaver has been attested in the bone assemblage of the prehistoric site of Abu Hureyra in Syria , but the beaver has never been sighted in historical times .
Barn swallow
The preferred habitat of the barn swallow is open country with low vegetation , such as pasture , meadows and farmland , preferably with nearby water . This swallow avoids heavily wooded or precipitous areas and densely built - up locations . The presence of accessible open structures such as barns , stables , or culverts to provide nesting sites , and exposed locations such as wires , roof ridges or bare branches for perching , are also important in the bird 's selection of its breeding range .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
In a flashback in Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa , there is a hint that he had a crush on Gloria as a child ( as he seems uncomfortable when she comments that Alex is cute ) . When the animals nearly die trying to fly back to New York in a salvaged air plane , he screams he is in love with Gloria ; she is asleep and does not hear . In Africa , Melman is horrified to learn that once a giraffe becomes sick , it has no way to survive and therefore must simply wait in a hole to die . He takes the position of Witch Doctor to cure sick animals , introducing them to Western medicine and giving them longer and better lives .
Barn swallow
H. r . erythrogaster , the North American subspecies described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783 , differs from the European subspecies in having redder underparts and a narrower , often incomplete , blue breast band . It breeds throughout North America , from Alaska to southern Mexico , and migrates to the Lesser Antilles , Costa Rica , Panama and South America to winter . A few may winter in the southernmost parts of the breeding range . This subspecies funnels through Central America on a narrow front and is therefore abundant on passage in the lowlands of both coasts .
Wild turkey
This was the turkey species Europeans first encountered in the wild : by the Puritans , the founders of Jamestown , and by the Acadians . Its range is one of the largest of all subspecies , covering the entire eastern half of the United States from Maine in the north to northern Florida and extending as far west as Michigan , Illinois , and into Missouri . In Canada , its range extends into Southeastern Manitoba , Ontario , Southwestern Quebec ( including Pontiac , Quebec and the lower half of the Western Quebec Seismic Zone ) , and the Maritime Provinces . They number from 5.1 to 5.3 million birds . They were first named ' forest turkey ' in 1817 , and can grow up to 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) tall . The upper tail coverts are tipped with chestnut brown . Males can reach 30 lb ( 14 kg ) in weight . The eastern wild turkey is heavily hunted in the Eastern USA and is the most hunted wild turkey subspecies .
Feral pig
The practice of introducing domestic pigs into the New World persisted throughout the exploration periods of the 16th and 17th centuries . The Eurasian wild boar ( S. s . scrofa ) , which originally ranged from Great Britain to European Russia , may have also been introduced . By the 19th century , their numbers were sufficient in some areas such as the Southern United States to become a common game animal .
Feral pig
Recently established Brazilian boar populations are not to be confused with long - established populations of feral domestic pigs , which have existed mainly in the Pantanal for more than 100 years , along with native peccaries . The demographic dynamics of the interaction between feral pig populations and those of the two native species of peccaries ( collared peccary and white - lipped peccary ) is obscure and is being studied presently . The existence of feral pigs could somewhat ease jaguar predation on peccary populations , as jaguars show a preference for hunting pigs when they are available .
Prairie dog
Prairie dog copulation occurs in the burrows , and this reduces the risk of interruption by a competing male . They are also at less risk of predation . Behaviors that signal that a female is in estrus include underground consorting , self - licking of genitals , dust - bathing , and late entrances into the burrow at night . The licking of genitals may protect against sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections , while dust - bathing may protect against fleas and other parasites . Prairie dogs also have a mating call which consists of a set of 2 to 25 barks with a 3 - to 15 - second pause between each one . Females may try to increase their reproduction success by mating with males outside their family groups . When copulation is over , the male is no longer interested in the female sexually , but will prevent other males from mating with her by inserting copulatory plugs . Juvenile
Barn owl
The barn owl is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland , usually at altitudes below 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) but occasionally as high as 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) in the tropics . This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods or in rough grass strips adjoining pasture . It has an effortless wavering flight as it quarters the ground , alert to the sounds made by potential prey . Like most owls , the barn owl flies silently ; tiny serrations on the leading edges of its flight feathers and a hairlike fringe to the trailing edges help to break up the flow of air over the wings , thereby reducing turbulence and the noise that accompanies it . Hairlike extensions to the barbules of its feathers , which give the plumage a soft feel , also minimise noise produced during wingbeats . The behaviour and ecological preferences may differ slightly even among neighbouring subspecies , as shown in the case of the European T. a . guttata and T. a . alba that probably evolved , respectively , in allopatric glacial refugia in southeastern Europe , and in Iberia or southern France .
Golden lion tamarin
Golden lion tamarins are native to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil . Their original habitat was located from the southern part of the state of Rio de Janeiro to the southern part of the state of Espirito Santo . However , deforestation of Atlantic Forest for commercial purposes , predation , and capture of the golden lion tamarins for animal trade and sale as pets has limited their population to about five municipalities across Rio de Janeiro . Most of the population is now found in the Poco des Antas Biological Reserve in Rio de Janeiro .
Platypus
Although the platypus ' eyes are small and not used under water , several features indicate that vision played an important role in its ancestors . The corneal surface and the adjacent surface of the lens is flat while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved , similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and sea - lions . A temporal ( ear side ) concentration of retinal ganglion cells , important for binocular vision , indicates a role in predation , while the accompanying visual acuity is insufficient for such activities . Furthermore , this limited acuity is matched by a low cortical magnification , a small lateral geniculate nucleus and a large optic tectum , suggesting that the visual midbrain plays a more important role than the visual cortex like in some rodents . These features suggest that the platypus has adapted to an aquatic and nocturnal lifestyle , developing its electrosensory system at the cost of its visual system ; an evolutionary process paralleled by the small number of electroreceptors in the short - beaked echidna , which dwells in dry environments , whilst the long - beaked echidna , which lives in moist environments , is intermediate between the other two monotremes .
Night vision
Many animals have a tissue layer called the tapetum lucidum in the back of the eye that reflects light back through the retina , increasing the amount of light available for it to capture , but reducing the sharpness of the focus of the image . This is found in many nocturnal animals and some deep sea animals , and is the cause of eyeshine . Humans , and monkeys , lack a tapetum lucidum .
Red panda
Western red panda A. f. fulgens ( Cuvier , 1825 ) lives in the western part of its range , in Nepal , Assam , Sikkim , and Bhutan . Styan 's red panda A. f. styani lives in the east - north - eastern part of its range , in southern China and northern Burma .
Great Basin
Great Basin wildlife includes pronghorn , mule deer , mountain lion , and lagomorphs such as black - tailed jackrabbit and desert cottontail and the coyotes that prey on them . Packrats , kangaroo rats and other small rodents are also common , and are predominantly nocturnal . Elk and bighorn sheep are present but uncommon . Small lizards such as the Great Basin fence lizard , longnose leopard lizard and horned lizard are common , especially in lower elevations . Rattlesnakes and gopher snakes are also present . The Inyo Mountains salamander is endangered . Shorebirds such as phalaropes and curlews can be found in wet areas . American white pelicans are common at Pyramid Lake . Golden eagles are also very common in the Great Basin . Mourning dove , western meadowlark , black - billed magpie , and common raven are other common bird species .
Elephants in Thailand
Because of their diet , the natural habitat of the Thai elephant are in tropical forests which are found in the northern and western parts of Thailand : Mae Hong Son , Chumphon , and the border near Burma ( Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary , Erawan Falls National Park ) , Petchabun range , Dangrek Range , and peninsular Thailand ( Ranong , and Trang ) .
Barn swallow
Swallows gather in communal roosts after breeding , sometimes thousands strong . Reed beds are regularly favoured , with the birds swirling en masse before swooping low over the reeds . Reed beds are an important source of food prior to and whilst on migration ; although the barn swallow is a diurnal migrant that can feed on the wing whilst it travels low over ground or water , the reed beds enable fat deposits to be established or replenished .
Cross River gorilla
The nesting behavior of the Cross River gorilla was influenced by the environmental conditions , such as the climate , predation , herbaceous vegetation , absence of suitable nest building materials and seasonal fruits nearby . The gorillas did portray certain nesting habits like mean nest group sizes , size and type of nest created , as well as the reusing of certain nesting location nearby seasonal food sources . In Sunderland - Groves research on the nesting behavior of G. gorilla diehli at Kagwene Mountain they discovered that the nesting locations , whether on the ground or arboreal were greatly influenced by the current season , during the dry season most of the nests were made on the ground , yet during the wet season the majority of the nest were made high up in the trees , to provide protection from the rain . It was also found that the gorillas created more day nest during the wet season and reused nesting sites about 35 % of the time . It was also found that the mean group size was 4 - 7 individual , yet the mean nest size at the sites was 12.4 nests and the most frequent number of nests was 13 , showing some gorillas may have made multiple nests . The researchers also found nest sites with up to 26 nests , showing that sometimes multiple groups would nest together .