vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indian Railways
India does not have any railways classified as high - speed rail ( HSR ) , which have operational speeds in excess of 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) . The fastest train in India is the Gatimaan Express with a top speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) , which runs between Delhi and Agra .
Indian Railways
India 's prime minister Narendra Modi approved the choice of Japan to build India 's first high - speed railway . The planned rail would run some 500 km ( 310 mi ) between Mumbai and the western city of Ahmedabad , at a top speed of 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) . Under the proposal , construction is expected to begin in 2017 and be completed in 2023 . It would cost about ₹ 980 billion ( US $15 billion ) and be financed by a low - interest loan from Japan . India will use the wheel - based 300 km / hr HSR technology , instead of new maglev 600 km / hr technology of the Japan used in Chuo Shinkansen . India is expected to have its HSR line operational from 2025 onwards , once the safety checks are completed .
Caste system in India
In a 2008 study , Desai et al. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 6 -- 29 , from lowest caste and tribal populations of India . They completed a national survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years between 1983 and 2000 . They found a significant increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school . The number of dalit children who completed either middle - , high - or college - level education increased three times faster than the national average , and the total number were statistically same for both lower and upper castes . However , the same study found that in 2000 , the percentage of dalit males never enrolled in a school was still more than twice the percentage of upper caste males never enrolled in schools . Moreover , only 1.67 % of dalit females were college graduates compared to 9.09 % of upper caste females . The number of dalit girls in India who attended school doubled in the same period , but still few percent less than national average . Other poor caste groups as well as ethnic groups such as Muslims in India have also made improvements over the 16 - year period , but their improvement lagged behind that of dalits and adivasis . The net percentage school attainment for Dalits and Muslims were statistically the same in 1999 .
Education in India
As per Report of the Higher education in India , Issues Related to Expansion , Inclusiveness , Quality and Finance , the access to higher education measured in term of gross enrollment ratio increased from 0.7 % in 1950 / 51 to 1.4 % in 1960 -- 61 . By 2006 / 7 the GER increased to about 11 % . Notably , by 2012 , it had crossed 20 % ( as mentioned in an earlier section ) .
India
Capital New Delhi 28 ° 36 ′ 50 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 28.61389 ° N 77.20833 ° E ﻿ / 28.61389 ; 77.20833 Largest city Mumbai 18 ° 58 ′ 30 '' N 72 ° 49 ′ 40 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 18.97500 ° N 72.82778 ° E ﻿ / 18.97500 ; 72.82778 Official languages Hindi English Recognised regional languages State level and Eighth Schedule ( show ) Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Kannada Kashmiri Kokborok Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Mizo Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu National language None Religion 79.8 % Hinduism 14.2 % Islam 2.3 % Christianity 1.7 % Sikhism 0.7 % Buddhism 0.4 % Jainism 0.9 % others Demonym Indian Membership UN , WTO , BRICS , SAARC , SCO , G8 + 5 , G20 , Commonwealth of Nations Government Federal parliamentary constitutional socialist republic President Ram Nath Kovind Vice President Venkaiah Naidu Prime Minister Narendra Modi Chief Justice Dipak Misra Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan Legislature Parliament Upper house Rajya Sabha Lower house Lok Sabha Independence from the United Kingdom Dominion 15 August 1947 Republic 26 January 1950 Area Total 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Water ( % ) 9.6 Population 2016 estimate 1,324,171,354 ( 2nd ) 2011 census 1,210,854,977 ( 2nd ) Density 398.1 / km ( 1,031.1 / sq mi ) ( 31st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $10.385 trillion ( 3rd ) Per capita $7,783 ( 116th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $2.848 trillion ( 6th ) Per capita $2,134 ( 133rd ) Gini ( 2013 ) 33.9 medium 79th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.624 medium 131st Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) ( INR ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) DST is not observed Date format dd - mm - yyyy Drives on the left Calling code + 91 ISO 3166 code IN Internet TLD . in
Economy of India
With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 .
Caste system in India
A 2007 nationwide survey of India by the World Bank found that over 80 percent of children of historically discriminated castes were attending schools . The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India 's economic growth .
Economy of India
India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment .
Forestry in India
India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988 . This led to a programme named Joint Forest Management , which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks . In particular , the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people . By 1992 , seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management , bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection . The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive . The growth rates have been slow through these years .
Forestry in India
In 2009 , India imported 332 million cubic metres of roundwood mostly for fuel wood application , 17.3 million cubic metres of sawnwood and wood - based panels , 7.6 million metric tonnes of paper and paperboard and about 4.5 million metric tonnes of wood and fiber pulp .
Karnataka
Karnataka had an estimated GSDP ( Gross State Domestic Product ) of about US $115.86 billion in the 2014 -- 15 fiscal year . The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7 % for the year 2014 -- 2015 . Karnataka 's contribution to India 's GDP in the year 2014 -- 15 was 7.54 % . With GDP growth of 17.59 % and per capita GDP growth of 16.04 % , Karnataka is on the 6th position among all states and union territories . In an employment survey conducted for the year 2013 -- 2014 , the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8 % compared to the national rate of 4.9 % . In 2011 -- 2012 , Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 20.91 % compared to the national ratio of 21.92 % .
India
India 's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) in length ; of this distance , 5,423 kilometres ( 3,400 mi ) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres ( 1,300 mi ) to the Andaman , Nicobar , and Lakshadweep island chains . According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts , the mainland coastline consists of the following : 43 % sandy beaches ; 11 % rocky shores , including cliffs ; and 46 % mudflats or marshy shores .
Climate of India
The average annual precipitation of 11,872 millimetres ( 467 in ) in the village of Mawsynram , in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya , is the highest recorded in Asia , and possibly on Earth . The village , which sits at an elevation of 1,401 metres ( 4,596 ft ) , benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal . However , since the town of Cherrapunji , 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) to the east , is the nearest town to host a meteorological office -- none has ever existed in Mawsynram -- it is officially credited as being the world 's wettest place . In recent years the Cherrapunji - Mawsynram region has averaged between 9,296 and 10,820 millimetres ( 366 and 426 in ) of rain annually , though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years . India 's highest recorded one - day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005 , when Mumbai received more than 650 mm ( 26 in ) ; the massive flooding that resulted killed over 900 people .
United Kingdom
Because of differences in the wording of the census forms used in England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , data on the Other White group is not available for the UK as a whole , but in England and Wales this was the fastest growing group between the 2001 and 2011 censuses , increasing by 1.1 million ( 1.8 percentage points ) . Amongst groups for which comparable data is available for all parts of the UK level , there was considerable growth in the size of the Other Asian category , which increased from 0.4 to 1.4 % of the population between 2001 and 2011 . There was also considerable growth in the Mixed category . In 2001 , people in this category accounted for 1.2 % of the UK population ; by 2011 , the proportion was 2 % .
Economic history of Italy
In the recent decades , however , Italy 's economic growth has been particularly stagnant , with an average of 1.23 % compared to an EU average of 2.28 % . Previously , Italy 's economy had accelerated from 0.7 % growth in 1996 to 1.4 % in 1999 and continued to rise to about 2.90 % in 2000 , which was closer to the EU projected growth rate of 3.10 % .
Caste system in India
Cassan has studied the differential effect within two segments of India 's Dalit community . He finds India 's overall economic growth has produced the fastest and more significant socio - economic changes . Cassan further concludes that legal and social program initiatives are no longer India 's primary constraint in further advancement of India 's historically discriminated castes ; further advancement are likely to come from improvements in the supply of quality schools in rural and urban India , along with India 's economic growth .
Climate of India
India 's northernmost areas are subject to a montane , or alpine , climate . In the Himalayas , the rate at which an air mass 's temperature falls per kilometre ( 3,281 ft ) of altitude gained ( the dry adiabatic lapse rate ) is 9.8 ° C / km . In terms of environmental lapse rate , ambient temperatures fall by 6.5 ° C ( 11.7 ° F ) for every 1,000 metres ( 3,281 ft ) rise in altitude . Thus , climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other . Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes , high diurnal temperature variability , temperature inversions , and altitude - dependent variability in rainfall are also common .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
In 2005 Iran 's national science budget was less than $1 billion and had not been subject to any significant increase since 15 years ago . But according to Science - Metrix , since 1990 Iran 's scientific production has had a rapid buildup , and Iran currently has the fastest growth rate in science and technology worldwide .
Economy of India
Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00
India
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent , lying atop the Indian tectonic plate , and part of the Indo - Australian Plate . India 's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate , then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana , began a north - eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south - west and , later , south and south - east . Simultaneously , the vast Tethyn oceanic crust , to its northeast , began to subduct under the Eurasian plate . These dual processes , driven by convection in the Earth 's mantle , both created the Indian Ocean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to under - thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas . Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas , plate movement created a vast trough that rapidly filled with river - borne sediment and now constitutes the Indo - Gangetic Plain . Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range lies the Thar Desert .
Forestry in India
In the 1980s , such socially responsible forestry was encouraged by state community forestry agencies . They emphasized such projects as planting wood lots on denuded communal cattle - grazing grounds to make villages self - sufficient in fuelwood , to supply timber needed for the construction of village houses , and to provide the wood needed for the repair of farm implements . Both individual farmers and tribal communities were also encouraged to grow trees for profit . For example , in Gujarat , one of the more aggressive states in developing programmes of socioeconomic importance , the forestry department distributed 200 million tree seedlings in 1983 . The fast - growing eucalyptus is the main species being planted nationwide , followed by pine and poplar .
Tariff
Poor countries have become even poorer since they removed economic protections in the early 1980s . In 2003 , 54 nations were poorer than they were in 1990 ( UN Human Development Report 2003 , p. 34 ) . During the 1960s and 1970s , when countries had more protection , the world economy grew much faster than today - world per capita income grew by about 3 % per year , while over the next 20 years ( free trade ) period it grew by only about 2 % . Growth in per capita income in developed countries increased from 3.2 % / year between 1960 and 1980 to 2.2 % / year between 1980 and 1999 ( free trade period ) , while in developing countries it increased from 3 % to 1.5 % / year . Without the strong growth of the past two decades in China and India , which have followed other policies , the rate would have been even lower .
Poverty in India
show MPI rank States Population ( in millions ) 2007 MPI Proportion of MPI - poor Average intensity Contribution to overall MPI - poverty Number of MPI poor ( in millions ) -- India 1,164.7 0.296 55.4 % 53.5 % -- 645.0 Kerala 35.0 0.065 15.9 % 40.9 % 0.6 % 5.6 Goa 1.6 0.094 21.7 % 43.4 % 0.0 % 0.4 Punjab 27.1 0.120 26.2 % 46.0 % 1.0 % 7.1 Himachal Pradesh 6.7 0.131 31.0 % 42.3 % 0.3 % 2.1 5 Tamil Nadu 68.0 0.141 32.4 % 43.6 % 2.6 % 22.0 6 Uttarakhand 9.6 0.189 40.3 % 46.9 % 0.5 % 3.9 7 Maharashtra 108.7 0.193 40.1 % 48.1 % 6.0 % 43.6 8 Haryana 24.1 0.199 41.6 % 47.9 % 1.3 % 10.0 9 Gujarat 98.3 0.205 21.5 % 49.2 % 0.4 % 0.8 10
Forestry in India
The first satellite recorded forest coverage data for India became available in 1987 . India and the United States cooperated in 2001 , using Landsat MSS with spatial resolution of 80 metres , to get accurate forest distribution data . India thereafter switched to digital image and advanced satellites with 23 metres resolution and software processing of images to get more refined data on forest quantity and forest quality . India now assesses its forest distribution data biennially .
Indian general election, 2014
The country 's economic indicators were performing well in advance of the result in expectation of a BJP win , on the perception that Modi is business - friendly . The benchmark BSE Sensex and CNX Nifty indices hit record highs and the Indian rupee strengthened following months of poor performance . On the result day , as early vote counts gave the BJP a majority lead , the Sensex reached a record high of 25,375.63 points . It ended the day at a new closing high of 24,121.74 . The Nifty reached a record high of 7,563.50 , before ending the day at a new closing high of 7,203 . The Indian rupee rose to an 11 - month high of 58.62 against the US dollar and closed at 58.79 . Deutsche Bank revised its December 2014 target for the Sensex to 28,000 , and Macquarie revised its 12 - month target for the Nifty to 8,400 from 7,200 . Edelweiss set its December 2014 targets for the Sensex and Nifty at 29,000 and 9,000 respectively .
Forestry in India
State Area ( in million hectares ) Madhya Pradesh 7.75 Arunachal Pradesh 6.73 Chhattisgarh 5.6 Maharashtra 5.06 Odisha 5.03
India
Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state - run medium of communication and had slow expansion for more than two decades . The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and , since then , satellite channels have increasingly shaped the popular culture of Indian society . Today , television is the most penetrative media in India ; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers , 462 million with satellite and / or cable connections , compared to other forms of mass media such as press ( 350 million ) , radio ( 156 million ) or internet ( 37 million ) .
Forestry in India
State Area ( in million hectares ) Madhya Pradesh 7.64 Arunachal Pradesh 6.8 Chhattisgarh 5.6 Odisha 4.83 Maharashtra 4.68
Economy of India
Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place .
Forestry in India
Prior to the 1980s , India deployed a bureaucratic method to estimate forest coverage . A land was notified as covered under Indian Forest Act , and then officials deemed this land area as recorded forest even if it was devoid of vegetation . By this forest - in - name - only method , the total amount of recorded forest , per official Indian records , was 71.8 million hectares . Any comparison of forest coverage number of a year before 1987 for India , to current forest coverage in India , is thus meaningless ; it is just bureaucratic record keeping , with no relation to reality or meaningful comparison .
Education in India
In India , it was found that there is a large disparity between female literacy rates in different states . State of Kerala has the highest female literacy rate of 91.98 % while Rajasthan has the lowest female literacy rate of 52.66 . This correlates to the health levels of states , Kerala has average life expectancy at birth of 74.9 while Rajasthan 's average life expectancy at birth is 67.7 years .
Indian Railways
IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems . IR ran on average 13,313 passenger trains daily in 2015 - 16 . The trains have a five - digit numbering system . Mail or express trains , the most common types , run at an average speed of 50.9 km / hr . As of the end of 2015 - 16 , IR 's rolling stock comprised over 251,256 freight wagons , 70,241 passenger coaches and 11,122 locomotives ( 39 powered by steam , 5,869 by diesel fuel and 5214 by electricity ) . It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities at several places in India .
Maldives
The population doubled by 1978 , and the population growth rate peaked at 3.4 % in 1985 . At the 2006 census , the population had reached 298,968 , although the census in 2000 showed that the population growth rate had declined to 1.9 % . Life expectancy at birth stood at 46 years in 1978 , and later rose to 72 . Infant mortality has declined from 12.7 % in 1977 to 1.2 % today , and adult literacy reached 99 % . Combined school enrolment reached the high 90s . The population was projected to have reached 317,280 in 2010 .
Indian elephant
The movement and habitat utilisation patterns of an elephant population were studied in southern India during 1981 -- 83 within a 1,130 km ( 440 sq mi ) study area . The vegetation types of this area encompasses dry thorn forest at 250 to 400 m ( 820 to 1,310 ft ) , deciduous forest at 400 to 1,400 m ( 1,300 to 4,600 ft ) , stunted evergreen forest and grassland at 1,400 to 1,800 m ( 4,600 to 5,900 ft ) . Five different elephant clans , each consisting of between 50 and 200 individuals had home ranges of between 105 km ( 41 sq mi ) and 320 km ( 120 sq mi ) , which overlapped . They preferred habitat where water was available and food plants were palatable . During the dry months of January to April , they congregated at high densities of up to five individuals per km in river valleys where browse plants had a much higher protein content than the coarse tall grasses on hill slopes . With the onset of rains in May , they dispersed over a wider area at lower densities , largely into the tall grass forests , to feed on the fresh grasses , which then had a high protein value . During the second wet season from September to December , when the tall grasses became fibrous , they moved into lower elevation short grass open forests . The normal movement pattern could be upset during years of adverse environmental conditions . However , the movement pattern of elephants in this region has not basically changed for over a century , as inferred from descriptions recorded during the 19th century .
Climate of India
Average annual temperatures across India : < 20.0 ° C ( < 68.0 ° F ) 20.0 -- 22.5 ° C ( 68.0 -- 72.5 ° F ) 22.5 -- 25.0 ° C ( 72.5 -- 77.0 ° F ) 25.0 -- 27.5 ° C ( 77.0 -- 81.5 ° F ) > 27.5 ° C ( > 81.5 ° F ) Climatic zones in India , based on the Köppen classification system : Alpine ( ETh ) Humid subtropical ( Cwa ) Tropical wet - dry ( Aw ) Tropical wet ( Am ) Semi-arid ( BSh ) Arid ( BWh )
Education in India
In 2009 , two states in India , Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh , participated in the international PISA exams which is administered once every three years to 15 - year - old 's . Both states ranked at the bottom of the table , beating out only Kyrgyzstan in score , and falling 200 points ( two standard deviations ) below the average for OECD countries . While in the immediate aftermath there was a short - lived controversy over the quality of primary education in India , ultimately India decided to not participate in PISA for 2012 , and again not to for 2015 .
Constitution of India
The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 .
Child labour
A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one - third of Asia 's child labour and one - fourth of the world 's child labour . Due to a large number of children being illegally employed , the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working , and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children . International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India , such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924 . This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years . These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act was put into place . This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14 , and from working in hazardous conditions .