vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Themistocles
`` Themistocles once declared to the people ( of Athens ) that he had devised a certain measure which could not be revealed to them , though it would be helpful and salutary for the city , and they ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was and pass judgment on it . So Themistocles told Aristides that his purpose was to burn the naval station of the confederate Hellenes , for that in this way the Athenians would be greatest , and lords of all . Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed which Themistocles purposed to do , that none other could be more advantageous , and none more unjust . On hearing this , the Athenians ordained that Themistocles cease from his purpose . '' Spring
Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
The third - century BC translators who produced the Greek Septuagint rendered the phrase `` God took him '' with the Greek verb metatithemi ( μετατίθημι ) meaning moving from one place to another . Sirach 44 : 16 , from about the same period , states that `` Enoch pleased God and was translated into paradise that he may give repentance to the nations . '' The Greek word used here for paradise , ' paradeisos ' ( παράδεισος ) , was derived from an ancient Persian word meaning `` enclosed garden '' , and was used in the Septuagint to describe the garden of Eden . Later , however , the term became synonymous for heaven , as is the case here .
Book of Enoch
And those seventy shepherds were judged and found guilty , and they were cast into that fiery abyss . And I saw at that time how a like abyss was opened in the midst of the earth , full of fire , and they brought those blinded sheep . ( The fall of the evil ones )
Zuko
In `` The Deserter '' , Zuko 's name was listed on a Fire Nation wanted poster as `` 祖 寇 '' ( zǔ kòu ) . In `` Tales of Ba Sing Se '' , his name was written as `` 蘇 科 '' ( sū kè ) on his segment 's title card .
Emperor of Japan
The role of the Emperor as head of the State Shinto religion was exploited during the war , creating an Imperial cult that led to kamikaze bombers and other fanaticism . This in turn led to the requirement in the Potsdam Declaration for the elimination `` for all time ( of ) the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest '' . In State Shinto , the Emperor was believed to be a Arahitogami ( a living god ) . Following Japan 's surrender , the Allies issued the Shinto Directive separating church and state within Japan .
Silk Road
One result of the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road was displacement and conflict . The Greek Seleucids were exiled to Iran and Central Asia because of a new Iranian dynasty called the Parthians at the beginning of the 2nd century BCE , and as a result the Parthians became the new middle men for trade in a period when the Romans were major customers for silk . Parthian scholars were involved in one of the first ever Buddhist text translations into the Chinese language . Its main trade centre on the Silk Road , the city of Merv , in due course and with the coming of age of Buddhism in China , became a major Buddhist centre by the middle of the 2nd century . Knowledge among people on the silk roads also increased when Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty ( 268 -- 239 BCE ) converted to Buddhism and raised the religion to official status in his northern Indian empire .
Anthony Eden
A.J.P. Taylor wrote in the 1970s : `` Eden ... destroyed ( his reputation as a peacemaker ) and led Great Britain to one of the greatest humiliations in her history ... ( he ) seemed to take on a new personality . He acted impatiently and on impulse . Previously flexible he now relied on dogma , denouncing Nasser as a second Hitler . Though he claimed to be upholding international law , he in fact disregarded the United Nations Organisation which he had helped to create ... The outcome was pathetic rather than tragic '' .
Korean War
In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) .
Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
Among the minor Midrashim , esoteric attributes of Enoch are expanded upon . In the Sefer Hekalot , Rabbi Ishmael is described as having visited the 7th Heaven , where he met Enoch , who claims that earth had , in his time , been corrupted by the demons Shammazai , and Azazel , and so Enoch was taken to Heaven to prove that God was not cruel . Similar traditions are recorded in Sirach . Later elaborations of this interpretation treated Enoch as having been a pious ascetic , who , called to mix with others , preached repentance , and gathered ( despite the small number of people on Earth ) a vast collection of disciples , to the extent that he was proclaimed king . Under his wisdom , peace is said to have reigned on earth , to the extent that he is summoned to Heaven to rule over the sons of God . In a parallel with Elijah , in sight of a vast crowd begging him to stay , he ascends to Heaven on a horse .
Cold War
Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
Unlike eternally divided Europe , China saw early unification and establishment of imperial government with a centralized officialdom . Relatively peaceful centuries in the first centuries of Chinese history meant that military never gained significant authority when the power structure was being formed . This meant that the focus of struggle for political power turned from the distribution of land to the distribution of offices , which with their fees and taxes were the most prominent source of income for the holder . The state depended on the services of those freely removable and non-hereditary officials , rather than on the service of military ( knights ) , like in Europe . The officialdom nonetheless had significant powers , and its vested interests were in preserving the status quo , opposing any reforms or changes , particularly on a governmental level .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
With southern Manchuria secure , the Japanese turned north to complete the occupation of Manchuria . As negotiations with Generals Ma Zanshan and Ting Chao to defect to the pro-Japanese side had failed , in early January Colonel Kenji Doihara requested collaborationist General Qia Xi to advance his forces and take Harbin .
End of the Han dynasty
After Dong Zhuo 's death , it was believed that the chaos caused by Dong Zhuo 's `` reign of terror '' would subside , and the central government would be restored to its original state . However , although Wang Yun was regarded as a capable minister , he gradually became arrogant and made several key mistakes that would cause his downfall . He failed to maintain good relations with Lü Bu , and strongly refused to grant amnesty to the surviving followers of Dong Zhuo and ordered them to be disbanded . This caused Dong Zhuo 's men to fear that they might be massacred . Dong Zhuo 's son - in - law , Niu Fu , took control of Dong 's forces in Liang Province and resisted Wang Yun , but later died in a friendly fire incident . Niu Fu 's subordinates , Li Jue , Guo Si and Fan Chou , wanted to submit to the imperial court , but as they had previously resisted Wang Yun , Wang now rejected their request for amnesty . Li Jue , Guo Si and Fan Chou led their armies to attack Chang'an and took control of the government . Wang Yun was captured and executed along with his family , while Lü Bu was defeated and driven away .
Tao
During the Song dynasty , Neo-Confucians regarded Dao as the purest thing - in - itself . Shao Yong regarded the Dao as the origin of heaven , earth , and everything within them . In contrast , Zhang Zai presented a vitalistic Dao that was the fundamental component or effect of ch'i , the motive energy behind life and the world . A number of later scholars adopted this interpretation , such as Tai Chen during the Qing Dynasty .
Muhammad Yunus
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 , Yunus founded a citizen 's committee and ran the Bangladesh Information Center , with other Bangladeshis in the United States , to raise support for liberation . He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville . After the War , he returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government 's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam . However , he found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics department . After observing the famine of 1974 , he became involved in poverty reduction and established a rural economic program as a research project . In 1975 , he developed a Nabajug ( New Era ) Tebhaga Khamar ( three share farm ) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme . In order to make the project more effective , Yunus and his associates proposed the Gram Sarkar ( the village government ) programme . Introduced by president Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s , the Government formed 40,392 village governments as a fourth layer of government in 2003 . On 2 August 2005 , in response to a petition by Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust ( BLAST ) the High Court had declared village governments illegal and unconstitutional .
Qing dynasty
The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus , with some positions also given to Mongols . Like previous dynasties , the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system , until the system was abolished in 1905 . The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions , each having nine grades or ranks , each subdivided into a and b categories . Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City ( highest ) to being a prefectural tax collector , deputy jail warden , deputy police commissioner , or tax examiner . Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant , corporal or a first or second class private .
Korean War
In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government .
Silk Road
The northern route travelled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu from Shaanxi Province and split into three further routes , two of them following the mountain ranges to the north and south of the Taklamakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar , and the other going north of the Tian Shan mountains through Turpan , Talgar , and Almaty ( in what is now southeast Kazakhstan ) . The routes split again west of Kashgar , with a southern branch heading down the Alai Valley towards Termez ( in modern Uzbekistan ) and Balkh ( Afghanistan ) , while the other travelled through Kokand in the Fergana Valley ( in present - day eastern Uzbekistan ) and then west across the Karakum Desert . Both routes joined the main southern route before reaching ancient Merv , Turkmenistan . Another branch of the northern route turned northwest past the Aral Sea and north of the Caspian Sea , then and on to the Black Sea .
Korean War
Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two
End of the Han dynasty
For the following months until the end of 191 , the coalition ceased to take further action against Dong Zhuo , and eventually disbanded and the members returned to their respective bases . Soon , a number of officials started having thoughts of controlling and ruling over their own territories like kings . The most prominent warlords who emerged at that time included :
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué .
Korea under Japanese rule
In October 1897 , Gojong decided to return to his other palace , Deoksugung , and proclaimed the founding of the Korean Empire . During this period , the Korean government conducted a westernization policy . It was not an enduring reform , however , and the Independence Club was dissolved on 25 December 1898 as the new Emperor Gojong officially announced a prohibition on unofficial congresses . Prelude
Silk Road
The spread of religions and cultural traditions along the Silk Roads , according to Jerry H. Bentley , also led to syncretism . One example was the encounter with the Chinese and Xiongnu nomads . These unlikely events of cross-cultural contact allowed both cultures to adapt to each other as an alternative . The Xiongnu adopted Chinese agricultural techniques , dress style , and lifestyle , while the Chinese adopted Xiongnu military techniques , some dress style , music , and dance . Perhaps most surprising of the cultural exchanges between China and the Xiongnu , Chinese soldiers would sometimes defect and convert to the Xiongnu way of life and stay in the steppes for fear of punishment .
Migration in China
The unique hukou system of China distinguishes Chinese internal migration from migration in other developing countries . In 1958 , China established the universal hukou system that restricted the mobility of the population . It aimed to tie farmers to land , secure agricultural supply as well as to support industrial sector in cities after the Great Leap Forward and Great Chinese Famine which caused at least 30 millions deaths . The government allocated housing , jobs , food and other necessities based on the hukou system , which made it almost impossible for people without local hukou status to live in urban areas .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups , run by the pro Chinese VNQDD . Chinese KMT General Zhang Fakui created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina , against the French and Japanese . Its stated goal was for unity with China under the Three Principles of the People , created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists . The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than , who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese . General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam , and Ho Chi Minh from entering the league , as Zhang 's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina . The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces . Franklin D. Roosevelt , through General Stilwell , privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina ( modern day Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos ) after the war was over . Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai - shek control of all of Indochina . It was said that Chiang Kai - shek replied : `` Under no circumstances ! ''
Korean War
Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait .
Qing dynasty
Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the richness of a long and varied past . The gentleman gourmet , such as Yuan Mei , applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking , eating , and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life . Yuan 's Suiyuan Shidan expounded culinary aesthetics and theory , along with a range of recipes . The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court . Although this banquet was probably never common , it reflected an appreciation of Manchu culinary customs . Nevertheless , culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulence of the Manchu Han Feast . Yuan wrote that the feast was caused in part by the `` vulgar habits of bad chefs '' and that `` displays this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one 's gates or when the boss comes to visit . '' ( 皆 惡 廚 陋習. 只 可用 之 於 新 親 上門 , 上司 入境 )
Muhammad Yunus
After his graduation , Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economics researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan . Later , he was appointed lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961 . During that time , he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side . In 1965 , he received a Fulbright scholarship to study in the United States . He obtained his PhD in economics from the Vanderbilt University Graduate Program in Economic Development ( GPED ) in 1971 . From 1969 to 1972 , Yunus was assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro .
Silk Road
On 22 June 2014 , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) named the Silk Road a World Heritage Site at the 2014 Conference on World Heritage . The United Nations World Tourism Organization has been working since 1993 to develop sustainable international tourism along the route with the stated goal of fostering peace and understanding .
Mexico City
Mexico City is a destination for many foreign tourists . Wikipedia 's sister project Wikivoyage has useful information on tourism in Mexico City . The Historic center of Mexico City ( Centro Histórico ) and the `` floating gardens '' of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución ( Zócalo ) , the main central square with its epoch - contrasting Spanish - era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace , ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ( `` Major Temple '' ) and modern structures , all within a few steps of one another . ( The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables ) .
Silk Road
In June 2014 , UNESCO designated the Chang'an - Tianshan corridor of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site . The Indian portion is on the tentative site list .
Uluru
Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site , annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000 . Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits . It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs .
Berlin Wall
In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events . The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany .