vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
World Health Organization
As of 2016 , the WHO has 194 member states : all of them Member States of the United Nations except for the Cook Islands and Niue . ( A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization . ) As of 2013 , it also had two associate members , Puerto Rico and Tokelau . Several other countries have been granted observer status . Palestine is an observer as a `` national liberation movement '' recognized by the League of Arab States under United Nations Resolution 3118 . The Holy See also attends as an observer , as does the Order of Malta . In 2010 , Taiwan was invited under the name of `` Chinese Taipei '' .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 17 December 2014 , a team at Johns Hopkins University developed a prototype breakaway hazmat suit , and was awarded a grant from the USAID to develop it . The prototype has a small , battery - powered cooling pack on the worker 's belt , `` You 'll have air blowing out that is room temperature but it 's 0 % humidity ... the Ebola worker is going to feel cold and will be able to function inside the suit without having to change the suit so frequently '' , said one source . In March , Google developed a tablet that could be cleaned with chlorine ; it is charged wirelessly and can transmit information to servers outside the working area .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 14 September 2015 , Sierra Leone 's National Ebola Response Center confirmed the death of a 16 - year - old in a village in the Bombali District . It is suspected that she contracted the disease from the semen of an Ebola survivor who had been discharged in March 2015 . On 27 September , a new 42 - day countdown began to declare the country Ebola - free , which eventually occurred on 7 November 2015 . Thereafter , the country increased its vigilance on the Guinean border .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In the hardest hit areas there have historically been only one or two doctors available to treat 100,000 people , and these doctors are heavily concentrated in urban areas . Ebola patients ' healthcare providers , as well as family and friends , are at highest risk of getting infected because they are more likely to come in direct contact with their blood or body fluids . In some places affected by the outbreak , care may have been provided in clinics with limited resources , and workers could be in these areas for several hours with a number of Ebola infected patients . According to the WHO , the high proportion of infected medical staff could be explained by a lack of adequate manpower to manage such a large outbreak , shortages of protective equipment or improper use of what was available , and `` the compassion that causes medical staff to work in isolation wards far beyond the number of hours recommended as safe '' . In August 2014 , healthcare workers represented nearly 10 percent of cases and fatalities -- significantly impairing the capacity to respond to an outbreak in an area already facing severe shortages . By 1 July 2015 , the WHO reported that a total of 874 health workers had been infected , of which 509 had died .
Geography of Asia
A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis firm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change . Each nation 's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio , economic and environmental indicators , which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years . The Asian countries of Bangladesh , India , Vietnam , Thailand , Pakistan and Sri Lanka were among the 16 countries facing extreme risk from climate change . Some shifts are already occurring . For example , in tropical parts of India with a semi-arid climate , the temperature increased by 0.4 ° C between 1901 and 2003 . A 2013 study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) aimed to find science - based , pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia 's agricultural systems to cope with climate change , while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers . The study 's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather - based agro-advisory services , to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover , replenish groundwater and use renewable energy .
G20
The G20 ( or G - 20 or Group of Twenty ) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Canada , China , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Italy , Japan , Mexico , the Republic of Korea , the Russian Federation , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States , and the European Union , ( plus Spain as a permanent guest member ) . Founded in 1999 , the G20 aims to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization . The G20 heads of government or heads of state have periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008 , and the group also hosts separate meetings of finance ministers and foreign ministers due to the expansion of its agenda in recent years .
Extinction
The poliovirus is now confined to small parts of the world due to extermination efforts .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
On 31 August 1854 , after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city , a major outbreak of cholera occurred in Soho . John Snow , the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water , later called it `` the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The disease affects males and females equally and the majority of those that contract Ebola disease are between 15 and 45 years of age . For those over 45 years , a fatal outcome was more likely in the West African epidemic , as was also noted in preceding outbreaks . Only rarely do pregnant women survive -- a midwife who worked with MSF in a Sierra Leone treatment center stated that she knew of `` no reported cases of pregnant mothers and unborn babies surviving Ebola in Sierra Leone . '' In September 2015 , the WHO issued pregnancy guidance information entitled , `` Interim Guidance on Ebola Virus Disease in Pregnancy . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In January 2015 , the MSF field coordinator reported that Liberia was down to only 5 confirmed cases . In March , after two weeks of not reporting any new cases , 3 new cases were confirmed . On 8 April , a new health minister was named in an effort to end Ebola in the country and on 26 April , MSF handed the Ebola treatment facility , ELWA - 3 , over to the government . On 30 April , the US shut down a special Ebola treatment unit in Liberia . The last known case of Ebola died on 27 March , and the country was officially declared Ebola - free on 9 May 2015 , after 42 days without any further cases being recorded . The WHO congratulated Liberia saying , `` reaching this milestone is a testament to the strong leadership and coordination of Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and the Liberian Government , the determination and vigilance of Liberian communities , the extensive support of global partners , and the tireless and heroic work of local and international health teams . '' As at May 2015 , the country remained on high alert against recurrence of the disease .
CCR5
Although Caucasians are the only population with a high frequency of CCR5 Δ32 , they are not the only population that has been subject to selection by smallpox , which had a worldwide distribution before it was declared eradicated in 1980 . The earliest unmistakable descriptions of smallpox appear in the 5th century A.D. in China , the 7th century A.D. in India and the Mediterranean , and the 10th century A.D. in southwestern Asia . By contrast , the CCR5 Δ32 mutation is found only in European , West Asian , and North African populations . The anomalously high frequency of CCR5 Δ32 in these populations appears to require both a unique origin in Northern Europe and subsequent selection by smallpox .
Germ theory of disease
The Italian scholar and physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed in 1546 in his book De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed - like entities ( seminaria morbi ) that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact , or even without contact over long distances . The diseases were categorised based on how they were transmitted , and how long they could lie dormant .
List of The Last Ship characters
Bertrise ( Hope Olaide Wilson ) , a young Jamaican woman rescued by the Nathan James who has a genetic immunity to the virus . Niels Sørensen ( Ebon Moss - Bachrach ) , aka `` Patient Zero '' , the glory - seeking Norwegian scientist who unknowingly took advantage of his immunity by testing the virus on himself which made him a carrier and creates the current pandemic version of the virus in his effort to find the cure . Formerly a captive of Ruskov , then working with Sean Ramsey and the Immunes , even trying deliberately to infect others . He died on board the Nathan James after his immunity is removed by Dr. Scott and he is killed by the virus . Thorwald ( Titus Welliver ) , a mysterious local warlord fighting underground . He is revealed to be an ex-Baltimore Police Department detective fighting against the rogue government led by Amy Granderson , who is vaccinating select people and killing everyone else with a toxic dose which they claim is the vaccine , to be burnt to power up the city of Baltimore , Maryland , and is later killed in the raid on Granderson 's headquarters .
Philippines
Goldman Sachs includes the country in its list of the `` Next Eleven '' economies but China and India have emerged as major economic competitors . Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050 , it will be the 20th largest economy in the world . HSBC also projects the Philippine economy to become the 16th largest economy in the world , 5th largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the South East Asian region by 2050 . The Philippines is a member of the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , the Asian Development Bank which is headquartered in Mandaluyong , the Colombo Plan , the G - 77 and the G - 24 among other groups and institutions .
FIFA World Cup
The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock , predating the main event by over two years .
G20
Norway , under the government of Erna Solberg , attended the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg , Germany . Spanish
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In February 2015 , a Sierra Leone physician said about half of the recovered patients she saw reported declining health and that she had seen survivors go blind . In May 2015 , a senior consultant to the WHO said that the reports of eye problems were especially worrying because `` there are hardly any ophthalmologists in West Africa , and only they have the skills and equipment to diagnose conditions like uveitis that affect the inner chambers of the eye . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The WHO recommends the use of 2 pairs of gloves , with the outer pair worn over the gown . Using 2 pairs may reduce the risk of sharp injuries ; however , there is no evidence that using more than the recommended will give additional protection . WHO also recommends the use of a coverall , which is generally appraised in terms of its resistance to non-enveloped DNA virus . When a gown ( or coverall ) is worn , it should continue beyond the shoe covers . According to guidelines released by the CDC in August 2015 , updates were put in place to improve the PAPR doffing method to make the steps easier , and affirm the importance of cleaning the floor where doffing has been done . Additionally , a designated doffing assistant was recommended to help in this process . The order in which boot covers are removed , by these guidelines , indicates their removal after the coverall or gown . Finally , a trained observer is to read to the healthcare worker each step in donning and doffing , but must not physically assist therein . Médecins
G20
Other invitees are chosen by the host country , usually one or two countries from its own region . For example , South Korea invited Singapore . International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) , the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ( BCBS ) , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , the Eurasian Economic Community ( EAEC ) , the European Central Bank ( ECB ) , the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , the Global Governance Group ( 3G ) and the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) . Previously , the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation , but only in that capacity and not as their own state 's leader ( such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits ) .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In August 2014 , the WHO reported an outbreak of Ebola virus in the Boende District , part of the northern Équateur province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) , where 13 people were reported to have died of Ebola - like symptoms . Genetic sequencing revealed that this outbreak was caused by the Zaire Ebola species , which is indigenous to the DRC ; there have been seven previous Ebola outbreaks in the country since 1976 . The virology results and epidemiological findings indicated no connection to the epidemic in West Africa .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 12 January , the journal Nature reported that the virus emergence could be found by studying how bush - meat hunters interacted with the ecosystem .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In October 2014 , a World Bank report estimated overall economic impacts of between $3.8 billion and $32.6 billion , depending on the extent of the outbreak and speed of containment . It expected the most severe losses in the three affected countries , with a wider impact across the broader West African region . On 13 April 2015 , the World Bank said that they would soon announce a major new effort to rebuild the economies of the three hardest - hit countries . On 23 July , a World Bank poll warned that `` we are not ready for another Ebola outbreak '' . On 15 December , the World Bank indicated that by 1 December 2015 , it had marshalled $1.62 billion in financing for the Ebola outbreak response .
Scabies
The International Alliance for the Control of Scabies was started in 2012 , and brings together over 70 researchers , clinicians , and public - health experts from more than 15 different countries . It has managed to bring the global health implications of scabies to the attention of the World Health Organization . Consequently , the WHO has included scabies on its official list of neglected tropical diseases and other neglected conditions .
Zimbabwe
In late 2008 , problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards , public health ( with a major cholera outbreak in December ) and various basic affairs .
Foreign policy of the United States
Over a century later , the Foreign Relations Authorization Act requires the President to identify the major drug transit or major illicit drug - producing countries . In September 2005 , the following countries were identified : Bahamas , Bolivia , Brazil , Burma , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Haiti , India , Jamaica , Laos , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Two of these , Burma and Venezuela are countries that the U.S. considers to have failed to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements during the previous 12 months . Notably absent from the 2005 list were Afghanistan , the People 's Republic of China and Vietnam ; Canada was also omitted in spite of evidence that criminal groups there are increasingly involved in the production of MDMA destined for the United States and that large - scale cross-border trafficking of Canadian - grown cannabis continues . The U.S. believes that the Netherlands are successfully countering the production and flow of MDMA to the U.S.
Malthusianism
The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus 's predicted population patterns ; it also appears to describe socio - demographic dynamics of complex pre-industrial societies . These findings are the basis for neo-malthusian modern mathematical models of long - term historical dynamics .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
After two months of being Ebola - free , a new case was confirmed on 20 November 2015 , when a 15 - year - old boy was diagnosed with the virus and two family members subsequently tested positive as well . Health officials were concerned because the child had not recently travelled or been exposed to someone with Ebola and the WHO stated that `` we believe that this is probably again , somehow , someone who has come in contact with a virus that had been persisting in an individual , who had suffered the disease months ago . '' Two staff of the CDC were sent to the country to help ascertain the cause of the new cases . The infected boy died on 24 November , and on 3 December 2 remaining cases were released after recovering from the disease . The 42 - day countdown toward Liberia being declared Ebola - free , for the third time , started on 4 December 2015 . On 16 December , the WHO reaffirmed that the cases in Liberia were the result of re-emergence of the virus in a previously infected person , and there was speculation that the boy may have been infected by an individual who became infectious once more due to pregnancy , which may have weakened her immune system . On 18 December , the WHO indicated that it still considered Ebola in West Africa a public health emergency , though progress had been made .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The IMF has been criticised for its lack of assistance in the efforts to combat the epidemic . In December 2014 , a Cambridge University study linked IMF policies with the financial difficulties that prevented a strong Ebola response in the three most heavily affected countries , and they were urged by both the UN and NGOs who had worked in the affected countries to grant debt relief rather than low - interest loans . According to one advocacy group , `` ... yet the IMF , which has made a $9 billion surplus from its lending over the last three years , is considering offering loans , not debt relief and grants , in response '' . On 30 January 2015 , the IMF reported it was close to reaching a deal on debt forgiveness . On 22 December , it was reported that the IMF had given Liberia an additional $10 million due to the economic impact of the Ebola virus outbreak .
Containment
Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia , there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government , which seemed intent on promoting worldwide revolution . In March 1919 , French Premier Georges Clemenceau called for a cordon sanitaire , a ring of non-communist states , to isolate the Soviet Union . Translating that phrase , U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called for a `` quarantine . '' Both phrases compare communism to a contagious disease .
United States
Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals .
Foreign policy of the United States
Journalists and human rights organizations have been critical of US - led airstrikes and targeted killings by drones which have in some cases resulted in collateral damage of civilian populations . In early 2017 , the U.S. faced criticism from some scholars , activists and media outlets for dropping 26,171 bombs on seven different countries throughout 2016 : Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan , Libya , Yemen , Somalia and Pakistan .
New Year
Because of the division of the globe into time zones , the new year moves progressively around the globe as the start of the day ushers in the New Year . The first time zone to usher in the New Year , just west of the International Date Line , is located in the Line Islands , a part of the nation of Kiribati , and has a time zone 14 hours ahead of UTC . All other time zones are 1 to 25 hours behind , most in the previous day ( 31 December ) ; on American Samoa and Midway , it is still 11 PM on 30 December . These are among the last inhabited places to observe New Year . However , uninhabited outlying U.S. territories Howland Island and Baker Island are designated as lying within the time zone 12 hours behind UTC , the last places on earth to see the arrival of 1 January . These small coral islands are found about midway between Hawaii and Australia , about 1,000 miles west of the Line Islands . This is because the International Date Line is a composite of local time zone arrangements , which winds through the Pacific Ocean , allowing each locale to remain most closely connected in time with the nearest or largest or most convenient political and economic locales with which each associates . By the time Howland island sees the new year , it is 2 AM on 2 January in the Line Islands of Kiribati .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Preceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak , physicians and scientists held two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body . The London medical community debated between miasma theory and germ theory as two possible causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city . The cholera - causing Gram - negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae would not be isolated until 1854 . This finding was not publicized until 1883 by Robert Koch , a German physician and bacteriologist .
Virus
In January 2018 , scientists reported that 800 million viruses , mainly of marine origin , are deposited daily from the Earth 's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet 's surface , as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses , circulating above the weather system , but below the altitude of usual airline travel , distributing viruses around the planet .
Germ theory of disease
Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump . He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases . He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage - polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes , leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow 's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography . It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology .