vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States Postal Service
In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 .
Vermont
In 1995 the state banned the spreading of manure from December 15 to April 1 , to prevent runoff and protect the water . Therefore farms must have environmentally approved facilities to store manure during this time frame .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The first regular steamship service from the west to the east coast of the United States began on February 28 , 1849 , with the arrival of the SS California ( 1848 ) in San Francisco Bay . California left New York Harbor on October 6 , 1848 , rounded Cape Horn at the tip of South America , and arrived at San Francisco , California after a 4 - month 21 - day journey . SS Great Eastern was built in 1854 -- 1857 with the intent of linking Great Britain with India , via the Cape of Good Hope , without coaling stops ; she would know a turbulent history , and was never put to her intended use .
History of New York (state)
In 1785 , New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790 ; George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States in front of Federal Hall in 1789 . The United States Bill of Rights was drafted there , and the United States Supreme Court sat for the first time . From statehood to 1797 , the Legislature frequently moved the state capital between Albany , Kingston , Poughkeepsie , and New York City . Thereafter , Albany retained that role . 1800
Helium
This enabled the United States to become the world 's leading supplier of helium . Following a suggestion by Sir Richard Threlfall , the United States Navy sponsored three small experimental helium plants during World War I . The goal was to supply barrage balloons with the non-flammable , lighter - than - air gas . A total of 5,700 m ( 200,000 cu ft ) of 92 % helium was produced in the program even though less than a cubic meter of the gas had previously been obtained . Some of this gas was used in the world 's first helium - filled airship , the U.S. Navy 's C - 7 , which flew its maiden voyage from Hampton Roads , Virginia , to Bolling Field in Washington , D.C. , on December 1 , 1921 , nearly two years before the Navy 's first rigid helium - filled airship , the Naval Aircraft Factory - built USS Shenandoah , flew in September 1923 .
Manhattan Project
Work began on Reactor B , the first of six planned 250 MW reactors , on 10 October 1943 . The reactor complexes were given letter designations A through F , with B , D and F sites chosen to be developed first , as this maximised the distance between the reactors . They would be the only ones constructed during the Manhattan Project . Some 390 short tons ( 350 t ) of steel , 17,400 cubic yards ( 13,300 m ) of concrete , 50,000 concrete blocks and 71,000 concrete bricks were used to construct the 120 - foot ( 37 m ) high building .
Early skyscrapers
Taller , heavier buildings such as skyscrapers also required stronger foundations than smaller buildings . Earlier buildings had typically rested their foundations on rubble , which was in turn laid down on the soft top layer of the ground called the overburden . As buildings became taller and heavier , the overburden could not support their weight , and foundations increasingly needed to rest directly on the bedrock below . In both New York and Chicago this required digging down a considerable distance through soft soil and often below the water table , risking the hole filling up with water before the foundations were complete . The deeper the foundations needed to be , the greater the challenge . Special water - tight boxes called caissons were invented to deal with this problem in England in 1830 and adopted in the U.S. during the 1850s and 1860s . Early
History of coal mining
The first permanent coal mine in Poland was established in Szczakowa near Jaworzno in 1767 . In 19th century development of iron , copper and lead mining and processing in southern Poland ( notably in the Old - Polish Industrial Region and later in the region of Silesia ) led to a quick development of coal mining . Among the most prominent deposits are those located in what are now the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and Rybnik Coal Area ( formerly part of Prussia ) and the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie on the Russian side of the border .
Manhattan Project
The work proved dangerous . By the end of the war , half the experienced chemists and metallurgists had to be removed from work with plutonium when unacceptably high levels of the element appeared in their urine . A minor fire at Los Alamos in January 1945 led to a fear that a fire in the plutonium laboratory might contaminate the whole town , and Groves authorized the construction of a new facility for plutonium chemistry and metallurgy , which became known as the DP - site . The hemispheres for the first plutonium pit ( or core ) were produced and delivered on 2 July 1945 . Three more hemispheres followed on 23 July and were delivered three days later .
Denver
Apollo Hall opened soon after the city 's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers . In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver 's first opera house . After the start of the 20th century , city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city 's parks , parkways , museums , and the Municipal Auditorium , which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House . Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture . In 1988 , voters in the Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax ( commonly known as SCFD ) , a 0.1 % ( 1 cent per $10 ) sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area . The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and allows the SCFD to operate until 2018 .
History of electric power transmission
The first large scale hydroelectric generators in the USA were installed in 1895 at Niagara Falls and provided electricity to Buffalo , New York , via power transmission lines . A statue of Nikola Tesla stands at , Goat Island Niagara Falls New York , today in tribute to his contributions .
Conquistador
Sevilla la Nueva , established in 1509 , was the first Spanish settlement on the island of Jamaica , which the Spaniards called Isla de Santiago . The capital was in an unhealthy location and consequently moved around 1534 to the place they called `` Villa de Santiago de la Vega '' , later named Spanish Town , in present - day Saint Catherine Parish .
Operating theater
One of the oldest surviving operating theaters is the Old Operating Theatre in London . Built in 1822 , it is now a museum of surgical history . Another theater still exists at the University of Padua , in Italy , inside Palazzo Bo . It was commissioned by the anatomist Girolamo Fabrizio d'Acquapendente in 1594 . Another famous operating theater is the Ether Dome in Boston . Built in 1824 , it is now a conference room and tourist attraction . Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia also boasts its own surviving operating theater , built in 1804 .
Concordat of Worms
The catastrophic political consequences of the struggle between pope and emperor also led to a cultural disaster . Germany lost intellectual leadership in western Europe . In 1050 , German monasteries were great centres of learning and art and German schools of theology and canon law were unsurpassed and probably unmatched anywhere in Europe . The long civil war over investiture sapped the energy of both German churchmen and intellectuals . They fell behind advances in philosophy , law , literature and art taking place in France and Italy . In many ways , Germany never caught up during the rest of the Middle Ages . Universities were established in France , Italy and England by the early 13th century . Notable are University of Bologna , 1088 , University of Paris , 1150 , Oxford University , 1167 and University of Cambridge , 1207 . The first German university , the Heidelberg University was not established until 1386 . It was immediately steeped in mediaeval nominalism and early Protestantism .
Time
The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock , or clepsydra , one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I. They could be used to measure the hours even at night , but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water . The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea ( southeastern Mesopotamia ) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations . Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages . In the 11th century , Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism . A
Carthage
After this ill - fated attempt , a new city of Carthage was built on the same land by Julius Caesar in the period from 49 to 44 BC , and by the first century , it had grown to be the second - largest city in the western half of the Roman Empire , with a peak population of 500,000 . It was the center of the province of Africa , which was a major breadbasket of the Empire . Among its major monuments was an amphitheater .
Agriculture in Sudan
In the early 1960s , the government set up a program to resettle Nubians displaced by Lake Nubia ( called Lake Nasser in Egypt ) , which was formed by the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt . To provide farmland for the Nubians , the government constructed the Khashm al Qirbah Dam on the Atbarah River and established the Halfa al Jadidah ( New Halfa ) irrigation project . Located west of Kassala , this project was originally designed to irrigate about 164,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) . In 1982 it was the only large irrigation project in the country that did not use the waters of the Blue Nile or White Nile . The resettlement was effected mainly after completion of the Khashm al Qirbah Dam in 1964 . Part of the irrigated area was also assigned to local inhabitants . The main commercial crops initially introduced included cotton , peanuts , and wheat . In 1965 sugarcane was added , and a sugar factory having a design capacity of 60,000 tons was built to process it . The project enabled 200,000 hectares ( 490,000 acres ) of land to be irrigated for the first time . Heavy silting as well as serious problems of drainage and salinity occurred . As a result , by the late 1970s the reservoir had lost more than 40 percent of its original storage capacity and was unable to meet the project water requirements . These problems persisted in the early 1990s .
Ellis Island
The first station was an enormous three - story - tall structure , with outbuildings , built of Georgia pine , containing all of the amenities that were thought to be necessary . It opened with celebration on January 1 , 1892 . Three large ships landed on the first day and 700 immigrants passed over the docks . Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year . On June 15 , 1897 , a fire of unknown origin , possibly caused by faulty wiring , turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes . No loss of life was reported , but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed . About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use . Plans were immediately made to build a new , fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island . During the construction period , passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office .
The Bronx
European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639 . The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County , but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts ( West Bronx , 1874 and East Bronx , 1895 ) before it became Bronx County . Originally , the area was part of the Lenape 's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy . Over time , European colonists converted the borough into farmlands .
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars from his debut studio album , Doo - Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . A pop and R&B ballad , `` Grenade '' was written and produced by The Smeezingtons ( Mars , Phillip Lawrence , Ari Levine ) with additional songwriting by Brody Brown , Claude Kelly , and Andrew Wyatt . The song was developed from an unreleased track with similar lyrical themes played by record producer Benny Blanco to Mars . `` Grenade '' was completely rearranged and re ‐ recorded two days before the album 's release . The song 's lyrics carry a message of unrequited love and how Mars ' heart was broken , despite his best efforts to show her his love . Initially released as a promotional single on September 28 , 2010 , it was later announced as the album 's second single , released by Atlantic and Elektra Records .
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Doo - Wops & Hooligans Released September 28 , 2010 ( Promotional single ) Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 42 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Brody Brown Claude Kelly Andrew Wyatt Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 ) `` The Lazy Song '' ( 2011 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 ) `` The Lazy Song '' ( 2011 )
Grenade (song)
Grenade An 18 - second sample of the chorus of `` Grenade '' , where Mars sings what he would do for the girl he loves . Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Grenade (song)
The music video was released on November 19 , 2010 on MTV and MTV.com. and it involves Mars 's efforts to sing to a woman he loves after dragging an upright piano with a rope tied to it through Los Angeles . Scenes also feature the singer singing in a dark bedroom , looking out of a rainy window . He wears a suit and encounters a gang and a pit bull along the way . When he reaches the woman 's house and finds out she is with another man , he drags himself and the piano in front of a train to attempt suicide . As the train approaches Bruno at full speed , the video ends .
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' was well received by critics , praising the vocals and emotional lyrics of the song and also considered it as one of the stand - out tracks on Doo - Wops & Hooligans . The single reached number one in fifteen different countries , giving Mars his third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , and topping the Canadian Hot 100 for three non-consecutive weeks . `` Grenade '' was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , as well as six times by Music Canada ( MC ) . Worldwide , it was the second best selling digital single of 2011 with 10.2 million copies .
Grenade (song)
A music video for the single , directed by Nabil Elderkin , was released on November 19 , 2010 . In the video , Mars is seen dragging an upright piano through Los Angeles , by the time he arrives at the home of his beloved , he discovers she is with another man , so he decides to leave and ends up by killing himself . Mars performed `` Grenade '' on The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) , the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) . The song has been covered by a variety of performers . It was nominated for both Song of the Year and Record of the Year at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards .
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' was written and produced by The Smeezingtons ( Mars , Phillip Lawrence , Ari Levine ) with additional songwriting by Brody Brown , Claude Kelly , and Andrew Wyatt . The song was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , California . In an interview with Idolator , Mars revealed the song 's conception and inspiration , saying that he was with his friend Benny Blanco and he was playing a couple of songs to Mars , including one which lyrics were similar to the ones in `` Grenade '' . Blanco added that the band to which the song belonged was not signed , and that the CD was not released . Mars replied `` I can relate to that so much , I want to take that and make it my own '' . Mars confessed that the song was inspired by `` his love for a girl who did not love him back '' . He admitted to be `` a bit of a drama queen in that song '' and that the track was therapeutic to him . Afterwards , Blanco contact the dude , and Mars started writing his version .
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' is a pop and R&B ballad with an instrumentation that features piano , keyboards , drums and bass . The song contains elements of Wilco 's `` I 'll Fight '' . Mike Senior of Sound on Sound said that the `` piano riff sounded like Coldplay 's ' Clocks ' '' , adding the idea of a `` powerful kick / bass combination and good vocal intelligibility is audible when the chorus hits '' and a `` snare only added at the start of the second verse '' . According to The New York Times music reviewer , Jon Caramanica , the song contains elements of 1980s pop and is accompanied by drums similar to those used by Kanye West . It has been described by critics as `` pure and clean vocals over a pounding drum beat '' .
Grenade (song)
The song received generally positive reviews from most music critics . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave a review of four stars out of five , praising Mars ' vocals , `` Mars has the vocal chops ... to carry that off '' , and emotional lyrics on a track that has a strong influence and similarity to Michael Jackson 's `` Dirty Diana '' . The latter reminiscent was also noted by Roberto Mucciacciaro for MTV , who added that the song was coincidentally covered on several occasions by Mars . CBBC ( a division of BBC ) gave it four stars in their review , praising the `` epic chorus '' of the song . Entertainment Weekly 's Leah Greenblatt called `` Grenade '' the `` atmospheric opener '' of Mars ' debut studio album , adding that is a `` captivating masochist 's anthem '' , enjoying it as one of the album 's highlights , as did The Washington Post 's Sean Fennessey . Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen recommended it as proof of Mars ' capabilities as a `` lavishly gifted melodist '' . Tom Gockelen - Kozlowski of The Daily Telegraph complimented `` the Kanye West - style genre - bending on Grenade and other tracks that joins the dots between Michael Jackson and Bob Marley . ''
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' was recorded at Larrabee Recording Studios and Levcon Studios in Los Angeles , with Ari Levine , Bruno Mars and Brody Brown playing all the instruments on the track and recording them . Levine was also responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios in California . The mixing of the track was finished at Larrabee Sound Studios , in North Hollywood by Manny Marroquin , with Christian Plata and Erik Madrid serving as the assistants . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California .
Grenade (song)
Bruno Mars -- lead vocals , instrumentation , songwriting Philip Lawrence -- songwriting Ari Levine -- engineer , instrumentation , songwriting The Smeezingtons -- production Brody Brown -- instrumentation , songwriting Claude Kelly -- songwriting Andrew Wyatt -- songwriting Manny Marroquin -- mixing Christian Plata -- mixing assistant Erik Madrid -- mixing assistant Stephen Marcussen -- mastering
Grenade (song)
`` Grenade '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 16 , 2010 at number 81 and climbed the chart to number five for the week ending December 18 , 2010 . On January 8 , 2011 , it peaked at number 1 , making it Bruno Mars ' third number one single on the chart , the others being B.o.B 's `` Nothin ' on You '' , on which he was featured , and `` Just the Way You Are '' . The peak position was reached due to 559 000 downloads and 89 million listener impressions , taking Digital Gainer and Airplay Gainer awards . Around this time , the song had become his second solo single to top the 2 million mark in downloads . The song dropped and rose back to the top spot two more times , making it one of only six singles in Billboard history to have three distinct runs at number one . In February , it topped the 3 million mark . The song spent 36 weeks on the Hot 100 . Months after the RIAA awarded five platinum to the song by selling five million copies in the country . As of October 2015 , the song has sold 6.1 million digital copies in the United States . On July 1 , 2016 , the single was certified seven times platinum by RIAA . It was Mars ' second single to sell over 5 million , just a week after `` Just the Way You Are '' achieved that feat , and it was only the third time in Billboard history that back - to - back singles have both sold 5 million copies in the digital era . The song has peaked at number one in the Canada . It replaced `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' by The Black Eyed Peas , before being dethroned by `` Hold It Against Me '' by Britney Spears . On February 12 , 2011 , it took the top spot from Usher 's song `` More '' . Two weeks later it was replaced by Lady Gaga 's `` Born This Way '' .
Grenade (song)
Additionally , Mars performed on the Late Show with David Letterman , on November 11 , 2010 , with a soul redemption of `` Grenade '' accompanied by an all - female string section . Robbie Draw from website Idolator wrote a positive review , commenting `` Bruno Mars hit up the Late Show With David Letterman last night and left a piece of his heart on the stage after turning out an emotional , bluesy rendition of his new single `` Grenade '' `` . Story Gilmore of Neon Limelight also praised the performance , calling it `` nothing short of awesome '' and noticed that Mars `` takes this performing thing seriously . Even when he 's doing something as simple as a late night show performance , he makes sure he 's on his A game '' . The song was performed at NBC 's The Today Show on November 22 , 2010 , as part of the Toyota Concert Series and at the 2010 Soul Train Music Awards on November 28 , 2010 . On January 6 , 2011 , Mars performed `` Grenade '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show with a guitar , `` backed by three background singers , a strings section , and pianist '' . He also performed the song on the Dutch television show The Voice of Holland on January 21 , 2011 . On February 13 , 2011 he performed the song live at the 2011 Grammy Awards , along with B.o.B. and Janelle Monáe . In Germany , Mars performed `` Grenade '' on two different shows Wetten , dass ... ? and at the Echo Awards , on 19 and 28 March 2011 , respectively . It was the eleventh song of his debut worldwide tour , The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) and was thirteenth or tenth on the set list of his second tour , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) . On his third tour , the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) , it was also the thirteenth item on the setlist .