vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fair trade
Adherence to fair trade standards by producers has been poor , and enforcement of standards by Fairtrade is weak . Notably by Christian Jacquiau and by Paola Ghillani , who spent four years as president of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations There are many complaints of poor enforcement problems : labourers on Fairtrade farms in Peru are paid less than the minimum wage ; some non-Fairtrade coffee is sold as Fairtrade ' the standards are not very strict in the case of seasonally hired labour in coffee production . ' ' some fair trade standards are not strictly enforced ' Moore , G. , Gibbon , J. , & Slack , R. : 2006 , ' The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective ' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 , 329 - 52. < / ref > In 2006 , a Financial Times journalist found that ten out of ten mills visited had sold uncertified coffee to co-operatives as certified . It reported that `` The FT was also handed evidence of at least one coffee association that received an organic , Fair Trade or other certifications despite illegally growing some 20 per cent of its coffee in protected national forest land .
History of advertising
The advertising business model has also been adapted since the 1990s . In media for equity , advertising is not sold , but provided to start - up companies in return for equity . If the company grows and is sold , the media companies receive cash for their shares .
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party supported business generally , hard money ( i.e. the gold standard ) , high tariffs to promote economic growth , high wages and high profits , generous pensions for Union veterans and ( after 1893 ) the annexation of Hawaii . The Republicans have strong support from pietistic Protestants , but they resisted demands for Prohibition . As the Northern post-bellum economy boomed with heavy and light industry , railroads , mines , fast - growing cities and prosperous agriculture , the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to sustain the fast growth .
Executive compensation
`` Today the idea that huge paychecks are part of a beneficial system in which executives are given an incentive to perform well has become something of a sick joke . A 2001 article in Fortune , `` The Great CEO Pay Heist '' encapsulated the cynicism : You might have expected it to go like this : The stock is n't moving , so the CEO should n't be rewarded . But it was actually the opposite : The stock is n't moving , so we 've got to find some other basis for rewarding the CEO. ` And the article quoted a somewhat repentant Michael Jensen ( a theorist for stock option compensation ) : ` I 've generally worried these guys were n't getting paid enough . But now even I 'm troubled . ' ''
Franchising
There are no government agencies regulating franchises . The Loi Doubin Law of 1989 was the first European franchise disclosure law . Combined with Decree No. 91 - 337 , it regulates disclosure , although the decree also applies to any person who provides to another person a corporate name , trademark or trade name or other business arrangements . The law applies to `` exclusive or quasi-exclusive territory '' . The disclosure document must be delivered at least 20 days before the execution of the agreement or any payments are made .
Franchising
introduces an obligation under the Code for parties to act in good faith in their dealings with one another introduces financial penalties and infringement notices for serious breaches of the Code requires franchisors to provide prospective franchisees with a short information sheet outlining the risks and rewards of franchising requires franchisors to provide greater transparency in the use of and accounting for money used for marketing and advertising and to set up a separate marketing fund for marketing and advertising fees requires additional disclosure about the ability of the franchisor and a franchisee to sell online prohibits franchisors from imposing significant capital expenditure except in limited circumstances .
Fair trade
University students have significantly increased their consumption of Fair Trade products over the last several decades . Women college students have a more favorable attitude than men toward buying Fair Trade products and they feel more morally obligated to do so . Women are also reported to have stronger intentions to buy fair trade products . When it comes to the intentions to buy Fair Trade products , gender had no direct effect .
Whole life insurance
However , when a policy is cashed out before death , the treatment varies . With cash surrenders , any gain over total premiums paid will be taxable as ordinary income . The same is true in the case of a matured endowment . This is why most people choose to take cash values out as a `` loan '' against the death benefit rather than a `` surrender . '' Any money taken as a loan is free from income tax as long as the policy remains in force . For participating whole life policies , the interest charged by the insurance company for the loan is often less than the dividend each year , especially after 10 -- 15 years , so the policy owner can pay off the loan using dividends . If the policy is surrendered or canceled before death , any loans received above the cumulative value of premiums paid will be subject to tax as growth on investment .
The Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them . Even bequeathing one 's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely , due to the fact that there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one 's direction would use the money in accordance with one 's wishes . Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state , and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving that would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves . As a result , the gift would not be simply consumed , but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the house .
Fair trade
Fair trade is benefiting farmers in the Global South , whether that be considerably or just a little . The nature of fair trade makes it a global phenomenon , therefore , there are diverse motives for understanding group formation related to fair trade . The social transformation caused by the fair trade movement also varies around the world . Three
Executive compensation
A study by University of Florida researchers found that highly paid CEOs improve company profitability as opposed to executives making less for similar jobs . However , a review of the experimental and quasi-experimental research relevant to executive compensation , by Philippe Jacquart and J. Scott Armstrong , found opposing results . In particular , the authors conclude that `` the notion that higher pay leads to the selection of better executives is undermined by the prevalence of poor recruiting methods . Moreover , higher pay fails to promote better performance . Instead , it undermines the intrinsic motivation of executives , inhibits their learning , leads them to ignore other stakeholders , and discourages them from considering the long - term effects of their decisions on stakeholders '' Another study by Professors Lynne M. Andersson and Thomas S. Batemann published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior found that highly paid executives are more likely to behave cynically and therefore show tendencies of unethical performance .
Chick-fil-A
Cathy 's beliefs are also responsible for one of the chain 's distinctive features : all Chick - fil - A locations ( corporate owned and franchised ) are closed on Sundays , as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Cathy states as the final step in his Five - Step recipe for Business Success `` I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities . One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday . Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business . ''
Fair trade
The fair trade movement is popular in the UK , where there are 500 Fairtrade towns , 118 universities , over 6,000 churches , and over 4,000 UK schools registered in the Fairtrade Schools Scheme . In 2011 , over 1.2 million farmers and workers in more than 60 countries participated in Fairtrade International 's fair trade system , which included € 65 million in fairtrade premium paid to producers for use developing their communities . According to Fairtrade International , nearly six out of ten consumers have seen the Fairtrade mark and almost nine in ten of them trust it .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The church has also invested in for - profit business and real estate ventures such as Bonneville International , Deseret Book Company , City Creek Center , and cattle ranches in Utah , Florida , Nebraska , Canada and other locations .
Famine
There is a growing realization among aid groups that giving cash or cash vouchers instead of food is a cheaper , faster , and more efficient way to deliver help to the hungry , particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable . The United Nations ' World Food Program ( WFP ) , the biggest non-governmental distributor of food , announced that it will begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas , which Josette Sheeran , the WFP 's executive director , described as a `` revolution '' in food aid . The aid agency Concern Worldwide is piloting a method through a mobile phone operator , Safaricom , which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of the country to another .
Economy of New Zealand
China is New Zealand 's second largest trading partner buying primarily meat , dairy products and pine logs . In 2013 , trade between New Zealand and China was worth NZ $16.8 billion . This has occurred primarily because of soaring demand for imported dairy products , following the Chinese milk scandal in 2008 . Since then demand for milk products has been so strong that in the 12 months to March 2014 , there was a 51 % increase in total exports to China . The increase was facilitated by the New Zealand -- China Free Trade Agreement which came into force on 1 October 2008 . Since that year exports to China have more than tripled .
Fair trade
Consumers typically have positive attitudes for products that are ethically made . These products may include promises of fair labor conditions , protection of the environment , and protection of human rights . All fair trade products must meet standards such as these . Despite positive attitudes toward ethical products including fair trade commodities , consumers often are not willing to pay the higher price associated with fair trade coffee . The attitude - behavior gap can help explain why ethical and fair trade products take up less than 1 % of the market . Coffee consumers can say they would be willing to pay a higher premium for fair trade coffee , but most consumers are actually more concerned with the brand , label , and flavor of the coffee . However , socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee . Once enough consumers begin purchasing fair trade , companies are more likely to carry fair trade products . Safeway Inc. began carrying fair trade coffee after individual consumers dropped off postcards asking for it . Coffee
Lobbying in the United States
Since it often takes a long time to build the network of relationships within the lobbying industry , ethical interpersonal dealings are important . A maxim in the industry is for lobbyists to be truthful with people they are trying to persuade ; one lobbyist described it this way : `` what you 've basically got is your word and reputation '' . An untruth , a lie is too risky to the successful development of a long - term relationship and the potential gain is not worth the risk . One report suggested that below - the - belt tactics generally do not work . One account suggest that groping for `` personal dirt '' on opponents was counterproductive since it would undermine respect for the lobbyist and their clients . And , by reverse logic , if an untruth is told by an opponent or opposing lobby , then it makes sense to publicize it . But the general code among lobbyists is that unsubstantiated claims are bad business . Even worse is planting an informant in an opponent 's camp , since if this subterfuge is ever discovered , it will boomerang negatively in a hundred ways , and credibility will drop to zero . The importance of personal relationships in lobbying can be seen in the state of Illinois , in which father - son ties helped push a smart - grid energy bill , although there were accusations of favoritism . And there is anecdotal evidence that a business firm seeking to profitably influence legislation has to pay particular attention to which lobbyist it hires .
Fair trade
Some criticisms have been raised about fair trade systems . One 2015 study in a journal published by the MIT Press concluded that producer benefits were close to zero because there was an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as fair trade was actually sold on fair trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification . Some research indicates that the implementation of certain fair trade standards can cause greater inequalities in some markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market . In the Fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce the fair trade standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them .
In-N-Out Burger
In addition to conventional , paid advertising , In - N - Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans . For many years , it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say `` In - N - Out Burger '' . The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In - N - Out logo . Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business . When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In - N - Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , a senior executive said , `` It does not get much better than that for us . We 're kind of a small company , and we do not have any celebrity endorsers . But I think we just got the best one we could have . '' Huell Howser was allowed , in what is believed to be a first , to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California 's Gold Special . The show also included a behind - the - scenes tour of the In - N - Out Headquarters .
Fair trade
Fairtrade labelling ( usually simply Fairtrade or Fair Trade Certified in the United States ) is a certification system designed to allow consumers to identify goods which meet agreed standards . Overseen by a standard - setting body ( FLO International ) and a certification body ( FLO - CERT ) , the system involves independent auditing of producers and traders to ensure the agreed standards are met . For a product to carry either the International Fairtrade Certification Mark or the Fair Trade Certified Mark , it must come from FLO - CERT inspected and certified producer organizations . The crops must be grown and harvested in accordance with the international Fair trade standards set by FLO International . The supply chain must also have been monitored by FLO - CERT , to ensure the integrity of the labelled product .
Blood plasma
Following fears of variant Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease ( vCJD ) being spread through the blood supply , the British government began to import American plasma to meet its needs . In 2002 , it purchased Life Resources Incorporated to be able to secure plasma supply from the United States . The company became Plasma Resources UK ( PRUK ) . It owned Bio Products Laboratory . In 2013 , the British government sold an 80 % stake in PRUK to American hedge fund Bain Capital , in a deal estimated to be worth £ 230 million . The sale was met with criticism in the UK , over both the oversight of the company , and the impact on British blood needs . Confusion arose as some thought that the blood of British blood donors voluntarily donating to NHS Blood and Transplant Services would be sold for profit . Currently , plasma donated in the United Kingdom is still not used due to concerns about vCJD , and is incinerated after component parts have been separated from it .
Plant breeding
Plant breeders ' rights is also a major and controversial issue . Today , production of new varieties is dominated by commercial plant breeders , who seek to protect their work and collect royalties through national and international agreements based in intellectual property rights . The range of related issues is complex . In the simplest terms , critics of the increasingly restrictive regulations argue that , through a combination of technical and economic pressures , commercial breeders are reducing biodiversity and significantly constraining individuals ( such as farmers ) from developing and trading seed on a regional level . Efforts to strengthen breeders ' rights , for example , by lengthening periods of variety protection , are ongoing .
Luxury tax
A luxury good may be a Veblen good , which is a type of good for which demand increases as price increases . Therefore , the effect of a luxury tax may be to increase demand for certain luxury goods . In general , however , since a luxury good has a high income elasticity of demand by definition , both the income effect and substitution effect will decrease demand sharply as the tax rises .
The Gospel of Wealth
Unlike many industrialists of his time , Carnegie was an inventor or a risk - taking Wall Street financier . Many of his fellow capitalists financed their various business ventures with watered - down stocks . This is not how Carnegie chose to conduct his business . All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations . He chose to be Jewish an focus on the vertical integration of a single industry , specifically the steel industry . Most others made their profits by creating a horizontal monopoly . He worked hard to control entire industries , rather than parts of many . By 1890 , Carnegie was a multi-millionaire .
Air New Zealand
On 19 October 2005 , Air New Zealand proposed outsourcing most of its heavy maintenance on its long - haul aircraft and engines , which would result in about 600 job losses , mostly in Auckland . Air New Zealand said that there were larger maintenance providers that could provide maintenance work more cheaply due to their large scale . The proposal was estimated to save $100 million over five years and came after many attempts to attract contracts to service other airlines ' longhaul aircraft .
Fair trade
The University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh also offers many courses in many different disciplines that implement fair trade learning . They offer a business course with a trip to Peru to visit coffee farmers , an environmental science class that discusses fair trade as a way for cleaner food systems , an English course that focuses on the Earth Charter and the application of fair trade principles , and several upper - level anthropology courses make fair trade the center of the class .
Business
The word `` business '' can refer to a particular organization or to an entire market sector ( for example , `` the finance business '' is `` the financial sector '' ) or to all economic sectors collectively ( `` the business sector '' ) . Compound forms such as `` agribusiness '' represent subsets of the concept 's broader meaning , which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services .
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
In 1994 , BCBS changed to allow its licensees to be for - profit corporations . During 2010 , Health Care Service Corporation , the parent company of BCBS in Texas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , Montana and Illinois , nearly doubled its income to $1.09 billion in 2010 , and began four years of billion - dollar profits . In the final spending bill for FY 2015 after much lobbying since 2010 , nonprofit Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans continue to have special tax breaks that were understood to be threatened by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 .
Franchising
Third - party logistics has become an increasingly more popular franchise opportunity due the quickly growing transportation industry and low cost franchising . In 2012 , Inc. Magazine ranked three logistics and transportation companies in the top 100 fastest growing companies in the annual Inc. 5000 rankings .
Business
Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments . It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk . Finance can also be defined as the science of money management . Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return . Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories : public finance , corporate finance and personal finance .
Franchising
Often the training period -- the costs of which are in great part covered by the initial fee -- is too short in cases where it is necessary to operate complicated equipment , and the franchisee has to learn on their own from instruction manuals . The training period must be adequate , but in low - cost franchises it may be considered expensive . Many franchisors have set up corporate universities to train staff online . This is in addition to providing literature , sales documents and email access .
American Girl
In 2005 , some pro-life and Catholic groups criticized the company for donating funds to the organization Girls , Inc. , which supports underprivileged girls and promotes abortion rights and acceptance of homosexuality .
Franchising
The franchising or duplication of another firm 's successful home - based business model is referred to as a home - based franchise . Home - based franchises are becoming popular as they are considered to be an easy way to start a business as they may provide a low barrier for entry into entrepreneurship . It may cost little to start a home - based franchise , but experts say that `` the work is no less hard . ''
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Another criticism of NREGA is that it is making agriculture less profitable . Landholders often oppose it on these grounds . The big farmer 's point of view can be summed up as follows : landless labourers are lazy and they do n't want to work on farms as they can get money without doing anything at NREGA worksites ; farmers may have to sell their land , thereby laying foundation for the corporate farming .
Executive compensation
Recently , empirical evidence showed that compensation consultants only further exacerbated the controversy . A study of more than 1,000 US companies over six years finds `` strong empirical evidence '' that executive compensation consultants have been hired as a `` justification device '' for higher CEO pay .
Business
A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors ; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company . The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction , with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction .