vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Waikato River
A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early - established landfills and waste - emitting factories on the banks of the river . These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu , just downriver from Hamilton , whose leachates include persistent organic pollutants such as dieldrin in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life . The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website . In 2002 dead eels were found in a tributary of the river when a container of pesticides and other chemicals was apparently illegally dumped . The chemicals were diluted when they entered the much bigger Waikato River . The harmful effect was temporary .
Meander
A cut bank is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside , concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or stream . A cutbank is also known either as a river - cut cliff , river cliff , or a bluff and spelled as cutbank . Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand , silt , and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion . As a result , the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend , forming the cut bank .
Yosemite National Park
Hydrologic processes , including glaciation , flooding , and fluvial geomorphic response , have been fundamental in creating landforms in the park . The park also contains approximately 3,200 lakes ( greater than 100 m ) , two reservoirs , and 1,700 miles ( 2,700 km ) of streams , all of which help form these two large watersheds . Wetlands in Yosemite occur in valley bottoms throughout the park , and are often hydrologically linked to nearby lakes and rivers through seasonal flooding and groundwater movement . Meadow habitats , distributed at elevations from 3,000 to 11,000 feet ( 910 to 3,350 m ) in the park , are generally wetlands , as are the riparian habitats found on the banks of Yosemite 's numerous streams and rivers . Bridalveil
Rainwater harvesting
For low - tech systems , many low - tech methods are used to capture rainwater : rooftop systems , surface water capture , and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks ( cisterns ) .
Rainwater harvesting
A number of Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction , irrigation , laundry , and lavatory plumbing . Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural , industrial , and residential use , but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces . Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Fukushima II was also struck by the tsunami . However , it had incorporated design changes that improved its resistance to flooding , reducing flood damage . Generators and related electrical distribution equipment were located in the watertight reactor building , so that power from the electricity grid was being used by midnight . Seawater pumps for cooling were protected from flooding , and although 3 of 4 initially failed , they were restored to operation .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Multi-utilities . Some utilities in the U.S. provide only water and / or sewer services , while others are multi-utilities that also provide power and gas services . Examples of utilities that provide only water and sewer services are the Boston Water and Sewer Commission , Dallas Water Utilities , the New York City Department of Environmental Protection , Seattle Public Utilities and the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission . Other utilities , such as the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission , provide power in addition to water and sewer services . Other multi-utilities provide power and water services , but no sewer services , such as the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Orlando Utilities Commission . There are also some utilities that provide only sewer services , such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago or the sewer utility in the city of Santa Clara . The
Geography of West Bengal
Ganges enters West Bengal near Rajmahal and then flows in a south - easterly direction . It divides into two near north of Dhulian in Murshidabad district . One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma or Pôdda , while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River in a southern direction . The Bhagirathi is the main river in West Bengal which flows past some of the important cities like Murshidabad , Baharampur , Nabadwip , Chinsura , Chandannagar , Srirampur , Howrah , Kolkata , Diamond Harbour and Haldia . It empties its water into Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island in the South 24 Parganas .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Rising water demands . Hotter summers mean thirstier people and plants . In addition , more evaporation from reservoirs and irrigated farmland will lead to faster depletion of water supplies . Increased drought . Scientific evidence suggests that rising temperatures in the southwestern United States will reduce river flows and contribute to an increased severity , frequency , and duration of droughts . Seasonal supply reductions . Many utilities depend on winter snowpack to store water and then gradually release it through snowmelt during spring and summer . Warmer temperatures will accelerate snowmelt , causing the bulk of the runoff to occur earlier and potentially increasing water storage needs in these areas .
Soil erosion
In other regions of the world ( e.g. western Europe ) , runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of stratiform rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil . In such situations , rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
The vessel should always have a positive speed over the ground . It is possible to regulate the density of the sucked substance . If the head is lowered , more material will be sucked but there is a greater possibility of damaging the installation because the material can get stuck inside the pipes . Once the mixture is loaded inside the hopper , the substance will sink and the water is discharged overboard , creating more room for extra substance . A trailing suction hopper dredger is only capable to suck relatively loose substance because the steel teeth are not so big . Harder substances such as rock , or ironbased rock must be destroyed by a cutter .
Pelton wheel
Nozzles direct forceful , high - speed streams of water against a series of spoon - shaped buckets , also known as impulse blades , which are mounted around the outer rim of a drive wheel -- also called a runner ( see photo , ' Old Pelton wheel ... ' ) . As the water jet hits the blades , the direction of water velocity is changed to follow the contours of the blades . The impulse energy of the water jet exerts torque on the bucket - and - wheel system , spinning the wheel ; the water jet does a `` u-turn '' and exits at the outer sides of the bucket , decelerated to a low velocity . In the process , the water jet 's momentum is transferred to the wheel and hence to a turbine . Thus , `` impulse '' energy does work on the turbine . Maximum power and efficiency are achieved when the velocity of the water jet is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets . A very small percentage of the water jet 's original kinetic energy will remain in the water , which causes the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled , ( see conservation of mass ) and thereby allows the high - pressure input flow to continue uninterrupted and without waste of energy . Typically two buckets are mounted side - by - side on the wheel , with the water jet split into two equal streams ; this balances the side - load forces on the wheel and helps to ensure smooth , efficient transfer of momentum from the water jet to the turbine wheel .
Water in California
Water always gets recycled , via rivers , aquifers , and the atmosphere , but we can also do this directly and intentionally . Water reuse in California is increasingly important , with reclaimed water being used preferably for agricultural irrigation , toilet flushing , and industry ( e.g. , making concrete , cooling ) , although some apply direct and indirect potable reuse , risking environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant s and other constituents of emerging concern . Treatment should be in accordance with the use and , in many cases , water can be safely and productively recycled back to the same non-potable use .
Anticyclone
The circulation around mid-level ( altitude ) ridges , and the air subsidence at their center , act to steer tropical cyclones around their periphery . Due to the subsidence within this type of system , a cap can develop which inhibits free convection and hence mixing of the lower with the middle level troposphere . This limits thunderstorm activity near their centers and traps low - level pollutants such as ozone as haze under their base , which is a significant problem in large urban centers during summer months such as Los Angeles , California and Mexico City .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
While Isaac was moving ashore Louisiana , it produced a high storm surge that reached 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) in Shell Beach . The large storm brought high winds across the state , with sustained winds of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) and gusts to 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) on Grand Isle . As of Wednesday afternoon ( Aug. 29 ) , over 600,000 customers were reported without power in Louisiana , mainly in Metropolitan New Orleans . Flooding was reported in Slidell , Louisiana , as pumping stations were unable to keep up with rainfall rates . On the morning of August 30 , Tangipahoa Parish officials issued a mandatory evacuation for those living on or near the Tangipahoa River from Kentwood to Robert after Lake Tangipahoa Dam at Percy Quin State Park near McComb , Mississippi sustained heavy damage . At the time , McComb Mayor Whitney Rodgers said there was a 50 % chance the dam would fail . The dam held , and after the storm water was pumped over the dam to lower the lake levels and begin repairs . St. John the Baptist Parish was one of the hardest hit areas . A lack of a hurricane levee system and 8 -- 10 ft storm surge caused massive flooding of hundreds of homes . Over 3500 residents were rescued and evacuated . New
Rainwater harvesting
To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems , a new metric was developed - the demand to supply ratio ( D / S ) - identifying the ideal building design ( supply ) and function ( demand ) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing . With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water , but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network ( thereby requiring treatment ) , the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one .
River Welland
This section is crossed by King Street , which follows the course of a Roman road . Where it crosses the Maxey Cut , to the south of the original channels , there are a series of 14 arches which comprise Lolham Bridges . They are grouped into five structures to cross the channels in the area , and were funded by the County of Northamptonshire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . The longest span is 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) , and the cutwaters carry inscribed stones recording the County 's involvement . To the north , an early nineteenth century stone rubble arched bridge carries the road over a drainage ditch near Lolham Mill , while an eighteenth - century bridge , probably rebuilt in the following century , crosses the mill stream . Another pair of early nineteenth - century bridges , built of coursed limestone with ashlar dressings , carry the road over the northernmost channel .
Rhode Island
In March 2010 , areas of the state received record flooding due to rising rivers from heavy rain . The first period of rainy weather in mid-March caused localized flooding and , two weeks later , more rain caused more widespread flooding in many towns , especially south of Providence . Rain totals on March 29 -- 30 , 2010 exceeded 14 inches ( 35.5 cm ) in many locales , resulting in the inundation of area rivers -- especially the Pawtuxet River which runs through central Rhode Island . The overflow of the Pawtuxet River , nearly 11 feet ( 3 m ) above flood stage , submerged a sewage treatment plant and closed a five - mile ( 8 km ) stretch of Interstate 95 . In addition , it flooded two shopping malls , numerous businesses , and many homes in the towns of Warwick , West Warwick , Cranston , and Westerly . Amtrak service was also suspended between New York and Boston during this period . Following the flood , Rhode Island was in a state of emergency for two days . The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) was called in to help flood victims .
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions , and in developed countries , is often used to supplement the main supply . It provides water when a drought occurs , can help mitigate flooding of low - lying areas , and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained . It also helps in the availability of potable water , as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts . Application of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution system , less generated stormwater in sewer system , and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies .
Meander
The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the secondary flow and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend . The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside , forming the helical flow . The greater the curvature of the bend , and the faster the flow , the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping .
St. Johns River
Wetlands in the upper and middle basin are fed by rainwater , trapped by the structure of the surrounding land . It is an oxygen - and nutrient - poor environment ; what grows usually does so in peat which is created by centuries of decaying plant material . Water levels fluctuate with the subtropical wet and dry seasons . Rain in central and north Florida occurs seasonally during summer and winter , but farther south rain in winter is rare . All plants in these basins must tolerate water fluctuation , both flooding and drought . Sweetbay ( Magnolia virginiana ) , cypress ( Taxodium ) , and swamp tupelo ( Nyssa biflora ) trees often find great success in this region on raised land called hammocks . Trees that live in water for long periods usually have buttressed trunks , tangled , braided roots , or protrusions like cypress knees to obtain oxygen when under water , but the majority of plant life is aquatic . Wetland staples include the American white waterlily ( Nymphaea odorata ) , pitcher plants , and Virginia iris ( Iris virginica ) . In the southernmost points of the river , Cladium , or sawgrass , grows in vast swaths of wet prairie that at one time extended into the Everglades . These wetland flora are remarkably successful in filtering pollutants that otherwise find their way into the river .
Hurricane Irma
Swollen rivers contributed to worsening flooding in the days after the storm system left , resulting in additional evacuations . Officials resorted to using inflatable rafts to access affected areas . The national electrical infrastructure was said to be extensively damaged .
Nephron
The arterioles from the renal circulation enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole . The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman 's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole .
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity , from systems that can be installed with minimal skills , to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation . The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job , as all the outlets from the building terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water .
Hurricane Harvey
Many locations in the Houston metropolitan area observed at least 30 in ( 76 cm ) of precipitation , with a maximum of 64.58 in ( 164.0 cm ) in Nederland . This makes Harvey the wettest tropical cyclone on record for both Texas and the United States , surpassing the previous rainfall record held by Tropical Storm Amelia . The local National Weather Service office in Houston observed all - time record daily rainfall accumulations on both August 26 and 27 , measured at 14.4 in ( 37 cm ) and 16.08 in ( 40.8 cm ) respectively . Due to the amount of rain accumulated from Harvey , the National Weather Service added 2 new colors to the rain index representing around 50 % of the maximum rainfall dropped by Harvey . Multiple flash flood emergencies were issued in the Houston area by the National Weather Service beginning the night of August 26 . In Pearland , a suburb south of Houston , a report was made of 9.92 '' of rainfall in 90 minutes . The 39.11 in ( 99.3 cm ) of rain in August made the month the wettest ever recorded in Houston since record keeping began in 1892 , more than doubling the previous record of 19.21 in ( 48.8 cm ) in June 2001 . The storm surge peaked at 6 feet at Port Lavaca , reducing outflow of rainwater from land to sea .
Hurricane Harvey
The Beaumont -- Port Arthur metropolitan area also experienced torrential precipitation , including 32.55 in ( 82.7 cm ) of rainfall in Beaumont . Rising waters of the Neches River caused the city to lose service from its main pump station , as well as its secondary water source in Hardin County , cutting water supply to the city for an unknown amount of time . Flooding to the north and east of the Houston area resulted in mandatory evacuations for portions of Liberty , Jefferson , and Tyler counties , while Jasper and Newton counties were under a voluntary evacuation . One death occurred in Beaumont when a woman exited her disabled vehicle , but was swept away . In Port Arthur , the mayor stated that the entire city was submerged by water . Hundreds of displaced residents went to the Robert A. `` Bob '' Bowers Civic Center for shelter , but they were evacuated again after the building began to flood . Water entered at least several hundreds of homes in Jefferson County .
Osmosis
When a cell is submerged in water , the water molecules pass through the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration . For example , if the cell is submerged in saltwater , water molecules move out of the cell . If a cell is submerged in freshwater , water molecules move into the cell . Water
Victoria Falls
There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood : Boaruka Island ( or Cataract Island ) near the western bank , and Livingstone Island near the middle -- the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls . At less than full flood , additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams . The main streams are named , in order from Zimbabwe ( west ) to Zambia ( east ) : Devil 's Cataract ( called Leaping Water by some ) , Main Falls , Rainbow Falls ( the highest ) and the Eastern Cataract .
Godavari River
High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt formations . This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin . Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which is converting soils in to unproductive sodic alkali soils . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin :
Geography of China
There is a steep drop in the river level in the North China Plain , where the river continues across the delta , it transports a heavy load of sand and mud which is deposited on the flat plain . The flow is aided by manmade embankments . As a result , the river flows on a raised ridge fifty meters above the plain . Waterlogging , floods , and course changes have recurred over the centuries . Traditionally , rulers were judged by their concern for or indifference to preservation of the embankments . In the modern era , China has undertaken extensive flood control and conservation measures .
Godavari River
About 0.5 km ( 0.31 mi ) south direction from Nashik , the river bends sharply to the east , washing the base of a high cliff formerly the site of a Mughal fort , but which is now being eaten away by the action of floods . About 25 km ( 16 mi ) below Nasik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries , the Darna river . The stream occupies , for nine months in the year , a small space in a wide and gravelly bed , the greyish banks being 4 to 6 m ( 13 to 20 ft ) high , topped with a deep layer of black soil . A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna , the Godavari swerves to the north - east , till the Banganga , from the north - west , meets it on the left . The course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south . At Nandur - Madhmeshwar , the Kadva , a second large affluent , brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari . The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau . The river beyond exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enter the Kopargaon taluka , Ahmednagar District . Within Ahmednagar the river quickly completes its short course , flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon and reaching Puntamba . Beyond this the river has been deployed as a natural boundary between the following districts :
Hurricane Harvey
In Alabama , a tornado in the vicinity of Reform damaged two homes and destroyed a barn along State Route 17 , while four people were hospitalized for their injuries . A possible tornado in Lamar County near Kennedy caused damage to trees and roofs . In Tennessee , more than 19,000 people lost electricity in Memphis . Low - lying streets in the area were inundated with water . One indirect death occurred in Memphis due to a weather - related head - on collision of a car and a tractor trailer on Interstate 40 . Heavy rainfall in Nashville inundated a number of roads and flooded an apartment complex , resulting in the evacuation of 13 people . Overall , about 50 people in the city evacuated from flooded areas .