vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of Walmart
In response to the popularity of organic food supermarkets , such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats , Walmart announced plans in May 2006 , to increase the amount of organic food available in its stores . They announced that both conventionally grown and organic versions of certain products would be available , and the price of organic versions would not be more than 10 % over the price of conventionally grown products . Since Walmart is one of the nation 's largest grocery retailers , there was some concern expressed that their push to lower prices would not be sustainable for inexpensive organic food .
Thar Desert
Prosopis cineraria is much valued as a fodder tree . The trees are heavily lopped particularly during winter months when no other green fodder is available in the dry tracts . There is a popular saying that death will not visit a man , even at the time of a famine , if he has a Prosopis cineraria , a goat and a camel , since the three together are some what said to sustain a man even under the most trying condition . The forage yield per tree varies a great deal . On an average , the yield of green forage from a full grown tree is expected to be about 60 kg with complete lopping having only the central leading shoot , 30 kg when the lower two third crown is lopped and 20 kg when the lower one third crown is lopped . The leaves are of high nutritive value . Feeding of the leaves during winter when no other green fodder is generally available in rain - fed areas is thus profitable . The pods have a sweetish pulp and are also used as fodder for livestock .
Joan of Arc
In response to another such theory alleging that her visions were caused by bovine tuberculosis as a result of drinking unpasteurized milk , historian Régine Pernoud wrote that if drinking unpasteurized milk could produce such potential benefits for the nation , then the French government should stop mandating the pasteurization of milk . Miniature
Mercury in fish
The danger level from consuming fish depends on species and size . Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury . Sharks , such as the mako shark , have very high levels of mercury . A study on New Jersey coastal fish indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5 parts per million , a level that could pose a human health concern for consumers who regularly eat this fish . Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding Southern Italy showed that , undoubtedly , greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues . Moreover , the concentration , measured in milligrams of mercury per kilogram of fish , steadily increases with the size of the fish . Anglerfish off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram , higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram . Annually , Italy catches approximately a third of its fish from the Adriatic Sea , where these anglerfish were found .
Quechuan languages
This example comes from a discourse where a woman demands compensation from the man ( the speaker in the example ) whose pigs ruined her potatoes . He denies the pigs as being his but finally realizes he may be responsible and produces the above example .
Origin of the domestic dog
Ancient DNA supports the hypothesis that dog domestication preceded the emergence of agriculture and was initiated close to the Last Glacial Maximum 27,000 YBP when hunter - gatherers preyed on megafauna , and when proto - dogs might have taken advantage of carcasses left on site by early hunters , assisted in the capture of prey , or provided defense from large competing predators at kill - sites . Wolves were probably attracted to human campfires by the smell of meat being cooked and discarded refuse in the vicinity , first loosely attaching themselves and then considering these as part of their home territory where their warning growls would alert humans to the approach of outsiders . The wolves most likely drawn to human camps were the less - aggressive , subdominant pack members with lowered flight response , higher stress thresholds , less wary around humans , and therefore better candidates for domestication . The earliest sign of domestication in dogs was the neotonization of skull morphology and the shortening of snout length that results in tooth crowding , reduction in tooth size , and a reduction in the number of teeth , which has been attributed to the strong selection for reduced aggression . This process may have begun during the initial commensal stage of dog domestication , even before humans began to be active partners in the process .
Fur trade
Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished ; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur - bearer trapping , but has become controversial . Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade , citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive . Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations , for example , as in ruffs on hoods of parkas . A
Fair trade
In the subsequent years , fair trade agricultural commodities played an important role in the growth of many ATOs : successful on the market , they offered a much - needed , renewable source of income for producers and provided Alternative Trading Organizations a complement to the handicrafts market . The first fair trade agricultural products were tea and coffee , quickly followed by : dried fruits , cocoa , sugar , fruit juices , rice , spices and nuts . While in 1992 , a sales value ratio of 80 % handcrafts to 20 % agricultural goods was the norm , in 2002 handcrafts amounted to 25 % of fair trade sales while commodity food lines were up at 69 % .
Barn swallow
Many cattle farmers believed that swallows spread Salmonella infections , however a study in Sweden showed no evidence of the birds being reservoirs of the bacteria .
Water fluoridation
Fluoride 's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources . About 70 -- 90 % of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood , where it distributes throughout the body . In infants 80 -- 90 % of absorbed fluoride is retained , with the rest excreted , mostly via urine ; in adults about 60 % is retained . About 99 % of retained fluoride is stored in bone , teeth , and other calcium - rich areas , where excess quantities can cause fluorosis . Drinking water is typically the largest source of fluoride . In many industrialized countries swallowed toothpaste is the main source of fluoride exposure in unfluoridated communities . Other sources include dental products other than toothpaste ; air pollution from fluoride - containing coal or from phosphate fertilizers ; trona , used to tenderize meat in Tanzania ; and tea leaves , particularly the tea bricks favored in parts of China . High fluoride levels have been found in other foods , including barley , cassava , corn , rice , taro , yams , and fish protein concentrate . The U.S. Institute of Medicine has established Dietary Reference Intakes for fluoride : Adequate Intake values range from 0.01 mg / day for infants aged 6 months or less , to 4 mg / day for men aged 19 years and up ; and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level is 0.10 mg / kg / day for infants and children through age 8 years , and 10 mg / day thereafter . A rough estimate is that an adult in a temperate climate consumes 0.6 mg / day of fluoride without fluoridation , and 2 mg / day with fluoridation . However , these values differ greatly among the world 's regions : for example , in Sichuan , China the average daily fluoride intake is only 0.1 mg / day in drinking water but 8.9 mg / day in food and 0.7 mg / day directly from the air due to the use of high - fluoride soft coal for cooking and drying foodstuffs indoors .
Neolithic Revolution
Ronald Wright 's book and Massey Lecture Series A Short History of Progress popularized this hypothesis . The postulated Younger Dryas impact event , claimed to be in part responsible for megafauna extinction and ending the last glacial period , could have provided circumstances that required the evolution of agricultural societies for humanity to survive . The agrarian revolution itself is a reflection of typical overpopulation by certain species following initial events during extinction eras ; this overpopulation itself ultimately propagates the extinction event . Leonid Grinin argues that whatever plants were cultivated , the independent invention of agriculture always took place in special natural environments ( e.g. , South - East Asia ) . It is supposed that the cultivation of cereals started somewhere in the Near East : in the hills of Palestine or Egypt . So Grinin dates the beginning of the agricultural revolution within the interval 12,000 to 9,000 BP , though in some cases the first cultivated plants or domesticated animals ' bones are even of a more ancient age of 14 -- 15 thousand years ago . Andrew Moore suggested that the Neolithic Revolution originated over long periods of development in the Levant , possibly beginning during the Epipaleolithic . In `` A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution '' , Frank Hole further expanded the relationship between plant and animal domestication . He suggested the events could have occurred independently over different periods of time , in as yet unexplored locations . He noted that no transition site had been found documenting the shift from what he termed immediate and delayed return social systems . He noted that the full range of domesticated animals ( goats , sheep , cattle and pigs ) were not found until the sixth millennium at Tell Ramad . Hole concluded that `` close attention should be paid in future investigations to the western margins of the Euphrates basin , perhaps as far south as the Arabian Peninsula , especially where wadis carrying Pleistocene rainfall runoff flowed . ''
History of the United Kingdom
Historians credit Britain with a highly successful record of mobilising the home front for the war effort , in terms of mobilising the greatest proportion of potential workers , maximising output , assigning the right skills to the right task , and maintaining the morale and spirit of the people . Much of this success was due to the systematic planned mobilisation of women , as workers , soldiers and housewives , enforced after December 1941 by conscription . The women supported the war effort , and made the rationing of consumer goods a success . In some ways , the government over-responded , evacuating too many children in the first days of the war , closing cinemas as frivolous then reopening them when the need for cheap entertainment was clear , sacrificing cats and dogs to save a little space on shipping pet food , only to discover an urgent need to keep the rats and mice under control . The British relied successfully on voluntarism . Munitions production rose dramatically , and the quality remained high . Food production was emphasised , in large part to free shipping for munitions . Farmers increased the number of acres under cultivation from 12,000,000 to 18,000,000 ( from about 50,000 to 75,000 km ) , and the farm labour force was expanded by a fifth , thanks especially to the Women 's Land Army .
Gilded Age
Because of the Chicago packers , ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals , and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there . At the same time and for the same reason , Americans of all classes found a greater variety of more and better meats on their tables , purchased on average at lower prices than ever before . Seen in this light , the packers ' `` rigid system of economy '' seemed a very good thing indeed .
Rub' al Khali
Evidence suggests that the lakes were home to a variety of flora and fauna . Fossil remains indicate the presence of several animal species , such as hippopotamus , water buffalo , and long - horned cattle . The lakes also contained small snails , ostracods , and when conditions were suitable , freshwater clams . Deposits of calcium carbonate and opal phytoliths indicate the presence of plants and algae . There is also evidence of human activity dating from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , including chipped flint tools , but no actual human remains have been found .
Standard of living in China
Farm family members on average consumed much less of most major kinds of goods than urban residents . For instance , a household survey found in 1985 that the average urban dweller consumed 148 kilograms of vegetables , 20 kilograms of meat , 2.6 kilograms of sugar , and 8 kilograms of liquor . At the same time , a survey of rural households found that the average rural resident consumed 131 kilograms of vegetables , 11 kilograms of meat , 1.5 kilograms of sugar , and 4 kilograms of liquor . Differences of a similar nature existed for consumer durables .
Consumption of Tide Pods
In 2018 , media publications noted that shortly after the product 's introduction , the consumption of Tide Pods became a topic of discussion on the Internet . Ultimately , eating Tide Pods became a meme , with its origins being credited to a 2013 thread on the Straight Dope online message board and a 2015 article from The Onion . Mashable quoted an instance of a tweet regarding this topic from 2012 , `` Why does a Tide Pod look so good to eat ? '' The Straight Dope thread 's discussion was more centered on children accidentally eating Tide Pods , rather than the meme 's iteration popularized in 2017 , which portrays pods as a delicious food . The topic of children eating the pods was a concept based on real incidents of children consuming them .
Mercury in fish
In the United States , the EPA serves as an advisory organ to set the levels of mercury that are non-fatal in humans . Symptoms of exposure to high levels of methyl mercury include disturbed vision , hearing , and speech , lack of coordination , and muscle weakness . Medical studies have examined the correlation of fish consumption and health issues . American studies have presented evidence of fish consumption and its effects on child development . Longitudinal studies agree that human activities are what release and accumulate mercury in marine life . Addressing the issues of fish consumption forces health officials to recognize the sources of mercury in the human body . Specific Native American tribes are vulnerable to a high exposure of mercury . Studies have determined that these native peoples in the United States suffer more from mercury poisoning and illness than any other cohort group in the country . This is due to the fact that fish is a main source of protein . Exposure risk was assessed through a medical study , thus raising judicial issues of whether the public health of these groups is a priority in the United States . Work
Neolithic Revolution
The traditional view is that agricultural food production supported a denser population , which in turn supported larger sedentary communities , the accumulation of goods and tools , and specialization in diverse forms of new labor . The development of larger societies led to the development of different means of decision making and to governmental organization . Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were not otherwise engaged in agriculture , industry or commerce , but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision - making . Jared Diamond ( in The World Until Yesterday ) identifies the availability of milk and / or cereal grains as permitting mothers to raise both an older ( e.g. 3 or 4 year old ) child and a younger child concurrently , whereas this was not possible previously . The result is that a population can significantly more - rapidly increase its size than would otherwise be the case , resources permitting .
Trafficking of children
In China , in response to adult starvation , some children were exchanged , killed , and eaten . According to Robyn Meredith , `` peasants ( in the People 's Republic of China ( possibly in ca . B.C. 770 ) ) turned into skeletons . The nation 's farmers , including the residents of Xiaogang , ... ( among some ) starving families ( , ) resorted to a practice called 易 子 而 食 ( meaning `` exchanging children to eat '' ) : ... they traded a child for a neighbor 's child , then killed and ate the skinny youngster , with the sickening knowledge that their neighbors were devouring their own . ''
Consumption of Tide Pods
In late December 2017 , Tide Pods became the center of an Internet meme popularized on Twitter , which involves a dare to intentionally consume the pods . The meme became especially popular with teenagers , and since then , there has been a sharp increase in poisoning incidents . Responding to the growing number of incidents , Google and Facebook started removing videos that featured the challenge , and Procter & Gamble aired numerous advertisements urging people to not eat the pods .
Ancient Greek cuisine
In ancient Greece , fruit and vegetables were a significant part of the diet , as the ancient Greeks consumed much less meat than is usual today . Legumes would have been important crops , as their ability to replenish exhausted soil was known at least by the time of Xenophon . As one of the first domesticated crops to be introduced to Greece , lentils are commonly found at archaeological sites in the region from the Upper Paleolithic .
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid occurs in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides . Several studies suggest that humans metabolize salicylic acid in measurable quantities from these plants ; one study found that vegetarians not taking aspirin had urinary levels of salicylic acid comparable to those of patients taking 75 mg of aspirin per day , while the non-vegetarians had levels roughly one - quarter that of vegetarians . Dietary sources of salicylic acid and their interaction with drugs such as aspirin have not been well studied . Ongoing clinical studies of patients with aspirin - induced asthma have shown some benefits of a diet low in salicylic acid . Dietary salicylic acid may be partially responsible for the health benefits of a plant - based diet .
Origin of the domestic dog
An apex predator is a predator that sits on the top trophic level of the food chain , while a mesopredator sits further down the food chain and is dependent on smaller animals . Towards the end of the Pleistocene era , most of today 's apex predators were mesopredators and this included the wolf . During the ecological upheaval associated with the close of the Late Pleistocene , one type of wolf population rose to become today 's apex predator and another joined with humans to become an apex consumer . Further
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is used by organisms in all domains of life for a variety of purposes . It is believed that choline , a precursor to acetylcholine , was used by single celled organisms billions of years ago ( 2 ) for synthesizing cell membrane phospholipids . Following the evolution of choline transporters , the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become incorporated into other synthetic pathways , including acetylcholine production . Acetylcholine is used by bacteria , fungi , and a variety of other animals . Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels via GPCRs like membrane proteins ( 3 ) .
History of agriculture
The indigenous people of the Eastern U.S.A. domesticated numerous crops . Sunflowers , tobacco , varieties of squash and Chenopodium , as well as crops no longer grown , including marsh elder and little barley , were domesticated . Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested . The most common varieties of strawberry were domesticated from Eastern North America . Two major crops , pecans and Concord grapes , were utilized extensively in prehistoric times but do not appear to have been domesticated until the 19th century .
Fermentation
In microorganisms , fermentation is the primary means of producing energy by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically . Humans have used fermentation to produce drinks and beverages since the Neolithic age . For example , fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid as found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers , kimchi and yogurt ( see fermentation in food processing ) , as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine ( see fermentation in winemaking ) and beer . Fermentation can even occur within the stomachs of animals , including humans .
Standard of living in China
Following the economic reforms introduced by the government in the late 1970s , consumption and individual incomes rose significantly , with the real per capita consumption of peasants rising at an annual rate of 6.7 % from 1975 to 1986 , while for urbanites over the same period , the corresponding figure was 5.5 % . The improvements in the standard of living were demonstrated by a boom in rural and urban housing , together with a considerable increase in the ownership of televisions and other appliances .
Chernobyl disaster
In Western Europe , precautionary measures taken in response to the radiation included seemingly arbitrary regulations banning the importation of certain foods but not others . In France some officials stated that the Chernobyl accident had no adverse effects . Official figures in southern Bavaria in Germany indicated that some wild plant species contained substantial levels of caesium , which were believed to have been passed onto them during their consumption by wild boars , a significant number of which already contained radioactive particles above the allowed level .
Mercury in fish
In the 1950s , inhabitants of the seaside town of Minamata , on Kyushu island in Japan , noticed strange behavior in animals . Cats would exhibit nervous tremors , and dance and scream . Within a few years this was observed in other animals ; birds would drop out of the sky . Symptoms were also observed in fish , an important component of the diet , especially for the poor . When human symptoms started to be noticed around 1956 an investigation began . Fishing was officially banned in 1957 . It was found that the Chisso Corporation , a petrochemical company and maker of plastics such as vinyl chloride , had been discharging heavy metal waste into the sea for decades . They used mercury compounds as catalysts in their syntheses . It is believed that about 5,000 people were killed and perhaps 50,000 have been to some extent poisoned by mercury . Mercury poisoning in Minamata , Japan , is now known as Minamata disease .
World State in Brave New World
The World State operates a command economy , in which prices , production , and trade are all regulated by the state . Furthermore , the economy is based on the principles of mass production and mass consumerism . Citizens of the World State have access to a vast array of very high - quality foods , goods , and services , whilst the manufacture and provision of these goods and services creates jobs for all members of society . In order to enhance consumerism and so keep the economy strong , people are encouraged to throw away old or damaged possessions and buy new ones . In this way , every citizen of the World State is kept happy , with a plentiful supply of creature comforts and a permanent job . Later in the novel , World Controller Mustapha Mond explains that approximately one third of the global population is employed permanently in agricultural occupations , a surprisingly high proportion for such a high - tech , industrialised society , although this may have something to do with the fact that Huxley 's world is limited in its mechanization and automation . This limitation is deliberately put in place in order to keep the populace busy working to produce new goods , with fears that increased free time and further technological advancements would lead to civil unrest and social instability . This was proven in an experiment in Ireland where all workers were placed on a 4 - hour day , which led to unrest and increased consumption of soma .