vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Early world maps
The Da Ming Hunyi Tu ( Chinese : 大明 混 一 图 ; literally : `` Amalgamated Map of the Great Ming Empire '' ) world map , likely made in the late 14th or the 15th century , shows China at the centre and Europe , half - way round the globe , depicted very small and horizontally compressed at the edge . The coast of Africa is also mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective , showing the Cape of Good Hope area . It is believed that maps of this type were made since about the 1320s , but all earlier specimens have been lost , so the earliest survivor is the elaborate , colourful Da Ming Hun Yi Tu , painted on 17 m ( 180 sq ft ) of silk . Kangnido
Silk Road
The Tang dynasty established a second Pax Sinica , and the Silk Road reached its golden age , whereby Persian and Sogdian merchants benefited from the commerce between East and West . At the same time , the Chinese empire welcomed foreign cultures , making it very cosmopolitan in its urban centres . In addition to the land route , the Tang dynasty also developed the maritime Silk Route . Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to India since perhaps the 2nd century BCE , yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea into Persia , Mesopotamia ( sailing up the Euphrates River in modern - day Iraq ) , Arabia , Egypt , Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and Somalia in the Horn of Africa .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Imperial General Headquarters ( GHQ ) in Tokyo , content with the gains acquired in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , initially showed reluctance to escalate the conflict into full - scale war . The KMT , however , determined that the `` breaking point '' of Japanese aggression had been reached . Chiang Kai - shek quickly mobilized the central government 's army and air force , placed them under his direct command , and laid siege to the Japanese area of Shanghai International Settlement , where 30,000 Japanese civilians lived with 30,000 troops on August 12 , 1937 .
Geography of China
Besides Mt . Everest and K2 , the other 9 of the world 's 17 tallest peaks on China 's western borders are : Lhotse ( 8516m , 4th highest ) , Makalu ( 8485m , 5th ) , Cho Oyu ( 8188m , 6th ) , Gyachung Kang ( 7952m , 15th ) of the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and Gasherbrum I ( 8080m , 11th ) , Broad Peak ( 8051m , 12th ) , Gasherbrum II ( 8035m , 13th ) , Gasherbrum III ( 7946m , 16th ) and Gasherbrum IV ( 7932m , 17th ) of the Karakorum on the border with Pakistan . The tallest peak entirely within China is Shishapangma ( 8013m , 14th ) of the Tibetan Himalayas in Nyalam County of Tibet Autonomous Region . In all , 9 of the 14 mountain peaks in the world over 8,000 m are in or on the border of China . Another notable Himalayan peak in China is Namchabarwa ( 7782m , 28th ) , near the great bend of the Yarlungtsanpo ( upper Brahmaputra ) River in eastern Tibet , and considered to be the eastern anchor of the Himalayas .
Surrender of Japan
The Allied submarine campaign and the mining of Japanese coastal waters had largely destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet . With few natural resources , Japan was dependent on raw materials , particularly oil , imported from Manchuria and other parts of the East Asian mainland , and from the conquered territory in the Dutch East Indies . The destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet , combined with the strategic bombing of Japanese industry , had wrecked Japan 's war economy . Production of coal , iron , steel , rubber , and other vital supplies was only a fraction of that before the war . The
Silk Road
The term refers to many similar routes taken by traders primarily between Arabia , India and China but also to Tanzania ( Zanzibar ) in the south , Asia Minor and Southern Europe . While the term is of modern coinage , the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk ( and horses ) carried out along its length , beginning during the Han dynasty ( 207 BCE -- 220 CE ) . The Han dynasty expanded Central Asian sections of the trade routes around 114 BCE , largely through missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy , Zhang Qian . The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route .
Geography of China
South of the Yangtze , the landscape is more rugged . Like Shanxi Province to the north , Hunan and Jiangxi each have a provincial core in a river basin that is surrounded by mountains . The Wuling range separates Guizhou from Hunan . The Luoxiao and Jinggang divide Hunan from Jiangxi , which is separated from Fujian by the Wuyi Mountains . The southeast coastal provinces , Zhejiang , Fujian and Guangdong , have rugged coasts , with pockets of lowland and mountainous interior . The Nanling , an east - west mountain range across northern Guangdong , seals off Hunan and Jiangxi from Guangdong .
Samurai
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276 . Completed in 1277 , this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay . It would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols . The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279 , but every envoy sent to Japan was executed . This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history .
History of Vietnam
After assembling an army , he defeated and overthrew the eighteenth dynasty of Hùng kings , around 258 BC . He proclaimed himself An Dương Vương ( `` King An Dương '' ) . He then renamed his newly acquired state from Văn Lang to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at Phong Khê in the present - day Phú Thọ town in northern Vietnam , where he tried to build the Cổ Loa Citadel ( Cổ Loa Thành ) , the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of that new capital . However , records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dương Vương . At his capital , Cổ Loa , he built many concentric walls around the city for defensive purposes . These walls , together with skilled Âu Lạc archers , kept the capital safe from invaders . Nam
Silk Road
With the Mediterranean linked to the Fergana Valley , the next step was to open a route across the Tarim Basin and the Hexi Corridor to China Proper . This extension came around 130 BCE , with the embassies of the Han dynasty to Central Asia following the reports of the ambassador Zhang Qian ( who was originally sent to obtain an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu ) . Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan in Ferghana , the territories of the Yuezhi in Transoxiana , the Bactrian country of Daxia with its remnants of Greco - Bactrian rule , and Kangju . He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit , such as Anxi ( Parthia ) , Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ) , Shendu ( Pakistan ) and the Wusun . Zhang Qian 's report suggested the economic reason for Chinese expansion and wall - building westward , and trailblazed the silk road which is one of the most famous trade routes . After the defeat of the Xiongnu , however , Chinese armies established themselves in Central Asia , initiating the Silk Route as a major avenue of international trade . Some say that the Chinese Emperor Wu became interested in developing commercial relationships with the sophisticated urban civilizations of Ferghana , Bactria , and the Parthian Empire : `` The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus : Ferghana ( Dayuan `` Great Ionians '' ) and the possessions of Bactria ( Ta - Hsia ) and Parthian Empire ( Anxi ) are large countries , full of rare things , with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people , but with weak armies , and placing great value on the rich produce of China '' ( Hou Hanshu , Later Han History ) . Others say that Emperor Wu was mainly interested in fighting the Xiongnu and that major trade began only after the Chinese pacified the Hexi Corridor .
Berlin Wall
A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China .
Geography of China
Traditionally , the Chinese population centered on the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market , developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains . More recently , the 18,000 km ( 11,000 mi ) coastline has been used extensively for export - oriented trade , causing the coastal provinces to become the leading economic center .
Forbidden City
Traditionally , the Forbidden City is divided into two parts . The Outer Court ( 外 朝 ) or Front Court ( 前 朝 ) includes the southern sections , and was used for ceremonial purposes . The Inner Court ( 内 廷 ) or Back Palace ( 后 宫 ) includes the northern sections , and was the residence of the Emperor and his family , and was used for day - to - day affairs of state . ( The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above . ) Generally , the Forbidden City has three vertical axes . The most important buildings are situated on the central north -- south axis .
Forbidden City
Entering from the Meridian Gate , one encounters a large square , pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River , which is crossed by five bridges . Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony ( F ) . Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square . A three - tiered white marble terrace rises from this square . Three halls stand on top of this terrace , the focus of the palace complex . From the south , these are the Hall of Supreme Harmony ( 太 和 殿 ) , the Hall of Central Harmony ( 中 和 殿 ) , and the Hall of Preserving Harmony ( 保 和 殿 ) .
Construction of the World Trade Center
The World Trade Center towers included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction , which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the tallest in the world . Traditionally , skyscrapers used a skeleton of columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads , with interior columns disrupting the floor space . The tube - frame concept , earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan , was a major innovation , allowing open floor plans and more space to rent . The buildings used high - strength , load - bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses . Although the columns themselves were lightweight , they were spaced closely together , forming a strong , rigid wall structure . There were 60 perimeter columns , narrowly spaced , on each side of the buildings . In all , the perimeter walls of the towers were 210 feet ( 64 m ) on each side , and the corners were beveled . The perimeter columns were designed to provide support for virtually all lateral loads ( such as wind loads ) and to share the gravity loads with the core columns . Structural analysis of major portions of the World Trade Center were computed on an IBM 1620 . Typical
Great Depression in the United States
China was at war with Japan during most of the 1930s , in addition to internal struggles between Chiang Kai - shek 's nationalists and Mao Zedong 's communists . Japan 's economy expanded at the rate of 5 % of GDP per year after the years of modernization . Manufacturing and mining came to account for more than 30 % of GDP , more than twice the value for the agricultural sector . Most industrial growth , however , was geared toward expanding the nation 's military power . Beginning in 1937 much of Japan 's energy was focused on a large - scale war and occupation of China .
Geography of China
Most of coastal and eastern central China , including Beijing , are antipodal to Argentina and Chile . Wuhai , Inner Mongolia , for example , is antipodal to Valdivia , Chile .
Geography of China
China has great physical diversity . The eastern plains and southern coasts of the country consist of fertile lowlands and foothills and is the location of most of China 's agricultural output and human population . The southern areas of the country ( South of the Yangtze River ) consist of hilly and mountainous terrain . The west and north of the country are dominated by sunken basins ( such as the Gobi and the Taklamakan ) , rolling plateaus , and towering massifs . It contains part of the highest tableland on earth , the Tibetan Plateau , and has much lower agricultural potential and population .
Qing dynasty
The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax . To give people more incentives to participate in the market , they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming , and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers . The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient , and transport opened to private merchants . A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages , and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century . Wary of the power of wealthy merchants , Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines , except in poor areas . These restrictions on domestic resource exploration , as well as on foreign trade , are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence , by which the Western world overtook China economically . Qing
Forbidden City
After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal . During the Cultural Revolution , however , further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city .
Migration in China
Han Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation . Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords . Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands , by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine , floods , and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s . The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 - 1776 . Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the `` imperial estates '' and Manchu Bannerlands in the area . Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria , the path linking Jinzhou , Fengtian , Tieling , Changchun , Hulun , and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor 's reign , and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800 . To increase the Imperial Treasury 's revenue , the Qing sold formerly Manchu only lands along the Sungari to Han Chinese at the beginning of the Daoguang Emperor 's reign , and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria 's towns by the 1840s according to Abbe Huc . Inner
Hōryū-ji
Today it is widely accepted by the authorities that the statue was made in Japan . The chief reasons are , in the first place , it is made of Cinnamomum camphora , which was a very typical medium for Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the 7th century . On the other hand , there are no example made of this wood found in Korea . In the second place , the style of flower ornaments in the crown closely resemble those of Guze Kannon and the Four Devas in the Kondō .
Hōryū-ji
The Nihon Shoki records the arrival of a carpenter and a buddhist sculptor in 577 , along with the monks , from Baekje to Japan , which is an underlying fact of importing the mainland expertise through this Korean kingdom with whom Japan enjoyed close relations , in order to build temples locally . These experts are recorded to have stationed in Naniwa , or present - day Osaka , where the Shitennō - ji was built .
Column
Modern columns may be constructed out of steel , poured or precast concrete , or brick , left bare or clad in an architectural covering , or veneer . Used to support an arch , an impost , or pier , is the topmost member of a column . The bottom-most part of the arch , called the springing , rests on the impost .
Strait of Dover
The strait is believed to have been created by the erosion of a land bridge that linked the Weald in Great Britain to the Boulonnais in the Pas de Calais . The predominant geology on both the British and French sides and on the seafloor is chalk . Although somewhat resistant to erosion , erosion of both coasts has created the famous white cliffs of Dover in the UK and the Cap Blanc Nez in France . The Channel Tunnel was bored through solid chalk . NASA
Gobi Desert
The structure here is that of the mighty T'ien Shan , or Heavenly Mountains , running from west to east . It divides the northern one - third of Sinkiang from the southern two - thirds . On the northern side , rivers formed from the snow and glaciers of the high mountains break through barren foothill ranges and flow out into an immense , hollow plain . Here the rivers begin to straggle and fan out , and form great marshes with dense reed - beds . Westerners call this terrain the Dzungarian desert . The Chinese also call it a desert , but the Mongols call it a ' gobi ' -- that is , a land of thin herbage , more suitable for camels than for cows , but capable also , if herds are kept small and moved frequently , of sustaining horses , sheep , and goats . The herbage comprises a high proportion of woody , fragrant plants . Gobi mutton is the most aromatic in the world .
Hōryū-ji
The current temple is made up of two areas , the Sai - in ( 西院 ) in the west and the Tō - in ( 東院 ) in the east . The western part of the temple contains the Kondō ( 金堂 , sanctuary Hall ) and the temple 's five - story pagoda . The Tō - in area holds the octagonal Yumedono Hall ( 夢殿 , Hall of Dreams ) and sits 122 meters east of the Sai - in area . The complex also contains monk 's quarters , lecture halls , libraries , and dining halls .
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
On January 4 , 2018 , the stadium was the subject of the premiere episode of Building Giants on Science Channel . Using footage of the construction along with CGI , the building process is explored in detail . It was noted during the episode that the heaviest truss sections were erected by the largest conventional crawler crane ever built in North America , a Manitowoc Model 31000 which is rated at a capacity of 2,535 US Tons .
Geography of China
Geography of China ( 中国 地理 ) Continent Asia Region East / Southeast Asia Coordinates 35 ° 0 ′ N 105 ° 0 ′ E ﻿ / ﻿ 35.000 ° N 105.000 ° E ﻿ / 35.000 ; 105.000 Area Ranked 3 Total 9,596,960 km ( 3,705,410 sq mi ) Land 97.2 % Water 2.8 % Coastline 14,500 km ( 9,000 mi ) Borders Afghanistan , Bhutan , Burma , India , North Korea , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mongolia , Nepal , Pakistan , Russia , Tajikistan , Vietnam Highest point Mount Everest , 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Lowest point Turpan Pendi , − 154 m ( − 505 ft ) Longest river Yangtze River Largest lake Qinghai Lake Climate diverse ; ranges from tropical in south to subarctic in north Terrain mostly mountains , high plateaus , deserts in west and plains , deltas and hills in east Natural Resources coal , iron ore , petroleum , natural gas , mercury , tin , tungsten , antimony , manganese , molybdenum , vanadium , magnetite , aluminum , lead , zinc , rare earth elements , uranium , hydropower potential , arable land Natural Hazards typhoons ; damaging floods ; tsunamis ; earthquakes ; droughts ; land subsidence Environmental Issues air pollution ; water shortages ; water pollution ; deforestation ; soil erosion ; desertification ; trade in endangered species Geography
Forbidden City
The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square ( Wumen , or Meridian Gate , Square ) before it . The gate has five gateways . The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way , a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself , and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north . Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way , except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding , and successful students after the Imperial Examination .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
On 28 December , a new government was formed in China after all members of the old Nanjing government resigned . This threw the military command into turmoil , and the Chinese army retreated to the south of the Great Wall into Hebei province , a humiliating move which lowered China 's international image . Japanese forces occupied Chinchow on 3 January 1932 , after the Chinese defenders retreated without giving combat . The following day the Japanese occupied Shanhaiguan completing their military takeover of southern Manchuria .
Japanese swordsmithing
In Japan , steel - making technology was imported from China , most likely through Korea . The steel used in the Chinese swords , called chi - kang ( combined steel ) , was similar to pattern welding , and edges of it were often forge welded to a back of soft iron , or jou thieh . In trying to copy the Chinese method , the ancient smiths paid much attention to the various properties of steel , and worked to combine them to produce an internal macro-structure that would provide a similar combination of hardness and toughness . Like all trial - and - error , each swordsmith often attempted to produce an internal structure that was superior to swords of their predecessors , or even ones that were better than their own previous designs . The harder metals provided strength , like `` bones '' within the steel , whereas the softer metal provided ductility , allowing the swords to bend before breaking . In ancient times , the Japanese smiths would often display these inhomogeneities in the steel , especially on fittings like the guard or pommel , creating rough , natural surfaces by letting the steel rust or by pickling it in acid , making the internal structure part of the entire aesthetic of the weapon .
The Karate Kid (2010 film)
The Chinese government granted the filmmakers access to the Forbidden City , the Great Wall of China , and the Wudang Mountains . On some occasions , the filmmakers had to negotiate with residents who were not accustomed to filming activity .
Qing dynasty
The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting , and offered their patronage to Confucian culture . The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors , for instance , embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy . The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu , a rhyme dictionary published in 1711 , and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716 , which remains to this day an authoritative reference . The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history , the Siku Quanshu , completed in 1782 . Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece , Zhang Zeduan 's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor . The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion . Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain . Peking glassware became popular after European glass making processes were introduced by Jesuits to Beijing . A