vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Aftermath of the Korean War
The war scarred both North and South Korea . Both nations suffered massive damage to their economies and infrastructure , as a result of bombings , artillery strikes and loss of skilled workers . In the aftermath of the war , South Korea was able to modernize and industrialize with the help of the United States . By contrast , North Korea 's economy was at first robust , but in the 1990s it went into crisis .
Korean War
Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure .
Modern history
The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918 . The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . The war caused the disintegration of four empires -- the Austro - Hungarian , German , Ottoman , and Russian ones -- as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps . The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance .
British Army during World War I
By contrast , of 393 men sentenced to death for falling asleep on sentry duty in all theatres in World War I , only two were executed ( sentries were usually posted in pairs to keep one another awake ; these two , who served in Mesopotamia , were made an example of because they were found sitting asleep together , suggesting that they had colluded ) .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The war started poorly for Britain , which suffered many deaths from the plague and scurvy , and at the hands of France in North America during 1754 -- 55 ; and in the loss of Menorca in 1756 . The same year Britain 's major ally Austria switched sides and aligned itself with France ; and Britain was hastily forced to conclude a new alliance with Frederick the Great 's Prussia . For the next seven years these two nations were ranged against a growing number of enemy powers led by France . After a period of political instability , the rise of a government headed by the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt the elder provided Britain with firmer leadership , enabling it to consolidate and achieve its war aims .
Rough Riders Memorial
The Spanish -- American War was a ten - week conflict during the spring and summer of 1898 . Cuba had been waging a war of independence against Spain since 1895 , an effort largely supported by the United States , which had extensive economic interests on the island . To ensure the safety of American citizens and property in Cuba , the United States sent the battleship USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) to Havana in late January 1898 . The Maine exploded and was destroyed with large loss of life on February 15 , and Spain and the U.S. declared war on each other on April 25 .
Bayonet
The British Army mounted bayonet charges during the Falklands War ( see Battle of Mount Tumbledown ) , the Second Gulf War , and the war in Afghanistan . In 2004 in Iraq at the Battle of Danny Boy , the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders bayonet - charged mortar positions filled with over 100 Mahdi Army members . The ensuing hand - to - hand fighting resulted in an estimate of over 40 insurgents killed and 35 bodies collected ( many floated down the river ) and nine prisoners . Sergeant Brian Wood , of the Princess of Wales 's Royal Regiment , was awarded the Military Cross for his part in the battle . In 2009 , Lieutenant James Adamson , aged 24 , of the Royal Regiment of Scotland was awarded the Military Cross for a bayonet charge whilst on a tour of duty in Afghanistan : after shooting one Taliban fighter dead Adamson had run out of ammunition when another enemy appeared . He immediately charged the second Taliban fighter and bayoneted him . In September 2012 , Lance Corporal Sean Jones of The Princess of Wales 's Regiment was awarded the Military Cross for his role in a bayonet charge which took place in October 2011 .
British Army during World War I
The German Kaiser Wilhelm II -- who was famously dismissive of the BEF -- issued an order on 19 August 1914 to `` exterminate ... the treacherous English and walk over General French 's contemptible little army '' . Hence , in later years , the survivors of the regular army dubbed themselves `` The Old Contemptibles '' . By the end of 1914 ( after the battles of Mons , Le Cateau , the Aisne and Ypres ) , the old regular British Army had been virtually wiped out ; although it managed to stop the German advance .
American Revolutionary War
The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown . As was typical in wars of the era , diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle . Between 1775 and 1782 , a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America , killing 40 people in Boston alone . Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson delivered his War Message to a special session of Congress on April 2 , 1917 , declaring that Germany 's latest pronouncement had rendered his `` armed neutrality '' policy untenable and asking Congress to declare Germany 's war stance was an act of war . He proposed the United States enter the war to `` vindicate principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power '' . The German government , Wilson said , `` means to stir up enemies against us at our very doors '' . He then also warned that `` if there should be disloyalty , it will be dealt with a firm hand of repression . '' Wilson closed with :
British Army during World War I
The men at the front had to struggle with supply problems -- there was a shortage of food ; and disease was rife in the damp , rat - infested conditions . Along with enemy action , many soldiers had to contend with new diseases : trench foot , trench fever and trench nephritis . When the war ended in November 1918 , British Army casualties , as the result of enemy action and disease , were recorded as 673,375 killed and missing , with another 1,643,469 wounded . The rush to demobilise at the end of the conflict substantially decreased the strength of the British Army , from its peak strength of 3,820,000 men in 1918 to 370,000 men by 1920 .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate .
Korean War
Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese war planners had long looked south , especially to Brunei for oil and Malaya for rubber and tin . In the autumn of 1940 , Japan requested 3.15 million barrels of oil from the Dutch East Indies , but received a counteroffer of only 1.35 million . The Navy was ( mistakenly ) certain any attempt to seize this region would bring the U.S. into the war , but the complete U.S. oil embargo removed any hesitancy . Moreover , any southern operation would be vulnerable to attack from the Philippines , then a U.S. commonwealth , so war with the U.S. seemed necessary in any case .
Hundred Years' War
With France facing widespread destruction , plague , and economic recession , high taxation put a heavy burden on the French peasantry and urban communities . The war effort against England largely depended on royal taxation , but the population was increasingly unwilling to pay for it , as would be demonstrated at the Harelle and Maillotin revolts in 1382 . Charles V had abolished many of these taxes on his deathbed , but subsequent attempts to reinstate them stirred up hostility between the French government and populace .
Axis powers
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States , Germany supported Japan by declaring war on the US . During the war Germany denounced the Atlantic Charter and the Lend - Lease Act that the US adopted to support the Allied powers prior to entry into the alliance , as imperialism directed at dominating and exploit countries outside of the continental Americas . Hitler denounced American President Roosevelt 's invoking of the term `` freedom '' to describe US actions in the war , and accused the American meaning of `` freedom '' to be the freedom for democracy to exploit the world and the freedom for plutocrats within such democracy to exploit the masses . History
Anthony Eden
On 19 November , he was transferred to the General Staff as a GSO 3 , with the temporary rank of captain . He served at Second Army HQ , missing out on service in Italy , as 41st Division was in Italy , after the disastrous Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto , between mid-November 1917 and 8 March 1918 , returning to the Western Front as a major German offensive was clearly imminent , only for Eden 's former battalion to be disbanded to help alleviate the British Army 's manpower shortage . Although Lloyd George was one of the few politicians of whom Eden reported front - line soldiers speaking highly , he wrote to his sister ( 23 December 1917 ) in disgust at his `` wait and see twaddle '' in declining to extend conscription to Ireland .
Korean War
Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August .
Results of the War of 1812
During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed . The war cost the United States about $200 million . Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage . Indirectly the United States made some gains .
English Civil War
These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7 % loss of population , Scotland a loss of 6 % , while Ireland suffered a loss of 41 % of its population . Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular . The Great Hunger of 1845 -- 1852 resulted in a loss of 16 % of the population , while during the Second World War the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16 % .
Non-cooperation movement
Gandhi was horrified . He lost all faith in the goodness of the British government and declared that it would be a `` sin '' to cooperate with the `` satanic '' government .
British Army during World War I
The British Army during World War I fought the largest and most costly war in its long history . Unlike the French and German Armies , the British Army was made up exclusively of volunteers -- as opposed to conscripts -- at the beginning of the conflict . Furthermore , the British Army was considerably smaller than its French and German counterparts . Men
War of 1812
He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public '' . The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war '' .
Cold War
Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system .
Peninsular War
The years of fighting in Spain were a heavy burden on France 's Grande Armée . While the French were victorious in battle , their communications and supplies were severely tested and their units were frequently isolated , harassed or overwhelmed by partisans fighting an intense guerrilla war of raids and ambushes . The Spanish armies were repeatedly beaten and driven to the peripheries , but they would regroup and relentlessly hound the French . This drain on French resources led Napoleon , who had unwittingly provoked a total war , to call the conflict the `` Spanish Ulcer '' .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The major war in continental Europe that the British had hoped to avoid exploded in August 1756 when Frederick the Great attacked and overran the Austrian ally Saxony . Having occupied it he then launched a similarly bold invasion of Bohemia . In both cases the Prussians caught their Austrian enemies by surprise , and had used this advantage to full effect , capturing major objectives before Austrian troops had been fully mobilised . Having besieged Prague , an Austrian counter-attack and a defeat at the Battle of Kolin forced the Prussians back .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The word `` incident '' ( Japanese : 事變 , Hepburn : jihen ) was used by Japan , as neither country had made a formal declaration of war . From the Japanese perspective , localizing these conflicts was beneficial in preventing intervention from other nations , particularly the United Kingdom and the United States , which were its primary source of petroleum and steel respectively . A formal expression of these conflicts would potentially lead to American embargo in accordance with the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s . In addition , due to China 's fractured political status , Japan often claimed that China was no longer a recognizable political entity on which war could be declared .
United States news media and the Vietnam War
According to Daniel Hallin , the dramatic structure of the uncensored `` living room war '' as reported during 1965 -- 1967 remained simple and traditional : `` the forces of good were locked in battle once again with the forces of evil . What began to change in 1967 ... was the conviction that the forces of good would inevitably prevail . '' During late 1967 MACV had also begun to disregard the decision it had made at the Honolulu Conference that the military should leave the justification of the war to elected officials in Washington . The military found itself drawn progressively into politics , to the point that it had become as involved in `` selling '' the war to the American public as the political appointees it served . This change would have far - reaching detrimental effects .
Vietnam War
A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War . War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape , massacres of civilians , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , the widespread use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes included theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity .
World War I
The term `` First World War '' was first used in September 1914 by the German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel , who claimed that `` there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared ' European War ' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word , '' citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914 . After the onset of the Second World War in 1939 , the terms World War I or the First World War became standard , with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War , and Americans World War I .
World War I
One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain , France , the United States , and the Dominions of the British Empire . To harness all the power of their societies , governments created new ministries and powers . New taxes were levied and laws enacted , all designed to bolster the war effort ; many have lasted to this day . Similarly , the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments , such as in Austria - Hungary and Germany .
German declaration of war against the United States
According to the terms of their agreements , Germany was obliged to come to the aid of Japan if a third country attacked Japan , but not if Japan attacked a third country . Ribbentrop reminded Hitler of this , and pointed out that to declare war against the US would add to the number of enemies Germany was fighting against , but Hitler dismissed this concern as not being important , and , almost entirely without consultation , chose to declare war against the US , wanting to do so before , he thought , Roosevelt would declare war on Germany .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War Spanish Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion
Axis powers
In the opening days of Operation Barbarossa , Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union , Finland permitted German planes returning from mine dropping runs over Kronstadt and Neva River to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in East Prussia . In retaliation , the Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against Finnish airfields and towns , which resulted in a Finnish declaration of war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941 . The Finnish conflict with the Soviet Union is generally referred to as the Continuation War . Mannerheim
War of 1812
On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . ''
World War I
About eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war . All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war , and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front . Individual surrenders were uncommon ; large units usually surrendered en masse . At the siege of Maubeuge about 40,000 French soldiers surrendered , at the battle of Galicia Russians took about 100,000 to 120,000 Austrian captives , at the Brusilov Offensive about 325,000 to 417,000 Germans and Austrians surrendered to Russians , and at the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered . When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915 , some 20,000 Russians became prisoners , at the battle near Przasnysz ( February -- March 1915 ) 14,000 Germans surrendered to Russians , and at the First Battle of the Marne about 12,000 Germans surrendered to the Allies. 25 -- 31 % of Russian losses ( as a proportion of those captured , wounded , or killed ) were to prisoner status ; for Austria - Hungary 32 % , for Italy 26 % , for France 12 % , for Germany 9 % ; for Britain 7 % . Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million ( not including Russia , which lost 2.5 -- 3.5 million men as prisoners ) . From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners ; most of them surrendered to Russians . Germany held 2.5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2.2 -- 2.9 million ; while Britain and France held about 720,000 . Most were captured just before the Armistice . The United States held 48,000 . The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender , when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down . Once prisoners reached a camp , conditions were , in general , satisfactory ( and much better than in World War II ) , thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations . However , conditions were terrible in Russia : starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike ; about 15 -- 20 % of the prisoners in Russia died and in Central Powers imprisonment -- 8 % of Russians . In Germany , food was scarce , but only 5 % died . British