vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
While in Oxford , Yoshino had fallen in love . The person he loved was not a woman . He had to tell his dad this . He then came out to his mom . Though they were both supportive , he knew that this was not what they wanted . Passing is best defined through the `` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' policy , which has been in effect since the Congress and the Department of Defense put it in place in 1993 . Rather than trying to change a gay person 's perspective and likings , they would just ignore the fact that a person was gay . The shift from conversion to passing was gradual and did not necessary represent an advance in society 's acceptance of homosexuals , because of their overlapping . Passing was an act that his parents demonstrated . Though they accepted the fact that Kenji was gay , it was not something talked about , and more ignored from their thought of their son .
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order .
Wedding cake
A wedding cake is the traditional cake served at wedding receptions following dinner . In some parts of England , the wedding cake is served at a wedding breakfast ; the ' wedding breakfast ' does not mean the meal will be held in the morning , but at a time following the ceremony on the same day . In modern Western culture , the cake is usually on display and served to guests at the reception . Traditionally , wedding cakes were made to bring good luck to all guests and the couple . Modernly however , they are more of a centerpiece to the wedding and are not always even served to the guests . Some cakes are built with only a single edible tier for the bride and groom to share , but this is rare since the cost difference between fake and real tiers is minimal .
Jewish wedding
In traditional weddings , two blessings are recited before the betrothal ; a blessing over wine , and the betrothal blessing , which is specified in the Talmud . The wine is then tasted by the couple .
Separation of church and state in the United States
These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten
Jewish wedding
During some egalitarian weddings , the bride will also present a ring to the groom , often with a quote from the Song of Songs : `` Ani l'dodi , ve dodi li '' ( I am my beloved 's and my beloved is mine ) , which may also be inscribed on the ring itself . This ring is sometimes presented outside the chuppa to avoid conflicts with Jewish law .
Jewish wedding
Before the wedding ceremony , the chatan ( groom ) agrees to be bound by the terms of the ketubah , or marriage contract , in the presence of two witnesses , whereupon the witnesses sign the ketubah . The ketubah details the obligations of the groom to the kallah ( bride ) , among which are food , clothing , and marital relations . This document has the standing of a legally binding agreement . It is often written as an illuminated manuscript that is framed and displayed in their home . Under the chuppah , it is traditional to read the signed ketubah aloud , usually in the Aramaic original , but sometimes in translation . Traditionally , this is done to separate the two basic parts of the wedding . Non-Orthodox Jewish couples may opt for a bilingual ketubah , or for a shortened version to be read out .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it .
Jewish wedding
The bride traditionally walks around the groom three or seven times when she arrives at the Chuppah . This may derive from Jeremiah 31 : 22 , `` A woman shall surround a man '' . The three circuits may represent the three virtues of marriage : righteousness , justice and loving kindness ( see Hosea 2 : 19 ) . Seven circuits derives from the Biblical concept that seven denotes perfection or completeness . Sephardic Jews do not perform this ceremony .
Chinese marriage
Traditional Chinese marriage ( Chinese : 婚姻 ; pinyin : hūnyīn ) , as opposed to marriage in modern China , is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a union between spouses , sometimes established by pre-arrangement between families . Within Chinese culture , romantic love and monogamy was the norm for most citizens . Wedding rituals and customs often varied by region because of China 's extensive and rich history and because of the numerous different cultures and ethno - linguistic groups that have been subsumed into modern Chinese culture .
Freedom of speech by country
Certain sections of the Flag and Heraldic Code require particular expressions and prohibit other expressions . Title thirteen of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines criminalizes libel and slander by act or deed ( slander by deed is defined as `` any act ... which shall cast dishonor , discredit or contempt upon another person . '' ) , providing penalties of fine or imprisonment . In 2012 , acting on a complaint by an imprisoned broadcaster who dramatised a newspaper account reporting that a particular politician was seen running naked in a hotel when caught in bed by the husband of the woman with whom he was said to have spent the night , the United Nations Commission on Human Rights ruled that the criminalization of libel violates freedom of expression and is inconsistent with Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , commenting that `` Defamations laws should not ... stifle freedom of expression '' and that `` Penal defamation laws should include defense of truth . '' Blasphemy against decency and good customs is an offense which is punishable by a prison term , a fine , or both . Other offenses against decency and good customs include : public displays or exhibitions which glorify criminals or condone crimes , serve no other purpose but to satisfy the market for violence , lust or pornography , offend any race or religion , tend to abet traffic in and use of prohibited drugs , and are contrary to law , public order , morals , and good customs , established policies , lawful orders , decrees and edicts ; publishing or selling obscene literature ; selling , giving away , or exhibiting films , prints , engravings , sculpture or literature which are offensive to morals ; publicly expounding or proclaiming doctrines openly contrary to public morals ; and highly scandalous conduct not expressly falling within any other article of the code .
Freedom of religion in the United States
In the United States , freedom of religion is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment . Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state , a concept advocated by Colonial founders such as Roger Williams , William Penn and later founding fathers such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson .
Eastern Orthodox Church
From the Orthodox perspective , marriage is one of the holy mysteries or sacraments . As well as in many other Christian traditions , for example in Roman Catholicism , it serves to unite a woman and a man in eternal union and love before God , with the purpose of following Christ and His Gospel and raising up a faithful , holy family through their holy union . The church understands marriage to be the union of one man and one woman , and certain Orthodox leaders have spoken out strongly in opposition to the civil institution of same - sex marriage .
United States Bill of Rights
The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The service of Marriage in the Orthodox Church has two distinct parts : the Betrothal and the Crowning . There is no exchange of vows . There is a set expectation of the obligations incumbent on a married couple , and whatever promises they may have privately to each other are their responsibility to keep .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states .
Separation of church and state in the United States
`` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable .
Jewish wedding
While wedding ceremonies vary , common features of a Jewish wedding include a ketubah ( marriage contract ) which is signed by two witnesses , a wedding canopy ( chuppah or huppah ) , a ring owned by the groom that is given to the bride under the canopy , and the breaking of a glass .
Justice of the peace
Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are often called on to perform marriages and , especially same - sex marriages , which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee . Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over same - sex marriages . Unlike Massachusetts , Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Church does recognize that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate , but there is no official recognition of civil divorces . For the Orthodox , to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken , the violation of such a union , perceived as holy , being an offense resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners . Thus , permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the Church towards sinful man . Ecclesiastically divorced Orthodox ( not civilly divorced only ) are usually allowed to remarry in the Orthodox Church , though there is usually imposed on them a fairly severe penance by their bishop and the services for a second marriage in this case are more penitential than joyful . Widows are permitted to remarry without repercussion and their second marriage is considered just as valid as the first . One exception to this rule is the clergy and their wives . Should a married priest die , it is normal that his wife will retire to a monastery once their children are out of the house . Widowed priests are not allowed to remarry ( no priest may be married after his ordination ) and also frequently end up in monasteries .
Jewish wedding
Technically , the Jewish wedding process has two distinct stages : kiddushin ( sanctification or dedication , also called erusin , betrothal in Hebrew ) and nissuin ( marriage ) , when the couple start their life together . The first stage prohibits the woman to all other men , requiring a religious divorce ( get ) to dissolve , and the final stage permits the couple to each other . The ceremony that accomplishes nisuin is known as chuppah .
Justice of the peace
In Minnesota , the office of the Justice of the Peace was abolished in 1977 ( Minn . Stat . 487.35 ) . It has not existed for 40 - plus years although some people who offer private wedding officiant services erroneously claim to be Justices of the Peace , this term may not properly be used inasmuch as the office has been abolished . Under Minnesota law , however , judges , retired judges , court administrators , retired court administrators , and other public officials designated in statute may officiate or solemnize marriage ceremonies in addition to licensed or ordained ministers of any religious denomination who have filed their credentials with a county registrar ( Minn , Stat . 517.04 ) . New
Traditionalist Catholicism
Bishop Bernard Fellay of the Society expressed his gratitude for this act , though the Society has always held that the excommunications never took effect in the first place ( citing canon 1323 , § 4 , canon 1323 , 7 and canon 1324 , § 3 ; § 1 , 8 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law ) . The Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops further expressed the hope that the Society would speedily return to `` full communion '' with the Church by showing `` true fidelity and true acknowledgment of the Magisterium and the authority of the pope '' . The SSPX rejects the notion of `` full '' and `` partial '' communion with the Church , insisting that they belong to the Church according to the criteria given by Pope Pius XII , because they have the same faith , celebrate the same Sacraments , and recognise the same hierarchy of the Church . More recently , the Vatican has granted priests of the SSPX the authority to hear confessions and has authorised local ordinaries , in certain circumstances , to grant delegation to SSPX priests to act as the qualified witness required for valid celebration of marriage . In each of these documents the hope was expressed that thereby `` the process towards full institutional regularisation may be facilitated '' .
Standing (law)
The American doctrine of standing is assumed as having begun with the case of Frothingham v. Mellon , 262 U.S. 447 ( 1923 ) . However , legal standing truly rests its first prudential origins in Fairchild v. Hughes , ( 1922 ) which was authored by Justice Brandeis . In Fairchild , a citizen sued the Secretary of State and the Attorney General to challenge the procedures by which the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified . Prior to it , the doctrine was that all persons had a right to pursue a private prosecution of a public right . Since then the doctrine has been embedded in judicial rules and some statutes .
Toast (honor)
Toasts are generally offered at times of celebration or commemoration , including certain holidays , such as New Year 's Eve . Other occasions include retirement celebrations , housewarming parties , births , etc . The protocol for toasting at weddings is comparatively elaborate and fixed . At a wedding reception , the father of the bride , in his role as host , regularly offers the first toast , thanking the guests for attending , offering tasteful remembrances of the bride 's childhood , and wishing the newlyweds a happy life together . The best man usually proposes a toast in the form of best wishes and congratulations to the newlyweds . A best man 's toast takes the form of a short speech ( 3 -- 5 minutes ) that combines a mixture of humor and sincerity . The humor often comes in the shape of the best man telling jokes at the groom 's expense whilst the sincerity incorporates the praise and complimentary comments that a best man should make about the bride and groom , amongst others . The actual `` toast '' is then delivered at the end of the speech and is a short phrase wishing the newlyweds a happy , healthy , loving life together . The maid of honor may follow suit , appropriately tailoring her comments to the bride . The groom may offer the final toast , thanking the bride 's parents for hosting the wedding , the wedding party for their participation , and finally dedicating the toast to the bridesmaids .
Jewish wedding
A traditional Jewish wedding ceremony takes place under a Chuppah or wedding canopy , symbolizing the new home being built by the couple when they become husband and wife .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Vindication of federal constitutional rights are limited to those situations where there is `` state action '' meaning action of government officials who are exercising their governmental power . In Ex parte Virginia ( 1880 ) , the Supreme Court found that the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment `` have reference to actions of the political body denominated by a State , by whatever instruments or in whatever modes that action may be taken . A State acts by its legislative , its executive , or its judicial authorities . It can act in no other way . The constitutional provision , therefore , must mean that no agency of the State , or of the officers or agents by whom its powers are exerted , shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . Whoever , by virtue of public position under a State government , deprives another of property , life , or liberty , without due process of law , or denies or takes away the equal protection of the laws , violates the constitutional inhibition ; and as he acts in the name and for the State , and is clothed with the State 's power , his act is that of the State . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
`` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' ''
Standing (law)
With limited exceptions , a party can not have standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute unless he will be subjected to the provisions of that statute . There are some exceptions , however ; for example , courts will accept First Amendment challenges to a statute on overbreadth grounds , where a person who is only partially affected by a statute can challenge the parts that do not affect him on the grounds that laws that restrict speech have a chilling effect on other people 's right to free speech .
Wedding cake
Wedding cake was originally a luxury item , and a sign of celebration and social status . The bigger the cake , the higher the social standing . Wedding cakes in England and early America were traditionally fruit cakes , often topped with marzipan and icing with tiers , Cutting the cake was an important part of the reception . White icing was also a symbol of money and social importance in Victorian times , so a white cake was highly desired . Today , many flavors and configurations are available in addition to the traditional all - white tiered cake .
Maryland Toleration Act
The Maryland Toleration Act was an act of tolerance , allowing specific religious groups to practice their religion without being punished , but retaining the ability to revoke that right at any time . It also only granted tolerance to Christians who believed in the Trinity . The law was very explicit in limiting its effects to Christians :
Maryland Toleration Act
Settlers who blasphemed by denying either the Trinity or the divinity of Jesus Christ could be punished by execution or the seizure of their lands . That meant that Jews , Unitarians , and other dissenters from Trinitarian Christianity were practicing their religions at risk to their lives . Any person who insulted the Virgin Mary , the apostles , or the evangelists could be whipped , jailed , or fined . Otherwise , Trinitarian Christians ' right to worship was protected . The law outlawed the use of `` heretic '' and other religious insults against them . This attempt to limit the use of religious slurs and insults has been described as the first attempt in the world to limit the use of hate speech .
Maryland Toleration Act
The Maryland Toleration Act , also known as the Act Concerning Religion , was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians . It was passed on April 21 , 1649 , by the assembly of the Maryland colony , in St. Mary 's City . It was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty . Specifically , the bill , now usually referred to as the Toleration Act , granted freedom of conscience to all Christians . ( The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws , the first in 1636 , which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians ; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state . ) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States . The Calvert family , who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics , sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies .
Encyclopédie
To defend themselves from controversy , the encyclopedia 's articles wrote of theological topics in a mixed manner . Some articles supported orthodoxy , and some included overt criticisms of Christianity . To avoid direct retribution from censors , writers often hid criticism in obscure articles or expressed it in ironic terms . Nonetheless , the contributors still openly attacked the Catholic Church in certain articles with examples including criticizing excess festivals , monasteries , and celibacy of the clergy .