vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
World War II
Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation .
English Civil War
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable , but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates . In England , a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war - related disease during the three civil wars . Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves . Counting in accidents and the two Bishops ' wars , an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved , out of a total population of about five million .
Rwandan genocide
The genocide had a lasting and profound impact on Rwanda and its neighboring countries . The pervasive use of rape as a weapon of war caused a spike in HIV infection , including babies born of rape to newly infected mothers ; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows . The destruction of infrastructure and the severe depopulation of the country crippled the economy , challenging the nascent government to achieve rapid economic growth and stabilization . The RPF military victory and installation of an RPF - dominated government prompted many Hutus to flee to neighboring countries , particularly in the eastern portion of Zaire ( now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , where the Hutu genocidaires began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda . Declaring a need to avert further genocide , the RPF - led government - led military incursions into Zaire , including the First ( 1996 -- 97 ) and Second ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Congo Wars . Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in DRC have continued to play out through proxy militias in the Goma region , including the M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region .
Modern history
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war ; estimates vary greatly . About 60 % of all casualties were civilians , who died as a result of disease , starvation , genocide ( in particular , the Holocaust ) , and aerial bombing . The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties . Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million , while China suffered about 10 million . No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland : approximately 5.6 million , or 16 % , of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died . Flag
World War II casualties
Death toll of World War II & military wounded by country ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes Country Total population 1 / 1 / 1939 Military deaths from all causes Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war - related famine and disease Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Military wounded Albania 1,073,000 30,000 30,000 2.80 NA Australia 6,968,000 39,700 700 40,400 0.58 39,803 Austria ( German - controlled ) 6,653,000 Included with Germany Included with Germany ( see table below ) Included with Germany Belgium 8,387,000 12,000 76,000 88,000 1.05 55,513 Brazil 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00 4,222 Bulgaria 6,458,000 18,500 3,000 21,500 0.33 21,878 Burma ( British colony ) 16,119,000 2,600 250,000 252,600 1.57 NA Canada 11,267,000 42,000 1,600 43,600 0.38 53,174 China ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 517,568,000 3,000,000 to 3,750,000 + 7,357,000 to 8,191,000 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 2.90 to 3.86 1,761,335 Cuba 4,235,000 100 100 0.00 NA Czechoslovakia ( in
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of 227,898 people died ( see table below for details ) . Measured in lives lost , this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history , as well as the single worst tsunami in history . Indonesia was the worst affected area , with most death toll estimates at around 170,000 . However , another report by Siti Fadilah Supari , the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time , estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone , giving a total of 280,000 fatalities .
Famine
Estimates based on the North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . North Korea has not yet regained food self - sufficiency and relies on external food aid from China , Japan , South Korea , Russia and the United States . While Woo - Cumings have focused on the FAD side of the famine , Moon argues that FAD shifted the incentive structure of the authoritarian regime to react in a way that forced millions of disenfranchised people to starve to death ( Moon , 2009 ) .
First Fleet
The chief surgeon for the First Fleet , John White , reported a total of 48 deaths and 28 births during the voyage . The deaths during the voyage included one marine , one marine 's wife , one marine 's child , 36 male convicts , four female convicts , and five children of convicts .
Thymus
The HIV virus causes an acquired T - cell immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) by specifically killing CD4 T cells . Whereas the major effect of the virus is on mature peripheral T cells , HIV can also infect developing thymocytes in the thymus , most of which express CD4 .
Korean War
1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing ( Those who defected or were captured were included in missing ) 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . )
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Calculating the case fatality rate ( CFR ) accurately is difficult in an ongoing epidemic due to differences in testing policies , the inclusion of probable and suspected cases , and the inclusion of new cases that have not run their course . In August 2014 , the WHO made an initial CFR estimate of 53 % , though this included suspected cases . In September and December 2014 , the WHO released revised and more accurate CFR figures of 70.8 % and 71 % respectively , using data from patients with definitive clinical outcomes . The CFR among hospitalized patients , based on the three intense - transmission countries , was between 57 % and 59 % in January 2015 .
Bantu Education Act, 1953
In 1976 , the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 , which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction beginning with the last year of primary school , led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died , at least 134 of them under the age of eighteen .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The basic reproduction number , R , is a statistical measure of the average number of people expected to be infected by one person who has a disease . If the rate is less than 1 , the infection dies out ; if it is greater than 1 , the infection continues to spread -- with exponential growth in the number of cases . In September 2014 , the estimated R were 1.71 ( 95 % CI , 1.44 to 2.01 ) for Guinea , 1.83 ( 95 % CI , 1.72 to 1.94 ) for Liberia , and 2.02 ( 95 % CI , 1.79 to 2.26 ) for Sierra Leone . In October 2014 , the WHO noted that exponential increase of cases continued in the three countries with the most intense transmission .
Famine
From 1967 to 1969 large scale famine occurred in Biafra and Nigeria due to a government blockade of the Breakaway territory . It is estimated that 1.5 million people died of starvation due to this famine . Additionally , drought and other government interference with the food supply caused 500 thousand Africans to perish in Central and West Africa .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In 2003 , 597 insurgents were killed , according to the U.S. military . From January 2004 through December 2009 ( not including May 2004 and March 2009 ) , 23,984 insurgents were estimated to have been killed based on reports from Coalition soldiers on the frontlines . In the two missing months from the estimate , 652 were killed in May 2004 , and 45 were killed in March 2009 . In 2010 , another 676 insurgents were killed . In January and March through October 2011 , 451 insurgents were killed . Based on all of these estimates some 26,405 insurgents / militia were killed from 2003 , up until late 2011 .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000 . The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead .
World War II casualties
The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II . Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million ( 78 % ) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims . Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews .
World War II
Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese
History of West Africa
On 18 January 2002 , the civil war was officially ended by former president Kabbah . During the 11 year conflict , roughly 50,000 Sierra Leoneians were killed with 2,000,000 displaced . Guinea
Diphtheria
In 1943 , diphtheria outbreaks accompanied war and disruption in Europe . The 1 million cases in Europe resulted in 50,000 deaths .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
On 22 September 2014 , the Nigerian health ministry announced , `` As of today , there is no case of Ebola in Nigeria . '' According to the WHO , 20 cases and 8 deaths were confirmed , including the imported case , who also died . 4 of the dead were health workers who had cared for the index case .
Korean War
Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition .
Famine
The Hunger Plan , i.e. the Nazi plan to starve large sections of the Soviet population , caused the deaths of many . The Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 reported civilian victims in the USSR at German hands , including Jews , totalled 13.7 million dead , 20 % of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR . This included 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . There were an additional estimated 3 million famine deaths in areas of the USSR not under German occupation .
World War II casualties
Number served : UK and Crown Colonies ( 5,896,000 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 2,582,000 ) , Australia ( 993,000 ) ; Canada ( 1,100,000 ) ; New Zealand ( 295,000 ) ; South Africa ( 250,000 ) . Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission : UK and Crown Colonies ( 383,786 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 87,032 ) , Australia ( 40,464 ) ; Canada ( 45,383 ) ; New Zealand ( 11,929 ) ; South Africa ( 11,903 ) . Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone ( according to preliminary 1945 figures ) : 264,443 . Royal Navy ( 50,758 ) ; British Army ( 144,079 ) ; Royal Air Force ( 69,606 ) . Wounded : UK and Crown Colonies ( 284,049 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 64,354 ) , Australia ( 39,803 ) ; Canada ( 53,174 ) ; New Zealand ( 19,314 ) ; South Africa ( 14,363 ) . Prisoner of war : UK and Crown Colonies ( 180,488 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 79,481 ) ; Australia ( 26,358 ) ; South Africa ( 14,750 ) ; Canada ( 9,334 ) ; New Zealand ( 8,415 ) . The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7 m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars .
Western Front (World War I)
Military Casualties Western Front 1914 -- 1918 Nationality Killed Wounded P.O.W. France 1,300,000 c . 3,000,000 508,000 UK 512,600 1,528,500 223,600 Belgium 38,200 44,700 10,200 Australia 48,900 130,900 -- Canada 56,400 149,700 -- New Zealand 12,900 34,800 -- South Africa 3,250 8,720 2,220 India 6,670 15,750 1,090 Portugal 1,690 13,750 6,680 USA 51,800 230,100 4,430 Italy ( Total 20,870 ) Allies 2,032,410 + 5,156,920 + -- Germany 1,493,000 3,116,000 774,000 Austria - Hungary 3,200 c . 10,000 4,100 Central Powers 1,496,200 3,216,000 778,100 Grand Total 3,258,610 8,372,920 --
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
Reliable estimates place the number of Somali insurgents killed at between 800 and as many as 1,000 with perhaps another 4,000 wounded . Somali militants claimed a much lower casualty rate . Aidid himself claimed that only 315 -- civilians and militia -- were killed and 812 wounded . Captain Haad , in an interview on American public television , said 133 of the SNA militia were killed . United
World War II casualties
Country Pre-war Jewish population in 1933 Low estimate deaths High estimate deaths . Low % High % Average % Austria 191,000 ( see footnote ) 50,000 65,000 26.2 % 34.0 % 30.1 % Belgium 60,000 ( see footnote ) 25,000 29,000 41.7 % 48.3 % 45.0 % Czech Republic 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7 % 85.1 % 84.4 % Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8 % 1.5 % 1.1 % Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6 % 43.5 % 38.0 % France 260,000 ( see footnote ) 75,000 77,000 28.8 % 29.6 % 29.2 % Germany 566,000 ( see footnote ) 135,000 142,000 23.9 % 25.1 % 24.5 % Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8 % 91.8 % 86.3 % Hungary ( borders 1940 ) 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2 % 78.5 % 73.9 % Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5 % 18.8 % 16.1 %
Vietnam War
The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975 . Other estimates point to higher figures of 313,000 casualties . The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 PAVN / NLF forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 . Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent . In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of PAVN / PLAF military forces was probably closer to 444,000 .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Includes those reported under ' Confirmed ' . If no separate estimates are available , the number in this column is the same as reported under ' Confirmed ' . Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control . Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners . Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa ( e.g. , tourists in Thailand ) . For more information on those deaths , see Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake # S - Z
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In September 2016 , findings were published suggesting that the resurgence in Guinea was caused by an Ebola survivor who , after eight months of abstinence , had sexual relations with several partners , including the first victim in the new outbreak . The disease was also spread to Liberia by a woman who went there after her husband had died of Ebola . Sierra
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC project ) , incorporating subsequent reports , has reported that by the end of the major combat phase up to April 30 , 2003 , 7,419 civilians had been killed , primarily by U.S. air - and - ground forces .
Diphtheria
In 2015 , 4,500 cases were officially reported worldwide , down from nearly 100,000 in 1980 . About a million cases a year are believed to have occurred before the 1980s . Diphtheria currently occurs most often in sub-Saharan Africa , India , and Indonesia . In 2015 , it resulted in 2,100 deaths , down from 8,000 deaths in 1990 . In areas where it is still common , children are most affected . It is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination . In the United States , 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004 . Death occurs in 5 % to 10 % of those affected . The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates . The bacterium was discovered in 1882 by Edwin Klebs .
World War II casualties
R.J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000 . Detailed by country : China 3,695,000 ; Indochina 457,000 ; Korea 378,000 ; Indonesia 375,000 ; Malaya - Singapore 283,000 ; Philippines 119,000 , Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000 .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Source Estimated violent deaths Time period Iraq Family Health Survey 151,000 violent deaths March 2003 to June 2006 Lancet survey 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths March 2003 to June 2006 PLOS Medicine Survey 460,000 deaths in Iraq as direct or indirect result of the war including more than 60 % of deaths directly attributable to violence . March 2003 to June 2011
First Nations
Approximately 2,500 aboriginal people were murdered in Canada between 1982 and 2011 , out of 15,000 murders in Canada overall . Of the 2,500 murdered aboriginal Canadians , fully 71 per cent -- 1,750 -- were male .
Health care in the United States
A study found that between 1997 and 2003 , preventable deaths declined more slowly in the United States than in 18 other industrialized nations . A 2008 study found that 101,000 people a year die in the U.S. that would not if the health care system were as effective as that of France , Japan , or Australia .
World Health Organization
As part of the United Nations , the World Health Organization supports work towards the Millennium Development Goals . Of the eight Millennium Development Goals , three -- reducing child mortality by two - thirds , to reduce maternal deaths by three - quarters , and to halt and begin to reduce the spread of HIV / AIDS -- relate directly to WHO 's scope ; the other five inter-relate and affect world health .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed .
Soweto uprising
Students from numerous Sowetan schools began to protest in the streets of Soweto in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools . It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests . They were met with fierce police brutality . The number of protesters killed by police is usually given as 176 , but estimates of up to 700 have been made . In remembrance of these events , 16 June is now a public holiday in South Africa , named Youth Day .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The IBC project released a report detailing the deaths it recorded between March 2003 and March 2005 in which it recorded 24,865 civilian deaths . The report says the U.S. and its allies were responsible for the largest share ( 37 % ) of the 24,865 deaths . The remaining deaths were attributed to anti-occupations forces ( 9 % ) , crime ( 36 % ) and unknown agents ( 11 % ) . It also lists the primary sources used by the media -- mortuaries , medics , Iraqi officials , eyewitnesses , police , relatives , U.S. - coalition , journalists , non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , friends / associates and other .
Rwandan genocide
The pygmy people called the Batwa ( or ' Twa ' ) made up about 1 % of Rwanda 's population . An estimated 10,000 of the 30,000 strong population was killed . They are sometimes referred to as the `` Forgotten victims '' of the Rwandan genocide . In the months leading up to the genocide , Hutu radio stations accused the Batwa of aiding the RPF and Twa survivors describe Hutu fighters as threatening to kill them all .
Hurricane Irma
In Haiti , officials stated that losses were greater than they could have been since people largely did not heed early preparation and evacuation warnings . At least 5,000 homes were flooded . One man died trying to cross a flooded river ; another went missing and 17 were injured . The trash - and waste - contaminated floodwaters in places like Cap - Haïtien , Ouanaminthe , and Gonaives led to fears of cholera outbreaks . Flooding continued to worsen days after the storm , as runoff from the mountains swelled rivers in low - lying farming communities . United Nations peacekeepers from Brazil were able to gain access to the flooded northwest region to provide urgent aid , but non-governmental organizations and Haitian economists warned that the estimated 30,000 victims would need longer - term assistance as well . Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant appointed a government commission to address Irma 's effects , with Action Against Hunger in charge of humanitarian coordination .