vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Iodine-131
Patients receiving I - 131 radioiodine treatment may be warned not to have sexual intercourse for one month ( or shorter , depending on dose given ) , and women told not to become pregnant for six months afterwards . `` This is because a theoretical risk to a developing fetus exists , even though the amount of radioactivity retained may be small and there is no medical proof of an actual risk from radioiodine treatment . Such a precaution would essentially eliminate direct fetal exposure to radioactivity and markedly reduce the possibility of conception with sperm that might theoretically have been damaged by exposure to radioiodine . '' These guidelines vary from hospital to hospital and will depend on national legislation and guidance , as well as the dose of radiation given . Some also advise not to hug or hold children when the radiation is still high , and a one - or two - metre distance to others may be recommended .
Postterm pregnancy
The causes of post-term births are unknown , but post-mature births are more likely when the mother has experienced a previous post-mature birth . Due dates are easily miscalculated when the mother is unsure of her last menstrual period . When there is a miscalculation , the baby could be delivered before or after the expected due date . Post-mature births can also be attributed to irregular menstrual cycles . When the menstrual period is irregular it is very difficult to judge when the ovaries would be available for fertilization and subsequent pregnancy . Some post-mature pregnancies are because the mother is not certain of her last period , so in reality the baby is not technically post-mature . However , in most countries where gestation is measured by ultrasound scan technology , this is less likely .
Caste system in India
Leonard and Weller have surveyed marriage and genealogical records to study patterns of exogamous inter-caste and endogamous intra-caste marriages in a regional population of India in 1900 -- 1975 . They report a striking presence of exogamous marriages across caste lines over time , particularly since the 1970s . They propose education , economic development , mobility and more interaction between youth as possible reasons for these exogamous marriages .
Cousin marriage
In April 2002 , the Journal of Genetic Counseling released a report which estimated the average risk of birth defects in a child born of first cousins at 1.1 -- 2.0 percentage points over an average base risk for non-cousin couples of 3 % , or about the same as that of any woman over age 40 . In terms of mortality , a 1994 study found a mean excess pre-reproductive mortality rate of 4.4 % , while another study published in 2009 suggests the rate may be closer to 3.5 % . Put differently , a single first - cousin marriage entails a similar increased risk of birth defects and mortality as a woman faces when she gives birth at age 41 rather than at 30 .
Cousin marriage
Recent 2001 data for Brazil indicate a rate of cousin marriage of 1.1 % , down from 4.8 % in 1957 . The geographic distribution is heterogeneous : in certain regions , the rate is at typical European levels , but in other areas is much higher . Newton Freire - Maia ( pt ) found paternal parallel cousin marriage to be the most common type . In his 1957 study , the rate varied from 1.8 % in the south to 8.4 % in the northeast , where it increased moving inward from the coast , and was higher in rural regions than in urban . Consanguinity has decreased over time and particularly since the 19th century . For example , in São Paulo in the mid-19th century , the rate of cousin marriage apparently was 16 % , but a century later , it was merely 1.9 % .
Cousin marriage
Repeated consanguineous marriages within a group are more problematic . After repeated generations of cousin marriage the actual genetic relationship between two people is closer than the most immediate relationship would suggest . In Pakistan , where there has been cousin marriage for generations and the current rate may exceed 50 % , one study estimated infant mortality at 12.7 percent for married double first cousins , 7.9 percent for first cousins , 9.2 percent for first cousins once removed / double second cousins , 6.9 percent for second cousins , and 5.1 percent among nonconsanguineous progeny . Among double first cousin progeny , 41.2 percent of prereproductive deaths were associated with the expression of detrimental recessive genes , with equivalent values of 26.0 , 14.9 , and 8.1 percent for first cousins , first cousins once removed / double second cousins , and second cousins respectively .
Stepfamily
If a stepparent legally adopts the partner 's child or children , he or she becomes the child 's legal parent . In such cases , the parents may stop using the terms `` stepparent '' and `` stepchild '' and instead refer to the child simply as their son or daughter ; depending on the child 's degree of affinity for the adoptive parent and / or approval of the legal proceedings culminating in the child 's adoption , the child may likewise drop the `` step - '' designation from his / her description of the relationship . Even when all parties describe the relationship using the terms applied to biological and adoptive families , however , at least some of the emotional and psychological issues common to stepfamilies may persist .
Adolescence
A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic , specifically divorce . With the divorce rate up to about 50 % , divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence . Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents . Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent . In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes , divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home . However , most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development . A recent study found that , compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families , children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence , make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time . Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory , which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training . A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties . These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style , meaning as adults , they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management .
Nuss procedure
In this case , the difficulty and length of recovery should be carefully considered prior to making the decision to undergo the operation , as the limitations to lifestyle , functionality and comfort can be dramatic for many months . This can not be understated for older children , which is why many doctors do not recommend this procedure unless medically necessary ( i.e. not for cosmetic reasons ) . Fully grown adults may require from four weeks to many months before they can resume normal activities , including work . For six to twenty - four hours after the operation , the patient generally will have a Foley catheter to minimize risk of movement that could displace bar , and because the epidural can interfere with normal urination . The patient may also receive thoracic epidural analgesia in the back for two to five days depending on patient recovery .
Brown bear
Males take no part in raising their cubs -- parenting is left entirely to the females . Through the process of delayed implantation , a female 's fertilized egg divides and floats freely in the uterus for six months . During winter dormancy , the fetus attaches to the uterine wall . The cubs are born eight weeks later , while the mother sleeps . If the mother does not gain enough weight to survive through the winter , the embryo does not implant and is reabsorbed into the body . There have been cases of bears with as many as six cubs , although the average litter size is 1 - 3 , with more than four being considered uncommon . There are records of females sometimes adopting stray cubs or even trading or kidnapping cubs when they emerge from hibernation ( a larger female may claim cubs away from a smaller one ) . Older and larger females within a population tend to give birth to larger litters The size of a litter also depends on factors such as geographic location and food supply . At birth , the cubs are blind , toothless , hairless , and may weigh from 350 to 510 g ( 0.77 to 1.12 lb ) , again reportedly based on the age and condition of the mother . They feed on their mother 's milk until spring or even early summer , depending on climate conditions . At this time , the cubs weigh 7 to 9 kg ( 15 to 20 lb ) and have developed enough to follow her over long distances and begin to forage for solid food . Kodiak
Adolescence
Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy , as long as they occur after marriage . In permissive societies , overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable , and is sometimes even encouraged . Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive , there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality . Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is -- in some it is legally inscribed , while in others it is communicated through social convention . Lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience . The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs , lifestyles , and societal perceptions of its adolescents .
Sanctuary city
A preliminary study 's results imply that the number of Sanctuary cities in the U.S. positively affects well - being in the undocumented immigrant population . Concerning health , a study in North Carolina found that after implementation of section 287 ( g ) , prenatal Hispanic / Latina mothers were more likely than non-Hispanic / Latina mothers to have late or inadequate prenatal care . The study 's interviews indicated that Hispanics / Latinos in the section 287 ( g ) counties had distrust in health services among other services and had fear about going to the doctor .
UNICEF
UNICEF has a policy preferring orphanages only be used as temporary accommodation for children when there is no alternative . UNICEF has historically opposed the creation of large - scale , permanent orphanages for children , preferring instead to find children places in their ( extended ) families and communities , wherever possible . This has led UNICEF to be skeptical of international adoption efforts as a solution to child care problems in developing countries ; UNICEF has preferred to see children cared for in their birth countries rather than be adopted by foreign parents .
One-child policy
According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented , starting from 1969 a decade before the start of one child policy . Many scholars have disputed this claim , with Martin King Whyte and Wang et al contending that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population . China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . However , a recent demographic study challenged these scholars by showing that China 's low fertility was achieved two or three decades earlier than would be expected given its development , and that the official estimate of 400 million policy averted births is plausible . In addition , the combined effects of the one - child policy and the two - child policy that preceded it may have averted as many as 1 billion people in China by 2060 when one adds in all the eliminated descendants of the births originally averted by the policies . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China .
One-child policy
Due to the preference in Rural Chinese society to give birth to a son , pre-natal sex determination and sex - selective abortions are illegal in China . Often argued as one of the key factors in the imbalanced sex - ratio in China , as excess female infant mortality and underreporting of female births can not solely explain this gender disparity . Researchers have found that the gender of the firstborn child in rural parts of China impact whether or not the mother will seek an ultrasound for the second child . 40 % of women with a firstborn son seek an ultrasound for their second pregnancy , versus 70 % of women with firstborn daughters . This clearly depicts a desire for women to birth a son if one has not yet been birthed . In response to this , the Chinese government made sex - selective abortions illegal in 2005 .
Infertility
Pixar 's Up contains a depiction of infertility in an extended life montage that lasts the first few minutes of the film .
Cell-free fetal DNA
In 2010 , Hill et al analyzed the sex - determining region Y gene ( SRY ) and the Y chromosome short tandem repeat `` DYS14 '' in cffDNA from 511 pregnancies using a quantitative real - time PCR ( RT - qPCR ) . In 401 of 403 pregnancies where maternal blood was drawn at seven weeks gestation or more , both segments of DNA were found . Nested
Female reproductive system
After ovulation , the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube , after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus , occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm . During fertilization the egg cell plays a role ; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm 's surface . The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin . The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs ( cilia ) to help the egg cell travel .
History of Kenya
Between 1980 and 2000 total fecundity in Kenya fell by about 40 % , from some eight births per woman to around five . During the same period , fertility in Uganda declined by less than 10 % . The difference was due primarily to greater contraceptive use in Kenya , though in Uganda there was also a reduction in pathological sterility . The Demographic and Health Surveys carried out every five years show that women in Kenya wanted fewer children than those in Uganda and that in Uganda there was also a greater unmet need for contraception . These differences may be attributed , in part at least , to the divergent paths of economic development followed by the two countries since independence and to the Kenya government 's active promotion of family planning , which the Uganda government did not promote until 1995 .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
Early Registration of Pregnancy , preferably within first three months . Received one antenatal check - up .
Yemen
Yemen is ranked last of 135 countries in the 2012 Global Gender Gap Report . Human Rights Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as on the abolition of the minimum marriage age of fifteen for women . The onset of puberty ( interpreted by some to be as low as the age of nine ) was set as a requirement for marriage instead . Publicity about the case of ten - year - old Yemeni divorcee Nujood Ali brought the child marriage issue to the fore not only in Yemen but also worldwide . Human
Egg donation
The largest registry is the Donor Sibling Registry - with more than 25,000 members , the DSR has matched almost 7,000 donor conceived people with their egg and sperm donors , as well as with their half siblings . Alternate methods of providing an information link between the donor and recipient ( both agreeing to stay registered on the DSR ) are often provided for in the legal document ( referred to as the `` Egg Donor Agreement '' . )
Elf (Middle-earth)
Spouses can choose each other even long before they are married , thus becoming betrothed . The betrothal is subject to parental approval unless the parties are of age and intend to marry soon , at which point the betrothal is announced . They exchange rings and the betrothal lasts at least a year , and is revocable by the return of the rings ; however , it is rarely broken . After their formal betrothal , the couple appoint a date , at least a year later , for the wedding .
Wales
The total fertility rate ( TFR ) in Wales was 1.90 in 2011 , which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 . The majority of births are to unmarried women ( 58 % of births in 2011 were outside marriage ) . About one in 10 births ( 10.7 % ) in 2011 were to foreign - born mothers , compared to 5.2 % in 2001 .
Chinese marriage
During the Mao era ( 1949 -- 1976 ) divorce was rare , but in the reform era , it has become easier and more commonplace . A USC U.S. - China Institute article reports that the divorce rate in 2006 was about 1.4 / 1000 people , about twice what it was in 1990 and more than three times what it was in 1982 . Still , the divorce rate in China is less than half what it is in the United States . One of the most important breakthroughs in the marriage institution were amendments added to the Marriage Law in 2001 , which shortened the divorce - application procedure and added legitimate reasons for divorce , such as emphasizing the importance of faithfulness within a married couple , a response to rising failure of marriages due to unfaithful affairs during marriage that have come into public knowledge . With the rising divorce rates nowadays , public discussions and governmental organs often criticize the lack of effort in marriage maintenance which many couples express . This is evident , for example in the new ' divorce buffer zones ' established in the marriage registration offices in certain provinces , which is a room where the couples wait , as a stage within the divorce application procedure , and are encouraged to talk things over and consider giving their marriage another chance . However , such phenomena do n't contradict the increasing permissiveness of the systems and of married couples which lead to the constant growth in divorce rates in China .
Republic of Ireland
Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland , while discrimination based on age , gender , sexual orientation , marital or familial status , religion , race or membership of the travelling community is illegal . The legislation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in 1993 . In 2010 , the Dáil and the Seanad passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act , which recognised civil partnerships between same - sex couples . It permits same - sex couples to register their relationship before a registrar . A Sunday Times poll carried out in March 2011 showed that 73 % of people believe that same - sex couples should be allowed to marry , while 60 % believe that same - sex couples should be allowed to adopt children . In April 2012 , the Constitutional Convention voted overwhelmingly in favour of extending marriage rights to same - sex couples . On 23 May 2015 , Ireland became the first country to legalise same - sex marriage by popular vote .
Confederate States of America
About 250,000 men never came home , some 30 percent of all white men aged 18 to 40 , in 1860 . Widows who were overwhelmed often abandoned the farm and merged into the households of relatives , or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death . In the Old South , being an `` old maid '' was something of an embarrassment to the woman and her family . After the war it became almost a norm . Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry . Divorce , while never fully accepted , became more common . The concept of the `` New Woman '' emerged -- she was self - sufficient and independent , and stood in sharp contrast to the `` Southern Belle '' of antebellum lore .
One-child policy
The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform .
Chinese marriage
Chinese marriage became a custom between 402 and 221 BC . Despite China 's long history and many different geographical areas , there are essentially six rituals , generally known as the three letters and six etiquettes ( 三 書 六 禮 ) . Unfortunately for some traditional families , the wife 's mother can not go to her son - in - law 's family until one year ( according to the Chinese lunar calendar or Chinese Lunar New Year ) after the wedding has elapsed . However , during this one year the daughter can go back at any time .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
... the value of the counseling requirement is not clear . The counseling was intended to help consumers make informed choices about bankruptcy and its alternatives . Yet anecdotal evidence suggests that by the time most clients receive the counseling , their financial situations are dire , leaving them with no viable alternative to bankruptcy . As a result , the requirement may often serve more as an administrative obstacle than as a timely presentation of meaningful options . Because no mechanism currently exists to track the outcomes of the counseling , policymakers and program managers are unable to fully assess how well the requirement is serving its intended purpose . --
Baby boom
After being in a lull of low birth rates , France experienced a baby boom after 1945 . The sense that the population was too small , especially in regard to the more powerful Germany , was a common theme in the early 20th century . Pronatalist policies were proposed in the 1930s and implemented in the 1940s .
Germ cell
This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2011 )