vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Acts of the Apostles
On the other hand , events such as the imprisonment of Paul at the hands of the empire ( Acts 22 - 28 ) as well as several encounters that reflect negatively on Roman officials ( for instance , Felix 's desire for a bribe from Paul in Acts 24 : 26 ) function as concrete points of conflict between Rome and the early church . Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke 's political vision is reflected in Peter 's speech to the Roman centurion , Cornelius ( Acts 10 : 36 ) . Peter states that `` this one '' ( οὗτος ) , i.e. Jesus , `` is lord ( κύριος ) of all . '' The title , κύριος , was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity , rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor 's authority . Thus , while the overt relationship between Christianity and empire in the book of Acts can generally be characterized as irenic , Luke insinuates the inevitability of conflict between the two over the issue of ultimate allegiance .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Early in 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego and ordered a military buildup in the Philippines in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain that any attack on the UK 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to avoid U.S. naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40,000 - man elite force . This was opposed by Douglas MacArthur , who felt that he would need a force ten times that size , and was never implemented . By 1941 , U.S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet .
France–Vietnam relations
In 1825 , emperor Minh Mạng issued an edict prohibiting foreign missionaries in Vietnam , following the infiltration of Father Regéreau from the Thétis when it was anchored in Đà Nẵng . In his edict , Minh Mạng asserted that Christianity perverted the people :
Surrender of Japan
The Emperor proposed sending Prince Konoe as a special envoy , although he would be unable to reach Moscow before the Potsdam Conference .
Australian Army during World War II
Meanwhile , in 1942 the Australian military was reinforced by units recalled from the Middle East and an expansion of the Militia and RAAF . United States military units also arrived in Australia in great numbers before being deployed to New Guinea , and in April 1942 command of Australian and US forces in the South West Pacific was consolidated under an American commander , General Douglas MacArthur . After halting the Japanese the Allies moved onto the offensive in late 1942 , with the pace of advance accelerating in 1943 . From 1944 the Australian military was mainly relegated to subsidiary roles in holding or mopping - up operations , but continued to conduct large - scale operations until the end of the war with a larger proportion of its forces deployed in the final months of the conflict than at any other time .
Surrender of Japan
In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe gave Emperor Hirohito a memorandum analyzing the situation , and told him that if the war continued , the imperial family might be in greater danger from an internal revolution than from defeat . According to the diary of Grand Chamberlain Hisanori Fujita , the Emperor , looking for a decisive battle ( tennōzan ) , replied that it was premature to seek peace `` unless we make one more military gain '' . Also in February , Japan 's treaty division wrote about Allied policies towards Japan regarding `` unconditional surrender , occupation , disarmament , elimination of militarism , democratic reforms , punishment of war criminals , and the status of the emperor . '' Allied - imposed disarmament , Allied punishment of Japanese war criminals , and especially occupation and removal of the Emperor , were not acceptable to the Japanese leadership .
Korean War
The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war , 29 June 1950 , by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces , George E. Stratemeyer . Major bombing began in late July . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons .
Emperor of Japan
At the end of 1935 , according to official government figures , the Imperial Court owned roughly 3,111,965 acres of landed estates , the bulk of which ( 2,599,548 acres ) were the Emperor 's private lands , with the total acreage of the crown estates amounting to some 512,161 acres ; those landholdings comprised palace complexes , forest and farm lands and other residential and commercial properties . The total value of the imperial properties was then estimated at ¥ 650 million , or roughly US $195 million at prevailing exchange rates . This was in addition to the Emperor 's personal fortune , which itself amounted to hundreds of millions of yen and included numerous family heirlooms and furnishings , purebred livestock and investments in major Japanese firms , such as the Bank of Japan , other major Japanese banks , the Imperial Hotel and Nippon Yusen .
Battle of Drepana
Publius Claudius Pulcher managed to escape and returned to Rome in shame , where he faced charges of treason . Unlike the Carthaginians , Romans did not execute generals for incompetence ( cf . Hannibal Gisco ) ; what brought Pulcher to the court was an accusation of sacrilege due to the chicken incident . He was convicted and sentenced to exile , with his political career finished .
Napoleon
In 1809 , under Napoleon 's orders , Pope Pius VII was placed under arrest in Italy , and in 1812 the prisoner Pontiff was transferred to France , being held in the Palace of Fontainebleau . Because the arrest was made in a clandestine manner , some sources describe it as a kidnapping . The Pope was only released in 1814 when the Allies invaded France . In January 1813 , Napoleon personally forced the Pope to sign a humiliating `` Concordat of Fontainebleau '' . The 1813 document was later repudiated by the Pontiff .
Convicts in Australia
In April 1848 , Charles Fitzgerald , Governor of Western Australia , petitioned Britain to send convicts to his state because of labor shortages . Britain rejected sending fixed term convicts , but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms .
Emperor of Japan
Unlike most constitutional monarchs , the Emperor is not even the nominal chief executive . Article 65 explicitly vests executive power in the Cabinet , of which the Prime Minister is the leader . The Emperor is also not the commander - in - chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces . The Japan Self - Defense Forces Act of 1954 also explicitly vests this role with the Prime Minister .
Korea under Japanese rule
Korean guards were sent to the remote jungles of Burma , where Lt. Col. William A. ( Bill ) Henderson wrote from his own experience that some of the guards overlooking the construction of the Burma Railway `` were moronic and at times almost bestial in their treatment of prisoners . This applied particularly to Korean private soldiers , conscripted only for guard and sentry duties in many parts of the Japanese empire . Regrettably , they were appointed as guards for the prisoners throughout the camps of Burma and Siam . '' The highest - ranking Korean to be prosecuted after the war was Lieutenant General Hong Sa - ik , who was in command of all the Japanese prisoner - of - war camps in the Philippines .
Emperor of Japan
According to the traditional account of the Nihon Shoki , Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC . Modern historians agree that the Emperors before the possible late 3rd century AD ruler known traditionally as Emperor Ōjin are legendary . Emperor Ankō of the 5th century AD , traditionally the 20th emperor , is the earliest generally agreed upon historical ruler of all or a part of Japan . The reign of Emperor Kinmei ( c. 509 -- 571 AD ) , the 29th emperor , is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates ; however , the conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kanmu ( 737 -- 806 ) , the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty .
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
There is no scholarly agreement that the oath took place ; it is reported , although differently , by Plutarch ( Poplicola , 2 ) and Appian ( B.C. 2.119 ) .
Concordat of Worms
Gregory VII appeared to have succeeded when the emperor Henry IV , Holy Roman Emperor was humiliated at Canossa in 1077 . There , Henry begged in the snow to be let back into the good graces of the Church , having been excommunicated the year before by Gregory . The penitent and humbled emperor did not remain in that state . Soon Henry IV took his revenge . He named his own pope Antipope Clement III in the old manner of the Holy Roman Emperors . Pope Urban II , more prudent than Gregory sidestepped the issue using a Crusade to gather Christian Europe together under his authority . A compromise was reached in Worms in 1122 , by which the emperor abandoned investiture `` by ring and staff '' to the pope , and promised to respect the freedom of elections and consecrations , but kept for himself the right to invest bishops with the temporalities of their sees `` by scepter '' . Though the Emperor retained some power over imperial churches , his power was damaged irreparably because he lost the religious authority that previously belonged to the office of the king . In France , England , and the Christian state in Spain , the king could overcome rebellions of his magnates and establish the power of his royal demesne because he could rely on the Church , which , for several centuries , had given him a mystical authority . From time to time , rebellious and recalcitrant monarchs might run afoul of the Church . These could be excommunicated , and after an appropriate time and public penance , be received back into the communion and good graces of the Church .
Korea under Japanese rule
Collaborators of the Imperial Japanese Army were prosecuted in the postwar period as Chinilpa , or `` friendly to Japanese '' . In 2006 , South Korean president , Roh Moo - hyun , appointed an investigation commission into the issue of locating descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators from the times of the 1890s until the collapse of Japanese rule in 1945 .
Nine Years' War
Louis XIV now mastered the Rhine south of Mainz to the Swiss border , but although the attacks kept the Turks fighting in the east , the impact on Leopold I and the German states had the opposite effect of what had been intended . The League of Augsburg was not strong enough to meet the threat , but on 22 October the powerful German princes , including the Elector of Brandenburg , John George III , Elector of Saxony , Ernest Augustus of Hanover , and Charles I , Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel , reached an agreement in Magdeburg that mobilised the forces of north Germany . Meanwhile , the Emperor recalled the Bavarian , Swabian , and Franconian troops under the Elector of Bavaria from the Ottoman front to defend south Germany . The French had not prepared for such an eventuality . Realising that the war in Germany was not going to end quickly and that the Rhineland blitz would not be a brief and decisive parade of French glory , Louis XIV and Louvois resolved upon a scorched - earth policy in the Palatinate , Baden and Württemberg , intent on denying enemy troops local resources and prevent them from invading French territory . By 20 December 1688 Louvois had selected all the cities , towns , villages and châteaux intended for destruction . On 2 March 1689 Count of Tessé torched Heidelberg ; on 8 March Montclar levelled Mannheim . Oppenheim and Worms were finally destroyed on 31 May , followed by Speyer on 1 June , and Bingen on 4 June . In all , French troops burnt over 20 substantial towns as well as numerous villages .
History of the Church of England
Henry first asked for an annulment in 1527 . After various failed initiatives he stepped up the pressure on Rome , in the summer of 1529 , by compiling a manuscript from ancient sources arguing that , in law , spiritual supremacy rested with the monarch and also against the legality of Papal authority . In 1531 Henry first challenged the Pope when he demanded 100,000 pounds from the clergy in exchange for a royal pardon for what he called their illegal jurisdiction . He also demanded that the clergy should recognise him as their sole protector and supreme head . The church in England recognised Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England on 11 February 1531 . Nonetheless , he continued to seek a compromise with the Pope , but negotiations ( which had started in 1530 and ended in 1532 ) with the papal legate Antonio Giovanni da Burgio failed . Efforts by Henry to appeal to Jewish scholarship concerning the contours of levirate marriage were unavailing as well .
Australia–Canada relations
The war placed dominion governments in an awkward position . Although they remained responsible for the nature of their national contribution to the allied cause , Britain retained complete control over strategy and high policy . During the initial stages of the conflict , when it was thought that the war would only last a few months , this state of affairs was perfectly acceptable . But as the war dragged on and its horrifying scale became apparent , a number of dominion premiers became restive and uneasy . During a visit to London in 1915 , Borden began to wage a campaign intended to force the British government to keep the dominions more fully informed of the war 's progress . Early the following year , the newly elected Australian prime minister , W.M. Hughes , joined Borden 's crusade . After a brief meeting in Ottawa , the two agreed on a broadly similar set of dominion objectives . Borden and Hughes proved a formidable team . They readily convinced the wily British prime minister , David Lloyd George , of the need to establish formal mechanisms to facilitate consultation between Britain and the dominions . An Imperial War Conference invited dominion prime ministers to consider the general problem of imperial relations , while an Imperial War Cabinet gave them a direct voice in the conduct of the war . The initial struggle for greater dominion status was successfully concluded in April 1917 when the Imperial War Conference recognized `` the Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth ... ( with a right to ) an adequate voice in foreign policy and foreign relations . '' A year later , this theoretical expression of dominion sovereignty assumed practical significance when Borden and Hughes joined forces again to secure separate dominion representation at the Paris Peace Conference .
Electoral college
Early Germanic law stated that the German king led only with the support of his nobles . Thus , Pelagius needed to be elected by his Visigothic nobles before becoming king of Asturias , and so did Pepin the Short by Frankish nobles in order to become the first Carolingian king . While most other Germanic nations had developed a strictly hereditary system by the end of the first millennium , the Holy Roman Empire did not , and the King of the Romans , who would become , by papal coronation however , Holy Roman Emperor or at least Emperor - elect , was elected by the college of prince - electors from the late Middle Ages until 1806 ( the last election took place in 1792 ) .
History of the Roman Empire
After his accession , Nerva set a new tone : he released those imprisoned for treason , banned future prosecutions for treason , restored much confiscated property , and involved the Roman Senate in his rule . He probably did so as a means to remain relatively popular and therefore alive , but this did not completely aid him . Support for Domitian in the army remained strong , and in October 97 the Praetorian Guard laid siege to the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill and took Nerva hostage . He was forced to submit to their demands , agreeing to hand over those responsible for Domitian 's death and even giving a speech thanking the rebellious Praetorians . Nerva then adopted Trajan , a commander of the armies on the German frontier , as his successor shortly thereafter in order to bolster his own rule . Casperius Aelianus , the Guard Prefect responsible for the mutiny against Nerva , was later executed under Trajan .
Arthur Phillip
The Governor 's main problem was with his own military officers , who wanted large grants of land , which Phillip had not been authorised to grant . Scurvy broke out , and in October 1788 Phillip had to send Sirius to Cape Town for supplies , and strict rationing was introduced , with thefts of food punished by hanging . Arthur Phillip quoted `` The living conditions need to improve or my men wo n't work as hard , so I have come to a conclusion that I must hire surgeons to fix the convicts . ''
History of the United States (1945–64)
After a few weeks of retreat , General Douglas MacArthur 's success at the Battle of Inchon turned the war around ; UN forces invaded North Korea . This advantage was lost when hundreds of thousands of Chinese entered an undeclared war against the United States and pushed the US / UN / Korean forces back to the original starting line , the 38th parallel . The war became a stalemate , with over 33,000 American dead and 100,000 wounded but nothing to show for it except a resolve to continue the containment policy . Truman fired MacArthur but was unable to end the war . Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 campaigned against Truman 's failures of `` Korea , Communism and Corruption , '' promising to go to Korea himself and end the war . By threatening to use nuclear weapons in 1953 , Eisenhower ended the war with a truce that is still in effect .
Emperor of Japan
The growth of the samurai class from the 10th century gradually weakened the power of the imperial family over the realm , leading to a time of instability . Emperors have been known to come into conflict with the reigning shogun from time to time . Some instances , such as Emperor Go - Toba 's 1221 rebellion against the Kamakura shogunate and the 1336 Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go - Daigo , show the power struggle between the imperial court and the military governments of Japan .
Military history of the United States during World War II
General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944 . The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte , Luzon , and Mindanao . Iwo
Australia–Canada relations
The triumph of communism in China and the outbreak of war along the Korean Peninsula in June 1950 transformed the postwar landscape . The Cold War spilled beyond its European origins and emerged as a global phenomenon with a unique Asian dimension . Once again , Australian and Canadian troops found themselves fighting together , this time in Korea under the auspices of the United Nations . However , good relations remained elusive . The defeat of Chifley 's Labor government and the election of Robert Menzies ' conservative coalition threatened to make things worse . Ottawa worried that the new government 's aggressive anti-communism and its increasingly suspicious attitude towards Indonesia might inhibit the West 's ability to secure cold war allies among Asia 's newly independent states . Australia was equally critical of Canada 's cautious approach to the desperate challenges facing Asia . Percy Spender , the coalition 's first minister of external affairs , held Canada partly responsible for the frustrating delays he encountered in establishing an aid program for South - east Asia . Spender 's `` brutal and eccentric '' tactics in pursuit of what eventually became the Colombo Plan were deeply resented in Ottawa . The tense international situation left little room for such disputes . Growing allied tension over the strategy to be pursued in response to Chinese intervention in the Korean War threatened the Anglo - American harmony upon which both Canada 's and Australia 's foreign policy was predicated . A new Australian minister of external affairs , Richard Casey , set out to tackle this problem when he was appointed to his post in the spring of 1951 . An experienced diplomat , who had served in both London and Washington , Casey possessed a clear conception of the role that Canada and Australia might play in the Anglo - American relationship . He lost no time in making Pearson aware of his views :
English Reformation
In the matter of the annulment , no progress seemed possible . The Pope seemed more afraid of Emperor Charles V than of Henry . Anne and Cromwell and their allies wished simply to ignore the Pope , but in October 1530 a meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that Parliament could not empower the archbishop to act against the Pope 's prohibition . Henry thus resolved to bully the priests .
James Stockdale
On March 4 , 1976 , Stockdale received the Medal of Honor . Stockdale filed charges against two other officers ( Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Edison W. Miller and Navy Captain Walter E. `` Gene '' Wilber ) who , he felt , had given aid and comfort to the enemy . However , the Navy Department under the leadership of then - Secretary of the Navy John Warner took no action and retired these men `` in the best interests of the Navy . ''
History of the Roman Empire
In Asia , a revitalised Parthian Empire renewed its assault . Marcus Aurelius sent his co-emperor Lucius Verus to command the legions in the East . Lucius was authoritative enough to command the full loyalty of the troops , but already powerful enough that he had little incentive to overthrow Marcus . The plan succeeded -- Verus remained loyal until his death , while on campaign , in 169 .
Operation Barbarossa
On 5 December 1940 , Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion on which the German High Command had been working since July 1940 under the codename `` Operation Otto '' . Hitler , however , was dissatisfied with these plans and on 18 December issued Führer Directive 21 , which called for a new battle plan , now code - named `` Operation Barbarossa '' . The operation was named after medieval Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire , a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century . The invasion was set for 15 May 1941 , though it was delayed for over a month in allowing for further preparations and possibly better weather . ( See Reasons for delay . )
Napoleon
After four years on the sidelines , Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats . Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain , Sweden , and the Ottoman Empire in 1809 . Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians , but reneged before conflict began . A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized . Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon , a stance that landed him in the so - called `` peace party '' , he did not want to see the army demobilized either . On 8 February 1809 , the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French .