vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
San Francisco fog
The prevailing wind along the California coast is from the northwest owing to the normal location of the North Pacific High , a large area of high atmospheric pressure . As the coastline is oriented from northwest to southeast , the marine layer and any clouds present within it would be confined to the coast and adjacent offshore waters , and often are , but for the large difference in temperature between the coastal waters and the inland valleys , especially the Central Valley . In the summer , inland temperatures can soar as high as 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , and often higher . This large difference creates a strong pressure gradient that turns the prevailing northwest flow to a westerly and even southwesterly direction near the coastline , driving the marine layer and its clouds onshore and through any gaps in the Coast Ranges .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Tropical cyclones themselves do not affect the UK due to the seas being too cold -- they need temperatures above 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) to remain active . The waters near the UK , the Atlantic Ocean , only have temperatures of 2 to 18 ° C ( 36 to 64 ° F ) , so any tropical cyclone that does come anywhere near the UK has said to have undergone a process called extratropical transition . This now means it is an extratropical cyclone , which the UK frequently experiences . The Great Storm of 1987 was a very deep depression which formed in the Bay of Biscay , which also contained the remnants of Hurricane Floyd . Hurricane Lili of 1996 and Hurricane Gordon of 2006 both crossed the UK as strong extratropical cyclones with tropical storm - force winds , causing transport closures , power - cuts and flooding in Northern Ireland , Scotland and South West England . In 2011 , the remnants of Hurricane Katia passed over northwestern Scotland with winds near 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) .
Hurricane Hugo
Hugo began to accelerate to the northwest soon after exiting eastern Puerto Rico . On September 18 , the hurricane was located a couple of hundred miles east of Florida when it began a more northward track , in response to a steering flow associated with an upper - level low pressure area that was moving across the southeastern United States . Hugo then began to strengthen again , and it reached a secondary peak at 1800 UTC on September 21 as a Category 4 hurricane . The maximum sustained winds were 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) , while the minimum central pressure was 944 millibars ( 27.9 inHg ) . On September 22 at 0400 UTC , Hugo made landfall on Sullivan 's Island , South Carolina , at its secondary peak as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale with 140 - mph sustained winds and a central pressure of 934 millibars ( 27.6 inHg ) .
Tropical cyclone
The upper circulation of strong hurricanes extends into the tropopause of the atmosphere , which at low latitudes is 15,000 -- 18,000 metres ( 50,000 -- 60,000 ft ) .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Most intense Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg Wilma 2005 882 26.05 Gilbert 1988 888 26.23 `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 26.34 Rita 2005 895 26.43 5 Allen 1980 899 26.55 6 Camille 1969 900 26.58 7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64 8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73 Dean 2007 10 Maria 2017 908 26.81 Source : HURDAT
Savannah, Georgia
Savannah is at risk for hurricanes , particularly of the Cape Verde type . Because of its location in the Georgia Bight ( the arc of the Atlantic coastline in Georgia and northern Florida ) as well as the tendency for hurricanes to re-curve up the coast , Savannah has a lower risk of hurricanes than some other coastal cities such as Charleston , South Carolina . Savannah was seldom affected by hurricanes during the 20th century , with one exception being Hurricane David in 1979 . However , the historical record shows that the city was frequently affected during the second half of the 19th century . The most prominent of these storms was the 1893 Sea Islands hurricane , which killed at least 2,000 people . ( This estimate may be low , as deaths among the many impoverished rural African - Americans living on Georgia 's barrier islands may not have been reported . )
Florida Keys
The Labor Day Hurricane is one of only three hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U.S. coast since reliable weather records began ( about 1850 ) . The other storms were Hurricane Camille ( 1969 ) and Hurricane Andrew ( 1992 ) .
North Carolina
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )
Hurricane Hugo
The storm reached Charlotte at 3 AM , only six hours after landfall . By this time , it was still a fairly strong tropical storm with sustained winds of 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) and gusts of 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) . This was enough to topple trees across roads and houses , leaving many without power , closing schools for as long as two weeks , and spawning several tornadoes . Charlotte is roughly 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland , and many coastal residents from both Carolinas went there to wait out the storm .
Climate of the United States
Southern Florida has a tropical climate , with all months having a mean temperature of higher than 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , a wet season from May through October , and a dry season from November through April . In cities like Fort Lauderdale , Miami , Key West , Naples , and Palm Beach average daily highs range from the mid 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in winter to the upper 80 ° F ( 32 ° C ) s in summer . Average overnight lows range from the upper 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) s in winter to the mid and upper 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in summer . Southern Florida is the warmest region of the US mainland in winter .
Arizona
Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 in ( 323 mm ) , which comes during two rainy seasons , with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer . The monsoon season occurs toward the end of summer . In July or August , the dewpoint rises dramatically for a brief period . During this time , the air contains large amounts of water vapor . Dewpoints as high as 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) have been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season . This hot moisture brings lightning , thunderstorms , wind , and torrential , if usually brief , downpours . These downpours often cause flash floods , which can turn deadly . In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams , the Arizona Legislature enacted the Stupid Motorist Law . It is rare for tornadoes or hurricanes to occur in Arizona .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1860 7 6 60 + One 1861 6 0 22 + One and Three 1862 0 Two and Three 1863 5 0 90 One , Two , Three & Four 1864 0 None One , Three & Five 1865 0 326 Four & Seven 1866 7 6 383 Six Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1866 ( cat 4 ) 1867 6 811 ' San Narciso ' Hurricane San Narciso of 1867 ( cat 3 ) 1868 0 One , Two & Four 1869 6 38 Six First New England Gale of 1869 ( cat 3 ) Saxby 's New England Gale of 1869 ( cat 2 )
Tropical cyclone
These active hurricane seasons predated satellite coverage of the Atlantic basin . Before the satellite era began in 1960 , tropical storms or hurricanes went undetected unless a reconnaissance aircraft encountered one , a ship reported a voyage through the storm , or a storm hit land in a populated area .
Geography of Florida
During El Nino there is greater rainfall between November to March . At the end of El Nino in 1998 480 wildfire occurred .
St. Johns River
Rain occurs more frequently in late summer and early fall . Tropical storms and nor'easters are common occurrences along the Atlantic coast of Florida ; the St. Johns River lies between 10 and 30 miles ( 16 and 48 km ) inland , so any storm striking the counties of Indian River north to Duval produces rain that is drained by the St. Johns River . Tropical Storm Fay in 2008 deposited 16 inches ( 410 mm ) of rain in a 5 - day period , most of it located near Melbourne . The St. Johns near Geneva in Seminole County rose 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in four days , setting a record . The river near Sanford rose 3 feet ( 1 m ) in 36 hours . Fay caused severe flooding in the middle basin due not only to the deluge but the flat slopes of the river . Typically , however , the St. Johns basin receives between 50 and 54 inches ( 1,300 and 1,400 mm ) of rain annually , half of it in summer months . The rate of evapotranspiration corresponds to rainfall , ranging between 27 and 57 inches ( 690 and 1,450 mm ) a year , most of it occurring in the summer . Average
Hurricane Gloria
As Gloria approached the East Coast of the United States , National Hurricane Center director Neil Frank called it the `` Storm of the Century '' , due to its intensity and potential track over the densely populated region of New England . Such a track gathered the attention of many people , and led to the evacuation of 380,000 people along the coast from North Carolina to Connecticut . In Maryland , officials implemented lane reversing to expedite the evacuation process , a policy many other coastal states use .
Hurricane Gloria
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 15 . Based on data from satellite imagery , it is estimated that a tropical depression formed on September 16 near Cape Verde , with an associated low - level circulation . The next day , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gloria , but there was no further intensification . On September 18 , Gloria weakened back to tropical depression status , but re-intensified into a tropical storm on September 20 . During this time , it moved generally westward due to a strong ridge to the north . On September 21 , the Hurricane Hunters began flying into Gloria to measure the storm 's intensity , and the next day , a flight observed winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) at a height of 1,500 ft ( 460 m ) . As a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded Gloria to a hurricane about 465 mi ( 750 km ) east - northeast of the Lesser Antilles .
Tropical cyclone
Studies published since 2008 , by Kerry Emanuel from MIT , indicate that global warming is likely to increase the intensity but decrease the frequency of hurricane and cyclone activity . In an article in Nature , Kerry Emanuel stated that potential hurricane destructiveness , a measure combining hurricane strength , duration , and frequency , `` is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature , reflecting well - documented climate signals , including multidecadal oscillations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific , and global warming '' . Emanuel predicted `` a substantial increase in hurricane - related losses in the twenty - first century '' .
Tropical cyclone
The maximum potential intensity is predominantly a function of the background environment alone ( i.e. without a tropical cyclone ) , and thus this quantity can be used to determine which regions on Earth can support tropical cyclones of a given intensity , and how these regions may evolve in time . Specifically , the maximum potential intensity has three components , but its variability in space and time is due predominantly to the variability in the surface - air enthalpy difference component Δ k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k ) . Derivation
Atlantic Ocean
Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds . Because of the ocean 's great capacity to store and release heat , maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates . Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures .
Great Lakes
The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel ; storms and reefs are common threats . The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms , in particular in the autumn , from late October until early December . Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes . The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay ( Michigan ) , beneath Lake Huron , near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge .
Thunderstorm
The National Weather Service ( NWS ) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur :
Gun laws in North Carolina
Because of State v. Huntley , and other court rulings , caution is urged as to the areas a person frequents with firearms .
Hurricane Gloria
At the same time Gloria was making landfall on Long Island , a storm warning was issued for western New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . Across Atlantic Canada , the threat of Hurricane Gloria caused many citizens to rely on American media for storm coverage .
Philippines
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid . There are three seasons : tag - init or tag - araw , the hot dry season or summer from March to May ; tag - ulan , the rainy season from June to November ; and tag - lamig , the cool dry season from December to February . The southwest monsoon ( from May to October ) is known as the Habagat , and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon ( from November to April ) , the Amihan . Temperatures usually range from 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) to 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season . The coolest month is January ; the warmest is May .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1990 16 14 8 116 $150 million Gustav Diana , Klaus No tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall in the United States 1991 12 8 30 $2.5 billion Claudette Bob 1992 9 7 66 $27 billion Andrew Andrew Hurricane Andrew was the costliest U.S. hurricane until 2005 . Includes one subtropical storm . 1993 10 8 274 $271 million Emily None 1994 12 7 0 1,184 $1.56 billion Florence None No major hurricanes 1995 21 19 11 5 115 $9.3 billion Opal Luis , Marilyn , Opal , Roxanne Tied for third most active season on record First season of an ongoing period of increased activity in the Atlantic ( + AMO ) 13 13 9 6 179 $3.8 billion Edouard Cesar , Fran , Hortense Cesar was renamed Douglas after it crossed Central America . Most amount of major hurricanes at the time 1997 9 8 11 $110 million Erika None Includes one subtropical storm 1998 14 14 10 12,000 + $12.2 billion Mitch Georges , Mitch Four simultaneous hurricanes on September 26 , the first time since 1893 . Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest hurricane in over 200 years . 1999 16 12 8 5 465 $5.9 billion Floyd Floyd , Lenny Most Category 4 hurricanes on record
Barbados
The country generally experiences two seasons , one of which includes noticeably higher rainfall . Known as the `` wet season '' , this period runs from June to November . By contrast , the `` dry season '' runs from December to May . Annual precipitation ranges between 1,000 and 2,300 mm ( 40 and 90 in ) . From December to May the average temperatures range from 21 to 31 ° C ( 70 to 88 ° F ) , while between June and November , they range from 23 to 31 ° C ( 73 to 88 ° F ) .
Tropical cyclone
In a weaker storm , the eye may be obscured by the central dense overcast , which is the upper - level cirrus shield that is associated with a concentrated area of strong thunderstorm activity near the center of a tropical cyclone .
Hurricane Katrina
Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland , with more than 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain falling in several areas . At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29 , the most on record in that state for one day in August . The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County . This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses . The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities . In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado , there was another fatality in a traffic accident .
Season
In temperate and subpolar regions , four calendar - based seasons are generally recognized : spring , summer , autumn or fall , and winter . Ecologists often use a six - season model for temperate climate regions : prevernal , vernal , estival , serotinal , autumnal , and hibernal . Many tropical regions have two seasons : the rainy , wet , or monsoon season and the dry season . Some have a third cool , mild , or harmattan season . Seasons often held special significance for agrarian societies , whose lives revolved around planting and harvest times , and the change of seasons was often attended by ritual .
Hurricane Irma
North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency on September 6 , with South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster following suit the same day . Governor of Virginia Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency on September 8 in order to protect Virginia residents and to mobilize resources in support of neighboring states .
Catawba River
On January 29 , 2008 , Duke Energy , the utility responsible for managing the Catawba River , extended its estimated time frame for Stage 4 water restrictions to August . The extension was possible because of conservation measures and the 6 inches of rain the basin received in December . However , area leaders converged on Valdese to hear presentations from Representatives of the N.C. Rural Center , N.C. Department of Commerce , N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Appalachian Regional Commission about grants and loans that are available to help pay for solutions to the drought .
Hurricane Hugo
Hurricane Hugo originated as a tropical wave ( which also spawned Hurricane Raymond ) , which moved off the west coast of Africa on September 9 . Soon after moving off the African coast , it was classified as Tropical Depression Eleven southeast of the Cape Verde Islands . Winds were initially 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) but they reached 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) soon after . Moving on a steady westward track at 18 knots ( 21 mph , 33 k / h ) , Tropical Depression Eleven steadily intensified , becoming Tropical Storm Hugo on September 11 at 1800 UTC . On September 13 , Hugo rapidly intensified , and reached hurricane strength 1265 miles ( 2035 km ) east of the Leeward Islands . A low - pressure area to the south caused Hugo to gradually turn to the west - northwest , while the storm was slowly strengthening . Shortly after , Hurricane Hugo began to rapidly intensify ; 24 hours after it was classified as a hurricane , it had become a category 2 hurricane . After this bout of rapid strengthening , Hugo began to rapidly deepen , becoming a major hurricane early the next morning .
Thunderstorm
Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts .
Tropical cyclone
A characteristic value of the maximum potential intensity , v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) , is 80 metres per second ( 180 mph ; 290 km / h ) . However , this quantity varies significantly across space and time , particularly within the seasonal cycle , spanning a range of 0 to 100 metres per second ( 0 to 224 mph ; 0 to 360 km / h ) . This variability is primarily due to variability in the surface enthalpy disequilibrium ( Δ k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k ) ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere , which are controlled by the large - scale dynamics of the tropical climate . These processes are modulated by factors including the sea surface temperature ( and underlying ocean dynamics ) , background near - surface wind speed , and the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating . The nature of this modulation is complex , particularly on climate time - scales ( decades or longer ) . On shorter time - scales , variability in the maximum potential intensity is commonly linked to sea surface temperature perturbations from the tropical mean , as regions with relatively warm water have thermodynamic states much more capable of sustaining a tropical cyclone than regions with relatively cold water . However , this relationship is indirect via the large - scale dynamics of the tropics ; the direct influence of the absolute sea surface temperature on v p ( \ displaystyle v_ ( p ) ) is weak in comparison .
Tropical cyclone
The previously mentioned processes result in a wind field that is nearly axisymmetric : Wind speeds are low at the center , increase rapidly moving outwards to the radius of maximum winds , and then decay more gradually with radius to large radii . However , the wind field often exhibits additional spatial and temporal variability due to the effects of localized processes , such as thunderstorm activity and horizontal flow instabilities . In the vertical direction , winds are strongest near the surface and decay with height within the troposphere .
Hurricane Harvey
Early on August 20 , the NHC began monitoring the remnants of Harvey for redevelopment . Although the effects of strong upper - level winds and dry air were expected to limit development in the near - term , conditions were expected to become more conducive to tropical storm and hurricane conditions when the disturbance entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea , and especially in the Bay of Campeche . Despite an increase in convective organization , the disturbance still lacked a well - defined center as it approached the Yucatán Peninsula . While traversing inland , satellite images and surface observations indicated that the circulation became better defined .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 2000 19 15 8 79 $1.2 billion Keith Keith Includes one subtropical storm 2001 17 15 9 105 $7.1 billion Michelle Allison , Iris , Michelle 2002 14 12 53 $2.6 billion Isidore Isidore , Lili Record - tying 8 named storms formed in September 2003 21 16 7 92 $4.4 billion Isabel Fabian , Isabel , Juan 3 off - season storms 17 15 9 6 3,100 + $60.1 billion Ivan Charley , Frances , Ivan , Jeanne Includes one subtropical storm Record - tying 8 named storms forming in August 2005 31 28 15 7 2,280 + $180.4 billion Wilma Dennis , Katrina , Rita , Stan , Wilma Second costliest hurricane season on record Season holds most activity records , including cyclones , storms , hurricanes , major hurricanes and Category 5 's ( 4 ) Most retired names Only year to use the Greek alphabet Includes 1 subtropical storm and 1 subtropical depression 2006 10 10 5 14 $500 million Gordon and Helene None 2007 17 15 6 423 $3 billion Dean Dean , Felix , Noel Includes one subtropical storm Two Category 5 Hurricanes that made landfall 2008 17 16 8 5 1,047 $47.5 billion Ike Gustav , Ike , Paloma Tied for fifth most active season on record Only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November 2009 11 9 6 $77 million Bill None