vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Territorial evolution of the United States
Date Event Change Map December 20 , 1860 In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln , South Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from the Congress of the United States . Disputes : January 9 , 1861 Mississippi proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 10 , 1861 Florida proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 11 , 1861 Alabama proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 19 , 1861 Georgia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 26 , 1861 Louisiana proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st and 2nd congressional districts , around New Orleans , maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : January 29 , 1861 The bulk of Kansas Territory , east of the 25th meridian west from Washington , was admitted as the thirty - fourth state , Kansas . The remainder became unorganized territory . February 8 , 1861 The Confederate States of America was formed by representatives of the seceded states of Alabama , Georgia , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . Disputes : February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized from portions of Nebraska Territory , New Mexico Territory , and Utah Territory , along with unorganized territory . It was bounded by the 32nd and 37th parallels north , and the 25th and 32nd meridians west from Washington . March 2 , 1861 Texas proclaimed its secession from the Union and was admitted to the Confederate States , withdrawing from Congress . Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri , Keya Paha , and Niobrara Rivers , and 43rd parallel north . Nebraska Territory 's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west , gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory . Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington . Disputes : March 28 , 1861 Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north . Disputes : April 12 , 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War . Disputes : April 17 , 1861 Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops to respond , Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress .
Turning point of the American Civil War
The capture of Forts Henry and Donelson , and the Confederate surrender at the latter , were the first significant Union victories during the war and the start of a mostly successful campaign in the Western Theater . Ulysses S. Grant completed both actions by February 16 , 1862 , and by doing so , opened the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers as Union supply lines and avenues of invasion to Tennessee , Mississippi , and eventually Georgia . The loss of control of these rivers was a significant strategic defeat for the Confederacy . This was the start of offensive actions by Grant that , with the sole exception of the Battle of Shiloh , would continue for the rest of the war . Confederates
Colonial history of the United States
At first , South Carolina was politically divided . Its ethnic makeup included the original settlers ( a group of rich , slave - owning English settlers from the island of Barbados ) and Huguenots , a French - speaking community of Protestants . Nearly continuous frontier warfare during the era of King William 's War and Queen Anne 's War drove economic and political wedges between merchants and planters . The disaster of the 1715 Yamasee War threatened the colony 's viability and set off a decade of political turmoil . By 1729 , the proprietary government had collapsed , and the Proprietors sold both colonies back to the British crown .
Conscription in the United States
The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union , and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28 , 1862 ; it was passed into law the next month . Resistance was both widespread and violent , with comparisons made between conscription and slavery . Rioters
American Civil War
The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said :
Confederate States of America
In peacetime , the South 's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products . The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all - weather shipment of cash crops to market . Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable , lowered costs and increased profits . In the event of invasion , the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union . Wherever Union armies invaded , they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines .
American Civil War
In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South .
American Revolutionary War
The British government continued to pursue trade control , however , passing acts that taxed wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 was especially egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the local economy , and consequently they were rarely paid . Smuggling , bribery , piracy , and intimidation of customs officials became commonplace . Colonial wars were also a contributing factor . The return of Louisbourg to France in 1748 following the War of the Austrian Succession caused considerable resentment in New England , the colonists having expended great effort in subduing the fortress only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy .
Confederate States of America
The political influences of the civilian , soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South . These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption , the war impact on local economy , and the course of the war . Without political parties , key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln 's call for volunteers to retake Federal property . Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection , predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig .
American Revolution
During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops . For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia .
American Civil War
The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in 1987 with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites ( APCWS ) , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it . In 1991 , the original Civil War Trust was created in the mold of the Statue of Liberty / Ellis Island Foundation , but failed to attract corporate donors and soon helped manage the disbursement of U.S. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation . Although the two organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions , ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger , which happened in 1999 with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust . In 2011 , the organization was renamed The Civil War Trust . From 1987 through late 2017 , The Trust and its predecessor organizations saved more than 40,000 acres at 126 Civil War battlefields and sites in 21 states .
United States
Differences of opinion regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union had alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . This led to Missouri 's controversial denouncement of the issue , as well as the formation of many short - lived territories such as the State of Scott , a county that left Tennessee to stay anti-slavery .
Whiskey Rebellion
A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789 , following the ratification of the United States Constitution . The previous central government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes ; it had borrowed money to meet expenses and fund the Revolution , accumulating $54 million in debt . The state governments had amassed an additional $25 million in debt . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity . In his Report on Public Credit , he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government . Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790 .
North Carolina
North Carolina was the site of few battles , but it provided the Confederacy with at least 125,000 troops , which is far more than any other state did . Approximately 40,000 of those troops died : more than half of disease , the remainder from battlefield wounds and from starvation . North Carolina also supplied about 15,000 Union troops . Elected in 1862 , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance tried to maintain state autonomy against Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond . Sculpture
American Civil War
While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation
Confederate States of America
The United States government never declared war on those `` kindred and countrymen '' in the Confederacy , but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15 , 1861 . It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an `` insurrection and rebellion '' .
War of 1812
Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim .
Whiskey Rebellion
L. Neil Smith wrote the alternate history novel The Probability Broach in 1980 as part of his North American Confederacy Series . In it , Albert Gallatin joins the rebellion in 1794 to benefit the farmers , rather than the fledgling US Government as he did in reality . This results in the rebellion becoming a Second American Revolution . This eventually leads to George Washington being overthrown and executed for treason , the abrogation of the Constitution , and Gallatin being proclaimed the second president and serving as president until 1812 .
Maple syrup
Maple syrup and maple sugar were used during the American Civil War and by abolitionists in the years before the war because most cane sugar and molasses were produced by Southern slaves . Because of food rationing during the Second World War , people in the northeastern United States were encouraged to stretch their sugar rations by sweetening foods with maple syrup and maple sugar , and recipe books were printed to help housewives employ this alternative source .
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Until 1913 , customs duties ( tariffs ) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue . During the War of 1812 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax , but it was never implemented . The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861 . It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800 . This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866 . The Civil War income taxes , which expired in 1872 , proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states , with New York , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected . During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax , the Greenback movement , the Labor Reform Party , the Populist Party , the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax .
Southern United States
Several Southern states ( Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ) were British colonies that sent delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence and then fought against the government along with the Northern colonies during the Revolutionary War . The basis for much Southern culture derives from the pride in these states being among the 13 original colonies , and from the fact that much of the population of the South has strong ancestral links to Colonists who emigrated west . Southern manners and customs reflect the relationship with England and Africa that was held by the early population , with some influences being provided by the Native American populations of the area .
Triangular trade
A trade pattern which evolved before the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain , the Colonies of British North America , and British colonies in the Caribbean . This typically involved exporting raw resources , such as fish ( especially salt cod ) , agricultural produce or lumber , from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the West Indies ; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean ; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain . The shipment of Newfoundland salt cod and corn from Boston in British vessels to southern Europe . This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain . A new `` sugar triangle '' developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to Cuba , then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the Baltic coast ( Russian Empire and Sweden ) , then bar iron and hemp back to New England .
Southern United States
The predominant culture of the South has its origins with the settlement of the region by large groups of Northern English , Scots lowlanders and Ulster - Scots ( later called the Scotch - Irish ) who settled in Appalachia and the Piedmont in the 18th century , and from parts of southern England such as East Anglia , Kent and the West Country in the 17th century , and the many African slaves who were part of the Southern economy . African - American descendants of the slaves brought into the South compose the United States ' second - largest racial minority , accounting for 12.1 percent of the total population according to the 2000 census . Despite Jim Crow era outflow to the North , the majority of the black population remains concentrated in the Southern states , and has heavily contributed to the cultural blend ( Christianity , foods , art , music ( see spiritual , blues , jazz and rock and roll ) ) that characterize Southern culture today .
Southern United States
The predominant culture of the South was rooted in the settlement of the region by British colonists . In the 17th century , most voluntary immigrants were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century . The majority of early English settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage . The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights , to encourage settlement .
Colonial history of the United States
The Southern colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters in Maryland , Virginia , and South Carolina . They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves . Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750 , about 250,000 or 40 percent , were slaves . The plantations grew tobacco , indigo and rice for export , and raised most of their own food supplies . In addition , many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated by yeoman . Most white men owned some land , and therefore could vote . Women
The impact of geography on colonial America
The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia , Province of North Carolina , Province of South Carolina , and Province of Georgia . The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown , established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 . In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor . Georgia was not established as colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II .
Southern United States
In the British colonies , immigration began in 1607 and continued until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775 . Settlers cleared land , built houses and outbuildings , and on their own farms . The rich owned large plantations that dominated export agriculture and used slaves . Many were involved in the labor - intensive cultivation of tobacco , the first cash crop of Virginia . Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly , requiring that farmers regularly clear new fields . They used old fields as pasture , and for crops such as corn and wheat , or allowed them to grow into woodlots .
Colonial history of the United States
The predominant culture of the South was rooted in the settlement of the region by British colonists . In the seventeenth century , most voluntary immigrants were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard . The majority of early British settlers were indentured servants , who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage . The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights , to encourage settlement .
North Carolina
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the Low Country and uplands , affected the political , economic , and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century . The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands . The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots - Irish , English , and German Protestants , the so - called `` cohee '' . Arriving during the mid - to late 18th century , the Scots - Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution ; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution . During the American Revolutionary War , the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown , because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain . The English , Welsh , Scots - Irish , and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain .
History of Arkansas
Arkansas , the rural economy based primarily on cotton , was hard - hit in the Great Depression in the United States . The AAA federal farm program restored cotton prices and prosperity . Numerous federal relief programs , such as the CCC and WPA provided jobs primarily for unemployed men and for women who were heads of family .
Confederate States of America
Approximately 85 % of both North and South white populations lived on family farms , both regions were predominantly agricultural , and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic . But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to produce wealth , while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market . Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before , but the thrust of the rest of the country 's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads . The South was following the dominant currents of the American economic mainstream , but at a `` great distance '' as it lagged in the all - weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper , speedier freight shipment and forged new , expanding inter-regional markets .
Southern Colonies
The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland , the Colony of Virginia , the Province of Carolina ( in 1712 split into North and South Carolina ) and the Province of Georgia . In 1763 , the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain . These colonies would become the historical core of what would become the Southern United States , or `` Dixie '' .