vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Southern United States
There were thousands of people on the move , as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slaves sales , and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states . Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs . At the same time , whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings . In some areas , many whites returned to the land to farm for a while . Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana , and later , Kansas . Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands and Texas .
English Civil War
During the period of the English Civil War , the English overseas possessions were highly involved . In the Channel Islands , the island of Jersey and Castle Cornet in Guernsey supported the King until in December 1651 they surrendered with honour . Although the newer , Puritan settlements in North America , most notably Massachusetts , were dominated by Parliamentarians , the older colonies sided with the Crown . Friction between royalists and Puritans in Maryland came to a head in the Battle of the Severn . The Virginia Company 's settlements , Bermuda and Virginia , as well as Antigua and Barbados were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown . Bermuda 's Independent Puritans were expelled , settling the Bahamas under William Sayle as the Eleutheran Adventurers . Parliament passed An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes , Virginia , Bermuda and Antego in October , 1650 , which stated that due punishment ( be ) inflicted upon the said Delinquents , do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada 's , Antego , Bermuda 's and Virginia , that have contrived , abetted , aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions , or have since willingly joyned with them , to be notorious Robbers and Traitors , and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever ; and do forbid to all maner of persons , Foreiners , and others , all maner of Commerce , Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever , to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada 's , Bermuda 's , Virginia and Antego , or either of them .
History of the United Kingdom
When potato blight hit Ireland in 1846 , much of the rural population was left without food . Relief efforts were inadequate and hundreds of thousands died in the Great Hunger . Millions more migrated to England , or to North America . Ireland became permanently smaller in terms of population
Southern strategy
After the Democrat George Wallace was elected as Governor of Alabama , he emphasized the connection between states ' rights and segregation , both in speeches and by creating crises to provoke federal intervention . He opposed integration at the University of Alabama and collaborated with the Ku Klux Klan in 1963 in disrupting court - ordered integration of public schools in Birmingham . 1964
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy had no plan to expand , protect or encourage its railroads . Southerners ' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income . Many lines had to lay off employees ; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to military service . In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands - off approach to the railroads . Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy , and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort . Railroads came under the de facto control of the military . In contrast , the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union - controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862 , imposed a standard gauge , and built railroads into the South using that gauge . Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced . The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865 .
Trail of Tears
Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision .
Radical Whigs
Although the commonwealthmen had little influence on British politics in the eighteenth century , their political ideas had a long - term effect on Britain 's constitutional system : constitutional monarchy , which in turn became a model for other countries , for example , Sweden , Norway , Denmark , the Netherlands , and Belgium .
Southern United States
The early colonists engaged in warfare , trade , and cultural exchanges . Those living in the backcountry were more likely to encounter Creek Indians , Cherokee , and Choctaws and other regional native groups .
United Kingdom
There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom . Each country of the United Kingdom has its own arrangements , whose origins often pre-date the UK 's formation . Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements , but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function , most significantly the devolution of powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland .
Zimbabwe
With Zambian independence , Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front ( RF ) dropped the designation `` Southern '' in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( commonly abbreviated to `` UDI '' ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 , intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of `` no independence before majority rule '' . It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776 , which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions .
British Empire
Two years later , the Royal African Company was inaugurated , receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean . From the outset , slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies . Until the abolition of its slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic . To facilitate this trade , forts were established on the coast of West Africa , such as James Island , Accra and Bunce Island . In the British Caribbean , the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 % in 1650 to around 80 % in 1780 , and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 % to 40 % over the same period ( the majority in the southern colonies ) . For the slave traders , the trade was extremely profitable , and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool , which formed the third corner of the triangular trade with Africa and the Americas . For the transported , harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven .
Southern United States
In addition , some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution . They were moved by the principles of the Revolution , and Quaker and Methodist preachers worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves . Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills . In the upper South , more than 10 percent of all blacks were free by 1810 , a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1 percent free .
History of the United Kingdom
In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . The government purchased the slaves for £ 20,000,000 ( the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England ) , and freed the slaves , especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands .
Geography and wealth
The book goes on to document a feedback effect of technologies being designed for the wealthy , which makes them more wealthy and thus more able to fund technological development . He notes that the far north has not always been the wealthiest latitude ; until only a few centuries ago , the wealthiest belt stretched from Southern Europe through the Middle East , northern India and southern China . A dramatic shift in technologies , beginning with ocean - going ships and culminating in the Industrial Revolution , saw the most developed belt move north into northern Europe , China , and the Americas . Northern Russia became a superpower , while southern India became impoverished and colonized . Diamond argues that such dramatic changes demonstrate that the current distribution of wealth is not due to immutable factors such as climate or race , citing the early emergence of agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia as evidence .
Cherokee
The Cherokee gave sanctuary to a band of Shawnee in the 1660s , but from 1710 to 1715 the Cherokee and Chickasaw allied with the British , and fought the Shawnee , who were allied with the French , and forced them to move northward . The Cherokee fought with the Yamasee , Catawba , and British in late 1712 and early 1713 against the Tuscarora in the Second Tuscarora War . The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of a British - Cherokee relationship that , despite breaking down on occasion , remained strong for much of the 18th century . With the growth of the deerskin trade , the Cherokee were considered valuable trading partners , since deer - skins from the cooler country of their mountain hunting - grounds were of a better quality than those supplied by the lowland tribes who were neighbors of the English colonists .
Southern United States
The South has had a majority of its population adhering to evangelical Protestantism ever since the Second Great Awakening , although the upper classes often stayed Anglican / Episcopalian or Presbyterian . The First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening from about 1742 about 1850 generated large numbers of Methodists and Baptists , which remain the two main Christian confessions in the South . By 1900 , the Southern Baptist Convention had become the largest Protestant denomination in the whole United States with its membership concentrated in rural areas of the South . Baptists are the most common religious group , followed by Methodists , Pentecostals and other denominations . Roman Catholics historically were concentrated in Maryland , Louisiana , and Hispanic areas such as South Texas and South Florida and along the Gulf Coast . The great majority of black Southerners are either Baptist or Methodist . Statistics show that Southern states have the highest religious attendance figures of any region in the United States , constituting the so - called Bible Belt . Pentecostalism has been strong across the South since the late 19th century .
Cherokee
George Washington sought to ' civilize ' Southeastern American Indians , through programs overseen by the Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins . He encouraged the Cherokee to abandon their communal land - tenure and settle on individual farmsteads , which was facilitated by the destruction of many American Indian towns during the American Revolutionary War . The deerskin trade brought white - tailed deer to the brink of extinction , and as pigs and cattle were introduced , they became the principal sources of meat . The government supplied the tribes with spinning wheels and cotton - seed , and men were taught to fence and plow the land , in contrast to their traditional division in which crop cultivation was woman 's labor . Americans instructed the women in weaving . Eventually Hawkins helped them set up smithys , gristmills and cotton plantations .
Fur trade
Meanwhile , in the English southern colonies , a deerskin trade was established around 1670 , based at the export hub of Charleston , South Carolina . Word spread among Native hunters that the Europeans would exchange pelts for the European - manufactured goods that were highly desired in native communities . English traders stocked axe heads , knives , awls , fish hooks , cloth of various type and color , woolen blankets , linen shirts , kettles , jewelry , glass beads , muskets , ammunition and powder to exchange on a ' per pelt ' basis .
Zimbabwe
Under the new constitution , Southern Rhodesia became a self - governing British colony , subsequent to a 1922 referendum . Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars . Proportional to the white population , Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the Empire , including Britain itself .
Labor history of the United States
Union weakness in the Southern United States undermined unionization and social reform throughout the nation , and such weakness is largely responsible for the anaemic U.S. welfare state .
History of the Isle of Wight
Between the Neolithic and Roman eras , Southeastern Britain experienced significant in migration from the continent . Finds of late Late Iron Age coins , such as the South Wight and Shalfleet Hoards , suggest trading links both with nearby tribes and further afield . The coins and ingots from these hoards had been defaced before burial , for reasons that are unknown ; this feature has only been found in coin finds from Hampshire and Wight . The variety of origin of the coins found locally is more marked than elsewhere in Britain and suggests that the island may have had a degree of political separation .
Southern United States
In the late 20th century , the South changed dramatically . It saw a boom in its service economy , manufacturing base , high technology industries , and the financial sector . Texas in particular witnessed dramatic growth and population change with the dominance of the energy industry and tourism such as the Alamo Mission in San Antonio . Tourism in Florida and along the Gulf Coast also grew steadily throughout the last decades of the 20th century .
Southern United States
The Old South : can mean either the slave states that existed in 1776 ( Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina ) or all the slave states before 1860 ( which included the newer states of Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Missouri , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas ) . The New South : usually including the South Atlantic States . The Solid South : region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964 , especially after disfranchisement of most blacks at the turn of the 20th century . Before that , blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s ; Populist - Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s . Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States . Southern Appalachia : mainly refers to areas situated in the Southern Appalachian Mountains , namely Eastern Kentucky , East Tennessee , Western North Carolina , Western Maryland , West Virginia , Southwest Virginia , North Georgia , and Northwestern South Carolina . Southeastern United States : usually including the Carolinas , the Virginias , Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , and Florida . The Deep South : various definitions , usually including Louisiana , Alabama , Mississippi , Georgia , and South Carolina . Occasionally , parts of adjoining states are included ( sections of East Texas , the Mississippi embayment areas of Arkansas and Tennessee , and northern and central Florida ) . The Gulf South : various definitions , usually including Gulf coasts of Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , Texas and Alabama . The Upper South : Kentucky , Virginia , West Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and on a rare occasion Missouri , Maryland , and Delaware . Dixie : various definitions , but most commonly associated with the 11 states of the Old Confederacy . The Mid-South : Various definitions , including that of the Census Bureau of the East and West South Central United States ; in another informal definition , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and sometimes adjoining areas of other states . Border South : Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware were states on the outer rim of the Confederacy that did not secede from the United States in the 1860s , but did have significant numbers of residents who joined the Confederate armed forces . Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate governments - in - exile and were represented in the Confederate Congress and by stars on the Confederate battle flag . West Virginia formed in 1863 after the western region of Virginia broke away to protest the Old Dominion 's joining of the Confederacy , but residents of the new state were about evenly divided on supporting the Union or the Confederacy .
Southern United States
With Virginia in the lead , the Southern colonies embraced the American Revolution , providing such leaders as commander in chief George Washington , and the author of the Declaration of Independence , Thomas Jefferson .
Society of the United States
Its chief early influences came from English and Irish settlers of colonial America . British culture , due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language , legal system and other cultural inheritances , had a formative influence . Other important influences came from other parts of Europe .
History of the United Kingdom
McKibben argues that the political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914 . The Liberals were in power with a progressive alliance of Labour and , off and on , Irish Nationalists . The coalition was committed to free trade ( as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought ) , free collective bargaining for trades unions ( which Conservatives opposed ) , an active social policy that was forging the welfare state , and constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords . The coalition lacked a long - term plan , because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s . The sociological basis was non-Anglican religion and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasized by Labour .
English Civil War
The two sides had their geographical strongholds , such that minority elements were silenced or fled . The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside , the shires , and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England . On the other hand , all the cathedral cities ( except Chester , Worcester and Hereford and the royalist stronghold of Oxford ) sided with Parliament . All the industrial centers , the ports , and the economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds . Lacey Baldwin Smith says , `` the words populous , rich , and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand '' .
Colonial history of the United States
Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . They were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors , rather than the king , appointed the governor . They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty .
History of Arkansas
The `` New South '' progressive ideals were especially evident in the era 's business leaders such as Lee Wilson and Henry Grady . Wilson became one of the most influential Arkansans of his time by exploiting the land , labor and resources available to him . His company towns in northeast Arkansas such as Wilson and Marie attracted poor sharecroppers to his logging and farming operations . Amenities such as company housing , a town doctor , and other company - funded businesses not normally found in small towns drove his empire to grow to be the `` World 's Largest Plantation '' . After Wilson 's son , Wilson Jr. , and his wife returned from their England honeymoon enthralled with the Tudor style in 1925 , all subsequent public buildings were built with Tudor architecture , including retrofits to all existing public structures . The town incorporated in 1959 , selling the houses to the renters living in them and gaining access to tax income it was previously excluded from as a company entity . As technology advanced on the farm , fewer employees were needed and many moved from Wilson to seek other employment .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The underlying productivity of English agriculture remained low , despite the increases in food production . Wheat prices fluctuated heavily year to year , depending on local harvests ; up to a third of the grain produced in England was potentially for sale , and much of it ended up in the growing towns . Despite their involvement in the market , even the wealthiest peasants prioritised spending on housing and clothing , with little left for other personal consumption . Records of household belongings show most possessing only `` old , worn - out and mended utensils '' and tools .
Texas annexation
In the spring of 1843 , the Tyler administration had sent executive agent Duff Green to Europe to gather intelligence and arrange territorial treaty talks with Great Britain regarding Oregon ; he also worked with American minister to France , Lewis Cass , to thwart efforts by major European powers to suppress the maritime slave trade . Green reported to Secretary Upshur in July 1843 that he had discovered a `` loan plot '' by American abolitionists , in league with Lord Aberdeen , British Foreign Secretary , to provide funds to the Texas in exchange for the emancipation of its slaves . Minister Everett was charged with determining the substance of these confidential reports alleging a Texas plot . His investigations , including personal interviews with Lord Aberdeen , concluded that British interest in abolitionist intrigues was weak , contradicting Secretary of State Upshur 's conviction that Great Britain was manipulating Texas . Though unsubstantiated , Green 's unofficial intelligence so alarmed Tyler that he requested verification from the US minister to Mexico , Waddy Thompson .
Southern United States
National Republicans such as Richard Nixon began to develop their Southern strategy to attract conservative white Southerners , especially the middle class and suburban voters , in addition to migrants from the North and traditional GOP pockets in Appalachia . The transition to a Republican stronghold in the South took decades . First , the states started voting Republican in presidential elections , except for native sons Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 . Then the states began electing Republican senators and finally governors . Georgia was the last state to do so , with Sonny Perdue taking the governorship in 2002 . In addition to its middle class and business base , Republicans cultivated the religious right and attracted strong majorities from the evangelical or Fundamentalist vote , mostly Southern Baptists , which had not been a distinct political force prior to 1980 .