vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Damocles
According to the story , Damocles was pandering to Dionysius , his king , and exclaimed to him that Dionysius was truly fortunate as a great man of power and authority , surrounded by magnificence . In response , Dionysius offered to switch places with Damocles for one day so that Damocles could taste that very fortune firsthand . Damocles quickly and eagerly accepted the king 's proposal . Damocles sat down in the king 's throne surrounded by every luxury , but Dionysius arranged that a huge sword should hang above the throne , held at the pommel only by a single hair of a horse 's tail . Damocles finally begged the king that he be allowed to depart because he no longer wanted to be so fortunate , realizing that with great fortune and power comes also great danger .
Fortress of Solitude
In John Byrne 's 1986 Man of Steel miniseries , which re-wrote various aspects of the Superman mythos , the Clark Kent persona was described as a `` Fortress of Solitude '' , in that it allowed him to live as the ordinary person he saw himself as and leave the world - famous super-hero behind . This concept was often invoked in later stories , and one story featured Superman hiding his secret identity from a telepath behind a door identical to that of the pre-Crisis Fortress . By that time , however , a more physical Fortress had been reintroduced .
Creon
Some explanation for these discrepancies in personality may be drawn from his characterization in the third of the Oedipus plays by Sophocles , Oedipus at Colonus . Here , Creon takes on another persona : that of the `` hard - faced politician '' . He is reasonable and modest , staying calm and maintaining his dignity when condemned by Theseus . He is a `` colorless figure '' beyond his official position , which suggests that his differing personality traits in the books are because he is a flexible figure whom poets can characterize as they please .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Described by Freya as the most powerful witch she has ever seen , Dahlia first gained her enhanced powers by linking her magic to the magic possessed by her then five - year - old niece Freya . Once Freya reached adulthood , Dahlia then cast a spell that allows them both to gain pseudo-immortality by leap - frogging through time ; the women were put into a magically - induced sleep for nearly a century , only to awaken for one single year of life and aging with all of the magic they accrued over their hundred - year - long slumber , before they would once again return to their sleep after the year had passed .
History of democracy
The creator of the Spartan system of rule was the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus . He is associated with the drastic reforms that were instituted in Sparta after the revolt of the helots in the second half of the 7th century BCE . In order to prevent another helot revolt , Lycurgus devised the highly militarized communal system that made Sparta unique among the city - states of Greece . All his reforms were directed towards the three Spartan virtues : equality ( among citizens ) , military fitness , and austerity . It is also probable that Lycurgus delineated the powers of the two traditional organs of the Spartan government , the gerousia and the apella .
Joker (character)
Ryan Litsey described the Joker as an example of a `` Nietzschean Superman '' , arguing that a fundamental aspect of Friedrich Nietzsche 's Superman , the `` will to power '' , is exemplified in all of the Joker 's actions , providing a master morality to Batman 's slave morality . The character 's indomitable `` will to power '' means he is never discouraged by being caught or defeated and he is not restrained by guilt or remorse . Joker represents the master , who creates rules and defines them , who judges others without needing approval , and for whom something is good because it benefits him . He creates his own morality and is bound only by his own rules without aspiring to something higher than himself , unlike Batman , the slave , who makes a distinction between good and evil , and is bound to rules outside of himself ( such as his avoidance of killing ) , in his quest for justice . The Joker has no defined origin story that requires him to question how he came to be , as like the Superman he does not regret or assess the past and only moves forward .
History of Pennsylvania
Elections in 1776 turned the old assemblymen out of power . But the new constitution lacked a governor or upper legislative house to provide checks against popular movements . It also required test oaths , which kept the opposition from taking office . The constitution called for a unicameral legislature or Assembly . Executive authority rested in a Supreme Executive Council whose members were to be appointed by the assembly . In elections during 1776 , radicals gained control of the Assembly . By early 1777 , they selected an executive council , and Thomas Wharton , Jr. was named as the President of the Council . This constitution was never formally adopted , so government was on an ad - hoc basis until a new constitution could be written fourteen years later . Benjamin
Yahweh
In the oldest biblical literature , Yahweh is a typical ancient Near Eastern `` divine warrior '' , who leads the heavenly army against Israel 's enemies ; he later became the main god of the Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) and of Judah , and over time the royal court and temple promoted Yahweh as the god of the entire cosmos , possessing all the positive qualities previously attributed to the other gods and goddesses . By the end of the Babylonian exile ( 6th century BCE ) , the very existence of foreign gods was denied , and Yahweh was proclaimed as the creator of the cosmos and the true god of all the world .
History of the Roman Empire
All of the Flavians had rather poor relations with the Senate due to their autocratic rule ; however , Domitian was the only one who encountered significant problems . His continuous control as consul and censor throughout his rule -- the former his father shared in much the same way as his Julio - Claudian forerunners , the latter presented difficulty even to obtain -- were unheard of . In addition , he often appeared in full military regalia as an imperator , an affront to the idea of what the Principate - era emperor 's power was based upon : the emperor as the princeps . His reputation in the Senate aside , he kept the people of Rome happy through various measures , including donations to every resident of Rome , wild spectacles in the newly finished Colosseum , and the continuation of the public works projects of his father and brother . He also apparently had the good fiscal sense of his father ; although he spent lavishly , his successors came to power with a well - endowed treasury .
Ancient Egypt
The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and , at least in theory , wielded complete control of the land and its resources . The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government , who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs . In charge of the administration was his second in command , the vizier , who acted as the king 's representative and coordinated land surveys , the treasury , building projects , the legal system , and the archives . At a regional level , the country was divided into as many as 42 administrative regions called nomes each governed by a nomarch , who was accountable to the vizier for his jurisdiction . The temples formed the backbone of the economy . Not only were they houses of worship , but were also responsible for collecting and storing the nation 's wealth in a system of granaries and treasuries administered by overseers , who redistributed grain and goods .
Rings of Power
Later in the Second Age , Sauron gave the Nine to powerful men , `` kings , sorcerers , and warriors of old '' . All of them fell under the rings ' dominance , and they became the Nazgûl ( Ringwraiths ) , spirits of terror whom Sauron could command even without the One . Their lives were extended indefinitely by the rings , and they became Sauron 's chief servants .
Magick (Thelema)
Crowley made many theories for the paranormal effects of Magick ; however , as magicians and mystics had done before him and continue to do after him , Crowley dismissed such effects as useless :
History of democracy
Within the Athenian democratic environment , many philosophers from all over the Greek world gathered to develop their theories . Socrates ( 470 - 399 BCE ) was the first to raise the question , further expanded by his pupil Plato ( died 348 / 347 ) , about the relation / position of an individual within a community . Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BCE ) continued the work of his teacher , Plato , and laid the foundations of political philosophy . The political philosophy developed in Athens was , in the words of Peter Hall , `` in a form so complete that hardly added anyone of moment to it for over a millennium '' . Aristotle systematically analyzed the different systems of rule that the numerous Greek city - states had and divided them into three categories based on how many ruled : the many ( democracy / polity ) , the few ( oligarchy / aristocracy ) , a single person ( tyranny , or today : autocracy / monarchy ) . For Aristotle , the underlying principles of democracy are reflected in his work Politics :
Powers of the President of the United States
Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952 . With the Korean War ongoing , Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well - equipped . The U.S. Supreme Court , however , refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , voting 6 - 3 that neither Commander in Chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation .
Ancient Egyptian deities
Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , their actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called heka , a term usually translated as `` magic '' . Heka was a fundamental power that the creator used to form the world and the deities . The
Modern history
In the pre-modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be it that in a single God or in many gods . Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality , though . Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person . It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine . Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced . See
History of democracy
After the fall of tyranny ( 510 BCE ) and before the year 508 -- 507 was over , Cleisthenes proposed a complete reform of the system of government , which later was approved by the popular Ecclesia . Cleisthenes reorganized the population of citizens into ten tribes , with the aim to change the basis of political organization from the family loyalties to political ones , and improve the army 's organization . He also introduced the principle of equality of rights for all male citizens , isonomia , by expanding access to power to more citizens . During this period , Athenians first used the word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία -- `` rule by the people '' ) to define their new system of government . In the next generation , Athens entered its Golden Age , becoming a great center of literature and art . Greek victories in Persian Wars ( 499 -- 449 BCE ) encouraged the poorest Athenians ( who participated in the military campaigns ) to demand a greater say in the running of their city . In the late 460s , Ephialtes and Pericles presided over a radicalization of power that shifted the balance decisively to the poorest sections of society , by passing laws which severely limited the powers of the Council of the Areopagus and allowed thetes ( Athenians without wealth ) to occupy public office . Pericles became distinguished as the Athenians ' greatest democratic leader , even though he has been accused of running a political machine . In the following passage , Thucydides recorded Pericles , in the funeral oration , describing the Athenian system of rule :
Two Treatises of Government
Locke ends the First Treatise by examining the history told in the Bible and the history of the world since then ; he concludes that there is no evidence to support Filmer 's hypothesis . According to Locke , no king has ever claimed that his authority rested upon his being the heir of Adam . It is Filmer , Locke alleges , that is the innovator in politics , not those who assert the natural equality and freedom of man .
Philosophical skepticism
Furthermore , if everything can be doubted , the doubt can also be doubted , so on and so forth . Thus , according to Mersenne , something has to be true . Finally , Mersenne writes about all the mathematical , physical , and other scientific knowledge that is true by repeated testing , and has practical use value . Notably , Mersenne was one of the few philosophers who accepted Hobbes ' radical ideology -- he saw it as a new science of man .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The president stayed in charge of his administration ... by drawing fully on his formal and informal powers as Chief Executive ; by raising goals , creating momentum , inspiring a personal loyalty , getting the best out of people ... by deliberately fostering among his aides a sense of competition and a clash of wills that led to disarray , heartbreak , and anger but also set off pulses of executive energy and sparks of creativity ... by handing out one job to several men and several jobs to one man , thus strengthening his own position as a court of appeals , as a depository of information , and as a tool of co-ordination ; by ignoring or bypassing collective decision - making agencies , such as the Cabinet ... and always by persuading , flattering , juggling , improvising , reshuffling , harmonizing , conciliating , manipulating .
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
The basic idea ... Harry , I saw Harry very very very clearly . Very vividly . And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard . ( ... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was . ( ... ) When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him . ( ... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since .
History of democracy
The Athenian democracy of Cleisthenes and Pericles was based on freedom of citizens ( through the reforms of Solon ) and on equality of citizens ( isonomia ) - introduced by Cleisthenes and later expanded by Ephialtes and Pericles . To preserve these principles , the Athenians used lot for selecting officials . Casting lots aimed to ensure that all citizens were `` equally '' qualified for office , and to avoid any corruption allotment machines were used . Moreover , in most positions chosen by lot , Athenian citizens could not be selected more than once ; this rotation in office meant that no - one could build up a power base through staying in a particular position .
United States Declaration of Independence
Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Mr. Thicknose , voiced by Robert Guillaume ( VIII ) and Dorian Harewood ( TV series ) , is an elderly Pachyrhinosaurus . In his first appearance , The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , he is a very respected resident of the Great Valley ; having convinced the others that he has been everywhere and seen everything . When snow falls in the Valley for the first known time , and he is unable to explain it , the other adults lose faith in him . While stranded in the Mysterious Beyond , he reveals to the children , to whom he acted as a teacher , that most of his knowledge comes from secondary sources . Despite this , he is able to use the knowledge he learned to guide them back to the Great Valley .
Powers of the President of the United States
Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities , coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene , political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president 's powers . Some have even spoken of `` the imperial presidency '' , referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term .
English Civil War
Yet , in spite of this limited role , over the preceding centuries Parliament had acquired de facto powers of enough significance that monarchs could not simply ignore them indefinitely . For a monarch , Parliament 's most indispensable power was its ability to raise tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crown 's disposal . By the seventeenth century , Parliament 's tax - raising powers had come to be derived from the fact that the gentry was the only stratum of society with the ability and authority actually to collect and remit the most meaningful forms of taxation then available at the local level . This meant that if the king wanted to ensure a smooth collection of revenue , he needed the co-operation of the gentry . For all of the Crown 's legal authority , by any modern standard , its resources were limited to the extent that , if and when the gentry refused to collect the king 's taxes on a national scale , the Crown lacked any practical means with which to compel them .
Damocles
King Dionysius effectively conveyed the sense of constant fear in which a person with great power may live . Cicero used this story as the last in a series of contrasting examples for reaching the conclusion he had been moving towards in this fifth Disputation , in which the theme is that virtue is sufficient for living a happy life . Cicero asks , `` Does not Dionysius seem to have made it sufficiently clear that there can be nothing happy for the person over whom some fear always looms ? ''
Book of Enoch
It then describes : `` And I saw till a great sword was given to the sheep , and the sheep proceeded against all the beasts of the field to slay them , and all the beasts and the birds of the heaven fled before their face . '' This might be simply the `` power of God '' : God was with them to avenge the death . It may also be Jonathan Apphus taking over command of the rebels to battle on after the death of Judas . John Hyrcanus ( Hyrcanus I , Hasmonean dynasty ) may also make an appearance ; the passage `` And all that had been destroyed and dispersed , and all the beasts of the field , and all the birds of the heaven , assembled in that house , and the Lord of the sheep rejoiced with great joy because they were all good and had returned to His house '' may describe John 's reign as a time of great peace and prosperity . Certain scholars also claim Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea is alluded to in this book .
Trinity
Again in the doctrine of the Trinity , the ecclesiastical conception of Father , Word , and Spirit finds its germ in the different Stoic names of the Divine Unity . Thus Seneca , writing of the supreme Power which shapes the universe , states , ' This Power we sometimes call the All - ruling God , sometimes the incorporeal Wisdom , sometimes the holy Spirit , sometimes Destiny . ' The Church had only to reject the last of these terms to arrive at its own acceptable definition of the Divine Nature ; while the further assertion ' these three are One ' , which the modern mind finds paradoxical , was no more than commonplace to those familiar with Stoic notions .
History of democracy
Over the next few hundred years , various generals would bypass or overthrow the Senate for various reasons , mostly to address perceived injustices , either against themselves or against poorer citizens or soldiers . One of those generals was Julius Caesar , where he marched on Rome and took supreme power over the republic . Caesar 's career was cut short by his assassination at Rome in 44 BCE by a group of Senators including Marcus Junius Brutus . In the power vacuum that followed Caesar 's assassination , his friend and chief lieutenant , Marcus Antonius , and Caesar 's grandnephew Octavian who also was the adopted son of Caesar , rose to prominence . Their combined strength gave the triumvirs absolute power . However , in 31 BC war between the two broke out . The final confrontation occurred on 2 September 31 BCE , at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed Antony 's fleet . Thereafter , there was no one left in the Roman Republic who wanted to , or could stand against Octavian , and the adopted son of Caesar moved to take absolute control . Octavian left the majority of Republican institutions intact , though he influenced everything using personal authority and ultimately controlled the final decisions , having the military might to back up his rule if necessary . By 27 BCE the transition , though subtle , disguised , and relying on personal power over the power of offices , was complete . In that year , Octavian offered back all his powers to the Senate , and in a carefully staged way , the Senate refused and titled Octavian Augustus -- `` the revered one '' . He was always careful to avoid the title of rex -- `` king '' , and instead took on the titles of princeps -- `` first citizen '' and imperator , a title given by Roman troops to their victorious commanders . The
History of democracy
Even though the Solonian reorganization of the constitution improved the economic position of the Athenian lower classes , it did not eliminate the bitter aristocratic contentions for control of the archonship , the chief executive post . Peisistratus became tyrant of Athens three times from 561 BCE and remained in power until his death in 527 BCE . His sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him .