vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics ( B.S.N.D. ) , Bachelor of Food Science and Nutrition ( B.F.S.N. ) Specific areas of study include clinical nutrition , food technology , hospitality and services management , research , community worker , health care management , educator , sports science , agricultural sciences , private practice and other allied health fields . The degree is awarded following four to six years of collegiate study in America ( average five years ) , from three to four in Europe and Australia . In America ( especially Latin America ) Nutrition per se is separated from Dietetics , where the latter is equivalent to a technical degree .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
The World Health Organization , in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization , published guidelines that can effectively be represented in a food pyramid relating to objectives to prevent obesity , chronic diseases and dental caries based on meta - analysis though they represent it as a table rather than a `` pyramid '' . The structure is similar in some respects to the USDA food pyramid , but there are clear distinctions between types of fats , and a more dramatic distinction where carbohydrates are split on the basis of free sugars versus sugars in their natural form . Some food substances are singled out due to the impact on the target issues the `` pyramid '' is meant to address , while in a later revision , some recommendations are omitted since they follow automatically from other recommendations while other sub-categories are added . The reports quoted here explain that where there is no stated lower limit in the table below , there is no requirement for that nutrient in the diet . A
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Dietary factor 1989 WHO Study Group recommendations 2002 Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation recommendations Total fat 15 -- 30 % 15 -- 30 % Saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) 0 -- 10 % < 10 % Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) 3 -- 7 % 6 -- 10 % n - 6 PUFAs 5 -- 8 % n - 3 PUFAs 1 -- 2 % Trans fatty acids < 1 % Monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) By difference Total carbohydrate 55 -- 75 % 55 -- 75 % Free sugars 0 -- 10 % < 10 % Complex carbohydrate 50 -- 70 % No recommendation Protein 10 -- 15 % 10 -- 15 % Cholesterol 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 -- 300 mg / day < 300 mg / day Sodium chloride ( Sodium ) 6997600000000000000 ♠ < 6 g / day < 5 g / day ( < 2 g / day ) Fruits and vegetables ≥ 400 g / day ≥ 400 g / day Pulses , nuts and seeds ≥ 30 g / day ( as part of the 400 g of fruit and vegetables ) Total dietary fiber 27 -- 40 g / day From foods NSP 16 -- 24 g / day From foods
German Shepherd
Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism . Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
The University of Michigan Integrative Medicine 's Healing Foods Pyramid emphasizes plant - based choices , variety and balance . It includes sections for seasonings and water as well as healthy fats .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
For the poorest in our society , up to 35 % of disposable income will now be needed for food , compared to less than 9 % for the more wealthy . This will increase reliance on cheap , highly processed , high fat , high sugar , high salt , and calorie - dense , unhealthy foods . 2 Re-emerging problems of poor public health nutrition such as rickets and malnutrition in the elderly are also causes for concern . ( John D Middleton Vice president John R Ashton , Simon Capewell Faculty of Public Health )
Long jump
During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport . It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week , focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk . Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training . Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame . Important lifts for a long jumper include the back squat , front squat , power cleans and hang cleans . The emphasis on these lifts should be on speed and explosive as those are crucial in the long jump take off phase .
List of diets
McDougall 's starch diet is a high calorie , high fiber , low fat diet that is based on starches such as potatoes , rice , and beans which excludes all animal foods and added vegetable oils . John A. McDougall draws on historical observation of how many civilizations around the world throughout time have thrived on starch foods .
Insulin
Diabetes mellitus -- general term referring to all states characterized by hyperglycemia Type 1 -- autoimmune - mediated destruction of insulin - producing β - cells in the pancreas , resulting in absolute insulin deficiency Type 2 -- either inadequate insulin production by the β - cells or insulin resistance or both because of reasons not completely understood . there is correlation with diet , with sedentary lifestyle , with obesity , with age and with metabolic syndrome . Causality has been demonstrated in multiple model organisms including mice and monkeys ; Importantly , non-obese people do get Type 2 diabetes due to diet , sedentary lifestyle and unknown risk factors . it is likely that there is genetic susceptibility to develop Type 2 diabetes under certain environmental conditions Other types of impaired glucose tolerance ( see the Diabetes ) Insulinoma -- a tumor of beta cells producing excess insulin or reactive hypoglycemia . Metabolic syndrome -- a poorly understood condition first called Syndrome X by Gerald Reaven . It is currently not clear whether the syndrome has a single , treatable cause , or is the result of body changes leading to type 2 diabetes . It is characterized by elevated blood pressure , dyslipidemia ( disturbances in blood cholesterol forms and other blood lipids ) , and increased waist circumference ( at least in populations in much of the developed world ) . The basic underlying cause may be the insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes , which is a diminished capacity for insulin response in some tissues ( e.g. , muscle , fat ) . It is common for morbidities such as essential hypertension , obesity , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) to develop . Polycystic ovary syndrome -- a complex syndrome in women in the reproductive years where anovulation and androgen excess are commonly displayed as hirsutism . In many cases of PCOS , insulin resistance is present .
Jockey
Eating disorders ( such as anorexia ) are also very common among jockeys , as they face extreme pressure to maintain unusually low ( and specific ) weights for men , sometimes within a five - pound ( 2.3 kg ) margin . The bestselling historical novel Seabiscuit : An American Legend chronicled the eating disorders of jockeys living in the first half of the twentieth century . As in the cases of champion jockey Kieren Fallon and Robert Winston , the pressure to stay light has been blamed in part for jockeys suffering agonies of thirst from dehydration while racing . Sports Dietitians Australia warns : `` Dehydration and energy depletion may compromise concentration and coordination . '' Indeed , recent research carried out in association with the Irish Turf Club measured the effects of rapid weight loss to make weight in professional and apprentice jockeys and found significant levels of dehydration ; however , cognitive function was maintained , suggesting jockeys had become accustomed to performing in a dehydrated state and had potentially developed a preventative mechanism to enable them to perform under these conditions .
List of diets
Inuit diet : Inuit people traditionally consume food that is fished , hunted or gathered locally ; predominantly meat and fish . Jenny Craig : A weight - loss program from Jenny Craig , Inc . It includes weight counselling among other elements . The dietary aspect involves the consumption of pre-packaged food produced by the company . Locavore diet : a neologism describing the eating of food that is locally produced , and not moved long distances to market . Low carbon diet : Consuming food which has been produced , prepared and transported with a minimum of associated greenhouse gas emissions . An example of this was explored in the book 100 - Mile Diet , in which the authors only consumed food grown within 100 miles of their residence for a year . People who follow this type of diet are sometimes known as locavores . Low - fat diet Low glycemic index diet Low - protein diet Low sodium diet Low - sulfur diet Some
Vitamin A deficiency
The reason for the increased infection rate in vitamin A deficient populations is due to the T - killer cells which require retinoids to proliferate correctly ( Athanassiades1981 ) . Retinoic acid binds the promoter region of specific genes and so activates the transcription process and therefore cell replication ( Baron 1981 ) . A vitamin A deficient diet will have a very limited surplus of retinol and so cell proliferation and replication will be suppressed , contributing to a reduced number of T - cells and lymphocytes . Suppression of these will result in a lack of immune reaction if pathogens become present in the body and consequently a greater susceptibility to incubation of disease .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
In terms of food ( rather than botany ) , fruits are the sweet - tasting seed - bearing parts of plants , or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds . These include apples , oranges , grapes , bananas , etc . Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars , fiber and vitamins . Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients . The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group . Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany , and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste , e.g. , tomatoes or avocados . Oils
Vitamin A deficiency
Along with poor diet there is a large amount of infection and disease present in many developing communities . Infection is very draining on vitamin A reserves and this vitamin A deficit leaves the individual more susceptible to infection ( Combs , 1991 ) ; increased documentation of xerophthalmia has been seen after an outbreak of measles and the varying stages of xerophthalmia become a good reference point for the extent of deficiency ( with mortality increasing with severity of the eye disease ) . In a longitudinal study of preschool Indonesian children it was found that susceptibility to disease increased nine times when severe VAD was present ( Dole 2009 ) .
List of diets
Raw foodism : A diet which centres on the consumption of uncooked and unprocessed food . Often associated with a vegetarian diet , although some raw food dieters do consume raw meat . Scarsdale Medical Diet Shangri - La Diet Slimming World diet Slow - carb diet Smart For Life Sonoma diet : A diet based on portion control and centered around consuming `` power foods '' SparkPeople diet Sugar Busters ! : Focuses on restricting the consumption of refined carbohydrates , particularly sugars . Tongue Patch Diet : Stitching a Marlex patch to the tongue to make eating painful . Zone diet : A diet in which a person attempts to split calorie intake from carbohydrates , proteins and fats in a 40 : 30 : 30 ratio .
Glycogen
When experiencing glycogen debt , athletes often experience extreme fatigue to the point that it is difficult to move . As a reference , the very best professional cyclists in the world will usually finish a 4 - to 5 - hr stage race right at the limit of glycogen depletion using the first three strategies .
Eating disorder
Coercive tactics in regard to diet have not been proven to be efficacious in controlling a child 's eating behavior . Affection and attention have been shown to affect the degree of a child 's finickiness and their acceptance of a more varied diet .
Obesity in the United States
Media influence may play an important role in prevention of obesity as it has the ability to boost many of the main prevention / intervention methods used nowadays including lifestyle modification . The media is also highly influential on children and teenagers as it promotes healthy body image and sets societal goals for lifestyle improvement . Examples of media influence are support for the `` Let 's Move ! '' campaign and the MyPlate program initiated by Michelle Obama , and the NFL 's Play60 campaign . These campaigns promote physical activity in an effort to reduce obesity especially for children .
Fitness culture
After World War II , a new form of non-organized , individualistic , health - oriented physical and recreational activities such as jogging began to prevail . For instance , aerobics -- a form of group gymnastic activity performed with the support of music -- was developed in the 1970s . Gyms were set up with the goals not to improve public health but to stimulate and exploit the desire of people to keep fit , have fun and improve themselves . It can also be observed in today 's gyms where bodybuilders are trying to reach their aesthetic ideas , through muscle development , using weights and other equipment .
Obesity in the United States
Major United States manufacturers of processed food , aware of the possible contribution of their products to the obesity epidemic , met together and discussed the problem as early as April 8 , 1999 ; however , a proactive strategy was considered and rejected . As a general rule , optimizing the amount of salt , sugar and fat in a product will improve its palatability , and profitability . Reducing salt , sugar and fat , for the purpose of public health , had the potential to decrease palatability and profitability .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Many nutritional experts , like Harvard nutritionist Dr. Walter Willett , believe the 1992 pyramid does not reflect the latest research on dietetics . Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease , such as an 8 oz ( 230 g ) serving of hamburger daily , were technically permitted under the pyramid . The pyramid also lacked differentiation within the protein - rich group ( `` Meat , Poultry , Fish , Dry Beans , Eggs , and Nuts '' ) .
Autophagy
Recent research has found that extra virgin olive oil can activate autophagy and is likely to be one of the primary reasons a Mediterranean diet ( that involves high consumption of olive oil ) leads to higher life expectancy and lower incidence of diseases related to aging such as Alzheimers . The study in mice fed with olive oil resulted in an increase in nerve cell autophagy activation compared to controls that had the same diet but without olive oil .
New England Patriots strategy
The Erhardt - Perkins system traditionally had a reputation ( whether or not earned ) of being a traditional smash mouth offense that maximizes a team 's time of possession and does not as frequently call upon its running backs to serve as receivers . Erhardt was famous for his adage , `` throw to score , run to win . '' This may have been especially true during the years Bill Parcells ran this system as the head coach of the New York Giants . This system was thought to be particularly well suited for teams playing in harsh outdoor weather conditions of the northeast of the United States .
Famine
WHO and other sources recommend that malnourished children -- and adults who also have diarrhea -- drink rehydration solution , and continue to eat , in addition to antibiotics , and zinc supplements . There is a special oral rehydration solution called ReSoMal which has less sodium and more potassium than standard solution . However , if the diarrhea is severe , the standard solution is preferable as the person needs the extra sodium . Obviously , this is a judgment call best made by a physician , and using either solution is better than doing nothing . Zinc supplements often can help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea , and Vitamin A can also be helpful . The World Health Organization underlines the importance of a person with diarrhea continuing to eat , with a 2005 publication for physicians stating : `` Food should never be withheld and the child 's usual foods should not be diluted . Breastfeeding should always be continued . ''
Artificial turf
The use of artificial turf in conjunction with changes in the game 's rules ( e.g. , the removal of offside , introduction of rolling substitutes and the self - pass , and to the interpretation of obstruction ) have contributed significantly to change the nature of the game , greatly increasing the speed and intensity of play as well as placing far greater demands on the conditioning of the players .
World Health Organization
Some of the research undertaken or supported by WHO to determine how people 's lifestyles and environments are influencing whether they live in better or worse health can be controversial , as illustrated by a 2003 joint WHO / FAO report on nutrition and the prevention of chronic non-communicable disease , which recommended that sugar should form no more than 10 % of a healthy diet . The report led to lobbying by the sugar industry against the recommendation , to which the WHO / FAO responded by including in the report this statement : `` The Consultation recognized that a population goal for free sugars of less than 10 % of total energy is controversial '' . It also stood by its recommendation based upon its own analysis of scientific studies . In 2014 , WHO reduced recommended sugar levels by half and said that sugar should make up no more than 5 % of a healthy diet .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet . A vegetable is not considered a grain , fruit , nut , spice , or herb . For example , the stem , root , flower , etc. , may be eaten as vegetables . Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals ; however , different vegetables contain different spreads , so it is important to eat a wide variety of types . For example , green vegetables typically contain vitamin A , dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C , and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium . Vegetables are very low in fats and calories , but ingredients added in preparation can often add these . Grains
Nutrition and cognition
Choline is an essential nutrient and its primary function within the human body is the synthesis of cellular membranes , although it serves other functions as well . It is a precursor molecule to the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine which serves a wide range of functions including motor control and memory . Choline itself has also been shown to have additional health benefits in relation to memory and choline deficiencies may be related to some liver and neurological disorders . Because of its role in cellular synthesis , choline is an important nutrient during the prenatal and early postnatal development of offspring as it contributes heavily to the development of the brain . Despite the wide range of foods that choline is found in , studies have shown that the mean choline intake of men , women and children are below the Adequate Intake levels . Women , especially pregnant or lactating women , older people , and infants , are especially at risk for choline deficiency .
Boxer (dog)
As an athletic breed , proper exercise and conditioning is important for the continued health and longevity of the Boxer . Care must be taken not to over-exercise young dogs , as this may damage growing bones ; however , once mature , Boxers can be excellent jogging or running companions . Because of their brachycephalic head , they do not do well with high heat or humidity , and common sense should prevail when exercising a Boxer in these conditions .
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well - being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss .
Tapioca balls
General Additives Categories Additives Antioxidants L - Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C ) , Sodium L - Ascorbate , L - Ascorbyl Stearate , L - Ascorbyl Palmitate , Erythorbic Acid , Sodium Erythorbate , dl - α - Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) , Calcium L - Ascorbate , Mixed Tocopherols Concentrate , d - α - Tocopherol Concentrate Leavening Agent Potassium Alum , Sodium Alum , Burnt Potassium Alum , Ammonium Alum , Burnt Ammonium Alum , Ammonium Chloride , Potassium Bitartrate , Sodium Bicarbonate , Ammonium Carbonate , Ammonium Bicarbonate , Potassium Carbonate , Baking Powder , Acidic Sodium Aluminum Phosphate , Burnt Sodium Alum pH Adjusting Agents , Acid - Reacting Materials and Water Correcting Agents Calcium Chloride , Calcium Hydroxide , Calcium Sulfate , Calcium Gluconate , Calcium Citrate , Monobasic Calcium Phosphate , Dibasic Calcium Phosphate , Dibasic ( Anhydrous ) Calcium Phosphate , Tribasic Calcium Phosphate , Calcium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate , Calcium Glycerophosphate , Calcium Lactate , Calcium Stearoyl Lactylate , Ammonium Carbonate , Potassium Carbonate , ( Anhydrous ) Sodium Carbonate , Magnesium Carbonate , Ammonium Sulfate , Sodium Sulfate , Magnesium Stearate , Magnesium Sulfate , Magnesium Chloride , Monobasic Ammonium Phosphate
Glycolysis
The four regulatory enzymes are hexokinase , glucokinase , phosphofructokinase , and pyruvate kinase . The flux through the glycolytic pathway is adjusted in response to conditions both inside and outside the cell . The internal factors that regulate glycolysis do so primarily to provide ATP in adequate quantities for the cell 's needs . The external factors act primarily on the liver , fat tissue , and muscles , which can remove large quantities of glucose from the blood after meals ( thus preventing hyperglycemia by storing the excess glucose as fat or glycogen , depending on the tissue type ) . The liver is also capable of releasing glucose into the blood between meals , during fasting , and exercise thus preventing hypoglycemia by means of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis . These latter reactions coincide with the halting of glycolysis in the liver .
Skeletal muscle
PGC1 - α ( PPARGC1A ) , a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism , directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective slow twitch ( ST ) muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling . A peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor δ ( PPARδ ) - mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype . Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARd display an `` endurance '' phenotype , with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased proportion of ST fibers . Thus -- through functional genomics -- calcineurin , calmodulin - dependent kinase , PGC - 1α , and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber - type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance and obesity .