vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of chemistry
For practitioners in Europe , alchemy became an intellectual pursuit after early Arabic alchemy became available through Latin translation , and over time , they improved . Paracelsus ( 1493 -- 1541 ) , for example , rejected the 4 - elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines , formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry . Paracelsus was not perfect in making his experiments truly scientific . For example , as an extension of his theory that new compounds could be made by combining mercury with sulfur , he once made what he thought was `` oil of sulfur '' . This was actually dimethyl ether , which had neither mercury nor sulfur .
Athenian democracy
Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and made huge mistakes . According to Samons :
Steve Trevor
The character was designed to be a complement to Wonder Woman 's character . Chris Pine described Trevor as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . Steve Trevor gave Diana the nickname , `` Angel '' , because having been delirious from his injuries , Themyscira seemed heaven - like with her being the `` angel '' that saved him .
Ancient Egyptian deities
This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Dieties with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different deities were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period , Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , it was Isis as the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent deities tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2003 cartoon , Hun ( voiced by Greg Carey ) was an exceptionally large , muscular Caucasian with blonde hair that he wore in a ponytail and Purple Dragon and Foot tattoos on his arms . Having served as a lieutenant to the Shredder and the leader of the Purple Dragons for years , he served as a recurring foe of the Turtles and a personal nemesis for Casey Jones , having set fire to a store owned by Casey 's father and killing him . Despite great strength and impressive fighting ability , he constantly failed to defeat the Turtles , and was eventually replaced in his master 's esteem by the Shredder 's adopted daughter Karai . Despite this , Hun remained firmly loyal to his master until he learned that the Shredder was actually an Utrom who appeared human through the use of an exo - suit . He subsequently broke ties with the Foot Clan and became the full - time leader of the Purple Dragons . Subsequently , the Turtles convinced Hun to join their alliance against the Demon Shredder . After they disappeared into the future for a year , Hun claimed to have killed them and wore replicas of their weapons as trophies . His lie was exposed upon their return , but Hun soon had larger problems : namely , a reformed Foot Clan under the leadership of a virtual clone of the Utrom Shredder who sought to emerge from the digital world into the real world . The Turtles managed to defeat this Shredder . In Turtles Forever , an encounter with an alternate set of turtles ( from the universe of the 1980s cartoon series ) resulted in Hun mutating into what he hated most ... a mutant turtle himself . He joined forces with the returned Utrom Shredder and his 80s ' counterpart to get revenge on the Turtles , but disappeared when his returned master attempted to wipe the Turtles from existence and nearly destroyed the multiverse in the bargain . The multiverse and everyone that was wiped out was subsequently restored .
Two Treatises of Government
The legitimacy of an English king depended on ( somehow ) demonstrating descent from William the Conqueror : the right of conquest was therefore a topic rife with constitutional connotations . Locke does not say that all subsequent English monarchs have been illegitimate , but he does make their rightful authority dependent solely upon their having acquired the people 's approbation .
Elsa (Frozen)
From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Being the oldest and most powerful vampires , the Original Vampires are stronger and faster than all normal vampires , though it is implied they do not get stronger with age due to being created at the zenith of vampiric physical prowess . ( Alaric was just as strong , if not stronger , than the other Original Vampires despite being a day old . So too was Lucien , strong enough to kill Finn ) . It is possible that the spell used to make the Original Vampires , gives them the peak powers of vampirism . Also , werewolves prove little to no challenge for them , though they can be challenging in their wolf form ( where they are at their strongest ) as a pack of four can defeat an Original Vampire ( Rebekah ) and two human form werewolves with moonrings ( which allows them to use the full power of their condition ) overpowered Elijah . Also , Original Vampires are somewhat immune to werewolf venom , which is fatal to normal vampires but it still affects Original Vampires , though they only experience weakness and hallucinations . Original Vampires have the power to `` compel '' or hypnotize ordinary vampires in addition to humans , though they can not compel each other .
War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed . In passing the resolution , Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority . Under the Necessary and Proper Clause , it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution , not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof .
Two Treatises of Government
Filmer also suggested that Adam 's absolute authority came from his ownership over all the world . To this , Locke rebuts that the world was originally held in common ( a theme that will return in the Second Treatise ) . But , even if it were not , he argues , God 's grant to Adam covered only the land and brute animals , not human beings . Nor could Adam , or his heir , leverage this grant to enslave mankind , for the law of nature forbids reducing one 's fellows to a state of desperation , if one possesses a sufficient surplus to maintain oneself securely . And even if this charity were not commanded by reason , Locke continues , such a strategy for gaining dominion would prove only that the foundation of government lies in consent .
Athenian democracy
Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court .
Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
Angel Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel character David Boreanaz as Angel in 1999 . First appearance `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ( 1997 ) Created by Joss Whedon Portrayed by David Boreanaz Information Affiliation Scooby Gang Angel Investigations The Powers That Be Wolfram & Hart The Whirlwind Classification Vampire Notable powers Supernatural strength , speed , stamina , agility , and reflexes Acute sensory perception , rapid healing , and immortality
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional , status - conscious , materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s , which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '' , while the author was a single mother . Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty . This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series , and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures .
Leo Wyatt
Leo 's marriage to Piper was somewhat turbulent , especially when he became promoted to an Elder after saving them . As an Elder , Leo was not allowed to live with his family , though he promised always to watch over them . However , Leo is highly mistrustful of the Charmed Ones ' new Whitelighter , Chris Perry , and stays involved in the family 's life as he tries to figure Chris out . Later , it is revealed that Chris is actually Leo and Piper 's second son . Chris admits to Leo that in the future , he was always there for Wyatt , for the Charmed Ones , but never for him , as he was often eclipsed by Wyatt 's `` Chosen One '' and ultimate power status , leaving him with a near hatred of the future Leo .
Henry Clay
As Speaker , Clay wielded considerable power in making committee appointments , and , like many of his predecessors , he appointed his allies to important committees . However , Clay was exceptional in his ability to control the legislative agenda through well - placed allies and the establishment of new committees . Clay also departed from precedent by frequently taking part in floor debates . Clay 's drive to increase the power of the office Speaker was aided by President James Madison , who similarly believed in the supremacy of Congress in most matters . John Randolph , a fellow Republican but also a member of the tertium quids group that opposed many federal initiatives , emerged as a prominent opponent of Speaker Clay . While Randolph frequently attempted to obstruct Clay 's initiatives , Clay became a master of parliamentary maneuvers that enabled him to advance his agenda even over the attempted obstruction of Randolph and others .
French Revolution
The `` National Party '' , representing the centre or centre - left of the assembly , included Honoré Mirabeau , Lafayette , and Bailly ; while Adrien Duport , Barnave and Alexandre Lameth represented somewhat more extreme views . Almost alone in his radicalism on the left was the Arras lawyer Maximilien Robespierre . Abbé Sieyès led in proposing legislation in this period and successfully forged consensus for some time between the political centre and the left . In Paris , various committees , the mayor , the assembly of representatives , and the individual districts each claimed authority independent of the others . The increasingly middle - class National Guard under Lafayette also slowly emerged as a power in its own right , as did other self - generated assemblies . The
Magic in Harry Potter
Likewise , it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life , such as the Philosopher 's Stone or horcruxes . If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows , it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the `` master of death '' . However , it is hinted that to be a true `` master of death '' is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable . Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood , which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent , but at the terrible price of being cursed forever . Being magical can contribute to one 's longevity , as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long - lived ( such as Griselda Marchbanks , who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore 's O.W.L examinations ) . It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying ; however , it is described as `` a pale imitation of life '' . Snape states that a ghost is merely `` the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth '' .
Athenian democracy
In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ?
Prometheus
The punishment of Prometheus as a consequence of the theft is a major theme of his mythology , and is a popular subject of both ancient and modern art . Zeus , king of the Olympian gods , sentenced the Titan to eternal torment for his transgression . The immortal Prometheus was bound to a rock , where each day an eagle , the emblem of Zeus , was sent to feed on his liver , which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day . ( In ancient Greece , the liver was often thought to be the seat of human emotions . ) In some stories , Prometheus is freed at last by the hero Heracles ( Hercules ) .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant and expert tracker with super agility , reflexes , acute senses and enhanced strength . In preparation for the role , Stewart gained 50 pounds and grew his hair much longer than its usual length .
Wonder Woman
The first of these half - mortal siblings to reveal himself to Wonder Woman was her older half - brother , Lennox Sandsmark , who could transform himself into living , marble - like stone and , before his death , was revealed to be the father of Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark ) . His killer , the First Born , the eldest progeny of Zeus , would become Wonder Woman 's first major super-villain of the New 52 .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Under this arrangement , Britain might appear to have two executives : the Prime Minister and the Sovereign . The concept of `` the Crown '' resolves this paradox . The Crown symbolises the state 's authority to govern : to make laws and execute them , impose taxes and collect them , declare war and make peace . Before the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 , the Sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown ; afterwards , Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position . Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown , entrusting its authority to responsible ministers ( the Prime Minister and Cabinet ) , accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament , in particular the elected House of Commons .
List of Death Note characters
Ohba said that he created Aiber and Wedy so he could use characters with `` special abilities '' to advance the storyline . He said that Aiber `` did some things . ''
Republic (Plato)
An argument that has been used against ascribing ironic intent to Plato is that Plato 's Academy produced a number of tyrants , men who seized political power and abandoned philosophy for ruling a city . Despite being well - versed in Greek and having direct contact with Plato himself , some of Plato 's former students like Clearchus , tyrant of Heraclea ; Chaeron , tyrant of Pellene ; Erastus and Coriscus , tyrants of Skepsis ; Hermias of Atarneus and Assos ; and Calippus , tyrant of Syracuse ruled people and did not impose anything like a philosopher - kingship . However , it can be argued whether these men became `` tyrants '' through studying in the Academy . Plato 's school had an elite student body , part of which would by birth , and family expectation , end up in the seats of power . Additionally , it is important to remember that it is by no means obvious that these men were tyrants in the modern , totalitarian sense of the concept . Finally , since very little is actually known about what was taught at Plato 's Academy , there is no small controversy over whether it was in fact even in the business of teaching politics at all . Views
Jack-o'-lantern
Another version of the story says that Jack was getting chased by some villagers from whom he had stolen , when he met Satan , who claimed it was time for him to die . However , the thief stalled his death by tempting Satan with a chance to bedevil the church - going villagers chasing him . Jack told Satan to turn into a coin with which he would pay for the stolen goods ( Satan could take on any shape he wanted ) ; later , when the coin ( Satan ) disappeared , the Christian villagers would fight over who had stolen it . The Devil agreed to this plan . He turned himself into a silver coin and jumped into Jack 's wallet , only to find himself next to a cross Jack had also picked up in the village . Jack had closed the wallet tight , and the cross stripped the Devil of his powers ; and so he was trapped .
United States presidential inauguration
Newly sworn - in presidents usually give a speech referred to as an inaugural address . As with many inaugural customs , this one was started by George Washington in 1789 . After taking his oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall , he proceeded to the Senate chamber where he read a speech before members of Congress and other dignitaries . Every President since Washington has delivered an Inaugural address . While many of the early Presidents read their addresses before taking the oath , current custom dictates that the chief justice administer the oath first , followed by the president 's speech . William McKinley requested the change in 1897 , so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his first inaugural address .
Westminster system
However , uncodified conventions , practices , and precedents continue to play a significant role in most countries , as many constitutions do not specify important elements of procedure : for example , some older constitutions using the Westminster system do not mention the existence of the cabinet or the prime minister , because these offices were taken for granted by the authors of these constitutions . Sometimes these conventions , reserve powers , and other influences collide in times of crisis and in such times the weaknesses of the unwritten aspects of the Westminster system , as well as the strengths of the Westminster system 's flexibility , are put to the test . As an illustrative example , in the Australian constitutional crises of 1975 the Governor - General of Australia , Sir John Kerr , dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam on his own reserve - power authority and replaced him with opposition leader Malcolm Fraser .
Rings of Power
Before the sack of Eregion , Celebrimbor gave Vilya and Narya to Gil - galad and Nenya to Galadriel . Gil - galad later gave Narya to Círdan , and gave Vilya to Elrond .
Napoleon
In the political realm , historians debate whether Napoleon was `` an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or , instead , a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler '' . Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions . The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his gains and titles , but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much , until his empire collapsed .
Hawaii
During the 1780s and 1790s , chiefs often fought for power . After a series of battles that ended in 1795 , all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler , who became known as King Kamehameha the Great . He established the House of Kamehameha , a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872 .
Aragorn
Later Tolkien hesitated about the true identity of `` Trotter '' for a long time . One of his notes suggested that the Rangers should not be hobbits as originally planned , and that this would mean that Trotter was either a man , or a hobbit who associated himself with the Rangers and was `` very well known '' ( within the story ) . The latter suggestion was linked to an early comment of Bingo : `` I keep on feeling that I have seen him somewhere before '' . Tolkien considered that Trotter might be Bilbo Baggins himself , but soon rejected that idea after Aragorn identified himself .
Iliad
Despite Mycenae and Troy being maritime powers , the Iliad features no sea battles . So , the Trojan shipwright ( of the ship that transported Helen to Troy ) , Phereclus , fights afoot , as an infantryman . The battle dress and armour of hero and soldier are well - described . They enter battle in chariots , launching javelins into the enemy formations , then dismount -- for hand - to - hand combat with yet more javelin throwing , rock throwing , and if necessary hand to hand sword and a shoulder - borne hoplon ( shield ) fighting . Ajax the Greater , son of Telamon , sports a large , rectangular shield ( σάκος , sakos ) with which he protects himself and Teucer , his brother :
Gotham City
Corruption escalates during Batman Eternal when Gordon is framed for causing a major train accident and a new commissioner is appointed with ties to the old gangs , but Batman and his allies are eventually able to replace him with their ally Jason Bard , only for Bard to resign when he is revealed to have been working with Hush to destroy Batman . During Bruce Wayne 's temporary ' retirement ' after he was left with amnesia following his last battle with the Joker , the police department even created their own Batman using various donated technology , with Gordon acting as the GCPD 's official Batman , but he returned to his old role in the department after the true Batman returned . In the 1966 television series , Batman , the Gotham City police force was not a focus of the stories .
Hawaii
Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities . Māhū people , who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards , were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers . Another Hawaiian word , aikāne , referred to same - sex relationships . According to journals written by Captain Cook 's crew , it is widely believed that many ali ʻi engaged in aikāne relationships . Hawaiian scholar Lilikalā Kame ʻeleihiwa said , `` If you did n't sleep with a man , how could you trust him when you went into battle ? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs , if he was n't your lover ? ''