vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Alan Shepard
Rear Admiral Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr . ( November 18 , 1923 -- July 21 , 1998 ) was an American astronaut , naval aviator , test pilot , and businessman .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt attended Groton School , an Episcopal boarding school in Groton , Massachusetts . Its headmaster , Endicott Peabody , preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service . Peabody remained a strong influence throughout Roosevelt 's life , officiating at his wedding and visiting him as president .
Planck's law
The colourful term `` ultraviolet catastrophe '' was given by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911 to the paradoxical result that the total energy in the cavity tends to infinity when the equipartition theorem of classical statistical mechanics is ( mistakenly ) applied to black body radiation . But this had not been part of Planck 's thinking , because he had not tried to apply the doctrine of equipartition : when he made his discovery in 1900 , he had not noticed any sort of `` catastrophe '' . It was first noted by Lord Rayleigh in 1900 , and then in 1901 by Sir James Jeans ; and later , in 1905 , by Einstein when he wanted to support the idea that light propagates as discrete packets , later called ' photons ' , and by Rayleigh and by Jeans .
Jimmy McNulty
McNulty grew up in the Lauraville neighborhood of Baltimore , Maryland . His father was an employee for Bethlehem Steel before being laid off in 1973 . After a year of attending Loyola College in Maryland , McNulty joined the Baltimore Police Department when his girlfriend Elena ( whom he later married ) became pregnant , with his EOD ( Entrance on Duty ) being on April 5 , 1994 . In his first few years on the job , he proved himself to be an effective patrolman in the Western District under the command of Major Howard `` Bunny '' Colvin . After assisting Ray Cole in solving a homicide , he was promoted to detective and assigned to the Homicide Unit , where he was partnered with Bunk Moreland .
New Jersey
Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg , appointed by Governor Jon Corzine , created the Education Advancement Initiative ( EAI ) to increase college admission rates by 10 % for New Jersey 's high school students , decrease dropout rates by 15 % , and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10 % . Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative .
Oil drop experiment
Some controversy was raised by historian Gerald Holton ( 1978 ) who pointed out that Millikan recorded more measurements in his journal than he included in his final results . Holton suggested these data points were omitted from the large set of oil drops measured in his experiments without apparent reason . This claim was disputed by Allan Franklin , a high energy physics experimentalist and philosopher of science at the University of Colorado . Franklin contended that Millikan 's exclusions of data did not substantively affect his final value of e , but did reduce the statistical error around this estimate e . This enabled Millikan to claim that he had calculated e to better than one half of one percent ; in fact , if Millikan had included all of the data he had thrown out , the standard error of the mean would have been within 2 % . While this would still have resulted in Millikan having measured e better than anyone else at the time , the slightly larger uncertainty might have allowed more disagreement with his results within the physics community . While Franklin left his support for Millikan 's measurement with the conclusion that concedes that Millikan may have performed `` cosmetic surgery '' on the data , David Goodstein investigated the original detailed notebooks kept by Millikan , concluding that Millikan plainly states here and in the reports that he included only drops that had undergone a `` complete series of observations '' and excluded no drops from this group of complete measurements . Reasons for a failure to generate a complete observation include annotations regarding the apparatus setup , oil drop production , and atmospheric effects which invalidated , in Millikan 's opinion ( borne out by the reduced error in this set ) , a given particular measurement .
History of insurance
His disciple , Edward Rowe Mores was finally able to establish the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762 . It was the world 's first mutual insurer and it pioneered age based premiums based on mortality rate laying `` the framework for scientific insurance practice and development '' and `` the basis of modern life assurance upon which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based '' .
Equal Rights Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex ; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce , property , employment , and other matters . The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman . The amendment was introduced in Congress for the first time in 1923 and has prompted conversations about the meaning of equality for women and men . In its early history , middle - class women were largely supportive , while those speaking for the working class were often opposed , arguing that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours . With the rise of the women 's movement in the United States in the 1960s , the ERA garnered increasing support , and , after being reintroduced by Representative Martha Griffiths ( D - MI ) , in 1971 , it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification .
Ernest Darby
After Josh Kohn , a rogue ATF agent , sent him information on IRA and SOA weapon deals , he called another meeting with Álvarez . He told him to kill Clay Morrow and afterwords , the Nords could take Charming and the Mayans could take over the gun business . Marcus then told his son , Esai , to kill both Morrow and Darby . Later , when Clay was making a deal with the IRA at a bar , the Mayans attacked but were killed before they could get to him . They simultaneously assaulted Darby 's home , but also failed to kill him . They broke in and shot a Nord footsoldier and two women , but Darby hid and escaped death .
Planck's law
In 1898 , Otto Lummer and Ferdinand Kurlbaum published an account of their cavity radiation source . Their design has been used largely unchanged for radiation measurements to the present day . It was a platinum box , divided by diaphragms , with its interior blackened with iron oxide . It was an important ingredient for the progressively improved measurements that led to the discovery of Planck 's law . A version described in 1901 had its interior blackened with a mixture of chromium , nickel , and cobalt oxides .
The Skin of Our Teeth
( W ) hen I went to see Thornton Wilder 's The Skin of Our Teeth , which was the big Broadway hit at the time ... all I heard was Finnegans Wake . ( ... ) I phoned Robinson , and I said , `` Good God , here 's Wilder making tons of money and a lot of fame on this thing , and it 's simply Finnegans Wake . '' Joyce had just died , and his family was destitute . So I said , `` I think we should write a letter to the New York Times . ''
Agatha Christie
The Greenway Estate in Devon , acquired by the couple as a summer residence in 1938 , is now in the care of the National Trust . Christie often stayed at Abney Hall , Cheshire , owned by her brother - in - law , James Watts , basing at least two stories there : a short story `` The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding '' in the story collection of the same name , and the novel After the Funeral . `` Abney became Agatha 's greatest inspiration for country - house life , with all its servants and grandeur being woven into her plots . The descriptions of the fictional Chimneys , Stoneygates , and other houses in her stories are mostly Abney in various forms . ''
Venus
Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century . Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like , and it was only with the development of spectroscopic , radar and ultraviolet observations that more of its secrets were revealed . The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s , when Frank E. Ross found that ultraviolet photographs revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and infrared radiation . He suggested this was due to a dense , yellow lower atmosphere with high cirrus clouds above it .
Eduard Khil
Eduard Anatolyevich Khil ( Russian : Эдуа́рд Анато́льевич Хиль ; IPA : ( ɨdʊˈart ɐnɐˈtoljjɪvjɪt͡ɕ ˈxjilj ) ( often anglicized as Edward Hill ) ; 4 September 1934 -- 4 June 2012 ) was a Soviet - Russian baritone singer and a recipient of the People 's Artist Award of the Russian SFSR . Khil became known to international audiences in 2010 , when a 1976 recording of him singing a non-lexical vocable version of the song `` I Am Very Glad , as I 'm Finally Returning Back Home '' ( Russian : Я о́чень рад , ведь я , наконе́ц , возвраща́юсь домо́й , tr . Ya ochen rad , ved ya , nakonets , vozvrashchajus domoy ) became an Internet meme , often referred to as `` Trololol '' or `` Trololo '' , as an onomatopoeia of the song , or as the `` Russian Rickroll '' , and as such , the song was commonly associated with Internet trolling .
Incandescent light bulb
Joseph Swan ( 1828 -- 1914 ) was a British physicist and chemist . In 1850 , he began working with carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb . By 1860 , he was able to demonstrate a working device but the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate supply of electricity resulted in a short lifetime for the bulb and an inefficient source of light . By the mid-1870s better pumps became available , and Swan returned to his experiments . Historical
Edward Augustus Freeman
Jump up ^ `` Family search listing of Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1823 - 1892 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GB 133 EAF -- Papers of Edward Augustus Freeman '' . ELGAR : Electronic Gateway to Archives at Rylands . The John Rylands University Library . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephens & 1895A , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Family search listing for Joseph Freeman ( abt. 1768 - 1822 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Family Search listing of Gutch , Eleanor ( 1818 - 1903 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Family Search listing of Gutch , Robert ( 1777 - 1851 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Llanrumney Hall PH , Llanrumney '' . BritishListedBuildings.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Victor Yngve ; Zdzislaw Wasik ( 1 September 2006 ) . Hard - Science Linguistics . A&C Black . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84714 - 088 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brian Dooley ( 1998 ) . Black and Green : The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland & Black America . Pluto Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 1295 - 8 . Jump up ^ James Belich ( 1 January 2001 ) . Making Peoples : A History of the New Zealanders , from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century . University of Hawaii Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2517 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Here and there '' . The Week : a Canadian journal of politics , literature , science and arts . 1 ( 14 ) : 213 . 6 March 1884 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory Jump up ^ Herbert Baxter Adams ( 1883 ) . The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science . p. 12 .
Electromagnetic radiation
In physics , electromagnetic radiation ( EM radiation or EMR ) refers to the waves ( or their quanta , photons ) of the electromagnetic field , propagating ( radiating ) through space carrying electromagnetic radiant energy . It includes radio waves , microwaves , infrared , ( visible ) light , ultraviolet , X - , and gamma rays .
Key West, Florida
William Whitehead became chief editorial writer for the `` Enquirer '' , a local newspaper , in 1834 . He had the genius of preserving copies of his newspaper as well as copies from the `` Key West Gazette '' , its predecessor . He later sent those copies to the Monroe County clerk for preservation , which gives us a precious view of life in Key West in the early days ( 1820 -- 1840 ) .
Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song - and - dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen , who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly , Holly 's ex-husband . His success here led directly to his best - known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies .
Romare Bearden
Bearden was the author or coauthor of several books , and was a songwriter who co-wrote the jazz classic `` Sea Breeze '' , which was recorded by Billy Eckstine , a former high school classmate at Peabody High School , and Dizzy Gillespie . His lifelong support of young , emerging artists led him and his wife to create the Bearden Foundation to support young or emerging artists and scholars . In 1987 , Bearden was awarded the National Medal of Arts . His work in collage led the New York Times to describe Bearden as `` the nation 's foremost collagist '' in his 1988 obituary .
Ellipsis
According to Robert Bringhurst 's Elements of Typographic Style , the details of typesetting ellipses depend on the character and size of the font being set and the typographer 's preference . Bringhurst writes that a full space between each dot is `` another Victorian eccentricity . In most contexts , the Chicago ellipsis is much too wide '' -- he recommends using flush dots , or thin - spaced dots ( up to one - fifth of an em ) , or the prefabricated ellipsis character ( U + 2026 ... HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS ( HTML & # 8230 ; &hellip ; ) . Bringhurst suggests that normally an ellipsis should be spaced fore - and - aft to separate it from the text , but when it combines with other punctuation , the leading space disappears and the other punctuation follows . This is the usual practice in typesetting . He provides the following examples :
United States
Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African - American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there has been debate about its effects on the economy .
Fletcher Henderson
James Fletcher Henderson was born in Cuthbert , Georgia , in 1897 . He grew up in a middle - class African - American family . His father , Fletcher H. Henderson Sr. ( 1857 -- 1943 ) , was the principal of the nearby Howard Normal Randolph School from 1880 until 1942 . His home , now known as the Fletcher Henderson House , is a historic site . His mother , a teacher , taught him and his brother Horace to play the piano . He began lessons by the age of six . His father would occasionally lock Fletcher in his room to practice for hours . By age 13 , Henderson possessed a keen ability to read music and sense pitch . He pursued the studies with his mother and further engaged himself in lessons on European art .
Democratic Party (United States)
Prominent modern - day African - American Democratic politicians include Jim Clyburn , Elijah Cummings , Maxine Waters , John Lewis , Barbara Lee , Charles Rangel , John Conyers , Senator Cory Booker , and the former President of the United States , Barack Obama , who managed to net over 95 % of the African - American vote in the 2008 election . Despite being unaffiliated , the NAACP often participates in organizing and voter turnout drives and advocates for progressive causes , especially those that affect people of color . Within the House of Representatives , the Congressional Black Caucus , consisting of 44 black Democrats , serves to represent the interests of African Americans and advocate on issues that affect them .
Agatha Christie
In 1928 , Christie left England for Istanbul and subsequently for Baghdad on the Orient Express . During this trip , she encountered her first archaeological dig and met a young archaeologist , Max Mallowan , whom she married in September 1930 . Their marriage was happy and lasted until Christie 's death in 1976 . In a 1977 interview , Mallowan recounted his first meeting with Christie , wherein he took her and a group of tourists on a tour of his expedition site in Iraq .
Friedrich Engels
Unlike his first period in England ( 1843 ) , Engels was now under police surveillance . He had `` official '' homes and `` unofficial homes '' all over Salford , Weaste and other inner - city Manchester districts where he lived with Mary Burns under false names to confuse the police . Little more is known , as Engels destroyed over 1,500 letters between himself and Marx after the latter 's death so as to conceal the details of their secretive lifestyle .
To Kill a Mockingbird
Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote were atypical children : both loved to read . Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood .
Dear Evan Hansen
Levenson , Steven ; Pasek , Benj ; Paul , Justin ( 2017 ) . Dear Evan Hansen . Theatre Communications Group . 144pp . ISBN 978 - 1559365604 . Levenson , Steven ; Pasek , Benj ; Paul , Justin ( 2017 ) . Dear Evan Hansen : Through the Window . Grand Central Publishing . 224pp . ISBN 978 - 1538761915 .
Sinner's prayer
An early proponent of the sinner 's prayer was the well - known American evangelist D.L. Moody .
Fingerprint
Shirley McKie was a police detective in 1997 when she was accused of leaving her thumb print inside a house in Kilmarnock , Scotland , where Marion Ross had been murdered . Although McKie denied having been inside the house , she was arrested in a dawn raid the following year and charged with perjury . The only evidence the prosecution had was this thumb print allegedly found at the murder scene . Two American experts testified on her behalf at her trial in May 1999 and she was found not guilty . The Scottish Criminal Record Office ( SCRO ) would not admit any error , although Scottish first minister Jack McConnell later said it had been an `` honest mistake '' .
Howard (surname)
, British art historian , architectural historian , and academic Desmond Howard ( born 1970 ) , American football player Dominic Howard ( born 1977 ) , English drummer Dwight Howard ( born 1985 ) , American basketball player Ebenezer Howard ( 1850 -- 1928 ) , British urban planner ( founder of the garden city movement ) Edgar Howard ( 1858 -- 1951 ) , American politician Edward Lee Howard ( 1951 -- 2002 ) , American CIA agent who defected to the Soviet Union Eliot Howard ( 1873 -- 1940 ) , English amateur ornithologist Elizabeth Jane Howard ( 1923 -- 2014 ) , English novelist Elston Howard ( 1929 -- 1980 ) , American baseball player Emily Howard ( born 1979 ) British composer and chess player Frank Howard ( various ) Frank Ernest Howard , English architect , generally known as F.E. Howard George Howard , Australian footballer George Howard ( various ) Gertrude Howard ( 1892 -- 1934 ) , American actress Gorges Edmond Howard ( 1715 -- 1786 ) Irish legal and literary writer Harvey Howard , British rugby league footballer Harvey J. Howard ( 1880 - 1956 ) , American ophthalmologist James Howard ( various ) Jane Howard , ( 1935 - 1996 ) , journalist known for her work at Life magazine JJ Howard ( born 1972 ) , American author John Howard ( various
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Peter Raymond Grant was born in 1936 in London , but relocated to the English countryside to avoid bombings during World War II . He attended school at the Surrey - Hampshire border where he collected insects and studied flowers . He attended the University of Cambridge , then moved to Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and began work on a doctoral degree in Zoology at the University of British Columbia . A few days after beginning his research he met Rosemary ; they were married a year later .
Edmond Halley
While at Oxford University , Halley was introduced to John Flamsteed , the Astronomer Royal . Influenced by Flamsteed 's project to compile a catalog of northern stars , Halley proposed to do the same for the Southern Hemisphere .
Fletcher Henderson
This list is compiled from a 1971 letter to Chester Krolewicz. from Walter C. Allen , of Stanhope , New Jersey , entitled `` Mailing List of Fletcher Henderson Alumni '' , asking for information on each band member , such as date and place of birth , early musical training and other bands they played with . The list appears to include members not listed in the above article .
The Famous Five (Canada)
Irene Parlby was honoured in 1935 at spring convocation at the University of Alberta with an honorary LL. D. degree . Tributes in honour of Henrietta Edwards can be found on a plaque in the Senate Chamber in Ottawa and another in the post office in Fort Macleod . Nellie McClung spoke in Calgary after Edwards ' passing and spoke of Edwards , `` who for 40 years was convener of laws for the National Council of Women '' should not be forgotten .
History of Wells Fargo
There was speculation that the next ' stage ' for Wells Fargo might involve a major merger with an eastern bank that would create a nationwide retail bank . Internet
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Peter Raymond Grant , FRS , FRSC , and Barbara Rosemary Grant , FRS , FRSC , are a British couple who are evolutionary biologists at Princeton University . Each currently holds the position of emeritus professor . They are known for their work with Darwin 's finches on Daphne Major , one of the Galápagos Islands . Since 1973 , the Grants have spent six months of every year capturing , tagging , and taking blood samples from finches on the island . They have worked to show that natural selection can be seen within a single lifetime , or even within a couple of years . Charles Darwin originally thought that natural selection was a long , drawn out process . The Grants have shown that these changes in populations can happen very quickly .
Fletcher Henderson
In New York City , Henderson shared an apartment with a pianist who worked as a musician in a river boat orchestra . When his roommate was too sick to perform , Henderson took his place , which soon gave him a job as a full - time replacement . In the fall of 1920 he found work as a song demonstrator with the Pace and Handy Music Co . Henderson now found that music would be more profitable than chemistry and left his job as a lab chemist to begin a life in music . When Pace left the company to start Black Swan Records , he took Henderson with him to be musical director , a job which lasted from 1921 - 1923 . From 1920 - 1923 , he primarily played piano accompaniment for blues singers . Henderson toured with the Black Swan Troubadours featuring Ethel Waters from October 1921 to July 1922 .