vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
One-child policy
Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
For Mexico and the Philippines , the only categories of immigrant visa available in practice are those for immediate dependent family of U.S. citizens . Persons who applied since 1994 have not been in the categories for adult children and siblings , and trends show that these data are unlikely to change . In fact , the trend has recently been moving in the opposite direction . Immigrant work visas run about 6 to 8 years behind current . While the government does not publish data on the number of pending applications , the evidence is that the backlog in those categories dwarfs the yearly quotas .
Adolescence
In 1989 , Troiden proposed a four - stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity . The first stage , known as sensitization , usually starts in childhood , and is marked by the child 's becoming aware of same - sex attractions . The second stage , identity confusion , tends to occur a few years later . In this stage , the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation , and begins to engage sexual experiences with same - sex partners . In the third stage of identity assumption , which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home , adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends , and assumes a self - definition as gay , lesbian , or bisexual . In the final stage , known as commitment , the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle . Therefore , this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood , and continues through the early to mid 20s . This model has been contested , and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years .
Birth control in the United States
A 2013 Lancet systematic literature review found that among reproductive aged women in a marriage or union , 66 % worldwide and 77 % in the United States use contraception . Despite this unintended pregnancy remains high ; just under half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. 10.6 % of women at risk of unintended pregnancy did not use a contraceptive method , including 18.7 % of teens and 14.3 % of those 20 - 24 . Women of reproductive age ( 15 to 44 ) who are not regarded as at risk for unintended pregnancy include those who are sterile , were sterilized for non-contraceptive reasons , were pregnant or trying to become pregnant , or had not had sex in the 3 months prior to the survey . When examining reasons why women do not use birth control , s 2007 Pregnancy Risk Monitoring Assessment System ( PRAMS ) survey of over 8000 women with a recent unintended pregnancy found that 33 % felt they could not get pregnant at the time of conception , 30 % did not mind if they got pregnant , 22 % stated their partner did not want to use contraception , 16 % cited side effects , 10 % felt they or their partner were sterile , 10 % reported access problems , and 18 % selected `` other '' .
Egg donation
The legal status and cost / compensation models of egg donation vary significantly by country . It may be totally illegal ( e.g. , Italy , Germany , Austria ) ; legal only if anonymous and gratuitous -- that is , without any compensation for the egg donor ( e.g. , France ) ; legal only if non-anonymous and gratuitous ( e.g. , Canada ) ; legal only if anonymous , but egg donors may be compensated ( the compensation is often described as being to offset her inconvenience and expenses ) ( e.g. , Spain , Czech Republic , South Africa , Greece ) ; legal only if non-anonymous , but egg donors may be compensated ( e.g. , the UK ) ; or legal whether or not it is anonymous , and egg donors may be compensated ( e.g. , the US ) .
Emperor of Japan
Women were allowed to succeed ( but there existed no known children of theirs whose father did not also happen to be an agnate of the imperial house , thus there is neither a precedent that a child of an imperial woman with a non-imperial man could inherit , nor a precedent forbidding it for children of empresses ) . However , female accession was clearly much more rare than male . Adoption was possible and a much used way to increase the number of succession - entitled heirs ( however , the adopted child had to be a child of another member agnate of the imperial house ) . Abdication was used very often , and in fact occurred more often than death on the throne . In those days , the Emperor 's chief task was priestly ( or godly ) , containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed that after a service of around ten years , the incumbent deserved pampered retirement as an honored former Emperor . Primogeniture was not used -- rather , in the early days , the imperial house practiced something resembling a system of rotation . Very often a brother ( or sister ) followed the elder sibling even in the case of the predecessor leaving children . The `` turn '' of the next generation came more often after several individuals of the senior generation . Rotation went often between two or more of the branches of the imperial house , thus more or less distant cousins succeeded each other . Emperor Go - Saga even decreed an official alternation between heirs of his two sons , which system continued for a couple of centuries ( leading finally to shogun - induced ( or utilized ) strife between these two branches , the `` southern '' and `` northern '' Emperors ) . Towards the end , the alternates were very distant cousins counted in degrees of male descent ( but all that time , intermarriages occurred within the imperial house , thus they were close cousins if female ties are counted ) . During the past five hundred years , however , probably due to Confucian influence , inheritance by sons -- but not always , or even most often , the eldest son has been the norm .
Republic of Ireland
Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality . In 2011 , Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe , and second most charitable in the world . Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979 , however , the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularised society . In 1983 , the Eighth Amendment recognised `` the right to life of the unborn '' , subject to qualifications concerning the `` equal right to life '' of the mother . The case of Attorney General v. X subsequently prompted passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments , guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad , and the right to learn about `` services '' that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad . The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment . Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages ( 0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011 ) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average ( 4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012 ) .
Migration in China
Comparative studies show that left - behind children 's situation is not much worse than that of those living with parents in the same area . On the one hand , the institutions ( e.g. the hukou system ) that maintain the urban - rural inequality should be modified so that more migrants can settle down in cities with families . On the other hand , public resources in rural communities should be improved and regional inequality should be further reduced .
Evidence of common descent
Researchers consider reproductive isolation as key to speciation . A major aspect of speciation research is to determine the nature of the barriers that inhibit reproduction . Botanists often consider the zoological classifications of prezygotic and postzygotic barriers as inadequate . The examples provided below give insight into the process of speciation . Mimulus
Elections in Canada
In May 2014 , a court decision from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice invalidated the five - year limit as an unconstitutional restriction on the right to vote , in violation of Section Three , leading to a period of fourteen months during which all Canadian expatriates could apply to be on the register of electors . However , the decision was reversed 2 - 1 on appeal at the Court of Appeal for Ontario on July 20 , 2015 , in a judicial opinion citing Canada 's history of using a residence - based electoral district system and a justification based on social contract theory , which held that the five - year limit was a permissible limitation of the constitutional right to vote under Section One . As of August 2015 , Elections Canada has implemented changes to its registration process to comply with the latest court ruling , and will require expatriates already on the register to declare an intended date of return . The decision from the Court of Appeal was subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada , which announced on April 14 , 2016 that it would hear the appeal .
Lion
Usually , the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old . Sometimes this introduction to pride life occurs earlier , however , particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time . For instance , lionesses in a pride often synchronise their reproductive cycles and there is communal raising and suckling of the young ( once the cubs are past the initial stage of isolation with their mother ) , who suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride . The synchronization of births also has an advantage in that the cubs end up being roughly the same size , and thus have an equal chance of survival , and older cubs do not dominate the sucklings .
Adolescence
In terms of sexual identity , adolescence is when most gay / lesbian and transgender adolescents begin to recognize and make sense of their feelings . Many adolescents may choose to come out during this period of their life once an identity has been formed ; many others may go through a period of questioning or denial , which can include experimentation with both homosexual and heterosexual experiences . A study of 194 lesbian , gay , and bisexual youths under the age of 21 found that having an awareness of one 's sexual orientation occurred , on average , around age 10 , but the process of coming out to peers and adults occurred around age 16 and 17 , respectively . Coming to terms with and creating a positive LGBT identity can be difficult for some youth for a variety of reasons . Peer pressure is a large factor when youth who are questioning their sexuality or gender identity are surrounded by heteronormative peers and can cause great distress due to a feeling of being different from everyone else . While coming out can also foster better psychological adjustment , the risks associated are real . Indeed , coming out in the midst of a heteronormative peer environment often comes with the risk of ostracism , hurtful jokes , and even violence . Because of this , statistically the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents is up to four times higher than that of their heterosexual peers due to bullying and rejection from peers or family members . Self
Women in Vietnam
Several laws influenced women 's rights in the time period following the Vietnam war and reunification . The Family Law of 1986 doubled the length of maternity leave from three to six months , while the 1988 Council of Minster 's Decision number 163 gave the Women 's Union the right to be involved in any decision relevant to the welfare of women or children . However , the desire for economic efficiency under the free market reforms of the new regime caused some of these reforms to be scaled back . Maternity leave , for example , was shortened to four months when employers began complaining that they lost money by hiring women . There are no other organizations like the Women 's Union , as the Vietnamese government is very careful about the nongovernmental organizations they allow to exist . The Vietnamese Women 's Association exists largely to increase the power of the Communist Party , so it is not always able to fully support women 's interests .
Cell-free fetal DNA
In 2010 , Cardo et al reported that PCR to detect RHD ( gene ) gene exons 5 and 7 from cffDNA obtained from maternal plasma between 9 and 13 weeks gestation gave a high degree of specificity , sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy ( > 90 percent ) when compared to RhD determination from newborn cord blood serum . In 2013 , Aykute et al found similar results targeting exons 7 and 10 . In 2015 , Svobodova et al reported that droplet digital PCR in fetal RhD determination was comparable to a routine real - time PCR technique .
One-child policy
Beginning in 1980 , the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 36 % of the population were subjected to a strict one - child limit . 53 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The
Luteinizing hormone
During the reproductive years , typical levels are between 1 -- 20 IU / L. Physiologic high LH levels are seen during the LH surge ( v.s. ) ; typically they last 48 hours .
Birth control in the United States
In 1997 , the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill ( known as the morning - after pill ) , which became available over the counter in 2006 . In 2010 , ulipristal acetate , an emergency contraceptive which is more effective after a longer delay was approved for use up to five days after unprotected sexual intercourse . Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used . These emergency contraceptives , including Plan B and EllaOne , became another reproductive rights controversy . Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion , because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized embryo to implant in the uterus ; while proponents contend that it is not abortion , because the absence of implantation means that pregnancy never commenced .
Big Five personality traits
Many studies of longitudinal data , which correlate people 's test scores over time , and cross-sectional data , which compare personality levels across different age groups , show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood , especially Neuroticism trait that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits . It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working . There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals . More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies , however , indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan . The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect . On average , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time , whereas extraversion , neuroticism , and openness tend to decrease . Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development . For example , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood . In addition to these group effects , there are individual differences : different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life .
Superfecundation
Ovulation is usually suspended during pregnancy to prevent further ova becoming fertilized and to help increase the chances of a full - term pregnancy . However , if an ovum is released after the female was already impregnated when previously ovulating , a chance of a second pregnancy occurs , albeit at a different stage of development . This is known as superfetation .
Fallopian tube
The release of an oocyte does not alternate between the two ovaries and seems to be random . After removal of an ovary , the remaining one produces an egg every month .
Myocardial infarction
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) is the treatment of choice for STEMI if it can be performed in a timely manner , ideally within 90 -- 120 minutes of contact with a medical provider . Some recommend it is also done in NSTEMI within 1 -- 3 days , particularly when considered high - risk . A 2017 review , however , did not find a difference between early versus later PCI in NSTEMI .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
Another change that resulted from the BAPCPA was an extension of the time between multiple bankruptcy filings . 11 U.S.C. § 727 ( a ) ( 8 ) was amended to provide that the debtor would be denied a discharge if a debtor had received a discharge in a prior Chapter 7 case filed within eight ( 8 ) years of the filing of the present case . Prior to BAPCPA , the rule was six ( 6 ) years between chapter 7 filings . BAPCPA did not change the rule for the waiting period if the debtor filed a chapter 13 previously .
Golden lion tamarin
Additionally , this deforestation and fragmentation also leads to demographic instabilities , and an increased probability of inbreeding , consequently leading to inbreeding depression and a population decline . In the case of inbreeding , the problem lies in the increase of the isolated fragments where golden lion tamarins live . Inbreeding leads to low levels of genetic diversity and has a negative effect on survivorship ; inbred offspring have a lower survivorship than non-inbred offspring . Fragmentation leads to a decline in dispersal and as a result , a decline in breeding with individuals of other groups . Consequently , inbreeding depression is observed in these populations . With delay breeding , the decrease and shortage of territory puts pressure on golden lion tamarins to disperse in order to find necessary resources and areas suitable for their survival . However , dispersal is risky and requires a lot of energy that could have been used for reproduction instead .
Superfecundation
In 2016 , an IVF - implanted surrogate mother gave birth to two children : one genetically unrelated child from an implanted embryo , and a biological child from her own egg and her husband 's sperm .
Polar bear
Female polar bears are noted for both their affection towards their offspring , and their valor in protecting them . Multiple cases of adoption of wild cubs have been confirmed by genetic testing . Adult male bears occasionally kill and eat polar bear cubs . As of 2006 , in Alaska , 42 % of cubs were reaching 12 months of age , down from 65 % in 1991 . In most areas , cubs are weaned at two and a half years of age , when the mother chases them away or abandons them . The Western Hudson Bay subpopulation is unusual in that its female polar bears sometimes wean their cubs at only one and a half years . This was the case for 40 % of cubs there in the early 1980s ; however by the 1990s , fewer than 20 % of cubs were weaned this young . After the mother leaves , sibling cubs sometimes travel and share food together for weeks or months . Later
Women in Vietnam
Following their colonization by European powers , many lost their standing and were placed in the domestic sphere . Instead of being involved in their society , women worked as trade intermediaries and were expected to marry and become housewives . This shift in gender roles became a new cultural practice and lasted for years until the Vietnam War , when women in rural Vietnam became discouraged from marrying and female singlehood became a growing trend . A common belief was that after the mid-twenties , women were considered undesirable and marriage was a way of life . The cap for marriage was at this age because after this time , women could no longer bare children , a necessity for the survival of the family name . In addition , the notion of `` a one - person , self - sufficient household was not very acceptable '' and was looked at as selfish and lonely . After the age of twenty - five , single women enter a period where they `` make the transition from temporary to permanent non-marriage . '' As they go through this period , society perceived them as being `` wishful '' or even `` regretful '' . However , when women were interviewed , nearly all showed no sign of remorse from rejecting marriage proposals during their prime ages for marriage . They were happy with their decision to opt out of a possible `` miserable '' life with a husband .
Eating disorder
It is important to realize some of the limitations and challenges of many studies that try to examine the roles of culture , ethnicity , and SES . For starters , most of the cross-cultural studies use definitions from the DSM - IV - TR , which has been criticized as reflecting a Western cultural bias . Thus , assessments and questionnaires may not be constructed to detect some of the cultural differences associated with different disorders . Also , when looking at individuals in areas potentially influenced by Western culture , few studies have attempted to measure how much an individual has adopted the mainstream culture or retained the traditional cultural values of the area . Lastly , the majority of the cross-cultural studies on eating disorders and body image disturbances occurred in Western nations and not in the countries or regions being examined .
Egg donation
Some donors are non-anonymous , but most are anonymous , i.e. the donor conceived person does n't know the true identity of the donor . Still , he / she may get the donor number from the fertility clinic . If that donor had donated before , then other donor conceived people with the same donor number are thus genetic half - siblings . In short , donor registries match people who type in the same donor number .