vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Famine
The Green Revolution was widely viewed as an answer to famine in the 1970s and 1980s . Between 1950 and 1984 , hybrid strains of high - yielding crops transformed agriculture around the globe and world grain production increased by 250 % . Some criticize the process , stating that these new high - yielding crops require more chemical fertilizers and pesticides , which can harm the environment . Although these high - yielding crops make it technically possible to feed more people , there are indications that regional food production has peaked in many world sectors , due to certain strategies associated with intensive agriculture such as groundwater overdrafting and overuse of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals .
Dust Bowl
The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation .
Rice production in Thailand
Another study found that each degree - Celsius increase in global mean temperature would , on average , reduce yields of rice by 3.2 percent .
Famine
Beginning in the 20th century , nitrogen fertilizers , new pesticides , desert farming , and other agricultural technologies began to be used to increase food production , in part to combat famine . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution influenced agriculture , world grain production increased by 250 % . Developed nations have shared these technologies with developing nations with a famine problem . However , as early as 1995 , there were signs that these new developments may contribute to the decline of arable land ( e.g. persistence of pesticides leading to soil contamination , salt accumulation due to irrigation , erosion ) . Lake
Rice production in Thailand
A bright spot on the price front is organic rice . At a time when rice millers pay farmers only 7,000 baht per tonne for paddy , organic rice producers can command up to 45,000 baht per tonne . According to Greennet , a non-profit , sales of organic rice have increased by 28 percent in 2016 .
Soil respiration
Since the Industrial Revolution , humans have been emitting vast amounts of CO into the atmosphere . These emissions have increased exponentially over time and have increased global atmospheric CO levels to their highest in over 750,000 years . Soil respiration increases when ecosystems are exposed to elevated levels of CO . Numerous free air CO enrichment ( FACE ) studies have been conducted to test soil respiration under predicted future elevated CO conditions . Recent FACE studies have shown large increases in soil respiration due to increased root biomass and microbial activity . Soil respiration has been found to increase up to 40.6 % in a sweetgum forest in Tennessee and poplar forests in Wisconsin under elevated CO conditions . It is extremely likely that CO levels will exceed those used in these FACE experiments by the middle of this century due to increased human use of fossil fuels and land use practices .
New Deal
The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity . The AAA used a system of domestic allotments , setting total output of corn , cotton , dairy products , hogs , rice , tobacco and wheat . The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes . The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing . To force up farm prices to the point of `` parity , '' 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of growing cotton was plowed up , bountiful crops were left to rot and six million piglets were killed and discarded .
Mass production
Electrification enabled modern mass production , as with Thomas Edison 's iron ore processing plant ( about 1893 ) that could process 20,000 tons of ore per day with two shifts of five men each . At that time it was still common to handle bulk materials with shovels , wheelbarrows and small narrow gauge rail cars , and for comparison , a canal digger in previous decades typically handled 5 tons per 12 - hour day .
The impact of geography on colonial America
South Carolina 's swampy wetlands also made it a prime area for the cultivation of rice . In the 1700s , the South Carolina economy was based upon the exportation of rice from its tidewater region . The first attempts at cultivation were failures , and South Carolinian planters began to pay premiums to have slaves imported from specific regions in Africa where rice was grown .
Tequila
In June 2013 , the ban on importation of premium ( 100 % blue agave ) tequila into China was lifted following a state visit to Mexico by President Xi Jinping . The entry of premium tequila into the country is expected to increase tequila exports by 20 percent within a decade ( exports totaled 170 million liters in 2013 ) . Ramon Gonzalez , director of the Consejo Regulador del Tequila , estimates that each of the top 16 producers of tequila had invested up to $3 million to enter the Chinese market . On 30 August 2013 , the first 70,380 bottles of premium tequila from ten brands arrived in Shanghai . The arrival happened during an event held at the House of Roosevelt , a well - known club located on The Bund -- an area with a long tradition of importing alcoholic beverages in China .
Middle Ages
The development of a three - field rotation system for planting crops increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two - field system to two - thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production . The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen . Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture , factors that aided the implementation of the three - field system .
Rice production in Thailand
Thailand has a strong tradition of rice production . It has the fifth - largest amount of land under rice cultivation in the world and is the world 's second largest exporter of rice . Thailand has plans to further increase the land available for rice production , with a goal of adding 500,000 hectares to its already 9.2 million hectares of rice - growing areas . Fully half of Thailand 's cultivated land is devoted to rice .
Mechanised agriculture
As of 2010 , approximately 10 % of the processing orange acreage in Florida is harvested mechanically , mainly with citrus canopy shaker machines . Citrus canopy shakers in Florida are reported to have averaged field efficiency ( FE ) of 68 % and field machine index `` FMI '' between 80 % and 90 % with 4 % standard deviation . Mechanization has progressed slowly due to the uncertainty of future economic benefits due to competition from Brazil and the transitory damage to orange trees when they are harvested .
History of agriculture
The scientific investigation of fertilization began at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes . He investigated the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield and founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842 . Fertilizer , in the shape of sodium nitrate deposits in Chile , was imported to Britain by John Thomas North as well as guano ( birds droppings ) . The first commercial process for fertilizer production was the obtaining of phosphate from the dissolution of coprolites in sulphuric acid .
Southern Colonies
The colonies developed prosperous economies based on the cultivation of cash crops , such as tobacco , indigo , and rice . A side effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America .
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
By 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp . An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp . This was still only a small fraction of the total power generated in Britain by waterwheels ( 120,000 hp ) and by windmills ( 15,000 hp ) . Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp .
Soil respiration
Since the onset of the Green Revolution in the middle of the last century , vast amounts of nitrogen fertilizers have been produced and introduced to almost all agricultural systems . This has led to increases in plant available nitrogen in ecosystems around the world due to agricultural runoff and wind - driven fertilization . As discussed earlier , nitrogen can have a significant positive effect on the level and rate of soil respiration . Increases in soil nitrogen have been found to increase plant dark respiration , stimulate specific rates of root respiration and increase total root biomass . This is because high nitrogen rates are associated with high plant growth rates . High plant growth rates will lead to the increased respiration and biomass found in the study . With this increase in productivity , an increase in soil activities and therefore respiration can be assured .
Cocoa production in Ghana
Ghana 's cocoa production grew an average of 16 % between 2000 -- 03 . Cocoa has a long production cycle , far longer than many other tropical crops , and new hybrid varieties need over five years to come into production , and a further 10 to 15 years for the tree to reach its full bearing potential . The reasons for this huge production increase are varied and in fact Ghana 's cocoa yields per hectare are still low by international standards . Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute identify the following as particularly important :
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Government spending increased from 8.0 % of gross national product ( GNP ) under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2 % of the GNP in 1936 . The national debt as a percentage of the GNP had more than doubled under Hoover from 16 % to 40 % of the GNP in early 1933 . It held steady at close to 40 % as late as fall 1941 , then grew rapidly during the war . The GNP was 34 % higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58 % higher in 1940 on the eve of war . That is , the economy grew 58 % from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime , and then grew 56 % from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime . Unemployment fell dramatically during Roosevelt 's first term . It increased in 1938 ( `` a depression within a depression '' ) but continually declined after 1938 . Total employment during Roosevelt 's term expanded by 18.31 million jobs , with an average annual increase in jobs during his administration of 5.3 % .
Biomass
Giant miscanthus : 5 -- 15 tons / acre Sunn hemp : 4.5 tons / acre Switchgrass : 4 -- 6 tons / acre
Dust Bowl
Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs .
Rice production in Thailand
In November 2016 , Prime Minister Prayut Chan - o - cha pledged to improve the well - being of farmers over the following five years . He did so in the face of declining rice prices , the lowest in ten years . He said the improvements would result from `` smart farmer projects '' initiated by the government , part of its 20 - year national strategy . Following up on Prayut 's remarks , Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister General Chatchai said that the government 's strategy would increase farmer income to 390,000 baht per person per year within 20 years . This , he said , would be achieved by increasing the number of large farms to 5,000 nationwide and by switching 500,000 rai from rice cultivation to other crops . In the central region , the average size of a rice field is only about 16 rai . The government allocated eight billion baht for the provision of soft loans to farmers in 35 provinces to switch to growing maize on two million rai .
Vermont
There were about 2,000 maple products producers in 2010 . Production rose to 920,000 US gallons ( 3,500,000 l ; 770,000 imp gal ) in 2009 . The state 's share of the nation 's production rose to 42 % in 2013 . It had the second lowest price at $33.40 / gallon .
Rice production in Thailand
In 2008 , drought in Southeast Asia attributed to El Niño drove benchmark Thai rice prices to US $1,000 per tonne . In that year , lower Thai rice output , coupled with lower output from India and Vietnam , prompted India to ban exports , sending global prices skyrocketing and causing food riots in Haiti and panic measures in big importers such as the Philippines .
Gone with the Wind (film)
Even though it earned its investors roughly twice as much as the previous record - holder , The Birth of a Nation , the box - office performances of the two films were likely much closer . The bulk of the earnings from Gone with the Wind came from its roadshow and first - run engagements , which represented 70 percent and 50 percent of the box - office gross respectively , before entering general release ( which at the time typically saw the distributor 's share set at 30 -- 35 percent of the gross ) . In the case of The Birth of a Nation , its distributor , Epoch , sold off many of its distribution territories on a `` states rights '' basis -- which typically amounted to 10 percent of the box - office gross -- and Epoch 's accounts are only indicative of its own profits from the film , and not the local distributors . Carl E. Milliken , secretary of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , estimated that The Birth of a Nation had been seen by fifty million people by 1930 .
Alaska
Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth of market gardeners , small farms and farmers ' markets in recent years , with the highest percentage increase ( 46 % ) in the nation in growth in farmers ' markets in 2011 , compared to 17 % nationwide . The peony industry has also taken off , as the growing season allows farmers to harvest during a gap in supply elsewhere in the world , thereby filling a niche in the flower market . Oversized
Marginal product of labor
During the early stages of production MP is greater than AP . When the MP is above the AP the AP will increase . Eventually the MP reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns . Beyond this point MP will decrease . However , at the point of diminishing returns the MP is still above the AP and AP will continue to increase until MP equals AP . When MP is below AP , AP will decrease .
Rice production in Thailand
In 2017 , Thailand exported 11.25 million tonnes of rice , an all - time record , up 14.8 percent year - on - year . Sales revenue rose 15 percent to 168 billion baht . Of its total annual exports , 70 percent is commodity - grade and the rest is hom mali . Some special grades such as riceberry make up a very small amount . The country is projected to export 9.5 million tonnes in 2018 as a stronger baht could dampen sales .
Economy of Mexico
The overall benefits of NAFTA have been quantified by several economists , whose findings have been reported in several publications like the World Bank 's Lessons from NAFTA for LA and the Caribbean , NAFTA 's Impact on North America , and NAFTA revisited by the Institute for International Economics . They assess that NAFTA has been positive for Mexico , whose poverty rates have fallen , and real income salaries have risen even after accounting for the 1994 -- 1995 Economic Crisis . Nonetheless , they also state that it has not been enough , or fast enough , to produce an economic convergence nor to reduce the poverty rates substantially or to promote higher rates of growth . Beside this the textile industry gain hype with this agreement and the textile industry in Mexico gained open access to the American market , promoting exports to the United States . The value of Mexican cotton and apparel exports to the U.S. grew from $3 billion in 1995 to $8.4 billion in 2002 , a record high of $9.4 billion in 2000 . At the same time , the share of Mexico 's cotton textile market the U.S. has increased from 8 percent in 1995 to 13 percent in 2002 . Some have suggested that in order to fully benefit from the agreement Mexico should invest in education and promote innovation as well as in infrastructure and agriculture .
Economic history of Argentina
Perón 's second Five - Year Plan in 1952 favoured increased agricultural output over industrialization , but industrial growth and high wages in previous years had expanded the domestic demand for agrarian goods . During the 1950s , output of beef and grain fell , and the economy suffered . The policy shift toward agricultural production created a gap in income distribution , as the majority of those who worked in agriculture laboured on tiny plots , while the majority of the land was in large estates . Argentina signed trade agreements with Britain , the Soviet Union and Chile , slightly opening the market to international trade as Perón 's second economic plan sought to capitalize on the country 's comparative advantage in agriculture .
Hawaii
By weight , honey bees may be the state 's most valuable export . According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service , agricultural sales were US $370.9 million from diversified agriculture , US $100.6 million from pineapple , and US $64.3 million from sugarcane . Hawaii 's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry , which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands , compared with one or two on the mainland . Seeds yielded US $264 million in 2012 , supporting 1,400 workers .
Fair trade
However , making cotton and textiles fair trade does not always benefit laborers . Burkina Faso and Mali export the largest amount of cotton in Africa . Although many cotton plantations in these countries attained fair trade certification in the 1990s , participation in fair trade further ingrains existing power relations and inequalities that cause poverty in Africa rather than challenging them . Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers . Despite not empowering farmers , the change to fair trade cotton has positive effects including female participation in cultivation .
Rice production in Thailand
Due to an ongoing drought , the USDA has forecast output will drop by more than a fifth to 15.8 million tonnes in 2016 . Thailand can harvest three rice crops a year , but due to the drought , the government is urging a move to less water - dependent crops or forgoing one crop . Rice is water intensive : one calculation says rice requires 1,500 m of water per cultivated rai .
Fair trade
Fair trade textiles are primarily made from fair trade cotton . By 2015 , almost 75,000 cotton farmers in developing countries have obtained Fairtrade certification . The minimum price that Fair trade pays allows cotton farmers to sustain and improve their livelihoods . Fair trade textiles are frequently grouped with fair trade crafts and goods made by artisans in contrast to cocoa , coffee , sugar , tea , and honey , which are agricultural commodities . Locations
Arizona
The state 's per capita income is $40,828 , ranking 39th in the U.S. The state had a median household income of $50,448 , making it 22nd in the country and just below the U.S. national mean . Early in its history , Arizona 's economy relied on the `` five C 's '' : copper ( see Copper mining in Arizona ) , cotton , cattle , citrus , and climate ( tourism ) . Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open - pit and underground mines , accounting for two - thirds of the nation 's output .
History of agriculture
Advice on more productive techniques for farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century , from writers such as Samuel Hartlib , Walter Blith and others . The main problem in sustaining agriculture in one place for a long time was the depletion of nutrients , most importantly nitrogen levels , in the soil . To allow the soil to regenerate , productive land was often let fallow and in some places crop rotation was used . The Dutch four - field rotation system was popularised by the British agriculturist Charles Townshend in the 18th century . The system ( wheat , turnips , barley and clover ) , opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop allowing livestock to be bred year - round . The use of clover was especially important as the legume roots replenished soil nitrates .
Plant breeding
Plant breeding can contribute to global food security as it is a cost - effective tool for increasing nutritional value of forage and crops . Improvements in nutritional value for forage crops from the use of analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been recorded since 1960 ; this science and technology gave breeders the ability to screen thousands of samples within a small amount of time , meaning breeders could identify a high performing hybrid quicker . The main area genetic increases were made was in vitro dry matter digestibility ( IVDMD ) resulting in 0.7 - 2.5 % increase , at just 1 % increase in IVDMD a single Bos Taurus also known as beef cattle reported 3.2 % increase in daily gains . This improvement indicates plant breeding is an essential tool in gearing future agriculture to perform at a more advanced level .
Rice production in Thailand
Farmers who already had large scale operations or could afford all the new chemicals , rice strains , and tractors benefited greatly while the average peasant was turned from a land - owning rice producer to a manual laborer on the farms of others .
Andrew Carnegie
In 1864 , Carnegie invested $40,000 in Story Farm on Oil Creek in Venango County , Pennsylvania . In one year , the farm yielded over $1,000,000 in cash dividends , and petroleum from oil wells on the property sold profitably . The demand for iron products , such as armor for gunboats , cannons , and shells , as well as a hundred other industrial products , made Pittsburgh a center of wartime production . Carnegie worked with others in establishing a steel rolling mill , and steel production and control of industry became the source of his fortune . Carnegie had some investments in the iron industry before the war .