vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ural Mountains
The Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia , such as elk , brown bear , fox , wolf , wolverine , lynx , squirrel , and sable ( north only ) . Because of the easy accessibility of the mountains there are no specifically mountainous species . In the Middle Urals , one can see a rare mixture of sable and pine marten named kidus . In the Southern Urals , badger and black polecat are common . Reptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by the common viper , lizards and grass snakes . Bird species are represented by capercaillie , black grouse , hazel grouse , spotted nutcracker , and cuckoos . In summers , the South and Middle Urals are visited by songbirds , such as nightingale and redstart .
Cross River gorilla
According to Sarmiento and Oate 's study published by the American Museum of Natural History , the Cross River gorilla has been described as having smaller dentitions , smaller palates , smaller cranial vaults , and shorter skulls than other western gorillas . The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences depicted the Cross River gorilla as the largest living primate with a barrel - chest , relatively even hair , a bare black face and chest , small ears , bare shaped brows that are joined , and nostril margins that are raised . They are clearly not the largest gorillas and the distinctiveness of their external characters still needs to be verified . Other Stats include :
Primate
Thousands of non-human primates are used around the world in research because of their psychological and physiological similarity to humans . In particular , the brains and eyes of NHPs more closely parallel human anatomy than those of any other animals . NHPs are commonly used in preclinical trials , neuroscience , ophthalmology studies , and toxicity studies . Rhesus macaques are often used , as are other macaques , African green monkeys , chimpanzees , baboons , squirrel monkeys , and marmosets , both wild - caught and purpose - bred . In 2005 , GAP reported that 1,280 of the 3,100 NHPs living in captivity in the United States were used for experiments . In 2004 , the European Union used around 10,000 NHPs in such experiments ; in 2005 in Great Britain , 4,652 experiments were conducted on 3,115 NHPs . Governments of many nations have strict care requirements of NHPs kept in captivity . In the US , federal guidelines extensively regulate aspects of NHP housing , feeding , enrichment , and breeding . European groups such as the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments are seeking a ban on all NHP use in experiments as part of the European Union 's review of animal testing legislation .
Bobcat
Bobcat activities are confined to well - defined territories , which vary in size depending on the sex and the distribution of prey . The home range is marked with feces , urine scent , and by clawing prominent trees in the area . In its territory , the bobcat has numerous places of shelter , usually a main den , and several auxiliary shelters on the outer extent of its range , such as hollow logs , brush piles , thickets , or under rock ledges . Its den smells strongly of the bobcat .
House sparrow
Especially in warmer areas , the house sparrow may build its nests in the open , on the branches of trees , especially evergreens and hawthorns , or in the nests of large birds such as storks or magpies . In open nesting sites , breeding success tends to be lower , since breeding begins late and the nest can easily be destroyed or damaged by storms . Less common nesting sites include street lights and neon signs , favoured for their warmth ; and the old open - topped nests of other songbirds , which are then domed over .
Origin of the domestic dog
As the Taimyr wolf had contributed to the genetic makeup of the Arctic breeds , a later study suggested that descendants of the Taimyr wolf survived until dogs were domesticated in Europe and arrived at high latitudes where they mixed with local wolves , and these both contributed to the modern Arctic breeds . Based on the most widely accepted oldest zooarchaeological dog remains , domestic dogs most likely arrived at high latitudes within the last 15,000 years . The mutation rates calibrated from both the Taimyr wolf and the Newgrange dog genomes suggest that modern wolf and dog populations diverged from a common ancestor between 20,000 and 60,000 YBP . This indicates that either dogs were domesticated much earlier than their first appearance in the archaeological record , or they arrived in the Arctic early , or both .
Brown bear
Brown bears usually occur over vast home ranges , however they are not highly territorial . Several adult bears often roam freely over the same vicinity without issue unless rights to a fertile female or food sources are being contested . Males always cover more area than females each year . Despite their lack of traditional territorial behavior , adult males can seem to have a `` personal zone '' in which other bears are not tolerated if they are seen . Males always wander further than females due to both increasing access to females and food sources while females are advantaged by smaller territories in part since it decreases the likelihood of encounters with male bears who may endanger their cubs . In areas where food is abundant and concentrated , such as coastal Alaska , home ranges for females are up to 24 km ( 9.3 sq mi ) and for males are up to 89 km ( 34 sq mi ) . Similarly , in British Columbia , bears of the two sexes travel relatively compact home ranges of 115 km ( 44 sq mi ) and 318 km ( 123 sq mi ) . In Yellowstone National Park , home ranges for females are up to 281 km ( 108 sq mi ) and up to 874 km ( 337 sq mi ) for males . In the central Arctic of Canada , where food sources are quite sparse , home ranges range up to 2,434 km ( 940 sq mi ) in females and 8,171 km ( 3,155 sq mi ) in males .
Origin of the domestic dog
Later studies suggested that it was possible for multiple primitive forms of the dog to have existed , including in Europe . European dog populations had undergone extensive turnover during the last 15,000 years that has erased the genomic signature of early European dogs , the genetic heritage of the modern breeds has become blurred due to admixture , and there was the possibility of past domestication events that had gone extinct or had been largely replaced by more modern dog populations .
Origin of the domestic dog
Phylogenetic analysis shows that modern dog mDNA haplotypes resolve into four monophyletic clades with strong statistical support , and these have been designated by researchers as clades A-D . Other studies that included a wider sample of specimens have reported two rare East Asian clades E-F with weaker statistical support . In 2009 , a study found that haplogroups A , B and C included 98 % of dogs and are found universally distributed across Eurasia , indicating that they were the result of a single domestication event , and that haplogroups D , E , and F were rare and appeared to be the result of regional hybridization with local wolves post-domestication . Haplogroups A and B contained subclades that appeared to be the result of hybridization with wolves post-domestication , because each haplotype within each of these subclades was the result of a female wolf / male dog pairing .
Water buffalo
The water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) or domestic Asian water buffalo is a large bovid originating in South Asia , Southeast Asia , and China . Today , it is also found in Europe , Australia , North America , South America and some African countries . The wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) native to Southeast Asia is considered a different species , but most likely represents the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo .
Small intestine
The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts , although its form and length vary enormously between species . In teleosts , it is relatively short , typically around one and a half times the length of the fish 's body . It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch - like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food . There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts , with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu
Desert tortoise
Tortoises mate in the spring and autumn . Male desert tortoises grow two large white glands around the chin area , called chin glands , that signify mating season . A male circles around female , biting her shell in the process . He then climbs upon the female and insert his penis ( a white organ , usually only seen upon careful inspection during mating , as it is hidden inside the male and can only be coaxed out with sexual implication ) into the vagina of a female , which is located around the tail . The male may make grunting noises once atop a female , and may move his front legs up and down in a constant motion , as if playing a drum . Hatching
Origin of the domestic dog
Hunting dogs make major contributions to forager societies and the ethnographic record shows them being given proper names , treated as family members , and considered separate to other types of dogs . This special treatment includes separate burials with markers and grave - goods , with those that were exceptional hunters or that were killed on the hunt often venerated . A dog 's value as a hunting partner gives them status as a living weapon and the most skilled elevated to taking on a `` personhood '' , with their social position in life and in death similar to that of the skilled hunters .
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
Japanese dwarf flying squirrels make their nests in the cavities of trees , or at the cross point between branches and tree trunks . These squrrels also tend to line their nests with mosses and lichens . Tree cavities are very important nest resources for them . They tend to nest in conifers , such as pine and spruce , more than broad - leaved trees .
Lion
Another lion behaviour is labeled nomads : lions who range widely and move about sporadically , either singularly or in pairs . Pairs are more frequent among related males who have been excluded from their birth pride . A lion may switch lifestyles ; nomads can become residents and vice versa . Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile , although pride females in estrous allow nomad males to approach them . Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride . A study in the Serengeti National Park revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age .
Positron emission tomography
PET technology for small animal imaging : A miniature PE tomograph has been constructed that is small enough for a fully conscious and mobile rat to wear on its head while walking around . This RatCAP ( Rat Conscious Animal PET ) allows animals to be scanned without the confounding effects of anesthesia . PET scanners designed specifically for imaging rodents , often referred to as microPET , as well as scanners for small primates , are marketed for academic and pharmaceutical research . The scanners are apparently based on microminiature scintillators and amplified avalanche photodiodes ( APDs ) through a new system recently invented uses single chip silicon photomultipliers .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2002 , a study proposed that immediate human ancestors and wolves may have domesticated each other through a strategic alliance that would change both respectively into humans and dogs . The effects of human psychology , hunting practices , territoriality and social behavior would have been profound . Wolves and dogs mark their territory with scent ; however , humans do not have a keen sense of smell and may have begun to mark their territories with symbols , which became the first art and may have been generative of human culture . Wolves hunt large game ; however , there is no evidence of pre-sapiens hunting large game . Early humans moved from scavenging and small - game hunting to big - game hunting by living in larger , socially more - complex groups , learning to hunt in packs , and developing powers of cooperation and negotiation in complex situations . As these are characteristics of wolves , dogs and humans , it can be argued that these behaviors were enhanced once wolves and humans began to cohabit . Communal hunting led to communal defense . Wolves actively patrol and defend their scent - marked territory , and perhaps humans had their sense of territoriality enhanced by living with wolves . One of the keys to recent human survival has been the forming of partnerships . Strong bonds exist between same - sex wolves , dogs and humans and these bonds are stronger than exist between other same - sex animal pairs . Today , the most widespread form of inter-species bonding occurs between humans and dogs . The concept of friendship has ancient origins but it may have been enhanced through the inter-species relationship to give a survival advantage .
Red fox
Red foxes have binocular vision , but their sight reacts mainly to movement . Their auditory perception is acute , being able to hear black grouse changing roosts at 600 paces , the flight of crows at 0.25 -- 0.5 kilometres ( 0.16 -- 0.31 mi ) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700 -- 3,000 Hz , though less accurately at higher frequencies . Their sense of smell is good , but weaker than that of specialised dogs .
Origin of the domestic dog
Haplogroup D: Derived from post-domestication wolf -- dog hybridization in subclade d1 ( Scandinavia ) and d2 ( South - West Asia ) . The northern Scandinavian subclade d1 hybrid haplotypes originated 480 - 3,000 YBP and are found in all Sami - related breeds : Finnish Lapphund , Swedish Lapphund , Lapponian Herder , Jamthund , Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound . The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to them has not been matched across Eurasia and its branch is phylogenetically rooted in the same sequence as the Altai dog ( not a direct ancestor ) . The subclade d2 hybrid haplotypes are found in 2.6 % of South - West Asian dogs .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
In the books , Owl has a superior but kindly manner towards the others . He can be cross and easily annoyed , especially when his friends ignore or interrupt his long - winded speeches . He sometimes wears reading glasses and he uses his talons for hands , not his wings like in the Disney version . He lives in a tree known as The Chestnuts , described as an `` old world residence of great charm '' . That house is blown down by a storm in the eighth chapter of The House at Pooh Corner . Eeyore eventually discovers what he believes is the perfect new house for Owl , apparently without noticing that it is actually Piglet 's house . Nonetheless , Piglet offers the house to Owl . Owl calls his new home `` The Wolery '' .
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
The Pygmy Piglets only appear in `` The Piglet Who Would Be King '' , an episode of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh . They are about half the height of Piglet and are all clad in white clothing . They reside in the Land of Milk and Honey , which is where Piglet and his friends go to collect more honey for Pooh . They proclaim Piglet their king and a spring from a broken Jack - in - the - box , given to Piglet as a friendship present from Pooh , is thought to be the tail of a Piglet statue with a honey fountain . When the spring is removed later , the volcano of honey erupts , but Piglet , with the assistance of the Pygmies , diverts the honey flow using two statues and is hailed as a hero .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2017 , a study compared the nuclear genome sequences of Neolithic dog specimens with sequences from over 5,000 dogs and wolves . These Neolithic dog specimens included a dog sample from the Early Neolithic site in Herxheim , Germany dated 7,000 YBP , one from the Late Neolithic site of Kirschbaum ( Cherry Tree ) Cave near Forchheim , Germany dated 4,700 YBP , and one found in the Late Neolithic passage grave at Newgrange , Ireland dated 4,800 YBP . The study calculated a mutation rate for the 7,000 YBP Neolithic dog and found that it matched the mutation rate of the Taimyr - 1 specimen , and noted that this also matched the mutation rate for the Newgrange dog that had been calculated in an earlier study . Using the 7,000 YBP specimen and this mutation rate , the dog - wolf divergence time is estimated to have occurred 36,900 - 41,500 YBP and this is consistent with the timing found with the Taimyr - 1 specimen in an earlier study .
Desert tortoise
Desert tortoises inhabit elevations from below mean sea level in Death Valley to 5,300 feet ( 1,600 m ) in Arizona , though they are most common from around 1,000 to 3,500 feet ( 300 to 1,070 metres ) . Estimates of densities vary from less than eight individuals / km on sites in southern California to over 500 individuals / km in the western Mojave Desert , although most estimates are less than 150 individuals / km . The home range generally consists of 10 to 100 acres ( 4.0 to 40.5 ha ) . In general , males have larger home ranges than females , and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall .
Origin of the domestic dog
In November 2013 , a study looked at 18 fossil canids and compared these with the complete mitochondrial genome sequences from 49 modern wolves and 77 modern dogs . A more comprehensive analysis of the complete mDNA found that the phylogenetic position of the Altai dog as being either dog or wolf was inconclusive and cataloged its sequence as Canis species GenBank accession number JX173682 . Of four tests , 2 tests showed its sequence to fall within the wolf clade and 2 tests within the dog clade . The sequence strongly suggests a position at the root of a clade uniting two ancient wolf genomes , two modern wolves , as well as two dogs of Scandinavian origin . However , the study does not support its recent common ancestry with the great majority of modern dogs . The study suggests that it may represent an aborted domestication episode . If so , there may have been originally more than one ancient domestication event for dogs as there was for domestic pigs .
Evidence of common descent
In 2008 , further analysis revealed that the Mrčaru population of P. sicula have significantly different head morphology ( longer , wider , and taller heads ) and increased bite force compared to the original Kopište population . This change in head shape corresponded with a shift in diet : Kopište P. sicula are primarily insectivorous , but those on Mrčaru eat substantially more plant matter . The changes in foraging style may have contributed to a greater population density and decreased territorial behavior of the Mrčaru population .
History of women in the United States
Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm wife , supposedly with few neighbors within range . In reality , they created a rich social life for themselves . They often sponsored activities that combined work , food , and entertainment such as barn raisings , corn huskings , quilting bees , Grange meetings , church activities , and school functions . The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families . The Grange was a nationwide farmers ' organization ; it reserved high offices for women , gave them a voice in public affairs , and promoted equality and suffrage .
Ear
The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back . The `` ear '' was actually an ear - shaped cartilage structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear - shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse ; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself . It was developed as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and controversy in 1997 .
Arthur Phillip
Portraits of the time depict Phillip as shorter than average , with an olive complexion , dark eyes and a `` smooth pear of a skull . '' His features were dominated by a large and fleshy nose , and by a pronounced lower lip .
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin gets its name from its bright reddish orange pelage and the extra long hairs around the face and ears which give it a distinctive mane . Its face is dark and hairless . It is believed that the tamarin gets its hair color from sunlight and carotenoids in its food . The golden lion tamarin is the largest of the callitrichines . It is typically around 261 mm ( 10.3 in ) and weighs around 620 g ( 1.37 lb ) . There is almost no size difference between males and females . As with all New World monkeys , the golden lion tamarin has tegulae , which are claw - like nails , instead of ungulae or flat nails found in all other primates , including humans . Tegulae enable tamarins to cling to the sides of tree trunks . It may also move quadrupedally along the small branches , whether through walking , running , leaping or bounding . This gives it a locomotion more similar to squirrels than primates .
Primate
Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals , as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell , the dominant sensory system in most mammals . These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs . Three - color vision has developed in some primates . Most also have opposable thumbs and some have prehensile tails . Many species are sexually dimorphic ; differences include body mass , canine tooth size , and coloration . Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals and reach maturity later , but have longer lifespans . Depending on the species , adults may live in solitude , in mated pairs , or in groups of up to hundreds of members .
Red panda
The head and body length of a red panda measures 50 to 64 cm ( 20 to 25 in ) , and its tail is 28 to 59 cm ( 11 to 23 in ) . Males weigh 3.7 to 6.2 kg ( 8.2 to 13.7 lb ) and females 3 to 6.0 kg ( 6.6 to 13.2 lb ) . They have long , soft , reddish - brown fur on the upper parts , blackish fur on the lower parts , and a light face with tear markings and robust cranio - dental features . The light face has white badges similar to those of a raccoon , but each individual can have distinctive markings . Their roundish heads have medium - sized upright ears , black noses , and blackish eyes . Their long , bushy tails with six alternating transverse ochre rings provide balance and excellent camouflage against their habitat of moss - and lichen - covered trees . The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws . This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow - covered or icy surfaces and conceals scent glands , which are also present on the anus .
Water buffalo
The skin of river buffalo is black , but some specimens may have dark , slate - coloured skin . Swamp buffalo have a grey skin at birth , but become slate blue later . Albinoids are present in some populations . River buffalo have comparatively longer faces , smaller girths , and bigger limbs than swamp buffalo . Their dorsal ridges extend further back and taper off more gradually . Their horns grow downward and backward , then curve upward in a spiral . Swamp buffalo are heavy - bodied and stockily built ; the body is short and the belly large . The forehead is flat , the eyes prominent , the face short , and the muzzle wide . The neck is comparatively long , and the withers and croup are prominent . A dorsal ridge extends backward and ends abruptly just before the end of the chest . Their horns grow outward , and curve in a semicircle , but always remain more or less on the plane of the forehead . The tail is short , reaching only to the hocks . Height at withers is 129 -- 133 cm ( 51 -- 52 in ) for males , and 120 -- 127 cm ( 47 -- 50 in ) for females . They range in weight from 300 -- 550 kg ( 660 -- 1,210 lb ) , but weights of over 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) have also been observed .