vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Agriculture in Sudan
This irrigation project eventually proved successful , making possible large surpluses of cotton and sorghum and encouraging private entrepreneurs to undertake new projects . High cotton profits during the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) increased private interest along the Blue Nile as well , and by 1958 almost half the country 's irrigated cotton was grown under pump irrigation . During the 1960s , however , downward fluctuations in world cotton prices and disputes between entrepreneurs and tenants led to numerous failures of pump irrigation projects . In 1968 the government assumed ownership and operation of the projects , establishing the Agricultural Reform Corporation for this purpose , and the takeover began that year with the larger estates . Subsequently , as leases expired , the corporation acquired smaller projects , until May 1970 when all outstanding leases were revoked . A considerable number of small pump operations that developed on privately owned land , chiefly along the main Nile but also on the Blue Nile , continued to operate . An
Witches of East End (TV series)
Filming the pilot episode began on October 16 , 2012 in the port town of Wilmington , North Carolina , where several scenes were shot . On October 29 , 2012 , the crew moved for a week to Macon , Georgia , where they filmed the wedding scenes for the pilot at the historical Hay House .
History of Texas
Farmers and ranchers were especially hard hit , as prices for cotton and livestock fell sharply . Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939 , the Dust Bowl , an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought , caused an exodus from Texas and the surrounding plains , in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless , hungry and jobless . Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities in California . For the majority of farmers who remained , the New Deal 's Agricultural Adjustment Act was a crash program started in 1933 that in two weeks signed up cotton growers , even as agents and committeemen faced poor roads , bureaucratic delays , inadequate supplies , balking mules , and language barriers . It brought recovery by the mid-1930s , raising cotton prices by controls on how much farmers could plant .
Fur trade
The maritime fur trade brought the Pacific Northwest coast into a vast , new international trade network , centered on the north Pacific Ocean , global in scope , and based on capitalism but not , for the most part , on colonialism . A triangular trade network emerged linking the Pacific Northwest coast , China , the Hawaiian Islands ( only recently discovered by the Western world ) , Britain , and the United States ( especially New England ) . The trade had a major effect on the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest coast , especially the Aleut , Tlingit , Haida , Nuu - chah - nulth , and Chinook peoples . There was a rapid increase of wealth among the Northwest Coast natives , along with increased warfare , potlatching , slaving , depopulation due to epidemic disease , and enhanced importance of totems and traditional nobility crests . The indigenous culture was not however overwhelmed , it rather flourished , while simultaneously undergoing rapid change . The use of Chinook Jargon arose during the maritime fur trading era and remains a distinctive aspect of Pacific Northwest culture . Native Hawaiian society was similarly affected by the sudden influx of Western wealth and technology , as well as epidemic diseases . The trade 's effect on China and Europe was minimal . For New England , the maritime fur trade and the significant profits it made helped revitalize the region , contributing to the transformation of New England from an agrarian to an industrial society . The wealth generated by the maritime fur trade was invested in industrial development , especially textile manufacturing . The New England textile industry in turn had a large effect on slavery in the United States , increasing the demand for cotton and helping make possible the rapid expansion of the cotton plantation system across the Deep South . A
North Carolina
During colonial times , Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722 , and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766 . Construction of Tryon Palace , which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon , began in 1767 and was completed in 1771 . In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital , as its central location protected it from coastal attacks . Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital , the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh , sponsor of Roanoke , the `` lost colony '' on Roanoke Island .
Seawater
During the 18th century , Richard Russell advocated the practice 's medical use in the UK , and René Quinton expanded the advocation of the practice other countries , notably France , in the 20th century . Currently , the practice is widely used in Nicaragua and other countries , supposedly taking advantage of the latest medical discoveries .
Triangular trade
A classic example is the colonial molasses trade . Sugar ( often in its liquid form , molasses ) from the Caribbean was traded to Europe or New England , where it was distilled into rum . The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods , which were then shipped to West Africa , where they were bartered for slaves . The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters . The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar , which was shipped to Europe , restarting the cycle . The trip itself took five to twelve weeks . The
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries , the English steelmakers produced blister and crucible steel which required specialized equipment like finery forges and puddling furnaces and cost over £ 50 per long ton . In the 18th century , innovations like steamboats , railroads , and guns increased demand for wrought iron and steel . The Mount Savage Iron Works in Maryland was the largest in the United States in the late 1840s , and the first in the nation to produce heavy rails for the construction of railroads . In the 1850s , American William Kelly and Englishman Henry Bessemer independently discovered that air blown through the molten iron increases its temperature by oxidizing the carbon and separating additional impurities into the slag . The Kelly - Bessemer process , because it reduces the amount of coke needed for blasting and increases the quality of the finished iron , revolutionized the mass production of high - quality steel and facilitated a drastic drop in steel prices and expansion of its availability .
Industrial Revolution
By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper .
Pre-Columbian era
By the 15th century , maize had been transmitted from Mexico and was being farmed in the Mississippi embayment , as far as the East Coast of the United States , and as far north as southern Canada . Potatoes were utilized by the Inca , and chocolate was used by the Aztecs .
Industrial Revolution
British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India .
American ginseng
Since American ginseng was originally imported into China via a subtropical seaport , Chinese doctors believed American ginseng must be good for yang , because it came from a hot area . They did not know , however , that American ginseng can only grow in temperate regions . Nonetheless , the root is legitimately classified as more yin because it generates fluids .
Carambola
The original range of Averrhoa carambola is unknown today . It is believed that it may have originated from Sri Lanka or Moluccas , Indonesia , but has been cultivated in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia for hundreds of years . They remain a local favorite in those areas but have also recently gained popularity in parts of East Asia and Queensland , Australia ; as well as in the Pacific Islands , particularly Tahiti , New Caledonia , Papua New Guinea , Hawaii , and Guam . They are cultivated commercially in India , Southeast Asia , southern China , Taiwan , and the southern United States . They are also grown in Nicaragua , Guatemala , Guyana , Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , El Salvador , Peru , Brazil , Jamaica , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Antigua , Trinidad , Mexico , Costa Rica , and parts of Africa . In other areas they are usually grown as ornamentals , rather than for consumption .
Mass production
The biggest impact of early mass production was in manufacturing everyday items , such as at the Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company , which electrified its mason jar plant in Muncie , Indiana , U.S. around 1900 . The new automated process used glass blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers . A small electric truck was used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time where previously a hand truck would carry 6 dozen . Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace . An electric overhead crane replaced 36 day laborers for moving heavy loads across the factory .
New World
The label is also often used in agriculture . Africa , Asia , and Europe share a common agricultural history stemming from the Neolithic Revolution , and the same domesticated plants and animals spread through these three continents thousands of years ago , making them largely indistinct and useful to classify together as `` Old World '' . Common Old World crops ( e.g. , barley , lentils , oats , peas , rye , wheat ) , and domesticated animals ( e.g. , cattle , chickens , goats , horses , pigs , sheep ) did not exist in the Americas until they were introduced by post-Columbian contact in the 1490s ( see `` Columbian Exchange '' ) . Conversely , many common crops were originally domesticated in the Americas before they spread worldwide after Columbian contact , and are still often referred to as `` New World crops '' ; common beans ( phaseolus ) , maiz , and squash -- the `` three sisters '' -- as well as the avocado , tomato , and wide varieties of capsicum ( bell pepper , chili pepper , etc . ) , and the turkey were originally domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples in Mesoamerica , while agriculturalists in the Andean region of South America brought forth the cassava , peanut , potato , quinoa and domesticated animals like the alpaca , guinea pig and llama . Other famous New World crops include the cashew , cocoa , rubber , sunflower , tobacco , and vanilla , and fruits like the guava , papaya and pineapple . There are rare instances of overlap , e.g. , the calabash ( bottle - gourd ) , cotton , and yam , and the dog , are believed to have been domesticated separately in both the Old and New World , their early forms possibly brought along by Paleo - Indians from Asia during the last glacial period .
Industrial Revolution
Up to that time , British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of imported iron to supplement native supplies . This came principally from Sweden from the mid-17th century and later also from Russia from the end of the 1720s . However , from 1785 , imports decreased because of the new iron making technology , and Britain became an exporter of bar iron as well as manufactured wrought iron consumer goods .
Colonial history of the United States
The bottom third owned no land and verged on poverty . Many were recent arrivals , recently released from indentured servitude . In some districts near present - day Washington DC , 70 percent of the land was owned by a handful of families , and three fourths of the whites had no land at all . Large numbers of Irish and German Protestants had settled in the frontier districts , often moving down from Pennsylvania . Tobacco was not important here ; farmers focused on hemp , grain , cattle , and horses . Entrepreneurs had begun to mine and smelt the local iron ores .
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion ( also known as the Whiskey Insurrection ) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington . The so - called `` whiskey tax '' was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government . It became law in 1791 , and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War . The tax applied to all distilled spirits , but American whiskey was by far the country 's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century , so the excise became widely known as a `` whiskey tax '' . Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye , barley , wheat , corn , or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey . These farmers resisted the tax . In these regions , whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution , in particular against taxation without local representation , while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers .
Michigan
Products and services include automobiles , food products , information technology , aerospace , military equipment , furniture , and mining of copper and iron ore . Michigan is the third leading grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres ( 245 km ) of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming . The beverage Vernors was invented in Michigan in 1866 , sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer . Faygo was founded in Detroit on November 4 , 1907 . Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there : Domino 's Pizza by Tom Monaghan and Little Caesars Pizza by Mike Ilitch . Michigan became the 24th Right to Work state in U.S. in 2012 .
Territorial evolution of the United States
December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state , Mississippi . February 6 , 1818 Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi . It described the border of the county as running `` a due west course to , the Tombeckbe river ; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port '' . Unknown at the time , the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi . Change on paper only : June 30 , 1818 Per the terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 , the United Kingdom returned Moose Island to Massachusetts , and the United States returned Campobello Island , Deer Island , and Grand Manan Island to the United Kingdom , all of which were captured from the other side during the war . no change to map December 3 , 1818 The half of Illinois Territory south of the parallel 42 ° 30 ′ north was admitted as the twenty - first state , Illinois . The remainder of the territory , along with the unorganized territory that was recently part of Indiana Territory , was assigned to Michigan Territory .
United Kingdom
The UK has a history of small - scale non-white immigration , with Liverpool having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade . During this period it is estimated the Afro - Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000 which later declined due to the abolition of slavery . The UK also has the oldest Chinese community in Europe , dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century . In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain , almost all born overseas . In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia , China , Africa and the Caribbean , just under 0.2 % of the UK population . By 1961 this number had more than quadrupled to 384,000 , just over 0.7 % of the United Kingdom population .
Colonial history of the United States
Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Political
Renaissance
A number of technologies from the European Renaissance period were adopted by Russia rather early and subsequently perfected to become a part of a strong domestic tradition . Mostly these were military technologies , such as cannon casting adopted by at least the 15th century . The Tsar Cannon , which is the world 's largest bombard by caliber , is a masterpiece of Russian cannon making . It was cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov and is notable for its rich , decorative relief . Another technology , that according to one hypothesis originally was brought from Europe by the Italians , resulted in the development of vodka , the national beverage of Russia . As early as 1386 Genoese ambassadors brought the first aqua vitae ( `` water of life '' ) to Moscow and presented it to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy . The Genoese likely developed this beverage with the help of the alchemists of Provence , who used an Arab - invented distillation apparatus to convert grape must into alcohol . A Moscovite monk called Isidore used this technology to produce the first original Russian vodka c. 1430 .
Ryukyuan religion
The origins of this custom are not clearly pinpointed in history however ; Ishiganto dating back to year 770 in China have been discovered during the reign of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty . Based on this information it is generally accepted that the practice of using ishiganto spread throughout China during the late eighth century . The best guestimate researchers today have is the ishiganto was introduced to the RyuKyu kingdom during the middle of the fifteenth century . It then later spread to Japan at the end of the sixteenth century all the way north as far as Aomori , Akita , and Hokkaido . ( Takahashi & Matsui , 2011 )
Columbian Exchange
The use of slave labor was not restricted to sugarcane plantations . Rather , slave labor was used for coffee , tobacco and even grains such as rice . In these systems , the enslaved people had little power , however , they did have some influence on farming methods . For example , in rice production there is some evidence that slaves from Africa utilized traditional methods to grow rice . Furthermore , enslaved Africans were responsible for growing their own food . In these cases , the enslaved people preferred rice that was part of their culture as opposed to the European preference for Carolina rice . However , in a system of power and control the slaves were eventually banned from using their preferred rice Therefore , the system of slavery transmitted not only the people but also their cultures to new regions .
Industrial Revolution
Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before .
Pub
The Bingley Arms , Bardsey , Yorkshire , is claimed to date to 905 AD . Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240 , although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War . The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249 , when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral . Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton , Greater Manchester , is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251 , but the current building is dated 1631 . Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure .
Industrial Revolution
On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors .
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
The Newcomen engine could not , at the time , be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel , although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780 . However , by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor , parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
The British working - class population , most notably the British cotton workers who suffered the Lancashire Cotton Famine , remained consistently opposed to the Confederacy . A resolution of support was passed by the inhabitants of Manchester and sent to Lincoln . His letter of reply has become famous :
Salicylic acid
Hippocrates , Galen , Pliny the Elder and others knew that willow bark could ease pain and reduce fevers . It was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions . This remedy is mentioned in texts from ancient Egypt , Sumer and Assyria . The Cherokee and other Native Americans used an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes .
History of Texas
On the morning of January 10 , 1901 , Anthony F. Lucas , an experienced mining engineer , drilled the first major oil well at Spindletop , the little hill south of Beaumont , Texas . The East Texas Oil Field , discovered on October 5 , 1930 , is located in east central part of the state , and is the largest and most prolific oil reservoir in the contiguous United States . Other oil fields were later discovered in West Texas and under the Gulf of Mexico . The resulting Texas Oil Boom permanently transformed the economy of Texas , and led to its most significant economic expansion after the Civil War .