vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate of the Arctic
The interior of the central and northern Greenland Ice Sheet is the driest part of the Arctic . Annual totals here range from less than 100 to about 200 mm ( 4 to 8 in ) . This region is continuously below freezing , so all precipitation falls as snow , with more in summer than in the winter time . ( USSR 1985 ) .
Lords Proprietor
The first government in Carolina began in Albemarle County in 1664 when William Sayle was appointed as the governor . Proprietary authority was weaker near the Virginia border . The Lords Proprietor established a North Carolina with its own assembly and deputy governor . In 1712 , the division of Carolina into North and South was completed with the elevation of the deputy governor to governor of North Carolina .
Climate of North Dakota
8.4 ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 30.7 ( − 0.7 ) 19.3 ( − 7.1 ) 0.3 ( − 17.6 ) − 16.6 ( − 27 ) − 26 ( − 32 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 48 ( − 44 ) − 47 ( − 44 ) − 34 ( − 37 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 36 ( 2 ) 32 ( 0 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 4 ( − 20 ) − 27 ( − 33 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 48 ( − 44 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.70 ( 17.8 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 1.30 ( 33 ) 1.36 ( 34.5 ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 2.79 ( 70.9 ) 2.56 ( 65 ) 2.57 ( 65.3 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 1.00 ( 25.4 ) 0.83 ( 21.1 )
Climate of Salt Lake City
In late December 2003 , a large snowstorm dumped more than 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of snow across the valley , with up to 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in high bench areas and up to 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in the Wasatch Range . From December 25 -- 29 , the official station saw 21.9 inches ( 56 cm ) . This snowstorm also caused widespread power outages . Accompanied by subsequent snowstorms and a very cold January and February , snow from this storm remained on the ground for the remainder of the winter . From January 3 -- 26 , Salt Lake City spent a record amount of time below freezing . January and February were both very cold , but this was followed by the fourth - warmest March on record , which also saw a record - tying March high .
Catawba River
Starting in the early autumn months of 2007 the Catawba basin , along with large swaths of the Southern United States , began to feel the effects of an extreme drought . On October 15 , 2007 , the Morganton News Herald reported that North Carolina Governor Mike Easley described the drought as `` the worst in recorded history '' .
Atlantic Ocean
In the North Atlantic , surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents : the Gulf Stream which flows north - east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras ; the North Atlantic Current , a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks ; and the Subpolar Front , an extension of the North Atlantic Current , a wide , vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre . This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic , without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically . In
North Carolina
A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue . There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue . The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt . Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato - based sauce , and only the pork shoulder ( dark meat ) is used . Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October . Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar - and - red - pepper - based sauce and the `` whole hog '' is cooked , thus integrating both white and dark meat .
North Carolina
While the Baptists in total ( counting both blacks and whites ) have maintained the majority in this part of the country ( known as the Bible Belt ) , the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths , including Judaism , Islam , Baha'i , Buddhism , and Hinduism . As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination , with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members ; the second largest was the United Methodist Church , with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches . The third was the Roman Catholic Church , with 428,000 members in 190 congregations . The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , with 186,000 members and 710 congregations ; this denomination was brought by Scots - Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era .
San Jose, California
The snow level drops as low as 2,000 ft ( 610 m ) above sea level , or lower , occasionally coating nearby Mount Hamilton and , less frequently , the Santa Cruz Mountains , with snow that normally lasts a few days . Snow will snarl traffic traveling on State Route 17 towards Santa Cruz . Snow rarely falls in San Jose ; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5 , 1976 , when many residents around the city saw as much as 3 inches ( 0.076 m ) on car and roof tops . The official observation station measured only 0.5 inches ( 0.013 m ) of snow .
Climate of Salt Lake City
The first snowfall of the season is usually recorded in October , although significant snowfall usually does not occur until mid-to - late November . However , snow has been recorded in every month of the year in the mountains . Snow fell in the valley as early as September 17 ( in 1965 ) . January averages the most snowfall of any month , with 13.6 inches ( 34.5 cm ) . Snowfall is common through mid-March , but the last snowfall of the season usually occurs in early or mid-April , although measurable snow has been recorded on the valley floor as late as May 18 ( in 1977 ) . However , significant snow can fall in March and in rare cases even April . Measurable snow falls on average from November 6 through April 18 .
Alaska
The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior . The highest is 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in Fort Yukon ( which is just 8 mi or 13 km inside the arctic circle ) on June 27 , 1915 , making Alaska tied with Hawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature in the United States . The lowest official Alaska temperature is − 80 ° F ( − 62 ° C ) in Prospect Creek on January 23 , 1971 , one degree above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America ( in Snag , Yukon , Canada ) .
Gun laws in North Carolina
Effective December 1 , 2011 , North Carolina automatically recognizes concealed carry permits issued in any other state .
Missouri
Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot , humid , and wet summers . In the southern part of the state , particularly in the Bootheel , the climate becomes humid subtropical . Located in the interior United States , Missouri often experiences extreme temperatures . Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature , its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico . Missouri 's highest recorded temperature is 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) at Warsaw and Union on July 14 , 1954 , while the lowest recorded temperature is − 40 ° F ( − 40 ° C ) also at Warsaw on February 13 , 1905 .
North Carolina
In June 1718 , the pirate Blackbeard ran his flagship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge , aground at Beaufort Inlet , North Carolina , in present - day Carteret County . After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships . In November , after appealing to the governor of North Carolina , who promised safe - haven and a pardon , Blackbeard was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia . In 1996 Intersal , Inc. , a private firm , discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne 's Revenge , which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Mean temperatures in Spring are markedly influenced by latitude . Most of Scotland and the mountains of Wales and northern England are the coolest areas of the UK , with average temperatures ranging from − 0.6 to 5.8 ° C ( 30.9 to 42.4 ° F ) . The southern half of England experiences the warmest spring temperatures of between 8.8 and 10.3 ° C ( 47.8 and 50.5 ° F ) .
Arizona
Arizona 's northern third is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert , and has an appreciably cooler climate , with cold winters and mild summers , though the climate remains semiarid to arid . Extremely cold temperatures are not unknown ; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state , bringing temperatures below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) to the state 's northern parts .
Vermont
Vermont is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome . Much of the state , in particular the Green Mountains , is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England - Acadian forests . The western border with New York and the area around Lake Champlain lies within the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests . The southwest corner of the state and parts of the Connecticut River are covered by Northeastern coastal forests of mixed oak .
Southern Ocean
Sea temperatures vary from about − 2 to 10 ° C ( 28 to 50 ° F ) . Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean . The ocean - area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth . In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector , lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius . At some coastal points , however , persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice - free throughout the winter . Clouds
North Carolina
Fort Bragg , near Fayetteville and Southern Pines , is a large and comprehensive military base and is the headquarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps , 82nd Airborne Division , and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command . Serving as the air wing for Fort Bragg is Pope Field , also located near Fayetteville .
North Carolina
In 2012 , the state elected a Republican Governor ( Pat McCrory ) and Lieutenant Governor ( Dan Forest ) for the first time in more than two decades , while also giving the Republicans veto - proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate . Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control , with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats ' four . In the 2014 mid-term elections , Republican David Rouzer won the state 's Seventh Congressional District seat , increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10 - 3 in favor of the GOP .
White Christmas (weather)
The definition of `` White Christmas '' varies . In most countries , it simply means that the ground is covered by snow at Christmas , but some countries have more strict definitions . In the United States , the official definition of a white Christmas is that there has to be a snow depth of at least 1 in or 2.5 cm at 7 : 00 a.m. local time on Christmas morning , and in Canada the official definition is that there has to be more than 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) on the ground on Christmas Day . In the United Kingdom , although for many a white Christmas simply means a complete covering of snow on Christmas Day , the official definition by the British Met Office and British bookmakers is for snow to be observed falling , however little , ( even if it melts before it reaches the ground ) in the 24 hours of 25 December . Consequently , according to the Met Office and British bookmakers , even 91 cm ( 3 ft ) of snow on the ground at Christmas , because of a heavy snow fall a few days before , will not constitute a white Christmas , but a few snow flakes mixed with rain will , even if they never reach the ground . In the United Kingdom the most likely place to see snowfall on a Christmas Day is in North and North Eastern Scotland , in Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire or the Highlands .
Climate of the United Kingdom
There is a fair chance of snow earlier in the season when temperatures are colder - often in March . Some of the country 's heaviest snowfalls of recent years have happened in the first half of March , and snow showers can occur infrequently until mid-April . They have been known to develop as late as mid-May over some areas of the country , such as in 2013 when snow was recorded on 14 May over parts of Staffordshire , Herefordshire and Wales . Snow was also recorded at lower levels in early June 1975 . More recently , there was a disruptive snow event between 26 and 29 April 2016 across much of Northern England and Scotland , which was unusually the only significant snow event of the winter 2015 / 16 . Snow , frost and ice can be disruptive and damaging to flowering plants , particularly later in the spring .
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Courses have a wide range of banking in the corners . New Hampshire Motor Speedway , with 7 degrees of banking , has the flattest corners , while the steepest banking is Talladega Superspeedway 's 33 degrees . Tracks also vary in amount of banking on the straightaways , from entirely flat on many courses to 9 degrees at Dover International Speedway . Bill
Geography of Florida
In the summer , high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . During the late autumn and winter months , Florida has experienced occasional cold fronts that can bring high winds and relatively cooler temperatures for the entire state , with high temperatures that could remain into the 40s and 50s ( 4 to 15 ° C ) and lows in the 20s and 30s ( − 7 to 4 ° C ) . Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) and record lows have been in the 10s ( − 12 to − 7 ° C ) . These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida . Southern Florida , however , rarely encounters sub-freezing temperatures .
Climate of North Dakota
26 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 32 ( 0 ) 13 ( − 11 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) − 27 ( − 33 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.59 ( 15 ) 0.39 ( 9.9 ) 0.71 ( 18 ) 1.00 ( 25.4 ) 1.92 ( 48.8 ) 2.52 ( 64 ) 2.54 ( 64.5 ) 1.45 ( 36.8 ) 1.06 ( 26.9 ) 0.92 ( 23.4 ) 0.65 ( 16.5 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 14.37 ( 365 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 10.0 ( 25.4 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 6.2 ( 15.7 ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 2.6 ( 6.6 ) 6.1 ( 15.5 ) 9.5 ( 24.1 ) 45.3 ( 115.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 7.5 6.0 7.6 7.7 10.0 11.5 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.3 6.7 8.6 96.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.7 6.4 6.0 2.4 0.8 0 0 0 0.1 1.8 5.9 9.1 41.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 76.2 75.6 72.5 61.4 58.5 59.6 56.1 54.9 61.1 65.2 74.9 77.1 66.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.5 169.7 227.3 250.3 297.9 326.0 366.3 331.5 249.5 197.1 122.2 125.5 2,807.8 Percent possible sunshine 53 59 62 61 63 68 76 75 66 59 44 48 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 )
Climate of the Arctic
Coastal regions on the northern half of Greenland experience winter temperatures similar to or slightly warmer than the Canadian Archipelago , with average January temperatures of − 30 ° C to − 25 ° C ( − 22 ° F to − 13 ° F ) . These regions are slightly warmer than the Archipelago because of their closer proximity to areas of thin , first - year sea ice cover or to open ocean in the Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea .
Climate of the Arctic
The interior ice sheet escapes much of the influence of heat transfer from the ocean or from cyclones , and its high elevation also acts to give it a colder climate since temperatures tend to decrease with elevation . The result is winter temperatures that are lower than anywhere else in the Arctic , with average January temperatures of − 45 ° C to − 30 ° C ( − 49 ° F to − 22 ° F ) , depending on location and on which data set is viewed . Minimum temperatures in winter over the higher parts of the ice sheet can drop below − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ; CIA , 1978 ) . In the station climatology figure above , the Centrale plot is representative of the high Greenland Ice Sheet .
Cherokee
The Oconaluftee Cherokee of the Great Smoky Mountains were the most conservative and isolated from European - American settlements . They rejected the reforms of the Cherokee Nation . When the Cherokee government ceded all territory east of the Little Tennessee River to North Carolina in 1819 , they withdrew from the Nation . William Holland Thomas , a white store owner and state legislator from Jackson County , North Carolina , helped over 600 Cherokee from Qualla Town obtain North Carolina citizenship , which exempted them from forced removal . Over 400 Cherokee either hid from Federal troops in the remote Snowbird Mountains , under the leadership of Tsali ( ᏣᎵ ) , or belonged to the former Valley Towns area around the Cheoah River who negotiated with the state government to stay in North Carolina . An additional 400 Cherokee stayed on reserves in Southeast Tennessee , North Georgia , and Northeast Alabama , as citizens of their respective states . They were mostly mixed - race and Cherokee women married to white men . Together , these groups were the ancestors of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , and some of the state - recognized tribes in surrounding states . Civil
Vermont
Burlington International Airport is the largest in the state , with regular flights to Atlanta , Charlotte , Chicago , Detroit , Washington Dulles , JFK , LaGuardia , Newark , Orlando , Philadelphia , and Reagan National as well as winter seasonal flights to Toronto . Rutland Southern Vermont Regional Airport has regular flights to Boston via Cape Air .
Geography of Florida
Florida 's nickname is the `` Sunshine State '' , but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state . Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States , as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country . Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state , in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn . A fair day may be interrupted with a storm , only to return to sunshine an hour or so later . These thunderstorms , caused by overland collisions of moist masses of air from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean , pop up in the early afternoon and can bring heavy downpours , high winds , and sometimes , tornadoes . Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per square mile ( when including waterspouts ) , but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains . Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms .
Gun laws in North Carolina
Open carry is also legal throughout North Carolina . In the town of Chapel Hill , open carry is restricted to guns of a certain minimum size , under the theory that small , concealable handguns are more often associated with criminal activity . No permit is required to carry a handgun openly in North Carolina . In the court case of State v. Kerner ( 1921 ) the defendant ended up getting into some type of confrontation with another man . The defendant proceeded to walk back to his place of work , get his gun , and then return to the scene to fight . The defendant ended up being charged with `` carrying a concealed weapon '' and `` carrying his pistol off his premises unconcealed , '' which violated a local act applicable to Forsyth County and ended up being a misdemeanor . The defendant was taken to trial and the trial judge then dismissed the charge as unconstitutional . The state then appealed , and the supreme court affirmed . During court , the court stated at the beginning that the Second Amendment did not apply , because `` the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are restrictions on the federal authority and not the states . '' Therefore , with that being said , it focused more on the state constitution . The state constitution states that : `` A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . '' The court viewed the provision as protecting the right to carry arms in public . Forsyth County 's local act was condemned and seen as distasteful , because it ended up putting a restriction on a persons right to carry a pistol , more so an unconcealed pistol . Although , the case of State v. Kerner helped / made more clear the allowance of openly carrying a pistol , it does not preclude all regulations regarding the carrying of firearms .
Climate of the United Kingdom
The UK is mostly under the influence of the maritime polar air mass from the north - west . Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland are the most exposed to the maritime polar air mass which brings cool moist air ; the east of Scotland and north - east England are more exposed to the continental polar air mass which brings cold dry air . South and south - east of England are the least exposed to Polar air masses from the north - west , and on occasion see continental tropical air mass from the south , which brings warm dry air in the summer .
North Carolina
The state maintains a group of protected areas known as the North Carolina State Park System , which is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks & Recreation ( NCDPR ) , an agency of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( NCDENR ) .
Illinois
The winter of 1830 -- 1831 is called the `` Winter of the Deep Snow '' ; a sudden , deep snowfall blanketed the state , making travel impossible for the rest of the winter , and many travelers perished . Several severe winters followed , including the `` Winter of the Sudden Freeze '' . On December 20 , 1836 , a fast - moving cold front passed through , freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter . The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state . The southern part of the state shipped food north , and this may have contributed to its name : `` Little Egypt '' , after the Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers .
Climate of Salt Lake City
Winter temperatures are not as extreme as might be expected , given the elevation 4,300 feet ( 1,310 m ) and latitude ( 40 ° 45'N ) of the city . The Rocky Mountains to the east and northeast of the state block most cold waves from polar highs positioned in the Great Plains from reaching the city . The frigidly cold air that does affect the city must come directly from the north or north - northwest from western Canada through fewer and lower intervening mountains . Temperatures seldom fall below 0 ° F ( − 17.8 ° C ) ; Salt Lake City has experienced sub-zero temperatures during only 4 storm cycles in the last 10 years . However , the average sub-zero days in a year is 2.3. ( 1 ) Salt Lake City averages 26 days with high temperatures at or below freezing. ( 2 ) In winter , warm air from the Desert Southwest is usually only drawn up to the city in advance of a cold front arriving from the northwest .
New Zealand
The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand 's six largest cities . North Island cities are generally warmest in February . South Island cities are warmest in January .