vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korea under Japanese rule
The destabilization of the Korean nation may be said to have begun in the period of Sedo Jeongchi ( Hangul : 세도 정치 ; Hanja : 勢 道 政治 ; lit . in - law politics ) whereby , on the death of King Jeongjo of Joseon ( r . 1776 -- 1800 ) , the 10 - year - old Sunjo of Joseon ( r . 1800 -- 34 ) ascended the Korean throne , with the true power of the administration residing with his regent , Kim Jo - sun , as a representative of the Andong Kim clan . As a result , the disarray and blatant corruption in the Korean government , particularly in the three main areas of revenues -- land tax , military service , and the state granary system -- heaped additional hardship on the peasantry . Of special note is the corruption of the local functionaries ( Hyangni ) , who could purchase an appointment as an administrator and so cloak their predations on the farmers with an aura of officialdom . Yangban families , formerly well - respected for their status as a noble class and being both powerful both `` socially and politically '' , were increasingly seen as little more than commoners unwilling to meet their responsibilities to their communities . Faced with increasing corruption in the government , brigandage of the disenfranchised ( such as the mounted fire brigands , or Hwajok , and the boat - borne water brigands or Sujok ) and exploited by the elite , many poor village folk sought to pool their resources , such as land , tools , and production , to survive . Despite the government effort in bringing an end to the practice of owning slaves in 1801 , slavery in Korea remained legal `` until 1894 '' .
Ryukyu Islands
Ancient Japan 's commitment to the southern islands is attributed to ideological and strategic factors . Japan applied to herself the Chinese ideology of emperorship that required `` barbarian people '' who longed for the great virtue of the emperor . Thus Japan treated people on its periphery , i.e. , the Emishi to the east and the Hayato and the Southern Islanders to the south , as `` barbarians '' . The imperial court brought some of them to the capital to serve the emperor . The New Book of Tang ( 1060 ) states at the end of the chapter of Japan that there were three little princes of Yaku ( 邪 古 ) , Haya ( 波 邪 ) , and Tane ( 多 尼 ) . This statement should have based on a report by Japanese envoys in the early 8th century who would have claimed the Japanese emperor 's virtue . At the site of Dazaifu , the administrative center of Kyushu , two wooden tags dated in the early 8th century were unearthed in 1984 , which read `` Amami Island '' ( 㭺 美 嶋 , Amamijima ) and `` Iran Island '' ( 伊 藍嶋 , Iran no Shima ) respectively . The latter seems to correspond to Okinoerabu Island . These tags might have been attached to `` red woods '' , which , according to the Engishiki ( 927 ) , Dazaifu was to offer when they were obtained from the southern islands . Sea
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate .
Samurai
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai 's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern , western - style , conscripted army in 1873 . Samurai became Shizoku ( 士族 ) who retained some of their salaries , but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect . The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status , their powers , and their ability to shape the government of Japan . However , the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over . In defining how a modern Japan should be , members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany , basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige . Samurai were not a political force under the new order . With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century , the samurai class was abolished , and a western - style national army was established . The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted , but many samurai volunteered as soldiers , and many advanced to be trained as officers . Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin , and were highly motivated , disciplined , and exceptionally trained .
Korean War
Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force , based near Manila . The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino forces on the Bataan peninsula . Roosevelt evacuated General Douglas MacArthur and the nurses , but there was no way to save the trapped men against overwhelming Japanese naval power . MacArthur flew to Australia , vowing `` I came out of Bataan and I shall return . '' Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered on 8 May ; the prisoners died by the thousands in the Bataan Death March and in disease - ridden Japanese prison camps where food and medicine were in very short supply .
Modern history
Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo - Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power . The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean , for their navy as well as for maritime trade . The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea . The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria , specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden , and the seas around Korea , Japan , and the Yellow Sea . The resulting campaigns , in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them , were unexpected by world observers . These victories , as time transpired , would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia , resulting in a reassessment of Japan 's recent entry onto the world stage . The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government .
Korea under Japanese rule
This period is also known as Military Police Reign Era ( 1910 -- 19 ) in which Police had the authority to rule the entire country . Japan was in control of the media , law as well as government by physical power and regulations .
Qing dynasty
Losing the First Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 was a watershed . Japan , a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates , annihilated the Qing government 's modernized Beiyang Fleet , then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia . The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements . Finally , in December 1894 , the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in Westernized drills , tactics and weaponry . These units were collectively called the New Army . The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander , General Yuan Shikai , who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China .
Surrender of Japan
In June , the Emperor lost confidence in the chances of achieving a military victory . The Battle of Okinawa was lost , and he learned of the weakness of the Japanese army in China , of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria , of the navy , and of the army defending the Home Islands . The Emperor received a report by Prince Higashikuni from which he concluded that `` it was not just the coast defense ; the divisions reserved to engage in the decisive battle also did not have sufficient numbers of weapons . '' According to the Emperor :
Korea under Japanese rule
Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of WW II turned dire . Until 1944 , enlistment in the Imperial Japanese Army by ethnic Koreans was voluntary , and highly competitive . From a 14 % acceptance rate in 1938 , it dropped to a 2 % acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II . Crown
Surrender of Japan
At 12 : 00 noon Japan standard time on August 15 , the Emperor 's recorded speech to the nation , reading the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War , was broadcast :
Samurai
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams ( 1564 -- 1620 ) was , along with Joosten , among the first Westerners to receive the dignity of samurai . The shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai , and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura ( 三浦 按針 ) , a samurai , was born . Adams also received the title of hatamoto ( bannerman ) , a high - prestige position as a direct retainer in the shōgun 's court . He was provided with generous revenues : `` For the services that I have done and do daily , being employed in the Emperor 's service , the Emperor has given me a living '' . ( Letters ) He was granted a fief in Hemi ( 逸見 ) within the boundaries of present - day Yokosuka City , `` with eighty or ninety husbandmen , that be my slaves or servants '' . ( Letters ) His estate was valued at 250 koku . He finally wrote `` God hath provided for me after my great misery '' , ( Letters ) by which he meant the disaster - ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan .
Japanese honorifics
Convicted and suspected criminals were once referred to without any title , but now an effort is made to distinguish between suspects ( 容疑 者 , yōgisha ) , defendants ( 被告 , hikoku ) , and convicts ( 受刑 者 , jukeisha ) , so as not to presume guilt before anything has been proven . These titles can be used by themselves or attached to names .
Emperor of Japan
During the Kofun period , so - called `` archaic funerals '' were held for the dead Emperors , but only the funerary rites from the end of the period , which the chronicles describe in more detail , are known . They were centered around the rite of the mogari ( 殯 ) , a provisional depository between death and permanent burial .
Samurai
In December 1547 , Francis was in Malacca ( Malaysia ) waiting to return to Goa ( India ) when he met a low - ranked samurai named Anjiro ( possibly spelled `` Yajiro '' ) . Anjiro was not an intellectual , but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church . Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low - ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn . They were hard workers and respectful of authority . In their laws and customs they were led by reason , and , should the Christian faith convince them of its truth , they would accept it en masse .
Aftermath of the Korean War
During the war , 200,000 to 400,000 Koreans fled to Japan relying on relatives already living in Japan to provide them with shelters and necessary paperwork to live legally . They joined with those having fled from Jeju and formed the largest post-World War II Korean population group in Japan . While they initially had no strong political alignment , they were eventually split into factions supporting either North or South Korea with few holding on to the ideal of unified Korea . Korean
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
After their landing , Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement , which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation . The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high - ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party . While these incidents happened , there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and , despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk , they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese .
Emperor of Japan
Japan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Japan Constitution ( show ) The Constitution History Laws The Monarchy ( show ) Emperor ( list ) Akihito Crown Prince Naruhito Imperial House Imperial Household Agency Legislature ( show ) National Diet House of Representatives Speaker Tadamori Oshima Vice-Speaker Hirotaka Akamatsu House of Councillors President Chuichi Date Vice-President Akira Gunji Leader of the Opposition Yukio Edano Executive ( show ) Prime Minister ( list ) Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Government Cabinet Ministries Administrative Agencies Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice ( list ) Naoto Ōtani Supreme Court Intellectual Property High Court Administrative Divisions ( show ) Prefectures Governors ( list ) Subprefectures Districts Municipalities Mergers and Dissolutions Submunicipalities Elections ( show ) House of Councillors 2007 2013 2016 House of Representatives 2009 2012 2014 2017 Next General Election Political parties ( show ) Major parties Liberal Democratic Constitutional Democratic Democratic Party for the People Other parties Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign policy Related topics ( show ) National Police Imperial Guard Special Assault Team Special Investigation Team Self - Defense Force Air Ground Maritime Japan portal Other countries Atlas
Korea under Japanese rule
Three years later , on 27 February 1876 , the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 , also known in Japan as the Japanese -- Korea Treaty of Amity ( 日朝 修好 条規 Nitchō - shūkōjōki , 강화도 조약 Ganghwado joyak ) was signed . It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade , and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted Western powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Perry in 1854 . However , the treaty ended Korea 's status as a protectorate of China , forced open three Korean ports to Japanese trade , granted extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens , and was an unequal treaty signed under duress ( gunboat diplomacy ) of the Ganghwa Island incident of 1875 .
The Man in the High Castle
Season two also shows two very different lifestyles in the Japanese controlled Pacific states and the German controlled east . The Germans have colonized the eastern states and are assimilating its inhabitants into Nazi beliefs . The Japanese Empire is occupying the pacific states versus colonizing them . There is enforced segregation between Japanese and Americans citizens . It is implied that Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were exterminated by the Germans .
Samurai
Toyotomi Hideyoshi , who became a grand minister in 1586 , himself the son of a poor peasant family , created a law that the samurai caste became codified as permanent and hereditary , and that non-samurai were forbidden to carry weapons , thereby ending the social mobility of Japan up until that point , which lasted until the dissolution of the Edo shogunate by the Meiji revolutionaries .
Korea under Japanese rule
Gyeongbokgung , the Korean royal palace , was demolished during the Japanese occupation . In 1911 , shortly after the annexation of Korea by Japan , ownership of land at the palace was transferred to the Japanese Governor - General of Korea . In 1915 , on the pretext of holding an exhibition , more than 90 % of the buildings were torn down . Following the exhibition , the Japanese leveled whatever still remained and built their administrative headquarters , the Government - General Building ( 1916 -- 26 ) , on the site .
Surrender of Japan
The Allied response to Japan 's qualified acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration was written by James F. Byrnes and approved by the British , Chinese , and Soviet governments , although the Soviets agreed only reluctantly . The Allies sent their response ( via the Swiss Foreign Affairs Department ) on August 12 . On the status of the Emperor it said :
Surrender of Japan
Emperor Hirohito and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido also were present at some meetings , following the Emperor 's wishes . As Iris Chang reports , `` the Japanese deliberately destroyed , hid or falsified most of their secret wartime documents . ''
Modern history
In pre-modern Japan following the Sengoku Period of `` warring states '' , central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period . After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu who completed this process and received the title of shogun in 1603 .
Samurai
After Bunroku and Keichō no eki , many people born in the Joseon dynasty were brought to Japan as prisoners or cooperators . Some of them served daimyōs as retainers . One of the most prominent figures among them was Kim Yeocheol , who was granted the Japanese name Wakita Naokata and promoted to Commissioner of Kanazawa city .
Surrender of Japan
The text of the Imperial Rescript on surrender was finalized by 19 : 00 August 14 , transcribed by the official court calligrapher , and brought to the cabinet for their signatures . Around 23 : 00 , the Emperor , with help from an NHK recording crew , made a gramophone record of himself reading it . The record was given to court chamberlain Yoshihiro Tokugawa , who hid it in a locker in the office of Empress Kōjun 's secretary .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime .
Cold War
The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel .
Cold War
Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan .
Aftermath of the Korean War
The United States ' strong resistance to the invasion may have prevented a Soviet intervention in Yugoslavia during the Tito - Stalin split . The war , meanwhile , united the countries within the capitalist bloc : the Korean War accelerated the conclusion of a peace agreement between the U.S. and Japan , the warming of West Germany 's relations with other western countries , creation of military and political blocs ANZUS ( 1951 ) and SEATO ( 1954 ) . However , because of the war , the authority of the Soviet State grew , which showed in its readiness to interfere in developing countries of the Third World , many of which after the Korean war went down the socialist path of development , after selecting the Soviet Union as their patron .
Cold War
In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated .
History of the United States (1945–64)
`` To strike a balance with the Soviet Union , it would be easy to say that all but the very poorest Americans were better off than the Russians , that education was better but the health service worse , but that above all the Americans had freedom of expression and democratic institutions . ''
United States
After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict .
Aftermath of the Korean War
It is generally assumed that the war was a heavy burden on the national economy of the Soviet Union , which was still suffering from the effects of World War II . Expenditures for defense certainly grew more sharply than they otherwise would have . However , it has been claimed that in fact much of the payment for the Soviet contribution to the war effort was made by China ( which perhaps goes some way towards explaining the eventual split between the two countries ) . Also , some historians believe , instead of an obvious political disaster , the war actually may have served to preserve the military power of the Soviet Union , while western forces became relatively broken .
Soviet Union in World War II
After unsuccessfully attempting to install a communist puppet government in Finland , in November 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Finland . The Finnish defensive effort defied Soviet expectations , and after stiff losses , Stalin settled for an interim peace granting the Soviet Union less than total domination by annexing only the eastern region of Karelia ( 10 % of Finnish territory ) . while Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million . After this campaign , Stalin took actions to modify training and improve propaganda efforts in the Soviet military .