vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Edward VIII abdication crisis
Wallis was perceived to be pursuing Edward for his money ; his equerry wrote that she would eventually leave him , `` having secured the cash '' . The future prime minister Neville Chamberlain ( then Chancellor of the Exchequer ) wrote in his diary that she was `` an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes . She has already ruined him in money and jewels ... ''
History of Calvinism
In 1618 , the Thirty Years ' War broke out , leading to a tumultuous time for the German Reformed . Invading Roman Catholics besieged Heidelberg in 1622 , severely damaging the city and persecuting many Reformed believers . Five years later , in 1627 , Maximilian I of Bavaria demanded the citizens of Heidelberg to convert to Roman Catholicism , yet they refused to do so , saying that they would rather forfeit their property than give up their Reformed faith . For decades following the end of the war , the Reformed enjoyed peace and stability . The Peace of Prague in 1635 had guaranteed legal recognition and protection for the Reformed . However , in 1685 the Calvinist , and childless , Charles II , Elector Palatine died , and was succeeded by the Catholic Philip William . Three years later , a dispute over the who was the legitimate ruler of the Palatinate prompted King Louis XIV of France to invade , leading to a wave of persecution of Protestants and the destruction of the city of Heidelberg . The Treaty of Ryswick put an end to violent persecution , yet , subsequent leaders put further pressure on the German Reformed .
Korea under Japanese rule
The struggle between the Heungseon Daewongun 's followers and those of Queen Min was further complicated by competition from a Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party ( Gaehwa - dang ) , as well as the Conservative faction . While the former sought Japan 's support , the latter sought China 's support . On December 4th , 1884 , the Progressive Party , assisted by the Japanese , attempted a coup ( Gapsin coup ) and established a pro-Japanese government under the reigning king , dedicated to the independence of Korea from Chinese suzerainty . However , this proved short - lived , as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea . The coup was put down by Chinese troops , and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation . Some leaders of the Progressive Party , including Kim Ok - gyun , fled to Japan , while others were executed . For the next 10 years , Japanese expansion into the Korean economy was approximated only by the efforts of czarist Russia . Donghak
German declaration of war against the United States
On December 11 , 1941 , American Chargé d'Affaires Leland B. Morris , the highest ranking American diplomat in Germany , was summoned to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop 's office where Ribbentrop read Morris the formal declaration . The text was :
Korean War
In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it .
Anthony Eden
Eden faulted the United States for forcing him to withdraw , but he took credit for United Nations action in patrolling the Israeli - Egyptian borders . Eden said of the invasion , `` Peace at any price has never averted war . We must not repeat the mistakes of the pre-war years , by behaving as though the enemies of peace and order are armed with only good intentions . '' Recalling the incident in a 1967 interview , he declared , `` I am still unrepentant about Suez . People never look at what would have happened if we had done nothing . There is a parallel with the 1930s . If you allow people to break agreements with impunity , the appetite grows to feed on such things . I do n't see what other we ought to have done . One can not dodge . It is hard to act rather than dodge . '' In his 1967 interview ( which he stipulated would not be used until after his death ) , Eden acknowledged secret dealings with the French and `` intimations '' of the Israeli attack . He insisted , however , that `` the joint enterprise and the preparations for it were justified in the light of the wrongs it ( the Anglo - French invasion ) was designed to prevent . '' `` I have no apologies to offer , '' Eden declared .
Spanish Inquisition
Thomas F. Madden describes the world that formed medieval politics : `` The Inquisition was not born out of desire to crush diversity or oppress people ; it was rather an attempt to stop unjust executions . Yes , you read that correctly . Heresy was a crime against the state . Roman law in the Code of Justinian made it a capital offense . Rulers , whose authority was believed to come from God , had no patience for heretics '' . The monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile to discover and punish crypto - Jews , and requested the pope 's assent . Ferdinand II of Aragon pressured Pope Sixtus IV to agree to an Inquisition controlled by the monarchy by threatening to withdraw military support at a time when the Turks were a threat to Rome . The pope issued a bull to stop the Inquisition but was pressured into withdrawing it . On 1 November 1478 , Sixtus published the Papal bull , Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus , through which he gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors in their kingdoms . The first two inquisitors , Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín , were not named , however , until two years later , on 27 September 1480 in Medina del Campo .
History of Germany (1945–90)
One courageous attorney , Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz death camp and about twenty were put trial in Frankfurt between 1963 - 1965 in what came to be known as the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials . The men on trial in Frankfurt were tried only for murders and other crimes that they committed on their own initiative at Auschwitz and were not tried for anything that they did at Auschwitz when following orders , which was considered by the courts to be the lesser crime of accomplice to murder . Because of this , Bauer could only indict for murder those who killed when not following orders , and those who had killed when following orders were indicted as accomplices to murder . Moreover because of the legal distinction between murderers and accomplices to murder , an SS man who killed thousands while operating the gas chambers at Auschwitz could only be found guilty of being accomplice to murder because he had been following orders , while an SS man who had beaten one inmate to death on his initiative could be convicted of murder because he had not been following orders . Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that the Shoah was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed . ( The term ' Holocaust ' for the systematic mass - murder of Jews first came into use in 1979 , when an American mini-series with that name was shown on German television . ) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later .
Australia–Canada relations
The ' trade diversion ' controversy subsided when Washington managed to convince the Australian cabinet to drop the plan . Neither the ravaging depression nor German or Japanese aggression in the late 1930s could unite the two countries after years of division . Canada suggested that the two countries exchange high commissioners in order to encourage a closer `` exchange of views '' . These proposals were rejected as `` inopportune '' . Australia was against exploring new forms of representation which would limit British control in the Empire , while Canada scoffed at such a Colonial view . This was certainly not an unfair caricature of Canadian policy . Mackenzie King , aware of the strain that depression and the threat of war placed on national unity , studiously avoided international commitments . Canada 's fate , he insisted , would be decided by Parliament alone . The Canadian attitude was unsettling and seemed to indicate that Canada no longer shared Australia 's interest in co-operating with the British Commonwealth , a suspicion which seemed confirmed by the meagre results of the 1937 Imperial Conference . On the eve of war , Mackenzie King stood fast against Australia and its prime minister 's efforts to secure a final declaration of imperial solidarity .
Korean War
Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter .
Axis powers
By early 1940 , Italy was still a non-belligerent , and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon . By March 1940 , Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene , but the date was not yet chosen . His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared . No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted , Italy 's industrial base was only one - tenth of Germany 's , and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration . An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy 's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials . Mussolini ignored the negative advice .
Nine Years' War
The Elector of Bavaria consented to add his name to the Grand Alliance on 4 May 1690 , while the Elector of Brandenburg joined the anti-French coalition on 6 September . However , few of the minor powers were as devoted to the common cause , and all protected their own interests ; some never hesitated to exact a high price for continuing their support . Charles XI of Sweden supplied the contingents due from his German possessions to the Allied cause ( 6,000 men and 12 warships ) , while in August 1689 Christian V of Denmark agreed to a treaty to supply William III with 7,000 troops in return for a subsidy . However , in March 1691 Sweden and Denmark put aside their mutual distrust and made a treaty of armed neutrality for the protection of their commerce and to prevent the war spreading north . To the annoyance of the Maritime Powers the Swedes now saw their rôle outside the great power - struggle of the Nine Years ' War , exploiting opportunities to increase their own maritime trade . Nevertheless , Louis XIV at last faced a powerful coalition aimed at forcing France to recognise Europe 's rights and interests .
Surrender of Japan
All of these positions were nominally appointed by the Emperor and their holders were answerable directly to him . Nevertheless , from 1936 the Japanese Army and Navy held , effectively , a legal right to nominate ( or refuse to nominate ) their respective ministers . Thus , they could prevent the formation of undesirable governments , or by resignation bring about the collapse of an existing government .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists .
Confederate States of America
Davis was indicted for treason but never tried ; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867 . The amnesty of December 25 , 1868 , by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis ( or anyone else associated with the Confederacy ) standing trial for treason .
Cross of Gold speech
Bryan had long planned to run for president . Although he would only be 36 years old in 1896 -- one year above the constitutional minimum -- he believed the silver question could carry him not only to the nomination , but to the presidency . He traveled widely , speaking to audiences across the nation . His speeches impressed many ; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard . Bryan 's speeches evolved over time ; in December 1894 , in a speech in Congress , he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address : as originally stated , it was `` I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold . ''
History of Manila
On October 20 , 1944 , American and Philippine Commonwealth troops , led by American General Douglas MacArthur , began the reconquest of the Philippines . Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita ordered the commander of Shimbu Group , Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama , to destroy all bridges and other vital installations and evacuate the city . However , units of the Imperial Japanese Navy , led by Sanji Iwabuchi , refused to leave the city . Thus , from February 3 to March 3 , 1945 , much of the city was destroyed during the Battle of Manila and 100,000 to 500,000 civilians were killed during the Manila Massacre . Almost 85,000 to 140,000 strong Filipino soldiers and military officers under the Philippine Commonwealth Army send the military operations around Manila from the mainly general headquarters of the Commonwealth Army in Central and Southern Luzon was aided of all 3,000 guerrilla fighters and 35,000 American liberation forces was prepare the attack around the capital city by the Imperial Japanese Marines and Army troops . As a result of these events in World War II , Manila was the second most destroyed city in the world after Warsaw , Poland during World War II . Once Manila was officially liberated , the rebuilt of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army with the Philippine Constabulary was relocated of the capital city on March 4 , 1945 to June 30 , 1946 after the liberation and prepares the engagements of the military operations in Luzon against the Japanese and helps Americans and guerrillas , Greater Manila was dissolved , and its towns returned to their pre-war status . On July 4 , 1946 , the Philippine flag was raised for the first time in Rizal Park . Reconstruction took place during the years following WWII .
Korean War
Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by Major General Edward Almond , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon .
Trent Affair
When confronted Russell admitted that his government was attempting to get agreement from the Confederacy to adhere to the provisions of the treaty relating to neutral goods ( but not privateering ) , but he denied that this was in any way a step towards extending diplomatic relations to the Confederates . Rather than reacting as he had to the earlier recognition of belligerency , Seward let this matter drop . He did demand Bunch 's recall , but Russell refused .
Borneo
With the continuous opposition from Indonesia and the Philippines , the Cobbold Commission was established to discover the feeling of the native populations in northern Borneo ; it found the people greatly in favour of federation , with various stipulations . The federation was successfully achieved with the inclusion of northern Borneo through the Malaysia Agreement on 16 September 1963 . Until present , the area in northern Borneo still subjected to attacks by Moro Pirates since the 18th century , and militants such as the Abu Sayyaf since 2000 in the frequent cross border attacks . During the administration of Philippine President of Ferdinand Marcos , the President made some attempts to destabilise the state of Sabah , although his plan failed and resulted in the Jabidah massacre and later in insurgency in the southern Philippines .
Korea under Japanese rule
The `` Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism Republic of Korea '' investigated the received reports for damage from 86 people among the 148 Koreans who were accused of being the level B and C war criminals while serving as prison guards for the Japanese military during World War II . The commission , which was organized by the South Korean government , announced that they acknowledge 83 people among them as victims . The commission said that although the people reluctantly served as guards to avoid the draft , they took responsibility for mistreatment by the Japanese against prisoners of war . Lee Se - il , leader of the investigation , said that examination of the military prosecution reports for 15 Korean prison guards , obtained from The National Archives of the United Kingdom , confirmed that they were convicted without explicit evidence .
Concordat of Worms
Henry IV 's son , Henry V , rebelled and became emperor after his father 's abdication . Henry V realised swift action and a change in his father 's policy was necessary . Pope Paschal II rebuked Henry V for appointing bishops in Germany . The king crossed the Alps with an army in 1111 . The pope , who was weak and had few supporters was forced to suggest a compromise , the abortive Concordat of 1111 . Its simple and radical solution of the Investiture Controversy between the prerogatives of regnum and sacredoium proposed that German churchmen would surrender their lands and secular offices to the emperor and constitute a purely spiritual church . Henry gained greater control over the lands of his kingdom , especially those that had been in the hands of the church , but of contested title . He would not interfere with ecclesiastical affairs and churchmen would avoid secular services . The church would be given autonomy and to Henry V would be restored large parts of his empire that his father had lost . Henry V was crowned by Pope Paschal II as the legitimate Holy Roman Emperor . When the concessions of land were read in St. Peters , the crowd revolted in anger . Henry took the pope and cardinals hostage until the pope granted Henry V the right of investiture . Then he returned to Germany -- crowned emperor and apparent victor over the papacy .
Axis powers
The liberation of France in 1944 , bringing Charles de Gaulle to power , meant the end of the alliance between Japan and the Vichy French administration in Indochina . The Japanese had no intention of allowing the Gaullists to take over , and in March 1945 they staged a military coup in Hanoi . Some French units fled over the mountains to Laos , pursued by the Japanese , who occupied Viang Chan in March 1945 and Luang Phrabāng in April . King Sīsavāngvong was detained by the Japanese , but his son Crown Prince Savāngvatthanā called on all Lao to assist the French , and many Lao died fighting against the Japanese occupiers .
Cross of Gold speech
In 1890 , the Sherman Silver Purchase Act greatly increased government purchases of silver . The government pledged to stand behind the silver dollars and treasury notes issued under the act by redeeming them in gold . Pursuant to this promise , government gold reserves dwindled over the following three years . Although the economic Panic of 1893 had a number of causes , President Grover Cleveland believed the inflation caused by Sherman 's act to be a major factor , and called a special session of Congress to repeal it . Congress did so , but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions . Cleveland tried to replenish the Treasury through issuance of bonds which could only be purchased with gold , with little effect but to increase the public debt , as the gold continued to be withdrawn in redemption for paper and silver currency . Many in the public saw the bonds as benefiting bankers , not the nation . The bankers ' feeling was that they did not want loans repaid in an inflated currency -- the gold standard was deflationary , and as creditors , they preferred to be paid in such a currency , whereas debtors preferred to repay in inflated currency .
Convicts in Australia
Each parish had a watchman , but British cities did not have police forces in the modern sense . Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a circular prison , but the penitentiary was seen by many government officials as a peculiar American concept . Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the local court by their victims . Pursuant to the so - called `` Bloody Code '' , by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty , almost all of which were crimes against property . These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings , the cutting down of a tree , the theft of an animal , even the theft of a rabbit from a warren .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
As before when fighting the Spanish , the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field . Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31 , 1899 and were driven into northern Luzon . Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo 's cabinet failed in May when the American commander , General Ewell Otis , demanded an unconditional surrender . In 1901 , Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States , marking one end to the war .