vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Austin, Texas
In 2015 , Forbes listed Austin as # 1 Boom Town because of its economic strength , including jobs among other appealing attributes .
Gilded Age
First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture , and finance . The United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . Basis
Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain . The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas , especially heavy industry like factories , railroads , and coal mining . In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far - west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . Railroad track mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880 , and then doubled again by 1920 . The new track linked formerly isolated areas with larger markets and allowed for the rise of commercial farming , ranching , and mining , creating a truly national marketplace . American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain , Germany , and France .
Vermont
The number of cattle in Vermont had declined by 40 % ; however , milk production has doubled in the same period due to tripling the production per cow . While milk production rose , Vermont 's market share declined . Within a group of states supplying the Boston and New York City markets , Vermont was third in market share , with 10.6 % ; New York has 44.9 % and Pennsylvania has 32.9 % . In 2007 dairy farmers received a record $23.60 for 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of milk . This dropped in 2008 to $17 . The average dairy farm produced 1.3 million pounds of milk annually in 2008 .
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia 's command economy is petroleum - based ; roughly 75 % of budget revenues and 90 % of export earnings come from the oil industry . It is strongly dependent on foreign workers with about 80 % of those employed in the private sector being non-Saudi . Among the challenges to Saudi economy include halting or reversing the decline in per capita income , improving education to prepare youth for the workforce and providing them with employment , diversifying the economy , stimulating the private sector and housing construction , diminishing corruption and inequality .
Vermont
According to the 2010 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis report , Vermont 's gross state product ( GSP ) was $26 billion . Not accounting for size , this places the state 50th among the 50 states . It stood 34th in per capita GSP .
Economy of Scotland
Although North Sea oil production has been declining since 1999 , an estimated 920 million tonnes of recoverable crude oil remained in 2009 . Over two and a half billion tonnes were recovered from UK offshore oil fields between the first North Sea crude coming ashore in 1975 and 2002 , with most oil fields being expected to remain economically viable until at least 2020 . High oil prices have resulted in a resurgence of oil exploration , specifically in the North East Atlantic basin to the west of Shetland and the Outer Hebrides , in areas that were previously considered marginal and unprofitable . The North Sea oil and gas industry contributed £ 35 billion to the UK economy ( a little under 1 % of GDP ) in 2014 and is expected to decline in the coming years .
Libya
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector , which accounts for 80 % of GDP and 97 % of exports . Libya holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and is an important contributor to the global supply of light , sweet crude . Apart from petroleum , the other natural resources are natural gas and gypsum . The International Monetary Fund estimated Libya 's real GDP growth at 122 % in 2012 and 16.7 % in 2013 , after a 60 % plunge in 2011 .
Alaska
Alaska 's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating , transportation , electric power and light . Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped , proposals for statewide energy systems ( e.g. with special low - cost electric interties ) were judged uneconomical ( at the time of the report , 2001 ) due to low ( less than 50 ¢ / gal ) fuel prices , long distances and low population . The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30 -- 60 ¢ higher than the national average ; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs , seasonal usage peaks , nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors . Permanent
Gilded Age
Australian historian Peter Shergold found that the standard of living for industrial workers was higher than in Europe . He compared wages and the standard of living in Pittsburgh with Birmingham , England , one of the richest industrial cities of Europe . After taking account of the cost of living ( which was 65 % higher in the U.S. ) , he found the standard of living of unskilled workers was about the same in the two cities , while skilled workers in Pittsburgh had about 50 % to 100 % higher standard of living as those in Birmingham , England . According to Shergold the American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914 , and the perceived higher American wage led to a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America . According to historian Steve Fraser , workers generally earned less than $800 a year , which kept them mired in poverty . Workers had to put in roughly 60 hours a week to earn this much .
Ottawa
Ottawa has a high standard of living , low unemployment , and the fourth highest GDP growth rate among major Canadian cities in 2007 at 2.7 % , which exceeded the Canadian average of 2.4 % . The region of Ottawa - Gatineau has the third highest income of all major Canadian cities . The average gross income in the region amounted to $40,078 , an increase of 4.9 % compared to the previous year . The annual cost of living rate in 2007 grew 1.9 % . Mercer ranks Ottawa with the third highest quality of living of any large city in the Americas , and 16th highest in the world . It is also rated the second cleanest city in Canada , and third cleanest city in the world . In 2012 , the city was ranked for the third consecutive year as the best community in Canada to live in by MoneySense .
Wales
Because of poor - quality soil , much of Wales is unsuitable for crop - growing and livestock farming has traditionally been the focus of agriculture . The Welsh landscape ( protected by three national parks ) and 45 Blue Flag beaches , as well as the unique culture of Wales , attract large numbers of tourists , who play an especially vital role in the economy of rural areas . Wales has struggled to develop or attract high value - added employment in sectors such as finance and research and development , attributable in part to a comparative lack of ' economic mass ' ( i.e. population ) -- Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre . The lack of high value - added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK -- in 2002 it stood at 90 % of the EU25 average and around 80 % of the UK average . In June 2008 , Wales made history by becoming the first nation in the world to be awarded Fairtrade Status .
The impact of geography on colonial America
Using the large numbers of trees in the forest , people from New England worked at shipbuilding . People in New England cut down trees for lumber to build ships . They would then use them for fishing and hunting whales . That is also a factor that affected what goods people in New England would trade . There was much trade between New England and other regions or countries such as England . New England would export resources like fish and lumber to Africa , England , and the West Indies . Then from Africa , New England would receive hardworking slaves in return .
Economy of New Zealand
Fortunately for New Zealand , the recession was relatively shallow compared to many other nations in the OECD , it was sixth least affected out of the 34 member nations with negative real GDP growth totaling 3.5 % . In 2009 the economy picked up , led by strong demand from major trading partners Australia and China , and historically high prices for New Zealand 's dairy and log exports . In 2010 the GDP grew by a modest 1.6 % , but over the next couple of years economic activity continued to improve , driven by the rebuild in Canterbury after the Christchurch earthquakes and recovery in domestic demand . Through 2011 , global conditions deteriorated and the terms of trade eased off their 2011 peak , continuing to moderate until September 2012 . Since then , commodity prices have rebounded strongly , with strong demand from China and the international situation improving . Commodity prices have been at record highs in recent quarters and remain elevated . High commodity prices are expected to provide a considerable boost to nominal GDP growth in the near term .
Arizona
The 2011 total gross state product was $259 billion . This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than such countries as Ireland , Finland , and New Zealand . The composition of the state 's economy is moderately diverse ; although health care , transportation and the government remain the largest sectors .
American Revolution
In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule .
American Revolutionary War
Fighting broke out on November 19 in South Carolina between Loyalist and Patriot militias , and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony . Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South , but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued . A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28 , 1776 , but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780 .
American Revolution
Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender
American Revolution
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .
American Revolutionary War
In 1780 , the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south , for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible . After an encouraging success at Camden , Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina . However , any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain , and the British Legion , the cream of his army , had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens . Following both defeats , Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support . Despite the defeats , Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina , gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized . As a result , subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace , as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse , and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition . Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest . The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781 , effectively confining the British to the coast , and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year .
American Revolution
The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer .
American Revolutionary War
Early in July 1776 , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina . Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people , and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
According to Calhoon , Loyalists tended to be older and wealthier , but there were also many Loyalists of humble means . Many active Church of England members became Loyalists . Some recent arrivals from Britain , especially those from Scotland , had a high Loyalist proportion . Loyalists in the southern colonies were suppressed by the local Patriots , who controlled local and state government . Many people -- including former Regulators in North Carolina -- refused to join the rebellion , as they had earlier protested against corruption by local authorities who later became Revolutionary leaders . The oppression by the local Whigs during the Regulation led to many of the residents of backcountry North Carolina sitting out the Revolution or siding with the Loyalists .
American Revolutionary War
Greene was unable to confront the British directly , so he dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops . Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17 , 1781 at Cowpens . Cornwallis was criticized for having detached a substantial part of his army without adequate support , but he advanced into North Carolina despite the setbacks , gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support there . Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis , instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition .
American Revolution
Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states :
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a significant event in the growth of the American Revolution . Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts , or Intolerable Acts , which , among other provisions , ended local self - government in Massachusetts and closed Boston 's commerce . Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Coercive Acts with additional acts of protest , and by convening the First Continental Congress , which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them . The crisis escalated , and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775 .
American Revolution
In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris .
Modern history
Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America . In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation , and formed self - governing independent states . The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self - governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War ( also called American War of Independence ) .
Spain and the American Revolutionary War
Spain 's involvement in the American Revolutionary War was widely regarded as a successful one . The Spanish took a gamble in entering the war , banking on Great Britain 's vulnerability caused by the effort of fighting their rebellious colonists in North America while also conducting a global war on many fronts against a coalition of major powers . This helped Spain gain some relatively easy conquests .
North Carolina
The road to Yorktown and America 's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina . As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden , South Carolina , the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them . Following General Daniel Morgan 's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17 , 1781 , southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina , and away from the latter 's base of supply in Charleston , South Carolina . This campaign is known as `` The Race to the Dan '' or `` The Race for the River . ''
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War , often called Tories , Royalists , or King 's Men at the time . They were opposed by the Patriots , who supported the revolution , and called them `` persons inimical to the liberties of America '' . Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the crown . The British government acted in expectation of that , especially in the southern campaigns in 1780 - 81 . In practice , the number of Loyalists in military service was far lower than expected since Britain could not effectively protect them except in those areas where Britain had military control . The British were often suspicious of them , not knowing whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted situation ; they were often looked down upon . Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition . Many outspoken or militarily active Loyalists were forced to flee , especially to their stronghold of New York City . William Franklin , the royal governor of New Jersey and son of Patriot leader Benjamin Franklin , became the leader of the Loyalists after his release from a Patriot prison in 1778 . He worked to build Loyalist military units to fight in the war , but the number of volunteers was much fewer than London expected .
American Revolutionary War
By March , Greene 's army had increased in size enough that he felt confident in facing Cornwallis . The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 ; Greene was beaten , but Cornwallis ' army suffered irreplaceable casualties . Compounding this , far fewer Loyalists were joining than the British had previously expected . Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement , leaving the Patriots in control of the interior of the Carolinas and Georgia .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
John Taylor , Captain , First New Jersey Volunteers , January 1781 Sir Benjamin Thompson ( Count Rumford ) ( 1753 -- 1814 ) , of Massachusetts , Royal official and scientist Consider Tiffany ( 1732 -- 1796 ) , Connecticut storekeeper and sergeant during the French and Indian War William Tryon ( 1729 -- 1788 ) , Royal Governor of North Carolina
France in the American Revolutionary War
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders . In 1778 , American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport , Rhode Island , then under British occupation . The attempt failed , in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet . He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm . In 1779 , d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations , this time against British - held Savannah , Georgia . About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah , in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful . An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses .
American Revolutionary War
The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland . For example , British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 , enraging both Patriots and Loyalists . Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war . Conversely , Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories , such as destroying property or tarring and feathering . The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory . One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map '' .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
In the opening months of the Revolutionary War , the Patriots laid siege to Boston , where most of the British forces were stationed . Elsewhere there were few British troops and the Patriots seized control of all levels of government , as well as supplies of arms and gunpowder . Vocal Loyalists recruited people to their side , often with the encouragement and assistance of royal governors . In the South Carolina back country , Loyalist recruitment oustripped that of Patriots . A brief siege at Ninety Six , South Carolina in the fall of 1775 was followed by a rapid rise in Patriot recruiting , and a Snow Campaign involving thousands of partisan militia resulted in the arrest or flight of most of the back country Loyalist leadership . North Carolina back country Scots and former Regulators joined forces in early 1776 , but they were broken as a force at the Battle of Moore 's Creek Bridge .