vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Human brain
Mental disorders , such as major depressive disorder , schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , post-traumatic stress disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , obsessive - compulsive disorder , Tourette syndrome , and addiction , are known to relate to the functioning of the brain . Treatment for mental disorders may include psychotherapy , psychiatry , social intervention and personal recovery work or cognitive behavioural therapy ; the underlying issues and associated prognoses vary significantly between individuals .
Vitiligo
Afamelanotide is in phase II and III clinical trials for vitiligo and other skin diseases .
Vitiligo
In October 1992 , a scientific report was published of successfully transplanting melanocytes to vitiligo affected areas , effectively re-pigmenting the region . The procedure involved taking a thin layer of pigmented skin from the patient 's gluteal region . Melanocytes were then separated out to a cellular suspension that was expanded in culture . The area to be treated was then denuded with a dermabrader and the melanocytes graft applied . Between 70 and 85 percent of patients experienced nearly complete repigmentation of their skin . The longevity of the repigmentation differed from person to person . By now , several transplantation techniques have been developed , including transplantation of melanocyte precursors derived from hair follicles . Transplantation procedures are frequently used to treat segmental vitiligo which is poorly responsive to other types of treatment . In non-segmental vitiligo , success is achieved when treating patches that are not expanding ( so called stable vitiligo ) .
Standard of care
Treatment standards applied within public hospitals to ensure that all patients receive appropriate care regardless of financial means . Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual , Transgender , and Gender Nonconforming People
Scabies
A number of medications are effective in treating scabies . Treatment should involve the entire household , and any others who have had recent , prolonged contact with the infested individual . Options to control itchiness include antihistamines and prescription anti-inflammatory agents . Bedding , clothing and towels used during the previous three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer .
Bubonic plague
Prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common . Vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention . Several antibiotics are effective for treatment , including streptomycin , gentamicin , and doxycycline . Without treatment , plague results in the death of 30 % to 90 % of those infected . Death , if it occurs , is typically within ten days . With treatment the risk of death is around 10 % . Globally there are about 650 documented cases a year , which result in ~ 120 deaths . In the 21st century , the disease is most common in Africa .
Non-communicable disease
A non-communicable disease ( NCD ) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents ( non-infectious or non-transmissible ) . NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly . Sometimes , NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases , heart diseases , stroke , cancers , diabetes , chronic kidney disease , osteoarthritis , osteoporosis , Alzheimer 's disease , cataracts , and others . While sometimes referred to as synonymous with `` chronic diseases '' , NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause , not necessarily by their duration , though some chronic diseases of long duration may be caused by infections . Chronic diseases require chronic care management , as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration .
Infertility
Treatment depends on the cause of infertility , but may include counselling , fertility treatments , which include in vitro fertilization . According to ESHRE recommendations , couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40 % or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy . Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments . Some methods may be used in concert with other methods . Drugs used for both women and men include clomiphene citrate , human menopausal gonadotropin ( hMG ) , follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) , gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) analogues , aromatase inhibitors , and metformin .
Myocardial infarction
A myocardial infarction requires immediate medical attention . Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible , and to prevent further complications . Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI . Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels , reduce blot clot enlargement , reduce ischemia , and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future MIs . In addition , the main treatment for myocardial infarctions with ECG evidence of ST elevation ( STEMI ) include thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention , although PCI is also ideally conducted within 1 -- 3 days for NSTEMI . In addition to clinical judgement , risk stratification may be used to guide treatment , sometimes including systems such as the TIMI and GRACE ( Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events ) scoring systems .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis usually resolves within a few days . Treatment with antibiotics shortens the duration of the acute illness by about 16 hours . The primary reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and retropharyngeal abscesses ; antibiotics are effective if given within 9 days of the onset of symptoms .
APA Ethics Code
Conversion therapy ( also referred to as reparative therapy ) is the practice of attempting to change the patient 's sexual orientation to heterosexual . Among the most prominent supporters of conversion therapy is the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ) , which continues to characterize homosexuality as a mental disorder , despite the declassification of homosexuality as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) in 1973 . One of the most notable members of NARTH is founder and former president Dr. Joseph Nicolosi , who practices conversion therapy and has published case studies some of his clients .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
In 2017 , the hospital will host the first human clinical trials to reverse the ageing process using NAD+ . The trials will be headed by biologist David Sinclair .
Nosebleed
If these simple measures do not work then medical intervention may be needed to stop bleeding . The use of silver nitrate to cauterize bleeding blood vessels is common but not very useful for those with more than mild bleeding . It is also often painful even when freezing is used .
Dental anesthesia
When treating such patients , treat them with care and take into consideration their anxiety . During treatment if the patients feel faint or experiences a drop in blood pressure , lay them flat and keep their legs elevated in an attempt to restore their blood pressure . Loosen any tight clothing and keep the patients sugary food / drink after they regain consciousness . Reassure the patient .
Thalidomide
Thalidomide was first marketed in 1957 in West Germany under the trade name Contergan . The German drug company Chemie Grünenthal developed and sold the drug . Primarily prescribed as a sedative or hypnotic , thalidomide also claimed to cure `` anxiety , insomnia , gastritis , and tension '' . Afterwards , it was used against nausea and to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women . Thalidomide became an over-the - counter drug in West Germany on October 1 , 1957 . Shortly after the drug was sold in West Germany , between 5,000 and 7,000 infants were born with phocomelia ( malformation of the limbs ) . Only 40 % of these children survived . Throughout the world , about 10,000 cases were reported of infants with phocomelia due to thalidomide ; only 50 % of the 10,000 survived . Those subjected to thalidomide while in the womb experienced limb deficiencies in a way that the long limbs either were not developed or presented themselves as stumps . Other effects included deformed eyes and hearts , deformed alimentary and urinary tracts , blindness and deafness . The negative effects of thalidomide led to the development of more structured drug regulations and control over drug use and development .
Thalidomide
In 1964 , Israeli physician Jacob Sheskin administered thalidomide to a patient critically ill with leprosy . The patient exhibited erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) , a painful skin condition , one of the complications of leprosy . This was attempted despite the ban on thalidomide 's use , but results were favourable : the patient slept for hours and was able to get out of bed without aid upon awakening . A clinical trial studying the use of thalidomide in leprosy soon followed .
Anemia
Anemias of increased red blood cell destruction are generally classified as hemolytic anemias . These are generally featuring jaundice and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels .
Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra is the target of chemical therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson 's disease . Levodopa ( commonly referred to as L - DOPA ) , the dopamine precursor , is the most commonly prescribed medication for Parkinson 's disease , despite controversy concerning the neurotoxicity of dopamine and L - DOPA . The drug is especially effective in treating patients in the early stages of Parkinson 's , although it does lose its efficacy over time . Levodopa can cross the blood -- brain barrier and increases dopamine levels in the substantia nigra , thus alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The drawback of levodopa treatment is that it treats the symptoms of Parkinson 's ( low dopamine levels ) , rather than the cause ( the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra ) .
Thalidomide
The precise mechanism of action for thalidomide is unknown although efforts to identify thalidomide 's teratogenic action generated 2000 research papers and the proposal of 15 or 16 plausible mechanisms by 2000 . As of 2015 the main theories were inhibition of the process of angiogenesis , its inhibition of cereblon , a ubiquitin ligase , and its ability to generate reactive oxygen species which in turn kill cells .
Ecuador
The public healthcare system allows patients to be treated without an appointment in public general hospitals by general practitioners and specialists in the outpatient clinic ( Consulta Externa ) at no cost . This is done in the four basic specialties of pediatric , gynecology , clinic medicine , and surgery . There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases , target a particular group of the population , or provide better treatment in some medical specialties . Some examples in this group are the Gynecologic Hospitals , or Maternities , Children Hospitals , Geriatric Hospitals , and Oncology Institutes .
Statin
Statins may be less effective in reducing LDL cholesterol in people with familial hypercholesterolemia , especially those with homozygous deficiencies . These people have defects usually in either the LDL receptor or apolipoprotein B genes , both of which are responsible for LDL clearance from the blood . Statins remain a first - line treatment in familial hypercholesterolemia , although other cholesterol - reducing measures may be required . In people with homozygous deficiencies , statins may still prove helpful , albeit at high doses and in combination with other cholesterol - reducing medications .
Myocardial infarction
Statins , drugs that act to lower blood cholesterol , decrease the incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarctions . They are often recommended in those at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases .
Heart
By the middle of the 20th century , heart disease had surpassed infectious disease as the leading cause of death in the United States , and it is currently the leading cause of deaths worldwide . Since 1948 , the ongoing Framingham Heart Study has shed light on the effects of various influences on the heart , including diet , exercise , and common medications such as aspirin . Although the introduction of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers has improved the management of chronic heart failure , the disease continues to be an enormous medical and societal burden , with 30 to 40 % of patients dying within a year of receiving the diagnosis .
Iron(II,III) oxide
Ferumoxytol , also known as Feraheme and Rienso , is an intravenous Fe O preparation for treatment of anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease . Ferumoxytol is manufactured and globally distributed by AMAG Pharmaceuticals .
Sensory processing
There are several therapies used to treat SPD . Anna Jean Ayres claimed that a child needs a healthy `` sensory diet , '' which is all of the activities that children engage in , that gives them the necessary sensory inputs that they need to get their brain into improving sensory processing .
Anemia
Blood transfusions in those without symptoms is not recommended until the hemoglobin is below 60 to 80 g / L ( 6 to 8 g / dL ) . In those with coronary artery disease who are not actively bleeding transfusions are only recommended when the hemoglobin is below 70 to 80g / L ( 7 to 8 g / dL ) . Transfusing earlier does not improve survival . Transfusions otherwise should only be undertaken in cases of cardiovascular instability .
Thalidomide
The drug thalidomide 's birth defects in children affected many people 's lives , and from these events came the formation of the group called The Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada , a group of 120 Canadian survivors . Their goal was to prevent future usage of drugs that could be of potential harm to mothers and babies . The members from the thalidomide victims association were involved in the STEPS program , which aimed to prevent teratogenicity .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
The antibiotic of choice in the United States for streptococcal pharyngitis is penicillin V , due to safety , cost , and effectiveness . Amoxicillin is preferred in Europe . In India , where the risk of rheumatic fever is higher , intramuscular benzathine penicillin G is the first choice for treatment .
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid as a medication is used most commonly to help remove the outer layer of the skin . As such , it is used to treat warts , psoriasis , acne , ringworm , dandruff , and ichthyosis .
Huntington's disease
Additionally , an increasing number of people with Huntington 's disease are turning to palliative care , which aims to improve quality of life through the treatment of the symptoms and stress of serious illness , in addition to their other treatments .
Myocardial infarction
Aspirin , an antiplatelet anticoagulant , is given as a loading dose with the goal of reducing the clot size and reduce further clotting in the affected artery . It is known to decrease mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction by at least 50 % . P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel , prasugrel and ticagrelor are given concurrently , also as a loading dose , with the dose depending on whether further surgical management or fibrinolysis is planned . Prasugrel and ticagrelor are recommended in European and American guidelines , as they are active more quickly and consistently than clopidogrel . P2Y12 inhibitors are recommended in both NSTEMI and STEMI , including in PCI , with evidence also to suggest improved mortality . Heparins , particularly in the unfractionated form , act at several points in the clotting cascade , help to prevent the enlargement of a clot , and are also given in myocardial infarction , owing to evidence suggesting improved mortality rates . In very high - risk scenarios , inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein α β receptor such as eptifibatide or tirofiban may be used .
Human brain
Some treatments for stroke are time - critical . These include clot dissolution or surgical removal of a clot for ischaemic strokes , and decompression for haemorrhagic strokes . As stroke is time critical , hospitals and even pre-hospital care of stroke involves expedited investigations -- usually a CT scan to investigate for a haemorrhagic stroke and a CT or MR angiogram to evaluate arteries that supply the brain . MRI scans , not as widely available , may be able to demonstrate the affected area of the brain more accurately , particularly with ischaemic stroke .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
There is also the potential for treating diseases associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA . Recent studies show SCNT of the nucleus of a body cell afflicted with one of these diseases into a healthy oocyte prevents the inheritance of the mitochondrial disease . This treatment does not involve cloning but would produce a child with three genetic parents . A father providing a sperm cell , one mother providing the egg nucleus and another mother providing the enucleated egg cell .
Homologous chromosome
There is ongoing research concerning the ability of homologous chromosomes to repair double - strand DNA breaks . Researchers are investigating the possibility of exploiting this capability for regenerative medicine . This medicine could be very prevalent in relation to cancer , as DNA damage is thought to be contributor to carcinogenesis . Manipulating the repair function of homologous chromosomes might allow for bettering a cell 's damage response system . While research has not yet confirmed the effectiveness of such treatment , it may become a useful therapy for cancer .
Thalidomide
Several countries either restricted the drug 's use or never approved it . Ingeborg Eichler , a member of the Austrian pharmaceutical admission conference , enforced thalidomide ( tradename Softenon ) being sold under the rules of prescription medication and as a result relatively few affected children were born in Austria and Switzerland . In the United States , pharmacologist Frances Oldham Kelsey M.D. withstood pressure from the Richardson - Merrell company and refused Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approval to market thalidomide , saying further studies were needed . This reduced the impact of thalidomide in United States patients . Although thalidomide was never approved for sale in the United States at the time , over 2.5 million tablets had been distributed to over 1,000 physicians during a clinical testing program . It is estimated that nearly 20,000 patients , several hundred of whom were pregnant women , were given the drug to help alleviate morning sickness or as a sedative , and at least 17 children were consequently born in America with thalidomide - associated deformities .
Dead Sea
Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy . Panorama
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
The sacrament is administered by a priest , who uses olive oil or another pure plant oil to anoint the patient 's forehead and perhaps other parts of the body while reciting certain prayers . It is believed to give comfort , peace , courage and , if the sick person is unable to make a confession , even forgiveness of sins . Several other churches and ecclesial communities have similar ceremonies ( see Anointing of the Sick for a more general discussion ) .
Pleurisy
If the pleural fluid is infected , treatment involves antibiotics and draining the fluid . If the infection is tuberculosis or from a fungus , treatment involves long - term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines . If the fluid is caused by tumors of the pleura , it may build up again quickly after it is drained . Sometimes anti-tumor medicines prevent further fluid buildup . If they do n't , the doctor may seal the pleural space . This is called pleurodesis . Pleurodesis involves the drainage of all the fluid out of the chest through a chest tube . A substance is inserted through the chest tube into the pleural space . This substance irritates the surface of the pleura . This causes the two layers of the pleurae to squeeze shut so there is no room for more fluid to build up . Chemotherapy or radiation treatment also may be used to reduce the size of the tumors . If congestive heart failure is causing the fluid buildup , treatment usually includes diuretics and other medicines .
Non-communicable disease
NCD / disease national plans for all A tobacco free world Improved lifestyles Strengthened health systems Global access to affordable and good quality medicines and technologies Human rights for people with NCDs .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The effectiveness of potential treatments for any disease is usually assessed in a randomized controlled trial , which compares the outcome of those who received treatment to those who received a placebo ( i.e. dummy treatment ) . However , randomized controlled trials are considered unethical when a disease is frequently fatal , as is the case with Ebola . In December 2015 , a study was released that found that the viral load found in a patient 's blood in the week after the onset of symptoms is a strong indication of the patient 's likelihood to die or survive the disease . The researchers suggested that this information could help to assess the efficacy of proposed treatments more accurately in non-randomized clinical trials .
Cellular waste product
Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles , which causes pain of the muscle and joint as well as fatigue . It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure . Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood . It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration .
Thalidomide
AIDS wasting syndrome , associated diarrhoea Renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) Glioblastoma multiforme Prostate cancer Melanoma Colorectal cancer Crohn 's disease Rheumatoid arthritis Behcet 's syndrome Breast cancer Head and neck cancer Ovarian cancer Chronic heart failure Graft - versus - host disease Tuberculous meningitis
Anterior cruciate ligament
The ACL can be treated non operatively with strengthening and rehabilitation when the ACL is not completely torn and the knee is still stable or if the patient is not doing activities requiring cutting and pivoting or similar actions . The mainstay of ACL non-operative treatment is strengthening of the muscles around the knee , especially the hamstrings . Focused therapy supervised by a physical therapist can be an effective way to accomplish this .
Spinal cord
Real or suspected spinal cord injuries need immediate immobilisation including that of the head . Scans will be needed to assess the injury . A steroid , methylprednisolone , can be of help as can physical therapy and possibly antioxidants . Treatments need to focus on limiting post-injury cell death , promoting cell regeneration , and replacing lost cells . Regeneration is facilitated by maintaining electric transmission in neural elements .