vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Agriculture in Sudan
The waters of the Nile in Sudan have been used for centuries for traditional irrigation , taking advantage of the annual Nile flood . Some use of this method still continued in the early 1990s , and the traditional shaduf ( a device to raise water ) and waterwheel were also used to lift water to fields in local irrigation projects but were rapidly being replaced by more efficient mechanized pump systems . Among the first efforts to employ irrigation for modern commercial cropping was the use of the floodwaters of the Qash River and the Baraka River ( both of which originate in Ethiopia ) in eastern Sudan to grow cotton on their deltas . This project was started in the late 1860s by the Egyptian governor and continued until interrupted by the turbulent period of the 1880s , leading to the reconquest of the country by the British in 1899 . Cultivation was resumed in 1896 in the Baraka Delta in the Tawkar area , but in the Qash Delta it only resumed after World War I. Between 1924 and 1926 , canals were built in the latter delta to control the flood ; sandstorms made canals unfeasible in the Baraka . Between the 1940s and the 1970s , various projects were developed to irrigate land . In 1982 both deltas yielded only one crop a year , watered by the flood . Adequate groundwater , however , offered the eventual possibility of using pump irrigation from local wells for additional cropping or for supplementing any flood shortages . Irrigation
Flag of the United States
The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble :
Whiskey Rebellion
The resistance came to a climax in 1794 . In May of that year , federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax . Under the law then in effect , distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court . For farmers on the western frontier , such a journey was expensive , time - consuming , and beyond their means . At the urging of William Findley , Congress modified this law on June 5 , 1794 , allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts . But by that time , U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia . Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law , and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia .
Tequila
Don Cenobio Sauza , founder of Sauza Tequila and Municipal President of the Village of Tequila from 1884 -- 1885 , was the first to export tequila to the United States , and shortened the name from `` Tequila Extract '' to just `` Tequila '' for the American markets . Don Cenobio 's grandson Don Francisco Javier gained international attention for insisting that `` there can not be tequila where there are no agaves ! '' His efforts led to the practice that real tequila can come only from the State of Jalisco .
Barbados
The Mount Gay Rum visitors centre in Barbados claims to be the world 's oldest remaining rum company , with earliest confirmed deed from 1703 . Cockspur Rum and Malibu are also from the island . Barbados is home to the Banks Barbados Brewery , which brews Banks Beer , a pale lager , as well as Banks Amber Ale . Banks also brews Tiger Malt , a non-alcoholic malted beverage. 10 Saints beer is brewed in Speightstown , St. Peter in Barbados and aged for 90 days in Mount Gay ' Special Reserve ' Rum casks . It was first brewed in 2009 and is available in certain Caricom nations .
Golf ball
It is commonly believed that hard wooden , round balls were the first balls used for golf between the 14th through the 17th centuries . Though they were undoubtedly used for other similar contemporary stick and ball games , made from hardwoods such as beech and box trees , there is no definite evidence that they were used in golf in Scotland . It is equally , if not more likely , that leather balls filled with cows ' hair were used , imported from The Netherlands from at least 1486 onwards . Then or later , the featherie ball was developed and introduced . A featherie , or feathery , is a hand - sewn round leather pouch stuffed with chicken or goose feathers and coated with paint , usually white in color . The volume measurement for the feathers was a gentleman 's top hat full of feathers . The feathers were boiled and softened before they were stuffed into the leather pouch . Making a featherie was a tedious and time - consuming process . An experienced ball maker could only make a few balls in one day , and so they were expensive . A single ball would cost between 2 shillings and 5 shillings , which is the equivalent of 10 to 20 US dollars today .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
In the 17th century , Pilgrims , Puritans , and Quakers fleeing religious persecution in Europe brought with them plowshares , guns , and domesticated animals like cows and pigs . These immigrants and other European colonists initially farmed subsistence crops like corn , wheat , rye , and oats as well as rendering potash and maple syrup for trade . Due to the more temperate climate , large - scale plantations in the American South grew labor - intensive cash crops like sugarcane , rice , cotton , and tobacco requiring native and imported African slave labor to maintain . Early American farmers were not self - sufficient ; they relied upon other farmers , specialized craftsman , and merchants to provide tools , process their harvests , and bring them to market .
Horses in warfare
An invention that made cavalry particularly effective was the stirrup . A toe loop that held the big toe was used in India possibly as early as 500 BC , and later a single stirrup was used as a mounting aid . The first set of paired stirrups appeared in China about 322 AD during the Jin Dynasty . Following the invention of paired stirrups , which allowed a rider greater leverage with weapons , as well as both increased stability and mobility while mounted , nomadic groups such as the Mongols adopted this technology and developed a decisive military advantage . By the 7th century , due primarily to invaders from Central Asia , stirrup technology spread from Asia to Europe . The Avar invaders are viewed as primarily responsible for spreading the use of the stirrup into central Europe . However , while stirrups were known in Europe in the 8th century , pictorial and literary references to their use date only from the 9th century . Widespread use in Northern Europe , including England , is credited to the Vikings , who spread the stirrup in the 9th and 10th centuries to those areas .
Industrial Revolution
Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably .
British Empire
From its base in India , the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s . This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China . In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement .
Colonial history of the United States
Mortality was high for infants and small children , especially from diphtheria , yellow fever , and malaria . Most sick people turned to local healers and used folk remedies . Others relied upon the minister - physicians , barber - surgeons , apothecaries , midwives , and ministers ; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain or an apprenticeship in the colonies . There was little government control , regulation of medical care , or attention to public health . Colonial physicians introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century , following the models in England and Scotland , and made some advances in vaccination , pathology , anatomy , and pharmacology .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
`` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , and its continued popularity in Texas , was referred to in the lyrics to Alabama 's song `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas . '' `` I remember down in Houston we were puttin ' on a show when a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled , ' Cotton - Eyed Joe ' ! ''
American ginseng
Since the 18th century , American ginseng ( P. quinquefolius ) has been primarily exported to Asia , where it is highly valued for perceived superior quality and sweet taste .
Modern history
British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , the so - called All Red Line . Growing until 1922 , around 13,000,000 square miles ( 34,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire . The British established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire . French
Tudor rose
The crowned and slipped Tudor Rose is used as the plant badge of England , as Scotland uses the thistle , Ireland uses the shamrock , and Wales uses the leek . As such , it is seen on the dress uniforms of the Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London , and of the Yeomen of the Guard . It features in the design of the British Twenty Pence coin minted between 1982 and 2008 , and in the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom . It also features on the coat of arms of Canada .
Coal
The earliest recognized use is from the Shenyang area of China 4000 BC where Neolithic inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite . Coal from the Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BC . Marco Polo , the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century , described coal as `` black stones ... which burn like logs '' , and said coal was so plentiful , people could take three hot baths a week . In Europe , the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On stones ( Lap. 16 ) by the Greek scientist Theophrastus ( c. 371 -- 287 BC ) :
History of the United Kingdom
On 22 August 1770 , James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific . In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 . British
Dust Bowl
The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation .
History of New Mexico
As a state dependent on both smokestack industry and scenic tourism , New Mexico was at the center of the debates over clean air legislation , particularly the Clean Air Act of 1967 and its amendments in 1970 and 1977 . The Kennecott Copper Corporation , which operated a large smelter at Hurley , New Mexico , generating as a byproduct thick clouds of air pollution , led the opposition to the environmentalists , represented by the New Mexico Citizens for Clean Air and Water . Eventually the company was forced to comply with fairly strict federal standards . They often delayed the compliance process for years by threatening economic repercussions , such as plant closings and unemployment , if forced to comply with standards .
History of Texas (1845–1860)
With their investments in cotton cultivation , Texas planters imported enslaved blacks from the earliest years of settlement . They established cotton plantations mostly in the eastern part of the state , where labor was done by enslaved African Americans . The central area of the state had more subsistence farmers .
History of advertising
In ancient China , the earliest advertising known was oral , as recorded in the Classic of Poetry ( 11th to 7th centuries BC ) of bamboo flutes played to sell candy . Advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers . A copper printing plate dated back to the Song dynasty used to print posters in the form of a square sheet of paper with a rabbit logo with `` Jinan Liu 's Fine Needle Shop '' and `` We buy high quality steel rods and make fine quality needles , to be ready for use at home in no time '' written above and below is considered the world 's earliest identified printed advertising medium . Edo
History of coal mining
Before 1800 a great deal of coal was left in places as extraction was still primitive . As a result , in the deep Tyneside pits ( 300 to 1,000 ft deep ) only about 40 percent of the coal could be extracted . The use of wooden pit props to support the roof was an innovation first introduced about 1800 . The critical factor was circulation of air and control of dangerous explosive gases . At first fires were burned at the bottom of the `` upcast '' shaft to create air currents and circulate air , but replaced by fans driven by steam engines . Protection for miners came with the invention of the Davy lamp and Geordie lamp , where any firedamp ( or methane ) burnt harmlessly within the lamp . It was achieved by restricting the ingress of air with either metal gauze or fine tubes , but the illumination from such lamps was very poor . Great efforts were made to develop better safe lamps , such as the Mueseler produced in the Belgian pits near Liège .
Industrial Revolution
In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and to a lesser degree coke produced inferior iron than charcoal because the impurities in coal , at least until solutions to contamination were developed . Use of coal in smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different ( and later ) innovation . )
Child labour
Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov 's income , cotton harvesting . In September , when school normally starts , the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work , where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect . This process is repeated in spring , when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded . In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way .
Pub
Gin houses of this time had developed from gin shops and the serving counter had stayed , as part of that evolution . The feature was adopted by public houses and began to appear in them from the 1820s . The main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses , the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time . Other , more private , rooms had no serving bar and had the beer brought to them from the public bar . There are a number of pubs in central or northern England which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar . One of these is The Vine , known locally as The Bull and Bladder , in Brierley Hill near Birmingham , another the Cock at Broom , Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff . In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the `` vault '' , other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere . By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming .
Natural gas
A `` master gas system '' was invented in Saudi Arabia in the late 1970s , ending any necessity for flaring . Satellite observation , however , shows that flaring and venting are still practiced in some gas - extracting countries .
Golf ball
In 1848 , the Rev. Dr. Robert Adams Paterson ( sometimes spelled Patterson ) invented the gutta - percha ball ( or guttie , gutty ) . The guttie was made from dried sap of the Malaysian sapodilla tree . The sap had a rubber - like feel and could be made round by heating and shaping it in a round mold . Because gutties were cheaper to produce , could be re-formed if they became out - of - round or damaged , and had improved aerodynamic qualities , they soon became the preferred ball for use . Accidentally , it was discovered that nicks in the guttie from normal use actually provided a ball with a more consistent ball flight than a guttie with a perfectly smooth surface . Thus , makers began intentionally making indentations into the surface of new balls using either a knife or hammer and chisel , giving the guttie a textured surface . Many patterns were tried and used . These new gutties , with protruding nubs left by carving patterned paths across the ball 's surface , became known as `` brambles '' due to their resemblance to bramble fruit .
American ginseng
Woods - grown American ginseng programs in Vermont , Maine , Tennessee , Virginia , North Carolina , Colorado , West Virginia , and Kentucky , have been encouraging the planting of ginseng both to restore natural habitats and to remove pressure from any remaining wild ginseng .
Boston Tea Party
As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century , rival companies were formed to import the product from China . In England , Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698 . When tea became popular in the British colonies , Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain . The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies ; by law , the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England . British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies , where they resold it to merchants in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , and Charleston .
Alcohol laws of Kansas
Nationwide prohibition went into effect with ratification of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 1919 , lasting until repeal by the 21st Amendment in 1933 . During this period , alcohol was prohibited in Kansas by both state and federal law . In 1934 , shortly after the end of nationwide prohibition , a proposal was put to referendum that Kansas end its statewide prohibition , and regulate and tax liquor instead . Voters rejected it by a sizable margin .
Incandescent light bulb
In 1872 , Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874 . He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver , hermetically sealed , and filled with nitrogen , electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed . Later he lived in the US , changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium , iridium , rhodium , ruthenium , osmium , molybdenum and tungsten filaments , and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris .
Horses in warfare
Even after the chariot had become obsolete as a tool of war , there still was a need for technological innovations in pulling technologies ; horses were needed to pull heavy loads of supplies and weapons . The invention of the horse collar in China during the 5th century AD ( Southern and Northern Dynasties ) allowed horses to pull greater weight than they could when hitched to a vehicle with the ox yokes or breast collars used in earlier times . The horse collar arrived in Europe during the 9th century , and became widespread by the 12th century .
United States
With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . The
East Pakistan
By the 1950s , East Bengal surpassed West Bengal in having the largest jute industries in the world . The Adamjee Jute Mills was the largest jute processing plant in history and its location in Narayanganj was nicknamed the Dundee of the East . The Adamjees were descendants of Sir Haji Adamjee Dawood , who made his fortune in British Burma .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
`` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' ( also known as `` Cotton - Eye Joe '' ) is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada , although today it is most commonly associated with the American South . In the Roud index of folksongs it is No. 942 .