vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ottawa
Ottawa 's former industrial appearance was vastly altered by the 1950 Greber Plan . Prime Minister Mackenzie King hired French architect - planner Jacques Greber to design an urban plan for managing development in the National Capital Region , to make it more aesthetically pleasing and thus more befitting a location serving as Canada 's political centre . Greber 's plan included the creation of the National Capital Greenbelt , the Parkway , the Queensway highway system , the relocation of downtown Union Station ( now the Government Conference Centre ) to the suburbs , the removal of the street car system , the decentralization of selected government offices , the relocation of industries and removal of substandard housing from the downtown and the creation of the Rideau Canal and Ottawa River pathways to name just a few of its recommendations . In 1958 the National Capital Commission was established as a Crown Corporation from the passing of the National Capital Act to implement the Greber Plan recommendations - which it successfully accomplished during the 1960s and 1970s . In the previous 50 years , other commissions , plans and projects had failed to implement plans to improve the capital such as the 1899 Ottawa Improvement Commission ( OIC ) , The Todd Plan in 1903 , The Holt Report in 1915 and The Federal District Commission ( FDC ) established in 1927 . In 1958 a new City Hall opened on Green Island near Rideau falls where urban renewal had recently transformed this former industrial location into green space . Until then , City Hall had temporarily been located for 27 years ( 1931 -- 1958 ) at the Transportation Building adjacent to Union Station and now part of the Rideau Centre . In 2001 , Ottawa City Hall moved back downtown to a relatively new building ( 1990 ) on 110 Laurier Avenue West , the prior home of the now defunct Regional Municipality of Ottawa - Carleton . This new downtown location was very close to Ottawa 's first ( 1849 -- 1877 ) and second ( 1877 -- 1931 ) City Halls . This new city hall complex also contained an adjacent 19th century restored heritage building formerly known as the Ottawa Normal School . The
Bauhaus
The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in Western Europe , the United States , Canada and Israel in the decades following its demise , as many of the artists involved fled , or were exiled by , the Nazi regime . Tel Aviv in 2004 was named to the list of world heritage sites by the UN due to its abundance of Bauhaus architecture ; it had some 4,000 Bauhaus buildings erected from 1933 onwards .
Axis powers
The Germans planned to coordinate a combined German - Italian offensive against the British in Egypt , Palestine , and Iraq . Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941 . Rashid Ali and the Mufti of Jerusalem fled to Iran , then Turkey , Italy , and finally Germany , where Ali was welcomed by Hitler as head of the Iraqi government - in - exile in Berlin . In propaganda broadcasts from Berlin , the Mufti continued to call on Arabs to rise up against the British and aid German and Italian forces . He also helped recruit Muslim volunteers in the Balkans for the Waffen - SS .
Karachi
Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan and served as such until the capital was shifted to Rawalpindi in 1958 . While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi , the city is host to numerous consulates and honorary consulates . Between 1958 and 1970 , Karachi 's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the One Unit programme enacted by President Iskander Mirza .
Central Intelligence Agency
While the CIA insists that those who conducted the attacks on 9 / 11 were not aware that the agency was operating at 7 World Trade Center under the guise of another ( unidentified ) federal agency , this center was the headquarters for many notable criminal terrorism investigations . Though the New York field offices ' main responsibilities were to monitor and recruit foreign officials stationed at the United Nations , the field office also handled the investigations of the August 1998 bombings of United States Embassies in East Africa and the October 2000 bombing of the USS Cole . Despite the fact that the CIA 's New York branch may have been damaged by the 9 / 11 attacks and they had to loan office space from the US Mission to the United Nations and other federal agencies , there was an upside for the CIA . In the months immediately following 9 / 11 , there was a huge increase in the number of applications for CIA positions . According to CIA representatives that spoke with The New York Times , pre-9 / 11 the agency received approximately 500 to 600 applications a week , in the months following 9 / 11 the agency received that number daily .
Law
Prominent examples of legislatures are the Houses of Parliament in London , the Congress in Washington D.C. , the Bundestag in Berlin , the Duma in Moscow , the Parlamento Italiano in Rome and the Assemblée nationale in Paris . By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out their wishes . Although countries like Israel , Greece , Sweden and China are unicameral , most countries are bicameral , meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses .
Axis powers
The General Government was the name given to the territories of occupied Poland that were not directly annexed into German provinces , but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany .
History of Antarctica
In response to this and earlier German explorations , the British Admiralty and Colonial Office launched Operation Tabarin in 1943 to reassert British territorial claims against Argentine and Chilean incursion and establish a permanent British presence in the Antarctic . The move was also motivated by concerns within the Foreign Office about the direction of United States post-war activity in the region .
Model (person)
Many of the world 's most prominent modelling agencies were established in the 1970s and early 1980s . These agencies created the standard by which agencies now run . In 1974 , Nevs Models was established in London with only a men 's board , the first of its kind . Elite Models was founded in Paris in 1975 as well as Friday 's Models in Japan . The next year Cal - Carries was established in Singapore , the first of a chain of agencies in Asia . In 1977 , Select Model Management opened its doors as well as Why Not Models in Milan . By the 1980s , agencies such as Premier Model Management , Storm Models , Mikas , Marilyn , and Metropolitan Models had been established .
Afghanistan
Meanwhile , the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures , and the country changed its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . Attempts were made , often with the support of foreign donor countries , to improve the country 's economy , healthcare , education , transport , and agriculture . ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces . In the decade following 2002 , over five million Afghans were repatriated , including some who were forcefully deported from Western countries .
Mexico City
On January 29 , 2016 , it ceased to be the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) , and is now officially known as `` Ciudad de México '' ( or `` CDMX '' ) . Mexico City is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , which gives it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . A clause in the Constitution of Mexico , however , prevents it from becoming a state , as it is the seat of power in the country , unless the capital of the country were relocated elsewhere .
Confederate States of America
As war dragged on , Richmond became crowded with training and transfers , logistics and hospitals . Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price regulation . A movement in Congress led by Henry S. Foote of Tennessee argued for moving the capital from Richmond . At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862 , the government 's archives were readied for removal . As the Wilderness Campaign progressed , Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865 . Shortly before the end of the war , the Confederate government evacuated Richmond , planning to relocate farther south . Little came of these plans before Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Court House , Virginia on April 9 , 1865 . Davis and most of his cabinet fled to Danville , Virginia , which served as their headquarters for about a week .
Denver
In 1970 , Denver was selected to host the 1976 Winter Olympics to coincide with Colorado 's centennial celebration , but in November 1972 , Colorado voters struck down ballot initiatives allocating public funds to pay for the high costs of the games , which were subsequently moved to Innsbruck , Austria . The notoriety of becoming the only city ever to decline to host an Olympiad after being selected has made subsequent bids difficult . The movement against hosting the games was based largely on environmental issues and was led by State Representative Richard Lamm , who was subsequently elected to three terms ( 1975 -- 87 ) as Colorado governor . Denver explored a potential bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics , but no bid will be submitted . In 2010 , Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code . The new zoning was developed to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans such as Blueprint Denver , Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan , Greenprint Denver , and the Strategic Transportation Plan .
Channel Tunnel
Germany ( DB ) has since around 2005 tried to get permission to run train services to London . At the end of 2009 , extensive fire - proofing requirements were dropped and DB received permission to run German Intercity - Express ( ICE ) test trains through the tunnel . In June 2013 DB was granted access to the tunnel . In June 2014 the plans were shelved , because there are special safety rules that requires custom made trains ( DB calls them Class 407 ) . Service
Mexico City
Mexico City , being the seat of the powers of the Union , belongs not to any particular state but to all of them . Therefore , the president , representing the federation , used to designate the head of government of the Federal District ( today the head of the government of Mexico City ) , sometimes called outside Mexico as the `` Mayor '' of Mexico City . In the 1980s , the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades , the inherent political inconsistencies of the system , and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake made residents begin to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs . Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation .
Forbidden City
After 1949 , the Museum conducted a new audit as well as a thorough search of the Forbidden City , uncovering a number of important items . In addition , the government moved items from other museums around the country to replenish the Palace Museum 's collection . It also purchased and received donations from the public .
Public administration
In the US , the American Society for Public Administration . Indiana University Bloomington In Canada , the Institute of Public Administration of Canada , the Observatoire de l'Administtation publique , and various projects of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and Infrastructure Canada In the UK , Warwick Business School , the London School of Economics , University College London , the UK local democracy project and London Health Observatory . In the Netherlands , The Hague University of Applied Sciences In Australia , the Institute of Public Administration Australia . In France , the École nationale d'administration , the Sciences Po School of Public Affairs , the INET , National Institute of Territorial Studies , and the IMPGT , Institute of Public Management and Territorial Governance in Aix - en - Provence , Aix - Marseille University . In Belgium , the Public Governance Institute , KU Leuven . In Germany , the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer , the Hertie School of Governance , the Bachelor and Master of Politics , Administration & International Relations ( PAIR ) at the Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen , and the Bachelor and Master of Public Policy & Management and the Executive Public Management Master of University of Potsdam . In Switzerland , the University of Geneva and the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration ( IDHEAP ) . In Italy , the SDA Bocconi School of Management , the graduate business school of Bocconi University in Milan , Italy . In Cyprus , the Cyprus International Institute of Management or CIIM . In Ireland , the Institute of Public Administration , Dublin . In South Africa , Regenesys Business School through the Regenesys School of Public Management and MANCOSA .
Axis powers
In October and November 1940 , German - Soviet talks about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin . Joseph Stalin later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 November that contained several secret protocols , including that `` the area south of Batum and Baku in the general direction of the Persian Gulf is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union '' , referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran , and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria . Hitler never responded to Stalin 's letter . Shortly thereafter , Hitler issued a secret directive on the invasion of the Soviet Union .
Warsaw
Astana in Kazakhstan ( since 2002 ) Berlin in Germany ( since 1991 ) Budapest in Hungary ( since 2005 ) Buenos Aires in Argentina ( since 1992 ) Chicago in the United States ( since 1960 ) Coventry in the United Kingdom ( since 1957 ) Düsseldorf in Germany ( since 1989 ) Grozny in Russia ( since 1997 ) Hamamatsu in Japan ( since 1990 ) Hanoi in Vietnam ( since 2000 ) Harbin in China ( since 1993 ) Île - de-France in France ( since 1990 ) Istanbul in Turkey ( since 1991 ) Kiev in Ukraine ( since 1994 ) Madrid in Spain ( since 1981 ) Manila in Philippines ( since 2006 ) Moscow in Russia ( since 1993 ) Oslo in Norway ( since 2005 ) Riga in Latvia ( since 2002 ) Rio de Janeiro in Brazil ( since 1997 ) Saint - Étienne in France ( since 1995 ) St. Petersburg in Russia ( since 1997 ) Seoul in South Korea ( since 1996 ) Taipei in Taiwan ( since 1995 ) Tel Aviv in Israel ( since 1992 ) The Hague in Netherlands ( since 1991 ) Toronto in Canada ( since 1990 ) Vilnius in Lithuania ( since 1998 )
History of Maryland
In 1980 , the opening of Harborplace and the Baltimore Aquarium made that city a significant tourist destination , while Charles Center , the World Trade Center , and the popular Camden Yards baseball stadium were constructed in the downtown area . Fells Point also became popular . The historic Annapolis waterfront area , previously a working - class fishing port , also became gentrified and a tourist destination . Baltimore 's largest employer , the Bethlehem Steel factory at Sparrows Point , shrunk , and the General Motors plant closed , while Johns Hopkins University and Health Care System took Bethlehem 's place as Baltimore 's largest employer . There are over 350 biotechnology companies in the state . The Social Security -- Health Care Financing Administration , Bureau of Standards , U.S. Census Bureau , National Institutes of Health , National Security Agency , and Public Health Service have their headquarters in the state . Metrorail lines were constructed in Montgomery and Prince George 's counties , while Baltimore opened its own 20 miles ( 32 km ) Metro Subway as well as the north - south Baltimore Light Rail system .
Denver
Brest , France , ( 1948 ) Takayama , Japan ( 1960 ) Nairobi , Kenya ( 1975 ) Karmiel , Israel ( 1977 ) Cuernavaca , Mexico ( 1983 ) Potenza , Italy ( 1983 ) Chennai , India ( 1984 ) Kunming , China ( 1985 ) Axum , Ethiopia ( 1995 ) Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia ( 2001 ) Baghdad Governorate , Iraq ( 2012 )
Construction of the World Trade Center
After New Jersey approved of the World Trade Center project , the Port Authority started looking for tenants . First , the agency approached the United States Customs Service because the Customs Service had been dissatisfied with its current headquarters , the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House on the tip of Lower Manhattan . The Port Authority then solicited the New York state government , since there were too few private companies willing to move to the World Trade Center . The World Trade Center 's planners were concerned that the World Trade Center would be underused , because at the time , less than 3.8 % of the United States ' gross national product came from international trade , and corporations with a worldwide presence comprised four - fifths of that sector . In January 1964 , the Port Authority certified a deal with the New York state government to relocate some offices to the World Trade Center . The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964 , including several banks . The Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant a year later .
Axis powers
The collaborationist administrations of German - occupied countries in Europe had varying degrees of autonomy , and not all of them qualified as fully recognized sovereign states . The General Government in occupied Poland was a German administration , not a Polish government . In occupied Norway , the National Government headed by Vidkun Quisling -- whose name came to symbolize pro-Axis collaboration in several languages -- was subordinate to the Reichskommissariat Norwegen . It was never allowed to have any armed forces , be a recognized military partner , or have autonomy of any kind . In the occupied Netherlands , Anton Mussert was given the symbolic title of `` Führer of the Netherlands ' people '' . His National Socialist Movement formed a cabinet assisting the German administration , but was never recognized as a real Dutch government . The following list of German client states includes only those entities that were officially considered to be independent countries allied with Germany . They were under varying degrees of German influence and control , but were not ruled directly by Germans . Albania
Sydney Royal Easter Show
The State and Federal Governments both contribute exhibitions to the show though their presence has diminished significantly since the relocation to Homebush Bay in 1998 . Many government departments such as NSW Lotteries , CityRail and NSW Health have axed their annual displays . However bodies such as The New South Wales Rural Fire Service , New South Wales Police Force , the Ambulance Service and the Army Reserve continue to set up displays to inform and promote goodwill to the public . Services
Central Intelligence Agency
The Embassy bombing had taken the life of the CIA 's Beirut Station Chief , Ken Haas . Bill Buckley was sent in to replace him . Eighteen days after the US Marines left Lebanon , Buckley was kidnapped . On March 7 , 1984 , Jeremy Levin , CNN Bureau Chief in Beirut was kidnapped . Twelve more Americans would be kidnapped in Beirut during the Reagan Administration . Manucher Ghorbanifar , a former Savak agent was an information seller , and the subject of a rare CIA burn notice for his track record of misinformation . He reached out to the agency offering a back channel to Iran , suggesting a trade of missiles that would be lucrative to the intermediaries .
Allies of World War II
Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Supporters of the Aga Khan III helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with Soviet Russia . After assuming the guise of a Pashtun insurance agent ( `` Ziaudddin '' ) to reach Afghanistan , Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman `` Count Orlando Mazzotta '' . From Moscow , he reached Rome , and from there he travelled to Germany . Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia 's traditional enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India . However , Bose found the Soviets ' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow , Count von der Schulenburg . He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse .
History of Antarctica
Following the end of the war in 1945 , the British bases were handed over to civilian members of the newly created Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( subsequently the British Antarctic Survey ) the first such national scientific body to be established in Antarctica .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The 1916 Summer Olympics were to have been held in Berlin , German Empire , but were cancelled because of the outbreak of World War I .
Headquarters of the United Nations
All fifteen of the United Nations ' specialized agencies are located outside New York City at these other headquarters or in other cities : the Food and Agriculture Organization and International Fund for Agricultural Development in Rome , the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal , the International Labour Organization , International Telecommunication Union , World Health Organization , World Intellectual Property Organization , World Trade Organization and World Meteorological Organization in Geneva , the International Maritime Organization in London , the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group in Washington , D.C. , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization in Paris , the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in Vienna , the United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific in Bangkok , Thailand and the World Tourism Organization in Madrid .
Favela
Following the initial forced relocation , favelas were left largely untouched by the government until the 1940s . During this period politicians , under the auspice of national industrialisation and poverty alleviation , pushed for high density public housing as an alternative to the favelas ( Skidmore 2010 ) . The `` Parque Proletário '' program relocated favelados to nearby temporary housing while land was cleared for the construction of permanent housing units ( Skidmore 2010 ) . In spite of the political assertions of Rio 's Mayor Henrique Dodsworth , the new public housing estates were never built and the once - temporary housing alternatives began to grow into new and larger favelas ( Oliveira 1996 ) . Skidmore ( 2010 ) argues that `` Parque Proletário '' was the basis for the intensified eradication policy of the 1960s and 1970s .