vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Jersey
In the Industrial Revolution , cities like Paterson grew and prospered . Previously , the economy had been largely agrarian , which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil . This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy , one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk . Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution , having been granted 1,093 patents , many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey . Edison 's facilities , first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange , are considered perhaps the first research centers in the U.S. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting . Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey .
Long Island Sound
Mansions and wealthy neighborhoods characterize a good portion of the coast of the sound from Port Jefferson and east on Long Island ; and from Pelham Manor and New Rochelle ( on the mainland of New York ) to Madison in Connecticut . Property values in Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation , due to the proximity to New York City and their location on `` The Sound '' .
Dutch East India Company
In 1609 , English sea captain and explorer Henry Hudson was hired by the VOC émigrés running the VOC located in Amsterdam to find a north - east passage to Asia , sailing around Scandinavia and Russia . He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt , so he sailed west to seek a north - west passage rather than return home . He ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen . His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod .
Delaware River
Perhaps the most famous `` Delaware Crossing '' involved the improvised boat crossing undertaken by George Washington 's army during the American Revolution 's Battle of Trenton on the night of December 25 -- 26 , 1776 , as part of a successful surprise attack on Hessian troops occupying Trenton , New Jersey .
Battles of Saratoga
British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses .
French and Indian War
The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William
Colonial history of the United States
The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York . However , large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany . Meanwhile , Yankees from New England started moving in , as did immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population .
Secession in the United States
Amar specifically cites the example of New York 's ratification as suggestive that the Constitution did not countenance secession . Anti-federalists dominated the Poughkeepsie Convention that would ratify the Constitution . Concerned that the new compact might not sufficiently safeguard states ' rights , the anti-federalists sought to insert into the New York ratification message language to the effect that `` there should be reserved to the state of New York a right to withdraw herself from the union after a certain number of years . '' The Madison federalists opposed this , with Hamilton , a delegate at the Convention , reading aloud in response a letter from James Madison stating : `` the Constitution requires an adoption in toto , and for ever '' ( emphasis added ) . Hamilton and John Jay then told the Convention that in their view , reserving `` a right to withdraw ( was ) inconsistent with the Constitution , and was no ratification . '' The New York convention ultimately ratified the Constitution without including the `` right to withdraw '' language proposed by the anti-federalists .
The Bronx
The Bronx also includes several small islands in the East River and Long Island Sound , such as City Island and Hart Island . Rikers Island in the East River , home to the large jail complex for the entire city , is also part of the Bronx . See
Red fox
Red foxes are omnivores with a highly varied diet . Research conducted in the former Soviet Union showed red foxes consuming over 300 animal species and a few dozen species of plants . They primarily feed on small rodents like voles , mice , ground squirrels , hamsters , gerbils , woodchucks , pocket gophers and deer mice . Secondary prey species include birds ( with passeriformes , galliformes and waterfowl predominating ) , leporids , porcupines , raccoons , opossums , reptiles , insects , other invertebrates and flotsam ( marine mammals , fish and echinoderms ) . On very rare occasions , foxes may attack young or small ungulates . They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg ( 7.7 lb ) in weight , and they require 500 grams ( 18 oz ) of food daily . Red foxes readily eat plant material , and in some areas fruit can amount to 100 % of their diet in autumn . Commonly consumed fruits include blueberries , blackberries , raspberries , cherries , persimmons , mulberries , apples , plums , grapes , and acorns . Other plant material includes grasses , sedges and tubers .
Red panda
Red pandas are excellent climbers , and forage largely in trees . They eat mostly bamboo , and may eat small mammals , birds , eggs , flowers , and berries . In captivity , they were observed to eat birds , flowers , maple and mulberry leaves , and bark and fruits of maple , beech , and mulberry .
Red panda
Like the giant panda , they can not digest cellulose , so they must consume a large volume of bamboo to survive . Their diets consist of about two - thirds bamboo , but they also eat mushrooms , roots , acorns , lichens , and grasses . Occasionally , they supplement their diets with fish and insects . They do little more than eat and sleep due to their low - calorie diets . The
Moth
Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths ; these include some bats , some species of owls and other species of birds . Moths also are eaten by some species of lizards , cats , dogs , rodents , and some bears . Moth larvae are vulnerable to being parasitized by Ichneumonidae .
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs are chiefly herbivorous , though they eat some insects . They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds . In the fall , they eat broadleaf forbs . In the winter , lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water . They also will eat roots , seeds , fruit , and buds . Grasses of various species are eaten . Black - tailed prairie dogs in South Dakota eat western bluegrass , blue grama , buffalo grass , six weeks fescue , and tumblegrass , while Gunnison 's prairie dogs eat rabbit brush , tumbleweeds , dandelions , saltbush , and cacti in addition to buffalo grass and blue grama . White - tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels , a competing herbivore .
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin has a diverse , omnivorous diet consisting of fruits , flowers , nectar , bird eggs , insects and small vertebrates . They rely on microhabitats for foraging and other daily activities and tamarins will use bromeliads , palm crowns , palm leaf sheaths , woody crevices , lianas , vine tangles , tree bark , rotten logs , and leaf litters . The golden lion tamarin uses its fingers to extract prey from crevices , under leaves , and in dense growth ; a behavior known as micromanipulation . It is made possible by elongated hands and fingers . Insects make up to 10 -- 15 % of its diet . Much of the rest is made of small , sweet , pulpy fruits . During the rainy season , the golden lion tamarin mainly eats fruit , however during drier times , it must eat more of other foods like nectar and gums . Small vertebrates are also consumed more at these times as insects become less abundant .
Rabbit
Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass , forbs , and leafy weeds . In consequence , their diet contains large amounts of cellulose , which is hard to digest . Rabbits solve this problem via a form of hindgut fermentation . They pass two distinct types of feces : hard droppings and soft black viscous pellets , the latter of which are known as caecotrophs and are immediately eaten ( a behaviour known as coprophagy ) . Rabbits reingest their own droppings ( rather than chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores ) to digest their food further and extract sufficient nutrients .
Barn owl
The diet of the barn owl has been much studied ; the items consumed can be ascertained from identifying the prey fragments in the pellets of indigestible matter that the bird regurgitates . Studies of diet have been made in most parts of the bird 's range , and in moist temperate areas over 90 % of the prey tends to be small mammals , whereas in hot , dry , unproductive areas , the proportion is lower , and a great variety of other creatures are eaten depending on local abundance . Most prey is terrestrial but bats and birds are also taken , as well as lizards , amphibians and insects . Even when they are plentiful and other prey scarce , earthworms do not seem to be consumed .
Elephants in Thailand
Elephants are herbivores , consuming ripe bananas , leaves , bamboo , tree bark , and other fruits . Eating occupies 18 hours of an elephant 's day . They eat 100 - 200 kilograms of food per day . A cow ( female ) will eat 5.6 percent of her body weight per day . A bull ( male ) will eat 4.8 percent . Thus a 3,000 kilogram cow will consume 168 kg per day , a 4,000 kg bull 192 kg per day . As elephants can digest only 40 percent of their daily intake , the result is dung amounting to 50 -- 60 kg daily . As elephants will not eat in unclean surroundings fouled by dung , their instinct is to roam to a new area .
Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea
The Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea is a blend of the cuisines of the native tribes , as well as that of Spain ( their colonial motherland ) and Islamic states such as Morocco . Its cuisine incorporates various meats , including game & bush - meat as well as imports . Fish and chicken are common dishes . As seen in the dishes here , chilies and other spices are popular . Key ingredients in Equatoguinean cuisine come from local plants and animals , including plantains , sweet potato , bread fruit , yam , cocoyam ( known locally as malanga ) , ground - nuts and snails .
Centipede
Many larger animals prey upon centipedes , such as mongooses , mice , salamanders , beetles and snakes . They form an important item of diet for many species and the staple diet of some such as the African ant Amblyopone pluto , which feeds solely on geophilomorph centipedes , and the South African Cape black - headed snake Aparallactus capensis .
House sparrow
Several studies of the house sparrow in temperate agricultural areas have found the proportion of seeds in its diet to be about 90 % . It will eat almost any seeds , but where it has a choice , it prefers oats and wheat . In urban areas , the house sparrow feeds largely on food provided directly or indirectly by humans , such as bread , though it prefers raw seeds . The house sparrow also eats some plant matter besides seeds , including buds , berries , and fruits such as grapes and cherries . In temperate areas , the house sparrow has an unusual habit of tearing flowers , especially yellow ones , in the spring .
Moth
Despite being notorious for eating clothing , most moth adults do not eat at all . Many , like the Luna , Polyphemus , Atlas , Promethea , cecropia , and other large moths do not have mouth parts . While there are many species of adult moths that do eat , there are many that will drink nectar .
Desert tortoise
The desert tortoise is an herbivore . Grasses form the bulk of its diet , but it also eats herbs , annual wildflowers , and new growth of cacti , as well as their fruit and flowers . Rocks and soil are also ingested , perhaps as a means of maintaining intestinal digestive bacteria as a source of supplementary calcium or other minerals . As with birds , stones may also function as gastroliths , enabling more efficient digestion of plant material in the stomach .
Loggerhead sea turtle
The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous , feeding mainly on bottom - dwelling invertebrates , such as gastropods , bivalves , and decapods . It has a greater list of known prey than any other sea turtle . Other food items include sponges , corals , sea pens , polychaete worms , sea anemones , cephalopods , barnacles , brachiopods , isopods , Portuguese men o ' war , insects , bryozoans , sea urchins , sand dollars , sea cucumbers , starfish , fish ( eggs , juveniles , and adults ) , hatchling turtles ( including members of its own species ) , algae , and vascular plants . During migration through the open sea , loggerheads eat jellyfish , floating molluscs , floating egg clusters , squid , and flying fish .
Red panda
Bamboo shoots are more easily digested than leaves , exhibiting the highest digestibility in summer and autumn , intermediate digestibility in the spring , and lowest digestibility in the winter . These variations correlate with the nutrient contents in the bamboo . Red pandas process bamboo poorly , especially the cellulose and cell wall components . This implies microbial digestion plays only a minor role in their digestive strategy . To survive on this poor - quality diet , they have to eat the high - quality sections of the bamboo plant , such as the tender leaves and shoots , in large quantities , over 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ) of fresh leaves and 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of fresh shoots daily . This food passes through the digestive tract fairly rapidly ( about 2 -- 4 hr ) so as to maximize daily nutrient intake . Red pandas can taste artificial sweeteners , such as aspartame , and are the only non primates known to be able to do so .
Dodo
It has been suggested that the broad - billed parrot may have depended on dodos and Cylindraspis tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds , which became food for the parrots . Anodorhynchus macaws depended on now - extinct South American megafauna in the same way , but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service .
Dodo
Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used Gastroliths ( gizzard stones ) to aid digestion . The English writer Sir Hamon L'Estrange witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows :
Arctic fox
Arctic foxes generally eat any small animal they can find , including lemmings , voles , other rodents , hares , birds , eggs , fish , and carrion . They scavenge on carcasses left by larger predators such as wolves and polar bears , and in times of scarcity even eat their feces . In areas where they are present , lemmings are their most common prey , and a family of foxes can eat dozens of lemmings each day . In some locations in northern Canada , a high seasonal abundance of migrating birds that breed in the area may provide an important food source . On the coast of Iceland and other islands , their diet consists predominantly of birds . During April and May , the Arctic fox also preys on ringed seal pups when the young animals are confined to a snow den and are relatively helpless . They also consume berries and seaweed , so they may be considered omnivores . This fox is a significant bird - egg predator , consuming eggs of all except the largest tundra bird species . When food is overabundant , the Arctic fox buries ( caches ) the surplus as a reserve .
Dodo
Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury , and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons ; others described it as tough but good . Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards , as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird . Dodos were easy to catch , but hunters had to be careful not to be bitten by their powerful beaks .
House sparrow
Animals form another important part of the house sparrow 's diet , chiefly insects , of which beetles , caterpillars , dipteran flies , and aphids are especially important . Various noninsect arthropods are eaten , as are molluscs and crustaceans where available , earthworms , and even vertebrates such as lizards and frogs . Young house sparrows are fed mostly on insects until about 15 days after hatching . They are also given small quantities of seeds , spiders , and grit . In most places , grasshoppers and crickets are the most abundant foods of nestlings . True bugs , ants , sawflies , and beetles are also important , but house sparrows take advantage of whatever foods are abundant to feed their young . House sparrows have been observed stealing prey from other birds , including American robins .
Dodo
A 1631 Dutch letter ( long thought lost , but rediscovered in 2017 ) is the only account of the dodo 's diet , and also mentions that it used its beak for defence . The document uses word - play to refer to the animals described , with dodos presumably being an allegory for wealthy mayors :
Mourning dove
Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds , which make up more than 99 % of their diet . Rarely , they will eat snails or insects . Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their crops and then fly away to digest while resting . They often swallow grit such as fine gravel or sand to assist with digestion . The species usually forages on the ground , walking but not hopping . At bird feeders , mourning doves are attracted to one of the largest ranges of seed types of any North American bird , with a preference for canola , corn , millet , safflower , and sunflower seeds . Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds , though they will push aside ground litter ; instead they eat what is readily visible . They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from there .
Barn swallow
The barn swallow typically feeds in open areas 7 -- 8 m ( 23 -- 26 ft ) above shallow water or the ground often following animals , humans or farm machinery to catch disturbed insects , but it will occasionally pick prey items from the water surface , walls and plants . In the breeding areas , large flies make up around 70 % of the diet , with aphids also a significant component . However , in Europe , the barn swallow consumes fewer aphids than the house or sand martins . On the wintering grounds , Hymenoptera , especially flying ants , are important food items . When egg - laying , barn swallows hunt in pairs , but will form often large flocks otherwise .
Brown bear
A perhaps surprisingly high balance of mammalian foods consists of rodents or similar smallish mammals , as about half of the species consumed by brown bears weigh less than 10 kg ( 22 lb ) on average . These may include hares ( Lepus ssp . ) , pikas ( Ochotona ssp . ) marmots ( Marmota ssp . ) , ground squirrels , chipmunks , mice , rats , lemmings and voles . Due to their propensity for digging , brown bears are able to smell out active subterranean burrows of these small mammals and either wait quietly or furiously dig away until the animals are either displaced and lunged at or are cornered in their burrows . Not only do they consume the small mammals , but they also feed on their caches , as has been recorded in grizzly bears attacking voles and northern pocket gophers ( Thomomys talpoides ) . In some areas , caches may be the primary target when bears dig at these animal 's burrows , as may be the case with Siberian chipmunks ( Eutamias sibiricus ) , whose hoards can contain up to 20 kg ( 44 lb ) of food , with the chipmunks themselves only being caught occasionally . With particular regularity , tundra - dwelling grizzlies will wait at burrows of Arctic ground squirrels ( Spermophilus parryii ) hoping to pick off a few of the 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) rodents . Ground squirrel hunting is most successful in September and October , when early snow may impede the rodents ' rocky escape routes . In Denali National Park , Arctic ground squirrels represent about 8 % of the year - round diet of grizzly bears and are the most consistent source of animal protein for grizzlies there . An even more important dietary relationship with a small mammal occurs in the Tibetan blue bear , which is apparently the most completely carnivorous brown bear race , foraging most regularly for plateau pikas ( Ochotona curzoniae ) , a species about one - sixth the weight of an Arctic ground squirrel . As many as 25 pikas have been found in a single bear 's stomach and in Changtang , 60 % of the diet consisted of pikas .
The Gambia
The cuisine of the Gambia includes peanuts , rice , fish , meat , onions , tomatoes , cassava , chili peppers and oysters from the River Gambia that are harvested by women . In particular , yassa and domoda curries are popular with locals and tourists .
Red-tailed hawk
The red - tailed hawk is carnivorous , and an opportunistic feeder . Their most common prey are small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs , but they will also consume birds , fish , reptiles , and amphibians . Prey varies with regional and seasonal availability , but usually centers on rodents , comprising up to 85 % of a hawk 's diet . Most commonly reported prey types include mice , including both native Peromyscus species and house mice ; gophers , voles , chipmunks , ground squirrels and tree squirrels . Additional prey ( listed by descending likelihood of predation ) include lagomorphs , shrews , bats , pigeons , quail , corvids , waterfowl , other raptors , reptiles , fish , crustaceans , insects and earthworms . Where found in Caribbean islands , red - tailed hawks prey mostly on reptiles such as snakes and lizards , since these are perhaps the most predominant native land animals of that region . Prey specimens can range to as small a size as beetles and worms . However , they can also prey on marmots , white - tailed jackrabbits , or female wild turkey , all of which are at least easily double the weight of most red - tails . Hawks will eat carrion if need be , although it is not a preferred food source . During winter in captivity , an average red - tail will eat about 135 g ( 4.8 oz ) daily . Play
Centipede
Scolopendromorphs , given their size , are able to feed on vertebrates , in addition to invertebrates . They have been observed eating reptiles , amphibians , small mammals , bats , and birds . Springtails may provide a large proportion of lithobiomorph diets . Little is known about scutigeromorph or craterostigmomorph diets . All centipedes are potential intraguild predators . Centipedes and spiders may frequently prey on one another .
Crab
Crabs are omnivores , feeding primarily on algae , and taking any other food , including molluscs , worms , other crustaceans , fungi , bacteria and detritus , depending on their availability and the crab species . For many crabs , a mixed diet of plant and animal matter results in the fastest growth and greatest fitness . However , some species are more specialised in their diets . Some eat plankton , some eat primarily shellfish like clams , and some even catch fish .