vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tree of life
The concept of the tree of life appears in the writings of the Baha'i Faith , where it can refer to the Manifestation of God , a great teacher who appears to humanity from age to age . An example of this can be found in the Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh :
Book of Enoch
In 1893 , Robert Charles judged Chapter 71 to be a later addition . He would later change his opinion and give an early date for the work between 94 and 64 BCE . The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia states that Son of Man is found in the Book of Enoch , but never in the original material . It occurs in the `` Noachian interpolations '' ( lx. 10 , lxxi. 14 ) , in which it has clearly no other meaning than ' man ' . The author of the work misuses or corrupts the titles of the angels . Charles views the title Son of Man , as found in the Book of Parables , as referring to a supernatural person , a Messiah who is not of human descent . In that part of the Book of Enoch known as the Similitudes , it has the technical sense of a supernatural Messiah and judge of the world ( xlvi. 2 , xlviii. 2 , lxx. 27 ) ; universal dominion and preexistence are predicated of him ( xlviii. 2 , lxvii. 6 ) . He sits on God 's throne ( xlv. 3 , li. 3 ) , which is his own throne . Though Charles does not admit it , these passages betray Christian redaction and emendation . Many scholars have suggested that passages in the Book of Parables are Noachian interpolations . These passages seem to interrupt the flow of the narrative . Darrell D. Hannah suggests that these passages are not , in total , novel interpolations , but rather derived from an earlier Noah apocryphon . He believes that some interpolations refer to Herod the Great and should be dated to around 4 BCE .
Iliad
In The Singer of Tales ( 1960 ) , Lord presents likenesses between the tragedies of the Greek Patroclus , in the Iliad , and of the Sumerian Enkidu , in the Epic of Gilgamesh , and claims to refute , with `` careful analysis of the repetition of thematic patterns '' , that the Patroclus storyline upsets Homer 's established compositional formulae of `` wrath , bride - stealing , and rescue '' ; thus , stock - phrase reiteration does not restrict his originality in fitting story to rhyme . Likewise , in The Arming Motif , Prof. James Armstrong reports that the poem 's formulae yield richer meaning because the `` arming motif '' diction -- describing Achilles , Agamemnon , Paris , and Patroclus -- serves to `` heighten the importance of ... an impressive moment '' , thus , `` ( reiteration ) creates an atmosphere of smoothness '' , wherein , Homer distinguishes Patroclus from Achilles , and foreshadows the former 's death with positive and negative turns of phrase .
We Real Cool
The poem covers a multitude of themes despite its short length , some including rebellion and youth . The unique structure offers a subtitle at the beginning of the poem where Brooks writes , `` The Pool Players / Seven at the Golden Shovel '' . This gives the poem its characters and setting . Many readers have also suggested the general song - like quality that the poem possesses when being read , in line with the jazz poetry tradition started by Langston Hughes .
Novel
By contrast , Ibn Tufail 's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al - Nafis ' Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy and theology . In this sense , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel , while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel . Hayy ibn Yaqdhan , with its story of a human outcast surviving on an island , is also likely to have influenced Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) , because the work was available in an English edition in 1711 .
To Autumn
`` To Autumn '' is thematically connected to other odes that Keats wrote in 1819 . For example , in his `` Ode to Melancholy '' a major theme is the acceptance of the process of life . When this theme appears later in `` To Autumn '' , however , it is with a difference . This time the figure of the poet disappears , and there is no exhortation of an imaginary reader . There are no open conflicts , and `` dramatic debate , protest , and qualification are absent '' . In process there is a harmony between the finality of death and hints of renewal of life in the cycle of the seasons , paralleled by the renewal of a single day .
Romanticism
In contrast to Germany , Romanticism in English literature had little connection with nationalism , and the Romantics were often regarded with suspicion for the sympathy many felt for the ideals of the French Revolution , whose collapse and replacement with the dictatorship of Napoleon was , as elsewhere in Europe , a shock to the movement . Though his novels celebrated Scottish identity and history , Scott was politically a firm Unionist . Several spent much time abroad , and a famous stay on Lake Geneva with Byron and Shelley in 1816 produced the hugely influential novel Frankenstein by Shelley 's wife - to - be Mary Shelley and the novella The Vampyre by Byron 's doctor John William Polidori . The lyrics of Robert Burns in Scotland and Thomas Moore , from Ireland reflected in different ways their countries and the Romantic interest in folk literature , but neither had a fully Romantic approach to life or their work .
The Happy Prince and Other Tales
Hans was a little man who owned a beautiful garden where he grew flowers of all kinds and colours which were sold in the market to make some money . He enjoyed the company of another man called Hugh , a miller who used to visit Hans very often during the summer time and with whom he shared thoughts about friendship and loyalty . Hans was so devoted to Hugh that he even gifted him whole bunches of flowers from his own garden . However , when winter came Hans found himself in a very difficult situation as his flowers would n't flourish anymore until the following spring . Since his main source of money was n't available he lived off the profits he had made during the summer , but one winter was so stark that he had to sell some of his useful gardening tools , including his wheelbarrow and some silver buttons . Meanwhile , the miller lived comfortably in his own house and avoided visiting his friend or helping him in any way not to make him jealous and spoil , if not break , their friendship . Finally a new season came and it was time for Hans to pick some of his newly flowered roses and daffodils and sell them . Nevertheless , he could n't because he had sold his wheelbarrow . Hugh finally visited him after a long time and hearing about his problem he decides to kindly gift him one of his old wheelbarrows in exchange of a few favours . Hans accepted the deal but the unceasing requests of the miller kept him so busy that he could n't even take care of his own garden ! One day Hans was asked to go and seek a doctor for Hugh 's son who had hurt himself , but it was a stormy and rainy night and he could barely see where he was going . After finding the doctor , on the way back home he got lost and drowned in a hole full of water . Hugh , of course , attended Hans 's funeral and concluded with the following sentence : `` A great loss to me at any rate , '' answered the Miller ; `` why , I had as good as given him my wheelbarrow , and now I really do n't know what to do with it . It is very much in my way at home , and it is in such bad repair that I could not get anything for it if I sold it . I will certainly take care not to give away anything again . One always suffers for being generous . ''
Romanticism
In English literature , the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron , Percy Bysshe Shelley , and the much older William Blake , followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare ; also such novelists as Walter Scott from Scotland and Mary Shelley , and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb . The publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads , with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge , is often held to mark the start of the movement . The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth , and many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District , or his feelings about nature -- which he more fully developed in his long poem The Prelude , never published in his lifetime . The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism , and the exotic settings that many works featured . In the period when they were writing , the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals , though they were supported by the critic and writer William Hazlitt and others . Girodet
Prometheus
The poem offers direct biblical connotations for the Prometheus myth which was unseen in any of the ancient Greek poets dealing with the Prometheus myth in either drama , tragedy , or philosophy . The intentional use of the German phrase `` Da ich ein Kind war ... '' ( `` When I was a child '' ) : the use of Da is distinctive , and with it Goethe directly applies the Lutheran translation of Saint Paul 's First Epistle to the Corinthians , 13 : 11 : `` Da ich ein Kind war , da redete ich wie ein Kind ... '' ( `` When I was a child , I spake as a child , I understood as a child , I thought as a child : but when I became a man , I put away childish things '' ) . Goethe 's Prometheus is significant for the contrast it evokes with the biblical text of the Corinthians rather than for its similarities .
Eduard Khil
Nobody banned its lyrics , but my father just composed the music during the period of his disagreement with Lev Oshanin . The latter told him that the lyrics are more important in a song and that a composer is nothing without a lyricist . So Dad told him during the argument , `` Well , I do n't need your verses at all , I 'll manage without them . '' --
Son (novel)
Son is written in three parts , each with a subtitle : Before , Between , and Beyond .
To Autumn
Although , after Keats 's death , recognition of the merits of his poetry came slowly , by mid century , despite widespread Victorian disapproval of the alleged `` weakness '' of his character and the view often advanced `` that Keats 's work represented mere sensuality without substance '' , some of his poems began to find an appreciative audience , including `` To Autumn '' . In an 1844 essay on Keats 's poetry in the Dumfries Herald , George Gilfillian placed `` To Autumn '' among `` the finest of Keats ' smaller pieces '' . In an 1851 lecture , David Macbeth Moir acclaimed `` four exquisite odes , -- ' To a Nightingale , ' ' To a Grecian Urn , ' ' To Melancholy , ' and ' To Autumn , ' -- all so pregnant with deep thought , so picturesque in their limning , and so suggestive . '' In 1865 , Matthew Arnold singled out the `` indefinable delicacy , charm , and perfection of ( ... ) Keats 's ( touch ) in his Autumn '' . John Dennis , in an 1883 work about great poets , wrote that `` the ' Ode to Autumn ' , ripe with the glory of the season it describes -- must ever have a place among the most precious gems of lyrical poetry . '' The 1888 Britannica declared , `` Of these ( odes ) perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection , to the triumphant achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to human words , may be that to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn '' .
Dejection: An Ode
The poem was a reply to William Wordsworth 's `` Resolution and Independence '' . It is also connected to Wordsworth 's Immortality Ode in theme and structure . The poem expresses feelings of dejection and the inability to write poetry or to enjoy nature . Wordsworth is introduced into the poem as a counter to Coleridge , because Wordsworth is able to turn such a mood into a benefit and is able to be comforted . However , Coleridge can not find anything positive in his problems , and he expresses how he feels paralyzed by his emotions . This source of their paralysis was Coleridge 's feelings for Hutchinson and problems dealing with his marriage . However , Coleridge could n't have been completely in dejection or he would have been unable to create the poem .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
It was the best of times , it was the worst of times , it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity , it was the season of Light , it was the season of Darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair , we had everything before us , we had nothing before us , we were all going direct to Heaven , we were all going direct the other way ... -- Charles Dickens , A Tale of Two Cities
Hamlet
In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival .
Son (novel)
Themes in Son include those of love , obligation , sacrifice , and loss . Lowry had originally not planned on writing Son or any sequels to The Giver , but she was inspired to write the story after she `` decided to describe what became of him ( Gabriel ) as he grew up . '' Initially intending to center the book on Gabriel and his determination to discover his past , Lowry instead found herself being drawn to write more about Claire . She stated , `` I was n't aware of it at the time ... but when I was writing of her yearning to find her boy , that was coming out of my own yearning to have my own son back . ''
The Raven
Poe , however , claimed the poem was a combination of octameter acatalectic , heptameter catalectic , and tetrameter catalectic . The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB , or AA , B , CC , CB , B , B when accounting for internal rhyme . In every stanza , the ' B ' lines rhyme with the word ' nevermore ' and are catalectic , placing extra emphasis on the final syllable . The poem also makes heavy use of alliteration ( `` Doubting , dreaming dreams ... '' ) . 20th - century American poet Daniel Hoffman suggested that the poem 's structure and meter is so formulaic that it is artificial , though its mesmeric quality overrides that .
Charles Dickens
After separating from Catherine , Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which , together with his journalism , were to absorb most of his creative energies for the next decade , in which he was to write only two more novels . His first reading tour , lasting from April 1858 to February 1859 , consisted of 129 appearances in 49 different towns throughout England , Scotland and Ireland . Dickens 's continued fascination with the theatrical world was written into the theatre scenes in Nicholas Nickleby , but more importantly he found an outlet in public readings . In 1866 , he undertook a series of public readings in England and Scotland , with more the following year in England and Ireland . At
Ramayana
In its extant form , Valmiki 's Ramayana is an epic poem of some 24,000 verses . The text survives in several thousand partial and complete manuscripts , the oldest of which is a palm - leaf manuscript found in Nepal and dated to the 11th century CE . A Times of India report dated 18 December 2015 informs about the discovery of a 6th - century manuscript of the Ramayana at the Asiatic Society library , Kolkata . The Ramayana text has several regional renderings , recensions and sub recensions . Textual scholar Robert P. Goldman differentiates two major regional revisions : the northern ( n ) and the southern ( s ) . Scholar Romesh Chunder Dutt writes that `` the Ramayana , like the Mahabharata , is a growth of centuries , but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind . ''
History of childhood
As the century wore on , the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for children of the poor and the middle - class notion of childhood as a time of innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children . Reformers attacked child labor from the 1830s onward , bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by Charles Dickens . The campaign that led to the Factory Acts was spearheaded by rich philanthropists of the era , especially Lord Shaftesbury , who introduced Bills in Parliament to mitigate the exploitation of children at the workplace . In 1833 he introduced the Ten Hours Act 1833 into the Commons , which provided that children working in the cotton and woollen industries must be aged nine or above ; no person under the age of eighteen was to work more than ten hours a day or eight hours on a Saturday ; and no one under twenty - five was to work nights . Legal interventions throughout the century increased the level of childhood protection , despite the prevalence of the Victorian laissez - faire attitude toward government interference . In 1856 , the law permitted child labour past age 9 for 60 hours per week . In 1901 , the permissible child labour age was raised to 12 .
Ecclesiastes
The ten - verse introduction in verses 1 : 2 -- 11 are the words of the frame narrator ; they set the mood for what is to follow : Kohelet 's message is that all is meaningless .
One Thousand and One Nights
Another important literary figure , the Irish poet W.B. Yeats was also fascinated by the Arabian Nights , when he wrote in his prose book , A Vision an autobiographical poem , titled The Gift of Harun Al - Rashid , in relation to his joint experiments with his wife Georgie Hyde - Lees , with Automatic writing . The gift of his wife , given only allegedly by the caliph , is a technique used by many occultists in order to discern messages from the subconscious mind or from other spiritual beings , when the hand moves a pencil or a pen , writing only on a simple sheet of paper and when the person 's eyes are shut . In July 1934 he was asked by Louis Lambert , while in a tour in the United States , which six books satisfied him most . The list that he gave placed the Arabian Nights , secondary only to William Shakespeare 's works .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
The thought as enounced in the first stanza is the supremacy of ideal art over Nature , because of its unchanging expression of perfect ; and this is true and beautiful ; but its amplification in the poem is unprogressive , monotonous , and scattered ... which gives an effect of poverty in spite of the beauty . The last stanza enters stumbling upon a pun , but its concluding lines are very fine , and make a sort of recovery with their forcible directness .
To Autumn
In his 1999 study of the effect on British literature of the diseases and climates of the colonies , Alan Bewell read `` the landscape of ' To Autumn ' '' as `` a kind of biomedical allegory of the coming into being of English climatic space out of its dangerous geographical alternatives . '' Britain 's colonial reach over the previous century and a half had exposed the mother country to foreign diseases and awareness of the dangers of extreme tropical climates . Keats , with medical training , having suffered chronic illness himself , and influenced like his contemporaries by `` colonial medical discourse '' , was deeply aware of this threat .
Ecclesiastes
The title of Ernest Hemingway 's first novel The Sun Also Rises was taken from Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 .
Prometheus
The literary critic Harold Bloom in his book Shelley 's Mythmaking expresses his high expectation of Shelley in the tradition of mythopoeic poetry . For Bloom , Percy Shelley 's relationship to the tradition of mythology in poetry `` culminates in ' Prometheus ' . The poem provides a complete statement of Shelley 's vision . '' Bloom devotes two full chapters in this book to Shelley 's lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound which was among the first books Bloom had ever written , originally published in 1959 . Following his 1959 book , Bloom edited an anthology of critical opinions on Shelley for Chelsea House Publishers where he concisely stated his opinion as , `` Shelley is the unacknowledged ancestor of Wallace Stevens ' conception of poetry as the Supreme Fiction , and Prometheus Unbound is the most capable imagining , outside of Blake and Wordsworth , that the Romantic quest for a Supreme Fiction has achieved . ''
Flowers for Algernon
The expanded novel was first published in 1966 by Harcourt Brace with the Bantam paperback following in 1968 . By 2004 , it had been translated into 27 languages , published in 30 countries and sold more than 5 million copies . Since its original publication , the novel has never been out of print .
Brontë family
It is a work of black Romanticism , covering three generations isolated in the cold or the spring of the countryside with two opposing elements : the dignified manor of Thrushcross Grange and the rambling dilapidated pile of Wuthering Heights . The main characters , swept by tumults of the earth , the skies and the hearts , are strange and often possessed of unheard of violence and deprivations . The story is told in a scholarly fashion , with two narrators , the traveller and tenant Lockwood , and the housekeeper / governess , Nelly Dean , with two sections in the first person , one direct , one cloaked , which overlap each other with digressions and sub-plots that form , from apparently scattered fragments , a coherently locked unit . 1848
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden ( 1926 ) is a collection of 17th - century and 18th - century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha , some of which were assembled in the 1820s , and then republished with the current title in 1926 .
Dejection: An Ode
Coleridge is responding and interacting with many of Wordsworth 's poems . Coleridge 's views on dejection and inability to find a positive in such feelings is connected to Wordsworth 's Expostulation and Reply . The poem 's describing about nature and unable to enjoy natural scenes anymore is connected to the inability to see nature in the same way as previously possible within Wordsworth 's Immortality Ode . Like the Immortality Ode , Dejection is a Pindaric Ode .
Jephthah
The story of Jephthah 's daughter is also sometimes compared to that of Agamemnon 's daughter Iphigenia . In his play Jephthas sive votum - Jeptha or the Vow , the Scottish scholar and dramatist George Buchanan ( 1506 -- 1582 ) called Jephthah 's daughter `` Iphis '' , obviously alluding to Iphigenia , and Handel 's 1751 oratorio , Jephtha , based on Buchanan 's play , uses the same name .
Ecclesiastes
The title of Edith Wharton 's novel House of Mirth was taken from Ecclesiastes 7 : 4 ( `` The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning ; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth . '' ) .
Novel
Another major 20th - century social events , the so - called sexual revolution is reflected in the modern novel . D.H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley 's Lover had to be published in Italy in 1928 ; British censorship lifted its ban as late as 1960 . Henry Miller 's Tropic of Cancer ( 1934 ) created the comparable US scandal . Transgressive fiction from Vladimir Nabokov 's Lolita ( 1955 ) to Michel Houellebecq 's Les Particules élémentaires ( 1998 ) entered a literary field that eventually led to more pornographic works such as Anne Desclos ' Story of O ( 1954 ) to Anaïs Nin 's Delta of Venus ( 1978 ) . In the second half of the 20th century , Postmodern authors subverted serious debate with playfulness , claiming that art could never be original , that it always plays with existing materials . The idea that language is self - referential was already an accepted truth in the world of pulp fiction . A postmodernist re-reads popular literature as an essential cultural production . Novels from Thomas Pynchon 's The Crying of Lot 49 ( 1966 ) , to Umberto Eco 's The Name of the Rose ( 1980 ) and Foucault 's Pendulum ( 1989 ) made use of intertextual references .