vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Samurai
Issues of inheritance caused family strife as primogeniture became common , in contrast to the division of succession designated by law before the 14th century . Invasions of neighboring samurai territories became common to avoid infighting , and bickering among samurai was a constant problem for the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates .
Emperor of Japan
Millennia ago , the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession . It has been non-primogenitural , more or less agnatic , based mostly on rotation . Today , Japan uses strict agnatic primogeniture , which was adopted from Prussia , by which Japan was greatly influenced in the 1870s .
Hoarders
With the release of DSM - 5 in 2013 , hoarding was classified as a separate disorder . During show 's original run , hoarding behaviors were considered symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( OCD ) . Hoarding does show links to obsessive and compulsive behaviors ; however , it also shows connections to Major Depressive Disorder as well as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) . Hoarding could have simply remained a symptom and been included under multiple disorders . However , treating the comorbid disorders in a patient often does not eliminate hoarding behaviors . Another significant factor in the disorder 's reclassification was the discovery that more people could be diagnosed with hoarding behaviors than could be diagnosed with OCD . This showed that hoarding could not be a subtype of OCD . Rather , it had to be a separate illness with similarities ( the fear of letting go being the obsession , and the hoarding of unneeded items as the compulsion ) . These similarities are recognized in the DSM - 5 , as hoarding is classified under the heading of `` Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders . '' Other disorders in this category include Body Dysmorphic Disorder , Trichotillomania , and Excoriation . These disorders share common features `` such as obsessive preoccupation and repetitive behaviors . ''
Cousin marriage
Cross-cousin marriage also establishes a division between prescribed and prohibited relatives who , from the viewpoint of biological proximity , are strictly interchangeable . Lévi - Strauss thought that this proved that the origin of the incest prohibition is purely social and not biological . Cross-cousin marriage in effect allowed the anthropologist to control for biological degree by studying a situation where the degree of prohibited and prescribed spouses were equal . In understanding why two relatives of the same biological degree would be treated so differently , Lévi - Strauss wrote , it would be possible to understand not only the principle of cross-cousin marriage but of the incest prohibition itself . For Lévi - Strauss cross-cousin marriage was not either socially arbitrary or a secondary consequence of other institutions like dual organization or the practice of exogamy . Instead , the raison d'etre of cross-cousin marriage could be found within the institution itself . Of the three types of institution of exogamy rules , dual organization , and cross-cousin marriage , the last was most significant , making the analysis of this form of marriage the crucial test for any theory of marriage prohibitions .
Genetic recombination
Achiasmy is the phenomenon where autosomal recombination is completely absent in one sex of a species . Achiasmatic chromosomal segregation is well documented in male Drosophila melanogaster . Heterochiasmy is the term used to describe recombination rates which differ between the sexes of a species . This sexual dimorphic pattern in recombination rate has been observed in many species . In mammals , females most often have higher rates of recombination . The `` Haldane - Huxley rule '' states that achiasmy usually occurs in the heterogametic sex .
Mitochondrion
Entities undergoing uniparental inheritance and with little to no recombination may be expected to be subject to Muller 's ratchet , the inexorable accumulation of deleterious mutations until functionality is lost . Animal populations of mitochondria avoid this buildup through a developmental process known as the mtDNA bottleneck . The bottleneck exploits stochastic processes in the cell to increase in the cell - to - cell variability in mutant load as an organism develops : a single egg cell with some proportion of mutant mtDNA thus produces an embryo where different cells have different mutant loads . Cell - level selection may then act to remove those cells with more mutant mtDNA , leading to a stabilisation or reduction in mutant load between generations . The mechanism underlying the bottleneck is debated , with a recent mathematical and experimental metastudy providing evidence for a combination of random partitioning of mtDNAs at cell divisions and random turnover of mtDNA molecules within the cell .
Herpes simplex
HSV - 1 has been proposed as a possible cause of Alzheimer 's disease . In the presence of a certain gene variation ( APOE - epsilon4 allele carriers ) , HSV - 1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one 's risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins , which may lead to its development .
Kidney
Congenital hydronephrosis Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Duplex kidneys , or double kidneys , occur in approximately 1 % of the population . This occurrence normally causes no complications , but can occasionally cause urine infections . Duplicated ureter occurs in approximately one in 100 live births Horseshoe kidney occurs in approximately one in 400 live births Nutcracker syndrome Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease afflicts patients later in life . Approximately one in 1000 people will develop this condition Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is far less common , but more severe , than the dominant condition . It is apparent in utero or at birth . Renal agenesis . Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births . Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal ; however , medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur . Renal dysplasia Unilateral small kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney occurs in approximately one in every 2400 live births Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction or UPJO ; although most cases appear congenital , some appear to be an acquired condition
Brown bear
A study of male - inherited Y chromosome DNA sequence found that brown bears , over the past few 10,000 years , have shown strong male - biased dispersal That study found surprisingly similar Y chromosomes in brown bear populations as far apart as Norway and coastal Alaska , indicating extensive gene flow across Eurasia and North America . Notably , this contrasts with genetic signals from female - inherited mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) , where brown bears of different geographic regions typically show strong differences in their mtDNA , a result of female philopatry .
Punnett square
`` Mono '' means `` one '' ; this cross indicates that the examination of a single trait . This could mean ( for example ) eye color . Each genetic locus is always represented by two letters . So in the case of eye color , say `` B = Brown eyes '' and `` b = green eyes '' . In this example , both parents have the genotype Bb . For the example of eye color , this would mean they both have brown eyes . They can produce gametes that contain either the B or the b allele . ( It is conventional in genetics to use capital letters to indicate dominant alleles and lower - case letters to indicate recessive alleles . ) The probability of an individual offspring 's having the genotype BB is 25 % , Bb is 50 % , and bb is 25 % . The ratio of the phenotypes is 3 : 1 , typical for a monohybrid cross . When assessing phenotype from this , `` 3 '' of the offspring have `` Brown '' eyes and only one offspring has `` green '' eyes . ( 3 are `` B_ '' and 1 is `` bb '' )
X chromosome
Genetic disorders that are due to mutations in genes on the X chromosome are described as X linked .
Fingerprint
A very rare medical condition , adermatoglyphia , is characterized by the absence of fingerprints . Affected persons have completely smooth fingertips , palms , toes and soles , but no other medical signs or symptoms . A 2011 study indicated that adermatoglyphia is caused by the improper expression of the protein SMARCAD1 . The condition has been called immigration delay disease by the researchers describing it , because the congenital lack of fingerprints causes delays when affected persons attempt to prove their identity while traveling . Only five families with this condition have been described as of 2011 .
Gene
Prior to Mendel 's work , the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance , which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring . Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis , from Greek pan ( `` all , whole '' ) and genesis ( `` birth '' ) / genos ( `` origin '' ) . Darwin used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction .
Scientific method
The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of the scientific method : in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description , starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel , and that DNA contained genetic information ( Oswald Avery 's transforming principle ) . But the mechanism of storing genetic information ( i.e. , genes ) in DNA was unclear . Researchers in Bragg 's laboratory at Cambridge University made X-ray diffraction pictures of various molecules , starting with crystals of salt , and proceeding to more complicated substances . Using clues painstakingly assembled over decades , beginning with its chemical composition , it was determined that it should be possible to characterize the physical structure of DNA , and the X-ray images would be the vehicle . ... 2 . DNA - hypotheses Another
Cell nucleus
Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal
Cousin marriage
Higher total fertility rates are reported for cousin marriages than average , a phenomenon noted as far back as George Darwin during the late 19th century . There is no significant difference in the number of surviving children in cousin marriages because this compensates for the observed increase in child mortality . The total fertility increase may be partly explained by the lower average parental age at marriage , and age at first birth , observed in consanguineous marriages . Other factors include shorter birth intervals and possibly a lower likelihood of using reliable contraception . There is also the possibility of more births as a compensation for increased child mortality , either via a conscious decision by parents to achieve a set family size or the cessation of lactational amenorrhea following the death of an infant . According to a recent paper the fertility difference is probably not due to any underlying biological effect . In Iceland , where marriages between second and third cousins were common , in part due to limited selection , studies show higher fertility rates . Earlier papers claimed that increased sharing of human leukocyte antigens , as well as of deleterious recessive genes expressed during pregnancy , may lead to lower rates of conception and higher rates of miscarriage in consanguineous couples . Others now believe there is scant evidence for this unless the genes are operating very early in the pregnancy . Studies consistently show a lower rate of primary infertility in cousin marriages , usually interpreted as being due to greater immunological compatibility between spouses .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
It is debated whether the above - mentioned effects are the result of a genetic predisposition to increased density , rather than experience - related structural reorganization . A second language is likely acquired through social experience , in early bilinguals , rather than through genetic predisposition . Thus , the research suggests that the structure of the human brain is reworked by the experience of acquiring a second language .
BRCA1
In some cases , large segments of DNA are rearranged . Those large segments , also called large rearrangements , can be a deletion or a duplication of one or several exons in the gene . Classical methods for mutation detection ( sequencing ) are unable to reveal these types of mutation . Other methods have been proposed : traditional quantitative PCR , Multiplex Ligation - dependent Probe Amplification ( MLPA ) , and Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent Fragments ( QMPSF ) . Newer methods have also been recently proposed : heteroduplex analysis ( HDA ) by multi-capillary electrophoresis or also dedicated oligonucleotides array based on comparative genomic hybridization ( array - CGH ) .
Cremation
Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi strongly discourages cremation of one 's parents ' corpses as unfilial . Han Chinese traditionally practiced burial and viewed cremation as taboo and as a barbarian practice .
Eating disorder
Adams and Crane ( 1980 ) , have shown that parents are influenced by stereotypes that influence their perception of their child 's body . The conveyance of these negative stereotypes also affects the child 's own body image and satisfaction . Hilde Bruch , a pioneer in the field of studying eating disorders , asserts that anorexia nervosa often occurs in girls who are high achievers , obedient , and always trying to please their parents . Their parents have a tendency to be over-controlling and fail to encourage the expression of emotions , inhibiting daughters from accepting their own feelings and desires . Adolescent females in these overbearing families lack the ability to be independent from their families , yet realize the need to , often resulting in rebellion . Controlling their food intake may make them feel better , as it provides them with a sense of control . Peer
Lana Del Rey
Elizabeth Woolridge Grant was born in New York City on June 21 , 1985 to Robert England Grant , Jr. , a Grey Group copywriter turned entrepreneur , and Patricia Ann `` Pat '' ( née Hill ) , a former Grey account executive turned high school teacher . She has one younger sister , Caroline Grant , and one brother , Charlie . Her paternal grandfather , Robert England Grant , Sr. was a Kidder , Peabody & Co. investment banker , a vice president for Plough , Inc and Textron , and venture capitalist . She has Scottish ancestry from both her mother and father .
Framingham Heart Study
It was rightly assumed from the start of the Framingham Heart Study that cardiac health can be influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors , and by inheritance . The Framingham Heart Study is the origin of the term risk factor . Before the Framingham Heart Study , doctors had little sense of prevention . In the 1950s , it was believed that clogging of arteries and narrowing of arteries ( atherosclerosis , arteriosclerosis ) was a normal part of aging and occurred universally as people became older . High blood pressure ( hypertension ) and elevated serum cholesterol ( hypercholesterolemia ) were also seen as normal consequences of aging in the 1950s , and no treatment was initiated . These and further risk factors , e.g. , homocysteine , were gradually discovered over the years .
Kitty Walker
Kitty Walker is the second eldest of the Walker family , born in late September 1968 , although she is the first child of William and Nora ( as Sarah Walker was not William 's biological child ) . Kitty shared the conservative beliefs of her father , William , and brother , Tommy . Being Republican , Kitty always clashed with her mother , Nora , who is more liberal . Even though they love each other , their relationship is somewhat complicated .
Sleep
It is hypothesized that a considerable amount of sleep - related behavior , such as when and how long a person needs to sleep , is regulated by genetics . Researchers have discovered some evidence that seems to support this assumption . Monozygotic ( identical ) but not dizygotic ( fraternal ) twins tend to have similar sleep habits . Neurotransmitters , molecules whose production can be traced to specific genes , are one genetic influence on sleep which can be analyzed . And the circadian clock has its own set of genes . Genes which may influence sleep include ABCC9 , DEC2 , and variants near PAX 8 and VRK2 .
Acetylcholine
Organic mercurial compounds , such as methylmercury , have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups , which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase . This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency , and can have consequences on motor function .
Ellis Island
The people with moral or mental disability were of higher concern to officials and under the law , mandatorily excluded from immigrating to the United States . Persons with physical disability were under higher inspection and could be turned way on the basis of their disability . Much of this came in part of the eugenicist belief that defects were hereditary , especially those of the moral and mental nature those these were often outwardly signified by physical deformity as well .
CCR5
Several lines of evidence suggest that the CCR5 Δ32 allele evolved only once . First , CCR5 Δ32 has a relatively high frequency in several different Caucasian populations but is comparatively absent in Asian , Middle Eastern and American Indian populations , suggesting that a single mutation occurred after divergence of Caucasians from their African ancestor . Second , genetic linkage analysis indicates that the mutation occurs on a homogenous genetic background , implying that inheritance of the mutation occurred from a common ancestor . This was demonstrated by showing that the CCR5 Δ32 allele is in strong linkage disequilibrium with highly polymorphic microsatellites . More than 95 % of CCR5 Δ32 chromosomes also carried the IRI3. 1 - 0 allele , while 88 % carried the IRI3. 2 allele . By contrast , the microsatellite markers IRI3. 1 - 0 and IRI3. 2 - 0 were found in only 2 or 1.5 % of chromosomes carrying a wild - type CCR5 allele . This evidence of linkage disequilibrium supports the hypothesis that most , if not all , CCR5 Δ32 alleles arose from a single mutational event . Finally , the CCR5 Δ32 allele has a unique geographical distribution indicating a single Northern origin followed by migration . A study measuring allele frequencies in 18 European populations found a North - to - South gradient , with the highest allele frequencies in Finnish and Mordvinian populations ( 16 % ) , and the lowest in Sardinia ( 4 % ) .
Neuroanatomy of memory
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration ( FTLD ) is a common form of dementia due to the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes . Studies have found significant decreases in the essential needs for proper functioning in these lobes . The autobiographical domain in memory is largely affected by this disease . In one study , FTLD patients were interviewed and asked to describe a significant event from five different periods of their lives . Using the interview and different methods of imaging , the experimenters hoped to find links between patterns of brain volume loss and performance in the interview .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Hip dysplasia is a common genetic disease that affects Cavalier King Charles Spaniels . It is not present at birth but develops with age . Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by X-rays , but it is not usually evident in X-rays of Cavaliers until they mature . Even in adult spaniels with severe hip dysplasia , X-rays may not always indicate the disease . In a series of evaluations by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals , the Cavalier was ranked 78th worst out of 157 breeds . The worst affected breeds were the Bulldog , Pug and Dogue de Bordeaux .
Cousin marriage
A 2009 study found that many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world , and that first cousin marriages which may reach 25 -- 30 % of all marriages . In Qatar , Yemen , and UAE , consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation . Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations . Middle
Female reproductive system
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception . This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited . Since the mother 's egg contains an X chromosome and the father 's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome , it is the male who determines the fetus 's sex . If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father , the fetus will be a female . In this case , testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus , the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs . The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct . On the other hand , if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father , the fetus will be a male . The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade .
House of Burnett
The House of Burnett ( Burnet , Burnette , Burnard , Bernard ) is a Lowland and Border Scottish family composed of several branches . The Chief of the Name and Arms of Burnett is James Comyn Amherst Burnett of Leys , Baron of Kilduthie . They are from Deeside , near Banchory , in Northeast Scotland . From the early 14th century to the mid 16th century the family occupied a lake dwelling on the Loch of Leys , and resided there or on land near the lake for over 200 years . It is from this lake that the family eventually acquired the designation `` of Leys '' .
Social class in the United States
In other cases , class or status is inherited . For example , being the son or daughter of a wealthy individual , may carry a higher status and different cultural connotations than being a member of nouveau riche ( `` new money '' ) or have a planned path of positive freedom . Those taking the functionalist approach to sociology and economics view social classes as components essential for the survival of complex societies such as American society .
Natural selection
Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity , but developed before the basic concepts of genetics . Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel , the father of modern genetics , was a contemporary of Darwin 's , his work lay in obscurity , only being rediscovered in 1900 . With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel 's laws of inheritance , the so - called modern synthesis , scientists generally came to accept natural selection . The synthesis grew from advances in different fields . Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection ( 1930 ) . J.B.S. Haldane introduced the concept of the `` cost '' of natural selection . Sewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation . In his book Genetics and the Origin of Species ( 1937 ) , Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation , once seen as a rival to selection , actually supplied the raw material for natural selection by creating genetic diversity .