vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Primus inter pares
Mayors of German city states have traditionally acted as primus inter pares . In Hamburg , Lübeck and Bremen , which had been Free Imperial Cities from the times of the Holy Roman Empire , the government was called Senate and the mayor was one senator amongst many , often referred to as President of the Senate rather than Mayor . This ended in Lübeck with the incorporation into Prussia in 1937 , while in a constitutional reform in 1996 the mayor of Hamburg was given broad powers to shape the politics of the Senate of Hamburg , thus ending his status as primus inter pares . However , in the city state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , which was created after the Second World War , the mayor has had a similar role in the Senate of Bremen . The same was true until 1995 for the Governing Mayor of Berlin among his colleagues within the Senate of Berlin .
Bauhaus
Even before the Nazis came to power , political pressure on Bauhaus had increased . The Nazi movement , from nearly the start , denounced the Bauhaus for its `` degenerate art '' , and the Nazi regime was determined to crack down on what it saw as the foreign , probably Jewish influences of `` cosmopolitan modernism '' . Despite Gropius 's protestations that as a war veteran and a patriot his work had no subversive political intent , the Berlin Bauhaus was pressured to close in April 1933 . Emigrants did succeed , however , in spreading the concepts of the Bauhaus to other countries , including the `` New Bauhaus '' of Chicago : Mies decided to emigrate to the United States for the directorship of the School of Architecture at the Armour Institute ( now Illinois Institute of Technology ) in Chicago and to seek building commissions . The simple engineering - oriented functionalism of stripped - down modernism , however , did lead to some Bauhaus influences living on in Nazi Germany . When Hitler 's chief engineer , Fritz Todt , began opening the new autobahn ( highways ) in 1935 , many of the bridges and service stations were `` bold examples of modernism '' -- among those submitting designs was Mies van der Rohe .
Bauhaus
Weimar was in the German state of Thuringia , and the Bauhaus school received state support from the Social Democrat - controlled Thuringian state government . The school in Weimar experienced political pressure from conservative circles in Thuringian politics , increasingly so after 1923 as political tension rose . One condition placed on the Bauhaus in this new political environment was the exhibition of work undertaken at the school . This condition was met in 1923 with the Bauhaus ' exhibition of the experimental Haus am Horn . The Ministry of Education placed the staff on six - month contracts and cut the school 's funding in half . On 26 December 1924 the Bauhaus issued a press release and setting the closure of the school for the end of March 1925 . At this point they had already been looking for alternative sources of funding . After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau , a school of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar . This school was eventually known as the Technical University of Architecture and Civil Engineering , and in 1996 changed its name to Bauhaus - University Weimar .
Helsinki
Saint Petersburg , Russia Tallinn , Estonia Stockholm , Sweden Berlin , Germany Beijing , China ( since 2006 ) Moscow , Russia
Bauhaus
In the next two years under Meyer , the architectural focus shifted away from aesthetics and towards functionality . There were major commissions : one from the city of Dessau for five tightly designed `` Laubenganghäuser '' ( apartment buildings with balcony access ) , which are still in use today , and another for the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes ( ADGB Trade Union School ) in Bernau bei Berlin . Meyer 's approach was to research users ' needs and scientifically develop the design solution .
Axis powers
During the Second Sino - Japanese War , Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China . Several Japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the Japanese Army , including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China at Beijing , which was formed in 1937 , and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing , which was formed in 1938 . These governments were merged into the Reorganized National Government of China at Nanjing on 29 March 1940 . Wang Jingwei became head of state . The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime and adopted its symbols .
Axis powers
The Government of National Salvation , also referred to as the Nedić regime , was the second Serbian puppet government , after the Commissioner Government , established on the Territory of the ( German ) Military Commander in Serbia during World War II . It was appointed by the German Military Commander in Serbia and operated from 29 August 1941 to October 1944 . The Serbian puppet state enjoyed significant support . The Prime Minister throughout was General Milan Nedić . The Government of National Salvation was evacuated from Belgrade to Kitzbühel , Germany in the first week of October 1944 before the German withdrawal from Serbia was complete .
Denver
Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence , with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area . Along with federal agencies come many companies based on US defense and space projects , and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado . The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats , the Denver Federal Center , Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse , the Denver Mint , and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Cars and other forms of motorized transport became increasingly attractive to the population , and the German motor industry boomed . However , the government in Berlin banned many types of vehicles and allowed the production of only 19 different models of cars and trucks . Combined with rubber shortages it created by 1939 `` drastic restrictions on the use of motor vehicles '' .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In 1937 - 38 , Stalin took total personal control of the party , by purging and executing tens of thousands of high - level and mid-level party officials , especially the old Bolsheviks who had joined before 1917 . The entire diplomatic service was downsized ; many consular offices abroad were closed , and restrictions were placed on the activities and movements of foreign diplomats in the USSR . About a third of all foreign ministry officials were shot or imprisoned , including 62 of the 100 most senior officials . Key ambassadorial posts abroad , such as those in Tokyo , Warsaw , Washington , Bucharest , and Budapest , were vacant .
Sanctuary city
A 2004 executive order prohibited state officials from inquiring about immigration status of individual seeking public assistance , but in 2011 , the incoming Maine governor Paul LePage rescinded this , stating `` it is the intent of this administration to promote rather than hinder the enforcement of federal immigration law '' . In 2015 Governor LePage accused the city of Portland , Maine of being a sanctuary city based on the fact that `` city employees are prohibited from asking about the immigration status of people seeking city services unless compelled by a court or law '' , but Portland city officials did not accept that characterization . Maryland
Central Intelligence Agency
Between 1985 and 1986 the CIA lost every spy it had in Eastern Europe . The details of the investigation into the cause were obscured from the new Director , and the investigation had little success , and has been widely criticized . In June 1987 , Major Florentino Aspillaga Lombard , the chief of Cuban Intelligence in Czechoslovakia drove into Vienna , and walked into the American Embassy to defect . He revealed that every single Cuban spy on the CIA payroll was a double agent , pretending to work for the CIA , but secretly still being loyal to Castro . On February 21 , 1994 , FBI agents pulled Aldrich Ames out of his Jaguar . In the investigation that ensued , the CIA discovered that many of the sources for its most important analyses of the USSR were based on Soviet disinformation fed to the CIA by controlled agents . On top of that , it was discovered that , in some cases , the CIA suspected at the time that the sources were compromised , but the information was sent up the chain as genuine .
History of Antarctica
Following the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , the government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand and Australia . This however had no bearing on the obligations of the Governor - General of both countries in their capacity as Governor of the Antarctic territories .
Warsaw
The municipal government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 ( during the communist times , the National City Council -- Miejska Rada Narodowa -- governed in Warsaw ) . Since 1990 , the system of city administration has been changed several times -- also as the result of the reform which restored powiat s , cancelled in 1975 . Finally , according to the Warsaw Act , the city is divided into 18 districts and forms one city powiat with a unified municipal government . Neoclassical
History of Mexico
For some time , the Liberals and Conservatives simultaneously administered separate governments , the Conservatives from Mexico City and the Liberals from Veracruz . The war ended with a Liberal victory , and liberal President Benito Juárez moved his administration to Mexico City .
Bauhaus
The popular conception of the Bauhaus as the source of extensive Weimar - era working housing is not accurate . Two projects , the apartment building project in Dessau and the Törten row housing also in Dessau , fall in that category , but developing worker housing was not the first priority of Gropius nor Mies . It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut , Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May , as the city architects of Berlin , Dresden and Frankfurt respectively , who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany . The housing Taut built in south - west Berlin during the 1920s , close to the U-Bahn stop Onkel Toms Hütte , is still occupied .
Central Intelligence Agency
After 9 / 11 , the CIA came under criticism for not having done enough to prevent the attacks . Tenet rejected the criticism , citing the agency 's planning efforts especially over the preceding two years . He also considered that the CIA 's efforts had put the agency in a position to respond rapidly and effectively to the attacks , both in the `` Afghan sanctuary '' and in `` ninety - two countries around the world '' . The new strategy was called the `` Worldwide Attack Matrix '' .
Cuban Americans
Cuban Americans live in all 50 states , Washington , D.C. and Puerto Rico , which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s . Since the 1980s , Cuban Americans have moved out of `` Little Havana '' and `` Hialeah '' to the suburbs of Miami , such as Kendall , as well in the more affluent Coral Gables and Miami Lakes . Many new South and Central Americans , along with new Cuban refugees , have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida ( Fort Lauderdale , Orlando , Tampa Bay and West Palm Beach ) and dispersed throughout the nation . Nevertheless , Cubans are still heavily concentrated in Florida , which slows assimilation ; according to the 2010 Census , 68 % of Cuban Americans still live in Florida .
Italian Australians
By the early 1950s , Australian authorities negotiated formal migration agreements with the Netherlands ( 1951 ) , Germany and Austria ( 1952 ) . They also introduced a system of personal nominations and guarantees , opened to Italians , to permit families separated by the war to come together again . In addition , the Australian and Italian governments negotiated a scheme of recruitment and assisted passages , which became fully effective in 1952 . As extensively outlined by MacDonald , the chain migration process , eased by the personal nomination scheme , seemed to be more flexible than the administrative machinery of the bilateral program . Personal nominees had a guarantee of assistance and contacts at their arrival in Australia , to help migrants to evaluate all employment possibilities .
Mexico City
On January 29 , 2016 , Mexico City ceased to be the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) . The former `` Distrito Federal '' is now officially known as `` Ciudad de México '' ( or `` CDMX '' ) . Mexico City is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , as it is the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere .
Colombo
Colombo was the capital of the Coastal areas controlled by the Portuguese , Dutch and the British from the 1700s to the 1815 when the British gained control of the entire island following the Kandian convention . From then until the 1980s the national capital of the island was Colombo . During the 1980s plans were made to move the administrative capital to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and thus move all governmental institutions out of Colombo to make way for commercial activities . As a primary step the Parliament was moved to a new complex in Kotte and several ministries and departments were also moved . However the move was never completed . Today many governmental institutions still remain in Colombo . These include the President 's House , Presidential Secretariat , Prime Minister 's House ( Temple Trees ) , Prime Minister 's Office , the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka , Central Bank of Sri Lanka , important government ministries and departments ; such as Finance ( Treasury ) , Defence , Public Administration & Home affairs , Foreign affairs , Justice and the Military headquarters , Naval headquarters ( SLNS Parakrama ) , Air Force headquarters ( SLAF Colombo ) and Police national and field force headquarters .
Friedrich Engels
However , as Ruge remained a Young Hegelian in his belief , Marx and Ruge soon split and Ruge left the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher Nonetheless , following the split , Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on 15 January 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute orders against him , Marx and others at the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher requiring all to leave Paris within 24 hours . Marx himself was expelled from Paris by French authorities on 3 February 1845 and settled in Brussels with his wife and one daughter . Having left Paris on 6 September 1844 , Engels returned to his home in Barmen , Germany , to work on his The Condition of the Working Class in England , which was published in late May 1845 . Even before the publication of his book , Engels moved to Brussels in late April 1845 , to collaborate with Marx on another book , German Ideology . While living in Barmen , Engels began making contact with Socialists in the Rhineland to raise money for Marx 's publication efforts in Brussels . However , these contacts became more important as both Marx and Engels began political organising for the German Workers Party .
Senate
In a number of cities which were former members of the Hanse ( a medieval confederacy of port cities mainly at the shores of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea ) , such as Greifswald , Lübeck , Rostock , Stralsund , or Wismar , the city government is also called a Senate .
Wellington
As it is the capital city , there are many notable government buildings . The Executive Wing of New Zealand Parliament Buildings , on the corner of Lambton Quay and Molesworth Street , was constructed between 1969 and 1981 and is commonly referred to as the Beehive . Across the road is the largest wooden building in the Southern Hemisphere , part of the old Government Buildings which now houses part of Victoria University of Wellington 's Law Faculty . A
Transport in London
Cambridge Trishaws Ltd moved from Cambridge to London in 1998 as the first such company to work within the city . There are now 5 -- 10 such companies providing competing services . The Licensed Taxi Drivers Association ( LTDA ) went to the High Court to try to force them to become licensed , but lost their case in 2004 .
Prague
Berlin , Germany Bratislava , Slovakia Brussels , Belgium Budapest , Hungary Chicago , United States Frankfurt am Main , Germany Guangzhou , China Hamburg , Germany Jerusalem , Israel Kyoto , Japan Luxembourg , Luxembourg Miami - Dade , United States Moscow , Russia Nuremberg , Germany Phoenix , United States Riga , Latvia Saint Petersburg , Russia Seoul , South Korea Shanghai , China Taipei , Taiwan
Mexico City
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31 , 1824 , and the Federal Constitution of October 4 , 1824 , fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence . In addition , Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located . This location would then be appropriated as federal land , with the federal government acting as the local authority . The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro .
Axis powers
On 10 July 1940 , Pétain was given emergency `` full powers '' by a majority vote of the French National Assembly . The following day approval of the new constitution by the Assembly effectively created the French State ( l'État Français ) , replacing the French Republic with the government unofficially called `` Vichy France , '' after the resort town of Vichy , where Pétain maintained his seat of government . This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942 , while the United Kingdom had recognised de Gaulle 's government - in - exile in London . Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many French Jews were deported to Germany . Albert Lebrun , last President of the Republic , did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to Vizille on 10 July 1940 . By 25 April 1945 , during Pétain 's trial , Lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of Germany , since he had not resigned .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The chosen location for the 1976 Winter Olympics was originally Denver , Colorado . However , upon enormous concerns expressed by the city 's voters , the games were relocated to Innsbruck , Austria .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
In 1931 the IOC selected the German capital city Berlin as the host city of the 1936 Summer Olympics . However , following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in 1933 , the plans for the Olympic Games became entangled with the politics of the Nazi regime . Adolf Hitler regarded the event as ' his ' Olympics and sought to exploit the Games for propaganda purposes , with the aim of showcasing the post-First World War Germany . In 1936 , a number of prominent politicians and organizations called for a boycott of the Summer Olympics , while other campaigners called for the games to be relocated . The Popular Front government of Spain decided to boycott the Berlin Games entirely and , together with labour and socialist groups around the world , organized an alternative event , the People 's Olympiad . The event did not take place however ; just as the Games were about to begin the Spanish Civil War broke out and the People 's Olympiad was cancelled . In the United States , there was considerable debate about boycotting the Games . A leading advocate of a boycott was U.S. athlete Ernest Lee Jahncke , the son of a German immigrant , who was an IOC member . He was opposed by United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage and was eventually expelled from the IOC for encouraging athletes to boycott the Berlin Games . International concern surrounded the ruling German National Socialists ' ideology of racial superiority and its application at an international event such as the Olympics . In 1934 Avery Brundage undertook a visit to Germany to investigate the treatment of Jews . When he returned , he reported , `` I was given positive assurance in writing ... that there will be no discrimination against Jews . You ca n't ask more than that and I think the guarantee will be fulfilled . '' In the event , a number of record - holding German athletes were excluded from competing at Berlin for being racially undesirable , including Lilli Henoch , Gretel Bergmann and Wolfgang Fürstner . The only Jewish athlete to compete on the German team was fencer Helene Mayer . Hitler 's decision not to shake hands with USA long - jump medal winner Jesse Owens has been widely interpreted as a snub of an African American ; however some commentators have noted that the German Chancellor missed all medal presentations after the first day as he only wished to shake hands with German victors .
New Deal
The New Deal had many programs and new agencies , most of which were universally known by their initials . Most were abolished during World War II while others remain in operation today . They included the following :
Government of Australia
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne . Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places , such as major regional cities . There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street .
Reichstag fire
The fire started in the Reichstag building , the assembly location of the German Parliament . A Berlin fire station received an alarm call that the building was on fire shortly after 21 : 00 . By the time the police and firefighters arrived , the main Chamber of Deputies was engulfed in flames . The police conducted a thorough search inside the building and found van der Lubbe . He was arrested , as were four communist leaders soon after . Hitler urged President Paul von Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree to suspend civil liberties and pursue a `` ruthless confrontation '' with the Communist Party of Germany . After passing the decree , the government instituted mass arrests of communists , including all of the Communist Party parliamentary delegates . With their bitter rival communists gone and their seats empty , the Nazi Party went from being a plurality party to the majority , thus enabling Hitler to consolidate his power .
Sanctuary city
In 2008 , Baltimore and Takoma Park are sometimes identified as sanctuary cities . However , `` ( m ) ost local governments in Maryland -- including Baltimore -- still share information with the federal government . '' In 2016 , Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings - Blake said that she did not consider Baltimore to be a `` sanctuary city . '' Massachusetts
Mexico City
While Mexico City was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor , the municipalities within it were autonomous , and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century . In 1903 , Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District . Eventually , in December 1928 , the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District . In place of the municipalities , the Federal District was divided into one `` Central Department '' and 13 delegaciones ( boroughs ) administered directly by the government of the Federal District . The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City , Tacuba , Tacubaya and Mixcoac .