vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Moai
Many archaeologists suggest that `` ( the ) statues were thus symbols of authority and power , both religious and political . But they were not only symbols . To the people who erected and used them , they were actual repositories of sacred spirit . Carved stone and wooden objects in ancient Polynesian religions , when properly fashioned and ritually prepared , were believed to be charged by a magical spiritual essence called mana . '' Archaeologists believe that the statues were a representation of the ancient Polynesians ' ancestors . The moai statues face away from the ocean and towards the villages as if to watch over the people . The exception is the seven Ahu Akivi which face out to sea to help travelers find the island . There is a legend that says there were seven men who waited for their king to arrive . Pukao
Toast (honor)
In the Swabian dialect , the word has the further meaning of a belch , called a `` Prositle '' . The acclamation is followed by the chinking of glasses , often linked to other rules like making eye contact . This ritual is commonly attributed to a medieval custom , whereby one could avoid being poisoned by one 's drinking companions , as a few drops of each beverage got mixed when chinking glasses . There is every likelihood that this did not work . It was much more effective for one table to share one or more drinking vessels , a procedure which was common for a long time .
Time Stands Still (Degrassi: The Next Generation)
As they practice for the contest , Rick is answering all of the questions Snake throws at them until a sports question comes up . He puts his hand over his bell but does n't answer , to let Jimmy answer the question instead . While leaving practice , Rick and Jimmy exchange compliments about their trivia skills . Alex , Spinner , and Jay approach them and pick on Rick . Jimmy stands up for Rick , telling them to give it a rest . While Rick , Emma , Jimmy , and Toby walk away , Rick turns around and makes an X with his arms , taunting Alex , Jay , and Spinner with what he did .
Mesoamerican ballgame
In many cultures , further protection was provided by a thick girdle , most likely of wicker or wood covered in fabric or leather . Made of perishable materials , none of these girdles have survived , although many stone `` yokes '' have been uncovered . Misnamed by earlier archaeologists due to its resemblance to an animal yoke , the stone yoke is thought to be too heavy for actual play and was likely used only before or after the game in ritual contexts . In addition to providing some protection from the ball , the girdle or yoke would also have helped propel the ball with more force than the hip alone . Additionally , some players wore chest protectors called palmas which were inserted into the yoke and stood upright in front of the chest .
Leucitite
The rocks in which orthoclase ( or sanidine ) is present in considerable amount are leucite - trachytes , leucite - phonolites and leucitophvres . Of these groups the two former , which are not sharply distinguished from one another by most authors , are common in the neighborhood of Rome . They are of trachytic appearance , containing phenocysts of sanidine , leucite , augite and biotite . Sodalite or hauyne may also be present , but nepheline is typically absent . Rocks of this class occur also in the tuffs of the Phlegraean Fields , near Naples . The leucitophyres are rare rocks which have been described from various parts of the volcanic district of the Rhine ( Olbrck . Laacher See , etc . ) and from Monte Vulture in Italy . They are rich in leucite , but contain also some sanidine and often much nepheline with hauyne or nosean . Their pyroxene is principally aegirine or aegirine - augite ; some of them are rich in melanite . Microscopic sections of some of these rocks are of great interest on account of their beauty and the variety of feldspathoid minerals which they contain . In Brazil leucitophyres have been found which belong to the Carboniferous period .
Quartz clock
Chemically , quartz is a compound called silicon dioxide . Many materials can be formed into plates that will resonate . However , quartz is also a piezoelectric material : that is , when a quartz crystal is subject to mechanical stress , such as bending , it accumulates electrical charge across some planes . In a reverse effect , if charges are placed across the crystal plane , quartz crystals will bend . Since quartz can be directly driven ( to flex ) by an electric signal , no additional transducer is required to use it in a resonator . Similar crystals are used in low - end phonograph cartridges : The movement of the stylus ( needle ) flexes a quartz crystal , which produces a small voltage , which is amplified and played through speakers . Quartz microphones are still available , though not common .
Pope
The symbolic keys in the Papal coats of arms are a reference to the phrase `` the keys of the kingdom of heaven '' in the first of these texts . Some Protestant writers have maintained that the `` rock '' that Jesus speaks of in this text is Jesus himself or the faith expressed by Peter . This idea is undermined by the Biblical usage of `` Cephas , '' which is the masculine form of `` rock '' in Aramaic , to describe Peter . The Encyclopædia Britannica comments that `` the consensus of the great majority of scholars today is that the most obvious and traditional understanding should be construed , namely , that rock refers to the person of Peter '' .
Pendulum
Pendulum motion appears in religious ceremonies as well . The swinging incense burner called a censer , also known as a thurible , is an example of a pendulum . Pendulums are also seen at many gatherings in eastern Mexico where they mark the turning of the tides on the day which the tides are at their highest point . See also pendulums for divination and dowsing .
Elgin Marbles
The Elgin Marbles ( / ˈel gin / ) , also known pars pro toto as the Parthenon Marbles , are a collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures made under the supervision of the architect and sculptor Phidias and his assistants . They were originally part of the temple of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens .
Philippines
One famous dance that is well known is called the Tinikling , where a band of Rondalya musicians play along with the percussive beat of the two bamboo poles . It usually starts with men and women acting a scene about `` How rural townsfolk mingle '' . The dancers then graze thru the clashing of the bamboo poles held on opposite sides . The end displays the paired bamboo poles crossing each other . The Muslim version of this where bamboo poles are also used is called the Singkil . Nowadays , in the Modern and Post-Modern time periods , dances vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street - oriented styles of breakdancing to name a few .
Rainbow
In certain circumstances , one or several narrow , faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow ; i.e. , inside the primary bow or , much more rarely , outside the secondary . These extra bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands ; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a stacker rainbow . The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow , become successively fainter along with their distance from it , and have pastel colours ( consisting mainly of pink , purple and green hues ) rather than the usual spectrum pattern . The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or less ; the smaller the droplets are , the broader the supernumerary bands become , and the less saturated their colours . Due to their origin in small droplets , supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in fogbows .
Human musculoskeletal system
Joints are structures that connect individual bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement . There are three divisions of joints , diarthroses which allow extensive mobility between two or more articular heads ; amphiarthrosis , which is a joint that allows some movement , and false joints or synarthroses , joints that are immovable , that allow little or no movement and are predominantly fibrous . Synovial joints , joints that are not directly joined , are lubricated by a solution called synovial fluid that is produced by the synovial membranes . This fluid lowers the friction between the articular surfaces and is kept within an articular capsule , binding the joint with its taut tissue . Ligaments
The Change-Up
Back at the gala , Steel is giving his speech about the amazing accomplishments Dave made over the years , and how the only thing he loves more than the law is his family . Mitch says to himself that he did not earn the title he is getting , as Dave quickly drives up to the gala , rushes in , and kisses Jamie , finally letting her know that he is who he said he was . He tells her that he loves her , and he and Mitch drive to the Peachtree Galleria , where the fountain was moved . They run in , planning to urinate in the fountain , but find it located in the center of the Galleria , where it is surrounded by hordes of people walking by . They decide to not wait and do it then , but Mitch finds that he is too embarrassed to urinate , especially after the crowd notices Dave doing so .
Yule log
Our Fore - Fathers , when the common Devices of Eve were over , and Night was come on , were wont to light up Candles of an uncommon Size , which were called Christmas - Candles , and to lay a Log of Wood upon the Fire , which they termed a Yule - Clog , or Christmas - Block . These were to Illuminate the House , and turn the Night into Day ; which custom , in some Measure , is still kept up in the Northern Parts . It hath , in all probability , been derived from the Saxons . For Bede tells us , That ( sic ) this very Night was observed in this Land before , by the Heathen Saxons . They began , says he , their Year on the Eight of the Calenders of January , which is now our Christmas Party : And the very Night before , which is now Holy to us , was by them called Mædrenack , or the Night of the Mothers ... The Yule - Clog therefore hath probably been a Part of those Ceremonies which were perform 'd that Night 's Ceremonies . It seems to have been used , as an Emblem of the return of the Sun , and the lengthening of the Days . For as both December and January were called Guili or Yule , upon Account of the Sun 's Returning , and the Increase of the Days ; so , I am apt to believe , the Log has had the Name of the Yule - Log , from its being burnt as an Emblem of the returning Sun , and the Increase of its Light and Heat . This was probably the Reason of the custom among the Heathen Saxons ; but I can not think the Observation of it was continued for the same Reason , after Christianity was embraced. ... ''
Devils Tower
In 1907 , scientists Darton and O'Harra decided that Devils Tower must be an eroded remnant of a laccolith . A laccolith is a large mass of igneous rock which is intruded through sedimentary rock beds without reaching the surface , but makes a rounded bulge in the sedimentary layers above . This theory was quite popular in the early 20th century since numerous studies had earlier been done on laccoliths in the Southwest .
Fortress of Solitude
In Superman Returns , the Fortress follows the same formula as the earlier movies , but goes into more detail about the crystal origins of the Fortress and Kryptonian architecture . Lex Luthor attempts to use memory crystals he stole from it to create a new continent . An observation is made ( following Superman II ) that he acts as though he has been there before . The crystals that power the Fortress were lost when Lex Luthor 's assistant dropped them out the escaping helicopter into the ocean below . The tie - in book , Superman Returns : The Visual Guide lists the Fortress as sitting on `` Fletcher 's Abyssal Plane '' .
Geologic time scale
In the late 17th century Nicholas Steno ( 1638 -- 1686 ) pronounced the principles underlying geologic ( geological ) time scales . Steno argued that rock layers ( or strata ) were laid down in succession , and that each represents a `` slice '' of time . He also formulated the law of superposition , which states that any given stratum is probably older than those above it and younger than those below it . While Steno 's principles were simple , applying them proved challenging . Over the course of the 18th century geologists realized that :
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
At Hogwarts , Harry begins learning magic spells and discovers more about his past and his parents . After retrieving the remembral for a clumsy student at Hogwarts named Neville Longbottom , Harry is recruited for Gryffindor 's Quidditch team as a Seeker , which is extremely rare for first - year students . While exploring the school one night , Harry and his friends discover a giant three - headed dog named Fluffy in a restricted area of the school . Following a class in Levitation with Professor Flitwick , in which Hermione embarrasses Ron , Hermione locks herself in the girls bathroom after being insulted by Ron . She is soon attacked by a troll , but Harry and Ron manage to save her .
Ancient Greek architecture
The upper band of the entablature is called the `` cornice '' , which is generally ornately decorated on its lower edge . The cornice retains the shape of the beams that would once have supported the wooden roof at each end of the building . At the front and rear of each temple , the entablature supports a triangular structure called the `` pediment '' . The triangular space framed by the cornices is the location of the most significant sculptural decoration on the exterior of the building . Masonry
Ash Wednesday
In the Ambrosian Rite , ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday , but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday , which in that rite inaugurates Lent , with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday , the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent .
Holy Chalice
This incident , traditionally known as the Last Supper , is also described by the gospel writers , Mark and Luke , and by the Apostle Paul in I Corinthians . With the preceding description of the breaking of bread , it is the foundation for the tradition of the Eucharist or Holy Communion , celebrated regularly in many Christian churches . The Bible makes no mention of the cup except within the context of the Last Supper and gives no significance whatsoever to the object itself .
History of hip-hop dance
Aside from James Brown and uprock , hip - hop historian Jorge `` Popmaster Fabel '' Pabon writes that toprock was also influenced by `` tap dance , Lindy hop , salsa , Afro - Cuban , and various African and Native American dances . '' From toprock , breaking progressed to being more floor - oriented , involving freezes , downrock , head spins , and windmills . These additions occurred due to influences from 1970s martial arts films , influences from gymnastics , and the formation of dance crews -- teams of street dancers who get together to develop new moves , create dance routines , and battle other crews . One b - boy move taken from gymnastics is called the flare , which was made famous by gymnast Kurt Thomas and is called the `` Thomas flair '' in gymnastics .
Mesolithic
Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic , there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic . The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin , which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic , is a widespread phenomenon , much less well known than the cave - paintings of the Upper Paleolithic , with which it makes an interesting contrast . The sites are now mostly cliff faces in the open air , and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal , with large groups of small figures ; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros . Clothing is shown , and scenes of dancing , fighting , hunting and food - gathering . The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art , and depicted much more schematically , though often in energetic poses . A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known , some from northern Europe in amber , and one from Starr Carr in Britain in shale . The Elk 's Head of Huittinen is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in soapstone from Finland .
Etymology of chemistry
Arabic al - kīmiyaʾ or al - khīmiyaʾ ( الكيمياء or الخيمياء ) , according to some , is thought to derive from the Koine Greek word khymeia ( χυμεία ) meaning `` the art of alloying metals , alchemy '' ; in the manuscripts , this word is also written khēmeia ( χημεία ) or kheimeia ( χειμεία ) , which is the probable basis of the Arabic form . According to Mahn , the Greek word χυμεία khumeia originally meant `` pouring together '' , `` casting together '' , `` weld '' , `` alloy '' , etc . ( cf . Gk . kheein ( χέειν ) `` to pour '' ; khuma ( χύμα ) , `` that which is poured out , an ingot '' ) . Assuming a Greek origin , chemistry is defined as follows :
Devils Tower
Above the Spearfish formation is a thin band of white gypsum , called the Gypsum Springs Formation . This layer of gypsum was deposited during the Jurassic period , 195 to 136 million years ago .
Lake District
Broadly speaking the area can be divided into three bands , the divisions between which run south west to north east . Generally speaking the rocks become younger from north west to south east . The north western band is composed of early to mid-Ordovician sedimentary rocks , largely mudstones and siltstones of marine origin . Together they comprise the Skiddaw Group and include the rocks traditionally known as the Skiddaw Slates . Their friability generally leads to mountains with relatively smooth slopes such as Skiddaw itself .
Petal
A corolla of separate tepals is apopetalous . If the petals are free from one another in the corolla , the plant is polypetalous or choripetalous ; while if the petals are at least partially fused together , it is gamopetalous or sympetalous . In the case of fused tepals , the term is syntepalous . The corolla in some plants forms a tube .
Devils Tower
The 1977 movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the formation as a plot element and as the location of its climactic scenes . Its release was the cause of a large increase in visitors and climbers to the monument .
Great Pyramid of Giza
In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum .
Ancient Egyptian deities
Deities were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . One could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one with a combined name and iconography . Local deities were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity Sobek to form Sobek - Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun - Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra - Horakhty ; and with several solar deities as Horemakhet - Khepri - Ra - Atum .
Shofar
The Tekiah ( תקיעה ) and teruah ( תרועה ) sounds mentioned in the Tanakh were respectively bass and treble . The tekiah ( or `` t'kiah '' or `` t'qiah '' ) was a plain deep sound ending abruptly ; the teruah ( or `` t'ruah '' ) , a trill between two tekiahs . These two sounds , constituting a single unit of shofar sounding , were rendered three times during a service added specially for Rosh HaShanah : first in honor of God 's Kingship ( malchiyot or malchuyot ) ) ; next to recall the Binding of Isaac , in order to cause the congregation to be remembered before God ( zichronot ) ; and a third time to comply with the precept regarding the shofar ( shofrot ) .
Leucitite
Those leucite rocks which contain abundant essential plagioclase feldspar are known as leucite tephrites and leucite basanites . The former consist mainly of plagioclase , leucite and augite , while the latter contain olivine in addition . The leucite is often present in two sets of crystals , both porphyritic and as an ingredient of the ground mass . It is always idiomorphic with rounded outlines . The feldspar ranges from bytownite to oligoclase , being usually a variety of labradorite ; orthoclase is scarce . The augite varies a good deal in chemnistry and optical character , being green , brown or violet ( suggesting high Na and Ti content ) , but it is rarely high enough in Na and Fe to qualify as aegirine - augite or aegirine . Among the accessory minerals biotite , brown hornblende , hauyne , iron oxides and apatite are the commonest ; melanite and nepheline may also occur . The ground mass of these rocks is only occasionally rich in glass . The leucite - tephrites and leucite - basanites of Vesuvius and Somma are familiar examples of this class of rocks . They are black or ashy - grey in color , often vesicular , and may contain many large grey phenocysts of leucite . Their black augite and yellow green olivine are also easily observed in hand specimens . From Volcan Ello , Sardinia and Roccamonfina similar rocks are obtained ; they occur also in Bohemia , in Java , Celebes , Kilimanjaro ( Africa ) and near Trebizond in Asia Minor .
Eastern Orthodox Church
Other items brought to the altar during the Divine Liturgy include a gold or silver chalice with red wine , a small metallic urn of warm water , a metallic communion spoon , a little metallic spear , a sponge , a metal disk with cut pieces of bread upon it , and a star , which is a star - shaped piece of metal over which the priest places a cloth covering when transporting the holy gifts to and from the altar . Also found on the altar table is the antimins . The antimins is a silk cloth , signed by the appropriate diocesan bishop , upon which the sanctification of the holy gifts takes place during each Divine Liturgy . The antimins contain the relics of a saint . When a church is consecrated by a bishop , there is a formal service or prayers and sanctification in the name of the Saint that the church is named after . The bishop will also often present a small relic of a saint to place in or on the altar as part of the consecration of a new church .
Parthenon
The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building is found in the writings of the 4th century BC orator Demosthenes . In 5th - century building accounts , the structure is simply called ho naos ( `` the temple '' ) . The architects Iktinos and Callicrates are said to have called the building Hekatompedos ( `` the hundred footer '' ) in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture , and , in the 4th century and later , the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon ; the 1st - century - AD writer Plutarch referred to the building as the Hekatompedos Parthenon .
List of Indian folk dances
Kikkli is normally performed by two girls holding hands and twirling each other in circle and balancing their positions in circular motions . The two people pair up and hold each other 's hands ( right with right and left with left ) and spin around at high speed without leaving hands . Sometimes one of the partners bends knees ( goes down and comes up ) or even lifts both feet off the floor ( spinning in the air changing to various foot patterns ) while spinning and performs different antics if the other partner is strong enough to hold on .