vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lyme disease
Lyme and other deer tick - borne diseases can sometimes be reduced by greatly reducing the deer population on which the adult ticks depend for feeding and reproduction . Lyme disease cases fell following deer eradication on an island , Monhegan , Maine and following deer control in Mumford Cove , Connecticut . It is worth noting that eliminating deer may lead to a temporary increase in tick density .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The National Institutes of Health consists of 24 separate institutes supporting the prevention , detection , diagnosis , and treatment of diseases and disabilities . At any given time , grants from the NIH support the research of about 35,000 principal investigators , working in every US state and several foreign countries . Between 1971 and 1991 , mortality from heart disease dropped 41 percent , strokes decreased by 59 percent , and today more than 70 percent of children who get cancer are cured .
Diphtheria
In 1926 , Alexander Thomas Glenny increased the effectiveness of diphtheria toxoid by treating it with aluminum salts .
Acetylcholine
The disease myasthenia gravis , characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue , occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine nicotinic receptors , and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission . Over time , the motor end plate is destroyed . Drugs that competitively inhibit acetylcholinesterase ( e.g. , neostigmine , physostigmine , or primarily pyridostigmine ) are effective in treating this disorder . They allow endogenously released acetylcholine more time to interact with its respective receptor before being inactivated by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft ( the space between nerve and muscle ) .
Neuron
To make the structure of individual neurons visible , Ramón y Cajal improved a silver staining process that had been developed by Camillo Golgi . The improved process involves a technique called `` double impregnation '' and is still in use today .
Positron emission tomography
The development of a number of novel probes for noninvasive , in vivo PET imaging of neuroaggregate in human brain has brought amyloid imaging to the doorstep of clinical use . The earliest amyloid imaging probes included 2 - ( 1 - ( 6 - ( ( 2 - ( F ) fluoroethyl ) ( methyl ) amino ) - 2 - naphthyl ) ethylidene ) malononitrile ( ( F ) FDDNP ) developed at the University of California , Los Angeles and N - methyl - ( C ) 2 - ( 4 ' - methylaminophenyl ) - 6 - hydroxybenzothiazole ( termed Pittsburgh compound B) developed at the University of Pittsburgh . These amyloid imaging probes permit the visualization of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer 's patients and could assist clinicians in making a positive clinical diagnosis of AD pre-mortem and aid in the development of novel anti-amyloid therapies. ( C ) PMP ( N - ( C ) methylpiperidin - 4 - yl propionate ) is a novel radiopharmaceutical used in PET imaging to determine the activity of the acetylcholinergic neurotransmitter system by acting as a substrate for acetylcholinesterase . Post-mortem examination of AD patients have shown decreased levels of acetylcholinesterase. ( C ) PMP is used to map the acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain , which could allow for pre-mortem diagnoses of AD and help to monitor AD treatments . Avid Radiopharmaceuticals has developed and commercialized a compound called florbetapir that uses the longer - lasting radionuclide fluorine - 18 to detect amyloid plaques using PET scans .
Maggie Horton
`` `` Maggie was suffering from ill health ... It was at this stage of the storyline in 1973 that she was crippled , but then Mickey came on and luck ran in her favor . Things took a turn for the worse in the eighties when the character and I were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis , but at this point being cured to keep Mickey was her determination . '' '' -- -- Suzanne Rogers
Thalidomide
Researchers at Chemie Grünenthal also found that thalidomide was a particularly effective antiemetic that had an inhibitory effect on morning sickness . Hence , on October 1 , 1957 , the company launched thalidomide and began marketing it under the trade name Contergan . It was proclaimed a `` wonder drug '' for insomnia , coughs , colds and headaches .
BRCA1
The first evidence for the existence of a gene encoding for a DNA repair enzyme involved in breast cancer susceptibility was provided by Mary - Claire King 's laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990 . Four years later , after an international race to find it , the gene was cloned in 1994 by scientists at University of Utah , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( NIEHS ) and Myriad Genetics .
Neurotransmitter
L - DOPA , a precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood -- brain barrier , is used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease . For depressed patients where low activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is implicated , there is only little evidence for benefit of neurotransmitter precursor administration . L - phenylalanine and L - tyrosine are both precursors for dopamine , norepinephrine , and epinephrine . These conversions require vitamin B6 , vitamin C , and S - adenosylmethionine . A few studies suggest potential antidepressant effects of L - phenylalanine and L - tyrosine , but there is much room for further research in this area . Serotonin
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Using barrier methods such as condoms ; see human sexual behavior for other listings . Seeking medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of PID . Using hormonal combined contraceptive pills also helps in reducing the chances of PID by thickening the cervical mucosal plug & hence preventing the ascent of causative organisms from the lower genital tract . Seeking medical attention after learning that a current or former sex partner has , or might have had a sexually transmitted infection . Getting a STI history from your current partner and strongly encouraging they be tested and treated before intercourse . Diligence in avoiding vaginal activity , particularly intercourse , after the end of a pregnancy ( delivery , miscarriage , or abortion ) or certain gynecological procedures , to ensure that the cervix closes . Reducing the number of sexual partners . Sexual monogamy that restricts sexual activities to two ' virgins ' or partners remaining sexually exclusive with each other and having no outside sex partners . Abstinence
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
In 2005 , a South Korean research team led by Professor Hwang Woo - suk , published claims to have derived stem cell lines via SCNT , but supported those claims with fabricated data . Recent evidence has proved that he in fact created a stem cell line from a parthenote .
Chickenpox
It is part of the routine immunization schedule in the US . Some European countries include it as part of universal vaccinations in children , but not all countries provide the vaccine due to its cost . In the UK as of 2014 , the vaccine is only recommended in people who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox . In populations that have not been immunized or if immunity is questionable , a clinician may order an enzyme immunoassay . An immunoassay measures the levels of antibodies against the virus that give immunity to a person . If the levels of antibodies are low ( low titer ) or questionable , reimmunization may be done .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area .
Virus
A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic . The 1918 flu pandemic , which lasted until 1919 , was a category 5 influenza pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly influenza A virus . The victims were often healthy young adults , in contrast to most influenza outbreaks , which predominantly affect juvenile , elderly , or otherwise - weakened patients . Older estimates say it killed 40 -- 50 million people , while more recent research suggests that it may have killed as many as 100 million people , or 5 % of the world 's population in 1918 .
World Health Organization
In 2007 , the WHO organized work on pandemic influenza vaccine development through clinical trials in collaboration with many experts and health officials . A pandemic involving the H1N1 influenza virus was declared by the then Director - General Margaret Chan in April 2009 . Margret Chan declared in 2010 that the H1N1 has moved into the post-pandemic period .
Smallpox vaccine
Starting in early 2003 , the United States government quietly started vaccinating 500,000 volunteer health care professionals , throughout the country . Vaccinees were healthcare workers in emergency departments , intensive care units , anesthesiologists , and health care workers in other settings who would be crucial first - line responders in the event of a bioterrorist attack using smallpox . Many healthcare workers refused , worried about vaccine side effects , but many others volunteered . It is unclear how many actually received the vaccine . In 2002 , the Israeli army , in a similar attempt at mass vaccination , found many soldiers unwilling to volunteer .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination .
Health care in the United States
Among those whose employer pays for health insurance , the employee may be required to contribute part of the cost of this insurance , while the employer usually chooses the insurance company and , for large groups , negotiates with the insurance company . Government programs directly cover 28 % of the population ( 83 million ) , including the elderly , disabled , children , veterans , and some of the poor , and federal law mandates public access to emergency services regardless of ability to pay . Public spending accounts for between 45 % and 56 % of U.S. health care spending .
Hoarders
The role of documentary shows like Hoarders in the change of classification is unclear . However , some believe the rise in awareness caused by them was a significant contributing factor . When hoarding became a buzzword , it `` commanded a significant amount of professional ... attention '' . Studies that may have been prompted by this could have aided in revealing the disorder as the unique and complex illness it truly is .
History of women in the United States
Bristow shows there was a gendered response of health caregivers to the 1918 flu pandemic that killed over 500,000 Americans . Male doctors were unable to cure the patients , and they felt like failures . Women nurses also saw their patients die , but they took pride in their success in fulfilling their professional role of caring for , ministering , comforting , and easing the last hours of their patients , and helping the families of the patients cope as well . Birth
Diphtheria
Quinvaxem is a widely administered pentavalent vaccine , which is a combination of five vaccines in one that protect babies from diphtheria , among other common childhood diseases . Diphtheria vaccine is usually combined at least with tetanus vaccine ( Td ) and often with pertussis ( DTP , DTaP , TdaP ) vaccines , as well .
Chickenpox
Because chickenpox is usually more severe in adults than it is in children , some parents deliberately expose their children to the virus , sometimes by taking them to `` chickenpox parties '' . Doctors counter that children are safer getting the vaccine , which is a weakened form of the virus , rather than getting the disease , which can be fatal .
Virus
Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses . Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses . Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity ( illness ) and mortality ( death ) associated with viral infections such as polio , measles , mumps and rubella . Smallpox infections have been eradicated . Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans , and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals . Vaccines can consist of live - attenuated or killed viruses , or viral proteins ( antigens ) . Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus , which do not cause the disease but , nonetheless , confer immunity . Such viruses are called attenuated . Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity ( who are described as immunocompromised ) , because in these people , the weakened virus can cause the original disease . Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines . These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus . Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine . Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they can not cause the disease . The yellow fever virus vaccine , a live - attenuated strain called 17D , is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated . Antiviral
Chickenpox
The varicella vaccine is recommended in many countries . Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school . A second dose is recommended five years after the initial immunization . A vaccinated person is likely to have a milder case of chickenpox if they become infected . Immunization within three days following household contact reduces infection rates and severity in children .
Socioeconomic status
Additionally , low income and education have been shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems , including respiratory viruses , arthritis , coronary disease , and schizophrenia . These problems may be due to environmental conditions in their workplace , or , in the case of disabilities or mental illnesses , may be the entire cause of that person 's social predicament to begin with .
Water fluoridation
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed recommendations for water fluoridation that specify requirements for personnel , reporting , training , inspection , monitoring , surveillance , and actions in case of overfeed , along with technical requirements for each major compound used .
History of West Africa
AIDS was at first considered a disease of gay men and drug addicts , but in Africa it took off among the general population . As a result , those involved in the fight against HIV began to emphasize aspects such as preventing transmission from mother to child , or the relationship between HIV and poverty , inequality of the sexes , and so on , rather than emphasizing the need to prevent transmission by unsafe sexual practices or drug injection . This change in emphasis resulted in more funding , but was not effective in preventing a drastic rise in HIV prevalence . The global response to HIV and AIDS has improved considerably in recent years . Funding comes from many sources , the largest of which are the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria and the President 's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief .
Smallpox vaccine
Studies also show that smallpox vaccine is associated with a tendency for reduced risk of asthma , and significantly reduced risk of malignant melanoma and infectious disease hospitalizations .
Health care in the United States
Lobbying by insurance company and health care industry representatives has played an important role in health care reform efforts . Key politicians such as Senator Max Baucus have taken the option of single payer health care off the table entirely . In a June 2009 NBC News / Wall Street Journal survey , 76 % said it was either `` extremely '' or `` quite '' important to `` give people a choice of both a public plan administered by the federal government and a private plan for their health insurance . ''
Health care in the United States
At the federal level , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services oversees the various federal agencies involved in health care . The health agencies are a part of the U.S. Public Health Service , and include the Food and Drug Administration , which certifies the safety of food , effectiveness of drugs and medical products , the Centers for Disease Prevention , which prevents disease , premature death , and disability , the Agency of Health Care Research and Quality , the Agency Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , which regulates hazardous spills of toxic substances , and the National Institutes of Health , which conducts medical research .
Chickenpox
In adults , the disease is more severe , though the incidence is much less common . Infection in adults is associated with greater morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia ( either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia ) , bronchitis ( either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis ) , hepatitis , and encephalitis . In particular , up to 10 % of pregnant women with chickenpox develop pneumonia , the severity of which increases with onset later in gestation . In England and Wales , 75 % of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults . Inflammation of the brain , or encephalitis , can occur in immunocompromised individuals , although the risk is higher with herpes zoster . Necrotizing fasciitis is also a rare complication .
Chickenpox
Since its introduction in 1995 , the varicella vaccine has resulted in a decrease in the number of cases and complications from the disease . It protects about 70 to 90 percent of people from disease with a greater benefit for severe disease . Routine immunization of children is recommended in many countries . Immunization within three days of exposure may improve outcomes in children . Treatment of those infected may include calamine lotion to help with itching , keeping the fingernails short to decrease injury from scratching , and the use of paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) to help with fevers . For those at increased risk of complications , antiviral medication such as aciclovir are recommended .
Virus
Because viruses use vital metabolic pathways within host cells to replicate , they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that cause toxic effects to host cells in general . The most effective medical approaches to viral diseases are vaccinations to provide immunity to infection , and antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with viral replication . Vaccines
Terror management theory
Studies have shown that mortality and self - esteem are important factors of the terror management theory . Jessop et al. ( 2008 ) study this relationship within four studies that all examine how people react when they are given information on risks , specifically , in terms of the mortality related to the risks of driving . More specifically , the researchers were exploring how participants acted in terms of self - esteem , and its impact on how mortality - related health - risk information would be received . Overall , Jessop et al. ( 2008 ) found that even when mortality is prominent , people who engage in certain behaviors to improve their self - esteem have a greater chance of continuing with these activities . Mortality and self - esteem are both factors that influence people 's behaviors and decision - making regarding their health . Furthermore , individuals who are involved in behaviors and possess motivation to enhance their self - worth are less likely to be affected by the importance placed on health risks , in terms of mortality .
Health care in the United States
In most states in the U.S. , people seeking to purchase health insurance directly must undergo medical underwriting . Insurance companies seeking to mitigate the problem of adverse selection and manage their risk pools screen applicants for pre-existing conditions . Insurers reject many applicants or quote increased rates for those with pre-existing conditions . Diseases that can make an individual uninsurable include serious conditions , such as arthritis , cancer , and heart disease , but also such common ailments as acne , being 20 pounds over or under weight , and old sports injuries . An estimated 5 million of those without health insurance are considered `` uninsurable '' because of pre-existing conditions .
Lyme disease
Following approval of the vaccine , its entry in clinical practice was slow for a variety of reasons , including its cost , which was often not reimbursed by insurance companies . Subsequently , hundreds of vaccine recipients reported they had developed autoimmune and other side effects . Supported by some patient advocacy groups , a number of class - action lawsuits were filed against GlaxoSmithKline , alleging the vaccine had caused these health problems . These claims were investigated by the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control , which found no connection between the vaccine and the autoimmune complaints .
Diphtheria
A diphtheria vaccine is effective for prevention and available in a number of formulations . Three or four doses , given along with tetanus vaccine and pertussis vaccine , are recommended during childhood . Further doses of diphtheria - tetanus vaccine are recommended every ten years . Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood . Diphtheria can be treated with the antibiotics erythromycin or benzylpenicillin . These antibiotics may also be used for prevention in those who have been exposed to the infection . A tracheotomy is sometimes needed to open the airway in severe cases .
Migration in China
The floating population of Chinese migrant workers `` presents major public health challenges , especially in the provision of reproductive health care for migrant women and the need to address the increased risk to both sexes of infection with sexually transmitted diseases and HIV . '' A survey of migrant workers published in the journal `` Public Health Reports '' indicated that `` forty - seven percent of the migrants were unwilling to make contributions to health insurance , '' and `` poor living conditions and inattention to health may make migrants vulnerable to poor long - term health . '' Despite these health issues presented by the floating population , certain factors mitigate the health impact of internal migration in China . In a questionnaire administered to a variety of rural , urban , and migrant workers in Zhejing Province , Eastern China , 2004 , indicated that `` Migrants had the best self - rated health and reported the least acute illness , chronic disease , and disability , after controlling for age and education . '' In light of this data , the researchers concluded that the migrants had zero HIV infections , and the migrant workers examined demonstrated the `` healthy migrant effect . '' Despite this , migration still creates a negative effect on public health due to the lack of affordable health care . Mental
Water fluoridation
Although fluoride was once considered an essential nutrient , the U.S. National Research Council has since removed this designation due to the lack of studies showing it is essential for human growth , though still considering fluoride a `` beneficial element '' due to its positive impact on oral health . The European Food Safety Authority 's Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies ( NDA ) considers fluoride not to be an essential nutrient , yet , due to the beneficial effects of dietary fluoride on prevention of dental caries they have defined an Adequate Intake ( AI ) value for it . The AI of fluoride from all sources ( including non-dietary sources ) is 0.05 mg / kg body weight per day for both children and adults , including pregnant and lactating women .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
Child birth is registered . Child has received BCG vaccination . Child has received OPV and DPT - 1 & 2 .