vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Influence of the French Revolution
To escape political tensions and save their lives , a number of individuals , mostly men , emigrated from France . Many settled in neighboring countries ( chiefly Great Britain , Germany , Austria , and Prussia ) , and quite a few went to the United States . The presence of these thousands of Frenchmen of varying socioeconomic backgrounds who had just fled a hotbed of revolutionary activity posed a problem for the nations that extended refuge to the migrants . The fear was that they brought with them a plot to disrupt the political order , which did lead to increased regulation and documentation of the influx of immigrants in neighboring countries . Still , most nations such as Britain remained magnanimous and welcomed the French .
Strappado
In the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , prisoners were punished by having their hands tied behind their back , and then being suspended on a pole with their feet just above the ground for half an hour . This was also systematically used in Dachau Concentration Camp for infringement of camp rules . Originally the punishment used tree branches , but it was moved into a shower room on special poles so that victims could not relieve the pain as they could by using the tree . Holocaust survivor Jean Améry writes of his own experiences of strappado when being tortured at the Nazi concentration camp of Fort Breendonk in occupied Belgium . Améry 's analytical descriptions of the torture were included in a number of works by the writer W.G. Sebald ( notably the novel Austerlitz ) .
Korean War
The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony .
Iran hostage crisis
Four hostages tried to escape , and all were punished with stretches of solitary confinement when their attempts were discovered . A
Berlin Wall
The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death .
Axis powers
On 1 September , barely a week after the pact had been signed , Germany invaded Poland . The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to arrange coordination of fighting against Polish resistance . The Soviets targeted intelligence , entrepreneurs , and officers , committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre and mass relocation to the Gulag in Siberia .
Czechoslovakia
The new country was a multi-ethnic state . The population consisted of Czechs ( 51 % ) , Slovaks ( 16 % ) , Germans ( 22 % ) , Hungarians ( 5 % ) and Rusyns ( 4 % ) . Many of the Germans , Hungarians , Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks , felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups . This policy , combined with increasing Nazi propaganda especially in the industrialized German - speaking Sudetenland , led to unrest among the non-Czech population .
World War II
In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected .
Munich Agreement
In Germany the Sudeten crisis led to the so - called Oster Conspiracy . General Hans Oster , deputy head of the Abwehr , and prominent figures within the German military who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight , discussed overthrowing Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Since the outbreak of the French Revolution , the world has been moving with ever increasing speed toward a new conflict , the most extreme solution of which is called Bolshevism , whose essence and aim , however , are solely the elimination of those strata of mankind which have hitherto provided the leadership and their replacement by worldwide Jewry . No state will be able to withdraw or even remain at a distance from this historical conflict ... It is not the aim of this memorandum to prophesy the time when the untenable situation in Europe will become an open crisis . I only want , in these lines , to set down my conviction that this crisis can not and will not fail to arrive and that it is Germany 's duty to secure her own existence by every means in face of this catastrophe , and to protect herself against it , and that from this compulsion there arises a series of conclusions relating to the most important tasks that our people have ever been set . For a victory of Bolshevism over Germany would not lead to a Versailles treaty , but to the final destruction , indeed the annihilation of the German people ... I consider it necessary for the Reichstag to pass the following two laws : 1 ) A law providing the death penalty for economic sabotage and 2 ) A law making the whole of Jewry liable for all damage inflicted by individual specimens of this community of criminals upon the German economy , and thus upon the German people .
Causes of World War II
The Sudetenland was a predominantly German region inside Czechoslovakia alongside its border with Germany . Its more than 3 million ethnic Germans comprised almost a quarter of the population of Czechoslovakia . In the Treaty of Versailles it was given to the new Czechoslovak state against the wishes of much of the local population . The decision to disregard their right to self determination was based on French intent to weaken Germany . Much of Sudetenland was industrialized . British
Iran crisis of 1946
The Peshmerga and Barzani leadership crossed into Iraq in two waves , and though successful in overcoming the Iraqi police and jash forces , whom they met on their way to Barzan , Sheikh Ahmed Barzani was arrested by the Iraqi government and Mustafa Barzani was requested to surrender . When the Iraqis began to mobilize troops to seek Mustafa 's defeat and surrender , he decided on evacuation towards the Soviet Union . The journey began on May 1947 , with the forces of Barzani engaging in skirmishes with the Iranian military on their way .
Soviet Union in World War II
Beginning in the summer of 1944 , a reinforced German Army Centre Group did prevent the Soviets from advancing in around Warsaw for nearly half a year . Some historians claim that the Soviets ' failure to advance was a purposeful Soviet stall to allow the Wehrmacht to slaughter members of a Warsaw Uprising by the Polish home army in August 1944 that occurred as the Red Army approached , though others dispute the claim and cite sizable unsuccessful Red Army efforts to attempt to defeat the Wehrmacht in that region . Earlier in 1944 , Stalin had insisted that the Soviets would annex the portions of Poland it divided with Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , while the Polish government in exile , which the British insisted must be involved in postwar Poland , demanded that the Polish border be restored to prewar locations . The rift further highlighted Stalin 's blatant hostility toward the anti-communist Polish government in exile and their Polish home army , which Stalin felt threatened his plans to create a post-war Poland friendly to the Soviet Union . Further exacerbating the rift was Stalin 's refusal to resupply the Polish home army , and his refusal to allow American supply planes to use the necessary Soviet air bases to ferry supplies to the Polish home army , which Stalin referred to in a letter to Roosevelt and Churchill as `` power - seeking criminals '' . Worried about the possible repercussions of those actions , Stalin later began a Soviet supply airdrop to Polish rebels , though most of the supplies ended up in the hands of the Germans . The uprising ended in disaster with 20,000 Polish rebels and up to 200,000 civilians killed by German forces , with Soviet forces entering the city in January 1945 . Soviet
Czechoslovakia
The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich , and the fortress town of Terezín was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families . On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in Operation Anthropoid . Heydrich 's successor , Colonel General Kurt Daluege , ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of Lidice and Ležáky . In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated . Under the authority of Karl Hermann Frank , German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia , some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich . Within the protectorate , all non-war - related industry was prohibited . Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war , while thousands were involved in the resistance movement .
Cold War
On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... ''
History of Germany (1945–90)
In the 1950s Federal Republic , restitution laws for compensation for those who had suffered under the Nazis was limited to only those who had suffered from `` racial , religious or political reasons '' , which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation . According to the 1953 law on compensation for suffering during the National Socialist era , only those with a territorial connection with Germany could receive compensation for their suffering , which had the effect of excluding the millions of people , mostly from Central and Eastern Europe , who had been taken to Germany to work as slave labor during World War II . In the same vein , to be eligible for compensation they would have to prove that they were part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' , a requirement that excluded most of the surviving slave laborers who did not know German or at least enough German to be considered part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' . Likewise , the law excluded homosexuals , Gypsies , Communists , Asoziale ( `` Asocials '' - people considered by the National Socialist state to be anti-social , a broad category comprising anyone from petty criminals to people who just were merely eccentric and non-conformist ) , and homeless people for their suffering in the concentration camps under the grounds that all these people were `` criminals '' whom the state was protecting German society from by sending them to concentration camps , and in essence these victims of the National Socialist state got what they deserved , making them unworthy of compensation . In this regard it is significant that the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1969 . As a result , German homosexuals - in many cases survivors of the concentration camps -- between 1949 and 1969 continued to be convicted under the same law that had been used to convict them between 1935 and 1945 , though in the period 1949 -- 69 they were sent to prison rather than to a concentration camp .
Transport between India and Pakistan
By the 1970s it was possible for foreigners with the appropriate visas for each country , such as those traveling the Hippie Trail from Europe to Nepal , to walk across the border , stepping between the guards facing each other across the line .
Democracy
World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe . The democratisation of the American , British , and French sectors of occupied Germany ( disputed ) , Austria , Italy , and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of government change . However , most of Eastern Europe , including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc .
Channel Tunnel
Most illegal immigrants and would - be asylum seekers who got into Britain found some way to ride a freight train . Trucks are loaded onto freight trains . In a few instances , groups of migrants were able to stow away in the cargo area of a tanker truck carrying liquid chocolate and managed to survive , though they did not enter the UK in one attempt . Although the facilities were fenced , airtight security was deemed impossible ; migrants would even jump from bridges onto moving trains . In several incidents people were injured during the crossing ; others tampered with railway equipment , causing delays and requiring repairs . Eurotunnel said it was losing £ 5m per month because of the problem .
Causes of World War II
Also , of importance was the idea of a Greater Germany , supporters hoped to unite the German people under one nation state , which included all territories where Germans lived , regardless of whether they happened to be a minority in a particular territory . After the Treaty of Versailles , a unification between Germany and a newly formed German - Austria , a successor rump state of Austria - Hungary , was prohibited by the Allies despite the majority of Austrian Germans supporting such a union . Japanese
Cuban Americans
Another large wave ( an estimated 125,000 people ) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts . Most of the `` Marielitos '' were people wanting to escape from communism , and have succeeded in establishing their roots in the US .
Italian Australians
Conversely , after the war experience , the Australian government embarked on the ' Populate or Perish ' program , aimed to increase the population of the country for strategically important economic and military reasons . The immigration debate in postwar Australia assumed new dimensions as official policy sought a significant increase in the number and the diversity of immigrants , and to find a place for those coming from a tired and torn Europe . The war had occasioned a shift in migration patterns , pressing the need to place a large number of people who could not return to their own countries for a wide range of reasons . This was the case of over ten million people from Central and North - eastern Europe , such as Poles , Germans , Greeks , Czechs , Yugoslavs and Slovaks .
Marshall Plan
Referring to the Eastern Bloc , the report stated that `` the Red Army 's liberating role was complemented by an upsurge of the freedom - loving peoples ' liberation struggle against the fascist predators and their hirelings . '' It argued that `` the bosses of Wall Street '' were `` tak ( ing ) the place of Germany , Japan and Italy '' . The Marshall Plan was described as `` the American plan for the enslavement of Europe '' . It described the world now breaking down `` into basically two camps -- the imperialist and antidemocratic camp on the one hand , and the antiimperialist and democratic camp on the other '' .
Axis powers
In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either Britain and France or with Germany . When negotiations with Britain and France failed , they turned to Germany and signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 . Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets , and was assured a supply of oil . This included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties . The Soviet Union had been forced to cede Western Belarus and Western Ukraine to Poland after losing the Soviet - Polish War of 1919 -- 1921 , and the Soviet Union sought to regain those territories .
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa and the subsequent German failure to achieve their objectives changed the political landscape of Europe dividing it into Eastern and Western blocs . The political vacuum left in the eastern half of the continent was filled by the USSR when Stalin secured his territorial prizes of 1944 -- 1945 and firmly placed his Red Army in Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary , Poland , Czechoslovakia , and the eastern half of Germany . Stalin 's fear of any resurgence of German power and his distrust in the former Allied powers contributed to Soviet pan-Slavic initiatives and a subsequent alliance of Slavic states . Historians David Glantz and Jonathan House reference Operation Barbarossa 's influence not only on Stalin but subsequent Soviet leaders , claiming it `` colored '' their strategic mindsets for the `` next four decades '' and instigated the creation of `` an elaborate system of buffer and client states , designed to insulate the Soviet Union from any possible future attack . '' As a consequence , Eastern Europe became communist in political disposition and Western Europe fell under the democratic sway of the United States , a nation uncertain about its future policies in Europe .
Iran hostage crisis
As the hostages were taken to the aircraft that would fly them out of Tehran , they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines and shouting , `` Marg bar Amrika '' ( `` death to America '' ) . When the pilot announced that they were out of Iran , the `` freed hostages went wild with happiness . Shouting , cheering , crying , clapping , falling into one another 's arms . ''
Technology during World War II
There was also a German nuclear energy project , including talk of an atomic weapon . This failed for a variety of reasons , most notably German Antisemitism . Half of continental theoretical physicists -- including Einstein , Bohr , Enrico Fermi , and Oppenheimer -- who did much of their early study and research in Germany , were either Jewish or , in the case of Enrico Fermi , married to a Jew . Erwin Schrödinger had also left Germany for political reasons . When they left Germany , the only leading nuclear physicist left in Germany was Heisenberg , who apparently dragged his feet on the project , or at best lacked the high morale that characterized the Los Alamos work . He made some faulty calculations suggesting that the Germans would need significantly more heavy water than was necessary . Otto Hahn , the physical chemist who had the central part in the original discovery of fission , was another key figure in the project . The project was doomed due to insufficient resources .
Friedrich Engels
When his mother wrote , Engels was in hiding in Brussels , Belgium , soon to make his way to Switzerland . In 1849 , he returned to the Kingdom of Bavaria for the Baden and Palatinate revolutionary uprising .
History of Vietnam
In the post-1975 period , it was immediately apparent that the effectiveness of Communist Party ( CPV ) policies did not necessarily extend to the party 's peacetime nation - building plans . Having unified North and South politically , the CPV still had to integrate them socially and economically . In this task , CPV policy makers were confronted with the South 's resistance to communist transformation , as well as traditional animosities arising from cultural and historical differences between North and South . In the aftermath of the war , under Lê Duẩn 's administration , there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government , confounding Western fears . However , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . The New Economic Zones program was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the Fall of Saigon . Between 1975 and 1980 , more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the Republic of Vietnam . This program , in turn , displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas .
Berlin Wall
`` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev .
Hanns Johst
After the war Johst was interned by the Allies . In 1949 he was tried for his activities , and was imprisoned for three and a half years . On his release he was unable to reestablish his career as a writer . Johst was sentenced with a ten - year writing ban . He was only able to publish poems under the pseudonym `` Odemar Oderich '' for Die kluge Hausfrau , the magazine of the German supermarket chain Edeka .
Cold War
The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as :
Norman conquest of England
Following the conquest , many Anglo - Saxons , including groups of nobles , fled the country for Scotland , Ireland , or Scandinavia . Members of King Harold Godwinson 's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England . The largest single exodus occurred in the 1070s , when a group of Anglo - Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the Byzantine Empire . The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers , as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries . The English became the predominant element in the elite Varangian Guard , until then a largely Scandinavian unit , from which the emperor 's bodyguard was drawn . Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the Black Sea coast , and established towns with names such as New London and New York .