vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mississippi River
Itasca - location Itasca State Park , Clearwater County , MN - elevation 1,475 ft ( 450 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 95 ° 12 ′ 27 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 47.23972 ° N 95.20750 ° W ﻿ / 47.23972 ; - 95.20750 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Pilottown , Plaquemines Parish , LA - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W ﻿ / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Coordinates : 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W ﻿ / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Length 2,320 mi ( 3,734 km ) Basin 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,981,076 km ) Discharge for mouth ; max and min at Baton Rouge , LA - average 593,000 cu ft / s ( 16,792 m / s ) - max 3,065,000 cu ft / s ( 86,791 m / s ) - min 159,000 cu ft / s ( 4,502 m / s ) Mississippi River basin
Hudson River
The Hudson River estuary is also the site of wetlands , from New York City all the way up to Troy . In fact , it has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast . Even though the river can be considered brackish further south , 80 % of the wetlands are outside of the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean . Currently , the river has about 7,000 acres ( 28 km ) acres of wetlands , and rising sea levels due to climate change are expected to lead to an expansion of that area . Wetlands are expected to migrate upland as sea level ( and thus the level of the river ) rises . This is different from the rest of the world , where rising sea levels usually leads to a reduction in wetland areas . The expansion of the wetlands are expected to provide more habitat to the fish and birds of the region .
Monongahela River
During the period of the Wisconsinan glaciation ( ca . 110,000 to 10,000 years ago ) , what is now called the Monongahela flowed north across present - day Pennsylvania and into the Saint Lawrence River watershed . An ice dam created a vast lake -- known as Lake Monongahela -- stretching from its outlet at present - day Beaver , Pennsylvania for 200 miles ( 320 km ) south to at least Weston , West Virginia . It was as much as 100 miles wide ( 160 km ) at its maximum , and its surface rose at times to 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) above sea level . Hundreds of feet deep ( ~ 100 m ) in places , its western and southern overflow gradually created the present - day upper Ohio River Valley .
French and Indian War
Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's
Mississippi River
Chain of Rocks Bridge -- Located on the northern edge of St. Louis , notable for a 22 - degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing , necessary for navigation on the river ; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi . Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges ; now a pedestrian bridge . Eads Bridge -- A combined road and railway bridge , connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis , Illinois . When completed in 1874 , it was the longest arch bridge in the world , with an overall length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring , as was the use of steel as a primary structural material ; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project . Chester Bridge -- A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150 , between Perryville , Missouri , and Chester , Illinois . The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . In the 1940s , the main span was destroyed by a tornado . Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge -- Connecting Cape Girardeau , Missouri and East Cape Girardeau , Illinois , completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights . Caruthersville Bridge -- A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville , Missouri and Dyersburg , Tennessee . The
Delaware River
With the failure of the dam project to come to fruition , the lack of flood control on the river left it vulnerable , and it has experienced a number of serious flooding events as the result of snow melt or rain run - off from heavy rainstorms . Record flooding occurred in August 1955 , in the aftermath of the passing of the remnants of two separate hurricanes over the area within less than a week : first Hurricane Connie and then Hurricane Diane , which was , and still is , the wettest tropical cyclone to have hit the northeastern United States . The river gauge at Riegelsville , Pennsylvania recorded an all - time record crest of 38.85 feet ( 11.84 m ) on August 19 , 1955 .
Hudson River
At the beginning of the 19th century , transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult . Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time , as trains and automobiles were still being developed . In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country 's interior , numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s . One of the most significant canals of this era was the Erie Canal , built to link the Midwest to the Port of New York , a significant seaport during that time . The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West , allowing settlers to travel west , send goods to markets in frontier cities , and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City . The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation , surpassing the Port of Philadelphia and ports in Massachusetts . After the completion of the Erie Canal , smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system . The Champlain Canal was built to connect the Hudson River near Troy to the southern end of Lake Champlain . This canal allowed boaters to travel from the St. Lawrence Seaway , and then British cities such as Montreal to the Hudson River and New York City . Another major canal was the Oswego Canal , which connected the Erie Canal to Oswego and Lake Ontario , and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls . The Cayuga - Seneca Canal connected the Erie Canal to Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake . Farther south , the Delaware and Hudson Canal was built between the Delaware River at Honesdale , Pennsylvania , and the Hudson River at Kingston , New York . This canal enabled the transportation of coal , and later other goods as well , between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds . The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation .
Vermont
Addison County Transit Resources ( ACTR ) services Addison County , including the college town of Middlebury , Bristol , and Vergennes . Bennington County has the Green Mountain Community Network ( GMCN ) out of Bennington . Brattleboro in Windham County is served by the BeeLine ( Brattleboro Town Bus ) , which is part of Connecticut River Transit ( `` the Current '' ) . Southern Windham County and southern Bennington County is served , out of West Dover , by the MOOver ( Southeast Vermont Transit or SEVT , formerly the Deerfield Valley Transit Association or DVTA ) . Burlington has Chittenden County Transportation Authority ( CCTA ) and CATS ( University of Vermont Campus Area Transportation System ) . Colchester in Chittenden County is serviced by the SSTA ( Special Services Transportation Agency ) . Rutland County has `` the Bus '' ( Marble Valley Regional Transit District , MVRTD ) out of Rutland . Windsor County : Ludlow ( in Windsor County ) is served by the LMTS ( Ludlow Municipal Transit System ) . The Current ( CRT ) division of Southeast Vermont Transit ( SEVT ) , out of Rockingham , serves parts of Windham and Windsor County . In parts of Windsor County , including Norwich and Hartford , as well as in White River Junction and in parts of New Hampshire there is a free public transportation service called Advance Transit . It has routes and many different lines all throughout the Upper Valley region . Stowe in Lamoille County is serviced by STS ( Stowe Trolley System , Village Mountain Shuttle , Morrisville Shuttle ) . Stagecoach Transportation Services ( STS ) out of Randolph in Orange County also serves parts of Windsor County . In Washington County , the Green Mountain Transit Authority ( GMTA ) runs out of the capital city , Montpelier . The Network ( Northwest Vermont Public Transit Network , NVPT ) running out of Saint Albans services Franklin and Grand Isle counties . Rural Community Transportation ( RCT ) runs out of Saint Johnsbury and services Caledonia , Essex , Lamoille and Orleans Counties . There is a shuttle bus linking the various local networks .
Trans-Canada Highway
From Departure Bay , a 57 km ( 35 mi ) ferry route ( see BC Ferries ) connects the highway to Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver . At this point , the Trans - Canada Highway becomes a high mobility freeway and passes through the Vancouver metropolitan area , crossing the Fraser River with the Port Mann Bridge , which was electronically tolled between December 8 , 2012 and September 1 , 2017 . From the Port Mann Bridge , the TCH heads east through the Fraser Valley to Hope covering a total distance of 170 km ( 110 mi ) from the Horseshoe Bay ferry . At Hope , the TCH then exits the freeway and turns north for 186 km ( 116 mi ) through the Fraser Canyon toward Cache Creek as a mostly high mobility highway with only occasional mandatory stops , then east for 79 km ( 49 mi ) where it re-enters a short freeway alignment ( breifly concurrent with Highways 5 and 97 ) through Kamloops . From there , it continues east as a two - lane expressway through Salmon Arm , Revelstoke , Rogers Pass , Golden , and Kicking Horse Pass ( the highest point on the highway , at 1,627 m ( 5,338 ft ) ) , to Banff , Alberta .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The Lower Fox begins at the north end of Lake Winnebago , where it flows north past Neenah , Menasha , and Appleton as it begins its 40 - mile ( 64 km ) course northeast towards Lake Michigan . The river drops around 164 feet ( 50 m ) over this short stretch . Prior to the construction of European - style dams after 1850 , the river had many sizable rapids . The Lower Fox ends after flowing through the city of Green Bay and into Lake Michigan through Green Bay . Altogether , the Fox - Wolf watershed drains an area of about 6,429 square miles ( 16,650 km ) , giving the Fox an average discharge rate of 4132 ft / s ( 117 m / s ) into the bay .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
In the section between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay at Lake Michigan , the Fox River flows roughly south to north and descends through a height equal to that of Niagara Falls . As such , the Fox River was an ideal location for constructing powerful saw mills that made the Fox River area famous for its paper industry . A negative side effect of this industrialization was the dumping of hazardous material byproducts of the paper mills . It was soon after this started that dumping became illegal . While evidence of these waste deposits remains to date , the Fox River is being cleaned up . Dredging of the chemicals in the river began on April 28 , 2009 and capping started soon after during the summer of 2009 , and continues in 2013 .
St. Johns River
The St. Johns River is separated into three basins and two associated watersheds managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District . Because the river flows in a northerly direction , the upper basin is located in the headwaters of the river at its southernmost point . Indian River County is where the river begins as a network of marshes , at a point west of Vero Beach aptly named the St. Johns Marsh in central Florida . The St. Johns River is a blackwater stream , meaning that it is fed primarily by swamps and marshes lying beneath it ; water seeps through the sandy soil and collects in a slight valley . The upper basin measures approximately 2,000 square miles ( 5,200 km ) ; the St. Johns transforms into a navigable waterway in Brevard County . The river touches on the borders of Osceola and Orange Counties , and flows through the southeast tip of Seminole County , transitioning into its middle basin a dozen miles ( 19 km ) or so north of Titusville .
Snake River
The Snake River below Shoshone Falls is home to thirty - five native fish species , of which twelve are also found in the Columbia River and four of which are endemic to the Snake : the relict sand roller ( Percopsis transmontana ) of the Percopsidae family , the shorthead sculpin ( Cottus confusus ) , the maginated sculpin ( Cottus marginatus ) , and the Oregon chub ( Oregonichthys crameri ) . The Oregon chub is also found in the Umpqua River and nearby basins . The lower Snake River also supports seven species of Pacific salmon and trout ( Oncorhynchus ) . There are also high , often localized levels of mollusc endemism , especially in Hells Canyon and the basins of the Clearwater River , Salmon River , and middle Snake River . The mollusc richness extends into the lower Columbia River and tributaries such as the Deschutes River .
Vermont
Following France 's loss in the French and Indian War , through the 1763 Treaty of Paris they ceded control of the land to the British . Colonial settlement was limited by the Crown to lands east of the Appalachians , in order to try to end encroachment on Native American lands . The territory of Vermont was divided nearly in half in a jagged line running from Fort William Henry in Lake George diagonally north - eastward to Lake Memphremagog . With the end of the war , new settlers arrived in Vermont . Ultimately , Massachusetts , New Hampshire and New York all claimed this frontier area .
Cape Hatteras Light
The Outer Banks are a group of barrier islands on the North Carolina coast that separate the Atlantic Ocean from the coastal sounds and inlets . Atlantic currents in this area made for excellent travel for ships , except in the area of Diamond Shoals , just offshore at Cape Hatteras . Nearby , the warm Gulf Stream ocean current collides with the colder Labrador Current , creating ideal conditions for powerful ocean storms and sea swells . The large number of ships that ran aground because of these shifting sandbars gave this area the nickname `` Graveyard of the Atlantic . '' It also led Congress to authorize the construction of the Cape Hatteras Light . Its 210 - foot height makes it the tallest brick lighthouse structure in the United States and 2nd in the world . Since its base is almost at sea level , it is only the 15th highest light in the United States , the first 14 being built on higher ground .
Ojibwe
By the end of the 18th century , the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present - day Michigan , northern Wisconsin , and Minnesota , including most of the Red River area . They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota . In the latter area , the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or Saulteaux . An
Snake River
The Snake River 's average flow is 54,830 cubic feet per second ( 1,553 m / s ) . The United States Geological Survey recorded the river 's discharge from a period of 1963 -- 2000 at a stream gauge below Ice Harbor Dam . In that period , the largest average annual flow recorded was 84,190 cu ft / s ( 2,384 m / s ) in 1997 , and the lowest was 27,100 cu ft / s ( 770 m / s ) in 1992 . The lowest recorded daily mean flow was 2,700 cu ft / s ( 76 m / s ) on February 4 , 1979 . On August 27 , 1965 , there was temporarily no flow as a result of testing at Ice Harbor Dam . The highest recorded flow was 312,000 cu ft / s ( 8,800 m / s ) on June 19 , 1974 . The highest flow ever recorded on the Snake River was at a different USGS stream gauge near Clarkston , which operated from 1915 to 1972 . This gauge recorded a maximum flow of 369,000 cu ft / s ( 10,400 m / s ) -- more than the Columbia 's average discharge -- on May 29 , 1948 . An even larger peak discharge , estimated at 409,000 cu ft / s ( 11,600 m / s ) , occurred during the flood of June 1894 .
Rocky Mountains
Mountain men , primarily French , Spanish , and British , roamed the Rocky Mountains from 1720 to 1800 seeking mineral deposits and furs . The fur - trading North West Company established Rocky Mountain House as a trading post in what is now the Rocky Mountain Foothills of present - day Alberta in 1799 , and their business rivals the Hudson 's Bay Company established Acton House nearby . These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century . Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson ( explorer ) , who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean . On his 1811 expedition , he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for the United Kingdom and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort at the site .
History of Maryland
A hurricane in 1933 created an inlet in Sinepuxent Bay at Ocean City , making the then - small town attractive for recreational fishing . During World War II additional large defense facilities were established in the state such as Andrews Air Force Base , Patuxent River Naval Air Station , and the large Glenn L. Martin aircraft factory east of Baltimore .
River Welland
On the south bank of the river below Fosdyke bridge , the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust have established Moulton Marsh nature reserve , on a strip of land where soil was excavated to raise the banks in 1981 . Habitat is provided by some broad - leafed woodland , covering 15 acres ( 6.1 ha ) , several salt - water lagoons and tidal scrapes , covering 35 acres ( 14 ha ) , and 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of saltmarsh . A variety of birds can be seen , including little grebe and water rail , which spend the winter on the lagoons , while the scrapes , which consist of shallow pools and muddy shorelines , are visited by common redshank and little egret .
Shenandoah River
The South Fork is formed at Port Republic in southern Rockingham County , by the confluence of the North River and South River . It flows 98.5 miles ( 158.5 km ) northeast in a tight meandering course , past Elkton and Shenandoah , through Page Valley , with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Massanutten Mountain range to the west .
Blackstone River
Worcester Millbury Street Massachusetts State Route 122A / 146 ( Twice ) Millbury Southwest Cutoff ( U.S. 20 ) Access Road Interstate 90 Main Street Massachusetts State Route 146 MA 146 Ramp to Main Street Waters Street Elm Street South Main Street Providence Street ( MA 122A ) Riverlin Street Sutton Blackstone Street Depot Street Grafton Pleasant Street Main Street ( MA 122A ) Depot Street Northbridge Sutton Street Providence Road ( MA 122 ) Elston Avenue Church Street Extension Uxbridge East Hartford Avenue Mendon Street ( MA 16 ) Millville Road ( MA 122 ) Millville Central Street Cam 's Street Blackstone Bridge Street St. Paul Street Woonsocket Singleton Street River Street Fairmount Street Sayles Street South Main Street ( RI 104 ) Bernon Street Court Street ( RI 122 ) Hamlet Avenue ( RI 122 / 126 ) Rhode Island State Route 99 Cumberland Manville Hill Road School Street Interstate 295 George Washington Highway ( RI 116 ) Blackstone River Bikeway Martin Street Lonsdale Avenue ( RI 122 ) John Street ( RI 123 ) Central Falls Broad Street ( RI 114 ) Roosevelt Avenue Cross Street Pawtucket Exchange Street ( RI 15 / 114 Southbound )
River Mersey
A railway tunnel between Birkenhead and Liverpool as part of the Mersey Railway opened in 1886 . Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool : the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead , and the Kingsway Tunnel , opened in 1971 , to Wallasey . A road bridge , completed in 1961 and later named the Silver Jubilee Bridge , crosses between Runcorn and Widnes , adjacent to the Runcorn Railway Bridge which opened in 1868 . A second road bridge , the `` Mersey Gateway '' , opened in October 2017 , a six - lane road connecting Runcorn 's Central Expressway with Speke Road and Queensway in Widnes . The Mersey Ferry operates between Pier Head in Liverpool and Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe , and has become a tourist attraction offering cruises that provide an overview of the river and surrounding areas .
St. Johns River
The proliferation of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) , black crappie ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus ) , and bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) in central Florida is a major attraction for fishermen from all over the country . The St. Johns is home to 183 species of fish , 55 of which appear in the main stem of the river . One , the southern tessellated darter ( Etheostoma olmstedi ) is found only in the Ocklawaha . Some are marine species that either migrate upriver to spawn or have found spring - fed habitats that are high in salinity , such as a colony of Atlantic stingrays ( Dasyatis sabina ) that live in Lake Washington in the upper basin . Ocean worms , snails , and white - fingered mud crabs ( Rhithropanopeus harrisii ) have also been found far upriver where tidal influences are rare . In contrast , American eels ( Anguilla rostrata ) live in the St. Johns and Ocklawaha and spawn in the Sargasso Sea in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . After a year living in the ocean , many of them find their way back to the St. Johns to live , then , prompted by the phases of the moon , make the return journey to spawn and die .
Mississippi River
Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997 : the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee , and the upper portion around Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota and Missouri . The Nature Conservancy 's project called `` America 's Rivershed Initiative '' announced a ' report card ' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+ . The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems . Campsite
Lake Michigan
Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water ( sometimes called Lake Michigan - Huron ) , but are normally considered distinct . Counted together , it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area . The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them . Both lakes are part of the Great Lakes Waterway . The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior , through Lake Huron , is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national Lake Superior Board of Control
Delaware River
The Delaware River constitutes the boundary between Delaware and New Jersey . The Delaware - New Jersey border is actually at the easternmost river shoreline within the Twelve - Mile Circle of New Castle , rather than mid-river or mid-channel borders , causing small portions of land lying west of the shoreline , but on the New Jersey side of the river , to fall under the jurisdiction of Delaware . The rest of the borders follow a mid-channel approach .
Trans-Canada Highway
From North Sydney , a 177 km ( 110 mi ) ferry route , operated by the Crown corporation Marine Atlantic , continues the highway to Newfoundland , arriving at Channel - Port aux Basques , whereby the Trans - Canada Highway assumes the designation of Highway 1 and runs northeast for 219 km ( 136 mi ) through Corner Brook , east for another 352 km ( 219 mi ) through Gander and finally ends at St. John 's , another 334 km ( 208 mi ) southeast , for a total of 905 km ( 562 mi ) crossing the island . The majority of the Trans - Canada Highway in Newfoundland is undivided , though sections in Corner Brook , Grand Falls - Windsor , Glovertown and a 75 km section from Whitbourne to St. John 's is divided .