vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hamlet
The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context . Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' . Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details . Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... '' Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum . Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' .
The Comedy of Errors
The play was particularly notable in one respect . In the earlier eighteenth century some critics followed the French critical standard of judging the quality of a play by its adherence to the classical unities , as specified by Aristotle in the fourth century BC . The Comedy of Errors and The Tempest were the only two of Shakespeare 's plays to comply with this standard .
Hamlet
Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Raúl Juliá 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway .
Prince Hamlet
However , this reading has the disadvantage that in the Folio the length of time Yorick has been in the ground is said to be twenty - three years , meaning that he had been dead seven years by the time Hamlet was born . Another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that Hamlet was 16 or 17 , but since Shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed , and not read , these lines were likely changed so Burbage ( who was almost always the protagonist in Shakespeare 's plays ) could play the role .
Romeo and Juliet
Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance .
Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original .
The Merchant of Venice
The play is frequently staged today , but is potentially troubling to modern audiences due to its central themes , which can easily appear antisemitic . Critics today still continue to argue over the play 's stance on the Jews and Judaism . Shylock
Romeo and Juliet
At least 27 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia .
Romeo and Juliet
Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text .
Medieval theatre
The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population . For example , at Valenciennes in 1547 , more than 100 roles were assigned to 72 actors . Plays were staged on pageant wagon stages , which were platforms mounted on wheels used to move scenery . Often providing their own costumes , amateur performers in England were exclusively male , but other countries had female performers . The platform stage , which was an unidentified space and not a specific locale , allowed for abrupt changes in location .
Hamlet
Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story .
Public opinion
The emergence of public opinion as a significant force in the political realm can be dated to the late 17th century . However , opinion had been regarded as having singular importance since far earlier . Medieval fama publica or vox et fama communis had great legal and social importance from the 12th and 13th centuries onward . Later , William Shakespeare called public opinion the ' mistress of success ' and Blaise Pascal thought it was ' the queen of the world . ' John Locke in his treatise An Essay Concerning Human Understanding considered that man was subject to three laws : the divine law , the civil law , and most importantly in Locke 's judgement , the law of opinion or reputation . He regarded the latter as of the highest importance because dislike and ill - opinion force people to conform in their behaviour to social norms , however he did n't consider public opinion as a suitable influence for governments .
Romeo and Juliet
Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school .
Hamlet
L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost .
Romeo and Juliet
Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive .
Hamlet
The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / ˈhæmlɪt / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play shows the revenge Prince Hamlet used to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow .
Romeo and Juliet
All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary
Medieval theatre
The first modern stage production of Everyman did not appear until July 1901 , when The Elizabethan Stage Society of William Poel gave three outdoor performances at the Charterhouse in London . Poel then partnered with British actor Ben Greet to produce the play throughout Britain , with runs on the American Broadway stage from 1902 to 1918 , and concurrent tours throughout North America . These productions differed from past performances in that women were cast in the title role , rather than men . Film adaptations of the 1901 version of the play appeared in 1913 and 1914 , with the 1913 film being presented with an early color two - process pioneered by Kinemacolor .
Romeo and Juliet
In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet
The Way of the World
In 1700 , the world of London theatre - going had changed significantly from the days of , for example , The Country Wife . Charles II was no longer on the throne , and the jubilant court that revelled in its licentiousness and opulence had been replaced by the far more dour and utilitarian Dutch - inspired court of William of Orange . His wife , Mary II , was , long before her death , a retiring person who did not appear much in public . William himself was a military king who was reported to be hostile to drama . The political instabilities that had been beneath the surface of many Restoration comedies were still present , but with a different side seeming victorious .
Medieval theatre
Many components of theatre that developed during the Middle Ages continue to be incorporated in productions around the world to this day , such as use of the vernacular , spectacle , stage direction and the use of farce . Performances that were spoken in the vernacular provided opportunities for larger audiences , who included members of lower socio - economic status , who would have otherwise been excluded from understanding the performances .
The Merchant of Venice
Regardless of what Shakespeare 's authorial intent may have been , the play has been made use of by antisemites throughout the play 's history . The Nazis used the usurious Shylock for their propaganda . Shortly after Kristallnacht in 1938 , The Merchant of Venice was broadcast for propagandistic ends over the German airwaves . Productions of the play followed in Lübeck ( 1938 ) , Berlin ( 1940 ) , and elsewhere within the Nazi territory .
Theatre director
From Renaissance times up until the 19th century , the role of director was often carried by the actor - manager . This would usually be a senior actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work , staging it and managing the company . This was the case for instance with Commedia dell'Arte companies and English actor - managers like Colley Cibber and David Garrick . A
Charles Dickens
Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time , and remains one of the best - known and most - read of English authors . His works have never gone out of print , and have been adapted continually for the screen since the invention of cinema , with at least 200 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens 's works documented . Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime , and as early as 1913 , a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era .
Hamlet
On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 .
Hamlet
Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude .
Romeo and Juliet
The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The
Romeo and Juliet
Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance .
Middle Ages
The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante ( d . 1321 ) , Petrarch ( d . 1374 ) and Giovanni Boccaccio ( d . 1375 ) in 14th - century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer ( d . 1400 ) and William Langland ( d.c. 1386 ) in England , and François Villon ( d . 1464 ) and Christine de Pizan ( d.c. 1430 ) in France . Much literature remained religious in character , and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin , a new demand developed for saints ' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages . This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement , most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler ( d . 1361 ) . Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church . At the end of the period , the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500 .
Hamlet
In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York .
Medieval theatre
A significant forerunner of the development of Elizabethan drama was the Chambers of Rhetoric in the Low Countries . These societies were concerned with poetry , music and drama and held contests to see which society could compose the best drama in relation to a question posed .
Medieval theatre
Mystery Plays are still produced regularly throughout the United Kingdom . The local cycles were revived in both York and Chester in 1951 as part of the Festival of Britain , and are still performed by the local guilds . The N - Town cycle was revived in 1978 as the Lincoln mystery plays , and in 1994 the Lichfield Mysteries were inaugurated ( now the biggest community theatre event in the United Kingdom ) .
Wales
The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval miracle plays , Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen ( `` The three Kings from Cologne '' ) and Y Dioddefaint a'r Atgyfodiad ( `` The Passion and the Resurrection '' ) . A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century , in the form of an interlude , a metrical play performed at fairs and markets . The larger Welsh towns began building theatres during the 19th century , and attracted the likes of James Sheridan Knowles and William Charles Macready to Wales . Along with the playhouses , there existed mobile companies at visiting fairs , though from 1912 most of these travelling theatres settled , purchasing theatres to perform in .
Prince Hamlet
This view of Hamlet 's age is supported by the fact that Richard Burbage , the actor who originally played the role , was thirty - two at the time of the play 's premiere .
The Spectator (1711)
The Spectator continued to be popular and widely read in the late 18th and 19th centuries . It was sold in eight - volume editions . Its prose style , and its marriage of morality and advice with entertainment , were considered exemplary . The decline in its popularity has been discussed by Brian McCrea and C.S. Lewis .
Hamlet
In Australia , a production of Hamlet was staged at the Belvoir Street Theatre in Sydney in 1994 starring notable names including Richard Roxburgh as Hamlet , Geoffrey Rush as Horatio , Jacqueline McKenzie as Ophelia and David Wenham as Laertes . The critically acclaimed production was directed by Niel Armfield .
Actor
By the early 20th century , the economics of large - scale productions displaced the actor - manager model . It was too hard to find people who combined a genius at acting as well as management , so specialization divided the roles as stage managers and later theatre directors emerged . Financially , much larger capital was required to operate out of a major city . The solution was corporate ownership of chains of theatres , such as by the Theatrical Syndicate , Edward Laurillard , and especially The Shubert Organization . By catering to tourists , theaters in large cities increasingly favored long runs of highly popular plays , especially musicals . Big name stars became even more essential .