vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Eating disorder
( Bryan Lask , also proposed by VS Ramachandran ) Obstetric complications : There have been studies done which show maternal smoking , obstetric and perinatal complications such as maternal anemia , very pre-term birth ( less than 32 weeks ) , being born small for gestational age , neonatal cardiac problems , preeclampsia , placental infarction and sustaining a cephalhematoma at birth increase the risk factor for developing either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa . Some of this developmental risk as in the case of placental infarction , maternal anemia and cardiac problems may cause intrauterine hypoxia , umbilical cord occlusion or cord prolapse may cause ischemia , resulting in cerebral injury , the prefrontal cortex in the fetus and neonate is highly susceptible to damage as a result of oxygen deprivation which has been shown to contribute to executive dysfunction , ADHD , and may affect personality traits associated with both eating disorders and comorbid disorders such as impulsivity , mental rigidity and obsessionality . The problem of perinatal brain injury , in terms of the costs to society and to the affected individuals and their families , is extraordinary . ( Yafeng Dong , PhD ) Symptom of starvation : Evidence suggests that the symptoms of eating disorders are actually symptoms of the starvation itself , not of a mental disorder . In a study involving thirty - six healthy young men that were subjected to semi-starvation , the men soon began displaying symptoms commonly found in patients with eating disorders . In this study , the healthy men ate approximately half of what they had become accustomed to eating and soon began developing symptoms and thought patterns ( preoccupation with food and eating , ritualistic eating , impaired cognitive ability , other physiological changes such as decreased body temperature ) that are characteristic symptoms of anorexia nervosa . The men used in the study also developed hoarding and obsessive collecting behaviors , even though they had no use for the items , which revealed a possible connection between eating disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder .
Stepfamily
The stepparent is a `` legal stranger '' in most of the U.S. and has no legal right to the minor child no matter how involved in the child 's life they are . The biological parents ( and , where applicable , adoptive parents ) hold that privilege and responsibility . If the biological parent does not give up their parental rights and custody of the child , the other parent 's subsequent marriage can not create a parental relationship without the biological parent 's written consent before a `` child '' reaches adulthood . In most cases , the stepparent can not be ordered to pay child support .
History of women in the United States
About 250,000 Southern soldiers never came home , or 30 % of all white men aged 18 to 40 in 1860 . Widows who were overwhelmed often abandoned the farm and merged into the households of relatives , or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death . In the Old South , being an `` old maid '' was something of an embarrassment to the woman and her family . Now it became almost a norm . Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry . Divorce , while never fully accepted , became more common . The concept of the `` New Woman '' emerged -- she was self - sufficient , independent , and stood in sharp contrast to the `` Southern Belle '' of antebellum lore .
Brown bear
The mating season is from mid-May to early July , shifting later the further north the bears are found . Being serially monogamous , brown bears remain with the same mate from a couple of days to a couple of weeks . Outside of this narrow time frame , adult male and female brown bears show no sexual interest in each other . Females mature sexually between the age of 4 and 8 years of age , with an average age at sexual maturity of 5.2 - 5.5 years old , while males first mate about a year later on average , when they are large and strong enough to successfully compete with other males for mating rights . Males will try to mate with as many females as they can , usually a successful one mates with two females in a span of one to three weeks . The adult female brown bear is similarly promiscuous , mating with up to four , rarely even eight , males while in heat and potentially breeding with two males in a single day . Females come into oestrus on average every three to four years , with a full range of 2.4 to 5.7 years . The urine markings of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent . Paternity DNA tests have shown that up to 29 % of cubs in a litter will be from two to three different males . Dominant males may try to sequester a female for her entire oestrus period of approximately two weeks but usually are unable to retain her for the entire time . Copulation is vigorous and prolonged and can last up to an hour , although the mean time is about 23 -- 24 minutes . Grizzly
Caesarean section
C - sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low risk pregnancies . They also typically take longer to heal from , about six weeks , than vaginal birth . The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother . Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason . The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function .
One-child policy
In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 .
Stepfamily
In her book , Becoming a Stepfamily , Patricia Papernow ( 1993 ) suggests that each stepfamily goes through seven distinct stages of development , which can be divided into the Early , Middle , and Late stages . The Early stages consist of the Fantasy , Immersion , and Awareness stages . In the Fantasy stage , both children and parents are typically `` stuck '' in their fantasies or wishes for what their family could be like . The developmental task for this stage is for each member to articulate their wants and needs . In the Immersion stage , the family is typically struggling to live out the fantasy of a `` perfect '' blended family . In this stage , it is critical for the `` insider spouse '' ( i.e. the biological parent who typically forms the emotional hub of the family ) to understand that the feelings of the `` outsider spouse '' and children are real . The task of this stage is to persist in the struggle to become aware of the various experiences . This stage is followed by the Awareness stage , in which the family gathers information about what the new family looks like ( e.g. , roles , traditions , `` family culture '' ) and how each member feels about it . The tasks of this stage are twofold : individual and joint . The individual task is for each member to begin to put words to the feelings they are experiencing , and to voice their needs to other family members . The joint task is for family members to begin to transcend the `` experiential gaps '' and to try to form an understanding of other members ' roles and experiences .
Society of the United States
State law provides for child support where children are involved , and sometimes for alimony . `` Married adults now divorce two - and - a-half times as often as adults did 20 years ago and four times as often as they did 50 years ago ... between 40 % and 60 % of new marriages will eventually end in divorce . The probability within ... the first five years is 20 % , and the probability of its ending within the first 10 years is 33 % ... Perhaps 25 % of children ages sixteen and under live with a step - parent . '' The median length for a marriage in the US today is eleven years with 90 % of all divorces being settled out of court .
New Jersey
Socially , New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation . Polls indicate that 60 % of the population are self - described as pro-choice , although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion . In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll , a plurality supported same - sex marriage 49 % to 43 % opposed , On October 18 , 2013 , the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional , unanimous ( 7 -- 0 vote ) order authorizing same - sex marriage in the state , pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie , who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same - sex marriages took place on October 21 , 2013 . See
Birth control in the United States
The practice of birth control was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914 , when the movement to legalize contraception began . Longstanding techniques included the rhythm method , withdrawal , diaphragms , contraceptive sponges , condoms , prolonged breastfeeding , and spermicides . Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century , contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900 , particularly in urban regions . The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women 's contraceptive habits was performed by Clelia Mosher from 1892 to 1912 . The survey was based on a small sample of upper - class women , and shows that most of the women used contraception ( primarily douching , but also withdrawal , rhythm , condoms and pessaries ) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation . Robert
India
Family values are important in the Indian tradition , and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India , though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas . An overwhelming majority of Indians , with their consent , have their marriages arranged by their parents or other elders in the family . Marriage is thought to be for life , and the divorce rate is extremely low . As of 2001 , just 1.6 percent of Indian women were divorced but this figure was rising due to their education and economic independence . Child marriages are common , especially in rural areas ; many women wed before reaching 18 , which is their legal marriageable age . Female infanticide and female foeticide in the country have caused a discrepancy in the sex ratio , as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation . However a report from 2011 has shown improvement in the gender ratio . The payment of dowry , although illegal , remains widespread across class lines . Deaths resulting from dowry , mostly from bride burning , are on the rise , despite stringent anti-dowry laws .
Evidence of common descent
A remarkable example of natural selection , geographic isolation , and speciation in progress is the relationship between the polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) and the brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) . Considered separate species throughout their ranges ; however , it has been documented that they possess the capability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring . This introgressive hybridization has occurred both in the wild and in captivity and has been documented and verified with DNA testing . The oldest known fossil evidence of polar bears dates around 130,000 to 110,000 years ago ; however , molecular data has revealed varying estimates of divergence time . Mitochondrial DNA analysis has given an estimate of 150,000 years ago while nuclear genome analysis has shown an approximate divergence of 603,000 years ago . Recent research using the complete genomes ( rather than mtDNA or partial nuclear genomes ) establishes the divergence of polar and brown bears between 479 - 343 thousand years ago . Despite the differences in divergence rates , molecular research suggests the sister species have undergone a highly complex process of speciation and admixture between the two .
Millennials
According to a cross-generational study comparing millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business , more than half of Millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children . The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012 . In 1992 , 78 % of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42 % in 2012 . The results were similar for male students . The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation .
Luteinizing hormone
The detection of a surge in release of luteinizing hormone indicates impending ovulation . LH can be detected by urinary ovulation predictor kits ( OPK , also LH - kit ) that are performed , typically daily , around the time ovulation may be expected . A conversion from a negative to a positive reading would suggest that ovulation is about to occur within 24 -- 48 hours , giving women two days to engage in sexual intercourse or artificial insemination with the intention of conceiving .
Women in Vietnam
In the 1980s , the Vietnam Women 's Union increased paid maternity leave and received a promise that they would be asked before the government implemented any policies that could potentially affect the welfare of women . However , the increased maternity leave was restored to its original length a few years later . While there are limits in the Vietnam Women 's Union that prohibit gender change in certain areas , there does not seem to be other organized civil society groups that are fighting for women 's rights . Two areas that have seen little change throughout recent decades are the roles women play in the family , specifically motherhood , and the human rights problems women traditionally face in the region .
Birth control in the United States
Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate . In 1946 , Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood , which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world 's largest non-governmental international family planning organization . In 1952 , John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council . Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s , generating concerns about pollution , food shortages , and quality of life , leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world . The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women 's rights to control their own bodies .
Chinese marriage
She has no family to return to ( 有 所 取 無 所 歸 ) . She had observed a full , three - year mourning for a parent - in - law ( 與 更 三 年 喪 ) . Her husband was poor when they married , and is now rich ( 前 貧賤 後 富貴 ) .
Adolescence
Research since reveals self - examination beginning early in adolescence , but identity achievement rarely occurring before age 18 . The freshman year of college influences identity development significantly , but may actually prolong psychosocial moratorium by encouraging reexamination of previous commitments and further exploration of alternate possibilities without encouraging resolution . For the most part , evidence has supported Erikson 's stages : each correlates with the personality traits he originally predicted . Studies also confirm the impermanence of the stages ; there is no final endpoint in identity development . Environment
Name change
From the mediaeval age to the 19th century , the era of family dynasties , name changes were frequently demanded of heirs in the last wills and testaments , legacies and bequests , of members of the gentry and nobility who were the last males of their bloodline . Such persons frequently selected a younger nephew or cousin as the heir to their estates on condition that he should adopt the surname and armorials of the legator in lieu of his patronymic . Thus the ancient family otherwise destined to extinction would appear to continue as a great dynasty in the making . Such changes were also more rarely demanded by marriage settlements , for example where the father of a sole daughter and heiress demanded that as a condition of his daughter 's dowry her husband should adopt his father - in - law 's surname and arms . Thus the progeny of the marriage would continue the otherwise extinct family 's name . Such name changes were generally only demanded of younger sons , where an elder brother was available to inherit the paternal estates under primogeniture and carry on the name and arms abandoned by the younger brother . Such name changes were effected by obtaining a private Act of Parliament or by obtaining a Royal Licence . A less radical procedure adopted from the 18th century onwards was for the legator or settlor to demand only that the legatee or beneficiary should adopt his surname in addition to his patronymic , not in place of it , which gave rise to the `` double - barrelled '' , even the `` triple - barrelled '' name , frequently parodied in literature as epitomising the wealthy `` squirearchy '' with an embarrassment of inherited estates .
First Nations
The removal of children from their families and communities brought short and long term harm to many native communities . While many schools had infirmaries and provided medical care in later decades , abuse of various kinds and crowded conditions in the first decades of the IRS history led to poor health and even death for a percentage of those enrolled . It has been argued that the psychological and emotional trauma resulting from both the abuse and the removal of the children from their families and culture has resulted in substance abuse , greater domestic violence , unemployability , and increased rates of suicide . In many cases , children leaving residential schools found themselves at an intersection of cultures , where they were no longer comfortable within their own cultures , yet not accepted into mainstream Canadian culture . Former students are now routinely referred to as `` survivors '' .
Trinity
Of these controversies , the most significant developments were articulated in the first four centuries by the Church Fathers in reaction to Adoptionism , Sabellianism , and Arianism . Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man , born of Joseph and Mary , who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism . In 269 , the Synods of Antioch condemned Paul of Samosata for his Adoptionist theology , and also condemned the term homoousios ( ὁμοούσιος , `` of the same being '' ) in the sense he used it .
Chernobyl disaster
Following the accident , journalists mistrusted many medical professionals ( such as the spokesman from the UK National Radiological Protection Board ) , and in turn encouraged the public to mistrust them . Throughout the European continent , due to this media - driven framing of the slight contamination and in nations where abortion is legal , many requests for induced abortions , of otherwise normal pregnancies , were obtained out of fears of radiation from Chernobyl , including an excess number of abortions in Denmark in the months following the accident . In Greece , following the accident many obstetricians were unable to resist requests from worried pregnant mothers over fears of radiation . Although it was determined that the effective dose to Greeks would not exceed 1 mSv ( 100 mrem ) , a dose much lower than that which could induce embryonic abnormalities or other non-stochastic effects , there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated , probably out of fear in the mother of radiation risk . A `` slightly '' above the expected number of requested induced abortions occurred in Italy .
Bothrops asper
The timing of the reproductive cycle and the litter size of this species vary according to location : in some parts of Costa Rica , for example , it is more prolific than in others . Reproduction is highly seasonal and in Costa Rica , reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns . The timing of breeding differs between populations in the Caribbean and Pacific lowlands . On the Pacific side , mating took place between September and November , with females giving birth between April and June . The average number of offspring was 18.6 ( five to 40 ) in this population . Neonates ranged in total length from 28 to 34.6 centimeters ( 11.0 to 13.6 in ) and in weight from 6.7 to 13.1 grams ( 0.24 to 0.46 oz ) . On the Atlantic side , mating was observed in March , and births occurred between September and November . The average number of offspring was 41.1 ( 14 -- 86 ) , whereas the total length of neonates ranged from 27 to 36.5 centimeters ( 10.6 to 14.4 in ) , and weighed from 6.1 to 20.2 grams ( 0.22 to 0.71 oz ) . In both populations , gestation time ranged from six to eight months , and the size of a litter correlated significantly with the size of the female . This species is considered to be the most prolific of all snakes in the Americas .
Egg donation
There appears to be a slightly higher risk of pregnancy - induced hypertension in pregnancies of egg donation .
Egg donation
As a result of these legal and financial differences around the world , egg donation in the US is much more expensive than it is in other countries . For instance , at one top US clinic it costs more than $26,000 plus the donor 's medications ( another several thousand dollars ) .
Women in Vietnam
Familial obligations , especially during the Vietnam War , forced many women to put off marriage until they reached an age where they were viewed as `` unfavorable '' . From a young age , the eldest child of a Vietnamese family had a variety of obligations to uphold . One of which was having to care for their younger siblings . During time of war , it was difficult for the parents to overlook agricultural labor while taking care of all their children . If the eldest daughter were to be married off , the family would lose a hand of labor . Because of this obligation , women rejected offerings of marriage . After the war , women continued to help around the household and replaced the men they lost in combat . Although many still had proposals for marriage , they believed that it was fate that they had been single for that long and that they were meant for singlehood . The gender imbalance that followed the Vietnam War was also a cause in the rise of single women . It was hard for them because men living in rural areas were hesitant to marry them . In addition , those who work at state farms and forestry stations were stationed in remote areas . This limited women from socializing with the opposite sex .
Female reproductive system
Fertilization usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis . The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst , which implants itself in the wall of the uterus . This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full - term . When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus , the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal ( the vagina ) .