vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Migration (African American)
Migrants often encountered residential discrimination , in which white home owners and realtors prevented migrants from purchasing homes or renting apartments in white neighborhoods . In addition , when numerous blacks moved into white neighborhoods , whites would quickly relocate out of fear of a potential rise in property crime , rape , drugs and violence that was attributed to neighborhoods with large black populations . These tendencies contributed to maintaining the `` racial divide '' in the North , perhaps accentuating it . By the late 1950s and 1960s , African Americans were hyper - urban , more densely concentrated in inner cities than other groups .
Modern history
Industrial age reform movements began the gradual change of society rather than with episodes of rapid fundamental changes . The reformists ' ideas were often grounded in liberalism , although they also possessed aspects of utopian , socialist or religious concepts . The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform , a reform of the Poor Laws , free trade , educational reform , postal reform , prison reform , and public sanitation .
History of New Mexico
For these reasons it is highly surprising that the transition from Spanish to Mexican rule occurred as peacefully as it did . In New Mexico the event passed with few shows of enthusiasm or partisanship . Festivals were largely a lackluster affair and held only at the behest of the revolutionary government which expressed that they should be held , `` in all the form and with the magnificence that the oaths of allegiance to the Kings have previously been read '' . But there was no renewed civil war and the provisional government was given the grudging support of most of society .
April 2018 caste protests in India
In early April 2018 , thousands of people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC / ST ) protested across India against an order of the Supreme Court on the Atrocities Act . In subsequent violence , ten people died and hundreds were injured .
Ida B. Wells
She followed - up with greater research and detail in The Red Record ( 1895 ) , a 100 - page pamphlet describing lynching in the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 . It also covered black peoples ' struggles in the South since the Civil War . The Red Record explored the alarmingly high rates of lynching in the United States ( which was at a peak from 1880 to 1930 ) . Wells - Barnett said that during Reconstruction , most Americans outside the South did not realize the growing rate of violence against black people in the South . She believed that during slavery , white people had not committed as many attacks because of the economic labour value of slaves . Wells noted that , since slavery time , `` ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood , ( through lynching ) without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution . ''
Rwandan genocide
The genocide took place in the context of the Rwandan Civil War , a conflict beginning in 1990 between the Hutu - led government and the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , which largely consisted of Tutsi refugees whose families had fled to Uganda after the 1959 Hutu revolt against colonial rule . Waves of Hutu violence against the RPF and Tutsi followed Rwandan independence in 1962 . International pressure on the Hutu government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a ceasefire in 1993 , with a road - map to implement the Arusha Accords , which would create a power - sharing government with the RPF . This agreement was not acceptable to a number of conservative Hutu , including members of the Akazu , who viewed it as conceding to enemy demands . The RPF military campaign intensified support for the so - called `` Hutu Power '' ideology , which portrayed the RPF as an alien force who were non-Christian , intent on reinstating the Tutsi monarchy and enslaving Hutus . Many Hutus reacted to this prospect with extreme opposition . In the lead - up to the genocide the number of machetes imported into Rwanda increased .
Nation state
When national boundaries that do not match ethnic boundaries are drawn , such as in the Balkans and Central Asia , ethnic tension , massacres and even genocide , sometimes has occurred historically ( see Serbian genocide , Bosnian genocide and 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes ) .
The Left Hand of Darkness
Le Guin identified with feminism , and was interested in non-violence and ecological awareness . She participated in demonstrations against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons . These sympathies can be seen in several of her works of fiction , including those in the Hainish universe . The novels of the Hainish cycle frequently explore the effects of differing social and political systems , although according to Suzanne Reid , she displayed a preference for a `` society that governs by consensus , a communal cooperation without external government '' . Her fiction also frequently challenges accepted depictions of race and gender .
Trinity Western University
The Covenant prohibits various behaviours , activities , and actions including : hazing , verbal and physical harassment , vulgar language , dishonesty ( including plagiarism ) , theft or destruction of another 's property , pornography , the use of illegal drugs , consuming alcohol on campus , and sexual relationships outside of `` marriage between one man and one woman '' ( including barring all signatories from same - sex marriages and same - sex sexual activity ) . Breach may result in disciplinary action .
Kent State shootings
Just five days after the shootings , 100,000 people demonstrated in Washington , D.C. , against the war and the killing of unarmed student protesters . Ray Price , Nixon 's chief speechwriter from 1969 to 1974 , recalled the Washington demonstrations saying , `` The city was an armed camp . The mobs were smashing windows , slashing tires , dragging parked cars into intersections , even throwing bedsprings off overpasses into the traffic down below . This was the quote , student protest . That 's not student protest , that 's civil war . '' Not only was the President taken to Camp David for two days for his own protection , but Charles Colson ( Counsel to President Nixon from 1969 to 1973 ) stated that the military was called up to protect the Nixon Administration from the angry students ; he recalled that `` The 82nd Airborne was in the basement of the executive office building , so I went down just to talk to some of the guys and walk among them , and they 're lying on the floor leaning on their packs and their helmets and their cartridge belts and their rifles cocked and you 're thinking , ' This ca n't be the United States of America . This is not the greatest free democracy in the world . This is a nation at war with itself . ' ''
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC became a target of the Counterintelligence Program ( COINTELPRO ) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in a concerted effort at all levels of government to crush black radicalism -- both violent and nonviolent -- through both overt and covert means .
The Gambia
During Jammeh 's rule , the opposition was again fragmented . An example was the infighting between members of the National Alliance for Democracy and Development ( NADD ) that was formed in 2005 . Jammeh used the police forces to harass opposition members and parties . Jammeh was also accused of human rights abuses , especially towards human rights activists , civil society organisations , political opponents , and the media . Their fates included being sent into exile , harassment , arbitrary imprisonment , murder , and forced disappearance . Particular examples include the murder of journalist Deyda Hydara in 2004 , a student massacre at a protest in 2000 , public threats to kill human rights defenders in 2009 , public threats towards homosexuals in 2013 . Furthermore , Jammeh made threats to the religious freedom of non-Muslims , used ' mercenary judges ' to weaken the judiciary , and faced numerous accusations of election rigging .
United States home front during World War II
The large - scale movement of blacks from the rural South to defense centers in the North ( and some in the South ) led to small - scale local confrontations over jobs and housing shortages . Washington feared a major race war . The cities were relatively peaceful ; much - feared large - scale race riots did not happen , but there was small - scale violence , as in the 1943 race riot in Detroit and the anti-Mexican Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles in 1943 . The `` zoot suit '' was a highly conspicuous costume worn by Mexican American teenagers in Los Angeles . As historian Roger Bruns notes , `` the Zoot suit also represented a stark visual expression of culture for Mexican Americans , about making a statement -- a mark of defiance against the place in society in which they found themselves . '' They gained admiration from their in group , and `` disgust and ridicule from others , especially the Anglos . ''
Casualties of the Iraq War
17 % of respondents reported that at least one member of the household had been `` physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time . '' The survey did not ask whether multiple household members had been harmed .
We Didn't Start the Fire
Brigitte Bardot appears in her first mainstream film And God Created Woman and establishes an international reputation as a French `` sex kitten '' . Budapest is the capital city of Hungary and site of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Alabama is the site of the Montgomery Bus Boycott which ultimately led to the removal of the last race laws in the United States . Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr figure prominently . Nikita Khrushchev makes his famous Secret Speech denouncing Stalin 's `` Cult of personality '' on February 25 . Princess Grace Kelly releases her last film , High Society , and marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco . Peyton Place , the best - selling novel by Grace Metalious , is published . Though mild compared to today 's standards , it shocked the reserved values of the 1950s . Trouble in the Suez : The Suez Crisis boils as Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal on October 29 . 1957
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
In 1968 , the Third World Women 's Alliance ( TWWA ) was originated in New York by Frances M. Beal as a caucus of SNCC , addressing the issue of sexism within the movement . By 1970 it had become independent from SNCC , but maintained close ties with it . TWWA came to focus less on specifically black power and more on Puerto Rican and Cuban liberation . It continued to operate until 1978 , with chapters in several major cities .
History of women in the United States
Younger women now began to be more involved in feminism . In the early 1990s , third wave feminism began as a response to the second wave 's perceived inadequacies and shortcomings . Third wave feminism , which continues today , is most often associated with a younger generation of feminist activism , an interest in popular culture and sexual agency , and an acceptance of pluralism and contradiction . In 1991 in Olympia , Washington , Riot grrrl began in reaction to the domination of the punk rock scene of America 's Pacific Northwest by all - male bands , and as an attempt to establish a female - friendly presence within this scene . Riot grrrl consisted of feminist punk bands such as Bikini Kill and Bratmobile , and their zines , meetings and songs .
United States home front during World War II
The churches showed much less pacifism than in 1914 . The Church of God , based in Anderson , Indiana , had a strong pacifist element , reaching a high point in the late 1930s . The Church regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked . Likewise the Quakers generally regarded World War II as a just war and about 90 % served , although there were some conscientious objectors . The Mennonites and Brethren continued their pacifism , but the federal government was much less hostile than in the previous war . These churches helped their young men to both become conscientious objectors and to provide valuable service to the nation . Goshen College set up a training program for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs . Although the young women pacifists were not liable to the draft , they volunteered for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs to demonstrate their patriotism ; many worked in mental hospitals . The Jehovah Witness denomination , however , refused to participate in any forms of service , and thousands of its young men refused to register and went to prison .
Chartism
The depression of 1842 led to a wave of strikes , as workers responded to the wage cuts imposed by employers . Calls for the implementation of the Charter were soon included alongside demands for the restoration of wages to previous levels . Working people went on strike in 14 English and 8 Scottish counties , principally in the Midlands , Lancashire , Cheshire , Yorkshire , and the Strathclyde region of Scotland . Typically , strikers resolved to cease work until wages were increased `` until the People 's charter becomes the Law of the Land '' . How far these strikes were directly Chartist in inspiration `` was then , as now , a subject of much controversy '' . The Leeds Mercury headlined them `` The Chartist Insurrection '' , but suspicion also hung over the Anti-Corn Law League that manufacturers among its members deliberately closed mills to stir - up unrest . At the time , these disputes were collectively known as the Plug Plot as , in many cases , protesters removed the plugs from steam boilers powering industry to prevent their use . Amongst historians writing in the 20th century , the term General Strike was increasingly used . Some modern historians prefer the description `` strike wave '' . In contrast , Mick Jenkins in his The General Strike of 1842 offers a Marxist interpretation , showing the strikes as highly organized with sophisticated political intentions . Unrest began in the Potteries of Staffordshire in early August , spreading north to Cheshire and Lancashire ( where at Manchester a meeting of the Chartist national executive endorsed the strikes on the 16th ) . The strikes had begun spreading in Scotland and West Yorkshire from the 13th . There were outbreaks of serious violence , including property destruction and the ambushing of police convoys , in the Potteries and the West Riding . Though the government deployed soldiers to suppress violence , it was the practical problems in sustaining an indefinite stoppage that ultimately defeated the strikers . The drift back to work began on 19 August . Only Lancashire and Cheshire were still strike - bound by September , the Manchester powerloom weavers being the last to return to work on 26 September .
Ciompi Revolt
On 22 June 1378 , the first outbreak of violence occurred when the un-guilded wool - workers took up arms and attacked government buildings , monasteries and a number of Palazzi whilst also releasing inmates from city prisons . Nevertheless , it was yet to become a full blown revolt . The Signoria attempted to appease the lower classes through talks and petitions , although ultimately suggested little change and still left the Ciompi guildless and without power or representation in government . The procrastination of the Signoria and half measures adopted therefore is perhaps what contributed to the second phase of the revolt . Palazzo
Jim Crow laws
Numerous boycotts and demonstrations against segregation had occurred throughout the 1930s and 1940s . The NAACP had been engaged in a series of litigation cases since the early 20th century in efforts to combat laws that disenfranchised black voters across the South . Some of the early demonstrations achieved positive results , strengthening political activism , especially in the post-World War II years . Black veterans were impatient with social oppression after having fought for the United States and freedom across the world . In 1947 K. Leroy Irvis of Pittsburgh 's Urban League , for instance , led a demonstration against employment discrimination by the city 's department stores . It was the beginning of his own influential political career .
Nairobi
In 2006 , crime decreased in the city , due to increased security and an improved police presence . Despite this , in 2007 , the Kenyan government and US State Department have announced that Nairobi is experiencing a greater level of violent crime than in previous years . Since then , the government has taken measures to combat crime with heavy police presence in and around the city while US government has updated its travel warning for the country .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
In the later 1960s , inspired by fiery leaders such as Stokely Carmichael , SNCC focused on black power , and draft resistance to the Vietnam War . As early as 1965 , executive secretary James Forman said he `` did not know how much longer we can stay nonviolent '' and in 1969 , SNCC officially changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee to reflect the broadening of its strategy . It passed out of existence in the 1970s following heavy infiltration and suppression by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , spearheaded as part of COINTELPRO operations during the 1960s and 70s led by J. Edgar Hoover .
Correlation does not imply causation
Example 3 Driving a wheelchair is dangerous , because most people who drive them have had an accident .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Formation 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 ) Founder Ella Baker Extinction 1976 ; 42 years ago ( 1976 ) Purpose Pacifism Civil Rights Movement Anti-racism Participatory democracy Black power Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia Region Deep South and Mid-Atlantic states Main organ The Student Voice ( 1960 - 1965 ) The Movement ( 1966 - 1970 ) Subsidiaries Friends of SNCC Poor People 's Corporation Affiliations Southern Christian Leadership Conference Council of Federated Organizations Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Lowndes County Freedom Organization Black Panther Party Third World Women 's Alliance
English Reformation
The abolition of papal authority made way not for orderly change , but for dissension and violence . Iconoclasm , destruction , disputes within communities that led to violence , and radical challenge to all forms of faith were reported daily to Cromwell -- developments he tried to hide from the King . Once Henry knew what was afoot , he acted . Thus at the end of 1538 , a proclamation was issued forbidding free discussion of the Sacrament and forbidding clerical marriage , on pain of death .
Forrest Gump
In Tom Hanks ' words , `` The film is non-political and thus non-judgmental . '' Nevertheless , in 1994 , CNN 's Crossfire debated whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s . Thomas Byers , in a Modern Fiction Studies article , called the film `` an aggressively conservative film '' . ``
Dyatlov Pass incident
There was initial speculation that the indigenous Mansi people might have attacked and murdered the group for encroaching upon their lands , but investigation indicated that the nature of their deaths did not support this hypothesis ; the hikers ' footprints alone were visible , and they showed no sign of hand - to - hand struggle .
Jim Crow laws
By 1965 , efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time , but had achieved only modest success overall . In some areas of the Deep South , white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual . The murder of the three voting - rights activists in Mississippi in 1964 and the state 's refusal to prosecute the murderers , along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism against blacks , had gained national attention . Finally , the unprovoked attack on March 7 , 1965 , by county and state troopers on peaceful Alabama marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge en route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery , persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators ' resistance to effective voting rights enforcement legislation . President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings soon began on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act .
Hip hop
In the early - to - mid 1980s , there was no established hip hop music industry , as exists in the 2010s , with record labels , record producers , managers and Artists and Repertoire staff . Politicians and businesspeople maligned and ignored the hip hop movement . Most hip hop artists performed in their local communities and recorded in underground scenes . However , in the late 1980s , music industry executives realized that they could capitalize on the success of `` gangsta rap . '' They made a formula that created `` a titillating buffet of hypermasculinity and glorified violence . '' This type of rap was marketed to the new fanbase : white males . They ignored the depictions of a harsh reality to focus on the sex and violence involved .
Korea under Japanese rule
Many Koreans became victims of Japanese brutalities during the colonial period . Korean villagers hiding resistance fighters were dealt with harshly , often with summary execution , rape , forced labour , and looting . Starting on 1 March 1919 , an anti-Japanese demonstration continued to spread , and as the Japanese national and military police could not contain the crowds , the army and even the navy were also called in . There were several reports of atrocities . In one instance , Japanese police in the village of Jeam - ri , Hwaseong herded everyone into a church , locked it , and burned it to the ground . They also shot through the burning windows of the church to ensure that no one made it out alive . Many participants of the 1 March Movement were subjected to torture and execution .
Military history of the United States
In major operations outside the locality involved , the militia was not employed as a fighting force . Instead the colony asked for ( and paid ) volunteers , many of whom were also militia members .
History of agriculture
In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture , resulting in the organic movement . Famines continued to sweep the globe through the 20th century . Through the effects of climactic events , government policy , war and crop failure , millions of people died in each of at least ten famines between the 1920s and the 1990s .
Industrial Revolution
Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform . Destruction
Border states (American Civil War)
Besides formal combat between regular armies , the border region saw large - scale guerrilla warfare and numerous violent raids , feuds , and assassinations . Violence was especially severe in eastern Kentucky and western Missouri . The single bloodiest episode was the 1863 Lawrence Massacre in Kansas , in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed . It was launched in retaliation for an earlier , smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas .