vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Independence Day (India)
During the 1930 s , reform was gradually legislated by the British ; Congress won victories in the resulting elections . The next decade was beset with political turmoil : Indian participation in World War II , the Congress ' final push for non-cooperation , and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism led by the All - India Muslim League . The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947 . The jubilation was tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan .
Poverty in India
A Working Group was formed in 1962 to attempt to set a poverty line for India . This Working Group used calories required for survival , and income needed to buy those calories in different parts of rural India , to derive an average poverty line of Rs. 20 per month at 1960 - 61 prices .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The authorities in British colonies with an Indian population , sepoy or civilian , took measures to secure themselves against copycat uprisings . In the Straits Settlements , and Trinidad the annual Hosay processions were banned , riots broke out in penal settlements in Burma , and the Settlements , in Penang the loss of a musket provoked a near riot , and security was boosted especially in locations with an Indian convict population .
Indian general election, 2014
The 2014 general elections , according to the Election Commission of India , recorded a cumulative total of 66.38 % voter turnout , or 551.3 million out of 814 million eligible people casting their vote , according to provisional figures . The 2014 turnout surpassed India 's previous highest voter turnout record of 64 % in 1984 general elections . The voter turnout in 2009 general elections was 58.19 % , while 2004 general elections saw a voter turnout of 56.98 % . The 2014 general elections entailed 8,202 candidates competing for 543 seats .
Partition of India
British rule had lost its legitimacy for most Hindus and conclusive proof of this came in the form of the 1946 elections with the Congress winning 91 percent of the vote among non-Muslim constituencies , thereby gaining a majority in the Central Legislature and forming governments in eight provinces , and becoming the legitimate successor to the British government for most Hindus . The Muslim League won the majority of the Muslim vote as well as most reserved Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies and it also secured all the Muslim seats in the Central Assembly . Recovering from its performance in the 1937 elections , the Muslim League was finally able to make good on the claim that it and Jinnah alone represented India 's Muslims and Jinnah quickly interpreted this vote as a popular demand for a separate homeland . However , tensions heightened while the Muslim League was unable to form ministries outside the two provinces of Sind and Bengal , with the Congress forming a ministry in the NFWP and the key Punjab province coming under a coalition ministry of the Congress , Sikhs and Unionists .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Due to these political protests , the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911 . A new partition which divided the province on linguistic , rather than religious grounds followed , with the Hindi , Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units : Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west , and Assam Province to the east . The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well .
Thar Desert
In the years 1965 and 1971 , population exchanges took place in the Thar between India and Pakistan . 3,500 Muslim families shifted from the Indian section of the Thar to Pakistani Thar whilst thousands of Hindus also migrated from Pakistani Thar to the Indian section of the Thar .
Caste system in India
The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the Untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes , and certain economically backward Shudra castes as Other Backward Class . The Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in contemporary literature . In 2001 , Dalits comprised 16.2 percent of India 's total population . Of the one billion Hindus in India , it is estimated that Hindu Forward caste comprises 26 % , Other Backward Class comprises 43 % , Hindu Scheduled Castes ( Dalits ) comprises 22 % and Hindu Scheduled Tribes comprises 9 % .
Partition of India
Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan declined drastically in the 1970s , a trend noticed by the Pakistani authorities . On June 1995 , Pakistan 's interior minister , Naseerullah Babar , informed the National Assembly that between the period of 1973 -- 1994 , as many as 800,000 visitors came from India on valid travel documents . Of these only 3,393 stayed . In a related trend , intermarriages between Indian and Pakistani Muslims have declined sharply . According to a November 1995 statement of Riaz Khokhar , the Pakistani High Commissioner in New Delhi , the number of cross-border marriages has declined from 40,000 a year in the 1950s and 1960s to barely 300 annually .
Partition of India
Data on the Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Districts of East Punjab and Neighbouring Regions
Bangladesh–India relations
At midnight on 31 July 2015 , around 50,000 people became citizens of India or Bangladesh after living in limbo for decades . Ending a prolonged dispute , the two nations swapped 162 enclaves on the border region , allowing the people living there to stay or opt out to the other country . While 14,214 citizens of Bangladesh residing in 51 enclaves on the Indian side became Indians , a large number of people in the 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh preferred to stay with Bangladesh and just 979 opted to move to India. The total number of new Indian citizens will be 15,193 .
Labour in India
Labour in India refers to employment in the economy of India . In 2012 , there were around 487 million workers in India , the second largest after China . Of these over 94 percent work in unincorporated , unorganized enterprises ranging from pushcart vendors to home - based diamond and gem polishing operations . The organised sector includes workers employed by the government , state - owned enterprises and private sector enterprises . In 2008 , the organised sector employed 27.5 million workers , of which 17.3 million worked for government or government owned entities .
The Emergency (India)
The Economist described the movement as `` the only non-left revolutionary force in the world '' . It said that the movement was `` dominated by tens of thousands of RSS cadres , though more and more young recruits are coming '' . Talking about its objectives it said `` its platform at the moment has only one plank : to bring democracy back to India '' .
Karachi
The first inhabitants of the Kolachi settlement were mostly Hindus & Parsi . The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement , with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood , though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants . Following Partition , large numbers of Hindus migrant Pakistan for the newly - independent Dominion of India ( later the Republic of India ) , while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant from India settled in Karachi . The city grew 150 % during the ten period between 1941 and 1951 with the arrival of migrants from India , who made up 57 % of Karachi 's population in 1951 . The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan , and is the country 's most diverse city . In 2011 , an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city , mostly from Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , and Sri Lanka .
Poverty in India
The Rangarajan Committee set up to look into the poverty line estimation in India submitted its report in June 2014 . It amended the calculation of the poverty line based on per capita consumption expenditure per month or day given by the Tendulkar Committee . The new poverty threshold for rural areas was fixed at Rs 972 per month or Rs 32 per day . For urban areas , it was fixed at Rs 1407 per month or Rs 47 per day . Under this methodology , the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 454 million ( 38.2 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 363 million ( 29.5 % of the population ) .
Famine
Owing to its almost entire dependence upon the monsoon rains , India is vulnerable to crop failures , which upon occasion deepen into famine . There were 14 famines in India between the 11th and 17th centuries ( Bhatia , 1985 ) . For example , during the 1022 -- 1033 Great famines in India entire provinces were depopulated . Famine in Deccan killed at least two million people in 1702 -- 1704 . B.M. Bhatia believes that the earlier famines were localised , and it was only after 1860 , during the British rule , that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country . There were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such as Tamil Nadu in the south , and Bihar and Bengal in the east during the latter half of the 19th century . Victims
Partition of India
1909 Percentage of Hindus . 1909 Percentage of Muslims . 1909 Percentage of Sikhs , Buddhists and Jains .
India
In the late Vedic period , around the 6th century BCE , the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north - western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas . The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements , two of which became independent religions . Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar , Mahavira . Buddhism , based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha , attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class ; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India . In an age of increasing urban wealth , both religions held up renunciation as an ideal , and both established long - lasting monastic traditions . Politically , by the 3rd century BCE , the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire . The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south , but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas . The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire - building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka 's renunciation of militarism and far - flung advocacy of the Buddhist dhamma .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
Reaching an impasse , the British proposed a second plan on 16 June 1946 to arrange for India to be divided into Hindu - majority India and a Muslim - majority India that would later be renamed Pakistan since Congress had vehemently rejected ' parity ' at the centre . A list of princely states of India , which would be permitted to accede to the dominion or attain independence , was also drawn up .
Partition of India
According to political scientist Ishtiaq Ahmed , `` in March 1947 the Muslims started large - scale violence , mainly against Sikhs but also against Hindus , in the Muslim - majority districts of northern Punjab . Yet at the end of that year more Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs together in West Punjab . ''
History of India
The region of Bengal in India suffered a devastating famine during 1940 -- 43 .
Poverty in India
Other measures such as the semi-economic Multi-dimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) , which places 33 % weight on education and number of schooling years in its definition of poverty , and places 6.25 % weight on income and assets owned , suggests there were 650 million people ( 53.7 % of population ) living in MPI - poverty in India . 421 million of MPI - defined poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Orissa , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal . The table below presents this semi-economic poverty among the states of India based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index , using a small sample survey data for Indian states in 2005 .
Chennai
( hide ) Population of Chennai city Census Pop . % ± 1791 300,000 -- 1871 367,552 -- 1881 405,848 10.4 % 1891 452,518 11.5 % 1901 509,346 12.6 % 1911 518,660 1.8 % 1921 526,911 1.6 % 1931 647,232 22.8 % 1941 777,481 20.1 % 1951 1,416,056 82.1 % 1961 1,729,141 22.1 % 1971 2,469,449 42.8 % 1981 3,266,034 32.3 % 1991 3,841,396 17.6 % 4,343,645 13.1 % 2011 7,088,000 63.2 % Sources : * 1639 -- 1791 : * 1871 -- 1901 : * 1871 -- 1931 : * 1931 -- 1951 : * 1951 -- 1961 : * 1991 -- 2001 : * 2001 : 2011 :
Green Revolution in India
49 % of people in India are employed in agriculture . The introduction of high - yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution , which provided the increase in production needed to make India self - sufficient in food grains . The program was started with the help of the United States - based Rockefeller Foundation and was based on high - yielding varieties of wheat , rice , and other grains that had been developed in Mexico and in the Philippines . Of the high - yielding seeds , wheat produced the best results . Production of coarse grains -- the staple diet of the poor -- and pulses -- the main source of protein -- lagged behind , resulting in reduced per capita availability . The total area under the high - yielding - varieties program was a negligible 1.9 million hectares in FY 1960 . Since then growth has been spectacular , increasing to nearly 15.4 million hectares by FY 1970 , 43.1 million hectares by FY 1980 , and 63.9 million hectares by FY 1990 . The rate of growth decreased significantly in the late 1980s , however , as additional suitable land was not available ( see table 32 , Appendix ) . The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in northern and northwestern India between 1965 and the early 1980s ; the program resulted in a substantial increase in the production of food grains , mainly wheat and rice . Food - grain yields continued to increase throughout the 1980s , but the dramatic changes in the years between 1965 and 1980 were not duplicated . By FY 1980 , almost 75 percent of the total cropped area under wheat was sown with high - yielding varieties . For rice the comparable figure was 45 percent . In the 1980s , the area under high - yielding varieties continued to increase , but the rate of growth overall was slower . The eighth plan aimed at making high - yielding varieties available to the whole country and developing more productive strains of other crops . The Green Revolution created wide regional and interstate disparities . The plan was implemented only in areas with assured supplies of water and the means to control it , large inputs of fertilizers , and adequate farm credit . These inputs were easily available in at least parts of the states of Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh ; thus , yields increased most in these states .
Partition of India
Despite the migration , a significant Sindhi Hindu population still resides in Pakistan 's Sindh province where they number at around 2.28 million as per Pakistan 's 1998 census ; the Sindhi Hindus in India were at 2.57 million as per India 's 2001 Census . Some bordering districts in Sindh had a Hindu majority like Tharparkar District , Umerkot , Mirpurkhas , Sanghar and Badin , but their population is decreasing and they consider themselves a minority in decline . In fact , only Umerkot still has a majority of Hindus in the district . The Sindhi community did not face large scale violence , but felt deprivation of homeland and culture .
India
The 513.7 - million - worker Indian labour force is the world 's second - largest , as of 2016 . The service sector makes up 55.6 % of GDP , the industrial sector 26.3 % and the agricultural sector 18.1 % . India 's foreign exchange remittances of US $70 billion in 2014 , the largest in the world , contributed to its economy by 25 million Indians working in foreign countries . Major agricultural products include rice , wheat , oilseed , cotton , jute , tea , sugarcane , and potatoes . Major industries include textiles , telecommunications , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , biotechnology , food processing , steel , transport equipment , cement , mining , petroleum , machinery , and software . In 2006 , the share of external trade in India 's GDP stood at 24 % , up from 6 % in 1985 . In 2008 , India 's share of world trade was 1.68 % ; In 2011 , India was the world 's tenth - largest importer and the nineteenth - largest exporter . Major exports include petroleum products , textile goods , jewellery , software , engineering goods , chemicals , and leather manufactures . Major imports include crude oil , machinery , gems , fertiliser , and chemicals . Between 2001 and 2011 , the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14 % to 42 % . India was the second largest textile exporter after China in the world in the calendar year 2013 .
History of the Jews in Egypt
In the late 1950s , Egypt began to expel its Jewish population ( estimated at between 75,000 and 80,000 in 1948 ) , also sequestering Jewish - owned property at this time .
Labour in India
The government recorded 1,825 strikes and lockouts in 1990 . As a result , 24.1 million workdays were lost , 10.6 million to strikes and 13.5 million to lockouts . More than 1.3 million workers were involved in these labour disputes . The number and seriousness of strikes and lockouts have varied from year to year . However , the figures for 1990 and preliminary data from 1991 indicate declines from levels reached in the 1980s , when between 33 and 75 million workdays per year were lost because of labour disputes . In 1999 , the government of India recorded about 927 strikes and lockouts , or about half of those for 1990 . The number of lost man - days were about the same for 1999 and 1991 , even though Indian economic output and number of workers had grown significantly over the 1990s .
Indian general election, 2014
According to the Election Commission of India , 814.5 million people were eligible to vote , with an increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009 , making this the largest - ever election in the world . Around 23.1 million or 2.7 % of the total eligible voters were aged 18 -- 19 years .
Poverty in India
Poverty remained stubbornly high in India through the 1970s and 1980s . It created slogans such as Garibi Hatao ( meaning eliminate poverty ) for political campaigns , during elections in early 1970s through the 1980s . Rural poverty rate exceeded 50 % , using India 's official poverty line for 1970s . 1990s
Partition of India
Karachi received 8.5 % of the total migrant population while Sind received 7.6 % . NWFP and Baluchistan received the lowest number of migrants . NWFP received 51,100 migrants ( 0.7 % of the migrant population ) while Baluchistan received 28,000 ( 0.4 % of the migrant population ) .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Bengal army dominated the Indian army before 1857 and a direct result after the rebellion was the scaling back of the size of the Bengali contingent in the army . The Brahmin presence in the Bengal Army was reduced because of their perceived primary role as mutineers . The British looked for increased recruitment in the Punjab for the Bengal army as a result of the apparent discontent that resulted in the Sepoy conflict .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The war and its aftermath resulted in the deaths of at least 800,000 people during the rebellion and its aftermath including those resulting from famine and disease . Both combatant sides committed huge numbers of atrocities against civilians .
History of Kenya
The British government bought out the white settlers and they mostly left Kenya . The Indian minority dominated retail business in the cities and most towns , but was deeply distrusted by the Africans . As a result , 120,000 of the 176,000 Indians kept their old British passports rather than become citizens of an independent Kenya ; large numbers left Kenya , most of them headed to Britain .
Partition of India
The Punjab -- the region of the five rivers east of Indus : Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej -- consists of interfluvial doabs , or tracts of land lying between two confluent rivers . These are the Sind - Sagar doab ( between Indus and Jhelum ) , the Jech doab ( Jhelum / Chenab ) , the Rechna doab ( Chenab / Ravi ) , the Bari doab ( Ravi / Beas ) , and the Bist doab ( Beas / Sutlej ) ( see map on the right ) . In early 1947 , in the months leading up to the deliberations of the Punjab Boundary Commission , the main disputed areas appeared to be in the Bari and Bist doabs , although some areas in the Rechna doab were claimed by the Congress and Sikhs . In the Bari doab , the districts of Gurdaspur , Amritsar , Lahore , and Montgomery were all disputed . All districts ( other than Amritsar , which was 46.5 % Muslim ) had Muslim majorities ; albeit , in Gurdaspur , the Muslim majority , at 51.1 % , was slender . At a smaller area - scale , only three tehsils ( sub-units of a district ) in the Bari doab had non-Muslim majorities . These were : Pathankot ( in the extreme north of Gurdaspur , which was not in dispute ) , and Amritsar and Tarn Taran in Amritsar district . In addition , there were four Muslim - majority tehsils east of Beas - Sutlej ( with two where Muslims outnumbered Hindus and Sikhs together ) .
Partition of India
On 18 July 1947 , the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act that finalized the arrangements for partition and abandoned British suzerainty over the princely states , of which there were several hundred , leaving them free to choose whether to accede to one of the new dominions . The Government of India Act 1935 was adapted to provide a legal framework for the new dominions .
Famine
The observations of the Famine Commission of 1880 support the notion that food distribution is more to blame for famines than food scarcity . They observed that each province in British India , including Burma , had a surplus of foodgrains , and the annual surplus was 5.16 million tons ( Bhatia , 1970 ) . At that time , annual export of rice and other grains from India was approximately one million tons .
Indian general election, 2014
The second largest voting day entailed 180 million eligible voters across 201,735 voting centres to elect 117 members of parliament from 2,098 candidates . Tamil Nadu set a new voter turnout record for Lok Sabha elections with 73 % , while West Bengal experienced the highest voter turnout for the day at 82 % . As compared to that , urban centres such as Mumbai and Chennai saw lower voter turnouts , but bettered their figures from previous years . Mumbai witnessed a 53 % turnout , compared to 41 % in 2009 . The rural areas of Maharashtra saw over 60 % turnout , Madhya Pradesh had 64 % , Uttar Pradesh had over 60 % , Chhattisgarh had about 66 % , Assam had over 70 % , Bihar has about 60 % , Jharkhand had 63.4 % , Rajasthan had about 60 % and Pudhucherry had about 82 % . One of six constituencies from Jammu and Kashmir , Anantnag , had the lowest turnout of 28 % , after a boycott call by separatists , an attack on 22 April that killed three people , and with thousands of Kashmiri Pandits protesting in the afternoon that their names were missing from the electoral roll . As with previous phases , the overall voter turnout for the day was higher than 2009 . In both Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan , the turnout was about 9 % higher , while Uttar Pradesh saw a 13 % increase .