vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hyperinflation
Unlike low inflation , where the process of rising prices is protracted and not generally noticeable except by studying past market prices , hyperinflation sees a rapid and continuing increase in nominal prices , the nominal cost of goods , and in the supply of money . Typically , however , the general price level rises even more rapidly than the money supply as people try ridding themselves of the devaluing currency as quickly as possible . As this happens , the real stock of money ( i.e. , the amount of circulating money divided by the price level ) decreases considerably .
List of mathematical symbols
) x ≪ e absolute continuity is absolutely continuous with respect to measure theory μ ≪ ν ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ ll \ nu ) means that μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is absolutely continuous with respect to ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) , i.e. , whenever ν ( A ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ nu ( A ) = 0 ) , we have μ ( A ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( A ) = 0 ) . If c ( \ displaystyle c ) is the counting measure on ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 0 , 1 ) ) and μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the Lebesgue measure , then μ ≪ c ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ ll c ) . ≤ ≥ ≤ ( \ displaystyle \ leq ) ≥ ( \ displaystyle \ geq ) \ le \ ge inequality is less than or equal to , is greater than or equal to order theory x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y . x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y . ( The forms < = and > = are generally used in programming languages , where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred . ) ( ≦ and ≧ are also used by some writers to mean the same thing as ≤ and ≥ , but this usage seems to be less common . ) 3 ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ 5 5 ≥ 4 and 5 ≥ 5 subgroup is a subgroup of group theory H ≤ G means H is a subgroup of G . Z ≤ Z A ≤ S reduction is reducible to computational complexity theory A ≤ B means the problem A can be reduced to the problem B. Subscripts can be added to the ≤ to indicate what kind of reduction . If ∃ f ∈ F . ∀ x ∈ N . x ∈ A ⇔ f ( x ) ∈ B ( \ displaystyle \ exists f \ in F ( \ mbox ( . ) ) \ forall x \ in \ mathbb ( N ) ( \ mbox ( .
You can't have your cake and eat it
Paul Brians , Professor of English at Washington State University , points out that perhaps a more logical or easier to understand version of this saying is , `` You ca n't eat your cake and have it too . '' Professor Brians writes that a common source of confusion about this idiom stems from the verb to have which in this case indicates that once eaten , keeping possession of the cake is no longer possible , seeing that it is in your stomach ( and no longer exists as a cake ) .
Native Son
Bigger has several negative encounters with religion . In one instance , Bigger sees his mother singing a hymn when he sneaks into his flat to get his pistol to prepare for robbing Blum 's delicatessen . His mother is singing the words : `` Lord , I want to be a Christian , / In my heart , in my heart . '' Her hymns and prayers are wholly ineffective and do nothing to forestall his violence . Even toward the end of the novel , facing a possible death sentence , Bigger 's mother pleads with her son to pray to God for repentance . Reverend Hammond also preaches to Bigger , yet he does not understand the words of Reverend Hammond and does not pray for repentance . Instead , Bigger does the opposite and rejects Christianity . When he later sees the fiery cross that the Ku Klux Klan displays , he tears off the cross from his neck which Reverend Hammond had given him and throws it to the ground . In yet another instance , Bigger overhears the church choir singing and ponders whether he should become Christian . However , his realization of changing his heart into a humble heart causes him to reject the idea because it meant , `` losing his hope of living in the world . And he would never do that . ''
Chin-up
A chin - up is named by bringing the chin up through space , specifically in relation to its position with the bar or other hand grips . This can be either touching the bar ( more easily done by extending the neck , though that could be considered cheating ) or by bringing the chin over the bar . This exercise is easier for males than females because of the male tendency to have stronger and larger biceps .
Negative and positive rights
Under the theory of positive and negative rights , a negative right is a right not to be subjected to an action of another person or group -- a government , for example -- usually in the form of abuse or coercion . As such , negative rights exist unless someone acts to negate them . A positive right is a right to be subjected to an action of another person or group . In other words , for a positive right to be exercised , someone else 's actions must be added to the equation . In theory , a negative right forbids others from acting against the right holder , while a positive right obligates others to act with respect to the right holder . In the framework of the Kantian categorical imperative , negative rights can be associated with perfect duties while positive rights can be connected to imperfect duties .
Mass versus weight
V. `` Mass '' and `` Weight . '' ( NOTE 1 , See page 6 ) The mass of an object is a measure of the object 's inertial property , or the amount of matter it contains . The weight of an object is a measure of the force exerted on the object by gravity , or the force needed to support it . The pull of gravity on the earth gives an object a downward acceleration of about 9.8 m / s . In trade and commerce and everyday use , the term `` weight '' is often used as a synonym for `` mass . '' The `` net mass '' or `` net weight '' declared on a label indicates that the package contains a specific amount of commodity exclusive of wrapping materials . The use of the term `` mass '' is predominant throughout the world , and is becoming increasingly common in the United States . ( Added 1993 )
Law of demand
Generally the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa . In some cases , however , this may not be true . There are certain goods which do not follow this law . These include ( Veblen goods ) and Giffen goods . Further exception and details are given in the sections below .
Negative number
For example , the negation of − 3 is + 3 . In general ,
Microphone
Sensitivity indicates how well the microphone converts acoustic pressure to output voltage . A high sensitivity microphone creates more voltage and so needs less amplification at the mixer or recording device . This is a practical concern but is not directly an indication of the microphone 's quality , and in fact the term sensitivity is something of a misnomer , `` transduction gain '' being perhaps more meaningful , ( or just `` output level '' ) because true sensitivity is generally set by the noise floor , and too much `` sensitivity '' in terms of output level compromises the clipping level . There are two common measures . The ( preferred ) international standard is made in millivolts per pascal at 1 kHz . A higher value indicates greater sensitivity . The older American method is referred to a 1 V / Pa standard and measured in plain decibels , resulting in a negative value . Again , a higher value indicates greater sensitivity , so − 60 dB is more sensitive than − 70 dB .
Pope
Luke 22 : Simon , Simon , behold , Satan demanded to have you , that he might sift you like wheat , but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail . And when you have turned again , strengthen your brothers .
Symbol
`` a symbol , like everything else , shows a double aspect . We must distinguish , therefore between the ' sense ' and the ' meaning ' of the symbol . It seems to me perfectly clear that all the great and little symbolical systems of the past functioned simultaneously on three levels : the corporeal of waking consciousness , the spiritual of dream , and the ineffable of the absolutely unknowable . The term ' meaning ' can refer only to the first two but these , today , are in the charge of science -- which is the province as we have said , not of symbols but of signs . The ineffable , the absolutely unknowable , can be only sensed . It is the province of art which is not ' expression ' merely , or even primarily , but a quest for , and formulation of , experience evoking , energy - waking images : yielding what Sir Herbert Read has aptly termed a ' sensuous apprehension of being ' .
Hyperinflation
Because rapidly rising prices undermine the role of money as a store of value , people try to spend it on real goods or services as quickly as possible . Thus , the monetary model predicts that the velocity of money will increase as a result of an excessive increase in the money supply . At the point when money velocity and prices rapidly accelerate in a vicious circle , hyperinflation is out of control , because ordinary policy mechanisms , such as increasing reserve requirements , raising interest rates , or cutting government spending will be ineffective and be responded to by shifting away from the rapidly devalued money and towards other means of exchange .
Income inequality in the United States
Some have argued that inequality is higher in other countries than official statistics indicate because of unreported income . European countries have higher amounts of wealth in offshore holdings .
Individualism
An individual is a person or any specific object in a collection . In the 15th century and earlier , and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics , individual means `` indivisible '' , typically describing any numerically singular thing , but sometimes meaning `` a person . '' ( q.v. `` The problem of proper names '' ) . From the 17th century on , individual indicates separateness , as in individualism . Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual ; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs , goals , and desires .
Metrology
A standard ( or etalon ) is an object , system , or experiment with a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity . Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures by realising , preserving , or reproducing a unit against which measuring devices can be compared . There are three levels of standards in the hierarchy of metrology : primary , secondary , and working standards . Primary standards ( the highest quality ) do not reference any other standards . Secondary standards are calibrated with reference to a primary standard . Working standards , used to calibrate ( or check ) measuring instruments or other material measures , are calibrated with respect to secondary standards . The hierarchy preserves the quality of the higher standards . An example of a standard would be gauge blocks for length . A gauge block is a block of metal or ceramic with two opposing faces ground precisely flat and parallel , a precise distance apart . The length of the path of light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299,792,458 of a second is embodied in an artefact standard such as a gauge block ; this gauge block is then a primary standard which can be used to calibrate secondary standards through mechanical comparators .
Bob's your uncle
... And Bob 's your uncle is an expression of unknown origin , that means `` and there it is '' or `` and there you have it . '' It is commonly used in Great Britain and Commonwealth countries . Typically , someone says it to conclude a set of simple instructions or when a result is reached . The meaning is similar to that of the French expression `` et voilà ! ''
Potentiality and actuality
The Monad or `` the One '' sometimes also described as `` the Good '' . This is the dunamis or possibility of existence . The Intellect , or Intelligence , or , to use the Greek term , Nous , which is described as God , or a Demiurge . It thinks its own contents , which are thoughts , equated to the Platonic ideas or forms ( eide ) . The thinking of this Intellect is the highest activity of life . The actualization of this thinking is the being of the forms . This Intellect is the first principle or foundation of existence . The One is prior to it , but not in the sense that a normal cause is prior to an effect , but instead Intellect is called an emanation of the One . The One is the possibility of this foundation of existence . Soul or , to use the Greek term , psyche . The soul is also an energeia : it acts upon or actualizes its own thoughts and creates `` a separate , material cosmos that is the living image of the spiritual or noetic Cosmos contained as a unified thought within the Intelligence '' .
Hyperinflation
In economics , hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation . It quickly erodes the real value of the currency , as the prices of most or all goods increase . This causes people to minimize their holdings in that currency as they usually switch to more stable foreign currencies . Prices typically remain stable in terms of other currencies .
Irrational number
A stronger result is the following : Every rational number in the interval ( ( 1 / e ) 1 / e , ∞ ) ( \ displaystyle ( ( 1 / e ) ^ ( 1 / e ) , \ infty ) ) can be written either as a for some irrational number a or as n for some natural number n . Similarly , every positive rational number can be written either as a a a ( \ displaystyle a ^ ( a ^ ( a ) ) ) for some irrational number a or as n n n ( \ displaystyle n ^ ( n ^ ( n ) ) ) for some natural number n .
Philosophical skepticism
... in both early Buddhism and in the Skeptics one can find the view put forward that man 's pursuit of happiness , the highest good , is obstructed by his tenacity in holding ungrounded and unnecessary opinions about all manner of things . Much of Buddhist philosophy , I shall argue , can be seen as an attempt to break this habit of holding on to opinions .
Philosophical skepticism
Finally , one has reason to disbelieve that one knows anything by looking at problems in understanding objects by themselves . Things , when taken individually , may appear to be very different from when they are in mass quantities : for instance , the shavings of a goat 's horn are white when taken alone , yet the horn intact is black . Augustine
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
`` To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail ; that this intention must be collected from its words ; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended ; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance , nor extended to objects not comprehended in them , nor contemplated by its framers ; -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large , and all that can be necessary . ''
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is a complex phenomenon and one explanation may not be applicable to all cases . In both of these models , however , whether loss of confidence comes first , or central bank seigniorage , the other phase is ignited . In the case of rapid expansion of the money supply , prices rise rapidly in response to the increased supply of money relative to the supply of goods and services , and in the case of loss of confidence , the monetary authority responds to the risk premiums it has to pay by `` running the printing presses . ''
Negative number
In general , subtraction of a positive number yields the same result as the addition of a negative number of equal magnitude . Thus
Philosophical skepticism
Skepticism , as an epistemological argument , poses the question of whether knowledge , in the first place , is possible . Skeptics argue that the belief in something does not necessarily justify an assertion of knowledge of it . In this , skeptics oppose dogmatic foundationalism , which states that there have to be some basic positions that are self - justified or beyond justification , without reference to others . ( One example of such foundationalism may be found in Spinoza 's Ethics . ) The skeptical response to this can take several approaches . First , claiming that `` basic positions '' must exist amounts to the logical fallacy of argument from ignorance combined with the slippery slope .
Potentiality and actuality
... the entelechy of Aristotle , which has made so much noise , is nothing else but force or activity ; that is , a state from which action naturally flows if nothing hinders it . But matter , primary and pure , taken without the souls or lives which are united to it , is purely passive ; properly speaking also it is not a substance , but something incomplete .
Triangle
The triangle inequality states that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than or equal to the length of the third side . That sum can equal the length of the third side only in the case of a degenerate triangle , one with collinear vertices . It is not possible for that sum to be less than the length of the third side . A triangle with three given positive side lengths exists if and only if those side lengths satisfy the triangle inequality .
Ellipsis
The ellipsis is a non-verbal cue that is often used in computer - mediated interactions , in particular in synchronous genres , such as chat . The reason behind its popularity is the fact that it allows people to indicate in writing several functions :
Ablative (Latin)
Ablative of personal agent marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed . The agent is always preceded by ab / ā / abs . Example : Caesar ā deīs admonētur , `` Caesar is warned by the gods '' . Ablative of comparison is used with comparative adjectives , where English would use the conjunction `` than '' . Example : aere perennius `` longer - lasting than bronze '' . Ablative of cause marks the reason why the subject performs an action : exsiluī gaudiō `` I jumped with joy '' .
Reconstructive memory
by preventing memories from being recalled , even when appropriate cues are present by enhancing one 's own role in previous experiences , also known as motivated self - enhancement
Descriptive psychology
`` This description , highly reminiscent of Camus ' classical description of Sisyphus , may be usefully contrasted with our paradigm case of meaningful action . When viewed thus , what emerges is that the absurd world it describes is the diametric opposite of our paradigm case . The man 's precise complaint is that , in the world as he finds it , there is no instrumental , intrinsic , or spiritual significance . His actions , analogized as a pointless carrying of bricks back and forth , accomplish no valued utilitarian end that he can detect . They possess no intrinsic value for him . And , unlike Sisyphus , he can find no spiritual or transcendent value in the activity that might enable him to endure or even to affirm it . The absurd , the quintessence of meaninglessness , is precisely what is generated when instrumental , intrinsic , and spiritual value are missing from human behavior . ''
Recursion (computer science)
Another example of inductive definition is the natural numbers ( or positive integers ) :
Pi
The constant π is the unique ( positive ) normalizing factor such that H defines a linear complex structure on the Hilbert space of square - integrable real - valued functions on the real line . The Hilbert transform , like the Fourier transform , can be characterized purely in terms of its transformation properties on the Hilbert space L ( R ) : up to a normalization factor , it is the unique bounded linear operator that commutes with positive dilations and anti-commutes with all reflections of the real line . The constant π is the unique normalizing factor that makes this transformation unitary .
Root mean square
From this it is clear that the RMS value is always greater than or equal to the average , in that the RMS includes the `` error '' / square deviation as well .
Thermal expansion
The expansion of liquids is usually measured in a container . When a liquid expands in a vessel , the vessel expands along with the liquid . Hence the observed increase in volume of the liquid level is not actual increase in its volume . The expansion of the liquid relative to the container is called as Apparent Expansion . the actual expansion of the liquid is called Real ( or ) Absolute expansion . The ratio of apparent increase in volume of the liquid per unit rise of temperature to the original volume is called as coefficient of apparent expansion .
Relative deprivation
Deprivation Theory means that people who are deprived of things deemed valuable in society -- whether money , justice , status or privilege -- join social movements with the hope of redressing their grievances . This is a beginning point for looking at why people join social movements ; however , it is even more important to look at relative deprivation theory , a belief that people join social movement based on their evaluations of what they think they should have compared with what others have . On the contrary , absolute deprivation is people 's actual negative condition ; relative deprivation is what people think they should have relative to what others have , or even compared with their own past or perceived future . Improved conditions fuel human desires for even better conditions , and thus can spark revolutions .
Precedent
Originalism is an approach to interpretation of a legal text in which controlling weight is given to the intent of the original authors ( at least the intent as inferred by a modern judge ) . In contrast , a non-originalist looks at other cues to meaning , including the current meaning of the words , the pattern and trend of other judicial decisions , changing context and improved scientific understanding , observation of practical outcomes and `` what works , '' contemporary standards of justice , and stare decisis . Both are directed at interpreting the text , not changing it -- interpretation is the process of resolving ambiguity and choosing from among possible meanings , not changing the text .
Hyperinflation
Hyperinflation occurs when there is a continuing ( and often accelerating ) rapid increase in the amount of money that is not supported by a corresponding growth in the output of goods and services .
Native Son
Vera Thomas : Vera is Bigger 's sister . In her Bigger sees many similarities to his mother . Bigger fears Vera will grow up to either be like his mother , constantly exhausted with the strain of supporting a family , or like Bessie , a drunk trying to escape her troubles .
Sundial
In a broader sense , a sundial is any device that uses the Sun 's altitude or azimuth ( or both ) to show the time . In addition to their time - telling function , sundials are valued as decorative objects , literary metaphors , and objects of mathematical study .
Tao
De ( 德 `` power ; virtue ; integrity '' ) is the term generally used to refer to proper adherence to the Tao ; De is the active living or cultivation of the way . Particular things ( things with names ) that manifest from the Tao have their own inner nature that they follow , in accordance with the Tao , and the following of this inner nature is De . Wuwei ( Pinyin : wúwéi ) or ' naturalness ' are contingent on understanding and conforming to this inner nature , which is interpreted variously from a personal , individual nature to a more generalized notion of human nature within the greater Universe .
Utilitarianism
This view still might be contrasted with deep ecology , which holds that an intrinsic value is attached to all forms of life and nature , whether currently assumed to be sentient or not . According to utilitarianism , the forms of life that are unable to experience anything akin to either enjoyment or discomfort are denied moral status , because it is impossible to increase the happiness or reduce the suffering of something that can not feel happiness or suffer . Singer writes :