vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
House sparrow
The first of many successful introductions to North America occurred when birds from England were released in New York City , in 1852 to control the ravages of the linden moth . The house sparrow now occurs from the Northwest Territories to southern Panama , and it is one of the most abundant birds in North America . The house sparrow was first introduced to Australia in 1863 at Melbourne and is common throughout the eastern part of the continent , but has been prevented from establishing itself in Western Australia , where every house sparrow found in the state is killed . House sparrows were introduced in New Zealand in 1859 , and from there reached many of the Pacific islands , including Hawaii .
Origin of the domestic dog
Even today , the wolves on Ellesmere Island do not fear humans , which is thought to be due to them seeing humans so little , and they will approach humans cautiously , curiously and closely .
Red fox
Red foxes have been exceedingly successful in colonising built - up environments , especially lower - density suburbs , although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside . Throughout the twentieth century , they established themselves in many Australian , European , Japanese , and North American cities . The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s , entering Bristol and London during the 1940s , and later established themselves in Cambridge and Norwich . In Australia , red foxes were recorded in Melbourne as early as the 1930s , while in Zurich , Switzerland , they only starting appearing in the 1980s . Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned , low - density housing . They are rare in areas where industry , commerce or council - rented houses predominate . In these latter areas , the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources ; the home range of these foxes average from 80 -- 90 hectares ( 200 -- 220 acres ) , whereas those in more residential areas average from 25 -- 40 hectares ( 60 -- 100 acres ) . Red
House sparrow
The house sparrow is infested by a number of external parasites , which usually cause little harm to adult sparrows . In Europe , the most common mite found on sparrows is Proctophyllodes , the most common ticks are Argas reflexus and Ixodes arboricola , and the most common flea on the house sparrow is Ceratophyllus gallinae . A number of chewing lice occupy different niches on the house sparrow 's body . Menacanthus lice occur across the house sparrow 's body , where they feed on blood and feathers , while Brueelia lice feed on feathers and Philopterus fringillae occurs on the head .
Origin of the domestic dog
Although it is easy to assume that each of these traits was uniquely selected for by hunter - gatherers and early farmers , beginning in 1959 Dmitry Belyayev tested the reactions of silver foxes to a hand placed in their cage and selected the tamest , least aggressive individuals to breed . His hypothesis was that , by selecting a behavioral trait , he could also influence the phenotype of subsequent generations , making them more domestic in appearance . Over the next 40 years , he succeeded in producing foxes with traits that were never directly selected for , including piebald coats floppy ears , upturned tails , shortened snouts , and shifts in developmental timing . In the 1980s , a researcher used a set of behavioral , cognitive , and visible phenotypic markers , such as coat colour , to produce domesticated fallow deer within a few generations . Similar results for tameness and fear have been found for mink and Japanese quail . In addition to demonstrating that domestic phenotypic traits could arise through selection for a behavioral trait , and domestic behavioral traits could arise through the selection for a phenotypic trait , these experiments provided a mechanism to explain how the animal domestication process could have begun without deliberate human forethought and action .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2016 , a study compared the mitochondrial DNA and whole - genome sequences of a worldwide panel of modern dogs , the mDNA sequences of 59 ancient European dog specimens dated 14,000 - 3,000 YBP , and the nuclear genome sequence of a dog specimen that was found in the Late Neolithic passage grave at Newgrange , Ireland and radiocarbon dated at 4,800 YBP . A genetic analysis of the Newgrange dog showed that it was male , did not possess genetic variants associated with modern coat length nor color , was unable to process starch as efficiently as modern dogs but more efficiently than wolves , and showed ancestry from a population of wolves that could not be found in other dogs nor wolves today . As the taxonomic classification of the `` proto - dog '' Paleolithic dogs as being either dogs or wolves remains controversial , they were excluded from the study . The phylogenetic tree generated from mDNA sequences found a deep division between the Sarloos wolfdog and all other dogs , indicating that breed 's recent deriving from the German Shepherd and captive gray wolves . The next largest division was between Eastern Asian dogs and Western Eurasian ( Europe and the Middle East ) dogs that had occurred between 14,000 - 6,400 YBP , with the Newgrange dog clustering with the Western Eurasian dogs . The northern breed Greenland dog and the Siberian husky were poorly supported in the tree , possibly indicating mixed ancestry . ( See also Taimyr wolf admixture )
Ecuador
In the highland region , pork , chicken , beef , and cuy ( guinea pig ) are popular and are served with a variety of grains ( especially rice and corn ) or potatoes .
Griot
Griots today live in many parts of West Africa and are present among the Mande peoples ( Mandinka , Malinké , Bambara , etc . ) , Fulɓe ( Fula ) , Hausa , Songhai , Tukulóor , Wolof , Serer , Mossi , Dagomba , Mauritanian Arabs and many other smaller groups . The word may derive from the French transliteration `` guiriot '' of the Portuguese word `` criado '' , or masculine singular term for `` servant '' . These story - tellers are more predominant in the northern portions of West Africa .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2017 , a study showed that 9,000 YBP the domestic dog was present at what is now Zhokhov Island , arctic north - eastern Siberia , which was connected to the mainland at that time . The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs , which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time . The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is 20 -- 25 kg based on thermo - regulation , and the ancient sled dogs were between 16 -- 25 kg . The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 YBP and in the modern Siberian husky breed standard . Other dogs were more massive at 30 kg and appear to be dogs that had been crossed with wolves and used for polar bear hunting . At death , the heads of the dogs had been carefully separated from their bodies by humans , probably for ceremonial reasons .
Moose
Domestication of moose was investigated in the Soviet Union before World War II . Early experiments were inconclusive , but with the creation of an moose - farm at Pechora - Ilych Nature Reserve in 1949 a small - scale moose domestication program was started , involving attempts at selective breeding of animals on the basis of their behavioural characteristics . Since 1963 , the program has continued at Kostroma Moose Farm , which had a herd of 33 tame moose as of 2003 . Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit - making enterprise , it obtains some income from the sale of moose milk and from visiting tourist groups . Its main value , however , is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the physiology and behavior of the moose , as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal domestication .
House sparrow
The house sparrow 's main predators are cats and birds of prey , but many other animals prey on them , including corvids , squirrels , and even humans -- the house sparrow has been consumed in the past by people in many parts of the world , and it still is in parts of the Mediterranean . Most species of birds of prey have been recorded preying on the house sparrow in places where records are extensive . Accipiters and the merlin in particular are major predators , though cats are likely to have a greater impact on house sparrow populations . The house sparrow is also a common victim of roadkill ; on European roads , it is the bird most frequently found dead .
Golden lion tamarin
However , due to the deforestation and fragmentation of the Atlantic forest , their home ranges have decreased in size . The decrease in size has been reported in terms of fragmentation , and today the forest consists of thousands of fragments equaling only 8 % of its former size . This directly affects their areas of foraging and subsequently , the amount of resources available . Effect
Red panda
The red panda is quite adaptable to living in captivity , and is common in zoos worldwide . By 1992 , more than 300 births had occurred in captivity , and more than 300 individuals lived in 85 institutions worldwide . By 2001 , 182 individuals were in North American zoos alone . As of 2006 , the international studbook listed more than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world . Of these , 511 individuals of subspecies A. f. fulgens were kept in 173 institutions and 306 individuals of subspecies A. f. styani were kept in 81 institutions .
Neolithic Revolution
When hunter - gathering began to be replaced by sedentary food production it became more profitable to keep animals close at hand . Therefore , it became necessary to bring animals permanently to their settlements , although in many cases there was a distinction between relatively sedentary farmers and nomadic herders . The animals ' size , temperament , diet , mating patterns , and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals . Animals that provided milk , such as cows and goats , offered a source of protein that was renewable and therefore quite valuable . The animal 's ability as a worker ( for example ploughing or towing ) , as well as a food source , also had to be taken into account . Besides being a direct source of food , certain animals could provide leather , wool , hides , and fertilizer . Some of the earliest domesticated animals included dogs ( East Asia , about 15,000 years ago ) , sheep , goats , cows , and pigs .
Red fox
North American red foxes , particularly those of northern Alaska , are the most valued for their fur , as they have guard hairs of a silky texture , which , after dressing , allow the wearer unrestricted mobility . Red foxes living in southern Alaska 's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception , as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one - third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins . Most European peltries have coarse - textured fur compared to North American varieties . The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries , but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness .
Border Collie
Working Border Collies can take direction by voice and by whistle at long distances when herding . Their great energy and herding instinct are still used to herd all kinds of animals , from the traditional sheep and cattle , to free range poultry , pigs , and ostriches . They are also used to remove unwanted wild birds from airport runways , golf courses , and other public and private areas .
Sahara
Several species of fox live in the Sahara including : the fennec fox , pale fox and Rüppell 's fox . The addax , a large white antelope , can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking . The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water . Other notable gazelles include the rhim gazelle and dama gazelle .
Origin of the domestic dog
Over the past million years , numerous wolf - like forms existed but their turnover has been high , and modern wolves are not the lineal ancestors of dogs . Although research had suggested that dogs and wolves were genetically very close relatives , later phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that the dog forms a monophyletic clade that is sister to Eurasian wolves , and these together form a sister clade to North American wolves . This indicates that an extant wolf population ancestral to dogs has not been found , and is presumed that the wolves immediately ancestral to dogs are extinct . The dog is not a separate species to the wolf . Studies propose a divergence time of the dog from the wolf ancestor closer to 27,000 YBP , with the most recent proposing 36,900 - 41,500 YBP followed by domestication occurring between 20,000 - 40,000 YBP . The dog was the first domesticated species and appeared more than 15,000 years before present ( YBP ) . The dog was established across Eurasia before the end of the Late Pleistocene era , well before cultivation and the domestication of other animals around 10,000 YBP , indicating that dogs were domesticated by hunter - gatherers and not early agriculturalists . Studies support two population bottlenecks had occurred to the dog lineage , one due to the initial domestication and one due to the formation of dog breeds . Dogs show both ancient and modern lineages . The ancient lineages appear most in Asia but least in Europe because the Victorian era development of modern dog breeds used little of the ancient lineages . All dog populations ( breed , village , and feral ) show some evidence of genetic admixture between modern and ancient dogs . Some ancient dog populations that once occupied Europe and the New World no longer exist . This implies that some ancient dog populations were entirely replaced and others admixed over a long period of time . There was admixture between dog and regional wolf populations except on the Tibetan Plateau and in the New World wolves . This admixture has occurred throughout history and as dogs expanded across the landscape . There are some dog populations that show recent admixture with wolves .
House sparrow
P. d. hyrcanus Zarudny and Kudashev , 1916 , described from Gorgan , Iran , is found along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea from Gorgan to south - eastern Azerbaijan . It intergrades with P. d. persicus in the Alborz mountains , and with P. d. bibilicus to the west . It is the subspecies with the smallest range . P. d. bactrianus Zarudny and Kudashev , 1916 , described from Tashkent , is found in southern Kazakhstan to the Tian Shan and northern Iran and Afghanistan . It intergrades with persicus in Baluchistan and with indicus across central Afghanistan . Unlike most other house sparrow subspecies , it is almost entirely migratory , wintering in the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent . It is found in open country rather than in settlements , which are occupied by the Eurasian tree sparrow in its range . There is an exceptional record from Sudan . P. d. parkini Whistler , 1920 , described from Srinagar , Kashmir , is found in the western Himalayas from the Pamir Mountains to south - eastern Nepal . It is migratory , like P. d. bactrianus . P. d. indicus Jardine and Selby , 1831 , described from Bangalore , is found in the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas , in Sri Lanka , western Southeast Asia , eastern Iran , south - western Arabia and southern Israel . P. d. hufufae Ticehurst and Cheeseman , 1924 , described from Hofuf in Saudi Arabia , is found in north - eastern Arabia . P. d. rufidorsalis C.L. Brehm , 1855 , described from Khartoum , Sudan , is found in the Nile valley from Wadi Halfa south to Renk in northern South Sudan , and in eastern Sudan , northern Ethiopia to the Red Sea coast in Eritrea . It has also been introduced to Mohéli in the Comoros .
House sparrow
The house sparrow 's flight is direct ( not undulating ) and flapping , averaging 45.5 km / h ( 28.3 mph ) and about 15 wingbeats per second . On the ground , the house sparrow typically hops rather than walks . It can swim when pressed to do so by pursuit from predators . Captive birds have been recorded diving and swimming short distances under water .
Red fox
The red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora , being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa , North America and Eurasia . It is listed as least concern by the IUCN . Its range has increased alongside human expansion , having been introduced to Australia , where it is considered harmful to native mammals and bird populations . Due to its presence in Australia , it is included among the list of the `` world 's 100 worst invasive species '' .
Red fox
Although European foxes were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox haplotypes in any North American populations . Also , introduced eastern red foxes have colonized southern California , the San Joaquin Valley , and San Francisco Bay Area , but appear to have mixed with the Sacramento Valley red fox V. v. patwin only in a narrow hybrid zone . In addition , no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern red foxes in California with the montane Sierra Nevada red fox V. v. necator or other populations in the Intermountain West ( between the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges to the west .
Golden lion tamarin
Tamarins emit `` whine '' and `` peep '' calls , which are associated with alarm and alliances respectively . `` Clucks '' are made during foraging trips or during aggressive encounters , whether directed at conspecifics or predators . `` Trills '' are used to communicate over long distances to give away an individual 's position . `` Rasps '' or `` screeches '' are usually associated with playful behavior . Tamarins communicate though chemicals marked throughout their territories . Reproductive males and females scent mark the most and their non-reproductive counterparts rarely do so . Dominant males use scent marking to show their social status and may suppress the reproductive abilities of the other males .
Sahara
Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara . Because of its qualities of endurance and speed , the dromedary is the favourite animal used by nomads .
Feral pig
Feral pig Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Suidae Genus : Sus Species : S. scrofa Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus , 1758 A
Prairie dog
Alarm response behavior varies according to the type of predator announced . If the alarm indicates a hawk diving toward the colony , all the prairie dogs in its flight path dive into their holes , while those outside the flight path stand and watch . If the alarm is for a human , all members of the colony immediately rush inside the burrows . For coyotes , the prairie dogs move to the entrance of a burrow and stand outside the entrance , observing the coyote , while those prairie dogs that were inside the burrows will come out to stand and watch as well . For domestic dogs , the response is to observe , standing in place where they were when the alarm was sounded , again with the underground prairie dogs emerging to watch .
Geography and wealth
Jared Diamond has linked domestication of animals in Europe and Asia to the development of diseases that enabled these countries to conquer the inhabitants of other continents . The close association of people in Eurasia with their domesticated animals provided a vector for the rapid transmission of diseases . Inhabitants of lands with few domesticated species were never exposed to the same range of diseases , and so , at least on the American continents , succumbed to diseases introduced from Eurasia . These effects were exhaustively discussed in William McNeill 's book Plagues and Peoples .
Rabbit
More than half the world 's rabbit population resides in North America . They are also native to southwestern Europe , Southeast Asia , Sumatra , some islands of Japan , and in parts of Africa and South America . They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia , where a number of species of hares are present . Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently , as part of the Great American Interchange . Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit , the tapeti , while most of South America 's southern cone is without rabbits .
Origin of the domestic dog
The study proposes that after having diverged from the common ancestor along with the grey wolf , the evolution of Canis familiaris proceeded in three stages . The first was natural selection based on feeding behavior within the ecological niche that had been formed through human activity . The second was artificial selection based on tamability . The third was directed selection based on forming breeds that possessed qualities to help with specific tasks within the human economy . The process commenced 40,000 - 30,000 YBP with its speed increasing with each stage until domestication became complete . Further
Small intestine
In tetrapods , the ileocaecal valve is always present , opening into the colon . The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts , but is especially so in herbivores , as well as in mammals and birds , which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles . The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates , but only in mammals do these develop into true villi .
Key West, Florida
The six - or seven - toed polydactyl cats descended from Hemingway 's original pet `` Snowball '' still live on the grounds and are cared for at the Hemingway House , despite complaints by the U.S. Department of Agriculture that they are not kept free from visitor contact . The Key West City Commission has exempted the house from a law prohibiting more than four domestic animals per household .
Origin of the domestic dog
One theory is that domestication occurred during one of the five cold Heinrich events that occurred after the arrival of humans in West Europe 37 000 , 29 000 , 23 000 , 16 500 and 12 000 YBP . The theory is that the extreme cold during one of these events caused humans to either shift their location , adapt through a breakdown in their culture and change of their beliefs , or adopt innovative approaches . The adoption of the large wolf / dog was an adaptation to this hostile environment .
New World monkey
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America and Mexico : Callitrichidae , Cebidae , Aotidae , Pitheciidae , and Atelidae . The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea , the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini . Platyrrhini means flat - nosed , and their noses are flatter than those of other simians , with sideways - facing nostrils . Monkeys in the family Atelidae , such as the spider monkey , are the only primates to have prehensile tails . New World monkeys ' closest relatives are the other simians , the Catarrhini ( `` down - nosed , '' comprising Old World monkeys and apes ) . New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America , a line that split off about 40 million years ago .
Red panda
Due to CITES , this zoo harvest has decreased substantially in recent years , but poaching continues , and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices . In some parts of Nepal and India , red pandas are kept as pets .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2014 , a whole genome study of the DNA differences between wolves and dogs found that dogs did not show a reduced fear response but did show greater synaptic plasticity . Synaptic plasticity is widely believed to be the cellular correlate of learning and memory , and this change may have altered the learning and memory abilities of dogs in comparison to wolves . Behavior