vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fresh water
Fresh water ( or freshwater ) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water . Fresh water includes water in ice sheets , ice caps , glaciers , icebergs , bogs , ponds , lakes , rivers , streams , and even underground water called groundwater . Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids . Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water , it does include mineral - rich waters such as chalybeate springs .
River Thames
Other regattas , head races and university bumping races are held along the Thames which are described under Rowing on the River Thames .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
It is estimated that in 2025 , water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins . Besides severe health concerns , water pollution also leads to problems in the fishing and tourism industries . The national government recognized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management ( see below ) .
Arctic Ocean
Because of its relative isolation from other oceans , the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow . It is classified as a mediterranean sea , which as `` a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins ( these being the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans ) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing '' . The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07 × 10 km , equal to about 1.3 % of the World Ocean . Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin .
Chinese Tributary System
The Chinese Tributary System or Chao Gong ( Chinese : 中華 朝貢 體系 ) was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its tributaries , which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs . Contrary to other tribute systems around the world , the Chinese tributary system consisted almost entirely of mutually - beneficial economic relationships , and member states of the system were politically autonomous and , in almost all cases , independent as well. . Through the system , which facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange , the various dynasties of China ( refer to `` Heaven Dynasty '' ) `` deeply influenced the culture of the peripheral countries and also drew them into a China - centered , or `` sino - centric '' , international order . '' The Chinese Tributary System shaped foreign policy and trade for over 2000 years of Chinese countries 's economic and cultural dominance of the region , and thus played a huge role in the History of East Asia in particular . Recently , some scholars have argued that it is misleading to think of `` a millennial tribute system '' , rather than `` a loose set of expectations and precedents '' ; they suggest that the system flourished only in the late Ming and early to middle late Qing dynasties .
Indus River
`` Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China , and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world ... In the short term , this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows ... In the long run , the glaciers are vital lifelines of the Indus River . Once they vanish , water supplies in Pakistan will be in peril . ''
Wetland
Tidal and inter-tidal wetland systems protect and stabilize coastal zones . Coral reefs provide a protective barrier to coastal shoreline . Mangroves stabilize the coastal zone from the interior and will migrate with the shoreline to remain adjacent to the boundary of the water . The main conservation benefit these systems have against storms and storm surges is the ability to reduce the speed and height of waves and floodwaters .
Respiratory system
In most fish , and a number of other aquatic animals ( both vertebrates and invertebrates ) the respiratory system consists of gills , which are either partially or completely external organs , bathed in the watery environment . This water flows over the gills by a variety of active or passive means . Gas exchange takes place in the gills which consist of thin or very flat filaments and lammelae which expose a very large surface area of highly vascularized tissue to the water .
Narmada River
The river was mentioned by Ptolemy in the second century AD as Namade and by the author of the Periplus . The Ramayana , the Mahabharat , and the Puranas refer to it frequently . The Rewa Khand of Vayu Purana and the Rewa Khand of Skanda Purana are entirely devoted to the story of the birth and the importance of the river , and hence Narmada is also called the Rewa .
Amazon River
The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season . Every year , the river rises more than 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , flooding the surrounding forests , known as várzea ( `` flooded forests '' ) . The Amazon 's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world . In an average dry season , 110,000 square kilometres ( 42,000 sq mi ) of land are water - covered , while in the wet season , the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) .
Snake River
Rugged mountains divided by rolling plains characterize the physiographically diverse watershed of the Snake River . The Snake River Plain was created by a volcanic hotspot which now lies underneath Yellowstone National Park , where the headwaters of the Snake River arise . Gigantic glacial - retreat flooding episodes that occurred during the previous Ice Age carved out many topographical features , including various canyons and ridges along the middle and lower Snake River . Two of these catastrophic flooding events significantly affected the river and its surrounds .
Amazon River
The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon , and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira , Purús and Negro ; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus ; and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller streams . In that same period , the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet . Meanwhile , private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries .
Wetland
Capacity : The ability of wetland systems to store nutrients and trap sediment is highly efficient and effective but each system has a threshold . An overabundance of nutrient input from fertilizer run - off , sewage effluent , or non-point pollution will cause eutrophication . Upstream erosion from deforestation can overwhelm wetlands making them shrink in size and see dramatic biodiversity loss through excessive sedimentation load . The capacity of wetland vegetation to store heavy metals is affected by waterflow , number of hectares ( acres ) , climate , and type of plant .
Amazon River
Not all of the Amazon 's tributaries flood at the same time of the year . Many branches begin flooding in November and may continue to rise until June . The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June . The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of the rest of the Amazon .
Hoover Dam
The changes in water flow and use caused by Hoover Dam 's construction and operation have had a large impact on the Colorado River Delta . The construction of the dam has been implicated in causing the decline of this estuarine ecosystem . For six years after the construction of the dam , while Lake Mead filled , virtually no water reached the mouth of the river . The delta 's estuary , which once had a freshwater - saltwater mixing zone stretching 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of the river 's mouth , was turned into an inverse estuary where the level of salinity was higher close to the river 's mouth .
River delta
In rare cases the river delta is located inside a large valley and is called an inverted river delta . Sometimes a river divides into multiple branches in an inland area , only to rejoin and continue to the sea . Such an area is called an inland delta , and often occurs on former lake beds . The Inner Niger Delta and Peace -- Athabasca Delta are notable examples . The Amazon has also an inland delta before the island of Marajó .
Soil erosion
One of the most serious and long - running water erosion problems worldwide is in the People 's Republic of China , on the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River . From the Yellow River , over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flows into the ocean each year . The sediment originates primarily from water erosion in the Loess Plateau region of the northwest .
Desert
When rain falls in deserts , as it occasionally does , it is often with great violence . The desert surface is evidence of this with dry stream channels known as arroyos or wadis meandering across its surface . These can experience flash floods , becoming raging torrents with surprising rapidity after a storm that may be many kilometers away . Most deserts are in basins with no drainage to the sea but some are crossed by exotic rivers sourced in mountain ranges or other high rainfall areas beyond their borders . The River Nile , the Colorado River and the Yellow River do this , losing much of their water through evaporation as they pass through the desert and raising groundwater levels nearby . There may also be underground sources of water in deserts in the form of springs , aquifers , underground rivers or lakes . Where these lie close to the surface , wells can be dug and oases may form where plant and animal life can flourish . The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System under the Sahara Desert is the largest known accumulation of fossil water . The Great Man - Made River is a scheme launched by Libya 's Colonel Gadaffi to tap this aquifer and supply water to coastal cities . Kharga Oasis in Egypt is 150 km ( 93 mi ) long and is the largest oasis in the Libyan Desert . A lake occupied this depression in ancient times and thick deposits of sandy - clay resulted . Wells are dug to extract water from the porous sandstone that lies underneath . Seepages may occur in the walls of canyons and pools may survive in deep shade near the dried up watercourse below .
Water in California
The North Coast watershed receives the highest annual precipitation of any California watershed . It incorporates many large river systems such as the Klamath , Smith and Eel , and produces over a third of the runoff in the state . With a few exceptions , the North Coast watersheds are relatively undeveloped and provides water only to local communities . The vast majority of water flows uncontrolled into the Pacific Ocean . There have been many proposals to divert water from North Coast rivers to increase water supplies in the rest of California , but these projects were never realized , both due to cost and potential environmental harm .
Wetland
Human impact : Converting wetlands through drainage and development have contributed to the issue of irregular flood control through forced adaption of water channels to narrower corridors due to loss of wetland area . These new channels must manage the same amount of precipitation causing flood peaks to be ( higher or deeper ) and floodwaters to travel faster .
Indus River
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km ( 450,000 sq mi ) . Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km ( 58 cu mi ) , twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined , making it the twenty - first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow . The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh . In the plains , its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries , namely , the Chenab , Jhelum , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej . Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok , the Gilgit , the Kabul , the Gomal , and the Kurram . Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas , the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests , plains and arid countryside .
Amazon River
The plume generated by the river 's discharge covers up to 1.3 million square kilometres and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity , pH , light penetration , and sedimentation .
Social ecological model
The context , or environment , involves four of the five interrelated systems of the original theory : the microsystem , the mesosystem , the exosystem , and the macrosystem .
River Welland
Wildlife in the river varies along its length , the faster headwaters being a habitat for trout and the slower lower reaches for perch . The estuary conditions and flat landscapes beyond Fosdyke favour wading birds and migratory species .
Jordan River
The river has a major significance in Judaism and Christianity . This is the site where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land and where Jesus of Nazareth was baptised by John the Baptist .
Mississippi River
The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history . Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower , a goosefoot , a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BCE . The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BCE during what is now called the Woodland period , with increasing evidence of shelter construction , pottery , weaving and other practices . A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 CE , spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . A period of more isolated communities followed , and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters ( maize , beans and squash ) gradually came to dominate . After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture , with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers . The most prominent of these , now called Cahokia , was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants , larger than London , England of that time . At the time of first contact with Europeans , Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed , and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress .
Algonquian peoples
In the spring , when the fish were spawning , they left the winter camps to build villages at coastal locations and waterfalls . In March , they caught smelt in nets and weirs , moving about in birchbark canoes . In April , they netted alewife , sturgeon and salmon . In May , they caught cod with hook and line in the ocean ; and trout , smelt , striped bass and flounder in the estuaries and streams . Putting out to sea , the men hunted whales , porpoises , walruses and seals . The women and children gathered scallops , mussels , clams and crabs , all the basis of menus in New England today .
Snake River
More than 11,000 years ago , prehistoric Native Americans lived along the Snake . Salmon from the Pacific Ocean spawned by the millions in the river . These fish were central to the lives of the people along the Snake below Shoshone Falls . By the time Lewis and Clark crossed the Rockies and sighted the valley of a Snake tributary , the Nez Perce and Shoshone were the most powerful peoples in the region . Some tribes adopted use of horses after contact with Europeans , which reshaped their hunting and cultures for the next few hundred years before outside settlement . Later explorers and fur trappers further changed and used the resources of the Snake River basin . At one point , a hand sign made by the Shoshones representing fish was misinterpreted to represent a snake , giving the Snake River its name .
Bullhead City, Arizona
Fishing is popular on Lake Mohave and the Colorado River , which is plentiful with several species of fish , including Rainbow trout , Largemouth bass , Striped bass , crappie , sunfish , catfish ( channel ) , and carp . There are dozens of coves and inlets that are well known among fishing enthusiasts .
Yellowstone River
Yellowstone Lake to Yellowstone Falls Yellowstone River , Fishing Bridge , July 1959 The river inside Yellowstone National Park provides accessible flat water fishing and abundant Yellowstone cutthroat trout . The portion of the river through the Hayden Valley is closed all year long , but the rest is accessible and easily wadable . No floating is allowed . Numerous insect hatches occur following the opening of the river on July 15 providing anglers the opportunity to try numerous artificial flies including Pale Morning Duns , Green Drakes , Gray Drakes , Caddis and salmonflies . Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and Black Canyon of the Yellowstone Black Canyon of the Yellowstone near Gardiner , Montana The canyon reaches inside Yellowstone National Park are accessible only by hiking or horseback . The river here is usually quite swift , with sheer canyon walls in spots . Below Knowles Falls , about four miles upstream from Gardiner , anglers will find browns and whitefish in addition to the rainbows and cutthroat trout . Gardiner to Yankee Jim Canyon Just south of Yankee Jim Canyon This section of the Yellowstone holds a good population of medium - sized rainbow and cutthroat trout , with a few big browns as well . The first half of this section from Gardiner to the bridge at Corwin Springs is mostly fast water , with some class II and III white water . From Corwin Springs to Yankee Jim Canyon , the river flattens out substantially and gives the angler more time to cast to fish along the banks . Yankee Jim Canyon Upper Yankee Jim Canyon Yankee Jim Canyon is the Yellowstone 's best white water , with several major rapids . Steep canyon walls make it a difficult stretch to fish . Because of the potential danger in floating the Canyon , many commercial fishing guides do not float this stretch , though recreational floaters are common . Tom Miner Bridge to Emigrant Yellowstone River near Emigrant From the Tom Miner Bridge ( or the Carbella access just downstream ) down to Point of Rocks , there is some excellent water , lots of fast pocket water with several nice pools . Once the river reaches the Point of Rocks , the gradient decreases substantially and the river turns into slower , longer pools . Emigrant to Mallard 's Rest Drift Boat Fly Fishing on the Yellowstone near Grey Owl Just downstream from Emigrant is Grey Owl , one of the best fishing access points on the river .
Economy of Scotland
In tandem with the decline of sea - fishing , commercial fish farms -- especially in salmon , have increased in prominence in the rivers and lochs of the north and west of Scotland . Inland waters are rich in fresh water fish such as salmon and trout although here too there has been an inexorable and so far unexplained decline in abundance over the past decades .
Snake River
By the 1870s , the OSN Company , owned by the Northern Pacific Railroad , was operating seven steamboats for transporting wheat and grain from the productive Palouse region along the Snake and Columbia to lower Columbia River ports . These boats were the Harvest Queen , John Gates , Spokane , Annie Faxon , Mountain Queen , R.R. Thompson , and Wide West , all of which were built on the Columbia River . However , there were more resources along the Snake River than wheat and grain . In the 1890s , a huge copper deposit was discovered at Eureka Bar in Hells Canyon . Several ships were built specifically to transport ore from there to Lewiston : these included Imnaha , Mountain Gem , and Norma . In 1893 the Annie Faxon suffered a boiler explosion and sank on the Snake below Lewiston .
Vermont
Visitors participate in trout fishing , lake fishing , and ice fishing . Some hike the Long Trail .
Alaska
Alaska has an abundance of seafood , with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific . Seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it . Many Alaskans take advantage of salmon seasons to harvest portions of their household diet while fishing for subsistence , as well as sport . This includes fish taken by hook , net or wheel .
Yellowstone River
In Montana the river has been used extensively for irrigation since the 1860s . In its upper reaches , within Yellowstone Park and the mountains of Montana , it is a popular destination for fly fishing . The Yellowstone is a Class I river from the Yellowstone National Park boundary to the North Dakota border for the purposes of stream access for recreational purposes .
Economy of Scotland
The waters surrounding Scotland are some of the richest in Europe . Fishing is an economic mainstay in parts of the North East of Scotland and along the west coast , with important fish markets in places such as Aberdeen and Mallaig . Fish and shellfish such as herring , crab , lobster , haddock and cod are landed at ports such as Peterhead , the biggest white fish port in Europe , Fraserburgh , the biggest shellfish port in Europe , Stornoway , Lerwick and Oban . There has been a large scale decrease in employment in the fishing industry within Scotland , due initially to the sacrifice of national fishing rights to the EEC on the UK 's accession to the Common Market in the 1970s , and latterly to the historically low abundances of commercially valuable fish in the North Sea and parts of the North Atlantic . To rebuild stocks the EU 's Common Fisheries Policy places restrictions on the total tonnage of catch that can be landed , on the days at sea allowed and on fishing gear that can be deployed . These measures have so far been unsuccessful .
Snake River
Eventually , two large Native American groups controlled most of the Snake River : the Nez Perce , whose territory stretched from the southeastern Columbia Plateau into northern Oregon and western Idaho , and the Shoshone , who occupied the Snake River Plain both above and below Shoshone Falls . Lifestyles along the Snake River varied widely . Below Shoshone Falls , the economy centered on salmon , who often came up the river in enormous numbers . Salmon were the mainstay of the Nez Perce and most of the other tribes below Shoshone Falls . Above the falls , life was significantly different . The Snake River Plain forms one of the only relatively easy paths across the main Rocky Mountains for many hundreds of miles , allowing Native Americans both east and west of the mountains to interact . As a result , the Shoshone centered on a trading economy .
Michigan
Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state . Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon , trout , walleye and perch . Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters ( over one million ) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy . Over three - quarters of a million hunters participate in white - tailed deer season alone . Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season , because of attendance concerns .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book ( 1972 ) noted : `` Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery . '' But , water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s , combined with successful salmonid stocking programs , have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery . The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere .
Hudson River
The hogchoker flatfish have been historically abundant in the river , where farmers would use them for inexpensive livestock feed , giving the fish its name . Other unique fish found in the river include the northern pipefish , the lined seahorse , and the northern puffer .