vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Warm front
Weather phenomenon Prior to the passing of the front While the front is passing After the passing of the front Temperature Cool Warming suddenly Warmer , then leveling off Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Leveling off Slight rise followed by a decrease Winds South to southeast ( backing ) ( northern hemisphere ) North to northeast ( veering ) ( southern hemisphere ) Variable South to southwest ( veering ) ( northern hemisphere ) North to northwest ( backing ) ( southern hemisphere ) Precipitation Usually none , but in summer or warm temperatures , cumulus congestus may continue to exist under cirrostratus and altostratus creating light to moderate showers . Persistent rain , usually moderate with some lighter periods and some heavier bursts . Light drizzle , gradually ceasing . Clouds Cirrus , cirrostratus , altostratus , nimbostratus , then stratus ( pilots use the acronym CCANS ) . Other clouds can also often be seen , including cirrocumulus amongst the approaching cirrus , altocumulus with or instead of altostratus ( particularly if the front is weak ) , and occasionally cumulonimbus along with or instead of nimbostratus in summer . Additionally , stratocumulus often appears underneath the main altostratus deck and stratus fractus typically forms in precipitation falling from the thick nimbostratus layer . Often in warm temperatures , rain bearing cumulus congestus clouds can appear under the cirrostratus , and more rarely altocumulus castellanus clouds if convection is sufficient . In cold humid conditions , low airmass stratus or fog may obscure the main frontal clouds . Nimbostratus , sometimes cumulonimbus Clearing with scattered stratus and stratocumulus . If the warm front is part of a depression , there is often a sheet of altostratus ( often broken in places to altocumulus ) above this which thickens when the cold front approaches . Visibility Poor Poor , but improving Sunny Dew point Steady rise Steady Rise , then steady
Trail of Tears
`` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... ''
Gun laws in North Carolina
North Carolina is a `` shall issue '' state for the concealed carry of handguns . Application for a concealed handgun permit is made through the local county sheriff 's office . Applicants must complete a state approved training course given by a state certified trainer . Instructors for these classes must be certified by the North Carolina Department of Justice . The Concealed Carry Handgun Safety Class is regulated to be a minimum of eight ( 8 ) hours long and must include a written test on state laws pertaining to the use of deadly force , and restrictions on the locations a handgun may be carried in a concealed fashion . In addition , the applicant must shoot a designated course of fire and obtain a passing score . A concealed handgun permit is valid for a period of five years . Regardless of the possession of a CHP , there are places that are restricted from the carrying of a concealed handgun , or any other firearm . Some restrictions have allowances for emergency medical services , fire and police . Firearms may not be transported or possessed off of one 's own premises during a declared state of emergency or in the immediate vicinity of a riot , except for law enforcement and military personnel in the performance of their duties . On March 29 , 2012 , the provision barring the carry and possession of a firearm during a declared state of emergency was declared unconstitutional by a US Federal Court ( No. 5 : 10 - CV - 265 - H ( E.D.N.C. filed Mar. 29 , 2012 ) ) .
Climate of Florida
In October the dry season sets in across much of Florida ( starting early in the month in northern Florida and near the end of the month in deep southern Florida ) and lasts until late April in most years . Fronts from mid-latitude storms north of Florida occasionally pass through northern and central parts of the state which bring light and brief winter rainfall . Mid and late winter can become severely dry in Florida . In some years the dry season becomes quite severe and water restrictions are imposed to conserve water . While most areas of Florida do not experience any type of frozen precipitation , northern Florida can see fleeting snow or sleet a few times each decade .
Alaska
The climate of the interior of Alaska is subarctic . Some of the highest and lowest temperatures in Alaska occur around the area near Fairbanks . The summers may have temperatures reaching into the 90s ° F ( the low - to - mid 30s ° C ) , while in the winter , the temperature can fall below − 60 ° F ( − 51 ° C ) . Precipitation is sparse in the Interior , often less than 10 in ( 25 cm ) a year , but what precipitation falls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter .
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball
From the Tar Heels ' first season in 1910 -- 11 through the 2016 -- 17 season , the program has amassed a . 739 all - time winning percentage ( second highest all - time ) , winning 2,206 games and losing 781 games in 107 seasons . The Tar Heels also have the most consecutive 20 - win seasons with 31 seasons from the 1970 -- 71 season through the 2000 -- 2001 season . On March 2 , 2010 , North Carolina became the second college basketball program to reach 2,000 wins in its history . The Tar Heels are currently ranked 3rd all time in wins trailing Kentucky by 33 games and Kansas by 11 games . The Tar Heels are one of only four Division I Men 's Basketball programs to have ever achieved 2,000 victories . Kentucky , Kansas , and Duke are the other three .
Trans-Canada Highway
The Trans - Canada Highway mostly bypasses Canada 's most heavily populated region , the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario , which includes the city of Toronto . However , a small section of the highway does briefly cross into the northeastern edge of Durham Region at both Sunderland and Beaverton , where this region itself is part of the Greater Toronto Area . Quebec
Climate of the United States
The climate of the United States varies due to differences in latitude , and a range of geographic features , including mountains and deserts . West of the 100th meridian , much of the US is semi-arid to desert in the far southwestern US , and Mediterranean along the California coast . East of the 100th meridian , the climate is humid continental in the northern areas east through New England , to humid subtropical in the Gulf and South Atlantic regions . Southern Florida is tropical , as is Hawaii and the US Virgin Islands . Higher - elevation areas of the Rocky Mountains , the Wasatch , Sierra Nevada , and Cascade Range are alpine . The West Coast areas in coastal Oregon and Washington are oceanic climate . The state of Alaska , on the northwestern corner of the North American continent , is largely subarctic climate , but with a subpolar oceanic climate in the southeast ( Alaska Panhandle ) , southwestern peninsula and Aleutian Islands .
Climate of the Arctic
The coldest location in the Northern Hemisphere is not in the Arctic , but rather in the interior of Russia 's Far East , in the upper - right quadrant of the maps . This is due to the region 's continental climate , far from the moderating influence of the ocean , and to the valleys in the region that can trap cold , dense air and create strong temperature inversions , where the temperature increases , rather than decreases , with height ( Serreze and Barry , 2005 ) . The lowest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the subject of controversy , due to the type of instrumentation used . These temperatures were measured by spirit thermometer , which is less accurate than a mercury thermometer . Measurement by spirit ( alcohol ) thermometers must be corrected ( usually the correction is positive , being about 0.2 ° C , but it is not so simple ) . According to `` Climate of the USSR , issue 24 , part I , Leningrad , 1956 , '' the coldest temperature of − 67.7 ° C ( − 90 ° F ) occurred in Oymyakon on 6 February 1933 , as well as in Verkhoyansk on 5 and 7 February 1892 , respectively . However , this region is not part of the Arctic because its continental climate also allows it to have warm summers , with an average July temperature of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the figure below showing station climatologies , the plot for Yakutsk is representative of this part of the Far East ; Yakutsk has a slightly less extreme climate than Verkhoyansk . Monthly
Climate of Delhi
Winter arrives in Delhi by late November or early December . Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year , while days are pleasant . Though usually not cold initially , December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half , as chilly north - western winds from the Himalayas begin sweeping the Northern Plains . These cold waves are caused by a depression created by Western Disturbance , which bring cloud cover and occasional winter rains to the Plains , and add to snowfall in the North - Western Indian Subcontinent . By early January , when winter peaks in Delhi , the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of 0 ° C , though very rarely entering the negative scale . Maximum temperatures , too may drop down into single digits and always stay under 20 ° C. When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the 0 ° C mark , Delhi witnesses frost . Snow is a practical impossibility for Delhi ( and the rest of Northern Plains ) due to very dry nature of its winter - the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas , and a cloud cover ( which is necessary for causing snowfall ) rather warms the city by trapping heat , thereby junking any possibility of snow . Delhi 's winter is marked by very dense fog , which dramatically reduces visibility and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight . In the opposite scenario , cold north - westerly winds from the upper reaches of Himalayas blowing across the city makes the days feel colder , despite any sunshine and the nights further cold . Post mid-January , average temperatures begin to rise very gradually , though the rise is almost contained by the cold north - western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month . It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail , resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover . Maximum temperatures again cross 20 ° C and days become pleasant . By mid-February or somewhat beyond , minimum temperature crosses the 10 ° C mark and days start getting warmer gradually , marking the end of winter . Delhi can sometimes have prolonged season of chill , extending into March .
New Mexico
The climate of New Mexico is generally semiarid to arid , though areas of continental and alpine climates exist , and its territory is mostly covered by mountains , high plains , and desert . The Great Plains ( High Plains ) are in Eastern New Mexico , similar to the Colorado high plains in eastern Colorado . The two states share similar terrain , with both having plains , mountains , basins , mesas , and desert lands . New Mexico 's statewide average precipitation is 13.9 inches ( 350 mm ) a year , with average monthly amounts peaking in the summer , as at Albuquerque , and Las Cruces in the south . The average annual temperatures can range from 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) in the southeast to below 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the northern mountains . During the summer , daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) at elevations below 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) , the average high temperature in July ranges from 97 ° F ( 36 ° C ) at the lower elevations down to 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) at the higher elevations . In the colder months of November to March , many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperature lows in the teens above zero , or lower . The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Loving on June 27 , 1994 , and the lowest recorded temperature is − 50 ° F ( − 46 ° C ) at Gavilan on February 1 , 1951 .
North Carolina
On October 25 , 1836 , construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh . In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro , High Point , and Charlotte . During the Civil War , the Wilmington - to - Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort ; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
The summer heat is relatively tolerable for most because of low humidity , except for some days during the North American Monsoon . There are 2.7 days of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) + highs annually , mostly in June and July and rarely in August due in part to the monsoon ; an average 60 days see 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs .
New Jersey
Summers are typically hot and humid , with statewide average high temperatures of 82 -- 87 ° F ( 28 -- 31 ° C ) and lows of 60 -- 69 ° F ( 16 -- 21 ° C ) ; however , temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on average 25 days each summer , exceeding 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in some years . Winters are usually cold , with average high temperatures of 34 -- 43 ° F ( 1 -- 6 ° C ) and lows of 16 to 28 ° F ( − 9 to − 2 ° C ) for most of the state , but temperatures could , for brief periods , fall below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) and occasionally rise above 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . Northwestern parts of the state have significantly colder winters with sub-0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) being an almost annual occurrence . Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations , with lower humidity than summer . The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone classification ranges from 6 in the northwest of the state , to 7B near Cape May . All - time temperature extremes recorded in New Jersey include 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on July 10 , 1936 in Runyon , Middlesex County and − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) on January 5 , 1904 in River Vale , Bergen County .
The impact of geography on colonial America
Since the colonies were further south , the days were longer with a lot of sunlight and plenty of rain . The climate in the coastal region of the middle colonies is moderate year round . Average monthly temperatures range from 76 to 32 degrees . Average temperature in the summer months is 74 degrees . About 57 % of the days are sunny . Annual precipitation is approximately 45 inches . Temperatures along the Atlantic Coast are about 10 degrees warmer in winter and 10 degrees cooler in summer . The average growing season varies from 170 to 200 days . The Coastal Plain is humid in the summers and had temperate winters .
Climate of North Dakota
Summer sees heat and humidity predominate in the east , while hotter and less humid conditions are generally present in the west . These humid conditions help kick off thunderstorm activity 22 -- 34 days a year . Summer high temperatures in North Dakota average in the mid 80s ( 30 ° C ) in the west to the upper 70s ( 25 ° C ) in the east , with temperatures as hot as 121 ° F ( 49 ° C ) possible . The growing season in North Dakota usually begins in April , and harvest begins in September and October . Tornadoes are possible in North Dakota from April through October , but the peak tornado month is July , followed by June and August . The state averages 13 tornadoes per year . Depending on location , average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in ( 35.6 cm ) to 22 in ( 55.9 cm ) .
North Carolina
In the mountains , the Brevard Music Center hosts choral , orchestral , and solo performances during its annual summer schedule .
Climate of the United States
The Gulf and South Atlantic states have a humid subtropical climate with mostly mild winters and hot , humid summers . Most of the Florida peninsula including Tampa and Jacksonville , along with other coastal cities like Houston , New Orleans , Savannah , Charleston and Wilmington all have average summer highs in the lower 90s F , and lows generally from 70 to 75 ° F ( 21 to 24 ° C ) ; combined with moist tropical air , this creates the sultry summer weather conditions typical found here . In the interior South , in cities like Raleigh , NC , Atlanta , Birmingham , AL , Nashville TN , San Antonio , TX , and Jackson , average summer highs and lows are similar to coastal areas , while some areas of interior eastern Texas having highs in the upper 90s F. In winter , average daily high temperatures range from the 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) s ( upper South : northern Arkansas , Kentucky and Virginia ) , to the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s along the Gulf Coast and South Atlantic coast ( Charleston southward ) , with 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in central and southern Florida and far southern Texas . Average daily lows in winter range from 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) s north to 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) s along the Gulf and far South Atlantic coasts , with 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) s in Florida and coastal south Texas .
New Jersey
There are two climatic conditions in the state . The south , central , and northeast parts of the state have a humid subtropical climate , while the northwest has a humid continental climate ( microthermal ) , with much cooler temperatures due to higher elevation . New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually .
Catalonia
In the Mediterranean area , summers are dry and hot with sea breezes , and the maximum temperature is around 26 -- 31 ° C ( 79 -- 88 ° F ) . Winter is cool or slightly cold depending on the location . It snows frequently in the Pyrenees , and it occasionally snows at lower altitudes , even by the coastline . Spring and autumn are typically the rainiest seasons , except for the Pyrenean valleys , where summer is typically stormy .
Karachi
Karachi has an arid climate ( Köppen : BWh ) dominated by a long `` Summer Season '' while moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea . The city has low annual average precipitation levels ( approx. 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) per annum ) , the bulk of which occurs during the July -- August monsoon season . While the summers are hot and humid , cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months , though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves . The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February . It is dry and pleasant relative to the warm hot season , which starts in March and lasts until monsoons arrive in June . Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near - constant levels year - round .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Summer lasts from June to August and is the warmest and usually the sunniest season . Rainfall totals can have a wide local variation due to localised thundershowers . These thundershowers mainly occur in southern , eastern , and central England and are less frequent and severe in the north and west . Climatic differences at this time of year are more influenced by latitude and proximity to the ocean . Temperatures are the highest in southern and central areas and lowest in the north . Hot weather above 27 ° C in most places and in most years occurs on multiple days per year , but more frequently in London and south - east England and less so in parts of Scotland . The record maximum is 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) recorded in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 .
Climate of the United Kingdom
If the air masses are strong enough in their respective areas during the summer , there can sometimes be a large difference in temperature between the far north of Scotland ( including the Islands ) and south - east of England -- often a difference of 10 -- 15 ° C ( 18 - 27 ° F ) but sometimes of as much as 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) or more . In the height of summer the Northern Isles could have temperatures around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and areas around London could reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) .
Climate of the United States
The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate . Daily high temperatures range from 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) in the summer to 50 to 65 ° F ( 10 to 16 ° C ) in winter , with low temperatures from the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s in summer to the mid 40s F in winter . ( citation needed ) . Like most Mediterranean climates , much of coastal California has a wet winter and dry summer . Early summers can often bring cool , overcast weather ( fog and low stratus clouds ) to coastal California . As such , the warmest summer weather is delayed until August , even September in many areas of the California coast ; on average , September is the warmest month in San Francisco , CA . Upwelling of cold Pacific waters also contributes to the frequent cool spring and early summer weather in coastal California . In California 's inland river valleys ( Bakersfield , Sacramento areas ) , the wet - winter , dry - summer pattern remains , but winters are cooler and more prone to occasional frost or freeze , while summers are much hotter , with blazing sunshine and daytime high temperatures not uncommonly in the 90s ° F to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) .
Climate of Florida
During the summer , minimal range from near 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in northern Florida to near 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in the Keys . High temperatures during the summer average in the lower 90s Fahrenheit statewide . Relief from the heat during the summer comes in the form of afternoon and evening thunderstorm activity , late morning and afternoon sea breezes off the relatively cooler ocean , and during the passage of a tropical cyclone . The passage of a cold front through the state is rare during the warm season . The record high temperature for the state is 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) at Monticello in 1931 .
Paterson, New Jersey
The climate in this area is characterized by hot , humid summers and generally cool to cold winters . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system , Paterson has a humid continental climate , abbreviated `` Dfa '' on climate maps .
Brittany
Brittany lies within the north temperate zone . It has a changeable , maritime climate , similar to Cornwall . Rainfall occurs regularly but sunny , cloudless days are also common . In the summer months , temperatures in the region can reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , yet the climate remains comfortable , especially when compared to the French regions located south of the Loire . The temperature difference between summer and winter is about fifteen degrees , but it varies depending on the proximity of the sea . The weather is generally milder on the seacoast than inland but rainfall occurs with the same intensity on both . The Monts d'Arrée , despite their low elevation , have much more rainfall than the rest of the region . The south coast , between Lorient and Pornic , enjoys more than 2,000 hours of sunshine per year .