vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Social class in the United States
Occupations which require high educational attainment are well compensated and are held in high public esteem . Physicians , lawyers , accountants , engineers , scientists and professors are largely considered to be upper middle class . The very well educated are seen as trendsetters ; the anti-smoking , pro-fitness , and organic food movements , as well as environmentalism , are largely indigenous to this socio - economic grouping . Education serves as perhaps the most important value and also the most dominant entry barrier of the upper middle class .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage of the infrastructure , shortages of food and water , and economic damage . Epidemics were of special concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas . The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera , diphtheria , dysentery , typhoid and hepatitis A and B .
Salicylic acid
It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system .
Health care in the United States
64 % of health spending was paid for by the government in 2013 , funded via programs such as Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program , and the Veterans Health Administration . People aged under 67 acquire insurance via their or a family member 's employer , by purchasing health insurance on their own , or are uninsured . Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government in its role as employer .
The Gambia
The Gambia is tied for third place in Africa for measles immunisation among one - year - old children . The Gambia is tied for fourth place in the world for the DTP3 immunisation for one - year - old children . The Gambia is ranked second in Africa for `` feverish children under the age of five who received antimalarial treatment , according to Trading Economics . ''
Migration in China
In general , public health scholars recommend that `` because health insurance schemes will remain limited for the foreseeable future , attention should focus on providing affordable health care to both uninsured migrants and the urban poor . '' In light of this recommendation , further research has been conducted in order to assess the status of internal migration and health in China , as well as to provide more specific policy recommendations in order to address any issues . Research conducted by a team from Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Development Studies has provided a number of specific recommendations for policy makers . In a journal article published in The Lancet , this team voiced three primary concerns regarding the health of migrants in China . These concerns consisted of the spread of communicable and infectious disease , migrant maternal health , and occupational disease and injuries such as silicosis , chemical poisoning , and industrial machinery accidents . Beyond these three primary concerns , the researchers advise policy makers and public health officials to pay more attention to two additional issues . The first of these is mental and behavioural health , which is a `` domain that is understudied in China . '' The second issue they discuss is that of risk perception . Little is known about how migrants perceive the `` various possibilities for health care : self - medication , informal healers , traditional medicine , private clinics with varied levels of care , and more formal hospital treatment . '' Research into risk perception will `` be crucial to prevention , intervention , and other health - related measures for the migrant population in China .
Health care in the United States
Americans undergo cancer screenings at significantly higher rates than people in other developed countries , and access MRI and CT scans at the highest rate of any OECD nation . Diabetics are more likely to receive treatment and meet treatment targets in the U.S. than in Canada , England , or Scotland .
Non-communicable disease
The WHO 's World Health Report 2002 identified five important risk factors for non-communicable disease in the top ten leading risks to health . These are raised blood pressure , raised cholesterol , tobacco use , alcohol consumption , and overweight . The other factors associated with higher risk of NCDs include a person 's economic and social conditions , also known as the `` ( social determinants of health ) . ''
Biafra
In their study , Smallpox and its Eradication , Fenner and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra smallpox campaign led to the development of the focal vaccination technique , later adopted worldwide by the World Health Organization , which led to the early and cost effective interruption of smallpox transmission in west Africa and elsewhere .
Cherry picking
In a 2002 study , researchers `` reviewed 31 antidepressant efficacy trials to identify the primary exclusion criteria used in determining eligibility for participation . Their findings suggest that patients in current antidepressant trials represent only a minority of patients treated in routine clinical practice for depression . Excluding potential clinical trial subjects with certain profiles means that the ability to generalize the results of antidepressant efficacy trials lacks empirical support , according to the authors . ''
World Health Organization
The organization relies on contributions from renowned scientists and professionals to inform its work , such as the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization , the WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy , and the WHO Study Group on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Returning health workers There was concern that people returning from affected countries , such as health workers and reporters , may have been incubating the disease and become infectious after arriving . Guidelines for returning workers were issued by a number of agencies , including the CDC , MSF , Public Health England , and Public Health Ontario .
Virus
The ability of viruses to cause devastating epidemics in human societies has led to the concern that viruses could be weaponised for biological warfare . Further concern was raised by the successful recreation of the infamous 1918 influenza virus in a laboratory . Smallpox virus devastated numerous societies throughout history before its eradication . There are only two centres in the world that are authorised by the WHO to keep stocks of smallpox virus : the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Russia and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States . Fears that it may be used as a weapon may not be totally unfounded . As the vaccine for smallpox sometimes had severe side - effects , it is no longer used routinely in any country . Thus , much of the modern human population has almost no established resistance to smallpox , and would be vulnerable to the virus .
Smallpox vaccine
Louis T. Wright , an African American and Harvard Medical School graduate ( 1915 ) , introduced intradermal vaccination for smallpox for the soldiers while serving in the Army during World War I .
World Health Organization
WHO works to `` reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life , including pregnancy , childbirth , the neonatal period , childhood and adolescence , and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals '' .
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
All health insurance companies must inform the public when they want to increase health insurance rates for individual or small group policies by an average of 10 % or more . This policy is known as ' Rate Review ' . States are provided with Health Insurance Rate Review Grants to enhance their rate review programs and bring greater transparency to the process .
Medical device
A Class III device is one for which insufficient information exists to assure safety and effectiveness solely through the general or special controls sufficient for Class I or Class II devices . Such a device needs premarket approval , a scientific review to ensure the device 's safety and effectiveness , in addition to the general controls of Class I. Class III devices are usually those that support or sustain human life , are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health , or present a potential , unreasonable risk of illness or injury . Examples of Class III devices that currently require a premarket notification include implantable pacemaker , pulse generators , HIV diagnostic tests , automated external defibrillators , and endosseous implants .
Economy of Scotland
Another major component of central government expenditure in Scotland is on healthcare and healthcare related services . The National Health Service ( NHS ) is the publicly controlled provider of the majority of healthcare in Scotland , with the NHS being a major employer not only in terms of ; doctors , nurses , and other key healthcare workers , but also in terms of administration . The service is administered differently from the rest of the United Kingdom and is largely free at the point of use to residents in Scotland , except for dental and optical services where those over 18 must pay . In the short term spending on healthcare in Scotland remains high in response to the population 's poor diet and high incidence of heart disease . In the medium to long term , the challenges of an ageing population are likely to increase demand for health services and put increasing pressure on the health service in Scotland . Justice
Political campaign
Campaigns often dispatch volunteers into local communities to meet with voters and persuade people to support the candidate . The volunteers are also responsible for identifying supporters , recruiting them as volunteers or registering them to vote if they are not already registered . The identification of supporters will be useful later as campaigns remind voters to cast their votes .
Smallpox vaccine
In the United Kingdom , controversy occurred regarding the company which had been contracted to supply the vaccine . This was because of the political connections of its owner , Paul Drayson , and questions over the choice of vaccine strain . The strain was different from that used in the United States . Plans for mass vaccinations in the United States stalled as the necessity of the inoculation came into question .
Smallpox vaccine
In late 2001 , the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom considered stockpiling smallpox vaccines , even while assuring the public that there was no `` specific or credible '' threat of bioterrorism . Later , the director of State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR warned that terrorists could easily lure underpaid former Soviet researchers to turn over samples to be used as a weapon , saying `` All you need is a sick fanatic to get to a populated place . The world health system is completely unprepared for this . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
A number of organisations enrolled local people to conduct public awareness campaigns among the communities in West Africa . `` ... what we mean by social mobilization is to try to convey the right messages , in terms of prevention measures , adapted to the local context -- adapted to the cultural practices in a specific area , '' said Vincent Martin , FAO 's representative in Senegal .
Mark and recapture
In the epidemiological setting , different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in ecology . To take a concrete example , establishing a register of children with Type 1 diabetes children were identified from hospital admission records , from general practitioners ( family doctors ) , and from the records of the local Diabetes Association . None of these sources had a complete list , but by putting them together it was possible to do two things , first to see how many children were identified in total , and secondly to estimate how many more children with Type 1 diabetes were living in the vital community .
Psychiatric hospital
One type of institution for the mentally ill is a community - based halfway house . These facilities provide assisted living for patients with mental illnesses for an extended period of time , and often aid in the transition to self - sufficiency . These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many psychiatrists , although some localities lack sufficient funding .
Social ecological model
Political and economic policies that support the importance of parent 's roles in their children 's development such as Head Start or Women Infants and Children programs . Fostering of societal attitudes that value work done on behalf of children at all levels : parents , teachers , extended family , mentors , work supervisors , legislators . In community health promotion : identifying high impact leverage points and intermediaries within organizations that can facilitate the successful implementation of health promoting interventions , combining person focused and environmentally based components within comprehensive health promotion programs , and measuring the scope and sustainability of intervention outcomes over prolonged periods . Basis of intervention programs to address issues such as bullying , obesity , overeating and physical activity . Interventions that use the social ecological model as a framework include mass media campaigns , social marketing , and skills development . In economics : economics , human habits , and cultural characteristics are shaped by geography . In economics , an output is a function of natural resources , human resources , capital resources , and technology . The environment ( macrosystem ) dictates a considerable amount to the lifestyle of the individual and the economy of the country . For instance , if the region is mountainous or arid and there is little land for agriculture , the country typically will not prosper as much as another country that has greater resources . In risk communication : used to assist the researcher to analyze the timing of when information is received and identify the receivers and stakeholders . This situation is an environmental influence that may be very far reaching . The individual 's education level , understanding , and affluence may dictate what information he or she receives and processes and through which medium . In personal health : to prevent illnesses , a person should avoid an environment in which they may be more susceptible to contracting a virus or where their immune system would be weakened . This also includes possibly removing oneself from a potentially dangerous environment or avoiding a sick coworker . On the other hand , some environments are particularly conducive to health benefits . Surrounding oneself with physically fit people will potentially act as a motivator to become more active , diet , or work out at the gym . The government banning trans fat may have a positive top - down effect on the health of all individuals in that state or country . In human nutrition : used as a model for nutrition research and interventions .
Health care in the United States
A lack of mental health coverage for Americans bears significant ramifications to the U.S. economy and social system . A report by the U.S. Surgeon General found that mental illnesses are the second leading cause of disability in the nation and affect 20 % of all Americans . It is estimated that less than half of all people with mental illnesses receive treatment ( or specifically , an ongoing , much needed , and managed care ; where medication alone , can not easily remove mental conditions ) due to factors such as stigma and lack of access to care .
Birth control in the United States
According to the Department of Health and Human Services `` two rules rolling back a federal requirement that employers must include birth control coverage in their health insurance plans . The rules offer an exemption to any employer that objects to covering contraception services on the basis of sincerely held religious beliefs or moral convictions '' .
Ecuador
The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population , and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine .
Citizenship
The second category , subjects , referred to all others who were born within the nation 's boundaries who did not fit the racial criteria for citizenship . Subjects would have no voting rights , could not hold any position within the state , and possessed none of the other rights and civic responsibilities conferred on citizens . All women were to be conferred `` subject '' status upon birth , and could only obtain `` citizen '' status if they worked independently or if they married a German citizen ( see women in Nazi Germany ) .
Conquistador
While technological superiority and cultural factors played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas , their conquest was greatly facilitated by old world diseases : smallpox , chicken pox , diphtheria , typhus , influenza , measles , malaria and yellow fever . The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages . This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors , so that as they advanced , resistance weakened .
Lyme disease
Prevention of Lyme disease is an important step in keeping dogs safe in endemic areas . Prevention education and a number of preventative measures are available . First , for dog owners who live near or who often frequent tick - infested areas , routine vaccinations of their dogs is an important step .
Terror management theory
Self - esteem is important when mortality is made salient . It can allow people a coping mechanism , one that can cushion individuals ' fears ; and thus , impacting one 's attitudes towards a given behavior . Individuals who have higher levels of self - esteem regarding their behavior ( s ) are less likely to have their attitudes , and thus their behaviors changed regardless of mortality salient or death messages . People will use their self - esteem to hide behind their fears of dying . In terms of smoking behaviors , people with higher smoking - based self - esteem are less susceptible to anti-smoking messages that relate to death ; therefore , mortality salience and death warnings afford them with an even more positive outlook on their behavior , or in this instance their smoking .
Respiratory system
Most of the respiratory system is lined with mucous membranes that contain mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue , which produces white blood cells such as lymphocytes . Prevention
Health care in the United States
In 2010 , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) was signed by President Barack Obama and includes various new regulations , with one of the most notable being a health insurance mandate which requires all citizens to purchase health insurance . While not regulation per se , the federal government also has a major influence on the healthcare market through its payments to providers under Medicare and Medicaid , which in some cases are used as a reference point in the negotiations between medical providers and insurance companies .
World Health Organization
By the post-pandemic period critics claimed the WHO had exaggerated the danger , spreading `` fear and confusion '' rather than `` immediate information '' . Industry experts countered that the 2009 pandemic had led to `` unprecedented collaboration between global health authorities , scientists and manufacturers , resulting in the most comprehensive pandemic response ever undertaken , with a number of vaccines approved for use three months after the pandemic declaration . This response was only possible because of the extensive preparations undertaken during the last decade '' .
World Health Organization
The WHO along with the World Bank constitute the core team responsible for administering the International Health Partnership ( IHP+ ) . The IHP+ is a group of partner governments , development agencies , civil society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries . Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development co-operation into practice in the health sector .
Gatekeeping (communication)
The third criterion is familiarity . News stories gain more attention if they have issues pertaining to the public or if they include familiar situations concerning a large audience . Journalists try to turn international events or crises into stories that can relate back to their current audience . People tend to retain a lot of information about celebrities and tend to care about the personal intimacy of other 's lives . They value the traits and attributes of others and may try to relate to them in many ways . News about a celebrity 's or president 's death may resonate on a deeper level , allowing certain events to remain in the memory much longer .
Water fluoridation
Public water fluoridation was first practiced in the U.S. As of 2012 , 25 countries have artificial water fluoridation to varying degrees , 11 of them have more than 50 % of their population drinking fluoridated water . A further 28 countries have water that is naturally fluoridated , though in many of them the fluoride is above the recommended safe level . As of 2012 , about 435 million people worldwide received water fluoridated at the recommended level ( i.e. , about 5.4 % of the global population ) . About 214 million of them living in the United States . Major health organizations such as the World Health Organization and FDI World Dental Federation supported water fluoridation as safe and effective . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists water fluoridation as one of the ten great public health achievements of the 20th century in the U.S. Despite this , the practice is controversial as a public health measure ; some countries and communities have discontinued it , while others have expanded it . Opponents of the practice argue that neither the benefits nor the risks have been studied adequately , and debate the conflict between what might be considered mass medication and individual liberties .
Kenya
The public health sector consists of community - based ( level I ) services which are run by community health workers , dispensaries ( level II facilities ) which are run by nurses , health centers ( level III facilities ) which are run by clinical officers , sub-county hospitals ( level IV facilities ) which may be run by a clinical officer or a medical officer , county hospitals ( level V facilities ) which may be run by a medical officer or a medical practitioner , and national referral hospitals ( level VI facilities ) which are run by fully qualified medical practitioners ( consultants and sub-specialists ) . Table
History of West Africa
As of 16 August 2014 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) reported a total of 2,240 suspected cases and 1,229 deaths ( 1,383 cases and 760 deaths being laboratory confirmed ) . On 8 August , it formally designated the outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern . This is a legal designation used only twice before ( for the 2009 H1N1 ( swine flu ) pandemic and the 2014 resurgence of polio ) and invokes legal measures on disease prevention , surveillance , control , and response , by 194 signatory countries . Various aid organisations and international bodies , including the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) , US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , and the European Commission have donated funds and mobilised personnel to help counter the outbreak ; charities including Médecins Sans Frontières , the Red Cross , and Samaritan 's Purse are also working in the area .