vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Meroë
The Egyptian import , the water - moving wheel , the sakia , was used to move water , in conjunction with irrigation , to increase crop production .
Coureur des bois
In the 1660s , several factors resulted in a sudden spike in the number of coureurs des bois . First , the population of New France markedly increased during the late 17th century , as the colony experienced a boom in immigration between 1667 -- 84 . Of the new engagés ( indentured male servants ) , discharged soldiers , and youthful immigrants from squalid , class - bound Europe arriving in great numbers in the colony , many chose freedom in the life of the coureur des bois . Furthermore , renewed peaceful relations with the Iroquois in 1667 made traveling into the interior of Canada much less perilous for the French colonists . The companies that had been monopolizing and regulating the fur trade since 1645 , the Cent Associés and the Communautés des Habitants , went bankrupt after the Iroquois war . The Compagnie des Indes occidentales , which replaced them , was much less restrictive of internal trade , allowing independent merchants to become more numerous . Finally , a sudden fall in the price of beaver on the European markets in 1664 caused more traders to travel to the `` pays d'en haut '' , or upper country ( the area around the Great Lakes ) , in search of cheaper pelts . During the mid-1660s , therefore , becoming a coureur des bois became both more feasible and profitable .
Actor
In the 19th century , the negative reputation of actors was largely reversed , and acting became an honored , popular profession and art . The rise of the actor as celebrity provided the transition , as audiences flocked to their favorite `` stars . '' A new role emerged for the actor - managers , who formed their own companies and controlled the actors , the productions , and the financing . When successful , they built up a permanent clientele that flocked to their productions . They could enlarge their audience by going on tour across the country , performing a repertoire of well - known plays , such as those by Shakespeare . The newspapers , private clubs , pubs , and coffee shops rang with lively debates evaluating the relative merits of the stars and the productions . Henry Irving ( 1838 - 1905 ) was the most successful of the British actor - managers . Irving was renowned for his Shakespearean roles , and for such innovations as turning out the house lights so that attention could focus more on the stage and less on the audience . His company toured across Britain , as well as Europe and the United States , demonstrating the power of star actors and celebrated roles to attract enthusiastic audiences . His knighthood in 1895 indicated full acceptance into the higher circles of British society .
Factory Acts
In virtually every debate on the various Factories Bills , opponents had thought it a nonsense to pass legislation for textile mills when the life of a mill child was much preferable to that of many other children : other industries were more tiring , more dangerous , more unhealthy , required longer working hours , involved more unpleasant working conditions , or ( this being Victorian Britain ) were more conducive to lax morals . This logic began to be applied in reverse once it became clear that the Ten Hours Act had had no obvious detrimental effect on the prosperity of the textile industry or on that of millworkers . Acts were passed making similar provisions for other textile trades : bleaching and dyeworks ( 1860 - outdoor bleaching was excluded ) , lace work ( 1861 ) , calendering ( 1863 ) , finishing ( 1864 ) . A further Act in 1870 repealed these acts and brought the ancillary textile processes ( including outdoor bleaching ) within the scope of the main Factory Act . In 1864 the Factories Extension Act was passed : this extended the Factories Act to cover a number of occupations ( mostly non-textile ) : potteries ( both heat and exposure to lead glazes were issues ) , lucifer match making ( ' phossie jaw ' ) percussion cap and cartridge making , paper staining and fustian cutting . In 1867 the Factories Act was extended to all establishments employing 50 or more workers by another Factories Act Extension Act . An Hours of Labour Regulation Act applied to ' workshops ' ( establishments employing less than 50 workers ) ; it subjected these to requirements similar to those for ' factories ' ( but less onerous on a number of points e.g. : the hours within which the permitted hours might be worked were less restrictive , there was no requirement for certification of age ) but was to be administered by local authorities , rather than the Factory Inspectorate . There was no requirement on local authorities for enforcement ( or penalties for non-enforcement ) of legislation for workshops . The effectiveness of the regulation of workshops therefore varied from area to area ; where it was effective , a blanket ban on Sunday working in workshops was a problem for observant Jews . The Factory and Workshop Act 1870 removed the previous special treatments for factories in the printing , dyeing and bleaching industries ; while a short Act of 1871 transferred responsibility for regulation of workshops to the Factory Inspectorate , but without an adequate increase in the Inspectorates 's resources . ; a separate Act allowed Sunday working by Jews .
Industrial Revolution
The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , most industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp .
United States
In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life .
Labor history of the United States
As a result of the spate of convictions against combinations of laborers , the typical narrative of early American labor law states that , prior to Hunt in Massachusetts in 1842 , peaceable combinations of workingmen to raise wages , shorten hours or ensure employment , were illegal in the United States , as they had been under English common law . In England , criminal conspiracy laws were first held to include combinations in restraint of trade in the Court of Star Chamber early in the 17th century . The precedent was solidified in 1721 by R v Journeymen Tailors of Cambridge , which found tailors guilty of a conspiracy to raise wages . Leonard Levy went so far as to refer to Hunt as the `` Magna Carta of American trade - unionism '' , illustrating its perceived standing as the major point of divergence in the American and English legal treatment of unions which , `` removed the stigma of criminality from labor organizations '' .
Rice production in Thailand
With the combination of improved access to water and machinery , these policies prompted rice farms to increase from 35 million to 59 million rai from the 1950s to the 1980s . Rice production has about tripled in terms of total paddy rice produced . While Thailand 's rice production has not increased every year , the trend line shows significant increases since the 1960s .
History of Mexico
Drug cultivation has increased too : Cultivation of opium poppy in 2007 rose to 17,050 acres ( 69.0 km ) , yielding a potential production of 19.84 tons of pure heroin or 55.12 tons of `` black tar '' heroin . Black tar is the dominant form of Mexican heroin consumed in the western United States . Marijuana cultivation increased to 21,992 acres ( 89.00 km ) in 2007 , yielding a potential production of 17,416.52 tons .
Plant breeding
These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the United States in the early 20th century . Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after World War II , the Green Revolution increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s .
History of agriculture
Although the Green Revolution significantly increased rice yields in Asia , yield increases have not occurred in the past 15 -- 20 years . The genetic `` yield potential '' has increased for wheat , but the yield potential for rice has not increased since 1966 , and the yield potential for maize has `` barely increased in 35 years '' . It takes only a decade or two for herbicide - resistant weeds to emerge , and insects become resistant to insecticides within about a decade , delayed somewhat by crop rotation .
Carbon dioxide
Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO when compared with ambient conditions , though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients . Elevated CO levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops , with wheat , rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12 -- 14 % under elevated CO in FACE experiments .
Black-eyed pea
The first domestication probably occurred in West Africa , but the black - eyed pea is widely grown in many countries in Asia ; it was introduced into the Southern United States as early as the 17th century in Virginia . Most of the black - eyed pea cultivation in the region , however , took firmer hold in Florida and the Carolinas during the 18th century , reaching Virginia in full force following the American Revolution . The crop would also eventually prove popular in Texas . Throughout the South , the black - eyed pea is still a widely used ingredient in soul food and cuisines of the Southern United States . The planting of crops of black - eyed peas was promoted by George Washington Carver because , as a legume , it adds nitrogen to the soil and has high nutritional value . Black - eyed peas contain calcium ( 41 mg ) folate ( 356 mcg ) , protein ( 13.22 g ) , fiber ( 11.1 g ) and vitamin A ( 26 IU ) , among other nutrients , all for less than 200 Calories , in a 171 - g , one - cup serving .
Georgia during Reconstruction
At the end of the American Civil War , the devastation and disruption in the state of Georgia were dramatic . Wartime damage , the inability to maintain a labor force without slavery , and miserable weather had a disastrous effect on agricultural production . The state 's chief cash crop , cotton , fell from a high of more than 700,000 bales in 1860 to less than 50,000 in 1865 , while harvests of corn and wheat were also meager . The state government subsidized construction of numerous new railroad lines . White farmers turned to cotton as a cash crop , often using commercial fertilizers to make up for the poor soils they owned . The coastal rice plantations never recovered from the war .
Textile industry in India
India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and the major fibre produced is cotton . Other fibres produced in India include silk , jute , wool , and man - made fibers . 60 % of the Indian textile Industry is cotton based . The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2009 has led to huge growth of the Indian textile industry . In December 2010 , the domestic cotton price was up by 50 % as compared to the December 2009 prices . The causes behind high cotton price are due to the floods in Pakistan and China . India projected a high production of textile ( 325 lakh bales for 2010 - 11 ) . There has been increase in India 's share of global textile trading to seven percent in five years . The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic producers of the country .
Social development theory
Application of higher non-material inputs also raises the productivity of physical inputs . Modern technology has helped increase the proven sources of oil by 50 % in recent years -- and at the same time , reduced the cost of search operations by 75 % . Moreover , technology shows it is possible to reduce the amount of physical inputs in a wide range of activities . Scientific agricultural methods demonstrated that soil productivity could be raised through synthetic fertilizers . Dutch farm scientists have demonstrated that a minimal water consumption of 1.4 liters is enough to raise a kilogram of vegetables , compared to the thousand liters that traditional irrigation methods normally require .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Through productivity - enhancing investments in fixed capital , the use of a large amount of energy ( heat energy from peat as an industrial fuel , wind power ) per worker , and a substantial investment in human capital ( as witnessed by the high literacy rate ) , the Dutch managed to raise labor productivity above the levels prevailing in other European countries . This is illustrated by the fact that in the mid-17th century the agricultural sector , employing less than 40 percent of the labor force , could already almost be a net food exporter ( which it became by 1800 ) , and the fact that nominal wages between 1600 and 1800 were the highest in Europe . In the open economy of the Republic such a wage gap could only be sustained by enduring productivity differences . Amsterdam
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
A 1993 review of scientific greenhouse studies found that a doubling of CO concentration would stimulate the growth of 156 different plant species by an average of 37 % . Response varied significantly by species , with some showing much greater gains and a few showing a loss . For example , a 1979 greenhouse study found that with doubled CO concentration the dry weight of 40 - day - old cotton plants doubled , but the dry weight of 30 - day - old maize plants increased by only 20 % .
Economic history of Argentina
Exports rose 4 % to 5 % annually from 1810 to 1850 and 7 % to 8 % from 1850 to 1870 . This growth was achieved through the extension of the frontier and greater efficiency in livestock production .
Agriculture in Sudan
Large investments continued to be made in the 1980s in mechanized , irrigated , and rainfed cultivation , with their combined areas accounting for roughly two - thirds of Sudan 's cultivated land in the late 1980s . The early emphasis on cotton growing on irrigated land had decreased . Although cotton remained the most important crop , peanuts , wheat , and sugarcane had become major crops , and considerable quantities of sesame also were grown . Rainfed mechanized farming continued to produce mostly sorghum , and short - fiber cotton was also grown . Production in both subsectors increased domestic supplies and export potentials . The increase appeared , however , to have been achieved mainly by expanding the cultivated area rather than by increasing productivity . To stimulate productivity , in 1981 the government offered various incentives to cultivators of irrigated land who were almost entirely government tenants . Subsistence cultivators produced sorghum as their staple crop , although in the northerly , rainfed , cultivated areas millet was the principal staple . Subsistence farmers also grew peanuts and sesame .
Cocoa production in Ghana
This study also suggests that the most important factors in the increased proan are :
Rice production in Thailand
Cows were being replaced by farm tractors and irrigation technology was updated in most villages . The green revolution was just starting to bloom in the world 's farm fields . Rice farmers and merchants took advantage of new rice varieties , strains , fertilizers , and other advances . The International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) disseminated knowledge , technology , new rice strains , and other information to rice producers in Thailand . From the 1950s to 1970s , rice production per unit of land increased by almost 50 percent .
Savannah, Georgia
Georgia 's mild climate offered perfect conditions for growing cotton , which became the dominant commodity after the American Revolution . Its production under the plantation system and shipment through the Port of Savannah helped the city 's European immigrants to achieve wealth and prosperity .
Standard of living in China
While food production rose substantially after 1949 , population increases were nearly as great until the 1980s . Production of grain , the source of about 75 percent of the calories in the Chinese diet , grew at an average rate of 2.7 percent a year between 1952 and 1979 , while population growth averaged almost 2 percent a year . Total grain output per capita grew from 288 kilograms a year in 1952 to 319 kilograms in 1978 , an increase of only 11 percent in 26 years . In 1984 , however , a remarkably good harvest produced 396 kilograms of grain per capita , an increase of 24 percent in only 6 years . In 1985 grain output fell below the peak level of 1984 , to 365 kilograms per person , and recovered only partially in 1986 to 369 kilograms per capita .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th . During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world , with more than a third of the global industrial output . This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production , which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913 , an increase of 460 times ( base year 1850 -- 100 ) .
Biomass
Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer high biomass output per hectare with low input energy . Some examples of these plants are wheat , which typically yields 7.5 -- 8 tonnes of grain per hectare , and straw , which typically yields 3.5 -- 5 tonnes per hectare in the UK . The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity . Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments , and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first - generation biofuel .
History of agriculture
Since 1900 , agriculture in the developed nations , and to a lesser extent in the developing world , has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by mechanization , and assisted by synthetic fertilizers , pesticides , and selective breeding . The Haber - Bosch process allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale , greatly increasing crop yields . Modern agriculture has raised social , political , and environmental issues including water pollution , biofuels , genetically modified organisms , tariffs and farm subsidies . In response , organic farming developed in the twentieth century as an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides .
History of coal mining
By 1900 production had risen to an annual average of 1 million tonne ( mt ) and India was producing 6.12 mts . per year by 1900 and 18 mts per year by 1920 . Temporary wartime demand ( 1914 - 1918 ) was followed by a slump in the 1930s . The production reached a level of 29 mts . by 1942 and 30 mts . by 1946 .
Rice production in Thailand
The government sought to promote urban growth . One of the ways it accomplished this was by taxing the rice industry and using the money in big cities . In 1953 , tax on rice accounted for 32 percent of governmental revenue . The government set a monopoly price on exports , which increased tax revenues and kept domestic prices low in Thailand . The overall effect was income transfer from farmers to the government and to urban consumers ( who purchased rice ) . These policies on rice were called the `` rice premium '' , which was used until 1985 when the government finally gave into political pressure . The shift away from protecting the peasant rice farmers by the government moved the rice industry away from the egalitarian values that were enjoyed by farmers to more of a modern - day , commercial , profit - maximizing industry .
Rice production in Thailand
A large portion of this rapid expansion was due to increased production of rice in northeast Thailand While in the past , central Thailand was the main producer of rice , northeast Thailand quickly caught up . This was in part due to new road systems connecting northeast Thailand to ports on the coastline . Villages that produced significant rice crops were also changing as farmers evolved from more subsistence practices to mostly wage labor . Exchange labor also virtually disappeared .
Rice production in Thailand
The Thai Ministry of Agriculture expects rice production to yield around 25 million tonnes of paddy rice in the 2016 - 2017 crop year , down from 27.06 million tonnes in 2015 - 2016 . Jasmine rice ( Thai : ข้าว หอม มะลิ ; RTGS : khao hom mali , a higher quality type of rice , is the rice strain most produced in Thailand although in Thailand is thought that only Surin , Buriram , and Sisaket Provinces can produce high quality hom mali . Jasmine has a significantly lower yield rate than other types of rice , but it normally fetches more than double the price of other strains on the global market .
Economy of Mexico
Approximately 160,000 medium - sized farmers grow sugar cane in 15 Mexican states ; currently there are 54 sugar mills around the country that produced 4.96 million tons of sugar in the 2010 crop , compared to 5.8 million tons in 2001 . Mexico 's sugar industry is characterized by high production costs and lack of investment . Mexico produces more sugar than it consumes . Sugar cane is grown on 700,000 farms in Mexico with a yield of 72 metric tons per farm .
Agriculture in Sudan
Since the 1950s , the government has constructed a number of large pump projects , mostly on the Blue Nile . These have included the Junayd project on the right bank of the Blue Nile east of the Gezira Scheme . This project , with an irrigated area of about 36,000 hectares ( 89,000 acres ) , went into operation in 1955 to provide an alternative livelihood for nomadic pastoralists in the area . It produced cotton until 1960 , when about 8,400 hectares ( 21,000 acres ) were converted to sugarcane . A sugar factory built to process the crop ( with a potential capacity of 60,000 tons of sugar a year ) opened in 1962 . In the early 1970s , the Japanese - assisted As Suki project , also of 36,000 hectares ( 89,000 acres ) , was established upstream from Sannar to grow cotton , sorghum , and oilseeds . In the mid-1970s , the government constructed a second project near Sannar of about 20,000 hectares ( 49,000 acres ) hectares . In addition to cotton and other crops such as peanuts , about 8,400 hectares ( 21,000 acres ) of the area were devoted to raising sugarcane . The cane - processing factory , with a design capacity of 110,000 tons of sugar a year , opened in 1976 . Several smaller Blue Nile projects added more than an additional 80,000 hectares ( 200,000 acres ) to Sudan 's overall irrigated area during this time .
History of agriculture
From 100 BC to 1600 AD , world population continued to grow along with land use , as evidenced by the rapid increase in methane emissions from cattle and the cultivation of rice .
Nepanagar
The mill embarked upon major expansion programmes in 1967 and subsequently in 1978 and 1989 to increase its installed capacity to 88,000 TPA . Presently , the Company has switched to Waste paper as basic raw material from original forest based and has thus been able to reduce cost of production . The in - house modifications / alterations to the pulping plants have also helped in processing various quality of waste paper to manufacture Newsprint . Mills is meeting its 100 % requirement from Captive Power generation .