vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
To Autumn
The poem was revised and included in Keats 's 1820 collection of poetry titled Lamia , Isabella , the Eve of St. Agnes , and Other Poems . Although the publishers Taylor and Hessey feared the kind of bad reviews that had plagued Keats 's 1818 edition of Endymion , they were willing to publish the collection after the removal of any potentially controversial poems to ensure that there would be no politically motivated reviews that could give the volume a bad reputation .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Keats 's inspiration for the topic was not limited to Haydon , but embraced many contemporary sources . He may have recalled his experience with the Elgin Marbles and their influence on his sonnet `` On Seeing the Elgin Marbles '' . Keats was also exposed to the Townley , Borghese , and Holland House vases and to the classical treatment of subjects in Robert Burton 's The Anatomy of Melancholy . Many contemporary essays and articles on these works shared Keats 's view that classical Greek art was both idealistic and captured Greek virtues . Although he was influenced by examples of existing Greek vases , in the poem he attempted to describe an ideal artistic type , rather than a specific original vase .
Republic (Plato)
Socrates elaborates upon the immediately preceding Analogies of the Sun and of the Divided Line in the Allegory of the Cave , in which he insists that the psyche must be freed from bondage to the visible / sensible world by making the painful journey into the intelligible world . He continues in the rest of this book by further elaborating upon the curriculum which a would - be philosopher - king must study . This is the origin of the quadrivium : arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , and music .
Safety coffin
The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back . When his tomb was reopened , the philosopher John Duns Scotus ( 1266 -- 1308 ) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape . The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers . As well as dealing with the subject in `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' and `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , Edgar Allan Poe wrote `` The Premature Burial '' , which was published in 1844 . It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator 's own ( perceived ) interment while still alive . The
Waltzing Matilda
There are no `` official '' lyrics to `` Waltzing Matilda '' and slight variations can be found in different sources . This version incorporates the famous `` You 'll never catch me alive said he '' variation introduced by the Billy Tea company . Paterson 's original lyrics referred to `` drowning himself ' neath the Coolibah Tree '' . These are the lyrics written in 1903 by Marie Cowan to advertise Billy Tea .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
George Gilfillan , in an 1845 essay on Keats , placed the poem among `` The finest of Keats ' smaller pieces '' and suggested that `` In originality , Keats has seldom been surpassed . His works ' rise like an exhalation . ' His language has been formed on a false system ; but , ere he died , was clarifying itself from its more glaring faults , and becoming copious clear , and select . He seems to have been averse to all speculative thought , and his only creed , we fear , was expressed in the words -- Beauty is truth , -- truth beauty '' . The 1857 Encyclopædia Britannica contained an article on Keats by Alexander Smith , which stated : `` Perhaps the most exquisite specimen of Keats ' poetry is the ' Ode to the Grecian Urn ' ; it breathes the very spirit of antiquity , -- eternal beauty and eternal repose . '' During the mid-19th century , Matthew Arnold claimed that the passage describing the little town `` is Greek , as Greek as a thing from Homer or Theocritus ; it is composed with the eye on the object , a radiancy and light clearness being added . ''
James Russell Lowell
I believe that no poet in this age can write much that is good unless he gives himself up to ( the radical ) tendency ... The proof of poetry is , in my mind , that it reduces to the essence of a single line the vague philosophy which is floating in all men 's minds , and so render it portable and useful , and ready to the hand ... At least , no poem ever makes me respect its author which does not in some way convey a truth of philosophy .
Great Expectations
Pip 's story is told in three stages : his childhood and early youth in Kent , where he dreams of rising above his humble station ; his time in London after receiving `` great expectations '' ; and then finally his disillusionment on discovering the source of his fortune , followed by his slow realisation of the vanity of his false values . These three stages are further divided into twelve parts of equal length . This symmetry contributes to the impression of completion , which has often been commented on . George Gissing , for example , when comparing Joe Gargery and Dan'l Peggotty ( from David Copperfield ) , preferred the former , because he is a stronger character , who lives `` in a world , not of melodrama , but of everyday cause and effect . '' G.B. Shaw also commented on the novel 's structure , describing it as `` compactly perfect '' , and Algernon Swinburne stated , `` The defects in it are as nearly imperceptible as spots on the sun or shadow on a sunlit sea . '' A contributing factor is `` the briskness of the narrative tone . ''
Because I could not stop for Death
The poem has been set to music by Aaron Copland as the twelfth song of his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson . And again , by John Adams as the second movement of his choral symphony Harmonium , and also set to music by Nicholas J. White as a single movement piece for chorus and chamber orchestra . Natalie Merchant and Susan McKeown have created a song of the same name while preserving Dickinson 's exact poem in its lyrics .
Romanticism
In contrast Lord Byron and Walter Scott achieved enormous fame and influence throughout Europe with works exploiting the violence and drama of their exotic and historical settings ; Goethe called Byron `` undoubtedly the greatest genius of our century '' . Scott achieved immediate success with his long narrative poem The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805 , followed by the full epic poem Marmion in 1808 . Both were set in the distant Scottish past , already evoked in Ossian ; Romanticism and Scotland were to have a long and fruitful partnership . Byron had equal success with the first part of Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage in 1812 , followed by four `` Turkish tales '' , all in the form of long poems , starting with The Giaour in 1813 , drawing from his Grand Tour , which had reached Ottoman Europe , and orientalizing the themes of the Gothic novel in verse . These featured different variations of the `` Byronic hero '' , and his own life contributed a further version . Scott meanwhile was effectively inventing the historical novel , beginning in 1814 with Waverley , set in the 1745 Jacobite rising , which was an enormous and highly profitable success , followed by over 20 further Waverley Novels over the next 17 years , with settings going back to the Crusades that he had researched to a degree that was new in literature .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In the third stanza , the narrator begins by speaking to a tree , which will ever hold its leaves and will not `` bid the Spring adieu '' . The paradox of life versus lifelessness extends beyond the lover and the fair lady and takes a more temporal shape as three of the ten lines begin with the words `` for ever '' . The unheard song never ages and the pipes are able to play forever , which leads the lovers , nature , and all involved to be :
Because I could not stop for Death
`` Because I could not stop for Death '' is a lyrical poem by Emily Dickinson first published posthumously in Poems : Series 1 in 1890 . The persona of Dickinson 's poem meets personified Death . Death is a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the speaker to her grave . According to Thomas H. Johnson 's variorum edition of 1955 the number of this poem is 712 .
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)
The film opens with the quote , `` Childhood is measured out by sounds and smells and sights , before the dark hour of reason grows , '' by John Betjeman . A young boy named Bruno lives with his family in Berlin , in Nazi Germany during the period of the Holocaust . He learns that his father Ralf has been promoted , due to which their family , including Bruno 's mother Elsa and sister Gretel , relocate to the countryside . Bruno hates his new home as there is no one to play with and very little to explore . After commenting that he has spotted people working on what he thinks is a farm in the distance ( but , unbeknownst to the innocent Bruno , is actually a concentration camp ) , he is also forbidden from playing in the back garden .
Sleeping Beauty
Sleeping Beauty ( 1830 ) , and The Day - Dream ( 1842 ) , two poems based on Sleeping Beauty by Alfred , Lord Tennyson . The Rose and the Ring ( 1854 ) , a satirical fantasy by William Makepeace Thackeray . The Sleeping Beauty ( 1919 ) , a poem by Mary Carolyn Davies ' about a failed hero who did not waken the princess , but died in the enchanted briars surrounding her palace . The Sleeping Beauty ( 1920 ) , a retelling of the fairy tale by Charles Evans , with illustrations by Arthur Rackham . Briar Rose ( Sleeping Beauty ) ( 1971 ) , a poem by Anne Sexton in her collection Transformations ( 1971 ) , in which she re-envisions sixteen of the Grimm 's Fairy Tales . The Sleeping Beauty Quartet ( 1983 - 2015 ) , four erotic novels written by Anne Rice under the pen name A.N. Roquelaure , set in a medieval fantasy world and loosely based on the fairy tale . Beauty ( 1992 ) , a novel by Sheri S. Tepper . The Gates of Sleep ( 2012 ) , a novel by Mercedes Lackey from the Elemental Masters series set in Edwardian England . Enchantment ( 1999 ) , a novel by Orson Scott Card based on the Russian version of Sleeping Beauty .
River Thames
Dylan Thomas mentions the Thames in his poem `` A Refusal to Mourn the Death , by Fire , of a Child in London '' . `` London 's Daughter '' , the subject of the poem , lays `` Deep with the first dead ... secret by the unmourning water of the riding Thames '' .
James Russell Lowell
He returned to the United States in the summer of 1856 and began his college duties . Towards the end of his professorship , then - president of Harvard Charles William Eliot noted that Lowell seemed to have `` no natural inclination '' to teach ; Lowell agreed , but retained his position for twenty years . He focused on teaching literature , rather than etymology , hoping that his students would learn to enjoy the sound , rhythm , and flow of poetry rather than the technique of words . He summed up his method : `` True scholarship consists in knowing not what things exists , but what they mean ; it is not memory but judgment . '' Still grieving the loss of his wife , during this time Lowell avoided Elmwood and instead lived on Kirkland Street in Cambridge , an area known as Professors ' Row . He stayed there , along with his daughter Mabel and her governess Frances Dunlap , until January 1861 .
E. E. Cummings
Cummings wanted to be a poet from childhood and wrote poetry daily from age 8 to 22 , exploring assorted forms. He graduated from Harvard University in 1915 and received an advanced degree from the university in 1916 . In his studies at Harvard , he developed an interest in modern poetry , which ignored conventional grammar and syntax , while aiming for a dynamic use of language . Upon graduating , he worked for a book dealer . Masthead
Great Expectations
2 vols , New York : Simon and Schuster Sylvère Monod ( 1953 ) , Dickens romancier ( in French ) , Paris : Hachette John Hillis - Miller ( 1958 ) , Charles Dickens , The World of His Novels , Harvard : Harvard University Press , ISBN 9780674110007 E.A. Horsman ( 1959 ) , Dickens and the Structure of Novel , Dunedin , N.Z. R.C. Churchill ( 1964 ) , Charles Dickens , From Dickens to Hardy , Baltimore , Md. : Boris Ford Earle Davis ( 1963 ) , The Flint and the Flame : The Artistry of Charles Dickens , Missouri - Columbia : University of Missouri Press Steven Marcus ( 1965 ) , Dickens : From Pickwick to Dombey , New York K.J. Fielding ( 1966 ) , Charles Dickens , A Critical Introduction , London : Longman Christopher Hibbert ( 1967 ) , The Making of Charles Dickens , London : Longmans Green & Co. , Ltd . Harry Stone ( 1968 ) , Charles Dickens ' Uncollected Writings from Household Words 1850 -- 1859 , 1 and 2 , Indiana : Indiana University Press , ISBN 0713901209 F.R. & Q.D. Leavis ( 1970 ) , Dickens the Novelist , London : Chatto & Windus , ISBN 0701116447 A.E. Dyson ( 1970 ) , The Inimitable Dickens , London : Macmillan , ISBN 0333063287 Angus Wilson ( 1972 ) , The World of Charles Dickens , Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , ISBN 0140034889 Philip Collins ( 1975 ) , Charles Dickens : The Public Readings , Oxford : Clarendon Press Robert L. Patten ( 1978 ) , Charles Dickens and His Publishers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0198120761 Virginia Woolf ( 1986 ) , Andrew McNeillie , ed. , The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 , London : Hogarth Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 Harry Stone ( 1979 ) , Dickens and the Invisible World , Fairy Tales , Fantasy and Novel - Making , Bloomington and Londres : Indiana University .
Our Casuarina Tree
In this poem , Toru Dutt sings glories of the Casuarina tree and describes it in detail . On the surface of it , it appears that it is all about the Casuarina tree , but actually the tree is just a medium to link the poet 's past with the present . The poet remembers the tree because of the many happy memories of childhood days that are linked to it which are a source of comfort and consolation to her in another country . The poem , therefore , underlines the importance of memories in human life . The tree brings to her mind the memories of time when she used to play under it in the company of her brother and sister , both of whom are already dead . She was very close to her dead brother and sister named Abju and Aru respectively who loved the Casuarina tree very greatly . So she loves the tree greatly . But lost in the memories of her siblings who are now dead , she is looking forward to death as an acceptable thing . The memories of her brother and sister brings tears into her eyes . She hopes that the tree will be remembered for ever as the yew trees of Borrowdale immortalized by Wordsworth are still remembered . She immortalizes the tree for the sake of her loved ones by writing a poem for it .
One Thousand and One Nights
Another form of foreshadowing is the self - fulfilling prophecy , which dates back to the story of Krishna in ancient Sanskrit literature , and Oedipus or the death of Heracles in the plays of Sophocles . A variation of this device is the self - fulfilling dream , which dates back to medieval Arabic literature ( or the dreams of Joseph and his conflicts with his brothers , in the Hebrew Bible ) . Several tales in the One Thousand and One Nights use this device to foreshadow what is going to happen , as a special form of literary prolepsis . A notable example is `` The Ruined Man who Became Rich Again through a Dream '' , in which a man is told in his dream to leave his native city of Baghdad and travel to Cairo , where he will discover the whereabouts of some hidden treasure . The man travels there and experiences misfortune , ending up in jail , where he tells his dream to a police officer . The officer mocks the idea of foreboding dreams and tells the protagonist that he himself had a dream about a house with a courtyard and fountain in Baghdad where treasure is buried under the fountain . The man recognizes the place as his own house and , after he is released from jail , he returns home and digs up the treasure . In other words , the foreboding dream not only predicted the future , but the dream was the cause of its prediction coming true . A variant of this story later appears in English folklore as the `` Pedlar of Swaffham '' and Paulo Coelho 's `` The Alchemist '' ; Jorge Luis Borges ' collection of short stories A Universal History of Infamy featured his translation of this particular story into Spanish , as `` The Story Of The Two Dreamers . ''
Book of Numbers
David A. Clines , in his influential The Themes of the Pentateuch ( 1978 ) , identified the overarching theme of the five books as the partial fulfilment of a promise made by God to the patriarchs , Abraham , Isaac and Jacob . The promise has three elements : posterity ( i.e. , descendants -- Abraham is told that his descendants will be as innumerable as the stars ) , divine - human relationship ( Israel is to be God 's chosen people ) , and land ( the land of Canaan , cursed by Noah immediately after the Deluge ) .
Novel
Philosophical fiction was not exactly new . Plato 's dialogues were embedded in fictional narratives . Utopias had added to this production with works from Thomas More 's Utopia ( 1516 ) to Tommaso Campanella 's City of the Sun ( 1602 ) . Works such as these had not been read as novels or romances but as philosophical texts . The 1740s saw new editions of More 's work under the title that created the tradition : Utopia : or the happy republic ; a philosophical romance ( 1743 ) .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The Poem of my Friend has indeed great defects ; first , that the principal person has no distinct character , either in his profession of Mariner , or as a human being who having been long under the control of supernatural impressions might be supposed himself to partake of something supernatural ; secondly , that he does not act , but is continually acted upon ; thirdly , that the events having no necessary connection do not produce each other ; and lastly , that the imagery is somewhat too laboriously accumulated . Yet the Poem contains many delicate touches of passion , and indeed the passion is every where true to nature , a great number of the stanzas present beautiful images , and are expressed with unusual felicity of language ; and the versification , though the metre is itself unfit for long poems , is harmonious and artfully varied , exhibiting the utmost powers of that metre , and every variety of which it is capable . It therefore appeared to me that these several merits ( the first of which , namely that of the passion , is of the highest kind ) gave to the Poem a value which is not often possessed by better Poems .
Flowers for Algernon
In January 1970 , the school board of Cranbrook , British Columbia , as well as Calgary , Alberta , removed the Flowers for Algernon novel from the local age 14 - 15 curriculum and the school library , after a parent complained that it was `` filthy and immoral '' . The president of the British Columbia Teachers ' Federation criticized the action . Flowers for Algernon was part of the British Columbia Department of Education list of approved books for grade nine and was recommended by the British Columbia Secondary Association of Teachers of English . A month later , the board reconsidered and returned the book to the library ; they did not , however , lift its ban from the curriculum .
Flowers for Algernon
Both the novel and the short story are written in an epistolary style collecting together Charlie 's personal `` progress reports '' from a few days before the operation until his final regression . Initially , the reports are filled with spelling errors and awkwardly constructed sentences . Following the operation , however , the first signs of Charlie 's increased intelligence are his improved accuracy in spelling , grammar , punctuation , and word choice . Charlie 's regression is conveyed by the loss of these skills .
Iliad
Since 1950 , there have been several English translations . Richmond Lattimore 's version ( 1951 ) is `` a free six - beat '' line - for - line rendering that explicitly eschews `` poetical dialect '' for `` the plain English of today '' . It is literal , unlike older verse renderings . Robert Fitzgerald 's version ( Oxford World 's Classics , 1974 ) strives to situate the Iliad in the musical forms of English poetry . His forceful version is freer , with shorter lines that increase the sense of swiftness and energy . Robert Fagles ( Penguin Classics , 1990 ) and Stanley Lombardo ( 1997 ) are bolder than Lattimore in adding dramatic significance to Homer 's conventional and formulaic language . Barry B. Powell 's translation ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) renders the Homeric Greek with a simplicity and dignity reminiscent of the original . Caroline Alexander published the first full - length English translation by a woman in 2016 .
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
There have been attempts to reinterpret Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland as having a coded submersive layer of meaning , as is common in other examples of children 's literature ( such as the gold standard reading of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) ) . For example , literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserted in the magazine New Scientist that Dodgson wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a scathing satire on new modern mathematics that were emerging in the mid-19th century . However , such views are not widely held .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) :
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Thou still unravish 'd bride of quietness ! Thou foster - child of silence and slow time ( lines 1 -- 2 )
Agatha Christie
In such cases , the original context of the title is usually printed as an epigraph . Similarly , the title of Christie 's autobiographical travel book Come , Tell Me How You Live is a quote from verse three of the White Knight 's poem , `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' from chapter eight of Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll , and is a play on the word `` tell '' , an archaeological mound .
Wales
Major developments in 19th - century Welsh literature include Lady Charlotte Guest 's translation of the Mabinogion , one of the most important medieval Welsh prose tales of Celtic mythology , into English . 1885 saw the publication of Rhys Lewis by Daniel Owen , credited as the first novel written in the Welsh language . The 20th century experienced an important shift away from the stilted and long - winded Victorian Welsh prose , with Thomas Gwynn Jones leading the way with his 1902 work Ymadawiad Arthur . The slaughter in the trenches of the First World War had a profound effect on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style of prose championed by T.H. Parry - Williams and R. Williams Parry . The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of Rhydwen Williams who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape . Though the inter-war period is dominated by Saunders Lewis , for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays , poetry and criticism .