vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lords Proprietor
Albemarle : in trust for Henry Somerset , 3rd Duke of Beaufort and his brother , then Lord Charles Somerset Clarendon : James Bertie ( 1674 -- 1735 ) Berkeley : Joseph Blake of the province of South Carolina Craven : William Craven , 3rd Baron Craven ( 1700 -- 1739 ) Carteret : John Carteret , Baron Carteret ( 1690 -- 1763 ) , governor of the kingdom of Ireland , who retained his interest * William Berkeley : Henry Bertie ( 1675 -- 1735 ) and Mary Danson , widow , of St Andrews Holborn , and Elizabeth Moor , widow , of London Colleton : Sir John Colleton of Exmouth , Devon Shaftesbury : † in trust for John Cotton of East Barnet , Middlesex † Some of these 1729 interests had been acquired not by inheritance but by purchase . * The Carteret interest continued until Independence when the Crown paid compensation for the Carteret loss .
British Empire
The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms . In 1496 , King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic . Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , but he made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland , and , mistakenly believing ( like Christopher Columbus ) that he had reached Asia , there was no attempt to found a colony . Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again .
British Empire
At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint - stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively . The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade , an effort focused mainly on two regions ; the East Indies archipelago , and an important hub in the trade network , India . There , they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other . Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power , in the short term the Netherlands ' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia . Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne , bringing peace between the Netherlands and England . A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch .
Kingdom of England
In 1092 , William II led an invasion of Strathclyde , a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria . In doing so , he annexed what is now the county of Cumbria to England . In 1124 , Henry I ceded what is now southeast Scotland ( called Lothian ) to the Kingdom of Scotland , in return for the King of Scotland 's loyalty . This final cession established what would become the traditional borders of England which have remained largely unchanged since then ( except for occasional and temporary changes ) . This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria . Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital , Edinburgh . This arrangement was later finalised in 1237 by the Treaty of York . King
Southern United States
The South Atlantic States : Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia and West Virginia . The East South Central States : Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi and Tennessee . The West South Central States : Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas .
United Kingdom
Agriculture is intensive , highly mechanised and efficient by European standards , producing about 60 % of food needs with less than 1.6 % of the labour force ( 535,000 workers ) . Around two - thirds of production is devoted to livestock , one - third to arable crops . Farmers are subsidised by the EU 's Common Agricultural Policy . The UK retains a significant , though much reduced fishing industry . It is also rich in a number of natural resources including coal , petroleum , natural gas , tin , limestone , iron ore , salt , clay , chalk , gypsum , lead , silica and an abundance of arable land . The
Southern United States
The second issue concerned slavery , primarily the question of whether slavery would be permitted in newly admitted states . The issue was initially finessed by political compromises designed to balance the number of `` free '' and `` slave '' states . The issue resurfaced in more virulent form , however , around the time of the Mexican -- American War , which raised the stakes by adding new territories primarily on the Southern side of the imaginary geographic divide . Congress opposed allowing slavery in these territories .
United Kingdom
Settlement by anatomically modern humans of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago . By the end of the region 's prehistoric period , the population is thought to have belonged , in the main , to a culture termed Insular Celtic , comprising Brythonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland . The Roman conquest , beginning in 43 AD , and the 400 - year rule of southern Britain , was followed by an invasion by Germanic Anglo - Saxon settlers , reducing the Brythonic area mainly to what was to become Wales , the Brittonic Kingdom incorporating later Brittany , Dumnonia ( later becomin English counties Cornwall and Devon ) and the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde . Most of the region settled by the Anglo - Saxons became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century . Meanwhile , Gaelic - speakers in north - west Britain ( with connections to the north - east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century ) united with the Picts to create the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century . The
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Through the crown , Britain was allied to the Electorate of Hanover and Kingdom of Ireland , both of which effectively fell under British military command throughout the war . It also directed the military strategy of its various colonies around the world including British America . In India British possessions were administered by the East India Company .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Agriculture remained by far the most important part of the English economy during the 12th and 13th centuries . There remained a wide variety in English agriculture , influenced by local geography ; in areas where grain could not be grown , other resources were exploited instead . In the Weald , for example , agriculture centred on grazing animals on the woodland pastures , whilst in the Fens fishing and bird - hunting was supplemented by basket - making and peat - cutting . In some locations , such as Lincolnshire and Droitwich , salt manufacture was important , including production for the export market . Fishing became an important trade along the English coast , especially in Great Yarmouth and Scarborough , and the herring was a particularly popular catch ; salted at the coast , it could then be shipped inland or exported to Europe . Piracy between competing English fishing fleets was not unknown during the period . Sheep were the most common farm animal in England during the period , their numbers doubling by the 14th century . Sheep became increasingly widely used for wool , particularly in the Welsh borders , Lincolnshire and the Pennines . Pigs remained popular on holdings because of their ability to scavenge for food . Oxen remained the primary plough animal , with horses used more widely on farms in the south of England towards the end of the 12th century . Rabbits were introduced from France in the 13th century and farmed for their meat in special warrens .
Yemen
Beginning in the mid-1950s , the Soviet Union and China provided large - scale assistance . For example , China and the United States are involved with the expansion of the Sana'a International Airport . In the south , pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden . The seaborne transit trade , which the port relied upon , collapsed with the closure of the Suez Canal and Britain 's withdrawal from Aden in 1967 .
Meroë
Meroë was the base of a flourishing kingdom whose wealth was centered around a strong iron industry , as well as international trade involving India and China . Metalworking is believed to have gone on in Meroë , possibly through bloomeries and blast furnaces , and Archibald Sayce reportedly referred to it as `` the Birmingham of Africa '' , because of perceived vast production and trade of iron ( a contention that is a matter of debate in modern scholarship ) .
American Revolutionary War
Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina . In 1778 , a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia . Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah . Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side . Thousands of Creeks , Chickasaws , and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte , the Battle of Mobile , and the Siege of Pensacola .
History of the United Kingdom
The loss of the Thirteen Colonies , at the time Britain 's most populous colonies , marked the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa . Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal . The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 confirmed Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success .
History of the United Kingdom
In the Second World War , in which the Soviet Union , China and the U.S. joined Britain as Allied powers , Britain and its Empire fought a successful war against Germany , Italy and Japan . The cost was high and Britain no longer had the wealth to maintain an empire , so it granted independence to almost all its possessions . The new states typically joined the Commonwealth of Nations . Postwar years saw great hardships until prosperity returned in the 1950s . Meanwhile , the Labour Party built a welfare state , nationalized many industries , and created the National Health Service . The UK took a strong stand against Communist expansion after 1945 , playing a major role in the Cold War and the formation of NATO as an anti-Soviet military alliance with West Germany , France the U.S. and smaller countries . The United Kingdom has been a leading member of the United Nations since its founding . It joined the European Union in 1973 . Since the 1990s large - scale devolution movements in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales have changed the political structure of the country . The Brexit referendum in 2016 committed the country to an exit from the European Union .
History of Arkansas
Many slaves were brought to Arkansas by planters looking to cash in on the Arkansas delta 's fertile lands . The most capable male slaves were often separated from their families and relocated to the swamps of southeast Arkansas . These swamplands were poorly drained , and many planters required their slaves to work long hours clearing trees from the swamps by hand . Slaves were forced to live in cramped slave quarters in the densely forested swamps , surrounded by disease - carrying mosquitoes . Conditions were brutal ; slaves often received only one pair of clothes per year , given on Christmas by the planter family . Diets consisted of only fatback and cornmeal , usually lacking in vegetables and other necessities to stave off deficiencies .
Southern strategy
In a series of compromises , most famously in 1877 , the Republican Party withdrew United States Army forces that had propped up its last three state governors and in return gained the White House for Rutherford B. Hayes . All the Southern states were now under the control of Democrats , who decade by decade increased their control of virtually all aspects of politics in the ex Confederate states . There were occasional pockets of Republican control , usually in remote mountain districts .
The impact of geography on colonial America
Early colonization was marked by disaster and the failure of colonists to provide properly for themselves as well as turn a profit for the Virginia Company . This is in part due to the misconceptions about climate in Europe . Common belief in the `` old world '' had it that climates were the same at similar latitudes all across the world . Therefore , the southern United States , and Virginia in particular , were expected to be similar in climate to Southern Spain . Because of this colonists and Virginia Company initially tried to cultivate such plants as mulberry trees and orange trees , which were not sustainable .
American Revolution
Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s .
British Empire
By the start of the 20th century , Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain 's economic lead . Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War , during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire . The conflict placed enormous strain on the military , financial and manpower resources of Britain . Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I , Britain was no longer the world 's pre-eminent industrial or military power . In the Second World War , Britain 's colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Japan . Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies , the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire . India , Britain 's most valuable and populous possession , achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire . The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire . Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty .
Southern United States
President Franklin D. Roosevelt noted the South as the `` number one priority '' in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression . His administration created programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development . Locked into low - productivity agriculture , the region 's growth was slowed by limited industrial development , low levels of entrepreneurship , and the lack of capital investment .
Portuguese Mozambique
In 1959 -- 60 , Mozambique 's major exports included cotton , cashew nuts , tea , sugar , copra and sisal . Other major agricultural productions included rice and coconut . The expanding economy of the Portuguese overseas province was fuelled by foreign direct investment , and public investment which included ambitious state - managed development plans . British capital owned two of the large sugar concessions ( the third was Portuguese ) , including the famous Sena states . The Matola Oil Refinery , Procon , was controlled by Britain and the United States . In 1948 the petroleum concession was given to the Mozambique Gulf Oil Company . At Maotize coal was mined ; the industry was chiefly financed by Belgian capital . 60 % of the capital of the Compagnie de Charbons de Mozambique was held by the Société Minière et Géologique Belge , 30 % by the Mozambique Company , and the remaining 10 % by the Government of the territory . Three banks were in operation , the Banco Nacional Ultramarino , Portuguese , Barclays Bank , D.C.O. , British , and the Banco Totta e Standard de Moçambique ( a partnership between Standard Bank of South Africa and mainland 's Banco Totta & Açores ) . Nine out of the twenty - three insurance companies were Portuguese. 80 % of life assurance was in the hands of foreign companies which testifies to the openness of the economy . Cahora
Curling
Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes .
Candle
Based on measurements of a taper - type , paraffin wax candle , a modern candle typically burns at a steady rate of about 0.1 g / min , releasing heat at roughly 80 W . The light produced is about 13 lumens , for a luminous efficacy of about 0.16 lumens per watt ( luminous efficacy of a source ) -- almost a hundred times lower than an incandescent light bulb .
Modern history
Dates are approximate range ( based upon influence ) , consult particular article for details Modern Age Other
Tequila
Only certain mezcals , usually from the state of Oaxaca , are ever sold con gusano ( with worm ) . They are added as a marketing gimmick and are not traditional . The tequila regulatory council does not allow gusanos or scorpions ( which are sometimes also added to mezcals ) to be included in tequila bottles . The worm is actually the larval form of the moth Hypopta agavis , which lives on the agave plant . Finding one in the plant during processing indicates an infestation and , correspondingly , a lower - quality product . However , this misconception continues , despite effort and marketing to represent tequila as a premium liquor -- similar to the way Cognac is viewed in relation to other brandies .
Tea culture
This tea is currently traded under the name of the processed compound , Gorreana , and is produced by independent families . No herbicides or pesticides are allowed in the growing process , and modern consumers associate the production with more recent organic teas . However , production standards concerning the plant itself and its cropping have not changed for the last 250 years .
Fletcher Henderson
In 1925 , with Henry Troy , he wrote `` Gin House Blues '' , recorded by Bessie Smith and Nina Simone among others . His other compositions include `` Soft Winds '' .
Drinking establishment
Speakeasies were numerous and popular during the Prohibition years . Some of them were operated by people who were part of organized crime . Even though police and agents of the Bureau of Prohibition would often raid them and arrest their owners and patrons , they were so profitable that they continued to flourish . The poor quality bootleg liquor sold in speakeasies was responsible for a shift away from 19th century ' classic ' cocktails , that celebrated the raw taste of the liquor ( such as the Gin Cocktail , made with Genever ( sweet ) gin ) , to new cocktails aimed at masking the taste of rough moonshine .
Tea culture
Besides true tea , herbal teas ( or tisanes ) are often served at the Egyptian teahouses , with ingredients ranging from mint to cinnamon and ginger to salep ; many of these are ascribed medicinal qualities or health benefits in Egyptian folk medicine . Karkade , a tisane of hibiscus flowers , is a particularly popular beverage and is traditionally considered beneficial for the heart .
Japanese cuisine
Japanese whisky began commercial production in the early 20th century , and is now extremely popular , primarily consumed in highballs ( ハイ ボール , haibōru ) . It is produced in the Scottish style , with malt whisky produced since the 1980s , and has since won top international awards , since the 2000s .
Tequila
The latest version of the tequila standard ( NOM - 006 - SCFI - 2012 ) also updated the standard to specify that the silver class of tequila can not contain additives , to allow the aging time for the ultra aged class to be displayed on the label , to prohibit the commercialization of bulk tequila through vending machines and required registering the agave during the calendar year of its plantation and required annual updates .
Tequila
With 100 % agave tequila , blanco or plata is harsher with the bold flavors of the distilled agave up front , while reposado and añejo are smoother , subtler , and more complex . As with other spirits aged in casks , tequila takes on the flavors of the wood , while the harshness of the alcohol mellows . The major flavor distinction with 100 % agave tequila is the base ingredient , which is more vegetal than grain spirits ( and often more complex ) .
Tequila
In general , the longer the controlled fermentation period , the higher yield of esters produced . During the fermentation process , ethanol is oxidized and one of the main compounds produced are acetaldehydes , which adds the flavor necessary for the final product of tequila . For example , isovalderaldehyde seems to produce a sweet , cocoa , and chocolate - like flavor . 2 and 3 - methylbutanal produce a malty flavor . The agave plant contains many terpenes such as vanillin and syringaldehydes which presents a strong and fruity or herbal aroma . It also contains eugenol which can deliver a hint of spicy flavor to the tequila . Since the production of tequila involves heating , Maillard browning reactions occur , and furans are produced during the thermal degradation of sugar . The most prominent furanic compounds include 2 - furaldehyde and 5 - methylfuraldehyde , which can contribute to the smoky flavor of tequila . Guaiacol also seems to contribute to Tequila 's smoky flavor . Beta - demascenone contributes to the woody , floral taste of tequila .
Wetland
Fuelwood Salt ( produced by evaporating seawater ) Animal fodder Traditional medicines ( e.g. from mangrove bark ) Fibers for textiles Dyes and tannins