vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Maggie Horton
In 1984 , Suzanne Rogers was diagnosed with a rare muscle disorder called Myasthenia Gravis . This disease affected her facial muscles and the medication she needed made her feel ill , with her face appearing swollen while also suffering hair loss . Rogers temporarily left the show after 11 years when the effects of the disease became increasingly worse . Her entire appearance changed , and she did not return to the show for a year . Rogers , wanting to educate viewers about the disease , approached executive producer Betty Corday about her character being diagnosed with the disease . Corday agreed , and a storyline played out with Maggie learning she has myasthenia gravis . The actress went into remission in 1995 , and has remained in remission since . In 2010 , Maggie began to notice some symptoms of the disease returning .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Dana - Farber / Brigham and Women 's Cancer Center : The center brings together a cancer institute and a hospital , creating 13 specialized disease centers . Carl J. and Ruth Shapiro Cardiovascular Center . Brigham and Women 's Orthopedic and Arthritis Center : They specialize in research and therapies for bone and joint disease and injury . Brigham and Women 's Neurosciences Institute : The BWH Neurosciences Institute offers treatments for all diseases of the nervous system . The institute integrates neurology , neurosurgery , psychiatry and neuroradiology , with advanced research and clinical trials . Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women 's Health : BWH specializes in high - risk obstetric care , newborn intensive care , infertility services , complex gynecologic surgery , and gender - specific care . Osher Center for Integrative Medicine including chiropractic care .
A Cure for Wellness
Lockhart attempts to escape the center , but finds that no one is allowed to leave . After gifting Hannah a ballerina figurine , Lockhart bikes into town with her help . Lockhart leaves Hannah in a bar and investigates the spa 's patients . He finds out that the people of the spa suffer from dehydration , despite doing nothing but drink water from the aquifer . Meanwhile , Hannah , who has been kept at the spa her whole life , explores the bar and attracts the attention of the locals . Lockhart returns and gets into a fight with a man who was dancing with Hannah . He is rescued by Dr. Volmer , who has discovered that Lockhart had left the spa with Hannah .
Herpes simplex
Evidence is insufficient to support use of many of these compounds , including echinacea , eleuthero , L - lysine , zinc , monolaurin bee products , and aloe vera . While a number of small studies show possible benefit from monolaurin , L - lysine , aspirin , lemon balm , topical zinc , or licorice root cream in treatment , these preliminary studies have not been confirmed by higher - quality randomized controlled studies .
Acetyl group
There is some evidence that acetyl - L - carnitine may be more effective for some applications than L - carnitine . Acetylation of resveratrol holds promise as one of the first anti-radiation medicines for human populations .
Mesopotamia
The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages , creams and pills . If a patient could not be cured physically , the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses . Esagil - kin - apli 's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions , including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient , it is possible to determine the patient 's disease , its aetiology , its future development , and the chances of the patient 's recovery .
Diphtheria
Antibiotics have not been demonstrated to affect healing of local infection in diphtheria patients treated with antitoxin . Antibiotics are used in patients or carriers to eradicate C. diphtheriae and prevent its transmission to others . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends either :
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Treatments typically include rest , manipulation , strengthening of tibialis anterior , tibialis posterior , peroneus and short toe flexors , casting with a walker boot , corticosteroid and anesthetic injections , hot wax baths , wrapping , compression hose , and orthotics . Medications may include various anti-inflammatories such as Anaprox , or other medications such as Ultracet , Neurontin and Lyrica . Lidocaine patches are also a treatment that helps some patients .
Neurotransmitter
Glutamate is used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord . It is also used at most synapses that are `` modifiable '' , i.e. capable of increasing or decreasing in strength . Modifiable synapses are thought to be the main memory - storage elements in the brain . Excessive glutamate release can overstimulate the brain and lead to excitotoxicity causing cell death resulting in seizures or strokes . Excitotoxicity has been implicated in certain chronic diseases including ischemic stroke , epilepsy , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Alzheimer 's disease , Huntington disease , and Parkinson 's disease . GABA is used at the great majority of fast inhibitory synapses in virtually every part of the brain . Many sedative / tranquilizing drugs act by enhancing the effects of GABA . Correspondingly , glycine is the inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord . Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous systems . It activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and may either excite or inhibit internal organs in the autonomic system . It is distinguished as the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction connecting motor nerves to muscles . The paralytic arrow - poison curare acts by blocking transmission at these synapses . Acetylcholine also operates in many regions of the brain , but using different types of receptors , including nicotinic and muscarinic receptors . Dopamine has a number of important functions in the brain ; this includes regulation of motor behavior , pleasures related to motivation and also emotional arousal . It plays a critical role in the reward system ; Parkinson 's disease has been linked to low levels of dopamine and schizophrenia has been linked to high levels of dopamine . Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter . Most is produced by and found in the intestine ( approximately 90 % ) , and the remainder in central nervous system neurons . It functions to regulate appetite , sleep , memory and learning , temperature , mood , behaviour , muscle contraction , and function of the cardiovascular system and endocrine system .
Scabies
Topical ivermectin preparations have been shown to be effective for scabies in adults , though only one such formulation is available in the United States at present , and it is not FDA - approved as a scabies treatment . It has also been useful for sarcoptic mange ( the veterinary analog of human scabies ) .
Myelin
Some studies have revealed that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats . This regeneration depends upon two conditions : axonal die - back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors , and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated . These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system .
Herpes simplex
Research has gone into vaccines for both prevention and treatment of herpes infections . Unsuccessful clinical trials have been conducted for some glycoprotein subunit vaccines . As of 2017 , the future pipeline includes several promising replication - incompetent vaccine proposals while two replication - competent ( live - attenuated ) HSV vaccine are undergoing human testing .
Flowers for Algernon
Charlie Gordon , 32 years old , suffers from phenylketonuria and has an IQ of 68 . He holds a menial job at a bakery which his uncle had secured for him so that Charlie would not have to be sent to a state institution . Wanting to improve himself , Charlie attends reading and writing classes at the Beekman College Center for Retarded Adults ; his teacher is Miss Alice Kinnian . Two researchers at Beekman , Dr. Nemur and Dr. Strauss , are looking for a human test subject on whom to try a new surgical technique intended to increase intelligence . They had already performed the surgery on a mouse named Algernon , dramatically improving his mental performance . Based on Alice 's recommendation and his motivation to improve , Charlie is chosen over smarter pupils to undergo the procedure .
Herpes simplex
Several antiviral drugs are effective for treating herpes , including acyclovir , valaciclovir ( valacyclovir ) , famciclovir , and penciclovir . Acyclovir was the first discovered and is now available in generic . Valacyclovir is also available as a generic and is slightly more effective than aciclovir for reducing lesion healing time .
Islamic Golden Age
The theory of Humorism was largely dominant during this time . Arab physician Ibn Zuhr provided proof that scabies is caused by the itch mite and that it can be cured by removing the parasite without the need for purging , bleeding or other treatments called for by humorism , making a break with the humorism of Galen and Ibn Sina . Rhazes differentiated through careful observation the two diseases smallpox and measles , which were previously lumped together as a single disease that caused rashes . This was based on location and the time of the appearance of the symptoms and he also scaled the degree of severity and prognosis of infections according to the color and location of rashes . Al - Zahrawi was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy , and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
The impetus for SCNT - based stem cell research has been decreased by the development and improvement of alternative methods of generating stem cells . Methods to reprogram normal body cells into pluripotent stem cells were developed in humans in 2007 . The following year , this method achieved a key goal of SCNT - based stem cell research : the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines that have all genes linked to various diseases . Some scientists working on SCNT - based stem cell research have recently moved to the new methods of induced pluripotent stem cells . Though recent studies have put in question how similar iPS cells are to embryonic stem cells . Epigenetic memory in iPS affects the cell lineage it can differentiate into . For instance , an iPS cell derived from a blood cell will be more efficient at differentiating into blood cells , while it will be less efficient at creating a neuron . This raises the question of how well iPS cells can mimic the gold standard ESC in experiments , as stem cells are defined as having the ability to differentiate into any cell type . SCNT stem cells do not pose such a problem and continue to remain relevant in stem cell studies .
Herpes simplex
The most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vaginal , oral , and anal sex . Condom use decreases the risk somewhat . Daily antiviral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread . There is no available vaccine and once infected , there is no cure . Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) and topical lidocaine may be used to help with the symptoms . Treatments with antiviral medication such as aciclovir or valaciclovir can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes .
Acetylcholine
Many ACh receptor agonists work indirectly by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase . The resulting accumulation of acetylcholine causes continuous stimulation of the muscles , glands , and central nervous system , which can result in fatal convulsions if the dose is high .
Magic bullet (medicine)
The magic bullet was a scientific concept developed by a German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich in 1900 . While working at the Institute of Experimental Therapy ( Institut für experimentelle Therapie ) , Ehrlich formed an idea that it could be possible to kill specific microbes ( such as bacteria ) that cause diseases without harming the body itself . He named the hypothetical agent as Zauberkugel , the magic bullet . He envisioned that just like a bullet fired from a gun to hit a specific target , there could be a way to specifically target invading microbes . His continued research to discover the magic bullet resulted in further knowledge of the functions of the body 's immune system , and in the development of Salvarsan , the first effective drug for syphilis , in 1909 . His works were the foundation of immunology , and for his contributions he shared the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Élie Metchnikoff .
Mars, Incorporated
One study was conducted in collaboration with the Salk Institute regarding angiogenesis and spatial memory in which mice were given an ad libitum diet that included epicatechin , plant - derived flavonoid . One of the experiments involved groups of control and experimental animals , the latter of which were housed individually in cages that included a running wheel for optional exercise for two hours a day , the former -- also housed individually -- did not have access to a running wheel . Another experiment was the classical spatial memory assay -- the Morris water maze -- where experimenters had mice to swim in water mixed with white paint that concealed the water depth . Several mice were given daily injections of various substances before being killed and dissected . The study , which Mars contends was legally required in order for the company to make flavonoid - related health claims , showed that the inclusion of epicatechin in the diet improved memory and angiogenesis , and more so if coupled with exercise .
Hormonal contraception
Hormonal treatments , such as hormonal contraceptives , are frequently successful at alleviating symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome . Birth control pills are often prescribed to reverse the effects of excessive androgen levels , and decrease ovarian hormone production .
Sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve exploration can be done by endoscopy in a minimally invasive procedure to assess lesions of the nerve . Endoscopic treatment for sciatic nerve entrapment has been investigated in deep gluteal syndrome ; `` Patients were treated with sciatic nerve decompression by resection of fibrovascular scar bands , piriformis tendon release , obturator internus , or quadratus femoris or by hamstring tendon scarring . ''
Stem cell
There are currently no approved treatments using embryonic stem cells . The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009 . However , the human trial was not initiated until October 13 , 2010 in Atlanta for spinal cord injury research . On November 14 , 2011 the company conducting the trial ( Geron Corporation ) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs . ES cells , being pluripotent cells , require specific signals for correct differentiation -- if injected directly into another body , ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells , causing a teratoma . Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face . Due to ethical considerations , many nations currently have moratoria or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines . Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency , embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. .
Herpes simplex
No method eradicates herpes virus from the body , but antiviral medications can reduce the frequency , duration , and severity of outbreaks . Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) can reduce pain and fever . Topical anesthetic treatments such as prilocaine , lidocaine , benzocaine , or tetracaine can also relieve itching and pain .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Molecular genetics and genomics research have revolutionized biomedical sciences . In the 1980s and 1990s , researchers performed the first trial of gene therapy in humans and are now able to locate , identify , and describe the function of many genes in the human genome .
Gene
For multicellular organisms , typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism . However , the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases .
Cranberry
One systematic review in 2017 showed that cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of urinary tract infections , indicating that cranberry products may be effective particularly for individuals with recurrent infections . When the quality of meta - analyses on the efficacy of cranberry products for preventing or treating urinary tract infections is examined , large variation is seen , resulting from inconsistencies of clinical factors and study methods . Additional studies with better designs are warranted , particularly for women with recurrent infections and those who have developed antimicrobial resistance .
Neuroanatomy of memory
Most people can instantly and easily use visual - spatial memory to remember locations and pictures , but a person with Parkinson 's disease would find this difficult . He or she would also have trouble encoding this visual and spatial information into long - term memory . This suggests that the basal ganglia work in both encoding and recalling spatial information .
University of Hawaii
The University of Hawaiʻi system has had many faculty members of note . Many were visiting faculty or came after they won major awards like Nobel Laureate Georg von Békésy . Ryuzo Yanagimachi , principal investigator of the research group that developed a method of cloning from adult animal cells , is still on the faculty .
Estrogen
High dose estrogen therapy with estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol , ethinylestradiol , and estradiol undecylate has been used in the past to treat prostate cancer in men . It is effective because estrogens are functional antiandrogens , capable of suppressing testosterone levels to castrate concentrations and decreasing free testosterone levels by increasing sex hormone - binding globulin ( SHBG ) production . High dose estrogen therapy is associated with poor tolerability and safety , namely severe gynecomastia and cardiovascular complications such as thrombosis , and for this reason , has largely been replaced by newer antiandrogens such as gonadotropin - releasing hormone analogues and nonsteroidal antiandrogens . It is still sometimes used in the treatment of prostate cancer however , and newer estrogens with atypical profiles such as GTx - 758 that have improved tolerability profiles are being studied for possible application in prostate cancer .
Michael J. Fox
Fox started displaying symptoms of early - onset Parkinson 's disease in 1991 while shooting the movie Doc Hollywood , although he was not properly diagnosed until the next year . After his diagnosis , Fox started drinking heavily . He sought help and stopped drinking altogether . In 1998 , he decided to go public with his condition , and since then , he has been a strong advocate of Parkinson 's disease research . His foundation , The Michael J. Fox Foundation , was created to help advance every promising research path to curing Parkinson 's disease , including embryonic stem cell studies .
Michael J. Fox
Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson 's disease in 1991 , at age 29 , and disclosed his condition to the public in 1998 . Fox semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of his disease worsened . He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure ; he created the Michael J. Fox Foundation , and on March 5 , 2010 , Sweden 's Karolinska Institute gave him an honoris causa doctorate for his work in advocating a cure for Parkinson 's disease .
A Cure for Wellness
The New York Times reported that 20th Century Fox created a group of fake news sites as part of a viral marketing campaign for A Cure for Wellness .
Collagen
Gelatin - resorcinol - formaldehyde glue ( and with formaldehyde replaced by less - toxic pentanedial and ethanedial ) has been used to repair experimental incisions in rabbit lungs .
Cigarette
The `` holy grail '' for cigarette companies has been a cancer - free cigarette . On record , the closest historical attempt was produced by scientist James Mold . Under the name project TAME , he produced the XA cigarette . However , in 1978 , his project was terminated .
Germ theory of disease
Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms , pébrine , was caused by a small microscopic organism now known as Nosema bombycis ( 1870 ) . Pasteur saved France 's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected , a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases .
Humanism
It was in education that the humanists ' program had the most lasting results , their curriculum and methods :
Germ theory of disease
Italian physician Francesco Redi provided early evidence against spontaneous generation . He devised an experiment in 1668 in which he used three jars . He placed a meatloaf and egg in each of the three jars . He had one of the jars open , another one tightly sealed , and the last one covered with gauze . After a few days , he observed that the meatloaf in the open jar was covered by maggots , and the jar covered with gauze had maggots on the surface of the gauze . However , the tightly sealed jar had no maggots inside or outside it . He also noticed that the maggots were found only on surfaces that were accessible by flies . From this he concluded that spontaneous generation is not a plausible theory .
Autophagy
A new era of autophagy research began in 1990s when several groups of scientists independently discovered autophagy - related genes using the budding yeast . Notably , Yoshinori Ohsumi and Michael Thumm examined starvation - induced non-selective autophagy ; in the meantime , Daniel J Klionsky discovered the Cytoplasm - to - Vacuole Targeting ( CVT ) pathway , which is a form of selective autophagy . They soon found that they were in fact looking at essentially the same pathway , just from different angles . Initially , the genes discovered by these and other yeast groups were given different names ( APG , AUT , CVT , GSA , PAG , PAZ , and PDD ) . A unified nomenclature was advocated in 2003 by the yeast researchers to use ATG to denote autophagy genes . The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi . Dr. Ohsumi 's contribution to autophagy research is well recognized . However , some have pointed out that the award could have been more inclusive .
Statin
A British group isolated the same compound from Penicillium brevicompactum , named it compactin , and published their report in 1976 . The British group mentions antifungal properties , with no mention of HMG - CoA reductase inhibition .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Late April 2014 , the New York Stem Cell Foundation was successful in creating SCNT stem cells derived from adult somatic cells . One of these lines of stem cells was derived from the donor cells of a type 1 diabetic . The group was then able to successfully culture these stem cells and induce differentiation . When injected into mice , cells of all three of the germ layers successfully formed . The most significant of these cells , were those who expressed insulin and were capable of secreting the hormone . These insulin producing cells could be used for replacement therapy in diabetics , demonstrating real SCNT stem cell therapeutic potential .