vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sustainability
The idea of sustainability as a business opportunity has led to the formation of organizations such as the Sustainability Consortium of the Society for Organizational Learning , the Sustainable Business Institute , and the World Council for Sustainable Development . The expansion of sustainable business opportunities can contribute to job creation through the introduction of green - collar workers . Research focusing on progressive corporate leaders who have integrated sustainability into commercial strategy has yielded a leadership competency model for sustainability , and led to emergence of the concept of `` embedded sustainability '' -- defined by its authors Chris Laszlo and Nadya Zhexembayeva as `` incorporation of environmental , health , and social value into the core business with no trade - off in price or quality -- in other words , with no social or green premium '' . Laszlo and Zhexembayeva 's research showed that embedded sustainability offers at least seven distinct opportunities for business value creation : a ) better risk - management , b ) increased efficiency through reduced waste and resource use , c ) better product differentiation , d ) new market entrances , e ) enhanced brand and reputation , f ) greater opportunity to influence industry standards , and g ) greater opportunity for radical innovation . Nadya Zhexembayeva 's 2014 research further suggested that innovation driven by resource depletion can result in fundamental advantages for company products and services , as well as the company strategy as a whole , when right principles of innovation are applied .
Fair trade
A lot of people volunteer to work to support Fairtrade . They may do unpaid work for firms , or market Fairtrade in schools , universities , local governments , or parliament . Crane and Davies ' study shows that distributors in developed countries make ' considerable use of unpaid volunteer workers for routine tasks , many of whom seemed to be under the ( false ) impression that they were helping out a charity . ' However , the UK Fairtrade Foundation is a registered charity .
Perfect competition
Normal profit is a component of ( implicit ) costs and not a component of business profit at all . It represents the opportunity cost , as the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running a different firm . The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth her or his while i.e. it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job . Particularly if enterprise is not included as a factor of production , it can also be viewed a return to capital for investors including the entrepreneur , equivalent to the return the capital owner could have expected ( in a safe investment ) , plus compensation for risk . In other words , the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries ; it is commensurate with the riskiness associated with each type of investment , as per the risk - return spectrum .
Working capital
As an absolute rule of funders , each of them wants to see a positive working capital . Such situation gives them the possibility to think that your company has more than enough current assets to cover financial obligations . Though , the same ca n't be said about the negative working capital . A large number of funders believe that businesses ca n't be sustainable with a negative working capital , which is a wrong way of thinking . In order to run a sustainable business with a negative working capital , it 's essential to understand some key components .
Franchising
A case of fraud in 2007 perpetrated by a former master franchisee of the country 's largest franchise system led to a review of the need for franchise law by the Ministry of Economic Development . The New Zealand Government decided there was no case for franchise - specific legislation at that time . This decision was criticised by the opposition , which had initiated the review when in power , and the review process was questioned by a leading academic . The Franchise Association originally supported the positive regulation of the franchise sector but its eventual submission to the review was in favour of the status quo -- self - regulation .
Starbucks
In January 2012 , a Starbucks executive stated that the company supports the legalization of same - sex marriage . This resulted in a boycott by the National Organization for Marriage , a political organization that opposes same - sex marriage , who received 22,000 signatures in favor of their boycott . When another shareholder ( who had been quoted by NOM before ) mentioned during a meeting that recent earnings had been `` disappointing '' since the boycott began , CEO Howard Schultz responded : `` If you feel , respectfully , that you can get a higher return than the 38 percent you got last year , it 's a free country . You can sell your shares of Starbucks and buy shares in another company . Thank you very much . '' In addition , 640,000 people also signed a petition thanking Starbucks for its support . ( As of June 26 , 2015 , same - sex marriage in the United States is legal in all states following the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges . )
Fair trade
Farmers ' organisations that use their social premium for public goods often finance educational scholarships . For example , Costa Rican coffee co-operative , Coocafé , has supported hundreds of children and youth at school and university through the financing of scholarships from funding from their fair trade social premium . In terms of education , the social premium can be used to build and furnish schools too .
California Gold Rush
Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail , shipping , entertainment , lodging , or transportation . Boardinghouses , food preparation , sewing , and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women ( married , single , or widowed ) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman . Brothels also brought in large profits , especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses .
Franchising
Social franchising also refers to a technique used by governments and aid donors to provide essential clinical health services in the developing world .
GoFundMe
GoFundMe has received several awards including best workplace in technology 2017 , best workplace in giving back 2017 , best small and medium companies in the bay area 2017 , and best medium workplace in 2016 . GoFundMe has a notable give back program where employees pick a campaign that inspires them . GoFundMe then donates 1,000 dollars to that campaign . In 2015 , GoFundMe gave back more than half a million dollars . GoFundMe employees receive 600 dollars a year for a wellness program benefit . This money can be used for gym memberships , gym equipment , spa 's , and dietary needs . GoFundMe matches 401k 's up to six percent . GoFundMe has designed their office with open floor plans to build a collaborative work environment .
Fair trade
There are a large number of fair trade and ethical marketing organizations employing different marketing strategies . Most fair trade marketers believe it is necessary to sell the products through supermarkets to get a sufficient volume of trade to affect the developing world . The Fairtrade brand is by far the biggest of the fair trade coffee brands . Packers in developed countries pay a fee to The Fairtrade Foundation for the right to use the brand and logo , and nearly all the fee goes to marketing . Packers and retailers can charge as much as they want for the coffee . The coffee has to come from a certified fair trade cooperative , and there is a minimum price when the world market is oversupplied . Additionally , the cooperatives are paid an additional 10c per lb premium by buyers for community development projects . The cooperatives can , on average , sell only a third of their output as fair trade , because of lack of demand , and sell the rest at world prices . The exporting cooperative can spend the money in several ways . Some go to meeting the costs of conformity and certification : as they have to meet fair trade standards on all their produce , they have to recover the costs from a small part of their turnover , sometimes as little as 8 % , and may not make any profit . Some meet other costs . Some is spent on social projects such as building schools , health clinics and baseball pitches . Sometimes there is money left over for the farmers . The cooperatives sometimes pay farmers a higher price than farmers do , sometimes less , but there is no evidence on which is more common .
Fair trade
A 2015 study concluded that the low barriers to entry in a competitive market such as coffee undermines any effort to give higher benefits to producers through Fair Trade . They used data from Central America , to establish that the producer benefits were close to zero . This is because there is an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as Fair Trade is actually sold on Fair Trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification .
Economy of New Zealand
The success of refrigeration was directly related to the growth and development of farming in the country . In the 19th century , the bulk of economic activity was in the South Island of New Zealand . From around 1900 , dairy farming became increasingly viable in areas which were less suitable for sheep , particularly in Northland , the Waikato and Taranaki . As dairying developed , the North Island slowly became more important to the economy . As more land was cultivated and farmed , Britain became the sole market for New Zealand meat and animal products . The dairy farming can therefore be seen as a response to the powerful market demands in Europe , transforming not only New Zealand 's countryside , economy and production techniques , but also causing migration in order to create the needed supply of dairy farming .
Whole life insurance
The marketing of whole life ( and other cash value policies ) as a substitute for savings and investments is considered controversial in some circles . Sometimes the regulatory agencies forbid the use of the words `` savings '' or `` investment '' by sales people when describing life insurance , insisting that life insurance should only be for `` protection '' against the economic hazard of death .
Recycling
The quality of recyclate not only supports high - quality recycling , but it can also deliver significant environmental benefits by reducing , reusing and keeping products out of landfills . High - quality recycling can help support growth in the economy by maximizing the economic value of the waste material collected . Higher income levels from the sale of quality recyclates can return value which can be significant to local governments , households , and businesses . Pursuing high - quality recycling can also provide consumer and business confidence in the waste and resource management sector and may encourage investment in that sector .
Business
Businesses may also be social nonprofit enterprises or state - owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social and economic objectives .
Business
The size and scope of the business firm and its structure , management , and ownership , broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm . Generally , a smaller business is more flexible , while larger businesses , or those with wider ownership or more formal structures , will usually tend to be organized as corporations or ( less often ) partnerships . In addition , a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so . The sector and country . Private profit - making businesses are different from government - owned bodies . In some countries , certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways . Tax advantages . Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason . Disclosure and compliance requirements . Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public ( or report it to relevant authorities ) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations .
Fair trade
Types of businesses engaged in fair trade Business type Engagement with fair trade products Highest Fair trade organizations Equal Exchange Global Crafts Ten Thousand Villages Values - driven organizations The Body Shop Green Mountain Coffee Pro-active socially responsible businesses Starbucks Whole Foods Defensive socially responsible businesses Procter & Gamble Lowest
Franchising
Although many business owners did affiliate with cooperative ventures of one type or another , there was little growth in franchising until the early 20th century , and what franchising there was did not take the same form as it does today . As the United States shifted from an agricultural to an industrial economy , manufacturers licensed individuals to sell automobiles , trucks , gasoline , beverages , and a variety of other products . The franchisees did little more than sell the products , though . The sharing of responsibility associated with contemporary franchising arrangement did not exist to any great extent . Consequently , franchising was not a growth industry in the United States .
Fair trade
A study of coffee growers in Guatemala illustrates the effect of fair trade practices on growers . In this study , thirty - four farmers were interviewed . Of those thirty - four growers , twenty - two had an understanding of fair trade based on internationally recognized definitions , for example , describing fair trade in market and economical terms or knowing what the social premium is and how their cooperative has used it . Three growers explained a deep understanding of fair trade , showing a knowledge of both fair market principles and how fair trade affects them socially . Nine growers had erroneous or no knowledge of Fair Trade . The three growers who had a deeper knowledge of the social implications of fair trade all have responsibilities within their cooperatives . One is a manager , one is in charge of the wet mill , and one is his group 's treasurer . These farmers did not have a pattern in terms of years of education , age , or years of membership in the cooperative ; their answers to the questions , `` Why did you join ? '' differentiate them from other members and explain why they have such an extensive knowledge of fair trade . These farmers cited switching to organic farming , wanting to raise money for social projects , and more training offered as reasons for joining the cooperative , other than receiving a better price for their coffee .
Business
Capital may be raised through private means , by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange , or in other ways .
Birth control in the United States
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , 573 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) , is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court allowing closely held for - profit corporations to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law 's interest . It is the first time that the court has recognized a for - profit corporation 's claim of religious belief , but it is limited to closely held corporations . The decision is an interpretation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) and does not address whether such corporations are protected by the free - exercise of religion clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution . For such companies , the Court 's majority directly struck down the contraceptive mandate under the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) by a 5 -- 4 vote . The court said that the mandate was not the least restrictive way to ensure access to contraceptive care , noting that a less restrictive alternative was being provided for religious non-profits , until the Court issued an injunction 3 days later , effectively ending said alternative , replacing it with a government - sponsored alternative for any female employees of closely held corporations that do not wish to provide birth control .
Utilitarianism
According to Derek Parfit , using total happiness falls victim to the repugnant conclusion , whereby large numbers of people with very low but non-negative utility values can be seen as a better goal than a population of a less extreme size living in comfort . In other words , according to the theory , it is a moral good to breed more people on the world for as long as total happiness rises .
Free market
By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry , he intends only his own security ; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value , he intends only his own gain , and he is in this , as in many other cases , led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention . Nor is it always the worse for society that it was no part of it . By pursuing his own interest ( an individual ) frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it . I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the ( common ) good . --
Business
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Ben & Jerry's
In 2010 , Jostein Solheim , a Unilever executive from Norway , became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition : `` My mantra that I 've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry 's is : ' Change is a wonderful thing , ' '' he said . `` The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing . Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change . We need to lead by example , and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business . Historically , this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business . ''
Perfect competition
In particular , the rejection of perfect competition does not generally entail the rejection of free competition as characterizing most product markets ; indeed it has been argued that competition is stronger nowadays than in 19th century capitalism , owing to the increasing capacity of big conglomerate firms to enter any industry : therefore the classical idea of a tendency toward a uniform rate of return on investment in all industries owing to free entry is even more valid today ; and the reason why General Motors , Exxon or Nestlé do not enter the computers or pharmaceutical industries is not insurmountable barriers to entry but rather that the rate of return in the latter industries is already sufficiently in line with the average rate of return elsewhere as not to justify entry . On this few economists , it would seem , would disagree , even among the neoclassical ones . Thus when the issue is normal , or long - period , product prices , differences on the validity of the perfect competition assumption do not appear to imply important differences on the existence or not of a tendency of rates of return toward uniformity as long as entry is possible , and what is found fundamentally lacking in the perfect competition model is the absence of marketing expenses and innovation as causes of costs that do enter normal average cost .
Boise, Idaho
Technology investment and the high - tech industry have become increasingly important to the city , with businesses including Hewlett Packard , Healthwise , Bodybuilding.com , CradlePoint , Crucial.com , ClickBank , MetaGeek , MobileDataForce , MarkMonitor , Sybase , Balihoo , Intracon NA , Wire-stone.com and Microsoft . The call center industry is also a major source of employment ; there are over 20 call centers in the city employing more than 7,000 people , including WDSGlobal ( a Xerox company ) , EDS , Teleperformance , DIRECTV , Taos and T - Mobile .
Business
Because companies are legal persons , they also may associate and register themselves as companies -- often known as a corporate group . When the company closes it may need a `` death certificate '' to avoid further legal obligations .
Perfect competition
A large number of buyers and sellers -- A large number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price , and a large number of producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price . Perfect information -- All consumers and producers know all prices of products and utilities each person would get from owning each product . Homogeneous products -- The products are perfect substitutes for each other , ( i.e. , the qualities and characteristics of a market good or service do not vary between different suppliers ) . Well defined property rights -- These determine what may be sold , as well as what rights are conferred on the buyer . No barriers to entry or exit Every participant is a price taker -- No participant with market power to set prices Perfect factor mobility -- In the long run factors of production are perfectly mobile , allowing free long term adjustments to changing market conditions . Profit maximization of sellers -- Firms sell where the most profit is generated , where marginal costs meet marginal revenue . Rational buyers : Buyers make all trades that increase their economic utility and make no trades that do not increase their utility . No externalities -- Costs or benefits of an activity do not affect third parties . This criteria also excludes any government intervention . Zero transaction costs -- Buyers and sellers do not incur costs in making an exchange of goods in a perfectly competitive market . Non-increasing returns to scale and no network effects -- The lack of economies of scale or network effects ensures that there will always be a sufficient number of firms in the industry .
Fair trade
The Dutch province of Groningen was sued in 2007 by coffee supplier Douwe Egberts for explicitly requiring its coffee suppliers to meet fair trade criteria , most notably the payment of a minimum price and a development premium to producer cooperatives . Douwe Egberts , which sells a number of coffee brands under self - developed ethical criteria , believed the requirements were discriminatory . After several months of discussions and legal challenges , the province of Groningen prevailed in a well - publicized judgement . Coen de Ruiter , director of the Max Havelaar Foundation , called the victory a landmark event : `` it provides governmental institutions the freedom in their purchasing policy to require suppliers to provide coffee that bears the fair trade criteria , so that a substantial and meaningful contribution is made in the fight against poverty through the daily cup of coffee '' .
Franchising
Other companies tried franchising in one form or another after the Singer experience . For example , several decades later , General Motors Corporation established a somewhat successful franchising operation in order to raise capital . Perhaps the father of modern franchising , though , is Louis Kroh Liggett . In 1902 , Liggett invited a group of druggists to join a `` drug cooperative . '' As he explained to them , they could increase profits by paying less for their purchases , especially if they set up their own manufacturing company . His idea was to market private label products . About 40 druggists pooled $4,000 of their own money and adopted the name `` Rexall . '' Sales soared , and `` Rexall '' became a franchisor . The chain 's success set a pattern for other franchisors to follow .
Economy of New Zealand
In 2005 the World Bank praised New Zealand as the most business - friendly country in the world . The economy diversified and by 2008 , tourism had become the single biggest generator of foreign exchange .