vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Two Treatises of Government
Filmer 's text presented an argument for a divinely ordained , hereditary , absolute monarchy . According to Filmer , the Biblical Adam in his role as father possessed unlimited power over his children and this authority passed down through the generations . Locke attacks this on several grounds . Accepting that fatherhood grants authority , he argues , it would do so only by the act of begetting , and so can not be transmitted to one 's children because only God can create life . Nor is the power of a father over his children absolute , as Filmer would have it ; Locke points to the joint power parents share over their children outlined in the Bible . In the Second Treatise Locke returns to a discussion of parental power . ( Both of these discussions have drawn the interest of modern feminists such as Carole Pateman . )
Wonder Woman
After the 2011 relaunch , Diana gained new powers . These new abilities , which included superhuman speed , durability , longevity , accelerated healing , and even flight came in addition to her previous attributed Olympian strength . She is now considered to be stronger than Hercules . In addition to her weaponry , Diana 's indestructible bracelets can now create an thunderous explosion when she clashes them together . These new abilities are attributed to being the daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus . Her powers are now considered nearly unmeasurable if she goes without her Bracelets of Submission , which keep her powers in check . She uses these powers in battle against the goddess Artemis and quickly renders her unconscious with ease with a series of carefully positioned counterattacks . While using her godly strength , her outfit and accoutrements lit up and her eyes glowed like her father 's .
Prometheus
In Greek mythology , Prometheus ( / prəˈmiːθiːəs / ; Greek : Προμηθεύς , pronounced ( promɛːtheús ) , meaning `` forethought '' ) is a Titan , culture hero , and trickster figure who is credited with the creation of man from clay , and who defies the gods by stealing fire and giving it to humanity , an act that enabled progress and civilization . Prometheus is known for his intelligence and as a champion of mankind .
Powers of the President of the United States
A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861 . Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ . With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge , the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex Parte Merryman , although Lincoln ignored the order .
List of The Land Before Time characters
The character 's only appearance in the films , to date , was in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , but he has become a regular in the TV series .
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic
The constitutional changes which occurred immediately after the revolution were probably not as extensive as the legends suggest , as the most important constitutional change probably concerned the chief executive . Before the revolution , a king ( rex ) was elected by the senators ( patres or `` fathers '' ) for a life term , but now two Praetores ( `` leaders '' ) were elected by the citizens for an annual term . These magistrates were eventually called `` Consuls '' ( Latin for those who walk together ) , and each Consul checked his colleague , while their limited term in office opened them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office . The chief executive was still vested with the same grade of imperium ( `` command '' ) powers as was the old king , and the powers of each of the two Consuls , when exercised together , were no different than were those of the old king . In the immediate aftermath of the revolution , the Roman Senate and the Roman assemblies were nearly as powerless as they had been under the monarchy .
Athenian democracy
Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . ''
Erwin Rommel
Kesselring described Rommel 's own power over Hitler as `` hypnotic '' . In 1944 , Rommel himself told Ruge and his wife that Hitler had a kind of irresistible magnetic aura ( `` magnetismus '' ) and was always seemingly in an intoxicated condition . Maurice Remy notes that the moment the fatal attraction truly materialized into a personal relationship was 1939 , when Rommel proudly announced to his friend Kurt Hesse that he had `` sort of forced Hitler to go with me ( to the Hradschin Castle in Prague , in an open top car , without another bodyguard ) , under my personal protection ... He had entrusted himself to me and would never forget me for my excellent advice . ''
Conquistador
In practice the Capitán had almost unlimited power . Besides the Crown and the conquistador , they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations .
History of democracy
The two kings served as the head of the government . They ruled simultaneously , but they came from two separate lines . The dual kingship diluted the effective power of the executive office . The kings shared their judicial functions with other members of the gerousia . The members of the gerousia had to be over the age of 60 and were elected for life . In theory , any Spartan over that age could stand for election . However , in practice , they were selected from wealthy , aristocratic families . The gerousia possessed the crucial power of legislative initiative . Apella , the most democratic element , was the assembly where Spartans above the age of 30 elected the members of the gerousia and the ephors , and accepted or rejected gerousia 's proposals . Finally , the five ephors were Spartans chosen in apella to oversee the actions of the kings and other public officials and , if necessary , depose them . They served for one year and could not be re-elected for a second term . Over the years , the ephors held great influence on the formation of foreign policy and acted as the main executive body of the state . Additionally , they had full responsibility for the Spartan educational system , which was essential for maintaining the high standards of the Spartan army . As Aristotle noted , ephors were the most important key institution of the state , but because often they were appointed from the whole social body it resulted in very poor men holding office , with the ensuing possibility that they could easily be bribed .
Superman logo
In the mid-1990s , when Superman 's costume and powers changed briefly , during the `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' comic book storylines , the shield changed colors and slightly changed shape , in accordance with the changes in the costume . In 1997 's Superman Vol 2 # 123 Superman 's new powers forced him to find a suit that was capable of containing his new abilities . The effective material found to create Superman 's suit , along with being blue and silver , was also courtesy of Lex Luthor . Not only did the colors and powers change , the logo also evolved into a re-imagined `` electric '' emblem . In the miniseries Kingdom Come , an aged Superman sported an S - like symbol against a black background in a red pentagon .
Underworld (film series)
Alexander was a Hungarian warlord who lived in the early 5th century . He ascended to power just in time to watch his village ravaged by an unknown plague . Alexander was the only survivor of the plague . His body had adapted to the virus , and through some unknown means consequently made him immortal .
Wonder Woman
In the Silver Age , Wonder Woman 's history received several changes . Her earlier origin , which had significant ties to World War II , was changed and her powers were shown to be the product of the gods ' blessings , corresponding to her epithet , `` beautiful as Aphrodite , wise as Athena , stronger than Hercules , and swifter than Hermes '' . The concepts of Wonder Girl and Wonder Tot were also introduced during this period .
History of the Roman Empire
In addition to those powers , Augustus was granted sole imperium within the city of Rome itself ; all armed forces in the city , formerly under the control of the prefects , were now under the sole authority of Augustus . Additionally , Augustus was granted imperium proconsulare maius ( power over all proconsuls ) , the right to interfere in any province and override the decisions of any governor . With maius imperium , Augustus was the only individual able to grant a triumph to a successful general as he was ostensibly the leader of the entire Roman army .
Uncle Ben
The origins of the phrase pre-date its use in Spider - Man . In 1906 , Under - Secretary of the Colonial Office Winston Churchill said , `` Where there is great power there is great responsibility '' In 1817 , member of British parliament William Lamb is recorded saying , `` the possession of great power necessarily implies great responsibility , '' even indicating that it was already a cultural maxim invoked toward government at the time . The sentiment is also attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the Gospel of Luke , `` Everyone to whom much was given , of him much will be required . ''
Themistocles
It is possible to draw some conclusions about Themistocles 's character . Perhaps his most evident trait was his massive ambition ; `` In his ambition he surpassed all men '' ; `` he hankered after public office rather as a man in delirium might crave a cure '' . He was proud and vain , and anxious for recognition of his deeds . His relationship with power was of a particularly personal nature ; while he undoubtedly desired the best for Athens , many of his actions also seem to have been made in self - interest . He also appears to have been corrupt ( at least by modern standards ) , and was known for his fondness of bribes .
Ancient Greece
After the rise of the democracy in Athens , other city - states founded democracies . However , many retained more traditional forms of government . As so often in other matters , Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece , ruled through the whole period by not one , but two hereditary monarchs . This was a form of diarchy . The Kings of Sparta belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids , descendants respectively of Eurysthenes and Procles . Both dynasties ' founders were believed to be twin sons of Aristodemus , a Heraclid ruler . However , the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders ( the Gerousia ) and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings ( the Ephors ) .
Emperor of Japan
Although the Emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past , the degree of power exercised by the Emperor has varied considerably throughout Japanese history . In the early 7th century , the Emperor had begun to be called the `` Son of Heaven '' ( 天子 , tenshi , or 天子 様 tenshi - sama ) .
Magic in Harry Potter
An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince .
Rings of Power
The ring had a great effect on the human bearers who held it in the interim . It granted them indefinite life ; though the effort of living became more difficult as time went on , for it did not grant new life . If they wore it , it made them invisible , enhanced their hearing , and made the shadowy world of the wraiths visible to them . It exerted a malicious influence ; Gandalf mentions that though a bearer might begin with good intentions , the good intentions would not last . The Ring would give its bearer a fraction of Sauron 's power , proportionate with the bearer 's strength and force of will . Gollum , Bilbo , Sam , and Frodo only became invisible , although when Frodo bound Gollum to his service in The Two Towers , he indicated that he could use the Ring to control Gollum ( because the Ring had mastered Gollum long ago ) . Gandalf and Galadriel , however , recognized that they could use the full power of the Ring , becoming even more powerful than Sauron himself , but they resisted , knowing that in the end , the Ring would corrupt them . Gandalf explained to Frodo that , with great concentration and training , even he could tap into the Ring 's power , but probably at the cost of his sanity .
Magic in Harry Potter
As explained earlier , young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of heightened emotions . But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities . For instance , in Half - Blood Prince , a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her . The form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression . Another example is Merope Gaunt , who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father 's oppression , but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her .
History of democracy
The reforms of Lycurgus were written as a list of rules / laws called Great Rhetra , making it the world 's first written constitution . In the following centuries , Sparta became a military superpower , and its system of rule was admired throughout the Greek world for its political stability . In particular , the concept of equality played an important role in Spartan society . The Spartans referred to themselves as όμοιοι ( Homoioi , men of equal status ) . It was also reflected in the Spartan public educational system , agoge , where all citizens irrespective of wealth or status had the same education . This was admired almost universally by contemporaries , from historians such as Herodotus and Xenophon to philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle . In addition , the Spartan women , unlike elsewhere , enjoyed `` every kind of luxury and intemperance '' including rights such as the right to inheritance , property ownership , and public education .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant who can create and manipulate ice . Ashmore said about his role , `` In the first X-Men I had to make a rose for Rogue but that was the extent of the character , so it 's cool to see over these four movies going from that to X2 -- where you sort of see him do an ice wall -- and in X3 he finally gets to battle , and in Days of Future Past we 're soldiers '' .
Senate of the Roman Republic
While in session , the Senate had the power to act on its own , and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished . The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech ( the verba fecit ) , which was usually brief , but was sometimes a lengthy oration . The presiding magistrate would then begin a discussion by referring an issue to the senators , who would discuss the issue , one at a time , by order of seniority , with the first to speak , the most senior senator , known as the princeps senatus ( leader of the Senate ) , who was then followed by ex-consuls ( consulares ) , and then the praetors and ex-praetors ( praetorii ) . This continued , until the most junior senators had spoken . Senators who had held magisterial office always spoke before those who had not , and if a patrician was of equal seniority as a plebeian , the patrician would always speak first .
Uncle Ben
The thematic and often - quoted ( including by the Supreme Court of the United States ) Spider - Man phrase with great power comes great responsibility is widely attributed to Uncle Ben . However , in Amazing Fantasy # 15 , where it first appears , it is not spoken by any character . In fact , Ben has only two lines in the entire comic . The original version of the phrase appears in a narrative caption of the comic 's last panel , rather than as spoken dialogue . It reads , `` ... with great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' .
New Spain
The king possessed not only the sovereign right but the property rights ; he was the absolute proprietor , the sole political head of his American dominions . Every privilege and position , economic political , or religious came from him . It was on this basis that the conquest , occupation , and government of the ( Spanish ) New World was achieved .
Fortress of Solitude
An Artificial Intelligence built into the Fortress by Clark 's biological father , Jor - El , would provide Clark with various ' Trials ' throughout the series to help steer him toward his destiny as a symbol of hope for humanity . The Jor - El A.I. was , for the most part , omniscient , with the ability to send characters through time , open portals to alternate dimensions , and remove , restore and also transfer Clark 's powers to other characters , seemingly at will .
History of democracy
Overall , the Spartans were remarkably free to criticize their kings and they were able to depose and exile them . However , despite these democratic elements in the Spartan constitution , there are two cardinal criticisms , classifying Sparta as an oligarchy . First , individual freedom was restricted , since as Plutarch writes `` no man was allowed to live as he wished '' , but as in a `` military camp '' all were engaged in the public service of their polis . And second , the gerousia effectively maintained the biggest share of power of the various governmental bodies .
History of democracy
Key characteristics of the gana seem to include a monarch , usually known by the name raja , and a deliberative assembly . The assembly met regularly . It discussed all major state decisions . At least in some states , attendance was open to all free men . This body also had full financial , administrative , and judicial authority . Other officers , who rarely receive any mention , obeyed the decisions of the assembly . Elected by the gana , the monarch apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of Kshatriya Varna . The monarch coordinated his activities with the assembly ; in some states , he did so with a council of other nobles . The Licchavis had a primary governing body of 7,077 rajas , the heads of the most important families . On the other hand , the Shakyas , Koliyas , Mallas , and Licchavis , during the period around Gautama Buddha , had the assembly open to all men , rich and poor .
Two Treatises of Government
Locke does , however , make a distinction between an executive ( e.g. a monarchy ) , a `` Power always in being '' ( sec 144 ) that must perpetually execute the law , and the legislative that is the `` supreme power of the Common - wealth '' ( sec 134 ) and does not have to be always in being . ( sec 153 ) Furthermore , governments are charged by the consent of the individual , `` i.e. the consent of the majority , giving it either by themselves , or their representatives chosen by them . '' ( sec 140 )
Athenian democracy
In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC .
Zuko
Despite his youth , he has shown great agility and strength . His chief education in this is derived from his uncle Iroh ; flashbacks reveal that Zuko 's skills were subpar as a preteen , but that they improved dramatically under Iroh 's tutelage . He is twice shown to be a match in combat to his sister Azula , although he lacks the emotional discipline to generate lightning . He is depicted throughout the series as both powerful and skillful in both martial and aesthetic applications of firebending .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant who can move , speak and think at supersonic speeds . Peters described Quicksilver as `` very fast , he talks quick , he moves quick . Everything else is very slow compared to him , it 's like he 's always at the ATM waiting for the bastard in front of him to finish '' .
Hades
Hades ruled the dead , assisted by others over whom he had complete authority . The House of Hades was described as full of `` guests , '' though he rarely left the Underworld . He cared little about what happened in the Upperworld , as his primary attention was ensuring none of his subjects ever left . Red
Athenian democracy
Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible .
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
The political leader of the First Order . He is Kylo Ren 's master and is very powerful in the dark side . Serkis described Snoke as `` quite an enigmatic character , and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful ... He is large . He appears tall . And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics ... Without giving too much away at this point , he has a very distinctive , idiosyncratic bone and facial structure . ''
Athenian democracy
The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice .
Leo Wyatt
When the warlock Rex Buckland tricked the Charmed Ones into giving up their powers , Leo `` healed '' the Book of Shadows and restored them . Shortly afterward , Leo had to leave town and take another charge , but he watched over and guided the Charmed Ones on many occasions .
Powers of the President of the United States
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Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power . He asserted , for example , that `` the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation '' authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge 's warrant . Nixon also asserted that `` executive privilege '' shielded him from all legislative oversight ; furthermore , he impounded federal funds ( that is to say , he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs ) . In the specific cases aforementioned , however , the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon . This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes , even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege . Since then , Nixon 's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight . Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon 's , one may still conclude that the presidency 's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries .