vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Casualties of the Iraq War
The October 2004 Lancet study done by public health experts from Johns Hopkins University and published on October 29 , 2004 , in The Lancet medical journal , estimated that 100,000 `` excess '' Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.S. invasion began . The study did not attempt to measure how many of these were civilian , but the study 's authors have said they believe that the `` vast majority '' were non-combatants , based on 7 % of the casualties being women and 46 % being children under the age of 15 ( including Falluja data ) . To arrive at these excess death figures , a survey was taken from 988 Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq , in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began . They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war . Iraqis were found to be 1.5 times more likely to die from all causes after the invasion ( rising from 0.5 % to 0.79 % per year ) than in the 15 months preceding the war , producing an estimate of 98,000 excess deaths . This figure excluded data from one cluster in Falluja , which was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate . If it included data from Falluja , which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined , the increased death rate would be raised from 1.5 to 2.5-fold , violent deaths would be 58 times more likely with most of them due to air - strikes by coalition forces , and an additional 200,000 fatalities would be estimated .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Globally about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases of gonorrhea occurred in 2008 . The number of cases of PID ; however , is not clear . It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young women yearly . In the United States PID is estimated to affect about one million people yearly . Rates are highest with teenagers and first time mothers . PID causes over 100,000 women to become infertile in the US each year .
Kenya
Nurses are by far the largest group of front - line health care providers in all sectors followed by clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners . According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics , in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country ; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people ( These figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower ) .
Virus
Native American populations were devastated by contagious diseases , in particular , smallpox , brought to the Americas by European colonists . It is unclear how many Native Americans were killed by foreign diseases after the arrival of Columbus in the Americas , but the numbers have been estimated to be close to 70 % of the indigenous population . The damage done by this disease significantly aided European attempts to displace and conquer the native population .
Diphtheria
In the 1920s , an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 cases of diphtheria occurred per year in the United States , causing 13,000 to 15,000 deaths per year . Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities . One of the most infamous outbreaks of diphtheria was in Nome , Alaska ; the `` Great Race of Mercy '' to deliver diphtheria antitoxin is now celebrated by the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race .
Rwandan genocide
Uyisenga N'Manzi is a community - based organization that provides economic , educational and health - related support for child - headed households in Kigali . According to the International Fund for Rwanda , over 120,000 homes became child - headed households as a result of the 1994 genocide , and that number continues to grow as adults succumb to AIDS . In some cases , the head of household is as young as 10 or 12 .
World War II casualties
The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany , Austria , and Czechoslovakia . Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940 . In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands , 12,000 in Belgium , 30,000 in France , 2,000 in Denmark , 5,000 in Italy , and 2,000 in Norway Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939 -- 41 . The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000. According to Martin Gilbert . The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 ( 445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories ) . Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military . Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933 . By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees . In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation . However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler . Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000 . Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders , which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940 . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy , and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Non-Jews
Military history of Italy during World War II
The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons . Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,562 ( including Libya ) .
Vitamin A deficiency
An estimated 1.25 million deaths due to VAD have been averted in 40 countries since 1998 .
Famine
BBC newsreader Michael Buerk gave moving commentary of the tragedy on 23 October 1984 , which he described as a `` biblical famine '' . This prompted the Band Aid single , which was organized by Bob Geldof and featured more than 20 pop stars . The Live Aid concerts in London and Philadelphia raised even more funds for the cause . An estimated 900,000 people died within one year as a result of the famine , but the tens of millions of pounds raised by Band Aid and Live Aid are believed to have saved the lives of some Ethiopians who were in danger of dying .
Indigenous Australians
Health complication Comparative incidence rate Circulatory system 2 to 10-fold 5 to 10-fold increase in rheumatic heart disease and hypertensive disease , 2-fold increase in other heart disease , 3-fold increase in death from circulatory system disorders . Circulatory system diseases account for 24 % deaths Renal failure 2 to 3-fold 2 to 3-fold increase in listing on the dialysis and transplant registry , up to 30-fold increase in end stage renal disease , 8-fold increase in death rates from renal failure , 2.5 % of total deaths Communicable 10 to 70-fold 10-fold increase in tuberculosis , hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus , 20-fold increase in chlamydia , 40-fold increase in shigellosis and syphilis , 70-fold increase in gonococcal infections Diabetes 3 to 4-fold 11 % incidence of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous Australians , 3 % in non-Indigenous population . 18 % of total indigenous deaths Cot death 2 to 3-fold Over the period 1999 -- 2003 , in Queensland , Western Australia , South Australia and the Northern Territory , the national cot death rate for infants was three times the rate Mental health 2 to 5-fold 5-fold increase in drug - induced mental disorders , 2-fold increase in diseases such as schizophrenia , 2 to 3-fold increase in suicide . Optometry / Ophthalmology 2-fold A 2-fold increase in cataracts Neoplasms 60 % increase in death rate 60 % increased death rate from neoplasms . In 1999 -- 2003 , neoplasms accounted for 17 % of all deaths Respiratory 3 to 4-fold 3 to 4-fold increased death rate from respiratory disease accounting for 8 % of total deaths
Rwandan genocide
Given the chaotic situation , there is no consensus on the overall number of people killed during the genocide . Unlike the genocides carried out by Nazi Germany and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , authorities made no attempts to record deaths . The succeeding RPF government has stated that 1,071,000 were killed , 10 % of whom were Hutu . The journalist Philip Gourevitch agrees with an estimate of one million , while the UN estimates the death toll to be 800,000 . Alison Des Forges of Human Rights Watch estimated that it was `` at least 500,000 . '' James Smith of Aegis Trust notes , `` What 's important to remember is that there was a genocide . There was an attempt to eliminate Tutsis -- men , women , and children -- and to erase any memory of their existence . ''
Barbados
The 1780 hurricane killed over 4,000 people on Barbados . In 1854 , a cholera epidemic killed over 20,000 inhabitants . At emancipation in 1833 , the size of the slave population was approximately 83,000 . Between 1946 and 1980 , Barbados ' rate of population growth was diminished by one - third because of emigration to Britain .
Libya
At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war . In addition , the National Transitional Council estimated 50,000 wounded .
World War II casualties
A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians ( including Jews ) : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures . Homosexuals : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals . Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons , and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps . '' They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps . Other victims of Nazi persecution : Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy , about 1,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses , and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps . `` The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German - occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution , sterilization , medical experimentation , incarceration , brutality , and murder . '' During the Nazi era Communists , Socialists , Social Democrats , and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution . Serbs : The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely . Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered , 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism . The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 -- 45 , with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone . According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs , Jews , Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac . According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons . See also World War II persecution of Serbs .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Although early references of the death toll ranged from 141 to 148 , almost all modern references agree that 146 people died as a result of the fire : 123 women and 23 men . Most victims died of burns , asphyxiation , blunt impact injuries , or a combination of the three .
Bubonic plague
The plague is believed to be the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia , Europe , and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people . This was about 25 % to 60 % of the European population . Because the plague killed so many of the working population , wages rose due to the demand for labor . Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development . The term bubonic is derived from the Greek word βουβών , meaning `` groin '' . The term `` buboes '' is also used to refer to the swollen lymph nodes .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
During the Famine of 1932 - 33 it 's estimated that 7.8 - 8.1 million people died from starvation . The implication is that the total death toll ( both direct and indirect ) for Stalin 's collectivization program was on the order of 12 million people . It is said that in 1945 , Joseph Stalin confided to Winston Churchill at Yalta that 10 million people died in the course of collectivization .
Vietnam War
Between 275,000 and 310,000 Cambodians were estimated to have died during the war including between 40,000 and 150,000 combatants and civilians from US bombings . 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians also died , and 58,318 U.S. military personnel were killed , of which 1,598 are still listed as missing as of 2018 .
UNICEF
In 2005 , Richard Horton editor - in - chief of The Lancet , editorialized that `` over 60 % of these deaths were and remain preventable '' and that the coverage levels for these interventions are `` appallingly low in the 42 countries that account for 90 % of child deaths '' .
Rwandan genocide
Many of the survivors became infected with HIV from the HIV - infected men recruited by the genocidaires . During the conflict , Hutu extremists released hundreds of patients suffering from AIDS from hospitals , and formed them into `` rape squads . '' The intent was to infect and cause a `` slow , inexorable death '' for their future Tutsi rape victims . Tutsi women were also targeted with the intent of destroying their reproductive capabilities . Sexual mutilation sometimes occurred after the rape and included mutilation of the vagina with machetes , knives , sharpened sticks , boiling water , and acid . Men were also the victims of sexual violation , including public mutilation of the genitals .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Iraqi Security Forces ( aligned with Coalition ) From June 2003 , through December 31 , 2010 , there have been 16,623 Iraqi military and police killed based on several estimates . The Iraq Index of the Brookings Institution keeps a running total of ISF casualties . There is also a breakdown of ISF casualties at the iCasualties.org website . Iraqi insurgents From June 2003 , through September 30 , 2011 , there have been 26,320 - 27,000 + Iraqi insurgents killed based on several estimates . Media and aid workers 136 journalists and 51 media support workers were killed on duty according to the numbers listed on source pages on February 24 , 2009 . ( See Category : Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War . ) 94 aid workers have been killed according to a November 21 , 2007 , Reuters article . U.S. armed forces Graph of monthly deaths of U.S. military personnel in Iraq from beginning of war to June 24 , 2008 . As of June 29 , 2016 , according to the U.S. Department of Defense casualty website , there were 4,424 total deaths ( including both killed in action and non-hostile ) and 31,952 wounded in action ( WIA ) as a result of the Iraq War . As a part of Operation New Dawn , which was initiated on September 1 , 2010 , there were 73 total deaths ( including KIA and non-hostile ) and 295 WIA . See the references for a breakdown of the wounded , injured , ill , those returned to duty ( RTD ) , those requiring medical air transport , non-hostile - related medical air transports , non-hostile injuries , diseases , or other medical reasons . Coalition deaths by hostile fire As of 23 October 2011 , hostile - fire deaths accounted for 3,777 of the 4,799 total coalition military deaths . Armed forces of other coalition countries See Multinational force in Iraq . As of 24 February 2009 , there were 318 deaths from the armed forces of other Coalition nations . 179 UK deaths and 139 deaths from other nations .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In April 2009 , the Associated Press reported that Iraq Health Ministry had recorded ( via death certificates issued by hospitals and morgues ) a total of 87,215 violent deaths of Iraqi citizens between January 1 , 2005 , and February 28 , 2009 . The number excludes thousands of missing persons and civilians whose deaths were unrecorded ; the government official who provided the data told the AP that if included , the number of dead for that period would be 10 to 20 percent higher .
History of West Africa
In the 1990s , AIDS became a significant problem for the region , particularly in Côte d'Ivoire , Liberia , and Nigeria . The onset of the HIV epidemic in the region began in 1985 with reported cases in Benin and Nigeri , and in nearby countries , such as Côte d'Ivoire , in subsequent years .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraq Family Health Survey published in 2008 in The New England Journal of Medicine surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and was carried out in 2006 and 2007 . It estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence ( 95 % uncertainty range , 104,000 to 223,000 ) from March 2003 through June 2006 .
Kenya
Kenya had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017 . Kenya has a young population , with 73 % of residents aged below 30 years because of rapid population growth ; from 2.9 million to 40 million inhabitants over the last century .
World War II casualties
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total casualties . Over 60 million people were killed , which was about 3 % of the 1940 world population ( est . 2.3 billion ) . Statistics of military wounded are available for the major combatants . The tables below give a detailed country - by - country count of human losses . World War II fatality statistics vary , with estimates of total deaths ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million . The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war - related disease and famine . Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million , including 19 to 28 million from war - related disease and famine . Military deaths from all causes totalled 21 to 25 million , including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war . Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available .
Diphtheria
In 1901 , 10 of 11 inoculated St. Louis children died from contaminated diphtheria antitoxin . The horse from which the antitoxin was derived died of tetanus . This incident , coupled with a tetanus outbreak in Camden , New Jersey , played an important part in initiating federal regulation of biologic products .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Relief agencies reported that one - third of the dead appeared to be children . This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters . Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their children in the houses .
Kenya
The toll of the 2007 Post-election violence included approximately 1,500 deaths and up to 600,000 people left internally displaced .
World Health Organization
The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 -- this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths . Environmental risk factors , such as air , water and soil pollution , chemical exposures , climate change , and ultraviolet radiation , contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries . This can result in a number of pollution - related diseases .
TRIPS Agreement
In 2003 , the Bush administration also changed its position , concluding that generic treatments might in fact be a component of an effective strategy to combat HIV . Bush created the PEPFAR program , which received $15 billion from 2003 -- 2007 , and was reauthorized in 2008 for $48 billion over the next five years . Despite wavering on the issue of ( compulsory licensing ) , PEPFAR began to distribute generic drugs in 2004 - 5 .
Casualties of the Iraq War
A study commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , called the Iraq Living Conditions Survey ( ILCS ) , sampled almost 22,000 households across all Iraqi provinces . It estimated 24,000 war - related violent deaths by May 2004 ( with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18,000 to 29,000 ) . This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants . It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion , as well as `` insurgents '' or other fighters thereafter . This study has been criticized for various reasons . For more info see the section in Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties that compares the Lancet and UNDP ILCS studies .
Euthanasia
In the United States in 2013 , 47 % nationwide supported doctor - assisted suicide . This included 32 % of Latinos , 29 % of African - Americans , and almost nobody with disabilities .
Balkan Wars
Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated in Voini I Narodo - Nacelenie Europi ( 1960 ) that in the first and second Balkan wars there were 122,000 killed in action , 20,000 dead of wounds , and 82,000 dead of disease . Captured
Casualties of the Iraq War
An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday ( November 10 , 2006 ) , but later said that the estimated deaths ranged between 100,000 and 150,000 . `` The minister was misquoted . He said between 100,000 -- 150,000 people were killed in three - and - a-half years '' , the official said .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Coalition deaths by country USA : 4,491 UK : 179 Italy : 33 Poland : 23 Ukraine : 18 Bulgaria : 13 Spain : 11 Denmark : 7 El Salvador : 5 Georgia : 5 Slovakia : 4 Latvia : 3 Romania : 3 Australia : 2 Estonia : 2 Netherlands : 2 Thailand : 2 Azerbaijan : 1 Czech Republic : 1 Fiji : 1 Hungary : 1 Kazakhstan : 1 South Korea : 1 TOTAL : 4,809 Most
Vietnam War
R.J. Rummel estimated that 39,000 were killed by South Vietnam during the Diem - era in democide from a range of between 16,000 and 167,000 South Vietnamese civilians ; for 1964 to 1975 , Rummel estimated a total of 50,000 killed in democide , from a range of between 42,000 and 128,000 . Thus , the total for 1954 to 1975 is 81,000 , from a range of between 57,000 and 284,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam . Benjamin Valentino attributes possibly 110,000 -- 310,000 `` counter-guerrilla mass killings '' of non-combatants to U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the war . An estimated 26,000 to 41,000 civilian members of the PRG / NLF termed `` VC Infrastructure '' were killed during the Phoenix Program , by US and South Vietnamese intelligence and security , with an unknown number being innocent civilians .
Rwandan genocide
It is estimated by some experts that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraq Family Health Survey published by WHO researchers in The New England Journal of Medicine found that the 2006 Lancet study results `` considerably overestimated the number of violent deaths '' and that the results are highly improbable . In comparing the two studies , peace researcher Kristine Eck of Uppsala University notes that the IFHS study which covered the same period as the Lancet survey `` was based on a much larger sample ( 9,345 households compared to Burnham et al 's 1,849 ) in far more clusters ( 1,086 clusters compared to Burnham et al 's 47 ) . '' In comparing the two studies , Joachim Kreutz of Stockholm University and Nicholas Marsh of PRIO said the IFHS study produced `` a more reliable estimate . '' Oxford University political scientist Adam Roberts wrote that the IFHS study was `` more rigorous . ''