vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Loggerhead sea turtle
Pacific loggerheads live in temperate to tropical regions . They forage in the East China Sea , the southwestern Pacific , and along the Baja California Peninsula . Eastern Australia and Japan are the major nesting areas , with the Great Barrier Reef deemed an important nesting area . Pacific loggerheads occasionally nest in Vanuatu and Tokelau . Yakushima Island is the most important site , with three nesting grounds visited by 40 % of all nearby loggerheads . After nesting , females often find homes in the East China Sea , while the Kuroshio Current Extension 's Bifurcation region provides important juvenile foraging areas . Eastern Pacific populations are concentrated off the coast of Baja California , where upwelling provides rich feeding grounds for juvenile turtles and subadults . Nesting sites along the eastern Pacific Basin are rare . mtDNA sequence polymorphism analysis and tracking studies suggest 95 % of the population along the coast of the Americas hatch on the Japanese Islands in the western Pacific . The turtles are transported by the prevailing currents across the full length of the northern Pacific , one of the longest migration routes of any marine animal . The return journey to the natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected , although the trip would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding opportunities . Evidence of a return journey came from an adult female loggerhead named Adelita , which in 1996 , equipped with a satellite tracking device , made the 14,500 km ( 9,000 mi ) trip from Mexico across the Pacific . Adelita was the first animal of any kind ever tracked across an ocean basin .
Mato Grosso
The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park , with caves , grottoes , tracks , and waterfalls , is one of its great tourist attractions . In the north is the Amazonian forest , with a biodiversity originally covering half of the state . Much of this has been disrupted and cleared for logging , agricultural purposes , and pastures . The Xingu National Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso . Further south , the Pantanal , the world 's largest wetland , is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals , and many aquatic birds .
Venezuela
Venezuela lies within the Neotropic ecozone ; large portions of the country were originally covered by moist broadleaf forests . One of 17 megadiverse countries , Venezuela 's habitats range from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south , via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . They include xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast . Its cloud forests and lowland rainforests are particularly rich . Choroní
Wild turkey
Attempts to introduce the wild turkey to Britain as a game bird in the 18th century were not successful . George II is said to have had a flock of a few thousand in Richmond Park near London , but they were too easy for local poachers to destroy , and the fights with poachers became too dangerous for the gamekeepers . They were hunted with dogs and then shot out of trees where they took refuge . Several other populations , introduced or escaped , have survived for periods elsewhere in Britain and Ireland , but seem to have died out , perhaps from a combination of lack of winter feed and poaching . Small populations , probably descended from farm as well as wild stock , in the Czech Republic and Germany have been more successful , and there are wild populations of some size following introductions in Hawaii and New Zealand .
Wild turkey
Native from the central valleys to the northern mountains of Mexico and the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico . Gould 's wild turkeys are heavily protected and regulated . The subspecies was first described in 1856 . They exist in small numbers in the U.S. but are abundant in northwestern portions of Mexico . A small population has been established in southern Arizona . Gould 's are the largest of the six subspecies . They have longer legs , larger feet , and longer tail feathers . The main colors of the body feathers are copper and greenish - gold . This subspecies is heavily protected owing to its skittish nature and threatened status .
Carbon dioxide
Because it is heavier than air , in locations where the gas seeps from the ground ( due to sub-surface volcanic or geothermal activity ) in relatively high concentrations , without the dispersing effects of wind , it can collect in sheltered / pocketed locations below average ground level , causing animals located therein to be suffocated . Carrion feeders attracted to the carcasses are then also killed . Children have been killed in the same way near the city of Goma by CO emissions from the nearby volcano Mt . Nyiragongo . The Swahili term for this phenomenon is ' mazuku ' . Rising
Evidence of common descent
Urban wildlife is a broad and easily observable case of human - caused selection pressure on wildlife . With the growth in human habitats , different animals have adapted to survive within these urban environments . These types of environments can exert selection pressures on organisms , often leading to new adaptations . For example , the weed Crepis sancta , found in France , has two types of seed , heavy and fluffy . The heavy ones land nearby to the parent plant , whereas fluffy seeds float further away on the wind . In urban environments , seeds that float far often land on infertile concrete . Within about 5 -- 12 generations , the weed evolves to produce significantly heavier seeds than its rural relatives . Other examples of urban wildlife are rock pigeons and species of crows adapting to city environments around the world ; African penguins in Simon 's Town ; baboons in South Africa ; and a variety of insects living in human habitations . Studies have been conducted and have found striking changes to animals ' ( more specifically mammals ' ) behavior and physical brain size due to their interactions with human - created environments . White
Indian elephant
The Indian elephant is native to mainland Asia : India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Myanmar , Thailand , Malay Peninsula , Laos , China , Cambodia , and Vietnam . It is regionally extinct in Pakistan . It inhabits grasslands , dry deciduous , moist deciduous , evergreen and semi-evergreen forests . In the early 1990s , the estimated wild populations included :
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla is not only a critically endangered sub-species , as labeled by the IUCN , International Union for Conservation of Nature , but is under studied . The limited territories of their natural wildlife has led to that Cross River gorillas are approximately 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) away from other gorilla populations . This region is around the Nigeria - Cameroon border in which there are highland areas creating geographic restrictions for these gorillas . Most of the habit regions for cross river gorillas are legally protected due to their critically endangered status . However , there are still areas that are not like between the Kagwene Mountain and Upper Mbulu , and around Mone North .
Red-tailed hawk
The red - tailed hawk occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes , including deserts , grasslands , coniferous and deciduous forests , agricultural fields and urban areas . It lives throughout the North American continent , except in areas of unbroken forest or the high arctic . It is legally protected in Canada , Mexico and the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act .
Prairie dog
But even when tall coarse grass surrounds , they seem commonly to destroy this within their ' streets , ' which are nearly always found ' paved ' with a fine species suited to their palates . They must need but little water , if any at all , as their ' towns ' are often , indeed generally , found in the midst of the most arid plains -- unless we suppose they dig down to subterranean fountains . At least they evidently burrow remarkably deep . Attempts either to dig or drown them out of their holes have generally proved unsuccessful . Approaching a ' village , ' the little dogs may be observed frisking about the ' streets ' -- passing from dwelling to dwelling apparently on visits -- sometimes a few clustered together as though in council -- here feeding upon the tender herbage -- there cleansing their ' houses , ' or brushing the little hillock about the door -- yet all quiet . Upon seeing a stranger , however , each streaks it to its home , but is apt to stop at the entrance , and spread the general alarm by a succession of shrill yelps , usually sitting erect . Yet at the report of a gun or the too near approach of the visitor , they dart down and are seen no more till the cause of alarm seems to have disappeared .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep , and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their thermoneutral zone . Cats and other small furry mammals will shiver and breathe faster to regulate temperature during NREMS but not during REMS . With the loss of muscle tone , animals lose the ability to regulate temperature through body movement . ( However , even cats with pontine lesions preventing muscle atonia during REM did not regulate their temperature by shivering . ) Neurons which typically activate in response to cold temperatures -- triggers for neural thermoregulation -- simply do not fire during REM sleep , as they do in NREM sleep and waking .
Barn owl
Like most owls , the barn owl is nocturnal , relying on its acute sense of hearing when hunting in complete darkness . It often becomes active shortly before dusk and can sometimes be seen during the day when relocating from one roosting site to another . In Britain , on various Pacific Islands and perhaps elsewhere , it sometimes hunts by day . This practice may depend on whether the owl is mobbed by other birds if it emerges in daylight . However , in Britain , some birds continue to hunt by day even when mobbed by such birds as magpies , rooks and black - headed gulls , such diurnal activity possibly occurring when the previous night has been wet making hunting difficult . By contrast , in southern Europe and the tropics , the birds seem to be almost exclusively nocturnal , with the few birds that hunt by day being severely mobbed .
Primate
With the exception of humans , who inhabit every continent , most primates live in tropical or subtropical regions of the Americas , Africa and Asia . They range in size from Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , which weighs only 30 g ( 1 oz ) , to the eastern gorilla , weighing over 200 kg ( 440 lb ) ; that is , without taking into account the weight of particular human individuals , reaching up to 635 kg ( 1,400 lb ) . Based on fossil evidence , the earliest known true primates , represented by the genus Teilhardina , date to 55.8 million years old . An early close primate relative known from abundant remains is the Late Paleocene Plesiadapis , c. 55 -- 58 million years old . Molecular clock studies suggest that the primate branch may be even older , originating near the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary or around 63 -- 74 mya .
Guinea pig
Females that do not give birth may develop an irreversible fusing of the pubic symphysis , a joint in the pelvis , due to calcification which may occur between 6 and 10 months of age . If they become pregnant after this has happened , the birth canal will probably not widen sufficiently and this may lead to dystocia and death as they attempt to give birth . Calcification of the female 's pubic symphysis if not bred is greatly overstated . The reason for potential calcification is a metabolic disease , like ochronosis . A healthy , normal female guinea pig 's pubic symphysis does not calcify .
Thar Desert
Prosopis cineraria is most important top feed species providing nutritious and highly palatable green as well as dry fodder , which is readily eaten by camels , cattle , sheep and goats , constituting a major feed requirement of desert livestock . Locally it is called Loong . Pods are locally called sangar or sangri . The dried pods locally called Kho - Kha are eaten . Dried pods also form rich animal feed , which is liked by all livestock . Green pods also form rich animal feed , which is liked by drying the young boiled pods . They are also used as famine food and known even to prehistoric man . Even the bark , having an astringent bitter taste , was reportedly eaten during the severe famine of 1899 and 1939 . Pod yield is nearly 1.4 quintals of pods / ha with a variation of 10.7 % in dry locations .
Primate
Several species of primates are known to associate in the wild . Some of these associations have been extensively studied . In the Tai Forest of Africa several species coordinate anti-predator behavior . These include the Diana monkey , Campbell 's mona monkey , lesser spot - nosed monkey , western red colobus , king colobus and sooty mangabey , which coordinate anti-predator alarm calls . Among the predators of these monkeys is the common chimpanzee .
Sahara
The Sahara pump theory describes this cycle . During periods of a wet or `` Green Sahara '' , the Sahara becomes a savanna grassland and various flora and fauna become more common . Following inter-pluvial arid periods , the Sahara area then reverts to desert conditions and the flora and fauna are forced to retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains , southwards into West Africa , or eastwards into the Nile Valley . This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates , forcing them to adapt , possibly giving rise to allopatric speciation .
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in Arctic tundra habitats in northern Europe , northern Asia , and North America . Its range includes Greenland , Iceland , Fennoscandia , Svalbard , Jan Mayen ( where it was hunted to extinction ) and other islands in the Barents Sea , northern Russia , islands in the Bering Sea , Alaska , and Canada as far south as Hudson Bay . In the late 19th century , it was introduced into the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska . However , the population on the Aleutian Islands is currently being eradicated in conservation efforts to preserve the local bird population . It mostly inhabits tundra and pack ice , but is also present in boreal forests in Canada and the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska . They are found at elevations up to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) above sea level and have been seen on sea ice close to the North Pole .
Barn owl
The barn owl hunts by flying slowly , quartering the ground and hovering over spots that may conceal prey . It may also use branches , fence posts or other lookouts to scan its surroundings , and this is the main means of prey location in the oil palm plantations of Malaysia . The bird has long , broad wings , enabling it to manoeuvre and turn abruptly . Its legs and toes are long and slender which improves its ability to forage among dense foliage or beneath the snow and gives it a wide spread of talons when attacking prey . Studies have shown that an individual barn owl may eat one or more voles ( or their equivalent ) per night , equivalent to about twenty - three percent of the bird 's bodyweight . Excess food is often cached at roosting sites and can be used when food is scarce .
Thermoregulation
Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting Storing fat reserves in one place ( e.g. , camel 's hump ) to avoid its insulating effect Elongated , often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air
Brown bear
In Central Asia , human disturbances are minimal as this area has a harsher environment and is more sparsely populated . In this part of the world , bears may be found in steppe , which is sparser and more desert - like than grassland habitats in North America that occur at similar latitudes , and some bears may live out their lives even in desert edge , such as those that live in the Middle East ( Syrian bears ) and the rare Gobi bear which is native only to the Chinese - Mongolian desert of its name and isolated from other populations . Alpine meadows are the typical habitat in the Himalayan and Tibetan populations of brown bear . In Siberia , the species seems well - adapted to living in almost all parts of the extensive pine forests , usually coming to waterways or poorly drained openings and bogs while feeding and sheltering in broad roots and trunks in the interior . Eastern Russian forests hold arguably the largest number of brown bears in the world outside of possibly Alaska and northwestern Canada . The brown bears of Hokkaido are also largely forest dwelling , but dwell in mixed forests dominated by broadleaf trees such as beech .
Rub' al Khali
Fauna includes arachnids ( e.g. scorpions ) and rodents , while plants live throughout the Empty Quarter . As an ecoregion , the Rub ' al Khali falls within the Arabian Desert and East Saharo - Arabian xeric shrublands . The Asiatic cheetahs , once widespread in Saudi Arabia , are regionally extinct from the desert .
Philippines
The Philippines ' rainforests and its extensive coastlines make it home to a diverse range of birds , plants , animals , and sea creatures . It is one of the ten most biologically megadiverse countries . Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere . The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years . Because of this , the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise . Native mammals include the palm civet cat , the dugong , the cloud rat and the Philippine tarsier associated with Bohol .
Red fox
Red foxes are wide - ranging animals , whose range covers nearly 70 million km ( 27 million sq mi ) . They are distributed across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa , Central America , and Asia . They are absent in Iceland , the Arctic islands , some parts of Siberia , and in extreme deserts .
Horseshoe
Many changes brought about by the domestication of the horse have led to a need for shoes for numerous reasons , mostly linked to management that results in horses ' hooves hardening less and being more vulnerable to injury . In the wild , a horse may travel up to 50 miles per day to obtain adequate forage . While horses in the wild cover large areas of terrain , they usually do so at relatively slow speeds , unless being chased by a predator . They also tend to live in arid steppe climates . The consequence of slow but nonstop travel in a dry climate is that horses ' feet are naturally worn to a small , smooth , even and hard state . The continual stimulation of the sole of the foot keeps it thick and hard . However , in domestication , the ways horses are used differ from what they would encounter in their natural environment . Domesticated horses are brought to colder and wetter areas than their ancestral habitat . These softer and heavier soils soften the hooves and make them prone to splitting , making hoof protection necessary . Consequently , it was in northern Europe that the nailed horseshoe arose in its modern form .
South Africa
Numerous mammals are found in the bushveld including Transvaal lions , African leopards , South African cheetahs , southern white rhinos , blue wildebeest , kudus , impalas , hyenas , hippopotamuses and South African giraffes . A significant extent of the bushveld exists in the north - east including Kruger National Park and the Sabi Sand Game Reserve , as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere . South Africa houses many endemic species , among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit ( Bunolagus monticullaris ) in the Karoo . Fungi
Barn owl
Predators of the barn owl include large American opossums ( Didelphis ) , the common raccoon , and similar carnivorous mammals , as well as eagles , larger hawks and other owls . Among the latter , the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) in the Americas and the Eurasian eagle - owl ( B. bubo ) are noted predators of barn owls . Despite some sources claiming that there is little evidence of predation by great horned owls , one study from Washington found that 10.9 % of the local great horned owl 's diet was made up of barn owls . In Africa , the principle predators of barn owls are Verreaux 's eagle - owls and cape eagle - owls . In Europe , although less dangerous than the eagle owl , the chief diurnal predators are the northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) and the common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) . About a dozen other large diurnal raptors and owls have also been reported as predators of barn owls , ranging from the scarcely larger tawny owl to the golden eagle . The goshawk and the eagle owl are on the increase because of the greater protection these birds now receive . Play
Cross River gorilla
It is the most western and northern form of gorilla , and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the Cameroon - Nigeria border region at the headwaters of the Cross River ( Nigeria ) . It is separated by about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the nearest population of western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) , and by around 250 km ( 160 mi ) from the gorilla population in the Ebo Forest of Cameroon . Estimates from 2014 suggest that fewer than 250 mature Cross River gorillas remain , making them the world 's rarest great ape . Groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12,000 km ( 4,600 sq mi ) range , though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range . This distribution is supported by genetic research , which has found evidence that many Cross River gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals . In 2009 , the Cross River gorilla was finally captured on professional video on a forested mountain in Cameroon .
Red panda
China has 35 protected areas , covering about 42.4 % of red panda habitat . India has 20 protected areas with known or possible red panda populations in Sikkim , Arunachal Pradesh , and West Bengal such as Khangchendzonga , Namdapha and Singalila National Parks , and a coordinated conservation policy for the red panda . In Nepal , known populations occur in Langtang , Sagarmatha , Makalu Barun and Rara National Parks , Annapurna Conservation Area , Kanchenjunga Conservation Area , and Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve . Bhutan has five protected areas that support red panda populations . Burma has 26 protected areas , of which at least one hosts red panda populations .
House sparrow
The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitations , and can live in urban or rural settings . Though found in widely varied habitats and climates , it typically avoids extensive woodlands , grasslands , and deserts away from human development . It feeds mostly on the seeds of grains and weeds , but it is an opportunistic eater and commonly eats insects and many other foods . Its predators include domestic cats , hawks , owls , and many other predatory birds and mammals .
Grand Canyon
River otters may have disappeared from the park in the late 20th century , and muskrats are extremely rare . Beavers cut willows , cottonwoods , and shrubs for food , and can significantly affect the riparian vegetation . Other rodents , such as antelope squirrels and pocket mice , are mostly omnivorous , using many different vegetation types . Grand Canyon bats typically roost in desert uplands , but forage on the abundance of insects along the river and its tributaries . In addition to bats , coyotes , ringtails , and spotted skunks are the most numerous riparian predators and prey on invertebrates , rodents , and reptiles .