vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sleep
During sleep , most of the body 's systems are in an anabolic state , helping to restore the immune , nervous , skeletal , and muscular systems ; these are vital processes that maintain mood , memory , and cognitive performance , and play a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems . The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night . The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research . The advent of artificial light has substantially altered sleep timing in industrialized countries .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Finally someone might add one more layer to this discussion . The person who is asking about drinking their latte on Sundays in Lent , is really taking about their own self - imposed private devotion . It is interesting to learn about the history of this practice of private devotion .
Height in sports
In the NBA , there is no standard on whether a player 's listed height uses their measurement with shoes on or without . The NBA Draft Combine , which most players attend before the draft , provides both measurements . Thereafter , a player 's team is solely responsible for their listed height , which can vary depending on the process selected .
Fitness culture
Personal trainers act as representative roles that represent the fitness club . It is a kind of representation for customers in term of satisfaction and loyalty to that particular fitness institution . Trainers also act as brokers , or agents , to create a link between the activities of their customers and the purchase of extra goods and services that their customers need for particular activities such as shoes for specific training , clothing , or home equipment . Trainers are also motivators of the goods and services . They are required to have technical skills in order to provide professional fitness services to their customers and they need to have good communication skills meant to persuade their customers to do more in the fitness institution , which in turn means purchasing more goods and services . Finally , personal trainers also act as entrepreneurs : creating a large network of customers for different goods and services in order to produce profits . From this point of view , personal trainers are intermediaries between customers and the fitness institution , playing a crucial role in the commercialization of fitness culture .
Correlation does not imply causation
Further research has called this conclusion into question . Instead , it may be that other underlying factors , like genes , diet and exercise , affect both HDL levels and the likelihood of having a heart attack ; it is possible that medicines may affect the directly measurable factor , HDL levels , without affecting the chance of heart attack .
Nutrition facts label
The nutrition facts label ( also known as the nutrition information panel , and other slight variations ) is a label required on most packaged food in many countries . Most countries also release overall nutrition guides for general educational purposes . In some cases , the guides are based on different dietary targets for various nutrients than the labels on specific foods .
Bantu peoples in South Africa
Their food acquisition was primarily limited to agriculture and hunting ; generally the women were responsible for agriculture and the men drew for the hunt . Except with the Tsonga ( and partially the Mpondo ) , fishing was of surprisingly little importance . The diet consisted of corn ( introduced from South - East Asia ) , meat ( mostly wild game , boar , and beef ) , vegetables , milk , water and grain beer .
Nutrition facts label
In the United States , the Nutritional Facts label lists the percentage supplied that is recommended to be met , or to be limited , in one day of human nutrients based on a daily diet of 2,000 calories .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Meat is the tissue -- usually muscle -- of an animal consumed by humans . Since most parts of many animals are edible , there is a vast variety of meats . Meat is a major source of protein , as well as iron , zinc , and vitamin B12 . Meats , poultry , and fish include beef , chicken , pork , salmon , tuna , shrimp , and eggs .
Lead poisoning
Because game animals can be shot using lead bullets , the potential for lead ingestion from game meat consumption has been studied clinically and epidemiologically . In a recent study conducted by the CDC , a cohort from North Dakota was enrolled and asked to self - report historical consumption of game meat , and participation in other activities that could cause lead exposure . The study found that participants ' age , sex , housing age , current hobbies with potential for lead exposure , and game consumption were all associated with blood lead level ( PbB ) .
Bantu peoples in South Africa
There were a number of taboos regarding the consumption of meat . No meat of dogs , apes , crocodiles or snakes could be eaten . Likewise taboo was the meat of some birds , like owls , crows and vultures , as well as the flesh of certain totem animals .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
Abstinence laws consider that meat comes only from animals such as chickens , cows , sheep or pigs -- - all of which live on land . Birds are also considered meat . Abstinence does not include meat juices and liquid foods made from meat . Thus , such foods as chicken broth , consomme , soups cooked or flavored with meat , meat gravies or sauces , as well as seasonings or condiments made from animal fat are technically not forbidden . However , moral theologians have traditionally taught that we should abstain from all animal - derived products ( except foods such as gelatin , butter , cheese and eggs , which do not have any meat taste ) . Fish are a different category of animal . Salt and freshwater species of fish , amphibians , reptiles , ( cold - blooded animals ) and shellfish are permitted .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
While fish , lobster and other shellfish are not considered meat and can be consumed on days of abstinence , indulging in the lavish buffet at your favorite seafood place sort of misses the point . Abstaining from meat and other indulgences during Lent is a penitential practice .
Benzo(a)pyrene
Regular consumption of cooked meats has been epidemiologically associated with increased levels of colon cancer ( although this in itself does not prove carcinogenicity ) , A 2005 NCI study found an increased risk of colorectal adenomas was associated with BaP intake , and more strongly with BaP intake from all foods . However , the foods themselves are not necessarily carcinogenic , even if they contain trace amounts of carcinogens , because the gastrointestinal tract protects itself against carcinomas by shedding its outer layer continuously . Furthermore , detoxification enzymes , such as cytochromes P450 have increased activities in the gut for protection from food - borne toxins . Thus , in most cases , small amounts of BaP are metabolized prior to being passed into the blood . The lungs are not protected in either of these manners .
Alcohol in the Bible
Christians are instructed regarding abstinence and their duty toward immature Christians : `` All food is clean , but it is wrong for a man to eat anything that causes someone else to stumble . It is better not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything else that will cause your brother to fall . ''
List of diets
Buddhist diet : While Buddhism does not have specific dietary rules , some buddhists practice vegetarianism based on a strict interpretation of the first of the Five Precepts . Hindu and Jain diets : Followers of Hinduism and Jainism may follow lacto vegetarian diets ( though most do not , as some Hindu festivals require meat to be eaten ) , based on the principle of ahimsa ( non-harming ) . Islamic dietary laws : Muslims follow a diet consisting solely of food that is halal -- permissible under Islamic law . The opposite of halal is haraam , food that is Islamically Impermissible . Haraam substances include alcohol , pork , and any meat from an animal which was not killed through the Islamic method of ritual slaughter ( Dhabiha ) . I - tal : A set of principles which influences the diet of many members of the Rastafari movement . One principle is that natural foods should be consumed . Some Rastafarians interpret I - tal to advocate vegetarianism or veganism . Kosher diet : Food permissible under Kashrut , the set of Jewish dietary laws , is said to be Kosher . Some foods and food combinations are non-Kosher , and failure to prepare food in accordance with Kashrut can make otherwise permissible foods non-Kosher . Seventh - day Adventist : Seventh - day Adventists combine the Kosher rules of Judaism with prohibitions against alcohol and caffeinated beverages and an emphasis on whole foods . About half of Adventists are lacto - ovo - vegetarians . Word of Wisdom : The name of a section of the Doctrine and Covenants , a book of scripture accepted by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Dietary advice includes ( 1 ) wholesome plants `` in the season thereof '' , ( 2 ) eating meat sparingly and only `` in times of winter , or of cold , or famine '' , and ( 3 ) grain as the `` staff of life '' .
Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
Major League Eating ( MLE ) , formerly known as the International Federation of Competitive Eating ( IFOCE ) , has sanctioned the event since 1997 . Today , only entrants currently under contract by MLE can compete in the contest .
Ancient Greek cuisine
Empedocles ( 5th century BC ) justified vegetarianism by a belief in the transmigration of souls : who could guarantee that an animal about to be slaughtered did not house the soul of a human being ? However , it can be observed that Empedocles also included plants in this transmigration , thus the same logic should have applied to eating them . Vegetarianism was also a consequence of a dislike for killing : `` For Orpheus taught us rights and to refrain from killing '' .
Loggerhead sea turtle
Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their meat and eggs ; consumption has decreased , however , due to worldwide legislation . Despite this , turtle meat and eggs are still consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly enforced . In Mexico , turtle eggs are a common meal ; locals claim the egg is an aphrodisiac . Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause serious illness due to harmful bacteria , such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens , and high levels of toxic metals that build up through bioaccumulation .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
In January 2015 , Chipotle pulled carnitas from its menu in a third of its restaurants ; company officials cited animal welfare problems at one of the suppliers , found during a regular audit , as the reason . Subsequently , a false rumor spread online claiming it was done to appease Muslims who consider pork to be unclean , leading to some protests on social media . The company still uses antibiotic - free and hormone - free steak in its restaurants , despite being briefly forced to `` serve beef that is not naturally raised '' during the summer of 2013 , posting an in - store notice each time that occurred . Roberto Ferdman of The Washington Post opined that Chipotle 's stated mission to sell `` food with integrity '' may be `` untenable '' if meat producers continue to breach Chipotle 's ethical standards .
Lead poisoning
This study has been cited by popular media as simple evidence that hunting increases exposure to lead poisoning , prompting the University of Illinois Extension to release a statement that there is no such risk . Concerning the CDC report , the authors ' conclusion in a related Epi - AID Trip Report notes the small increase associated with game consumption in the study , and urges interpretation with respect to environmental context :
Lion
In their analysis of Tsavo and general man - eating , Kerbis Peterhans and Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injured animals may be more prone to man - eating , but that the behaviour is `` not unusual , nor necessarily ' aberrant ' '' where the opportunity exists ; if inducements such as access to livestock or human corpses are present , lions will regularly prey upon human beings . The authors note that the relationship is well - attested among other pantherines and primates in the paleontological record .
National Football League on television
The NFL has a strict policy prohibiting networks from running ads during official NFL programming ( pre - and post-game studio shows and the games themselves ) from the gambling industry , and has rejected some ads from the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Commissioner Roger Goodell explained in 2007 that it was inappropriate for the sport to be associated with sports betting . These restrictions also apply to any hotels that contain casinos , even if the casino is not mentioned in the ad . Officially , wagers such as over / unders and point spreads can not be acknowledged on - air . Despite this policy , Al Michaels has been known for subtly including gambling - related observations in his commentatary , as did Jimmy Snyder during his time as an NFL analyst in the 1980s . Most teams insert similar clauses into their radio contracts , which are locally negotiated . The NFL injury report and required videotaping of practice are intended to prevent gamblers from gaining inside information . In contrast , fantasy football is often free to play . Daily fantasy sports , which are structured to prevent being classified as gambling , air advertisements on the NFL 's partner networks on game days , but not during time controlled by the league .
Ashoka
Ashoka 's rock edicts declare that injuring living things is not good , and no animal should be sacrificed for slaughter . However , he did not prohibit common cattle slaughter or beef eating .
Polar bear
Although seal predation is the primary and an indispensable way of life for most polar bears , when alternatives are present they are quite flexible . Polar bears consume a wide variety of other wild foods , including muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) , reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) , birds , eggs , rodents , crabs , other crustaceans and other polar bears . They may also eat plants , including berries , roots , and kelp ; however , none of these have been a significant part of their diet , except for beachcast marine mammal carcasses . Given the change in climate , with ice breaking up in areas such as the Hudson Bay earlier than it used to , polar bears are exploiting food resources such as snow geese and eggs , and plants such as lyme grass in increased quantities . When stalking land animals , such as muskox , reindeer , and even willow ptarmigan ( Lagopus lagopus ) , polar bears appear to make use of vegetative cover and wind direction to bring them as close to their prey as possible before attacking . Polar bears have been observed to hunt the small Svalbard reindeer ( R. t . platyrhynchus ) , which weigh only 40 to 60 kg ( 90 to 130 lb ) as adults , as well as the barren - ground caribou ( R. t . groenlandicus ) , which is about twice as heavy as that . Adult muskox , which can weigh 450 kg ( 1,000 lb ) or more , are a more formidable quarry . Although ungulates are not typical prey , the killing of one during the summer months can greatly increase the odds of survival during that lean period . Like the brown bear , most ungulate prey of polar bears is likely to be young , sickly or injured specimens rather than healthy adults . The polar bear 's metabolism is specialized to require large amounts of fat from marine mammals , and it can not derive sufficient caloric intake from terrestrial food .
Elk
While elk are not generally harvested for meat production on a large scale , some restaurants offer the meat as a specialty item and it is also available in some grocery stores . The meat has a taste somewhere between beef and venison and is higher in protein and lower in fat and cholesterol than beef , pork , and chicken . Elk meat is also a good source of iron , phosphorus and zinc .
Ancient Greek cuisine
Meat is much less prominent in texts of the 5th century BC onwards than in the earliest poetry , but this may be a matter of genre rather than real evidence of changes in farming and food customs . Fresh meat was most commonly eaten at sacrifices , though sausage was much more common , consumed by people across the economic spectrum .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
During the Great Fast , meat , eggs , dairy products , fish and oil are avoided .
Thanksgiving dinner
Non-traditional foods other than turkey are sometimes served as the main dish for a Thanksgiving dinner . Ham is often served alongside turkey in many non-traditional households . Goose and duck , foods which were traditional European centerpieces of Christmas dinners before being displaced , are now sometimes served in place of the Thanksgiving turkey . Sometimes , fowl native to the region where the meal is taking place is used ; for example , an article in Texas Monthly magazine suggested quail as the main dish for a Texan Thanksgiving feast . John Madden , who appeared on television for the NFL Thanksgiving Day game from 1981 to 2001 , frequently advocated his fondness for the turducken , deboned turkey , duck and chicken nested inside each other then cooked . In a few areas of the West Coast of the United States , Dungeness crab is common as an alternate main dish , as crab season starts in early November . Similarly , Thanksgiving falls within deer hunting season in the Northeastern United States , which encourages the use of venison as a centerpiece . Vegetarians or vegans may have a tofu , wheat gluten or lentil - based substitute ; or stuffed squash . In Alaskan villages , whale meat is sometimes eaten. ( 1 ) Irish immigrants have been known to have prime rib of beef as their centerpiece since beef in Ireland was once a rarity ; families would save up money for this dish to signify newfound prosperity and hope .
Polar bear
In their southern range , especially near Hudson Bay and James Bay , Canadian polar bears endure all summer without sea ice to hunt from . Here , their food ecology shows their dietary flexibility . They still manage to consume some seals , but they are food - deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice , especially carcasses of the beluga whale . These alternatives may reduce the rate of weight loss of bears when on land . One scientist found that 71 % of the Hudson Bay bears had fed on seaweed ( marine algae ) and that about half were feeding on birds such as the dovekie and sea ducks , especially the long - tailed duck ( 53 % ) and common eider , by swimming underwater to catch them . They were also diving to feed on blue mussels and other underwater food sources like the green sea urchin. 24 % had eaten moss recently , 19 % had consumed grass , 34 % had eaten black crowberry and about half had consumed willows . This study illustrates the polar bear 's dietary flexibility but it does not represent its life history elsewhere . Most polar bears elsewhere will never have access to these alternatives , except for the marine mammal carcasses that are important wherever they occur .
List of diets
Semi-vegetarianism : A predominantly vegetarian diet , in which meat is occasionally consumed . Kangatarian : A diet originating from Australia . In addition to foods permissible in a vegetarian diet , kangaroo meat is also consumed . Pescetarian diet : A diet which includes fish but not other meats . Plant - based diet : A broad term to describe diets in which animal products do not form a large proportion of the diet . Under some definitions a plant - based diet is fully vegetarian ; under others it is possible to follow a plant - based diet whilst occasionally consuming meat . Pollotarian : Someone who eats chicken or other poultry , but not meat from mammals , often for environmental , health or food justice reasons . Pollo - pescetarian : Someone who eats both poultry and fish / seafood , though no meat from mammals .
Ancient Greek cuisine
It follows that vegetarianism and the idea of ascetic purity were closely associated , and often accompanied by sexual abstinence . In On the eating of flesh , Plutarch ( 1st -- 2nd century ) elaborated on the barbarism of blood - spilling ; inverting the usual terms of debate , he asked the meat - eater to justify his choice .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
The Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays popularized the Friday fish fry and inspired the creation of the Filet - O - Fish sandwich at McDonald 's .
Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church
While the rules of abstinence generally only allow seafood , there are a few exceptions . In parts of South America , especially in Venezuela , capybara meat is popular during Lent and Holy Week ; in response to a question posed by French settlers in Quebec in the 17th century , beaver was classified as an exception ; and the Archbishop of New Orleans said that `` alligator is considered in the fish family '' in 2010 . The legal basis for the classification of beaver as fish probably rests with the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas , which bases animal classification as much on habit as anatomy .
Polar bear
Mature bears tend to eat only the calorie - rich skin and blubber of the seal , which are highly digestible , whereas younger bears consume the protein - rich red meat . Studies have also photographed polar bears scaling near - vertical cliffs , to eat birds ' chicks and eggs . For subadult bears , which are independent of their mother but have not yet gained enough experience and body size to successfully hunt seals , scavenging the carcasses from other bears ' kills is an important source of nutrition . Subadults may also be forced to accept a half - eaten carcass if they kill a seal but can not defend it from larger polar bears . After feeding , polar bears wash themselves with water or snow .
Football player
The average life expectancy or lifespan of an American football NFL player has been reported to be extremely low , only 53 to 59 years depending on playing position . However , a 2012 study reported that retired NFL players have a lower death rate than men in the general population . An oft - cited life expectancy of 58 years has been claimed by Sports Illustrated to be based on a myth . According to a 2007 study , which also claims that little supporting data is available , retired American football players had `` long and fulfilling careers with no apparent long - term detrimental effects on physical or mental health scores despite a high prevalence of arthritis '' . One explanation is that `` life expectancy '' is ambiguous : it may in some contexts refer to the expected age of death of a player , and in other contexts to the expected remaining number of life years .