vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Israel
Israel 's legal system combines three legal traditions : English common law , civil law , and Jewish law . It is based on the principle of stare decisis ( precedent ) and is an adversarial system , where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court . Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries . Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts : Jewish , Muslim , Druze , and Christian . The election of judges is carried out by a committee of two Knesset members , three Supreme Court justices , two Israeli Bar members and two ministers ( one of which , Israel 's justice minister , is the committee 's chairman ) . The committee 's members of the Knesset are secretly elected by the Knesset , and one of them is traditionally a member of the opposition , the committee 's Supreme Court justices are chosen by tradition from all Supreme Court justices by seniority , the Israeli Bar members are elected by the bar , and the second minister is appointed by the Israeli cabinet . The current justice minister and committee 's chairwoman is Ayelet Shaked . Administration of Israel 's courts ( both the `` General '' courts and the Labor Courts ) is carried by the Administration of Courts , situated in Jerusalem . Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts : the storage of court files , as well as court decisions , are conducted electronically . Israel 's Basic Law : Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel .
Federalism in India
Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to leave the Union . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of Jammu & Kashmir via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only Jammu & Kashmir has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , follow own civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of Jammu & Kashmir , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Governors of provinces are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state . Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters like clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government .
Equal Rights Amendment
Illinois - The equal protection of the laws shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex by the State or its units of local government and school districts . Illinois Constitution , Article I , § 18 ( 1970 )
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution . Many of the Prime Minister 's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the Sovereign , who remains the head of state . Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy , the Premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century ; the legal fiction was maintained that the Sovereign still governed directly . The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917 , in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act . Increasingly during the 20th century , the office and role of Prime Minister featured in statute law and official documents ; however , the Prime Minister 's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions . Prime Ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and , since November 1968 , that of Minister for the Civil Service , the latter giving them authority over the civil service .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
( w ) ithout doubt ... denotes not merely freedom from bodily restraint but also the right of the individual to contract , to engage in any of the common occupations of life , to acquire useful knowledge , to marry , establish a home and bring up children , to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience , and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized at common law as essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , prohibiting the free exercise of religion , or abridging the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights .
Michigan
Michigan has recognized and performed same - sex marriages since June 26 , 2015 , following the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges . Previously , such unions were prohibited under a 2004 state constitutional amendment .
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is a unitary state under a constitutional monarchy . Queen Elizabeth II is the monarch and head of state of the UK , as well as Queen of fifteen other independent Commonwealth countries . The monarch has `` the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , and the right to warn '' . The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified and consists mostly of a collection of disparate written sources , including statutes , judge - made case law and international treaties , together with constitutional conventions . As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and `` constitutional law '' , the UK Parliament can perform `` constitutional reform '' simply by passing Acts of Parliament , and thus has the political power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution . However , no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments can not change .
Bill of Rights 1689
all of the Preamble down to `` Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made '' the seventh paragraph `` Subjects ' Arms . That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' all words from `` And they doe Claime Demand and Insist '' down to , but not including , section 2 , bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government , succession et cetera .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Section 1 of the amendment formally defines United States citizenship and also protects various civil rights from being abridged or denied by any state or state actor . Abridgment or denial of those civil rights by private persons is not addressed by this amendment ; the Supreme Court held in the Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) that the amendment was limited to `` state action '' and , therefore , did not authorize the Congress to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or organizations ( though Congress can sometimes reach such discrimination via other parts of the Constitution ) . U.S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph P. Bradley commented in the Civil Rights Cases that `` individual invasion of individual rights is not the subject - matter of the ( 14th ) Amendment . It has a deeper and broader scope . It nullifies and makes void all state legislation , and state action of every kind , which impairs the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States , or which injures them in life , liberty or property without due process of law , or which denies to any of them the equal protection of the laws . ''
Cousin marriage
Similarly , in Vietnam , Clause 3 , Article 10 of the 2000 Vietnamese Law on Marriage and Family forbids marriages on people related by blood up to the third degree of kinship . Cousin
Constitution of India
British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution Charter of Fundamental Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan
Law of Malaysia
The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land . It provides the legal framework for the laws , legislation , courts , and other administrative aspects of the law . It also defines the government and monarch , and their powers , as well as the rights of the citizens .
Education in India
This article was a directive principle of state policy within India , effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed . However , the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value , and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit .
Constitution of the United Kingdom
There are many Acts of Parliament which themselves have constitutional significance . For example , Parliament has the power to determine the length of its term . By the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , the maximum length of a term of parliament is five years but this may be extended with the consent of both Houses . This power was most recently used during World War II to extend the lifetime of the 1935 parliament in annual increments up to 1945 . Parliament also has the power to change the make - up of its constituent houses and the relation between them . Examples include the House of Lords Act 1999 which changed the membership of the House of Lords , the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 which altered the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords , and the Reform Act 1832 which made changes to the system used to elect members of the House of Commons .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion .
Citizenship
by birth ( jus sanguinis ) . If one or both of a person 's parents are citizens of a given state , then the person may have the right to be a citizen of that state as well . Formerly this might only have applied through the paternal line , but sex equality became common since the late twentieth century . Citizenship is granted based on ancestry or ethnicity and is related to the concept of a nation state common in Europe . Where jus sanguinis holds , a person born outside a country , one or both of whose parents are citizens of the country , is also a citizen . States normally limit the right to citizenship by descent to a certain number of generations born outside the state , although some do not . This form of citizenship is common in civil law countries . Born within a country ( jus soli ) . Some people are automatically citizens of the state in which they are born . This form of citizenship originated in England where those who were born within the realm were subjects of the monarch ( a concept pre-dating citizenship ) and is common in common law countries . In many cases , both jus soli and jus sanguinis hold citizenship either by place or parentage ( or both ) . Citizenship by marriage ( jus matrimonii ) . Many countries fast - track naturalization based on the marriage of a person to a citizen . Countries which are destinations for such immigration often have regulations to try to detect sham marriages , where a citizen marries a non-citizen typically for payment , without them having the intention of living together . Naturalization . States normally grant citizenship to people who have entered the country legally and been granted permit to stay , or been granted political asylum , and also lived there for a specified period . In some countries , naturalization is subject to conditions which may include passing a test demonstrating reasonable knowledge of the language or way of life of the host country , good conduct ( no serious criminal record ) and moral character ( such as drunkenness , or gambling ) , vowing allegiance to their new state or its ruler and renouncing their prior citizenship . Some states allow dual citizenship and do not require naturalized citizens to formally renounce any other citizenship . Excluded categories .
Preamble to the Constitution of India
Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document , and it indicates the source from which the document derives its authority , meaning , the people . The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words . It may be considered as the heart and soul of Constitution . The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution . It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950 , secularism was included in the preamble of India on 18th March .
Lord
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom not holding peerages , who are addressed as if they were life peers by Royal Warrant . Wives of male justices who are not peers are addressed as if they were wives of peers . These forms of address are applicable both in court and in social contexts . Judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , known as ' Lord Justices of Appeal ' . Judges of the Scottish Court of Session , known as ' Lords of Council and Session ' . Justices of the Canadian provincial Supreme Courts , addressed in Court as `` My Lord '' or `` My Lady '' and referred to in legal literature as `` Lordships '' or `` Ladyships '' . Judges of the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of India , who are addressed as `` My Lord '' in court . The Bar Council of India however calls upon lawyers to give up this practice of addressing judges as ' lords ' .
Freedom of religion in the United States
With the concept of plural marriage , from 1830 to 1890 the Mormon faith allowed its members to practice polygamy ; after 1843 this was limited to polygyny ( one man could have several wives ) . The notion of polygamy was not only generally disdained by most of Joseph Smith 's contemporaries , it is also contrary to the traditional Christian understanding of marriage . After 1844 the United States government passed legislation aimed specifically at the Mormon practice of polygamy until The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) officially renounced it . In the case of Reynolds v. United States , the U.S. supreme court concluded that `` religious duty '' was not a suitable defense to an indictment for polygamy ; therefore , a law against polygamy is not legally considered to discriminate against a religion that endorses polygamy . When their appeals to the courts and lawmakers were exhausted and once church leaders were satisfied that God had accepted what they saw as their sacrifice for the principle , the prophet leader of the church announced that he had received inspiration that God had accepted their obedience and rescinded the commandment for plural marriage . In 1890 , an official declaration was issued by the church prohibiting further plural marriages . Utah was admitted to the Union on January 4 , 1896 .
Bill of Rights 1689
The Bill of Rights Created 1689 Location Parliamentary Archives Author ( s ) Parliament of England Purpose Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual , and ensure a Protestant political supremacy
History of women in the United States
1972 also saw the Supreme Court case Eisenstadt v. Baird , 405 U.S. 438 ( 1972 ) , that established the right of unmarried people to possess contraception on the same basis as married couples and , by implication , the right of unmarried couples to engage in potentially nonprocreative sexual intercourse ( though not the right of unmarried people to engage in any type of sexual intercourse ) . The Court struck down a Massachusetts law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives to unmarried people , ruling that it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution .
Constitution of the United Kingdom
The Church of England is the established church in England ( i.e. not in Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland ) . The monarch is ex officio Supreme Governor of the Church of England , and is required by the Act of Settlement 1701 to `` join in communion with the Church of England '' . As part of the coronation ceremony , the monarch swears an oath to `` maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the Church of England , and the doctrine , worship , discipline , and government thereof , as by law established in England '' before being crowned by the senior cleric of the Church , the Archbishop of Canterbury -- a similar oath concerning the established Church of Scotland , which is a Presbyterian church , having already been given by the new monarch in his or her Accession Council . All clergy of the Church swear an oath of allegiance to the monarch before taking office .
Parliamentary sovereignty
Parliamentary sovereignty ( also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy ) is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies . It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions , including executive or judicial bodies . It also holds that the legislative body may change or repeal any previous legislation and so it is not bound by written law ( in some cases , even a constitution ) or by precedent .
Declaration of nullity
Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI were worried about the ease with which annulments are granted by courts , especially when premised on ill - defined grounds such as `` immaturity or psychic weakness '' or `` psychic immaturity '' , an expression of concern that the term , `` annulment '' is being treated as synonymous with `` divorce '' .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism .
Saudi Arabia
Women face discrimination in the courts , where the testimony of one man equals that of two women in family and inheritance law . Polygamy is permitted for men , and men have a unilateral right to divorce their wives ( talaq ) without needing any legal justification . A woman can only obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her . In practice , it is very difficult for a Saudi woman to obtain a judicial divorce . With regard to the law of inheritance , the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased 's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs and generally , female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs .
Equal Rights Amendment
California -- A person may not be disqualified from entering or pursuing a business , profession , vocation , or employment because of sex , race , creed , color , or national or ethnic origin . California Constitution , Article I , § 8 ( 1879 )
Bill of Rights 1689
by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament ; by prosecuting the Seven Bishops ; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes ; by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament ; by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament ; by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law ; by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament ; by prosecutions in the Court of King 's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament , and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses ; by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials , and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders ; by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects ; by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments ; by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied ; all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm .