vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Republican Party (United States)
Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920 , 1924 and 1928 respectively . The Teapot Dome scandal threatened to hurt the party but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him as the opposition splintered in 1924 . The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression . New
State of the Union
In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Williams meanwhile rushed to complete the investigation . He finished on Sunday , September 8 , the day an elaborate memorial service and mass burial of hurricane victims ( both coordinated by Ijams ) were held in Miami . Ijams who had been too busy to participate in the investigation and had not questioned any of the 12 witnesses interrogated by Williams , nonetheless signed the 15 page report to the President . That night Williams released it to the Miami press in a radio broadcast immediately following the memorial ceremony . Ijams considered the timing unfortunate after receiving several critical telephone messages . The report exonerated everyone involved and concluded : `` To our mind the catastrophe must be characterized as an act of God and was by its very nature beyond the power of man or instruments at his disposal to foresee sufficiently far enough in advance to permit the taking of adequate precautions capable of preventing the death and desolation which occurred . '' Early also found the publicity around the report `` unfortunate '' . In a telegram to his colleague , assistant Presidential secretary Marvin H. McIntyre , Early wrote that he had authorized Hines to proceed with a `` complete and exhaustive '' joint investigation with Hopkins . Significantly Hines was to `` instruct his investigator that under no circumstances will any statement be made to the Press until final report has been submitted to the President . '' Hopkins gave similar instructions to his investigator . McIntyre also was involved in damage control . On Sept. 10 , 1935 , the Greater Miami Ministerial Association wrote the President an angry letter labeling the report a `` whitewash '' . McIntyre forwarded it to FERA for a response . Williams returned a draft for the President 's signature on Sept. 25th insisting the report was only preliminary and that the `` final and detailed report ... will be both thorough and searching '' .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
President Roosevelt died on April 12 , 1945 . The three surviving second flag - raisers , identified then as Bradley , Gagnon , and Hayes , met President Truman on April 20 at the White House before going on the bond tour which began on May 11 in New York City ; Hayes had drinking problems during the tour and was ordered back to his former combat unit in Hawaii on May 24 before the tour ended on July 4 in Washington , D.C. The bond drive was a success , raising $26.3 billion , twice the tour 's goal .
History of Antarctica
The United States became politically interested in the Antarctic continent before and during WWII . The United States Antarctic Service Expedition , from 1939 - 1941 , was sponsored by the government with additional support came from donations and gifts by private citizens , corporations and institutions . The objectives of the Expedition , outlined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , was to establish two bases : East Base , in the vicinity of Charcot Island , and West Base , in the vicinity of King Edward VII Land . After operating successfully for two years , but with international tensions on the rise , it was considered wise to evacuate the two bases . However ,
Rwandan genocide
Intelligence reports indicate that United States president Bill Clinton and his cabinet were aware before the height of the massacre that a `` final solution to eliminate all Tutsis '' was planned . However , fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped US policy at the time , with many commentators identifying the graphic consequences of the Battle of Mogadishu as the key reason behind the US 's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide . After the battle , the bodies of several US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and members of Aidid 's Somali National Alliance . According to the US 's former deputy special envoy to Somalia , Walter Clarke : `` The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy . Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again . '' President Clinton has referred to the failure of the U.S. government to intervene in the genocide as one of his main foreign policy failings , saying `` I do n't think we could have ended the violence , but I think we could have cut it down . And I regret it . '' Eighty percent of the discussion in Washington concerned the evacuation of American citizens .
World War II
Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in the environment and conservation starting with his youthful interest in forestry on his family estate . Although Roosevelt was never an outdoorsman or sportsman on Theodore Roosevelt 's scale , his growth of the national systems were comparable . Roosevelt was active in expanding , funding , and promoting the National Park and National Forest systems . Under Roosevelt , their popularity soared , from three million visitors a year at the start of the decade to 15.5 million in 1939 . The Civilian Conservation Corps enrolled 3.4 million young men and built 13,000 miles of trails , planted two billion trees , and upgraded 125,000 miles of dirt roads . Every state had its own state parks , and Roosevelt made sure that WPA and CCC projects were set up to upgrade them as well as the national systems . GNP
New Deal
By 1936 , the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two - party , competitive , non-machine , progressive and left party districts ) . In the 1938 midterm election , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition . Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) and a Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Unlike the `` moderate , '' internationalist , largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted ( or at least acquiesced in ) some of the `` Roosevelt Revolution '' and the essential premises of President Truman 's foreign policy , the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary . Anti-collectivist , anti-Communist , anti-New Deal , passionately committed to limited government , free market economics , and congressional ( as opposed to executive ) prerogatives , the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two - front war : against liberal Democrats from without and `` me - too '' Republicans from within .
New Deal
Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by close friend Harry Hopkins . Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor , long - term beneficial and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises -- therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) was created to return the unemployed to the work force . The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals , schools and roads , and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads , 125,000 public buildings as well as bridges , reservoirs , irrigation systems , parks , playgrounds and so on .
Great Depression in the United States
The Depression caused major political changes in America . Three years into the depression , President Herbert Hoover , widely blamed for not doing enough to combat the crisis , lost the election of 1932 to Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a landslide . Roosevelt 's economic recovery plan , the New Deal , instituted unprecedented programs for relief , recovery and reform , and brought about a major realignment of American politics .
Internal Revenue Service
In 1906 , with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt , and later his successor William Howard Taft , the United States saw a populist movement for tax reform . This movement culminated during then candidate Woodrow Wilson 's election of 1912 and in February 1913 , the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution :
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
Nixon 's papers show that in 1968 , as a presidential candidate , he ordered Anna Chennault , his liaison to the South Vietnam government , to persuade them to refuse a cease - fire being brokered by President Lyndon Johnson . This action violated the Logan Act , banning private citizens from intruding into official government negotiations with a foreign nation , and has been said to constitute treason . President
New Deal
In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph , Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 , which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices ( FEPC ) `` to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that `` there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race , creed , color , or national origin '' .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's father died in 1900 , causing great distress for him . The following year , Roosevelt 's fifth cousin Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States . Theodore 's vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin 's role model and hero . Roosevelt graduated from Harvard in 1903 with an A.B. in history . Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School in 1904 , but dropped out in 1907 after passing the New York bar exam . In 1908 , he took a job with the prestigious Wall Street firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn , working in the firm 's admiralty law division .
Spanish–American War
In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war :
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's plan to convince Hoover to run for the Democratic nomination fell through after Hoover publicly declared himself to be a Republican , but Roosevelt nonetheless decided to seek the 1920 vice presidential nomination . After Governor James M. Cox of Ohio won the party 's presidential nomination , he chose Roosevelt as his running mate , and the party formally nominated Roosevelt by acclamation . Although his nomination surprised most people , Roosevelt was considered as bringing balance to the ticket as a moderate , a Wilsonian , and a prohibitionist with a famous name . Roosevelt had just turned 38 , four years younger than Theodore had been when he received the same nomination from his party . Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy after the Democratic convention and campaigned across the nation for the Cox -- Roosevelt ticket . 1920
Great Depression in the United States
The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by President Roosevelt 's New Deal used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis . The alphabet agencies ERA , CCC , FERA , WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion , but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector . FERA , CCC and especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long - term unemployed men .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Determined to overcome the opposition of conservative Democrats in Congress , Roosevelt became involved in the 1938 Democratic primaries , actively campaigning for challengers who were more supportive of New Deal reform . Roosevelt failed badly , managing to defeat only one target , a conservative Democrat from New York City . In the November 1938 elections , Democrats lost six Senate seats and 71 House seats , with losses concentrated among pro-New Deal Democrats . When Congress reconvened in 1939 , Republicans under Senator Robert Taft formed a Conservative coalition with Southern Democrats , virtually ending Roosevelt 's ability to enact his domestic proposals . Despite their opposition to Roosevelt 's domestic policies , many of these conservative Congressmen would provide crucial support for Roosevelt 's foreign policy before and during World War II . Foreign
New Deal
New Deal Top left : The TVA signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt led the New Dealers ; Bottom : A public mural from arts program of the WPA Duration 1933 -- 1936 Location United States Type Economic program Cause Great Depression Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Outcome Reform of Wall Street ; relief for farmers and unemployed ; Social Security ; political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition ; Disputed / slow economic recovery
United States non-interventionism
History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Overseas interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change
History of United States foreign policy
After 1945 , the isolationist pattern characterizing the inter-war period had ended for good . It was Franklin Roosevelt policy to establish a new international organization that would be much more effective than the old League of Nations , and avoid its flaws . He successfully sponsored the formation of the United Nations . The
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Today , Roosevelt is criticized by right - wing conservatives and libertarians for his extensive economic interventionism . These critics often accuse his policies of prolonging what they believe would otherwise have been a much shorter recession . Their argument is that government planning of the economy was both unnecessary and counterproductive and that laissez - faire policies would have ended the suffering much sooner . Austrian School of economics professor Thomas DiLorenzo says Roosevelt did not `` get us out of the Depression '' or `` save capitalism from itself '' as generations of Americans have been taught .
Labor history of the United States
The elections of 1934 might have reflected the `` radical upheaval sweeping the country '' , as Roosevelt won the greatest majority either party ever held in the Senate and 322 Democrats won seats in the United States House of Representatives versus 103 Republicans . It is possible that `` the great social movement from below thus strengthened the independence of the executive branch of government '' .
Munich Agreement
Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons said `` We owe heartfelt thanks to all responsible for the outcome , and appreciate very much the efforts of President Roosevelt and Signor Mussolini to bring about the Munich conference of the Powers at which a united desire for peace has been shown . '' ) A
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Both during and after his presidential terms and continuing today , there has been much criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt . Critics have questioned not only his policies and positions , but also charged him with centralizing power in his own hands by controlling both the government and the Democratic Party . Many denounced his breaking the no - third - term tradition in 1940 .
New Deal
Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government . Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers and others -- who suffered from the crisis and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations . In this way , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades . New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus . Between 1940 and 1980 , there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy . Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs .
World War II
Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The
Latin America
The Zimmermann Telegram was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany . The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence . The revelation of the contents outraged the American public and swayed public opinion . President Woodrow Wilson moved to arm American merchant ships in order to defend themselves against German submarines , which had started to attack them . The news helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April of that year .
Causes of World War II
In the Munich Agreement of September 30 , 1938 , British , French and Italian prime ministers appeased Hitler by giving him what he wanted , hoping he would not want any more . The conferring powers allowed Germany to move troops into the region and incorporate it into the Reich `` for the sake of peace . '' In exchange for this , Hitler gave his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims in Europe . Czechoslovakia was not allowed to participate in the conference . When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement , and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it , France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war , President Edvard Beneš capitulated . Germany took the Sudetenland unopposed . German
United States non-interventionism
Ultimately , the ideological rift between the ideals of the United States and the goals of the fascist powers empowered the interventionist argument . Writer Archibald MacLeish asked , `` How could we sit back as spectators of a war against ourselves ? '' In an address to the American people on December 29 , 1940 , President Roosevelt said , `` the Axis not merely admits but proclaims that there can be no ultimate peace between their philosophy of government and our philosophy of government . ''
Spanish–American War
Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' .
New Deal
Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president , Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people '' , saying :
List of Presidents of the United States who died in office
Roosevelt 's death was met with shock and grief across the U.S. and around the world . His declining health had not been known to the general public . Roosevelt had been president for more than 12 years , longer than any other person , and had led the country through some of its greatest crises to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany and within sight of the defeat of Japan as well .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt requested that he be allowed to serve as a naval officer , but Wilson insisted that he continue to serve as Assistant Secretary of the Navy . For the next year , Roosevelt remained in Washington to coordinate the mobilization , supply , and deployment of naval vessels and personnel . In the first six months after the U.S. entered the war , the Navy expanded fourfold . In the summer of 1918 , Roosevelt traveled to Europe to inspect naval installations and meet with French and British officials . In September , he returned to the US on board the USS Leviathan , a large troop carrier . On the 11 - day voyage , the pandemic influenza virus struck and killed many on board . Roosevelt became very ill with influenza and a complicating pneumonia , but he recovered by the time the ship landed in New York . After Germany signed an armistice in November 1918 , surrendering and ending the fighting , Daniels and Roosevelt supervised the demobilization of the Navy . Against the advice of older officers such as Admiral William Benson -- who claimed he could not `` conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation '' -- Roosevelt personally ordered the preservation of the Navy 's Aviation Division . With the Wilson administration coming to an end , Roosevelt began planning for his next run for office . Roosevelt and his associates approached Herbert Hoover about running for the 1920 Democratic presidential nomination , with Roosevelt as his running mate .
United States home front during World War II
The United Service Organizations ( USO ) was founded in 1941 in response to a request from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide morale and recreation services to uniformed military personnel . The USO brought together six civilian agencies : the Salvation Army , Young Men 's Christian Association , Young Women 's Christian Association , National Catholic Community Service , National Travelers Aid Association , and the National Jewish Welfare Board .
Foreign policy of the United States
Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk
Key West, Florida
Key West was in a down cycle when Franklin D. Roosevelt visited in 1939 . The buildup of military bases on the island occurred shortly thereafter .