vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Blue Nile
The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia . With the White Nile , the river becomes one of the two major tributaries of the Nile .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The vast white pine forests in the upper valley provided the forest products that built the towns along Lake St. Croix , Minneapolis and St. Paul ; the St. Croix along with the forest reserves in the river valleys of the nearby Red Cedar , Chippewa , and Rum provided supplies for the building of Winona , Minnesota , Davenport , Iowa , Rock Island , Illinois , and St. Louis .
St. Johns River
For 37 miles ( 60 km ) the river passes through a 1,200 - square - mile ( 3,100 km ) basin fed primarily by springs and stormwater runoff . This basin , spreading throughout Orange , Lake , Volusia , and Seminole Counties , is home to the greater Orlando metropolitan area , where two million people live and major tourist attractions are located . The topography of the middle basin varies between clearly distinguishable banks along the river and broad , shallow lakes . Two of the largest lakes in the middle basin are created by the river : Lake Harney and Lake Monroe . The shallow 9 - square - mile ( 23 km ) Lake Harney is fed by the long narrow Puzzle Lake ; immediately north is the Econlockhatchee River , which joins to increase the volume of the St. Johns to where navigation becomes easier for larger boats . The river veers west , touching on Lake Jesup before it empties into Lake Monroe , passing the city of Sanford . It is at this point that the St. Johns ' navigable waterway dredged and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with channel markers maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard begins . Lake Monroe , a large lake at 15 square miles ( 39 km ) with an average depth of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) , drains a surrounding watershed of 2,420 square miles ( 6,300 km ) . Sanford has adapted to the lake by building some of its downtown area on the waterfront ; citizens use boat transportation and Sanford 's public dock to commute into town .
Ojibwe
The Ojibwe , Ojibwa , or Chippewa are an Anishinaabeg group of Indigenous Peoples in North America , known among many Indigenous peoples as Turtle Island . They live in Canada and the United States and are one of the largest Indigenous ethnic groups north of the Rio Grande . In Canada , they are the second - largest First Nations population , surpassed only by the Cree . In the United States , they have the fifth - largest population among Native American tribes , surpassed only by the Navajo , Cherokee , Choctaw and Lakota - Dakota - Nakota people .
Great Lakes
The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the US and Canada working on joint proposals to control it . By the mid-1950s , the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced , with the lamprey deemed largely to blame . This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission . Cliffs
Battle of Fallen Timbers
The Battle of Fallen Timbers ( August 20 , 1794 ) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War , a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy , including support from the British led by Captain Alexander McKillop , against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory ( an area north of the Ohio River , east of the Mississippi River , and southwest of the Great Lakes ) . This land had been ceded to the United States in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , but the Native Americans ( who had not been party to the treaty ) refused to comply with the treaty and relinquish control . British army bases were maintained there to support their Native allies . This ultimately led to the American offensive and subsequent British - Indian withdrawal from the territory altogether following the Treaty of Greenville . The battle , which was a decisive victory for the United States , ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh 's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 .
Lake of the Ozarks
At the time of construction , the Lake of the Ozarks was the largest man - made lake in the United States and one of the largest in the world . It was created to provide hydroelectric power for customers of Union Electric , but it quickly became a significant tourist destination for the Midwest . Most of its shoreline is privately owned , unlike many flood - control lakes in the region that were constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The relatively stable surface elevation has created ideal conditions for private development within a few feet of the shoreline . There are over 70,000 homes along the lake , many of which are vacation homes . Spectacular scenery characteristic of the Ozarks has also helped to transform the lake into a major resort area , and more than 5 million people visit annually .
Lake Michigan
A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan , including a couple of sailing ships . Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes , such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour , a designated scenic road system , connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River . Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-1800s . Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands , including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island ( Michigan ) . Currently , two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November : the SS Badger , a steamer from Ludington , Michigan , to Manitowoc , Wisconsin , and the Lake Express , a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon , Michigan .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
In the 1840s and 1850s the largest cities in the U.S. built pipelines to supply drinking water from rivers or lakes . However , the drinking water was initially not treated , since the link between waterborne pathogens and diseases was not yet well known . In 1842 New York City was one of the first cities in the U.S. to tap water resources outside the city limits . It dammed the Croton River in Westchester County , New York , and built an aqueduct from the reservoir to the city . Also in 1842 , construction was completed on Chicago 's first water works , with water mains made of cedar and a water intake located about 150 feet ( 46 m ) into Lake Michigan . In 1848 , Boston began construction of a water transmission system . A tributary of the Sudbury River was impounded creating Lake Cochituate , from where the Cochituate Aqueduct transported water to the Brookline Reservoir that fed the city 's distribution system . In 1853 Washington , D.C. followed suit by beginning the construction of the Washington Aqueduct to provide water from the Great Falls on the Potomac River .
Great Lakes region
Settlement and economic expansion on both sides accelerated after the 1825 opening of The Erie Canal , an astonishingly successful public venture that effectively integrated markets and commerce between the Atlantic seaboard and the region . The region on both sides of the border became a vast research and design laboratory for agricultural machinery and techniques . Owner - operator family farms transformed both demographics and ecology into a vast terrain of farmlands , producing primarily wheat and corn . In western New York and northeast Ohio , the St. Lawrence , Mohawk , and Hudson rivers provided outlets for commercial corn and wheat , while The Ohio River let agricultural products from western Pennsylvania and southern Ohio , Indiana and Illinois journey downstream to New Orleans . Mining , primarily soft metals of copper , zinc , and lead ; and timber to supply rapidly expanding sawmills that supplied lumber for new settlements .
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains , commonly known as the Rockies , are a major mountain range in western North America . The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) from the northernmost part of British Columbia , in western Canada , to New Mexico , in the Southwestern United States . Within the North American Cordillera , the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada , which all lie further to the west .
Western Canada
Western Canada , also referred to as the Western provinces and more commonly known as the West , is a region of Canada that includes the four provinces of Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba and Saskatchewan . British Columbia is culturally , economically , geographically , and politically distinct from the other parts of Western Canada and is often referred to as the `` west coast '' or `` Pacific Canada '' , while Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba are grouped together as the Prairie Provinces and most commonly known as `` The Prairies '' .
Crater Lake
In June 1853 , John Wesley Hillman became the first non-Native American explorer to report sighting the lake he named the `` Deep Blue Lake . '' The lake was renamed at least three times , as Blue Lake , Lake Majesty , and finally Crater Lake .
History of New Mexico
Following Lewis and Clark many men started exploring and trapping in the western parts of the United States . Sent out in 1806 , Lt. Zebulon Pike 's orders were to find the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red rivers . He was to explore the southwestern part of the Louisiana Purchase . In 1807 , when Pike and his men crossed into the San Luis Valley of northern New Mexico they were arrested and taken to Santa Fe , and then sent south to Chihuahua where they appeared before the Commandant General Salcedo . After four months of diplomatic negotiations , Pike and his men were returned to the United States , under protest , across the Red River at Natchitoches .
French and Indian War
Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) .
Lake Michigan
The Milwaukee Reef , running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon , divides the lake into northern and southern basins . Each basin has a clockwise flow of water , deriving from rivers , winds , and the Coriolis effect . Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east , producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan . There is a mean difference in summer temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ( 2 to 5 degrees Celsius ) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores .
Great Salt Lake
A railroad line -- the Lucin Cutoff -- runs across the lake , crossing the southern end of Promontory Peninsula . The mostly solid causeway supporting the railway divides the lake into three portions : the northeast arm , northwest arm , and southern . This causeway obstructs the normal mixing of the waters of the lake because there are only three 100 - foot ( 30 m ) breaches . Because no rivers , except a few minor streams , flow directly into the northwest arm , Gunnison Bay , it is now substantially saltier than the rest of the lake . This saltier environment promotes different types of algae than those growing in the southern part of the lake , leading to a marked color difference on the two sides of the causeway . On December 1 , 2016 , the causeway was open under a newly constructed 180 - foot - long ( 55 m ) bridge that allowed water to flow from the southern arm of the lake into northwest arm . At the time of opening of causeway the northwest arm was nearly three feet lower than the southern arm . As of April 29 , 2017 , the levels of both arms of the lake have risen due to spring runoff , and the northwestern arm is within one foot of the southern arm .
Nine Years' War
Friction over Indian relations worsened in 1688 with French incursions against the Iroquois in upstate New York , and with Indian raids against smaller settlements in Maine . The Governor General of New France , Louis de Buade de Frontenac , capitalising on disorganisation in New York and New England following the collapse of the Dominion of New England , expanded the war with a series of raids on the northern borders of the English settlements : first was the destruction of Dover , New Hampshire , in July 1689 ; followed by Pemaquid , Maine , in August . In February 1690 Schenectady in New York was attacked ; massacres at Salmon Falls and Casco Bay followed . In response , on 1 May 1690 at the Albany Conference , colonial representatives elected to invade Canada . In August a land force commanded by Colonel Winthrop set off for Montreal , while a naval force , commanded by the future governor of Massachusetts , Sir William Phips ( who earlier on 11 May had seized the capital of French Acadia , Port Royal ) , set sail for Quebec via the Saint Lawrence River . They were repulsed in Battle of Quebec and the expedition on the St Lawrence failed , while the French retook Port Royal .
Bemidji, Minnesota
The City of Bemidji acts as a regional center for shopping , arts , entertainment , education , health services , worship , and government services . The Bemidji Area includes parts or all of Beltrami ( Pop . 44,442 ) , Hubbard ( Pop . 20,428 ) , Cass ( Pop . 28,567 ) , Itasca ( Pop . 45,058 ) , Koochiching ( Pop . 13,311 ) , Lake Of The Woods ( Pop . 4,045 ) , Marshall ( Pop . 9,439 ) , Pennington ( Pop . 13,930 ) , Red Lake ( Pop . 4,089 ) , Clearwater ( Pop. 8,695 ) , and Mahnomen ( Pop . 5,413 ) counties . The Bemidji area also includes the White Earth ( Pop. 9,192 ) and Leech Lake ( Pop . 10,660 ) Reservations and the Sovereign Nation of Red Lake ( Pop . 5,162 ) . This places the Bemidji Area population at 131,553 .
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States ; the others are shared with Canada . It lies in the region known as the American Midwest .
Monongahela River
The Monongahela River ( / məˌnɒŋɡəˈhiːlə , - ˈheɪlə / mə - NONG - gə - HEEL - ə , - HAIL - ə ) -- often referred to locally as the Mon / ˈmɒn / -- is a 130 - mile - long ( 210 km ) river on the Allegheny Plateau in north - central West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania , which flows from south to north . The Monongahela joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh .
Missouri
Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States , Missouri earned the nickname Gateway to the West because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th century . St. Charles , just west of St. Louis , was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , which ascended the Missouri River in 1804 , in order to explore the western lands to the Pacific Ocean . St. Louis was a major supply point for decades , for parties of settlers heading west .
Michigan
The state 's rivers are generally small , short and shallow , and few are navigable . The principal ones include the Detroit River , St. Marys River , and St. Clair River which connect the Great Lakes ; the Au Sable , Cheboygan , and Saginaw , which flow into Lake Huron ; the Ontonagon , and Tahquamenon , which flow into Lake Superior ; and the St. Joseph , Kalamazoo , Grand , Muskegon , Manistee , and Escanaba , which flow into Lake Michigan . The state has 11,037 inland lakes -- totaling 1,305 square miles ( 3,380 km ) of inland water -- in addition to 38,575 square miles ( 99,910 km ) of Great Lakes waters . No point in Michigan is more than six miles ( 9.7 km ) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles ( 137 km ) from one of the Great Lakes .
Hoover Dam
Hoover Dam is a concrete arch - gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona . It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30 , 1935 , by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers , and cost over one hundred lives . Originally known as Boulder Dam from 1933 , it was officially renamed Hoover Dam by a joint resolution of Congress in 1947 . The dam was named after President Herbert Hoover .
Louisiana Purchase
If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank , the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America , now part of Canada . The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel . However , the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683 , from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut : `` There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it The River of the Grave , or Mausoleum , because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake . '' In the original French , this is translated as `` Rivière Tombeaux '' .
Crater Lake
The lake is 5 by 6 miles ( 8.0 by 9.7 km ) across , with a caldera rim ranging in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet ( 2,100 to 2,400 m ) and an average lake depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) . The lake 's maximum depth has been measured at 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) , which fluctuates slightly as the weather changes . On the basis of maximum depth , Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States , the second - deepest in North America ( after Great Slave Lake in Canada ) , and the ninth - deepest lake in the world . Crater Lake is often cited as the seventh - deepest lake in the world , but this ranking excludes Lake Vostok in Antarctica , which is beneath about 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) of ice , and the recent depth soundings of O'Higgins / San Martín Lake , which is along the border of Chile and Argentina .
Great Lakes region
Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac with the Mackinac Bridge spanning the straits . Lake Huron and Lake Erie are connected by the St. Clair River and Detroit River , with the small Lake St. Clair between them . The land northeast of the rivers is undergoing a slow elevation . The Niagara River connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , with a fall of 326 feet ( 99 m ) ( 160 feet ( 49 m ) at the cataract ) in 30 miles ( 48 km ) , is of very recent origin , as an older river would have a mature valley . The original valley that is thought to have connected the two depressions through the Niagara Escarpment is thought to have been at the present route of the Welland Canal , and to have been completely filled with glacial drift . The same is true for the St. Lawrence , where there may not have been an original valley . The Ontarian River that was a precursor to Lake Ontario is thought to have drained westward , and the St. Lawrence drainage to have been created by subsidence due to the weight of the ice sheet .
St. Johns River
The river turns north again as it rolls through a 46,000 - acre ( 190 km ) basin spreading across Putnam , Lake , and Marion Counties , and the western part of Volusia County . Slightly north of the Wekiva River is Blue Spring , the largest spring on the St. Johns , producing over 64,000,000 US gallons ( 240,000,000 L ) a day . Florida springs stay at an even temperature of 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) throughout the year . Because of this , Blue Spring is the winter home for West Indian manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) , and they are protected within Blue Spring State Park . Manatees are large , slow - moving herbivorous aquatic mammals whose primary threats are human development and collisions with swiftly moving watercraft . Many parts of the St. Johns and its tributaries are no - wake zones to protect manatees from being critically or fatally injured by boat propellers . Human interaction with manatees in Blue Spring State Park is forbidden .
Coureur des bois
Étienne Brûlé was the first European to see the Great Lakes . He traveled to New France with Samuel de Champlain .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the last glacial period around 14,000 years ago , as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land which then filled with meltwater . The lakes have been a major highway for transportation , migration and trade , and they are home to a large number of aquatic species . Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade , and some threaten the region 's biodiversity .
Hoover Dam
Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam also provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses . Water released from the Hoover Dam eventually reaches several canals . The Colorado River Aqueduct and Central Arizona Project branch off Lake Havasu while the All - American Canal is supplied by the Imperial Dam . In total , water from the Lake Mead serves 18 million people in Arizona , Nevada and California and supplies the irrigation of over 1,000,000 acres ( 400,000 ha ) of land . Power
Lake Michigan
Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , NY ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , NY ) .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
It was along the banks of the St. Croix , in the milltown of Stillwater , that the state of Minnesota was first proposed in 1848 .
Midwestern United States
In 1673 , the governor of New France sent Jacques Marquette , a Catholic priest and missionary , and Louis Jolliet , a fur trader to map the way to the Northwest Passage to the Pacific . They traveled through Michigan 's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan . On canoes , they crossed the massive lake and landed at present - day Green Bay , Wisconsin . They entered the Mississippi River on June 17 , 1673 .
Vermont
From 1731 to 1734 , the French constructed Fort St. Frédéric , which gave them control of the New France -- Vermont frontier region in the Lake Champlain Valley . With the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754 , the North American front of the Seven Years ' War between the French and British , the French began construction of Fort Carillon at present - day Ticonderoga , New York in 1755 . The British failed to take Fort St. Frédéric or Fort Carillon between 1755 and 1758 . In 1759 a combined force of 12,000 British regular and provincial troops under Sir Jeffery Amherst captured Carillon , after which the French abandoned Fort St. Frédéric . Amherst constructed Fort Crown Point next to the remains of the Fort St. Frédéric , securing British control over the area .
French and Indian War
The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara , and Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York . Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia .