vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Feral pig
A feral pig is a domestic pig that has escaped or been released into the wild , and is living more or less as a wild animal ; or one that is descended from such animals . Zoologists generally exclude from the feral category animals that , although captive , were genuinely wild before they escaped . Accordingly , Eurasian wild boar , released or escaped into habitats where they are not native , such as in North America , are not generally considered feral , although they may interbreed with feral pigs . Likewise , reintroduced wild boars in Western Europe are also not considered feral , despite the fact that they were raised in captivity prior to their release .
Sleep
People sleep in a variety of locations . Some sleep directly on the ground ; others on a skin or blanket ; others sleep on platforms or beds . Some sleep with blankets , some with pillows , some with simple headrests , some with no head support . These choices are shaped by a variety of factors , such as climate , protection from predators , housing type , technology , personal preference , and the incidence of pests .
Guinea pig
Foreign bodies , especially small pieces of hay or straw , can become lodged in the eyes of guinea pigs , resulting in excessive blinking , tearing , and in some cases an opaque film over the eye due to corneal ulcer . Hay or straw dust can also cause sneezing . While it is normal for guinea pigs to sneeze periodically , frequent sneezing may be a symptom of pneumonia , especially in response to atmospheric changes . Pneumonia may also be accompanied by torticollis and can be fatal .
Feral pig
The feral pig ( from Latin fera , `` a wild beast '' ) is a pig ( Sus scrofa ) living in the wild , but which has descended from escaped domesticated individuals in both the Old and New Worlds . Razorback and wild hog are American colloquialisms , loosely applied to any type of feral domestic pig , wild boar , or hybrid in North America ; pure wild boar are sometimes called `` Russian boar '' or `` Russian razorbacks '' . The term `` razorback '' has also appeared in Australia , to describe feral pigs there .
Guinea pig
Vocalization is the primary means of communication between members of the species . These are the most common sounds made by the guinea pig :
Red panda
The red panda is territorial ; it is solitary except during mating season . The species is generally quiet except for some twittering , tweeting , and whistling communication sounds . It has been reported to be both nocturnal and crepuscular , sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day and increasing its activity in the late afternoon and early evening hours . It sleeps stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot , and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold . This animal is very heat - sensitive , with an optimal `` well - being '' temperature between 17 and 25 ° C ( 63 and 77 ° F ) , and can not tolerate temperatures over 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . A
Guinea pig
Male and female guinea pigs do not differ in appearance apart from general size , with the male being about 30 % larger . The position of the anus is very close to the genitals in both sexes . Female genitals are distinguished by a Y - shaped configuration formed from a vulvar flap . While male genitals may look similar , with the penis and anus forming a similar shape , the penis will protrude if pressure is applied to the surrounding hair . The male 's testes may also be visible externally from scrotal swelling .
Wild turkey
Despite their weight , wild turkeys , unlike their domesticated counterparts , are agile fliers . In ideal habitat of open woodland or wooded grasslands , they may fly beneath the canopy top and find perches . They usually fly close to the ground for no more than 400 m ( a quarter mile ) .
Guinea pig
Like humans , but unlike most other mammals , guinea pigs can not synthesize their own vitamin C and must obtain this vital nutrient from food . If guinea pigs do not ingest enough vitamin C , they can suffer from potentially fatal scurvy . Guinea pigs require about 10 mg of vitamin C daily ( 20 mg if pregnant ) , which can be obtained through fresh , raw fruits and vegetables ( such as broccoli , apple , cabbage , carrot , celery , and spinach ) or through dietary supplements or by eating fresh pellets designed for guinea pigs , if they have been handled properly . Healthy diets for guinea pigs require a complex balance of calcium , magnesium , phosphorus , potassium , and hydrogen ions ; but adequate amounts of vitamins A , D , and E are also necessary .
Guinea pig
The guinea pig was most extensively implemented in research and diagnosis of infectious diseases . Common uses included identification of brucellosis , Chagas disease , cholera , diphtheria , foot - and - mouth disease , glanders , Q fever , Rocky Mountain spotted fever , and various strains of typhus . They are still frequently used to diagnose tuberculosis , since they are easily infected by human tuberculosis bacteria . Because guinea pigs are one of the few animals which , like humans and other primates , can not synthesize vitamin C , but must obtain it from their diet , they are ideal for researching scurvy . From the accidental discovery in 1907 that scurvy could be induced in guinea pigs , to their use to prove the chemical structure of the `` ascorbutic factor '' in 1932 , the guinea pig model proved a crucial part of vitamin C research .
Pre-Columbian era
While not as widespread as in other areas of the world ( Asia , Africa , Europe ) , indigenous Americans did have livestock . Domesticated turkeys were common in Mesoamerica and in some regions of North America ; they were valued for their meat , feathers , and , possibly , eggs . There is documentation of Mesoamericans utilizing hairless dogs , especially the Xoloitzcuintle breed , for their meat . Andean societies had llamas and alpacas for meat and wool , as well as for beasts of burden . Guinea pigs were raised for meat in the Andes . Iguanas and a range of wild animals , such as deer and pecari , were another source of meat in Mexico , Central , and northern South America .
Guinea pig
The Fairy Caravan , a novel by Beatrix Potter , and Michael Bond 's Olga da Polga series for children , both feature guinea pigs as the protagonist . Another appearance is in The Magician 's Nephew by C.S. Lewis : in the first ( chronologically ) of his The Chronicles of Narnia series , a guinea pig is the first creature to travel to the Wood between the Worlds . In Ursula Dubosarsky 's Maisie and the Pinny Gig , a little girl has a recurrent dream about a giant guinea pig , while guinea pigs feature significantly in several of Dubosarsky 's other books , including the young adult novel The White Guinea Pig and The Game of the Goose .
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin is active for a maximum of 12 hours daily . It uses different sleeping dens each day . By frequently moving their sleeping nests around , groups minimize the scent left behind , reducing the likelihood of predators finding them . The first activities of the day are traveling and feeding on fruits . As the afternoon nears , tamarins focus more on insects . By late afternoon , they move to their night dens . Tamarin groups use hollow tree cavities , dense vines or epiphytes as sleeping sites . Sites that are between 11 and 15 m ( 36 and 49 ft ) off the ground are preferred . The golden lion tamarin tends to be active earlier and retire later in the warmer , wetter times of the years as the days are longer . During drier times , it forages for insects longer as they become more scarce .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Sleep deprivation experiments on animals can be set up differently than those on humans . The `` flower pot '' method involves placing a laboratory animal above water on a platform so small that it falls off upon losing muscle tone . The naturally rude awakening which results may elicit changes in the organism which necessarily exceed the simple absence of a sleep phase . This method also stops working after about 3 days as the subjects ( typically rats ) lose their will to avoid the water . Another method involves computer monitoring of brain waves , complete with automatic mechanized shaking of the cage when the test animal drifts into REM sleep .
Sahara
The Saharan cheetah ( northwest African cheetah ) lives in Algeria , Togo , Niger , Mali , Benin , and Burkina Faso . There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs , which are very cautious , fleeing any human presence . The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October , seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias . They are unusually pale . The other cheetah subspecies ( northeast African cheetah ) lives in Chad , Sudan and the eastern region of Niger . However , it is currently extinct in the wild in Egypt and Libya . There are approximately 2000 mature individuals left in the wild . An
Rapid eye movement sleep
Sleeping reptiles do not seem to have PGO waves or the localized brain activation seen in mammalian REM . However they do exhibit sleep cycles with phases of REM - like electrical activity measurable by EEG . A recent study found periodic eye movements in the central bearded dragon of Australia , leading its authors to speculate that the common ancestor of amniotes may therefore have manifested some precursor to REMS .
Golden lion tamarin
A study has shown that increased predation has caused significant decreases in the population numbers . A survey conducted in 1992 found the number of wild population of golden lion tamarins to be 562 individuals in 109 groups . Currently , the average group size includes 3.6 to 5.7 individuals and densities from 0.39 groups / km to 2.35 groups / km . These predatory attacks occur at the golden lion tamarin sleeping sites . The predators make those sleeping sites , which are mainly tree holes ( about 63.6 % ) , larger in order to attack the golden lion tamarins , sometimes wiping out the entire family . The preferred sleeping sites of most golden lion tamarins are tree holes in living trees next to other larger trees with a small percentage of canopy cover . These sleeping sites not only provide a place for sleep , but also offer protection and easy access to foraging sites . Most of the tree holes are lower to the ground , so they are easier to enter . Tree holes that are located in living trees are drier , warmer , and have a lower number of insects and therefore a decreased percentage of transmitted diseases . A smaller percentage of canopy coverage allows the golden lion tamarins to detect the predators faster , and being surrounded by other large trees allows them access to escape routes . Due to degradation of their habitats , there are fewer trees that can support entire social groups and some have to resort to using bamboo ( 17.5 % ) , vine tangles ( 9.6 % ) , and bromeliads ( 4.7 % ) as a sleeping site , making them more susceptible to predators . Golden lion tamarins are known to use different den sites , but do not change sites often . They are more likely to reuse secure sites that will offer protection . However , the disadvantage of doing so is that predators are able to learn where these sites are located . Golden lion tamarins also scent mark their den holes , so they can quickly return to them in the afternoon time when predators are most active . While excessive scent makes it easier for golden lion tamarins to find their sleeping sites , it also helps predators locate their prey . Moreover , increased deforestation has decreased habitat space , providing predators easy access to their prey , causing a decline in the golden lion tamarin population .
Guinea pig
The use of guinea pigs in scientific experimentation dates back at least to the 17th century , when the Italian biologists Marcello Malpighi and Carlo Fracassati conducted vivisections of guinea pigs in their examinations of anatomic structures . In 1780 , Antoine Lavoisier used a guinea pig in his experiments with the calorimeter , a device used to measure heat production . The heat from the guinea pig 's respiration melted snow surrounding the calorimeter , showing that respiratory gas exchange is a combustion , similar to a candle burning . Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of germ theory in the late 19th century , through the experiments of Louis Pasteur , Émile Roux , and Robert Koch . Guinea pigs have been launched into orbital space flight several times , first by the USSR on the Sputnik 9 biosatellite of March 9 , 1961 -- with a successful recovery . China also launched and recovered a biosatellite in 1990 which included guinea pigs as passengers .
Guinea pig
Guinea pig eyesight is not as good as that of a human in terms of distance and color , but they have a wider angle of vision ( about 340 ° ) and see in partial color ( dichromacy ) . They have well - developed senses of hearing , smell , and touch .
Primate
Some species are partially terrestrial , such as baboons and patas monkeys , and a few species are fully terrestrial , such as geladas and humans . Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa , India , Southeast Asia , and South America , including rainforests , mangrove forests , and montane forests . There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics ; the mountain - dwelling Japanese macaque lives in the north of Honshū where there is snow - cover eight months of the year ; the Barbary macaque lives in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco . Primate habitats span a range of altitudes : the black snub - nosed monkey has been found living in the Hengduan Mountains at altitudes of 4,700 meters ( 15,400 ft ) , the mountain gorilla can be found at 4,200 meters ( 13,200 ft ) crossing the Virunga Mountains , and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) in the Ethiopian Highlands . Although most species are generally shy of water , a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas , including the proboscis monkey , De Brazza 's monkey and Allen 's swamp monkey , which has developed small webbing between its fingers . Some primates , such as the rhesus macaque and gray langurs , can exploit human - modified environments and even live in cities .
Feral pig
Feral pigs are a growing problem on the southern prairies in Canada and in the United States . As of 2013 , the estimated population of six million feral pigs causes billions of dollars in property damage every year in the United States , both in wild and agricultural lands . Because pigs forage by rooting for their food under the ground with their snouts and tusks , a sounder ( group ) of feral pigs can damage acres of planted fields in just a few nights . Because of the feral pig 's omnivorous nature , it is a danger to both plants and animals endemic to the area it is invading . Game animals such as deer and turkeys , and more specifically , flora such as the Opuntia plant have been especially affected by the feral hog 's aggressive competition for resources . Feral pigs have been determined to be potential hosts for at least 34 pathogens that can be transmitted to livestock , wildlife , and humans . For commercial pig farmers , great concern exists that some of the hogs could be a vector for swine fever to return to the U.S. , which has been extinct in America since 1978 . Feral pigs could also present an immediate threat to `` nonbiosecure '' domestic pig facilities because of their likeliness to harbor and spread pathogens , particularly the protozoan Sarcocystis .
Pillow
Up to 23 million years ago tree dwelling great apes began building sleeping platforms , including wooden pillows , to improve their sleep . According to studies on chimpanzees that sleep up to eight to nine hours a night using specifically selected ironwood pillows , sturdy pillows enabled great apes to escape being hunted by night predators and not fall out of the trees while asleep . It is likely that this was necessitated by the evolution of large , energy consuming brains . Though it may also have led to longer periods of REM sleep , that in turn increased their cognitive capacity .
Guinea pig
In English , the term `` guinea pig '' is commonly used as a metaphor for a subject of scientific experimentation , or any experiment or test in modern times . This dates back to the early 20th century ; the Oxford English Dictionary notes its first usage in this capacity in 1913 . In 1933 , Consumers Research founders F.J. Schlink and Arthur Kallet wrote a book entitled 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs , extending the metaphor to consumer society . The book became a national bestseller in the United States , thus further popularizing the term , and spurred the growth of the consumer protection movement . During World War II , the plastic surgeon Archibald McIndoe established the Guinea Pig Club at Queen Victoria Hospital , East Grinstead , Sussex , England as a social club and mutual support network for his patients , who were undergoing previously - untested reconstruction procedures . The negative connotation of the term was later employed in the novel The Guinea Pigs ( 1970 ) by Czech author Ludvík Vaculík as an allegory for Soviet totalitarianism . Guinea pigs remained popular laboratory animals until the later 20th century : about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the U.S. for research in the 1960s , but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s . As of 2007 , they constitute about 2 % of the current total of laboratory animals . In the past , they were widely used to standardize vaccines and antiviral agents ; they were also often employed in studies on the production of antibodies in response to extreme allergic reactions , or anaphylaxis . Less common uses included research in pharmacology and irradiation . Since the middle 20th century , they have been replaced in laboratory contexts primarily by mice and rats . This is in part because research into the genetics of guinea pigs has lagged behind that of other rodents , although geneticists W.E. Castle and Sewall Wright made a number of contributions to this area of study , especially regarding coat color . In 2004 , the U.S. 's National Human Genome Research Institute announced plans to sequence the genome of the domestic guinea pig .
Guinea pig
The origin of `` guinea '' in `` guinea pig '' is harder to explain . One proposed explanation is that the animals were brought to Europe by way of Guinea , leading people to think they had originated there . `` Guinea '' was also frequently used in English to refer generally to any far - off , unknown country , so the name may simply be a colorful reference to the animal 's exotic appeal . Another hypothesis suggests the `` guinea '' in the name is a corruption of `` Guiana '' , an area in South America . A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin ; this hypothesis is untenable , because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663 , and William Harvey used the term `` Ginny - pig '' as early as 1653 . Others believe `` guinea '' may be an alteration of the word coney ( rabbit ) ; guinea pigs were referred to as `` pig coneys '' in Edward Topsell 's 1607 treatise on quadrupeds .
Venezuela
Animals of Venezuela are diverse and include manatees , three - toed sloth , two - toed sloth , Amazon river dolphins , and Orinoco crocodiles , which have been reported to reach up to 6.6 m ( 22 ft ) in length . Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species , 48 of which are endemic . Important birds include ibises , ospreys , kingfishers , and the yellow - orange Venezuelan troupial , the national bird . Notable mammals include the giant anteater , jaguar , and the capybara , the world 's largest rodent . More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the Amazonian forests south of the Orinoco . Margarita
Guinea pig
Guinea pig strains used in scientific research are primarily outbred strains . Aside from the common American or English stock , the two main outbred strains in laboratory use are the Hartley and Dunkin - Hartley ; these English strains are albino , although pigmented strains are also available . Inbred strains are less common and are usually used for very specific research , such as immune system molecular biology . Of the inbred strains that have been created , the two still used with any frequency are , following Sewall Wright 's designations , `` Strain 2 '' and `` Strain 13 '' .
Evidence of common descent
Even greater differences can be found if Australia is taken into consideration , though it occupies the same latitude as much of South America and Africa . Marsupials like kangaroos , bandicoots , and quolls make up about half of Australia 's indigenous mammal species . By contrast , marsupials are today totally absent from Africa and form a smaller portion of the mammalian fauna of South America , where opossums , shrew opossums , and the monito del monte occur . The only living representatives of primitive egg - laying mammals ( monotremes ) are the echidnas and the platypus . The short - beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) and its subspecies populate Australia , Tasmania , New Guinea , and Kangaroo Island while the long - beaked echidna ( Zaglossus bruijni ) lives only in New Guinea . The platypus lives in the waters of eastern Australia . They have been introduced to Tasmania , King Island , and Kangaroo Island . These Monotremes are totally absent in the rest of the world . On the other hand , Australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents ( carnivorans , artiodactyls , shrews , squirrels , lagomorphs ) , although it does have indigenous bats and murine rodents ; many other placentals , such as rabbits and foxes , have been introduced there by humans .
Geography of China
China lies in two of the world 's major ecozones , the Palearctic and the Indomalaya . In the Palearctic zone mammals such as the horse , camel , and jerboa are found . Among the species found in the Indomalaya region are the leopard cat , bamboo rat , treeshrew , and various other species of monkeys and apes . Some overlap exists between the two regions because of natural dispersal and migration , and deer or antelope , bears , wolves , pigs , and rodents are found in all of the diverse climatic and geological environments . The famous giant panda is found only in a limited area along the Yangtze . There is a continuing problem with trade in endangered species , although there are now laws to prohibit such activities .
Guinea pig
Complement , an important component for serology , was first isolated from the blood of the guinea pig . Guinea pigs have an unusual insulin mutation , and are a suitable species for the generation of anti-insulin antibodies . Present at a level 10 times that found in other mammals , the insulin in guinea pigs may be important in growth regulation , a role usually played by growth hormone . Additionally , guinea pigs have been identified as model organisms for the study of juvenile diabetes and , because of the frequency of pregnancy toxemia , of pre-eclampsia in human females . Their placental structure is similar to that of humans , and their gestation period can be divided into trimesters that resemble the stages of fetal development in humans .