vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
German Shepherd
Omega - 3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models , suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German shepherds . Furthermore , EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders . Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega - 3 to omega - 6 fatty acids of approximately 5 : 1 is very important for inflammation processes . Animals source , specifically marine life such as fish , krill , and mussels , and plant sources such as flaxseed , soybean and canola oil , are particularly rich in omega - 3 fatty acids .
Supercompensation
The fitness level of a human body in training can be broken down into four periods : initial fitness , parietal fitness training , recovery , and supercompensation . During the initial fitness period , the target of the training has a base level of fitness ( shown by the first time sector in the graph ) . Upon entering the training period , the target 's level of fitness decreases ( shown by the second time sector in the graph ) . After training , the body enters the recovery period during which level of fitness increases up to the initial fitness level ( shown by the third time sector in the graph ) . Because the human body is an adjustable organism , it will feel the need to adjust itself to a higher level of fitness in anticipation of the next training session . Accordingly , the increase in fitness following a training session does not stop at the initial fitness level . Instead the body enters a period of supercompensation during which fitness surpasses the initial fitness level ( shown by the fourth time sector in the graph ) . If there are no further workouts , this fitness level will slowly decline back towards the initial fitness level ( shown by the last time sector in the graph ) . First put forth by Russian scientist Nikolai N. Yakovlev ( 1911 -- 1992 ) in 1949 - 1959 , this theory is a basic principle of athletic training .
Nutella
In the United States , Ferrero was sued in a class action for false advertising leading to consumer inferences that Nutella has nutritional and health benefits ( from advertising claims that Nutella was `` part of a nutritious breakfast '' ) .
Fitness culture
Sport fashion is a product created by commercialization of fitness culture . As mentioned above , personal trainers also act as agents to sell different goods and services . An example is the case of Body Training System ( BTS ) . BTS instructors are suggested to change their costume according to the programmes in order to show the differences in character . The aim is to aspire the trainees to purchase the same costume offered by the programmes .
List of diets
A vegetarian diet is one which excludes meat . Vegetarians also avoid food containing by - products of animal slaughter , such as animal - derived rennet and gelatin .
Statin
Rare reactions include myopathies such as myositis ( inflammation of the muscles ) or even rhabdomyolysis ( destruction of muscle cells ) , which can in turn result in life - threatening kidney injury . The risk of statin - induced rhabdomyolysis increases with older age , use of interacting medications such as fibrates , and hypothyroidism . Coenzyme Q10 ( ubiquinone ) levels are decreased in statin use ; CoQ10 supplements are sometimes used to treat statin - associated myopathy , though evidence of their efficacy is lacking as of 2007 . The gene SLCO1B1 ( Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 ) codes for an organic anion - transporting polypeptide that is involved in the regulation of the absorption of statins . A common variation in this gene was found in 2008 to significantly increase the risk of myopathy .
Vitamin A deficiency
VAD and infections aggravate each other and therefore with infection the vitamin A levels are depleted which in turn reduces intestinal absorption of vitamin A ( WHO 1982 ) . Very often seen with VAD is protein energy malnutrition ( PEM ) . With PEM the synthesis of retinol binding protein ( RBP ) is decreased , consequently the uptake of retinol is reduced ( Combs , 1991 ) . This leads to an inability to utilise any vitamin A present as the RBP is absent and so the retinol can not be transported to the liver maximising the VAD ( Ikekpeazu 2010 ) .
Guinea pig
Poor diets for guinea pigs have been associated with muscular dystrophy , metastatic calcification , difficulties with pregnancy , vitamin deficiencies , and teeth problems . Guinea pigs tend to be fickle eaters when it comes to fresh fruits and vegetables after having learned early in life what is and is not appropriate to consume , and their eating habits may be difficult to change after maturity . They do not respond well to sudden changes in their diet and they may stop eating and starve rather than accept new food types . A constant supply of hay is generally recommended , as guinea pigs feed continuously and may develop bad habits if food is not present , such as chewing on their hair . Because their teeth grow constantly ( as do their nails , like humans ) , they routinely gnaw on things , lest their teeth become too large for their jaw ( a common problem in rodents ) . Guinea pigs chew on cloth , paper , plastic , and rubber , if they are available .
Scientific management
Scientific management has had an important influence in sports , where stop watches and motion studies rule the day . ( Taylor himself enjoyed sports , especially tennis and golf . He and a partner won a national championship in doubles tennis . He invented improved tennis racquets and improved golf clubs , although other players liked to tease him for his unorthodox designs , and they did not catch on as replacements for the mainstream implements ) .
List of diets
Detox diets involve either not consuming or attempting to flush out substances that are considered unhelpful or harmful . Examples include restricting food consumption to foods without colorings or preservatives , taking supplements , or drinking large amounts of water . The latter practice in particular has drawn criticism , as drinking significantly more water than recommended levels can cause hyponatremia .
Myocardial infarction
Physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease , and people at risk are advised to engage in 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic exercise a week . Keeping a healthy weight , drinking alcohol within the recommended limits , and quitting smoking reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease .
Eating disorder
Compulsive overeating ( COE ) , in which individuals habitually graze on large quantities of food rather than binging , as would be typical of binge eating disorder . Prader - Willi syndrome Diabulimia , characterized by the deliberate manipulation of insulin levels by diabetics in an effort to control their weight . Food maintenance , characterized by a set of aberrant eating behaviors of children in foster care . Orthorexia nervosa , a term used by Steven Bratman to characterize an obsession with a `` pure '' diet , in which people develop an obsession with avoiding unhealthy foods to the point where it interferes with a person 's life . Selective eating disorder , also called picky eating , is an extreme sensitivity to how something tastes . A person with SED may or may not be a supertaster . Drunkorexia , commonly characterized by purposely restricting food intake in order to reserve food calories for alcoholic calories , exercising excessively in order to burn calories consumed from drinking , and over-drinking alcohols in order to purge previously consumed food . Pregorexia , characterized by extreme dieting and over-exercising in order to control pregnancy weight gain . Undernutrition during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight , coronary heart disease , type 2 diabetes , stroke , hypertension , cardiovascular disease risk , and depression . Gourmand syndrome , a rare condition occurring after damage to the frontal lobe , resulting in an obsessive focus on fine foods .
Testosterone
Age : Testosterone levels gradually reduce as men age . This effect is sometimes referred to as andropause or late - onset hypogonadism . Exercise : Resistance training increases testosterone levels , however , in older men , that increase can be avoided by protein ingestion . Endurance training in men may lead to lower testosterone levels . Nutrients : Vitamin A deficiency may lead to sub-optimal plasma testosterone levels . The secosteroid vitamin D in levels of 400 -- 1000 IU / d ( 10 -- 25 μg / d ) raises testosterone levels . Zinc deficiency lowers testosterone levels but over-supplementation has no effect on serum testosterone . Weight loss : Reduction in weight may result in an increase in testosterone levels . Fat cells synthesize the enzyme aromatase , which converts testosterone , the male sex hormone , into estradiol , the female sex hormone . However no clear association between body mass index and testosterone levels has been found . Miscellaneous : Sleep : ( REM sleep ) increases nocturnal testosterone levels . Behavior : Dominance challenges can , in some cases , stimulate increased testosterone release in men . Drugs : Natural or man - made antiandrogens including spearmint tea reduce testosterone levels . Licorice can decrease the production of testosterone and this effect is greater in females .
United Nations Environment Programme
In June 2010 , a report from UN Environment declared that a global shift towards a vegan diet was needed to save the world from hunger , fuel shortages and climate change .
Correlation does not imply causation
For example , in a widely studied case , numerous epidemiological studies showed that women taking combined hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) also had a lower - than - average incidence of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) , leading doctors to propose that HRT was protective against CHD . But randomized controlled trials showed that HRT caused a small but statistically significant increase in risk of CHD . Re-analysis of the data from the epidemiological studies showed that women undertaking HRT were more likely to be from higher socio - economic groups ( ABC1 ) , with better - than - average diet and exercise regimens . The use of HRT and decreased incidence of coronary heart disease were coincident effects of a common cause ( i.e. the benefits associated with a higher socioeconomic status ) , rather than a direct cause and effect , as had been supposed .
Football player
An increased incidence of osteoarthritis in the hip joint has been found in retired football players .
Food pyramid (nutrition)
A modified food pyramid was proposed in 1999 for adults aged over 70 . Vegetables
List of diets
Inedia ( breatharian diet ) : A diet in which no food is consumed , based on the belief that food is not necessary for human subsistence . KE diet : A diet in which an individual feeds through a feeding tube and does not eat anything .
Glycolysis
This article concentrates on the catabolic role of glycolysis with regard to converting potential chemical energy to usable chemical energy during the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate . Many of the metabolites in the glycolytic pathway are also used by anabolic pathways , and , as a consequence , flux through the pathway is critical to maintain a supply of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis .
Myocardial infarction
Public health measures may also act at a population level to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction , for example by reduce unhealthy diets ( excessive salt , saturated fat and trans fat ) including food labeling and marketing requirements as well as requirements for catering and restaurants , and stimulating physical activity . This may be part of regional cardiovascular disease prevention programs , or through the health impact assessment of regional and local plans and policies .
Statin
Combining any statin with a fibrate or niacin ( other categories of lipid - lowering drugs ) increases the risks for rhabdomyolysis to almost 6.0 per 10,000 person - years . Monitoring liver enzymes and creatine kinase is especially prudent in those on high - dose statins or in those on statin / fibrate combinations , and mandatory in the case of muscle cramps or of deterioration in kidney function .
Lifestyle (sociology)
I have come to know hundreds of young people who have found that illness or bingeing on drugs and sugar became the doorway to health . Once they reestablished their own health , we had in common our interest in food . If one can use that overworked word lifestyle , we shared a sugarfree lifestyle . I kept in touch with many of them in campuses and communes , through their travels here and abroad and everywhere . One day you meet them in Boston . The next week you run into them in Southern California .
Plant breeding
Modern plant breeding , whether classical or through genetic engineering , comes with issues of concern , particularly with regard to food crops . The question of whether breeding can have a negative effect on nutritional value is central in this respect . Although relatively little direct research in this area has been done , there are scientific indications that , by favoring certain aspects of a plant 's development , other aspects may be retarded . A study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004 , entitled Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops , 1950 to 1999 , compared nutritional analysis of vegetables done in 1950 and in 1999 , and found substantial decreases in six of 13 nutrients measured , including 6 % of protein and 38 % of riboflavin . Reductions in calcium , phosphorus , iron and ascorbic acid were also found . The study , conducted at the Biochemical Institute , University of Texas at Austin , concluded in summary : `` We suggest that any real declines are generally most easily explained by changes in cultivated varieties between 1950 and 1999 , in which there may be trade - offs between yield and nutrient content . ''
Myocardial infarction
There is varying evidence about the importance of saturated fat in the development of myocardial infarctions . Eating polyunsaturated fat instead of saturated fats has been shown in studies to be associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction , while other studies find little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing polyunsaturated fat intake affects heart attack risk . Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed . Trans fats do appear to increase risk . Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks ( 3 -- 4 or more ) increases the risk of a heart attack .
Sleep
The siesta habit has recently been associated with a 37 % lower coronary mortality , possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep . Short naps at mid-day and mild evening exercise were found to be effective for improved sleep , cognitive tasks , and mental health in elderly people .
Skeletal muscle
The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during intense work requires that several systems are rapidly activated to ensure a constant supply of ATP for the working muscles . These include a switch from fat - based to carbohydrate - based fuels , a redistribution of blood flow from nonworking to exercising muscles , and the removal of several of the by - products of anaerobic metabolism , such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid . Some of these responses are governed by transcriptional control of the fast twitch ( FT ) glycolytic phenotype . For example , skeletal muscle reprogramming from an ST glycolytic phenotype to an FT glycolytic phenotype involves the Six1 / Eya1 complex , composed of members of the Six protein family . Moreover , the hypoxia - inducible factor 1 - α ( HIF1A ) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells . Ablation of HIF - 1α in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in the activity of rate - limiting enzymes of the mitochondria , indicating that the citric acid cycle and increased fatty acid oxidation may be compensating for decreased flow through the glycolytic pathway in these animals . However , hypoxia - mediated HIF - 1α responses are also linked to the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction through the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species in mitochondria .
Phosphofructokinase 1
Phosphofructokinase mutation and cancer : In order for cancer cells to meet their energy requirements due to their rapid cell growth and division , they survive more effectively when they have a hyperactive phosphofructokinase 1 enzyme . When cancer cells grow and divide quickly , they initially do not have as much blood supply , and can thus have hypoxia ( oxygen deprivation ) , and this triggers O - GlcNAcylation at serine 529 of PFK , giving a selective growth advantage to cancer cells .
Boxer (dog)
Boxers are also prone to dental problems , increasing their susceptibility for bad breath ; dry dog food that is large and difficult for them to chew improves the likelihood for plaque removal . Plaque can also be removed by crude fiber in kibble , which has a flexible structure that increases chewing time . Polyphosphates are often coated on the outside of dry dog food , which further reduce plaque buildup by preventing calcium production in saliva . Odor production from the boxer 's mouth is likely to be reduced if its teeth and oral cavity are kept in healthy conditions .
Social media
In fact , one study suggests that because a critical aspect of social networking sites involve spending hours , if not months customizing a personal profile , and encourage a sort of social currency based on likes , followers and comments - they provide a forum for persistent `` appearance conversations '' . These appearance centered conversations that forums like Facebook , Instagram among others provide can lead to feelings of disappointment in looks and personality when not enough likes or comments are achieved . In addition , social media use can lead to detrimental physical health effects . A large body of literature associates body image and disordered eating with social networking platforms . Specifically , literature suggests that social media can breed a negative feedback loop of viewing and uploading photos , self comparison , feelings of disappointment when perceived social success is not achieved , and disordered body perception . In fact , one study shows that the microblogging platform , Pintrest is directly associated with disordered dieting behavior , indicating that for those who frequently look at exercise or dieting `` pins '' there is a greater chance that they will engage in extreme weight - loss and dieting behavior .
Thymus
When used as food for humans , animal thymic tissue is known as ( one of the kinds of ) sweetbread .
Evidence of common descent
A well known example of selection occurring in human populations is lactose tolerance . Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize lactose , because of a lack of the required enzyme lactase in the digestive system . The normal mammalian condition is for the young of a species to experience reduced lactase production at the end of the weaning period ( a species - specific length of time ) . In humans , in non-dairy consuming societies , lactase production usually drops about 90 % during the first four years of life , although the exact drop over time varies widely . Lactase activity persistence in adults is associated with two polymorphisms : C / T 13910 and G / A 22018 located in the MCM6 gene . This gene difference eliminates the shutdown in lactase production , making it possible for members of these populations to continue consumption of raw milk and other fresh and fermented dairy products throughout their lives without difficulty . This appears to be an evolutionarily recent ( around 10,000 years ago ( and 7,500 years ago in Europe ) ) adaptation to dairy consumption , and has occurred independently in both northern Europe and east Africa in populations with a historically pastoral lifestyle . Italian
Food pyramid (nutrition)
A food pyramid or diet pyramid is a triangular diagram representing the optimal number of servings to be eaten each day from each of the basic food groups . The first pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974 . The 1992 pyramid introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) was called the `` Food Guide Pyramid '' . It was updated in 2005 , and then it was replaced by MyPlate in 2011 .
Human brain
The brain consumes up to twenty percent of the energy used by the human body , more than any other organ . Brain metabolism normally relies upon blood glucose as an energy source , but during times of low glucose ( such as fasting , endurance exercise , or limited carbohydrate intake ) , the brain uses ketone bodies for fuel with a smaller need for glucose . The brain can also utilize lactate during exercise . Long - chain fatty acids can not cross the blood -- brain barrier , but the liver can break these down to produce ketone bodies . However , short - chain fatty acids ( e.g. , butyric acid , propionic acid , and acetic acid ) and the medium - chain fatty acids , octanoic acid and heptanoic acid , can cross the blood -- brain barrier and be metabolized by brain cells . The brain stores glucose in the form of glycogen , albeit in significantly smaller amounts than that found in the liver or skeletal muscle .
Eastern Orthodox Church
While it may seem that fasting in the manner set forth by the Church is a strict rule , there are circumstances where a person 's spiritual guide may allow an Economy because of some physical necessity ( e.g. those who are pregnant or infirm , the very young and the elderly , or those who have no control over their diet , such as prisoners or soldiers ) .
Fitness culture
The role of personal trainers has also revealed a phenomenon which can be explained from the sociological perspective of `` outsourced - self '' . This means `` transferring our own responsibility to other '' . Keeping healthy and well are people 's own responsibility , however people are hiring personal trainers to be responsible for it . It is also relevant to the perspective of `` body work '' in the sociology of body : people are outsourcing their own bodies to the paid workers in order to keep healthy and prevent illness .
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
A 2017 article states that increased CO levels have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops , by increasing the levels of carbohydrates , such as glucose , while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein , iron , and zinc . Crops experiencing a decrease in protein include rice , wheat , barley and potatoes .
Cigarette
At the University of Buffalo , researchers found out that fruit and vegetable consumption can help a smoker cut down or even quit smoking
Insulin
Although other cells can use other fuels ( most prominently fatty acids ) , neurons depend on glucose as a source of energy , unless the person is in ketosis . They do not require insulin to absorb glucose , unlike muscle and adipose tissue , and they have very small internal stores of glycogen . Glycogen stored in liver cells ( unlike glycogen stored in muscle cells ) can be converted to glucose , and released into the blood , when glucose from digestion is low or absent , and the glycerol backbone in triglycerides can also be used to produce blood glucose .