vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
Northerners were outraged at British tolerance of non-neutral acts , especially the building of warships . The United States demanded vast reparations for the damages caused by British - built commerce raiders , especially CSS Alabama , which Palmerston bluntly refused to pay .
Southern Colonies
Shaftesbury and his secretary , the philosopher John Locke , devised an intricate plan to govern the many people arriving in the colony . The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina sought to ensure the colony 's stability by allotting political status by a settler 's wealth upon arrival - making a semi-manorial system with a Council of Nobles and a plan to have small landholders defer to these nobles . However , the settlers did not find it necessary to take orders from the Council . By 1680 , the colony had a large export industry of tobacco , lumber , and pitch
British Empire
Although England trailed behind other European powers in establishing overseas colonies , it had been engaged during the 16th century in the settlement of Ireland with Protestants from England and Scotland , drawing on precedents dating back to the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 . Several people who helped establish the Plantations of Ireland also played a part in the early colonisation of North America , particularly a group known as the West Country men .
History of the United Kingdom
Particularly hardest hit by economic problems were the north of England , Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales ; unemployment reached 70 % in some areas at the start of the 1930s ( with more than 3 million out of work nationally ) and many families depended entirely on payments from local government known as the dole .
Industrial Revolution
During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period .
Southern United States
Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racial tension magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as `` Jim Crow laws '' , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s . Since the late 1960s , black people have held many offices in Southern states , especially in the coastal states of Virginia and South Carolina . Many black people have also been elected or appointed as mayors and police chiefs in the metropolises of Columbia , Memphis , Houston , Atlanta , and New Orleans , and serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures .
Southern Colonies
The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12 , 1733 . The colony was administered by the Georgia Trustees under a charter issued by and named for King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the settlement of the colony , known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of Yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery . In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In 1752 , after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony , the Trustees turned over control to the Crown , and Georgia became a Crown colony , with a governor appointed by the king . The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco , rice , sugarcane , and indigo .
Society of the United States
Strong cultural differences have a long history in the US with the southern slave society in the antebellum period serving as a prime example . Not only social , but also economic tensions between the Northern and Southern states were so severe that they eventually caused the South to declare itself an independent nation , the Confederate States of America ; thus provoking the American Civil War . One example of regional variations is the attitude towards the discussion of sex , often sexual discussions would have less restrictions in the Northeastern United States , but yet is seen as taboo in the Southern United States .
American Civil War
Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North .
Southern strategy
The independent candidacy of George Wallace , former Democratic governor of Alabama , partially negated Nixon 's Southern strategy . With a much more explicit attack on integration and black civil rights , Wallace won all of Goldwater 's states ( except South Carolina ) as well as Arkansas and one of North Carolina 's electoral votes . Nixon picked up Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , South Carolina and Florida while Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey won only Texas in the South . Writer Jeffrey Hart , who worked on the Nixon campaign as a speechwriter , said in 2006 that Nixon did not have a `` Southern Strategy '' , but `` Border State Strategy '' as he said that the 1968 campaign ceded the Deep South to George Wallace . Hart suggested that the press called it a `` Southern Strategy '' as they are `` very lazy '' .
Colonial history of the United States
Economically , Puritan New England fulfilled the expectations of its founders . The Puritan economy was based on the efforts of self - supporting farmsteads that traded only for goods which they could not produce themselves , unlike the cash crop - oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region . There was a generally higher economic standing and standard of living in New England than in the Chesapeake . New England became an important mercantile and shipbuilding center , along with agriculture , fishing , and logging , serving as the hub for trading between the southern colonies and Europe . Other
Southern United States
After the Civil War , the South was devastated in terms of population , infrastructure and economy . Because of states ' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen , Congress instituted Reconstruction governments . It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established . Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised . Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression . In addition , what limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war . At the same time , the North was rapidly industrializing . To avoid the social effects of the war , most of the Southern states initially passed black codes . Eventually , these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures , which existed for a short time during Reconstruction .
United Kingdom
The culture of the United Kingdom has been influenced by many factors including : the nation 's island status ; its history as a western liberal democracy and a major power ; as well as being a political union of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions , customs and symbolism . As a result of the British Empire , British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies including Australia , Canada , India , Ireland , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Africa and the United States . The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led it to be described as a `` cultural superpower '' .
History of the United Kingdom
Meanwhile , the British sold arms to both sides , built blockade runners for a lucrative trade with the Confederacy , and surreptitiously allowed warships to be built for the Confederacy . The warships caused a major diplomatic row that was resolved in the Alabama Claims in 1872 , in the Americans ' favour . Empire
Colonial history of the United States
The colonial assembly shared power with a royally appointed governor . On a more local level , governmental power was invested in county courts , which were self - perpetuating ( the incumbents filled any vacancies and there never were popular elections ) . As cash crop producers , Chesapeake plantations were heavily dependent on trade with England . With easy navigation by river , there were few towns and no cities ; planters shipped directly to Britain . High death rates and a very young population profile characterized the colony during its first years .
Latin America
This newly gained British dominance hindered the development of Latin American industries and strengthened the dependence on the world trade network . Britain now replaced Spain as the region 's largest trading partner . Great Britain invested significant capital in Latin America in order to develop the area as a market for processed goods . From the early 1820s to 1850 , the post-independence economies of Latin American countries were lagging and stagnant . Eventually , enhanced trade among Britain and Latin America led to state development such as infrastructure improvements . These improvements included roads and railroads which grew the trades between countries and outside nations such as Great Britain . By 1870 , exports dramatically increased , attracting capital from abroad ( including Europe and USA ) .
Columbian Exchange
Before 1500 , potatoes were not grown outside of South America . By the 1840s , Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease . Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe . Many European rulers , including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia , encouraged the cultivation of the potato .
Triangular trade
New England also benefited from the trade , as many merchants from New England , especially the state of Rhode Island , replaced the role of Europe in the triangle . New England also made rum from the Caribbean sugar and molasses , which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World . Yet , the `` triangle trade '' as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation . No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle , which took a calendar year on average , according to historian Clifford Shipton . The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested , inconclusively , in an 1866 book by George H. Moore , was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason , and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden . The song `` Molasses to Rum '' from the musical 1776 vividly describes this form of the triangular trade .
Southern United States
Later , the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl . After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed . Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939 , an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas , the Oklahoma Panhandle region , and the surrounding plains , in which over 500,000 Americans were homeless , hungry and jobless . Thousands left the region forever to seek economic opportunities along the West Coast .
British Hong Kong
The stability , security , and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade . In the colony 's first decade , the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds . The importance of opium reduced over time , but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941 . Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British , American , and other expatriates , Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city .
Molasses Act
Against the Molasses Act , Americans had only their smugglers to depend upon -- but these redoubtable gentry proved more than a match for the British . After a brief effort to enforce the act in Massachusetts in the 1740s , the English government tacitly accepted defeat and foreign molasses was smuggled into the Northern colonies in an ever - increasing quantity . Thus the New England merchants survived -- but only by nullifying an act of Parliament . --
Border states (American Civil War)
Union troops had to go through Maryland to reach the national capital at Washington , D.C. Had Maryland also joined the Confederacy , Washington would have been surrounded . There was popular support for the Confederacy in Baltimore , Southern Maryland , and the Eastern Shore , the latter two areas with numerous slaveholders and slaves . Baltimore was strongly tied to the cotton trade and related businesses of the South . The Maryland Legislature rejected secession in the spring of 1861 , though it refused to reopen rail links with the North . It requested that Union troops be removed from Maryland . The state legislature did not want to secede , but it also did not want to aid in killing southern neighbors in order to force them back into the Union . Maryland 's wish for neutrality within the Union was a major obstacle given Lincoln 's desire to force the South back into the Union militarily .
Confederate States of America
Many southern whites had considered themselves more Southern than American and were prepared to fight for their state and their region to be independent of the larger nation . That regionalism became a Southern nationalism , or the `` Cause '' . For the duration of its existence , the Confederacy underwent trial by war . The `` Southern Cause '' transcended the ideology of states ' rights , tariff policy , or internal improvements . This `` Cause '' supported , or descended from , cultural and financial dependence on the South 's slavery - based economy . The convergence of race and slavery , politics , and economics raised almost all South - related policy questions to the status of moral questions over way of life , commingling love of things Southern and hatred of things Yankee ( the North ) . Not only did national political parties split , but national churches and interstate families as well divided along sectional lines as the war approached . According to historian John M. Coski ,
Colonial history of the United States
Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies from the 1660s . Mercantilism meant that the government became a partner with merchants based in England , with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires and even other merchants based in its own colonies . The government protected its London - based merchants and kept out others by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from the realm and minimize imports .
Trent Affair
Davis left foreign policy to others in government and , rather than developing an aggressive diplomatic effort , tended to expect events to accomplish diplomatic objectives . The new president was committed to the notion that cotton would secure recognition and legitimacy from the powers of Europe . One of the Confederacy 's strongest hopes at the time was the belief that the British , fearing a devastating impact on their textile mills , would recognize the Confederate States and break the Union blockade . The men Davis selected as secretary of state and emissaries to Europe were chosen for political and personal reasons -- not for their diplomatic potential . This was due , in part , to the belief that cotton could accomplish the Confederate objectives with little help from Confederate diplomats . William
History of the United Kingdom
The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain 's dominance in engineering and industry ; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s . Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment , it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe , especially in Latin America and Asia . Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule and an informal one based on the British pound . Russia
Southern United States
The South produced nine of the first twelve Presidents prior to the Civil War . For more than a century after the Civil War , no politician from an antebellum slave state became President unless he either moved North ( like Woodrow Wilson ) or was vice president when the president died in office ( like Andrew Johnson , Harry Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson ) . In 1976 , Jimmy Carter defied this trend and became the first Southerner to break the pattern since Zachary Taylor in 1848 . The South has produced five of the last nine American Presidents : Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) , Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 81 ) , George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 93 ) , Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) and George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) . Johnson was a native of Texas , while Carter is from Georgia , and Clinton from Arkansas . While George H.W. and George W. Bush began their political careers in Texas , they were both born in New England and have their ancestral roots in the region .
Border states (American Civil War)
By 1860 Delaware was integrated into the Northern economy , and slavery was rare except in the southern districts of the state ; less than 2 percent of the population was enslaved . Both houses of the state General Assembly rejected secession overwhelmingly ; the House of Representatives was unanimous . There was quiet sympathy for the Confederacy by some state leaders , but it was tempered by distance ; Delaware was bordered by Union territory . Historian John Munroe concluded that the average citizen of Delaware opposed secession and was `` strongly Unionist '' but hoped for a peaceful solution even if it meant Confederate independence .
London Company
The London Company struggled financially , especially with labour shortages in its Virginia colony . Its profits improved after sweeter strains of tobacco than the native variety were cultivated and successfully exported from Virginia as a cash crop beginning in 1612 . By 1619 a system of indentured service was fully developed in the colony ; the same year the home government passed a law that prohibited the commercial growing of tobacco in England . In 1624 , the company lost its charter , and Virginia became a royal colony . ( Its spin - off , The London Company of The Somers Isles , operated until 1684 ) .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Cloth manufactured in England increasingly dominated European markets during the 15th and early 16th centuries . England exported almost no cloth at all in 1347 , but by 1400 around 40,000 cloths a year were being exported -- the trade reached its first peak in 1447 when exports reached 60,000 . Trade fell slightly during the serious depression of the mid-15th century , but picked up again and reached 130,000 cloths a year by the 1540s . The centres of weaving in England shifted westwards towards the Stour Valley , the West Riding , the Cotswolds and Exeter , away from the former weaving centres in York , Coventry and Norwich .
Southern United States
Many corporations are headquartered in Atlanta and its surrounding area , such as The Coca - Cola Company , Delta Air Lines , and The Home Depot , and also to many cable television networks , such as the Turner Broadcasting System ( CNN , TBS , TNT , Turner South , Cartoon Network ) , and The Weather Channel . In recent years some southern states , most notably Texas , have lured companies with lower tax burdens and lower cost of living for their workforce . Today , the states with the most Fortune 500 companies include California , New York , and Texas ; closely mirroring the economic and population resources of those states .
Cherokee
By contrast , a large portion of the settlers encroaching on the Native American territories were Scots - Irish , Irish from Ulster who were of Scottish descent and had been part of the English plantation of northern Ireland . They also tended to support the Revolution . But in the back country , there were also Scots - Irish who were Loyalists , such as Simon Girty .
Cherokee
The Cherokee lands between the Tennessee and Chattahoochee rivers were remote enough from white settlers to remain independent after the Cherokee -- American wars . The deerskin trade was no longer feasible on their greatly reduced lands , and over the next several decades , the people of the fledgling Cherokee Nation began to build a new society modeled on the white Southern United States . Portrait
War of 1812
The American merchant marine had nearly doubled between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others .
Southern United States
Historically , the South relied heavily on agriculture , and was highly rural until after 1945 . It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants . The American South is now among the fastest - growing areas in the United States . Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States . Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political , demographic , and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States . The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt , an area of high Protestant church attendance ( especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention ) and predominantly conservative , religion - influenced politics . Indeed , studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas , including religion , morality , international relations and race relations . This is evident in both the region 's religious attendance figures and in the region 's usually strong support for the Republican Party in political elections since the 1960s , and especially since the 1990s .
Border states (American Civil War)
With geographic , social , political , and economic connections to both the North and the South , the border states were critical to the outcome of the war . They are considered still to delineate the cultural border that separates the North from the South . Reconstruction , as directed by Congress , did not apply to the border states because they never seceded from the Union . They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship and the right to vote to freedmen . After 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats , who passed laws to impose the Jim Crow system of legal segregation and second - class citizenship for blacks . However , in contrast to the Confederate States , where almost all blacks were disenfranchised during the first half to two - thirds of the twentieth century , for varying reasons blacks remained enfranchised in the border states despite movements for disfranchisement during the 1900s .