vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Swadeshi movement
H.H. Risley , home secretary to the government of India , stated on 6 December 1904 : `` Bengal united is a power ; Bengal divided will pull in several different ways . That is what Congress leaders feel ; their apprehensions are perfectly correct and they form one of the great merits of the scheme ... in this scheme ... one of our main objects is to split up and thereby weaken a solid body of opponents to our rule '' .
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed on 17 April 1971 in Mujibnagar and moved to Calcutta as a government in exile . Bengali members of the Pakistani civil , military and diplomatic corps defected to the Bangladeshi provisional government . Thousands of Bengali families were interned in West Pakistan , from where many escaped to Afghanistan . Bengali cultural activists operated the clandestine Free Bengal Radio Station . The plight of millions of war - ravaged Bengali civilians caused worldwide outrage and alarm . The Indian state led by Indira Gandhi provided substantial diplomatic , economic and military support to Bangladeshi nationalists . British , Indian and American musicians organised the world 's first benefit concert in New York City to support the Bangladeshi people . Senator Ted Kennedy in the United States led a congressional campaign for an end to Pakistani military persecution ; while US diplomats in East Pakistan strongly dissented with the Nixon administration 's close ties to the Pakistani military dictator Yahya Khan .
Indian general election, 2014
During the election , former prime ministerial aide Sanjaya Baru published `` The Accidental Prime Minister : The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh '' in which he criticised Singh as not being fully in charge of his government in having to compete with the dynastic INC leader , Sonia Gandhi , for influence within his own cabinet . Singh 's office retorted in saying it is `` smacks of fiction and coloured views of a former adviser . '' After Baru said `` it is no secret that Sonia Gandhi was the super prime minister , '' Priyanka Vadra replied `` I think Manmohan Singh ji is the super PM . '' Others
Partition of India
Following Gandhi 's denial but Congress ' approval of the plan , Patel represented India on the Partition Council , where he oversaw the division of public assets , and selected the Indian council of ministers with Nehru . However , neither he nor any other Indian leader had foreseen the intense violence and population transfer that would take place with partition .
Non-cooperation movement
The non-cooperation movement was a reaction to the oppressive policies of the British Indian government such as the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre . A meeting of civilians held at Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple in Amritsar was fired upon by soldiers under the command of Brigadier - General Dyer , killing and injuring thousands of protestors . The outcry generated by the massacre led to thousands of unrests and more deaths at the hands of the police . The massacre became the most infamous event of British rule in India .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
In January 1991 , Somalian President Mohammed Siad Barre was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans , precipitating the Somali Civil War . The Somali National Army concurrently disbanded , and some former soldiers reconstituted as irregular regional forces or joined the clan militias . The main rebel group in the capital Mogadishu was the United Somali Congress ( USC ) , which later divided into two armed factions : one led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad , who became president , and the other by Mohamed Farrah Aidid . In total , there were four opposition groups that competed for political control -- the USC , Somali Salvation Democratic Front ( SSDF ) , Somali Patriotic Movement ( SPM ) and Somali Democratic Movement ( SDM ) . A ceasefire was agreed in June 1991 , but failed to hold . A fifth group , the Somali National Movement ( SNM ) , declared independence in the northwest portion of Somalia later in June . The SNM renamed this unrecognized territory Somaliland , and selected its leader Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur as president .
Vallabhbhai Patel
When Nehru pressured Dr. Rajendra Prasad to decline a nomination to become the first President of India in 1950 in favour of Rajagopalachari , he angered the party , which felt Nehru was attempting to impose his will . Nehru sought Patel 's help in winning the party over , but Patel declined , and Prasad was duly elected . Nehru opposed the 1950 Congress presidential candidate Purushottam Das Tandon , a conservative Hindu leader , endorsing Jivatram Kripalani instead and threatening to resign if Tandon was elected . Patel rejected Nehru 's views and endorsed Tandon in Gujarat , where Kripalani received not one vote despite hailing from that state himself . Patel believed Nehru had to understand that his will was not law with the Congress , but he personally discouraged Nehru from resigning after the latter felt that the party had no confidence in him . However , Nehru supposedly showed ingratitude towards Patel as he asked Prasad not to attend Patel 's funeral . He also issued directives to government officials that Patel 's funerals were to be attended privately and not on government expense and also that the government vehicle , a Cadillac , was to be sent to the foreign ministry 's use immediately .
Non-cooperation movement
The eminent Hindi writer , poet , play - wright , journalist , and nationalist Rambriksh Benipuri , who spent more than eight years in prison fighting for India 's independence , wrote :
Constitution of India
The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 .
Bobby Sands
Nine other IRA and Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) members who were involved in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike died after Sands . On the day of Sands 's funeral , Unionist leader Ian Paisley held a memorial service outside of Belfast city hall to commemorate the victims of the IRA . In the Irish general elections held the same year , two anti H - block candidates won seats on an abstentionist basis .
Aung San Suu Kyi
Coincidentally , when Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988 , the long - time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party , General Ne Win , stepped down . Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 ( 8 -- 8 -- 88 , a day seen as auspicious ) , which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising . On 26 August 1988 , she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital , calling for a democratic government . However , in September , a new military junta took power .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Protests against the Vietnam War took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The protests were part of a movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and took place mainly in the United States . ( See also Students for a Democratic Society , Free Speech Movement , Jerry Rubin , Abbie Hoffman , Youth International Party , Chicago Seven . )
Swadeshi movement
The writings of Vande Mataram , practically revolutionized the political attitude of Bengal . The four leading newspapers of Calcutta - the Bengalee , the Amrita Bazaar Patrika , the Indian Mirror and the Hindu Patriot protested against this division of Bengal . Apart from this , vernacular newspapers such as the Sanjivani and the Bangabashi expressed open hostility against this proposal . The Amrita Bazaar Patrika in its issue of 14 December 1903 called on the people of East Bengal to hold public meetings in every town and village to prepare petition for submission to the government , which was signed by lakhs of people .
Round Table Conferences (India)
Congress Representation -- The Gandhi - Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference . Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya , Ghanshyam Das Birla , Muhammad Iqbal , Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore ) , S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam . Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India ; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a `` minority '' ; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities . These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants . According to this pact , Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ( CDM ) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners , i.e. those who had killed British officials . He returned to India , disappointed with the results and empty - handed . National Government -- two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen . Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party . Financial Crisis -- During the conference , Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government .
The Emergency (India)
In Tamil Nadu , the M. Karunanidhi government was dissolved and the leaders of the DMK were incarcerated . In particular , Karunanidhi 's son M.K. Stalin , was arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act . At least nine High Courts pronounced that even after the declaration of an emergency , a person could challenge his detention . The Supreme Court , now under the Indira Gandhi - appointed Chief Justice A.N. Ray , overruled all of them , upholding the state 's plea for power to detain a person without the necessity of informing him of the grounds for his arrest , or to suspend his personal liberties , or to deprive him of his right to life , in an absolute manner ( the habeas corpus case ' ) . Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave , went ' underground ' continuing organising protests .
The Gambia
Incumbent President Jammeh faced opposition leaders Adama Barrow from the Independent Coalition of parties and Mamma Kandeh from the Gambia Democratic Congress party in the December 2016 presidential elections . The Gambia sentenced main opposition leader and human rights advocate Ousainou Darboe to 3 years in prison in July 2016 , disqualifying him from running in the presidential election .
Partition of India
The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many in India and Pakistan to create literary / cinematic depictions of this event . While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration , others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border . Even now , more than 60 years after the partition , works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition . The early members of the Progressive Artist 's Group of Bombay cite `` The Partition '' of India and Pakistan as a key reason for its founding in December 1947 . They included FN Souza , MF Husain , SH Raza , SK Bakre , HA Gade and KH Ara , who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th Century .
Australian Army during World War II
The fall of Singapore raised fears of a Japanese invasion of the Australian mainland and the Government became concerned about the Army 's ability to respond . Although large , the forces in Australia contained many inexperienced units and lacked mobility . In response , most of the AIF was brought back from the Middle East and the Australian Prime Minister , John Curtin , appealed to the United States for assistance . As Japanese forces advanced through Burma towards India in early 1942 , the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , attempted to divert the 6th and 7th Divisions while they were en route to Australia , but Curtin refused to authorise this movement . As a compromise the 16th and 17th Brigades of the 6th Division disembarked at Ceylon and formed part of the island 's garrison until they returned to Australia in August 1942 .
Labour Party (UK)
After losing the 1970 general election , Labour returned to opposition , but retained Harold Wilson as Leader . Heath 's government soon ran into trouble over Northern Ireland and a dispute with miners in 1973 which led to the `` three - day week '' . The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservatives and Labour due to the 1973 oil crisis which caused high inflation and a global recession .
Surat Split
The Indian National Congress ( INC ) which was established in 1885 was divided into two groups ( in the year 1907 ) mainly by extremists and moderates at the Surat Session of the Congress. The period 1885 - 1905 was known as the period of the moderates as moderates dominated the INC . These Moderates used petition , prayers , meetings , leaflets and pamphlets memorandum and delegations to present their demands . Moderates were not able to achieve notable goals other than the expansion of the legislative council by the Indian Council Act of 1892 . This created dis - satisfaction among the people . In 1907 the INC meeting was to be held in Pune and the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as president . But moderates wanted Rash Behari Ghosh to be president . Gopal Krishna Gokhale changed the meeting place from Pune to Surat fearing that if Pune was to be held as meeting place then tilak would become President . The partition of Bengal became the rise of extremism in INC .
The Emergency (India)
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , which was seen close to opposition leaders , and with its large organisational base was seen as having the potential of organising protests against the Government , was also banned . Police clamped down on the organisation and thousands of its workers were imprisoned . The RSS defied the ban and thousands participated in Satyagraha ( peaceful protests ) against the ban and against the curtailment of fundamental rights . Later , when there was no letup , the volunteers of the RSS formed underground movements for the restoration of democracy . Literature that was censored in the media was clandestinely published and distributed on a large scale and funds were collected for the movement . Networks were established between leaders of different political parties in the jail and outside for the co-ordination of the movement .
East Pakistan
The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived -- a psychological setback , complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces . The governor and martial law administrator Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi was defamed , his image was maligned and he was stripped of his honors . The people of Pakistan could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat , and spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests erupted on the streets of major cities in ( West ) Pakistan . General Yahya Khan surrendered powers to Nurul Amin of Pakistan Muslim League , the first and last Vice-President and Prime minister of Pakistan .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941 , where the leadership offered unexpected , if sometimes ambivalent , sympathy for the cause of India 's independence , contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities . In November 1941 , with German funds , a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin , and soon a Free India Radio , on which Bose broadcast nightly . A 3,000 - strong Free India Legion , comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps , was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India . By spring 1942 , in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities , a German invasion of India became untenable , and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia . Adolf Hitler , during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 , suggested the same , and offered to arrange for a submarine . During this time Bose also became a father ; his wife , or companion , Emilie Schenkl , whom he had met in 1934 , gave birth to a baby girl in November 1942 . Identifying strongly with the Axis powers , and no longer apologetically , Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943 . In Madagascar , he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese - held Sumatra in May 1943 .
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi ( / aʊ ŋˌsæn. suːˈtʃiː / ; Burmese : အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည် ; MLCTS : aung hcan : cu . krany ( àʊɴ sháɴ sṵ tɕì ) ; born 19 June 1945 ) is a Burmese politician , diplomat , and author . She is the leader of the National League for Democracy and the first and incumbent State Counsellor , a position akin to a Prime Minister . She is also the first woman to serve as Minister for Foreign Affairs , for the President 's Office , for Electric Power and Energy , and for Education . From 2012 to 2016 she was an MP for Kawhmu Township to the House of Representatives .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
As the Japanese forces advanced , Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction , meanwhile , the government was moved to Corregidor . In March 1942 , General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country . Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could , and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island.An anti-Japanese Army consisting of peasants known as the Huks did most of the fighting . The Huks forces resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese , but they did n't have a well - disciplined organization , and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government . Before MacArthur came back , the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated the control of Japan - limited to only 12 out of the 48 provinces . In October 1944 , MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines , landing with Sergio Osmeña who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon 's death . The battles entailed long fierce fighting ; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2 , 1945 .
Round Table Conferences (India)
The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates . There were fifty - eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states . In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference . However , the Indian National Congress , along with Indian business leaders , kept away from the conference . Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement .
Quit India Movement
`` speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed '' .
Subhas Chandra Bose
The Indian National Congress , the main instrument of Indian nationalism , praised Bose 's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology , especially his collaboration with fascism . The British Raj , though never seriously threatened by the INA , charged 300 INA officers with treason in the INA trials , but eventually backtracked in the face both of popular sentiment and of its own end .
Bangladesh Liberation War
On 12 December , with Pakistan facing imminent defeat , the United States requested that the Security Council be reconvened . Pakistan 's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , was rushed to New York City to make the case for a resolution on the cease fire . The council continued deliberations for four days . By the time proposals were finalised , Pakistan 's forces in the East had surrendered and the war had ended , making the measures merely academic . Bhutto , frustrated by the failure of the resolution and the inaction of the United Nations , ripped up his speech and left the council .
The Emergency (India)
Indira 's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government 's near - radical leftward turns . These included the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the privy purse ; these changes were often done suddenly , via ordinance , to the shock of her opponents . Subsequently , unlike the Syndicate and other opponents , Indira was seen as `` standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion , as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole . '' The prime minister was especially adored by the disadvantaged sections -- the poor , Dalits , women and minorities . For them , she was their Indira Amma , a personification of Mother India .
Karnataka
After India 's independence , the Maharaja , Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar , allowed his kingdom 's accession to India . In 1950 , Mysore became an Indian state of the same name ; the former Maharaja served as its Rajpramukh ( head of state ) until 1975 . Following the long - standing demand of the Ekikarana Movement , Kodagu - and Kannada - speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras , Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state , under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 . The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka , seventeen years later , in 1973 . In the early 1900s through the post-independence era , industrial visionaries such as Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , born in Muddenahalli , Chikballapur district , played an important role in the development of Karnataka 's strong manufacturing and industrial base .
Independence Day (India)
The Constituent Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi . The session was chaired by the president Rajendra Prasad . In this session , Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India 's independence .
April 2018 caste protests in India
A mob burnt the house of Bharosi Lal Jatav , a former Indian National Congress ( INC ) legislator , and ransacked the home of Rajkumari Jatav , a Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) legislator from Hindaun , Rajasthan . A curfew was imposed in Hindaun following the violence , and later extended .
Anthony Eden
Although Churchill claimed to have lost sleep the night of Eden 's resignation , they were not allies and did not see eye - to - eye until Churchill became Prime Minister . Churchill maintained that and detailed how Eden resigned over Chamberlain 's affront to Roosevelt , who had offered earlier in February to mediate the growing dispute in Europe . There was much speculation that Eden would become a rallying point for all the disparate opponents of Neville Chamberlain , but his position declined heavily amongst politicians as he maintained a low profile , avoiding confrontation , though he opposed the Munich Agreement and abstained in the vote on it in the House of Commons . However , he remained popular in the country at large , and in later years was often wrongly supposed to have resigned as Foreign Secretary in protest at the Munich Agreement .
Round Table Conferences (India)
The third and last session assembled on November 17 , 1932 . Only forty - six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present . The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend .
Kargil War
In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available . Some chapters and all annexures , however , were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released . K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India 's nuclear weapons program and the roles played by Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi , P. V. Narasimha Rao and V. P. Singh .