vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Barn owl
In continental Europe the distance travelled is greater , commonly somewhere between 50 and 100 kilometres ( 31 and 62 mi ) but exceptionally 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) , with ringed birds from the Netherlands ending up in Spain and in Ukraine . In the United States , dispersal is typically over distances of 80 and 320 km ( 50 and 199 mi ) , with the most travelled individuals ending up some 1,760 km ( 1,094 mi ) from the point of origin . Movements in the African continent include 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) from Senegambia to Sierra Leone and up to 579 km ( 360 mi ) within South Africa . In Australia there is some migration as the birds move towards the northern coast in the dry season and southward in the wet , and also nomadic movements in association with rodent plagues . Occasionally , some of these birds turn up on Norfolk Island , Lord Howe Island or New Zealand , showing that crossing the ocean is not beyond their capabilities . In 2008 , barn owls were recorded for the first time breeding in New Zealand . The barn owl has been successfully introduced into the Hawaiian island of Kauai in an attempt to control rodents , however it has been found to also feed on native birds .
Feral pig
Because feral pigs are omnivorous , their feeding behaviour disrupts the entire food chain . Plants have difficulties regenerating from their wallowing , as North American flora did not evolve to withstand the destruction caused by rooting pigs , unlike Europe or Asia . Feral pigs in the U.S. eat small animals such as wild turkey poults , toads , turtles and the eggs of reptiles and birds . This can deprive other wildlife that normally would feed upon these important food sources . In some case , other wildlife are outcompeted by the feral pigs ' higher reproductive rate ; a sow can become pregnant as early as six months old and give birth to multiple litters of piglets yearly . In the autumn , other animals such as the American black bear compete directly with feral pigs as both forage for tree mast ( the fruit of forest trees ) .
Columbian Exchange
In addition to these , many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally . These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms ( apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World ) , and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships . Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds , often negatively impacting or displacing native species . In the New World , populations of feral European cats , pigs , horses and cattle are common , and Burmese pythons are considered problematic . In the Old World , Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany , the Caucasus and Japan . Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations . Canada geese are also common .
Wild turkey
Predators of eggs and nestlings include raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) , striped skunks ( Mephitis mephitis ) , gray foxes ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) , groundhogs ( Marmota monax ) , other rodents and spotted skunks ( Spilogale ssp . ) . Predators of poults in addition to nestlings and eggs also include several snakes , namely rat snakes ( Elaphe ssp . ) , gopher snakes ( Pituophis catenifer ) and pinesnakes ( Pituophis ssp . ) , and predators mainly on poults include raptors such as bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) , barred owl ( Strix varia ) , red - shouldered ( Buteo lineatus ) , red - tailed ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , white - tailed ( Geranoaetus albicaudatus ) and Harris 's hawks ( Parabuteo unicinctus ) and even the smallish Cooper 's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii ) and broad - winged hawk ( Buteo platypterus ) ( both likely of very small poults ) . Mortality of poults is greatest in the first 14 days of life , especially of those roosting on the ground , decreasing most notably after half a year , when they attain near adult sizes . Hen
Long Island Sound
Most animal species on the Connecticut side of the Sound also occur inland , but some are much more abundant along the shore . Animals along the Sound are most concentrated in the salt marshes . Two species of shrews , the masked shrew and the American short - tailed shrew , are common in salt marshes . The least shrew has been thought to exist in small numbers in the salt marshes of western Connecticut . Rodents include the white - footed mouse , the meadow vole ( probably the most abundant coastal mammal ) and the meadow jumping mouse . Muskrats are heavily trapped but remain abundant . Raccoons and red foxes who live in areas near the marshes will hunt in them . The long - tailed weasel and short - tailed weasel are both found near the Sound , occasionally living in the salt marshes . Harbor seals and gray seals can be found among the rocks off Stonington and Groton at the eastern end . Long - finned pilot whales and harbor porpoises can also be infrequently sighted in open water , a few miles off the coast . In 1975 , a finback whale beached itself in Groton .
Rabbit
Rabbit habitats include meadows , woods , forests , grasslands , deserts and wetlands . Rabbits live in groups , and the best known species , the European rabbit , lives in underground burrows , or rabbit holes . A group of burrows is called a warren .
Guinea pig
Hairless breeds of guinea pigs have been used in scientific research since the 1980s , particularly for dermatological studies . A hairless and immunodeficient breed was the result of a spontaneous genetic mutation in inbred laboratory strains from the Hartley stock at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1979 . An immunocompetent hairless breed was also identified by the Institute Armand Frappier in 1978 , and Charles River Laboratories has reproduced this breed for research since 1982 . Cavy fanciers then began acquiring hairless breeds , and the pet hairless varieties are referred to as `` skinny pigs '' .
Barn owl
The barn owl is nocturnal over most of its range , but in Britain and some Pacific islands , it also hunts by day . Barn owls specialise in hunting animals on the ground and nearly all of their food consists of small mammals which they locate by sound , their hearing being very acute . They mate for life unless one of the pair gets killed , when a new pair bond may be formed . Breeding takes place at varying times of year according to locality , with a clutch , averaging about four eggs , being laid in a nest in a hollow tree , old building or fissure in a cliff . The female does all the incubation , and she and the young chicks are reliant on the male for food . When large numbers of small prey are readily available , barn owl populations can expand rapidly , and globally the bird is considered to be of least conservation concern . Some subspecies with restricted ranges are more threatened .
Evidence of common descent
Other types of endemism do not have to include , in the strict sense , islands . Islands can mean isolated lakes or remote and isolated areas . Examples of these would include the highlands of Ethiopia , Lake Baikal , fynbos of South Africa , forests of New Caledonia , and others . Examples of endemic organisms living in isolated areas include the kagu of New Caledonia , cloud rats of the Luzon tropical pine forests of the Philippines , the boojum tree ( Fouquieria columnaris ) of the Baja California peninsula , the Baikal seal and the omul of Lake Baikal . Adaptive
Lion
The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa , with little or no exchange of breeding individuals . In 2015 , it was estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals , including less than 250 mature individuals . They persist in only three protected areas in the region , with a majority in one population in the tri-national W A P protected area complex . This population listed as Critically Endangered . Field surveys in the WAP ecosystem revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection . A population occurs in Cameroon 's Waza National Park , where approximately 14 -- 21 animals persisted as of 2009 . There is disagreement over the size of the largest individual population in West Africa : the estimates range from 100 to 400 lions in Burkina Faso 's Arly - Singou ecosystem . In 2015 , an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana 's Mole National Park . These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years .
Quito
Quito Zoo , located near the rural parish of Guayllabamba , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) outside Quito , has the biggest collection of native fauna in Ecuador , including several kinds of animals that are sometimes targeted in Ecuador in the illegal fur trade . The Zoo works in conservation and education in Ecuador and has successfully bred the endangered Andean condor .
Guinea pig
Guinea pigs have also been featured in film and television . In the TV movie Shredderman Rules , the main character and the main character 's crush both have guinea pigs which play a minor part in the plot . A guinea pig named Rodney , voiced by Chris Rock , was a prominent character in the 1998 film Dr. Dolittle , and Linny the Guinea pig is a co-star on Nick Jr. 's Wonder Pets . Guinea pigs were used in some major advertising campaigns in the 1990s and 2000s , notably for Egg Banking plc , Snapple , and Blockbuster Video . The Blockbuster campaign is considered by some guinea pig advocates to have been a factor in the rise of caging guinea pigs and rabbits together . In the South Park season 12 episode `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' , giant guinea pigs dressed in costumes rampage over the Earth . The 2009 Walt Disney Pictures movie G - Force features a group of highly intelligent guinea pigs trained as operatives of the U.S. government . A video game based on the movie was also released . A guinea pig named Bugsy appears in the 2008 film Bedtime Stories . A guinea pig named Cashew features prominently in the second season of the U.S. adaptation of House of Cards .
Wales
The larger Welsh mammals died out during the Norman period , including the brown bear , wolf and the wildcat . Today , mammals of note include shrews , voles , badgers , otters , hedgehogs and fifteen species of bat . Two species of small rodent , the yellow - necked mouse and the dormouse , are of special Welsh note being found at the historically undisturbed border area . Other animals of note include , otter , stoat and weasel . The pine marten which has had the occasional sighting , has not been officially recorded since the 1950s . The polecat was nearly driven to extinction in Britain , but hung on in Wales and is now rapidly spreading . Feral goats can be found in Snowdonia .
House sparrow
The house sparrow is closely associated with human habitation and cultivation . It is not an obligate commensal of humans as some have suggested : Central Asian house sparrows usually breed away from humans in open country , and birds elsewhere are occasionally found away from humans . The only terrestrial habitats that the house sparrow does not inhabit are dense forest and tundra . Well adapted to living around humans , it frequently lives and even breeds indoors , especially in factories , warehouses , and zoos . It has been recorded breeding in an English coal mine 640 m ( 2,100 ft ) below ground , and feeding on the Empire State Building 's observation deck at night . It reaches its greatest densities in urban centres , but its reproductive success is greater in suburbs , where insects are more abundant . On a larger scale , it is most abundant in wheat - growing areas such as the Midwestern United States .
Desert
Amphibians might seem unlikely desert - dwellers , because of their need to keep their skins moist and their dependence on water for reproductive purposes . In fact , the few species that are found in this habitat have made some remarkable adaptations . Most of them are fossorial , spending the hot dry months aestivating in deep burrows . While there they shed their skins a number of times and retain the remnants around them as a waterproof cocoon to retain moisture . In the Sonoran Desert , Couch 's spadefoot toad spends most of the year dormant in its burrow . Heavy rain is the trigger for emergence and the first male to find a suitable pool calls to attract others . Eggs are laid and the tadpoles grow rapidly as they must reach metamorphosis before the water evaporates . As the desert dries out , the adult toads rebury themselves . The juveniles stay on the surface for a while , feeding and growing , but soon dig themselves burrows . Few make it to adulthood . The water holding frog in Australia has a similar life cycle and may aestivate for as long as five years if no rain falls . The Desert rain frog of Namibia is nocturnal and survives because of the damp sea fogs that roll in from the Atlantic . Tadpole
Feral pig
In South America , during the early 20th century , free - ranging boars were introduced in Uruguay for hunting purposes and eventually crossed the border into Brazil in the 1990s , quickly becoming an invasive species . Licensed private hunting of both feral boars and their hybrids with domestic pigs was authorized from August 2005 on in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul , although their presence as a pest had been already noticed by the press as early as 1994 . Releases and escapes from unlicensed farms ( established because of increased demand for boar meat as an alternative to pork ) , however , continued to bolster feral populations , and by mid-2008 , licensed hunts had to be expanded to the states of Santa Catarina and São Paulo .
Platypus
In captivity , platypuses have survived to 17 years of age , and wild specimens have been recaptured when 11 years old . Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to be low . Natural predators include snakes , water rats , goannas , hawks , owls , and eagles . Low platypus numbers in northern Australia are possibly due to predation by crocodiles . The introduction of red foxes in 1845 for hunting may have had some impact on its numbers on the mainland . The platypus is generally regarded as nocturnal and crepuscular , but individuals are also active during the day , particularly when the sky is overcast . Its habitat bridges rivers and the riparian zone for both a food supply of prey species , and banks where it can dig resting and nesting burrows . It may have a range of up to 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) , with a male 's home range overlapping those of three or four females .
Primate
The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) lists more than a third of primates as critically endangered or vulnerable . About 60 % of primate species are threatened with extinction , including : 87 % of species in Madagascar , 73 % in Asia , 37 % in Africa , and 36 % in South and Central America . Additionally , 75 % of primate species have decreasing populations . Trade is regulated , as all species are listed by CITES in Appendix II , except 50 species and subspecies listed in Appendix I , which gain full protection from trade . Common threats to primate species include deforestation , forest fragmentation , monkey drives ( resulting from primate crop raiding ) , and primate hunting for use in medicines , as pets , and for food . Large - scale tropical forest clearing is widely regarded as the process that most threatens primates . More than 90 % of primate species occur in tropical forests . The main cause of forest loss is clearing for agriculture , although commercial logging , subsistence harvesting of timber , mining , and dam construction also contribute to tropical forest destruction . In Indonesia large areas of lowland forest have been cleared to increase palm oil production , and one analysis of satellite imagery concluded that during 1998 and 1999 there was a loss of 1,000 Sumatran orangutans per year in the Leuser Ecosystem alone . The
Temperate deciduous forest
Many migratory birds time their arrival to coincide with the opening of the canopy , which provides the insects that are their principal food sources for raising young . The spring warblers of North America are a typical , for example the black - throated blue warbler . Owing to the availability of wood from standing and fallen trees , woodpeckers are frequently found . The pileated woodpecker is a typical large species . Fallen wood , known as coarse woody debris , provides shelter for many kinds of amphibians , particularly salamanders . Many well - known animals live in this kind of forest ; a few examples include squirrels , which are an important canopy species , and bears , which hibernate in the winter . The top predators in deciduous forest were once wolves and cougars , along with species of weasel like the fisher .
Guinea pig
Peruvians consume an estimated 65 million guinea pigs each year , and the animal is so entrenched in the culture that one famous painting of the Last Supper in the main cathedral in Cusco shows Christ and the 12 disciples dining on guinea pig . The animal remains an important aspect of certain religious events in both rural and urban areas of Peru . A religious celebration known as jaca tsariy ( `` collecting the cuys '' ) is a major festival in many villages in the Antonio Raimondi province of eastern Peru , and is celebrated in smaller ceremonies in Lima . It is a syncretistic event , combining elements of Catholicism and pre-Columbian religious practices , and revolves around the celebration of local patron saints . The exact form the jaca tsariy takes differs from town to town ; in some localities , a sirvinti ( servant ) is appointed to go from door to door , collecting donations of guinea pigs , while in others , guinea pigs may be brought to a communal area to be released in a mock bullfight . Meals such as cuy chactado are always served as part of these festivities , and the killing and serving of the animal is framed by some communities as a symbolic satire of local politicians or important figures . In the Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces of central Ecuador , guinea pigs are employed in the celebrations surrounding the feast of Corpus Christi as part of the Ensayo , which is a community meal , and the Octava , where castillos ( greased poles ) are erected with prizes tied to the crossbars , from which several guinea pigs may be hung . The Peruvian town of Churin has an annual festival which involves dressing guinea pigs in elaborate costumes for a competition .
Barn swallow
It breeds in the Northern Hemisphere from sea level to typically 2,700 m ( 8,900 ft ) , but to 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in the Caucasus and North America , and it is absent only from deserts and the cold northernmost parts of the continents . Over much of its range , it avoids towns , and in Europe is replaced in urban areas by the house martin . However , in Honshū , Japan , the barn swallow is a more urban bird , with the red - rumped swallow ( Cecropis daurica ) replacing it as the rural species .
Platypus
The body and the broad , flat tail of the platypus are covered with dense , brown fur that traps a layer of insulating air to keep the animal warm . The fur is waterproof , and the texture is akin to that of a mole . The platypus uses its tail for storage of fat reserves ( an adaptation also found in animals such as the Tasmanian devil ) . It has webbed feet and a large , rubbery duck - like snout . The webbing is more significant on the front feet and is folded back when walking on land . Unlike a bird 's beak ( in which the upper and lower parts separate to reveal the mouth ) , the snout of the platypus is a sensory organ with the mouth on the underside . The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout , while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set just back from it ; this groove is closed when swimming . Platypuses have been heard to emit a low growl when disturbed and a range of other vocalisations have been reported in captive specimens . A
Barn swallow
H. r . rustica , the nominate European subspecies , breeds in Europe and Asia , as far north as the Arctic Circle , south to North Africa , the Middle East and Sikkim , and east to the Yenisei River . It migrates on a broad front to winter in Africa , Arabia , and the Indian subcontinent . The barn swallows wintering in southern Africa are from across Eurasia to at least 91 ° E , and have been recorded as covering up to 11,660 km ( 7,250 mi ) on their annual migration . H. r . transitiva was described by Ernst Hartert in 1910 . It breeds in the Middle East from southern Turkey to Israel and is partially resident , though some birds winter in East Africa . It has orange red underparts and a broken breast band . H. r . savignii , the resident Egyptian subspecies , was described by James Stephens in 1817 and named for French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny . It resembles transitiva , which also has orange - red underparts , but savignii has a complete broad breast band and deeper red hue to the underparts . H. r . gutturalis , described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1786 , has whitish underparts and a broken breast band . Breast chestnut and lower underparts more pink - buff . The populations that breed in the central and eastern Himalayas have been included in this subspecies , although the primary breeding range is Japan and Korea . The east Asian breeders winter across tropical Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and New Guinea . Increasing numbers are wintering in Australia . It hybridises with H. r . tytleri in the Amur River area . It is thought that the two eastern Asia forms were once geographically separate , but the nest sites provided by expanding human habitation allowed the ranges to overlap . H. r . gutturalis is a vagrant to Alaska and Washington , but is easily distinguished from the North American breeding subspecies , H. r . erythrogaster , by the latter 's reddish underparts . H. r . tytleri , first described by Thomas Jerdon in 1864 , and named for British soldier , naturalist and photographer Robert Christopher Tytler , has deep orange - red underparts and an incomplete breast band . The tail is also longer . It breeds in central Siberia south to northern Mongolia and winters from eastern Bengal east to Thailand and Malaysia . H.
Barn owl
In North America and most of Europe , voles predominate in the diet and shrews are the second most common food choice . Mice and rats form the main foodstuffs in the Mediterranean region , the tropics , sub-tropics and Australia . Barn owls are usually more specialist feeders in productive areas and generalists in drier areas . On the Cape Verde Islands , geckos are the mainstay of the diet , supplemented by birds such as plovers , godwits , turnstones , weavers and pratincoles , and on a rocky islet off the coast of California , a clutch of four young were being reared on a diet of Leach 's storm petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa ) . In Ireland , the accidental introduction of the bank vole in the 1950s led to a major shift in the barn owl 's diet : where their ranges overlap , the vole is now by far the largest prey item . Locally superabundant rodent species in the weight class of several grams per individual usually make up the single largest proportion of prey . In the United States , rodents and other small mammals usually make up ninety - five percent of the diet and worldwide , over ninety percent of the prey caught .
Rabbit
Rabbits may appear to be crepuscular , but their natural inclination is toward nocturnal activity . In 2011 , the average sleep time of a rabbit in captivity was calculated at 8.4 hours per day . As with other prey animals , rabbits often sleep with their eyes open , so that sudden movements will awaken the rabbit to respond to potential danger .