vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Communications satellite
A geostationary orbit is useful for communications because ground antennas can be aimed at the satellite without their having to track the satellite 's motion . This is relatively inexpensive .
Operating system
The operating system must be capable of distinguishing between requests which should be allowed to be processed , and others which should not be processed . While some systems may simply distinguish between `` privileged '' and `` non-privileged '' , systems commonly have a form of requester identity , such as a user name . To establish identity there may be a process of authentication . Often a username must be quoted , and each username may have a password . Other methods of authentication , such as magnetic cards or biometric data , might be used instead . In some cases , especially connections from the network , resources may be accessed with no authentication at all ( such as reading files over a network share ) . Also covered by the concept of requester identity is authorization ; the particular services and resources accessible by the requester once logged into a system are tied to either the requester 's user account or to the variously configured groups of users to which the requester belongs .
History of mobile phones
In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell .
Modem
The phrase `` null modem '' was used to describe attaching a specially wired cable between the serial ports of two personal computers . Basically , the transmit output of one computer was wired to the receive input of the other ; this was true for both computers . The same software used with modems ( such as Procomm or Minicom ) could be used with the null modem connection .
Man with No Name
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Land of Nod
Much as Cain 's name is connected to the verb meaning `` to get '' in Genesis 4 : 1 , the name `` Nod '' closely resembles the word `` nad '' ( נָ֖ד ‬ ) , usually translated as `` vagabond '' , in Genesis 4 : 12 . ( In the Septuagint 's rendering of the same verse God curses Cain to τρέμων , `` trembling '' . )
Neuron
The soma is the body of the neuron . As it contains the nucleus , most protein synthesis occurs here . The nucleus can range from 3 to 18 micrometers in diameter . The dendrites of a neuron are cellular extensions with many branches . This overall shape and structure is referred to metaphorically as a dendritic tree . This is where the majority of input to the neuron occurs via the dendritic spine . The axon is a finer , cable - like projection that can extend tens , hundreds , or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length . The axon carries nerve signals away from the soma ( and also carries some types of information back to it ) . Many neurons have only one axon , but this axon may -- and usually will -- undergo extensive branching , enabling communication with many target cells . The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the axon hillock . Besides being an anatomical structure , the axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage - dependent sodium channels . This makes it the most easily excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon : in electrophysiological terms , it has the most negative action potential threshold . While the axon and axon hillock are generally involved in information outflow , this region can also receive input from other neurons . The axon terminal contains synapses , specialized structures where neurotransmitter chemicals are released to communicate with target neurons .
Smocking
The Smocking Arts Guild of America ( SAGA ) is the premiere needlework organization for smocking and fine handsewing , as well as French machine sewing and related needlearts , including silk ribbon embroidery , shadowwork embroidery , and pulled thread work .
Freedom of speech by country
Norway has however several laws that ban the right to impart information , such as laws against alcohol and tobacco - advertisement in TV , radio , newspapers and on the internet .
Wireless security
The wireless network is after all confined to a small geographical area . A computer connected to the Internet and having improper configurations or other security problems can be exploited by anyone from anywhere in the world , while only clients in a small geographical range can exploit an open wireless access point . Thus the exposure is low with an open wireless access point , and the risks with having an open wireless network are small . However , one should be aware that an open wireless router will give access to the local network , often including access to file shares and printers . The only way to keep communication truly secure is to use end - to - end encryption . For example , when accessing an internet bank , one would almost always use strong encryption from the web browser and all the way to the bank - thus it should n't be risky to do banking over an unencrypted wireless network . The argument is that anyone can sniff the traffic applies to wired networks too , where system administrators and possible hackers have access to the links and can read the traffic . Also , anyone knowing the keys for an encrypted wireless network can gain access to the data being transferred over the network . If services like file shares , access to printers etc. are available on the local net , it is advisable to have authentication ( i.e. by password ) for accessing it ( one should never assume that the private network is not accessible from the outside ) . Correctly set up , it should be safe to allow access to the local network to outsiders . With the most popular encryption algorithms today , a sniffer will usually be able to compute the network key in a few minutes . It is very common to pay a fixed monthly fee for the Internet connection , and not for the traffic - thus extra traffic will not be detrimental . Where Internet connections are plentiful and cheap , freeloaders will seldom be a prominent nuisance .
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government , tasked with gathering , processing , and analyzing national security information from around the world , primarily through the use of human intelligence ( HUMINT ) . As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community ( IC ) , the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet .
Twisted pair
Individual and overall shield ( F / FTP , S / FTP , and SF / FTP ) Individual shielding using foil between the twisted pair sets , and also an outer foil or braided shielding . Common names : fully shielded twisted pair , screened foiled twisted pair , shielded foiled twisted pair , screened shielded twisted pair , shielded screened twisted pair . This type of shielding helps prevent EMI from entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk .
Twisted pair
This shielding can be applied to individual pairs or quads , or to the collection of pairs . Individual pairs are foiled , while overall cable may use braided screen , foil , or braiding with foil .
Gray code
Digital logic designers use Gray codes extensively for passing multi-bit count information between synchronous logic that operates at different clock frequencies . The logic is considered operating in different `` clock domains '' . It is fundamental to the design of large chips that operate with many different clocking frequencies .
Communications satellite
The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony . The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station , where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite . The downlink follows an analogous path . Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber - optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century .
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was the first conflict where U.S. forces had secure voice communication equipment available at the tactical level . The National Security Agency ran a crash program to provide U.S. forces with a family of security equipment code named NESTOR , fielding 17,000 units initially . Eventually 30,000 units were produced . However limitations of the units , including poor voice quality , reduced range , annoying time delays and logistical support issues led to only one unit in ten being used . While many in the U.S. military believed that the Viet Cong and NVA would not be able to exploit insecure communications , interrogation of captured communication intelligence units showed they were able to understand the jargon and codes used in realtime and were often able to warn their side of impending U.S. actions .
Prometheus
Angelo Casanova , professor of Greek literature at the University of Florence , finds in Prometheus a reflection of an ancient , pre-Hesiodic trickster - figure , who served to account for the mixture of good and bad in human life , and whose fashioning of humanity from clay was an Eastern motif familiar in Enuma Elish . As an opponent of Zeus he was an analogue of the Titans and , like them , was punished . As an advocate for humanity he gains semi-divine status at Athens , where the episode in Theogony in which he is liberated is interpreted by Casanova as a post-Hesiodic interpolation .
Twisted pair
Electrical noise going into or coming from the cable can be prevented . Crosstalk is minimized . Cheapest form of cable available for networking purposes . Easy to handle and install .
Client–server model
Client - host and server - host have subtly different meanings than client and server . A host is any computer connected to a network . Whereas the words server and client may refer either to a computer or to a computer program , server - host and user - host always refer to computers . The host is a versatile , multifunction computer ; clients and servers are just programs that run on a host . In the client -- server model , a server is more likely to be devoted to the task of serving .
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist . Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself .
Eastern Orthodox Church
Cultural practices differ slightly , but in general Father is the correct form of address for monks who have been tonsured , while Novices are addressed as Brother . Similarly , Mother is the correct form of address for nuns who have been tonsured , while Novices are addressed as Sister . Nuns live identical ascetic lives to their male counterparts and are therefore also called monachoi ( monastics ) or the feminine plural form in Greek , monachai , and their common living space is called a monastery .
Wireless security
A man - in - the - middle attacker entices computers to log into a computer which is set up as a soft AP ( Access Point ) . Once this is done , the hacker connects to a real access point through another wireless card offering a steady flow of traffic through the transparent hacking computer to the real network . The hacker can then sniff the traffic . One type of man - in - the - middle attack relies on security faults in challenge and handshake protocols to execute a `` de-authentication attack '' . This attack forces AP - connected computers to drop their connections and reconnect with the hacker 's soft AP ( disconnects the user from the modem so they have to connect again using their password which one can extract from the recording of the event ) . Man - in - the - middle attacks are enhanced by software such as LANjack and AirJack which automate multiple steps of the process , meaning what once required some skill can now be done by script kiddies . Hotspots are particularly vulnerable to any attack since there is little to no security on these networks .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Verminator - X is a mutant cyborg cat who is exclusive to the `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures '' comics . In the future , Manx is the apprentice of Donatello . However , Manx begins augmenting his body with cybernetics , which causes him to grow insane . He then allies with the Shredder and Armaggon . Verminator - X made one last attempt to destroy the TMNT and allied himself with Craniac . He is only apparent in the future timelines , and eventually has a Catharsis in a controversial book in which Raphael is willing to kill him for the greater good , resulting in destroying the machine that had taken - over and poisoned Verminator 's mind . At the end of this arc , ultimately Verminator survives and becomes the heroic Manx once again rejoining his friends .
Brave New World
The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning ( DHC ) , also known as Thomas `` Tomakin '' -- He is the administrator of the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre , where he is a threatening figure who intends to exile Bernard to Iceland . His plans take an unexpected turn , however , when Bernard returns from the Reservation with Linda ( see below ) and John , a child they both realize is actually his . This fact , scandalous and obscene in the World State not because it was extramarital ( which all sexual acts are ) but because it was procreative , leads the Director to resign his post in shame .
Twisted pair
The code before the slash designates the shielding for the cable itself , while the code after the slash determines the shielding for the individual pairs :
Default gateway
Accessing external resources If any of the computers try to access a webpage on the Internet , like http://en.wikipedia.org/ , the destination will first be resolved to an IP address by using DNS - resolving . The IP - address could be 91.198. 174.2 . In this example , none of the internal routers know the route to that host , so they will forward the packet through router1 's gateway or default route . Every router on the packet 's way to the destination will check whether the packet 's destination IP - address matches any known network routes . If a router finds a match , it will forward the packet through that route ; if not , it will send the packet to its own default gateway . Each router encountered on the way will store the packet ID and where it came from so that it can pass the response packet back to the sender . The packet contains source and destination , not all router hops . At last the packet will arrive back to router1 , which will check for matching packet ID and route it accordingly through router2 or router3 or directly to PC1 ( which was connected in the same network segment as router1 ) .
Gene
Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee ( HGNC ) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol ( short - form abbreviation ) , which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC . Symbols are chosen to be unique , and each gene has only one symbol ( although approved symbols sometimes change ) . Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species , particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism .
Twisted pair
Name Typical construction Bandwidth Applications Notes Level 1 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem lines Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Level 2 4 MHz Older terminal systems , e.g. IBM 3270 Not described in EIA / TIA recommendations . Unsuitable for modern systems . Cat 3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE - T and 100BASE - T4 Ethernet Described in EIA / TIA - 568 . Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit / s . Now mainly for telephone cables Cat 4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit / s Token Ring Not commonly used Cat 5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Common for current LANs . Superseded by Cat5e , but most Cat5 cable meets Cat5e standards . Cat 5e UTP 100 MHz 100BASE - TX & 1000BASE - T Ethernet Enhanced Cat5 . Common for current LANs . Same construction as Cat5 , but with better testing standards . Cat 6 UTP 250 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) , ANSI / TIA 568 - B. 2 - 1 . Most commonly installed cable in Finland according to the 2002 standard EN 50173 - 1 . Cat 6 F / UTP , U / FTP 500 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet Adds cable shielding . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 . ( 2008 ) , ANSI / TIA - 568 - C. 1 ( 2009 ) Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 600 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Fully shielded cable . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . ( 2002 ) Cat 7 S / FTP , F / FTP 1000 MHz 10GBASE - T Ethernet or POTS / CATV / 1000BASE - T over single cable Uses all four pairs . ISO / IEC 11801 2nd Ed . Am. 2 .
Gray code
Yet another kind of Gray code is the single - track Gray code ( STGC ) developed by Norman B. Spedding and refined by Hiltgen , Paterson and Brandestini in `` Single - track Gray codes '' ( 1996 ) . The STGC is a cyclical list of P unique binary encodings of length n such that two consecutive words differ in exactly one position , and when the list is examined as a P × n matrix , each column is a cyclic shift of the first column .
Twisted pair
Individual shield ( U / FTP ) Individual shielding with aluminum foil for each twisted pair or quad . Common names : pair in metal foil , shielded twisted pair , screened twisted pair . This type of shielding protects cable from external EMI entering or exiting the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from crosstalk .
Computer
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices , the data is processed and sent to output devices . The input devices may be hand - operated or automated . The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU . Some examples of hand - operated input devices are :
Modem
The introduction of these higher - speed systems also led to the digital fax machine during the 1980s . Digital faxes are simply an image format sent over a high - speed ( commonly 14.4 kbit / s ) modem . Software running on the host computer can convert any image into fax format , which can then be sent using the modem . Such software was at one time an add - on , but has since become largely universal . Breaking
OSI model
Medium access control ( MAC ) layer -- responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data . Logical link control ( LLC ) layer -- responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols , and controls error checking and frame synchronization .
Command-line interface
Some CLIs , such as those in network routers , have a hierarchy of modes , with a different set of commands supported in each mode . The set of commands are grouped by association with security , system , interface , etc . In these systems the user might traverse through a series of sub-modes . For example , if the CLI had two modes called interface and system , the user might use the command interface to enter the interface mode . At this point , commands from the system mode may not be accessible and the user exits the interface mode and enters the system mode .
Input/output
Channel I / O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform I / O operations . The I / O instructions address the channel or the channel and device ; the channel asynchronously accesses all other required addressing and control information . This is similar to DMA , but more flexible .
Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings , individually and collectively , and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence ( rationalism and empiricism ) over acceptance of dogma or superstition . The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it . The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century to refer to a system of education based on the study of classical literature ( `` classical humanism '' ) . Generally , however , humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress .
Nintendo 64 accessories
The 64DD ( short for `` Dynamic Drive '' , and subsequently `` Disk Drive '' ) is an official peripheral capable of reading and writing disks . The peripheral was initially announced in 1995 , planned for release in 1997 , and repeatedly delayed until its release in December 1999 . It launched alongside a now defunct online service called Randnet . With nine games released , it was a commercial failure and was consequently never released outside Japan .
Operating system
External security involves a request from outside the computer , such as a login at a connected console or some kind of network connection . External requests are often passed through device drivers to the operating system 's kernel , where they can be passed onto applications , or carried out directly . Security of operating systems has long been a concern because of highly sensitive data held on computers , both of a commercial and military nature . The United States Government Department of Defense ( DoD ) created the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria ( TCSEC ) which is a standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of security . This became of vital importance to operating system makers , because the TCSEC was used to evaluate , classify and select trusted operating systems being considered for the processing , storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information .
Command-line interface
Two hyphen - minus characters without following letters ( -- ) may indicate that the remaining arguments should not be treated as options , which is useful for example if a file name itself begins with a hyphen , or if further arguments are meant for an inner command ( e.g. , sudo ) . Double hyphen - minuses are also sometimes used to prefix `` long options '' where more descriptive option names are used . This is a common feature of GNU software . The getopt function and program , and the getopts command are usually used for parsing command - line options .