vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Islamic Golden Age
The earliest known Islamic hospital was built in 805 in Baghdad by order of Harun Al - Rashid , and the most important of Baghdad 's hospitals was established in 982 by the Buyid ruler ' Adud al - Dawla . The best documented early Islamic hospitals are the great Syro - Egyptian establishments of the 12th and 13th centuries . By the tenth century , Baghdad had five more hospitals , while Damascus had six hospitals by the 15th century and Córdoba alone had 50 major hospitals , many exclusively for the military .
Cremation
However , Protestant churches welcomed the use of cremation at a much earlier date than the Catholic Church ; pro-cremation sentiment was not unanimous among Protestants , however . The first crematoria in the Protestant countries were built in the 1870s , and in 1908 , the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey -- one of the most famous Anglican churches -- required that remains be cremated for burial in the abbey 's precincts . Today , `` scattering '' , or `` strewing , '' is an acceptable practice in many Protestant denominations , and some churches have their own `` garden of remembrance '' on their grounds in which remains can be scattered . Other groups also support cremation . Some denominations , like Lutheran churches in Scandinavia , favour the urns being buried in family graves . A family grave can contain urns of many generations and also the urns of spouses and loved ones . Methodism
Waikato River
The Waikato 's first hydro - electric power station was the Horahora Power Station , now located under the Horahora bridge deep beneath the surface of Lake Karapiro . Horahora was built to supply electricity for the Martha gold mines at Waihi .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
A settlement was founded at Placentia at some point during the early 16th Century . The 1563 will of a Basque seaman , Domingo de Luca , at an archive in Spain in which asks in 1563 `` that my body be buried in this port of Plazençia in the place where those who die here are usually buried . '' It is believed to be the oldest original civil document written in Canada
Diphtheria
During the same period of the 1920s through 1930s when the outbreaks greatly declined , the use of water chlorination systems for the public water supply had also first become a standard municipal practice in developed countries such as the US - Drinking water filtration and chlorination had virtually eliminated major epidemics of waterborne diseases such as Diphtheria in the U.S at the end of this period .
Wellington
European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839 , followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840 . The settlers constructed their first homes at Petone ( which they called Britannia for a time ) on the flat area at the mouth of the Hutt River . When that proved swampy and flood - prone they transplanted the plans , which had been drawn without regard for the hilly terrain .
First Fleet
The First Fleet was the 11 ships that departed from Portsmouth , England , on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia . The Fleet consisted of two Royal Navy vessels , three store ships and six convict transports , carrying between 1,000 and 1,500 convicts , marines , seamen , civil officers and free people ( accounts differ on the numbers ) , and a large quantity of stores . From England , the Fleet sailed southwest to Rio de Janeiro , then east to Cape Town and via the Great Southern Ocean to Botany Bay , arriving over the period of 18 to 20 January 1788 , taking 250 to 252 days from departure to final arrival .
Cremation
The first duty of the Cremation Society was to ascertain whether cremation could be legally performed in the country , and then to construct a first crematorium . In 1878 , Sir Henry Thompson bought a piece of land in Woking as a site for the crematorium . Professor Gorini was invited to visit Woking and supervise the erection of his cremation apparatus there . They first tested it on 17 March 1879 by cremating the body of a horse . However , the inhabitants of Woking showed strong antipathy to the crematorium , and appealed to the Home Secretary , Sir Richard Cross , to prohibit the use of the building . William
Channel Tunnel
Although the two countries agreed to build a tunnel in 1964 , the phase 1 initial studies and signing of a second agreement to cover phase 2 took until 1973 . Construction work of this government - funded project to create two tunnels designed to accommodate car shuttle wagons on either side of a service tunnel started on both sides of the Channel in 1974 .
River Mersey
Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation , and in 1985 , the Mersey Basin Campaign was established to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration . In 2002 , oxygen levels that could support fish along the entire length were recorded for the first time since industry began on the Mersey .
River Welland
Beyond the river banks , much of the fertile arable land is composed of marine silt , which suits the bulb - growing for which Spalding is famous . The commercial growing of bulbs was pioneered in the 1880s , with the first large - scale tulip fields introduced by Sam Culpin in 1907 . At its peak in 1939 , there were 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of bulb fields , and 3000 tons of flowers were exported through Spalding railway station . Tulips were grown on around 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) in 1965 , but this had reduced to less than 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) by 1999 .
History of United States prison systems
Southern states erected penitentiaries alongside their Northern counterparts in the early nineteenth century . Virginia ( 1796 ) , Maryland ( 1829 ) , Tennessee ( 1831 ) , Georgia ( 1832 ) , Louisiana and Missouri ( 1834 -- 1837 ) , and Mississippi and Alabama ( 1837 -- 1842 ) all erected penitentiary facilities during the antebellum period . Only the North Carolina , South Carolina and largely uninhabited Florida failed to build any penitentiary before the Civil War
Child care
The first crèche was opened by Firmin Marbeau on 14 November 1844 in Paris , The Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869 . Originating in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century , day cares were established in the United States by private charities in the 1850s , such as the Charity Organization Society founded by Ansley Wilcox . The Fitch Creche in Buffalo , New York was known as the first day center for working mothers in the United States . Another at that time was the New York Day Nursery in 1854 .
History of electric power transmission
Grand Rapids Electric Light & Power Company , established in March 1880 by William T. Powers and others , began operation of the world 's first commercial central station hydroelectric power plant , Saturday , July 24 , 1880 , getting power from Wolverine Chair and Furniture Company 's water turbine . It operated a 16 - light Brush electric dynamo lighting several storefronts in Grand Rapids , Michigan . It is the earliest predecessor of Consumers Energy of Jackson , Michigan .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals . At Polding 's request , the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill , in South Australia in 1848 , the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia , Victoria , Queensland and the Northern Territory -- where they established schools and missions .
Cremation
Australia also started to establish modern cremation movements and societies . Australians had their first purpose - built modern crematorium and chapel in the West Terrace Cemetery in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in 1901 . This small building , resembling the buildings at Woking , remained largely unchanged from its 19th - century style and was in full operation until the late 1950s . The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at Rookwood Cemetery , in Sydney . It opened in 1925 .
Prague
At the site of the ford in the Vltava river , King Vladislaus I had the first bridge built in 1170 , the Judith Bridge ( Juditin most ) , named in honour of his wife Judith of Thuringia . This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342 . Some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain .
Manhattan Project
Cominco had produced electrolytic hydrogen at Trail , British Columbia , since 1930 . Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water . To the existing $10 million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power , secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3 % to 99.8 % . For this process , Hugh Taylor of Princeton developed a platinum - on - carbon catalyst for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel - chromia one for the fourth stage tower . The final cost was $2.8 million . The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942 . Trail 's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956 . Heavy water from Trail was used for Chicago Pile 3 , the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium , which went critical on 15 May 1944 . Ontario
Lake District
The railways led to another expansion in tourism . The Kendal and Windermere Railway was the first to penetrate the Lake District , reaching Kendal in 1846 and Windermere in 1847 . The line to Coniston opened in 1848 ( although until 1857 this was only linked to the national network with ferries between Fleetwood and Barrow - in - Furness ) ; the line from Penrith through Keswick to Cockermouth in 1865 ; and the line to Lakeside at the foot of Windermere in 1869 . The railways , built with traditional industry in mind , brought with them a huge increase in the number of visitors , thus contributing to the growth of the tourism industry . Railway services were supplemented by steamer boats on the major lakes of Ullswater , Windermere , Coniston Water , and Derwent Water . A
River Thames
In AD 43 , under the Emperor Claudius , the Romans occupied England and , recognising the river 's strategic and economic importance , built fortifications along the Thames valley including a major camp at Dorchester . Cornhill and Ludgate Hill provided a defensible site near a point on the river both deep enough for the era 's ships and narrow enough to be bridged ; Londinium ( London ) grew up around the Walbrook on the north bank around the year 47 . Boudica 's Iceni razed the settlement in AD 60 or 61 but it was soon rebuilt and , following the completion of its bridge , it grew to become the provincial capital of the island .
Cremation
The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1658 . Honoretta Brooks Pratt became the first recorded cremated European individual in modern times when she died on 26 September 1769 and was illegally cremated at the burial ground on Hanover Square in London .
Federal Housing Administration
In 1935 , Colonial Village in Arlington , Virginia , was the first large - scale , rental housing project erected in the United States that was Federal Housing Administration - insured . During World War II , the FHA financed a number of worker 's housing projects including the Kensington Gardens Apartment Complex in Buffalo , New York .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island has been the first in a number of initiatives . The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations enacted the first law prohibiting slavery in North America on May 18 , 1652 .
Vermont
In May 2009 Vermont created the first state - wide renewable energy feed - in law . In 2010 there were about 150 methane digesters in the nation , Vermont led the nation with six online .
Post box
In 1653 , the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in and around Paris . By 1829 , post boxes were in use throughout France . The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842 .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
The cholera epidemic of 1849 - 1854 was also related to the water supplied by companies in London at the time . The main players were the Southwark and Vauxhall Company , and the Lambeth Water Company . Both companies provided water to their customers that was drawn from the Thames River , which was highly contaminated with visible and invisible products and bacteria . Dr Hassall examined the filtered water and found it contained animal hair , among other foul substances . He made the remark that :
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Although the first geological studies were undertaken in 1892 , iron mining did not begin until the 1950s . By 1990 , the Quebec - Labrador area had become an important supplier of iron ore to the United States .
River Welland
The powers were revived in 1620 , when Stamford Corporation was given permission by the Commission of Sewers to build a new 9.5 - mile ( 15.3 km ) artificial cut , which would run from the eastern edge of Stamford near Hudd 's Mill , to Market Deeping , where it would rejoin the river . The decision was ratified in 1623 by a grant of James I , and the corporation expected to have the work completed by 1627 . However , they were unable to find a suitable contractor to carry out the work , and failed to reach agreement on terms with David Cecil in 1636 , and two other potential contractors after that . Finally in 1664 , an alderman from Stamford called Daniel Wigmore took the job . He built the cut and 12 locks , which included the High Lock and the Low Lock on the river at Deeping St James , at a cost of £ 5,000 . In return for his expenditure , he was given the lease of the tolls for the next 80 years , for which he paid a rent of one shilling ( five pence ) . The cut , known as the Stamford Canal , is one of the earliest post-Roman canals in England . It opened in 1670 , around 100 years before the start of the Industrial Revolution which brought about the `` golden age for canals '' in Britain . When built , it was the longest canal with locks in Britain , and was very busy with barges carrying flour , malt , coal , timber and limestone .
Mains electricity
The world 's first public electricity supply was a water wheel driven system constructed in the small English town of Godalming in 1881 . It was an alternating current ( AC ) system using a Siemens alternator supplying power for both street lights and consumers at two voltages , 250 V for arc lamps , and 40 V for incandescent lamps .
History of the Great Wall of China
The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria .
Industrial Revolution
In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations .
First voyage of James Cook
This first landing site was later to be promoted ( particularly by Joseph Banks ) as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and British colonial outpost . However , almost 18 years later , when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived in early 1788 to establish an outpost and penal colony , they found that the bay and surrounds did not live up to the promising picture that had been painted . Instead , Phillip gave orders to relocate to a harbour a few kilometres to the north , which Cook had named Port Jackson but had not further explored . It was in this harbour , at a place Phillip named Sydney Cove , that the settlement of Sydney was established . The settlement was for some time afterwards still referred to generally as Botany Bay . The expedition 's scientific members commenced the first European scientific documentation of Australian fauna and flora .
Karachi
During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 , the 21st Native Infantry , then stationed in Karachi , mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857 , though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city . Following the Rebellion , British colonial administrators continued to develop the city . In 1864 , the first telegraphic message was sent from South Asia to England from Karachi . Public building works were undertaken , including the construction of Frere Hall in 1865 and the later Empress Market . In 1878 , the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of British India 's vast railway system .
Colosseum
Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects , removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further . The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s . The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 -- 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s .
Jordan River
In 1964 , Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the National Water Carrier . Also in 1964 , Jordan constructed a channel that diverted water from the Yarmouk River , another main tributary of the Jordan River to the East Ghor Canal . Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk 's waters . Environmentalists blame Israel , Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem .
Psychiatric hospital
Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from , and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums . The development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized , institutional psychiatry . The moral treatment and care of the mentally ill , as opposed to isolation , was first pioneered in the Islamic world by physicians whose treatment of mental patients was regarded as a religious obligation based on the Quranic verse Do not give the property with which God has entrusted you to the insane , but feed and clothe them with this property and speak kindly to them . It greatly differed from the reigning view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society . The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD , under the leadership of the Umayyad Caliph Al - Walid ibn Abd al - Malik . Others would rapidly follow , with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD . The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments , including occupational therapy , music therapy , as well as medication .
Urban renewal
Slum clearance began with the Rochester Buildings , on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkin 's Rent , which were built in 1862 by the merchant William Gibbs . They are one of the earliest large - scale philanthropic housing developments in London . The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877 and later become known as Blocks A to D of the Old Perkin 's Rents Estate . Angela Burdett - Coutts , 1st Baroness Burdett - Coutts funded an experimental social housing estate , among the first of its kind , on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street ( now demolished ) . In 1869 the Peabody Trust built one of its first housing estates at Brewer 's Green , between Victoria Street and St. James 's Park . What remained of the Devil 's Acre on the other side of Victoria Street was cleared and further Peabody estates were built after the Cross Act of 1875 .
Communications satellite
The first geostationary satellite was Syncom 3 , launched on August 19 , 1964 , and used for communication across the Pacific starting with television coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics . Shortly after Syncom 3 , Intelsat I , aka Early Bird , was launched on April 6 , 1965 and placed in orbit at 28 ° west longitude . It was the first geostationary satellite for telecommunications over the Atlantic Ocean . On November 9 , 1972 , Canada 's first geostationary satellite serving the continent , Anik A1 , was launched by Telesat Canada , with the United States following suit with the launch of Westar 1 by Western Union on April 13 , 1974 . On May 30 , 1974 , the first geostationary communications satellite in the world to be three - axis stabilized was launched : the experimental satellite ATS - 6 built for NASA . After the launches of the Telstar through Westar 1 satellites , RCA Americom ( later GE Americom , now SES ) launched Satcom 1 in 1975 . It was Satcom 1 that was instrumental in helping early cable TV channels such as WTBS ( now TBS ) , HBO , CBN ( now Freeform ) and The Weather Channel become successful , because these channels distributed their programming to all of the local cable TV headends using the satellite . Additionally , it was the first satellite used by broadcast television networks in the United States , like ABC , NBC , and CBS , to distribute programming to their local affiliate stations . Satcom 1 was widely used because it had twice the communications capacity of the competing Westar 1 in America ( 24 transponders as opposed to the 12 of Westar 1 ) , resulting in lower transponder - usage costs . Satellites in later decades tended to have even higher transponder numbers .
Zebra mussel
Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794 . Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel , first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s , London in 1824 , and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834 . In 1827 , zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam . Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal . It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893 ; in southern Moravia , it is probably native . Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden .
History of Pennsylvania
The History of Pennsylvania begins in 1681 when William Penn received a royal charter from King Charles II of England , although human activity in the region precedes that date . The area was home to the Lenape , Susquehannock , Iroquois , Erie , Shawnee , Arandiqiouia , and other American Indian tribes . Most of these tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a result of diseases , such as smallpox , that swept through long before any permanent colonists arrived . Pennsylvania was first colonized by Swedish and Dutch settlers in the 17th century , before the English took control of the colony in 1667 . In 1681 , William Penn established a colony based on religious tolerance ; it was settled by many Quakers along with its chief city Philadelphia , which was also the first planned city . In the mid-eighteenth century , the colony attracted many German and Scots - Irish immigrants .