vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Egg donation
In the United States , egg donor cycles have a success rate of over 60 % . ( See SART statistics at http://www.sart.org . ) When a `` fresh cycle '' is followed by a `` frozen cycle '' , the success rate with donor eggs is approximately 80 % .
Egg donation
With egg donation , women who are past their reproductive years or menopause can still become pregnant . Adriana Iliescu held the record as the oldest woman to give birth using IVF and donated egg , when she gave birth in 2004 at the age of 66 , a record passed in 2006 .
Egg donation
In more cases than not , there is no ongoing relationship between the donor and recipient following the cycle . Both the donor and recipient agree in formal legal documents that the donation of the eggs is final at the time of retrieval , and typically both parties would like any `` relationship '' to conclude at that point ; if they prefer continued contact , they may provide for that in the contract . Even if they prefer anonymity , however , it remains theoretically possible that in the future , some children may be able to identify their donor ( s ) using DNA databanks and / or registries ( e.g. , if the donor submits her DNA to a genealogy site and a child born from her donation later submits its DNA to the same site ) .
Stepfamily
Stepparents can become legal parents to their stepchildren through the process of stepparent adoption . Both biological parents , if living , must consent or agree to the adoption . When a stepparent adopts a stepchild , either the non-custodial parent of the child willingly gives up his or her parental rights to the child , or the court terminates the parental rights of the biological parent if there is evidence of abuse or neglect to the child . If a parent is not involved in the child 's life , the court can terminate that biological parent 's rights on the grounds of abandonment . Grounds for abandonment in most states is no contact between the parent and child for at least one year .
Stepfamily
Local laws to complete a stepparent adoption vary . While having the non-custodial parent consent to the adoption is the easiest way to complete a stepparent adoption , it is still possible to have one completed when they either do not consent , or can not be located .
Infertility
Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth .
Chernobyl disaster
No evidence of changes in the prevalence of human deformities / birth congenital anomalies which might be associated with the accident , are apparent in Belarus or the Ukraine , the two republics which had the highest exposure to fallout . In Sweden , and Finland where no increase in abortion rates occurred , it was likewise determined that `` no association between the temporal and spatial variations in radioactivity and variable incidence of congenital malformations ( was found ) . '' A similar null increase in the abortion rate and a healthy baseline situation of no increase in birth defects was determined by assessing the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry , Findings also mirrored in Austria . Larger , `` mainly western European '' data sets approaching a million births in the EUROCAT database , divided into `` exposed '' and control groups were assessed in 1999 . As no Chernobyl impacts were detected , the researchers conclude `` in retrospect the widespread fear in the population about the possible effects of exposure on the unborn fetus was not justified '' . Despite studies from Germany and Turkey , the only robust evidence of negative pregnancy outcomes that transpired after the accident were these elective abortion indirect effects , in Greece , Denmark , Italy etc. , due to the anxieties created .
Infertility
Fertility tourism is the practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments . It may be regarded as a form of medical tourism . The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal regulation of the sought procedure in the home country , or lower price . In - vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved .
International Financial Reporting Standards
A. Phase I companies : ( A ) They will be required to disclose the adoption plan , and the impact of adoption , in 2011 annual financial statements , and in 2012 interim and annual financial statements . ( B ) Early optional adoption : a . Companies adopting IFRS early will be required to disclose the adoption plan , and the impact of adoption , in 2010 annual financial statements , and in 2011 interim and annual financial statements . b . If a company opts for early adoption of Taiwan - IFRS after 1 January 2011 , it will be required to disclose the adoption plan , and the impact of adoption , in 2011 interim and annual financial statements commencing on the decision date .
Stepfamily
In Canada , one needs to put into writing what the child 's circumstances are for being adopted . Some circumstances may include : the child 's mental , physical , and emotional welfare , their background , religion , having a positive relationship , etc . If the child is an indigenous person , then the family must specify their plan to keep the child involved in their culture .
Women in Vietnam
Studies have shown there are marriage discrepancies between rural and urban areas in Vietnam today . According to Nguyen et al. , women from rural areas were shown to enter marriage at a younger age than women from urban areas . Furthermore , evidence has shown that there is a difference in marital and familial values between north and south Vietnam . According to one study , these differences between the north and south regions are likely due to their separation during the mid-20th century , as well as the degree of socialist or western influences on the north and south , respectively . The cultural differences between northern and southern Vietnam include `` marriage rituals , family living arrangement , household composition , and premarital sexual behaviors '' according to a study by Teerawichitchainan et al . Domestic
Stepfamily
In the United States , the most common form of adoption is adopting a stepchild . By adopting a stepchild , the stepparent is agreeing to be fully responsible for their spouse 's child . The biological parent not living with the child no longer has any rights or responsibilities for the child , including child support .
One-child policy
In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . ''
Korean War
In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States .
Egg donation
Donors unrelated to the recipients who do it for altruistic and / or monetary reasons . In the US they are anonymous donors or semi-anonymous donors recruited by egg donor agencies or IVF clinics . Such donors may also be non-anonymous donors , i.e. , they may exchange identifying and contact information with the recipients . In most countries other than the US and UK , the law requires such donors to remain anonymous . Designated donors , e.g. a friend or relative brought by the patients to serve as a donor specifically to help them . In Sweden and France , couples who can bring such a donor still get another person as a donor , but instead get advanced on the waiting list for the procedure , and that donor rather becomes a `` cross donor '' . In other words , the couple brings a designated donor , she donates anonymously to another couple , and the couple that brought her receives eggs from another anonymous donor much more quickly than they would have if they had not been able to provide a designated donor . Patients taking part in shared oocyte programmes . Women who go through in vitro fertilization may be willing to donate unused eggs to such a program , where the egg recipients together help paying the cost of the In Vitro Fertilisation ( IVF ) procedure . It is very cost - effective compared to other alternatives . The pregnancy rate with use of shared oocytes is similar to that with altruistic donors .
Egg donation
According to Jansen and Tucker , writing in the same ART ( assisted reproductive technologies ) textbook referenced above , the risk of OHSS varies with the clinic administering the hormones , from 6.6 to 8.4 % of cycles , half of them `` severe . '' The most severe form of OHSS is life - threatening . Recent studies have found that donors were at less risk of OHSS when the final maturation of oocytes was induced by GnRH agonist than with recombinant hCG . Both hormones were comparable in the number of mature oocytes produced and fertilization rates . A larger study in the Netherlands found 10 documented cases of deaths from IVF , with a rate of 1 : 10,000 . `` All of these patients were treated with GnRH agonists and none of these cases have been published in the scientific literature . ''
Postterm pregnancy
Postterm pregnancy is the condition of a baby that has not yet been born after 42 weeks of gestation , two weeks beyond the normal 40 . Post-mature births can carry risks for both the mother and the infant , including fetal malnutrition . After the 42nd week of gestation , the placenta , which supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen from the mother , starts aging and will eventually fail . If the fetus passes its fecal matter , which is not typical until after birth , and breathes it in , it could become sick with meconium aspiration syndrome . Postterm pregnancy may be a reason to induce labor .
Germ cell
Mammals have a migratory path comparable to that in Xenopus . Migration begins with 50 gonocytes and about 5,000 PGCs arrive at the gonads . Proliferation occurs also during migration and lasts for 3 -- 4 weeks in humans .
One-child policy
In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time .
Plant breeding
Failure to produce a hybrid may be due to pre - or post-fertilization incompatibility . If fertilization is possible between two species or genera , the hybrid embryo may abort before maturation . If this does occur the embryo resulting from an interspecific or intergeneric cross can sometimes be rescued and cultured to produce a whole plant . Such a method is referred to as Embryo Rescue . This technique has been used to produce new rice for Africa , an interspecific cross of Asian rice ( Oryza sativa ) and African rice ( Oryza glaberrima ) .
Stepfamily
The prevalence of stepfamilies has increased over the past century with the increase of divorce and remarriage . According to the Step Family Foundation , `` over 50 % of US families are remarried or recoupled . '' These families are unique in their experiences facing many challenges which first - married families do not . For example , role ambiguity , dealing with stepchildren , and ex-spouses are only a few of the issues which are unique to these families . In response to these families ' desire for assistance , stepfamily education has become an increasingly common topic among scholars and educators . Although still a relatively new facet within the marriage education realm , stepfamily education provides important information which may not be addressed in traditional marriage or relationship education curriculum . As discussed by Adler - Baeder and Higginbotham ( 2004 ) a number of curricula are currently available to stepfamilies and family life educators ; however , further research is needed in order to determine best - practices for the field . One way in which this gap is being filled is through the current implementation of Healthy Marriage Demonstration Grants in the U.S. As part of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 , grants for healthy marriage and responsible fatherhood , which include at - risk and diverse populations such as stepfamilies , are providing important information on the evaluation of stepfamily programs and their effectiveness in servicing stepfamilies .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The church 's support in 2008 of California 's Proposition 8 sparked heated debate and protest by gay - rights organizations and others . The church expressed support for a Salt Lake City ordinance protecting members of the LGBT community against discrimination in employment and housing while allowing religious institutions to consider lifestyles in actions such as hiring or providing university accommodations . Further controversy resulted in late 2015 , when the church changed its guidance to lay leaders about same - sex unions and about minor children living in the home of a parent in a same - sex relationship , whether natural or adopted . The policy says that these children should only be baptized after reaching legal age , and only if they do not live with parents who are in a same - sex cohabitation or marriage . In addition , it says that these children should reject the practice of homosexual marriage or cohabitation . The church says that this baptism policy is designed to protect children .
Cousin marriage
In most societies , cousin marriage apparently is more common among those of low socio - economic status , among the illiterate and uneducated , and in rural areas . This may be due in part to the token or significantly reduced dowries and bridewealths that exist in such marriages and also the much smaller pool of viable marriage candidates in rural areas . Some societies also report a high prevalence among land - owning families and the ruling elite : here the relevant consideration is thought to be keeping the family estate intact over generations . The average age at marriage is lower for cousin marriages , the difference in one Pakistani study being 1.10 and 0.84 years for first and second cousins , respectively . In Pakistan , the ages of the spouses were also closer together , the age difference declining from 6.5 years for unrelated couples to 4.5 years for first cousins . A marginal increase in time to first birth , from 1.6 years generally to 1.9 years in first cousins , may occur due to the younger age at marriage of consanguineous mothers and resultant adolescent subfertility or delayed consummation .
Bradford
The long - term health study Born in Bradford studied births in the city between 2007 - 2011 and found that the rate of birth defects was 3 % , nearly twice the national average of 1.7 % . The leading cause was found to be a 37 % rate of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis , which had become more common than a generation earlier . A contributing cause was babies born to mothers over 34 years of age .
Adolescence
The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions , ranging from 12 to 20 years , as does the age at which people are allowed to marry . Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military , gambling , and the purchase of alcohol , cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels . It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy ; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support . Nonetheless , new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents . Alcohol
Egg donation
Although the donors may be motivated by both monetary and altruistic reasons , egg agencies desire and prefer to choose donors that are strictly providing eggs for altruistic reasons . The European Union limits any financial compensation for donors to at most $1500 . In some countries , most notably Spain and Cyprus , this has limited donors to the poorest segments of society . In the United States , donors are paid regardless of how many eggs she produces . A donor 's compensation may increase for each additional time she provides eggs , especially if the donor 's eggs have a history of reliably resulting in the recipient becoming pregnant . In the United States , egg - broker agencies are known for advertising to college students who are more likely to be in financial situations that motivate them to participate for the financial compensation . It is not unusual for one student to donate many times . Often , this is done without consideration of potential long - term health consequences . Such a student is arguably not making the decision to donate her eggs autonomously due to her unfavorable financial situation .
UNICEF
Major news outlets such as US News have asserted UNICEF 's intervention that on giving large cash payments to developing countries can lead to a cessation of international adoptions until all of its recommendations are in place , and have even labeled UNICEF a `` villain '' for the extent of its negative impact on orphans . Elizabeth Bartholet and Paulo Barrozo have written in this context , encouraging adoption protocols to take on a more child - centric viewpoint .
Cousin marriage
In the Far East , South Korea is especially restrictive with bans on marriage out to third cousins , with all couples having the same surname and region of origin having been prohibited from marrying until 1997 .
One-child policy
According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . ''
Semen
Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations . For human sperm , the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years .
Egg donation
In Buzzanca v. Buzzanca , 72 Cal . Rptr. 2d 280 ( Cal . Ct . App . 1998 ) , the court held that both the recipient and the father of a child conceived through anonymous sperm and egg donation and carried by a surrogate were the legal parents of the child by virtue of their procreative intent . Therefore , the father was required to pay child support even though he sought a divorce before the child was born .
One-child policy
Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions .
Heart
The embryonic heart begins beating at around 22 days after conception ( 5 weeks after the last normal menstrual period , LMP ) . It starts to beat at a rate near to the mother 's which is about 75 -- 80 beats per minute ( bpm ) . The embryonic heart rate then accelerates and reaches a peak rate of 165 -- 185 bpm early in the early 7th week ( early 9th week after the LMP ) . After 9 weeks ( start of the fetal stage ) it starts to decelerate , slowing to around 145 ( ± 25 ) bpm at birth . There is no difference in female and male heart rates before birth .
Cousin marriage
Predictions that cousin marriage would decline during the late 20th century in areas where it is preferential appear to have been largely incorrect . One reason for this is that in many regions , cousin marriage is not merely a cultural tradition , but is also judged to offer significant social and economic benefits . In South Asia , rising demands for dowry payments have caused dire economic hardship and have been linked to `` dowry deaths '' in a number of North Indian states . Where permissible , marriage to a close relative is hence regarded as a more economically feasible choice . Second , improvements in public health have led to decreased death rates and increased family sizes , making it easier to find a relative to marry if that is the preferred choice . Increases in cousin marriage in the West may also occur as a result of immigration from Asia and Africa . In the short term , some observers have concluded that the only new forces that could discourage such unions are government bans like the one China enacted in 1981 . In the longer term , rates may decline due to decreased family sizes , making it more difficult to find cousins to marry .