vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sea breeze
On calm summer afternoons with little prevailing wind , sea breezes from both coasts may collide in the middle , creating especially severe storms down the center of the state . These thunderstorms can drift towards either the west or east coast depending on the relative strengths of the sea breezes , and sometimes survive to move out over the water at night , creating spectacular cloud - to - cloud lightning shows for hours after sunset . Due to its large size Lake Okeechobee may also contribute to this activity by creating its own lake breeze which collides with the east and west coast sea breezes .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical cyclones Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 21 19 12 5 314 $4.53 billion Igor Igor , Tomas Tied for third most active season on record Tied for second most hurricanes in a season on record Record tying 8 named storms forming in September 2011 20 19 7 114 $18.59 billion Ophelia Irene Tied for third most active season on record 2012 19 19 10 354 $77.97 billion Sandy Sandy Tied for third most active season Tied ( with 2016 ) for most active season before July Record tying 8 named storms forming in August 2013 15 14 0 47 $1.51 billion Humberto Ingrid Includes one subtropical storm No major hurricanes Tied ( with 1982 ) for fewest hurricanes since 1930 2014 9 8 6 21 $439.2 million Gonzalo None 2015 12 11 89 $731.8 million Joaquin Erika , Joaquin 2016 16 15 7 748 ≥ $16.1 billion Matthew Matthew , Otto Earliest start since 1938 Record for earliest formation of 3rd and 4th storm Tied ( with 2012 ) for most active season before July Includes southernmost Category 5 on record , and the first since 2007 First hurricane in 20 years to cross Central America into the Eastern Pacific basin 2017 18 17 10 6 3,361 ≥ $282.16 billion Maria Harvey , Irma , Maria , Nate Costliest hurricane season on record First April system since 2003 Earliest Main Development Region named storm on record First U.S. major hurricane landfall since Wilma in 2005 Highest rainfall produced by a tropical cyclone in the United States and its territories First - ever three Category 4 U.S. hurricane landfalls in a single season Second season to feature multiple Category 5 landfalls after 2007 Only one of four seasons to produce ten hurricanes in a row Only season on record with three hurricanes with an ACE value over 40 Most ACE produced in a single month in Atlantic basin Eastermost Major hurricane on record 2018 16 15 7 144 > 21.820 billion Michael TBD Includes a record seven subtropical storms Fourth consecutive season for a storm to develop before the official start
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Retired names Notes 1950 16 11 6 20 $37 million Dog None Record 8 tropical storms in October 1951 12 8 257 $80 million Easy None 1952 11 5 607 $3.75 million Fox None Includes the only known February tropical cyclone in the basin 1953 14 7 $6 million Carol None First year of female names for storms . One of only 4 seasons to have both a preseason and postseason storm . 1954 16 7 1,069 $752 million Hazel Carol , Edna , Hazel Includes Alice , one of only two storms in the basin to span two calendar years , tying for the latest storm in a season 1955 13 9 1,518 $1.2 billion Janet Connie , Diane , Ione , Janet 1956 12 76 $67.8 million Betsy None 1957 8 513 $152.5 million Carrie Audrey 1958 12 7 41 $12 million Helene None 1959 14 7 59 $23.3 million Gracie Gracie ? Status of Gracie 's retirement is unclear
Hurricane Harvey
The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August , so their incidence alone can not be attributed to global warming , but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms . Studies in this regard show that storms tend to intensify more rapidly prior to landfall . Weather events are due to multiple factors , and so can not be said to be caused by one precondition , but climate change affects aspects of extreme events , and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey . In a briefing , the World Meteorological Organization stated that the quantity of rainfall from Harvey had very likely been increased by climate change . The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes ( or tropical cyclones ) is still unclear , and is the subject of continuing research .
Atlantic hurricane season
The basic concept of a hurricane season began during 1935 , when dedicated wire circuits known as hurricane circuits began to be set up along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts , a process completed by 1955 . It was originally the time frame when the tropics were monitored routinely for tropical cyclone activity , and was originally defined as from June 15 through October 31 . Over the years , the beginning date was shifted back to June 1 , while the end date was shifted to November 15 , before settling at November 30 by 1965 . This was when hurricane reconnaissance planes were sent out to fly across the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico on a routine basis to look for potential tropical cyclones , in the years before the continuous weather satellite era . Since regular satellite surveillance began , hurricane hunter aircraft fly only into storm areas which are first spotted by satellite imagery .
Tropical cyclone
Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal
Tropical cyclone
Although more common since 1995 , few above - normal hurricane seasons occurred during 1970 -- 94 . Destructive hurricanes struck frequently from 1926 to 1960 , including many major New England hurricanes . Twenty - one Atlantic tropical storms formed in 1933 , a record only recently exceeded in 2005 , which saw 28 storms . Tropical hurricanes occurred infrequently during the seasons of 1900 -- 25 ; however , many intense storms formed during 1870 -- 99 . During the 1887 season , 19 tropical storms formed , of which a record 4 occurred after November 1 and 11 strengthened into hurricanes . Few hurricanes occurred in the 1840s to 1860s ; however , many struck in the early 19th century , including an 1821 storm that made a direct hit on New York City . Some historical weather experts say these storms may have been as high as Category 4 in strength .
Tropical cyclone
According to the Azores High hypothesis , an anti-phase pattern is expected to exist between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast . During the quiescent periods , a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast . During the hyperactive period , more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean . Such a displacement of the Azores High is consistent with paleoclimatic evidence that shows an abrupt onset of a drier climate in Haiti around 3200 C years BP , and a change towards more humid conditions in the Great Plains during the late - Holocene as more moisture was pumped up the Mississippi Valley through the Gulf coast . Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High hypothesis . A 3000 - year proxy record from a coastal lake in Cape Cod suggests that hurricane activity increased significantly during the past 500 -- 1000 years , just as the Gulf coast was amid a quiescent period of the last millennium .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Strong winds occur mainly in the autumn and winter months associated with low pressure systems and Scotland experiences hurricane - force winds in most winters . The Gale of January 1976 , Great Storm of 1987 ( 23 fatalities ) and the Burns ' Day storm of 1990 ( 97 fatalities ) are particularly severe examples ; Scotland saw winds of 142 mph during Cyclone Xaver in 2013 .
Gulf of Mexico
The gulf 's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic hurricanes causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . In the Atlantic , a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake ( warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation ) . However , the Gulf is shallower ; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm .
Hurricane Harvey
The recent increases in activity are linked , in part , to higher sea surface temperatures in the region that Atlantic hurricanes form in and move through . Numerous factors have been shown to influence these local sea surface temperatures , including natural variability , human - induced emissions of heat - trapping gases , and particulate pollution . Quantifying the relative contributions of natural and human - caused factors is an active focus of research .
Atlantic hurricane season
Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical hurricane that formed over the Great Lakes and was not formally named but was nicknamed `` Huron '' . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical hurricane that formed over the Great Lakes and was not formally named but was nicknamed `` Huron '' . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one tropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This does not include one additional tropical storm - force cyclone over the Bay of Biscay that may have been subtropical but was reported by the NHC as extropical . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical storm that formed over the Mediterranean Sea and was not reported on by the NHC . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical storm that formed over the Mediterranean Sea and was not reported on by the NHC .
Climate of the United States
The Great Plains , the Midwest and the southern United States - because of contrasting air masses - have frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer . In central portions of the US , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer . The strip of land from north Texas north to Nebraska and east into Southern Michigan is known as Tornado Alley , where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens . Stretching across Mississippi and Alabama , Dixie Alley has experienced tornadoes and violent thunderstorms , with peak tornado season coming on as early as February and waning by May . Florida also reports many tornadoes but these are rarely very strong . The southern US has a second tornado season during the Fall . In general , the area at greatest risk for tornadoes migrates northward from February to June , peaking in the Gulf States in February and March , the Ohio Valley and lower Midwest in April , southern and central Plains and central Midwest in May , and Northern Plains and upper Midwest ( Dakotas , Minnesota and Wisconsin ) in June .
Tropical cyclone
According to 2006 studies by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , `` the strongest hurricanes in the present climate may be upstaged by even more intense hurricanes over the next century as the earth 's climate is warmed by increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere '' .
Hurricane Hugo
The storm continued inland , and weakened to a very strong tropical storm as it passed over Charlotte , North Carolina . Hugo continued on the weakening trend and weakened to a tropical storm later on the same day over central North Carolina . The storm continued weakening as it moved inland , and on September 23 , the storm weakened to a remnant low . Its remnant low continued to accelerate north , and it reached the far northern Atlantic before dissipating on September 25 .
Atlantic hurricane season
Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical hurricane that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical hurricane that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes three subtropical storms that were not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes two subtropical storms that were not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical hurricane that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical hurricane that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one tropical hurricane that was not formally named but was nicknamed `` the Perfect Storm '' . Jump up ^ This includes one tropical hurricane that was not formally named but was nicknamed `` the Perfect Storm '' . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This does not include two additional tropical storm - force cyclones formed late in the season that may have been subtropical or tropical but were each reported by the NHC as extropical . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical hurricane that formed over the Great Lakes and was not formally named but was nicknamed `` Huron '' . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical hurricane that formed over the Great Lakes and was not formally named but was nicknamed `` Huron '' . Jump up ^ This does not include one subtropical hurricane that formed over the Great Lakes and was not formally named but was nicknamed `` Huron '' . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time . Jump up ^ This includes one subtropical storm that was not named at the time .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1890 9 Three 1891 10 7 700 + `` Martinique '' Martinique Hurricane of 1891 ( cat 3 ) 1892 9 5 0 16 Three , Five , and Seven 1893 12 10 5 4,028 `` Cheniere Caminada '' Hurricane San Roque of 1893 ( cat 3 ) New York Hurricane of 1893 ( cat 3 ) 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane ( cat 3 ) Great Charleston Hurricane ( cat 3 ) 1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane ( cat 4 ) 5 major hurricanes made landfall this year . Two hurricanes caused more than 2,000 deaths in the United States . Four simultaneous hurricanes on August 22 , one of two times on record . 1894 7 5 200 + Six Florida Panhandle Hurricane of 1894 ( cat 3 ) 1895 6 0 56 Two 1896 7 6 130 Four Hurricane San Ramon of 1896 ( cat 3 ) Cedar Keys Hurricane of 1896 ( cat 3 ) 1897 6 0 None One 1898 11 5 562 `` Georgia '' Georgia Hurricane of 1898 ( cat 4 ) Major hurricane last struck Georgia in 1881 1899 9 5 3,439 `` San Ciriaco '' Hurricane San Ciriaco of 1899 / Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899 ( cat 4 ) The San Ciriaco hurricane was the longest lasting Atlantic hurricane on record
Climate of Florida
Florida reports more thunderstorms than any other US state . Some places report in excess of 90 thunderstorm days per year , making Florida one of the most thundery regions outside of the tropics . Florida receives the highest density of lightning strikes within the United States . Several deaths per year are blamed on lightning , making lightning one of the deadliest weather - related phenomenon in the state . However , since 1992 , the number of lightning deaths has been slowly dropping despite a rising population , suggesting that lightning awareness programs are effective . The most likely targets of lightning strikes are construction workers and others who work outside , though 12 percent of the cases occurred indoors to people using electronic devices . Severe thunderstorms can sometimes produce hail , very strong straight line winds and tornadoes . Very heavy rainfall from thunderstorms can result in flash flooding . Thunderstorms occur most often during the summer but can occur at any time of the year .
Tropical cyclone
Research reported in the September 3 , 2008 issue of Nature found that the strongest tropical cyclones are getting stronger , in particular over the North Atlantic and Indian oceans . Wind speeds for the strongest tropical storms increased from an average of 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) in 1981 to 251 km / h ( 156 mph ) in 2006 , while the ocean temperature , averaged globally over all the regions where tropical cyclones form , increased from 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) to 28.5 ° C ( 83.3 ° F ) during this period .
Climate of Florida
In July the trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward into Florida . On occasion , dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge moves into the state , suppressing rainfall and changing the sky from a blue to a white appearance and leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality across the Southeastern United States during the summer , by adding to the count of airborne particulates . This is in sharp contrast to the normally clean air over Florida and the southeastern USA , which on average is the cleanest air in the USA . Over 50 % of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events are possibly linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Southern England between the Isle of Wight and Beachy Head has been recognised as a ' hotspot ' for tornadoes and waterspouts . The area ( known as ' The Isle of Wight and South Coast Anomaly ' ) has seen significant activity and is thought to be due to the shedding of vortices , downwind of the Isle of Wight , under certain weather conditions .
Thunderstorm
Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states . These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes . Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States , but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas , particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California . In spring and summer , they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime . In the Northeast , storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest , but with less frequency and severity . During the summer , air - mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida .
Tropical cyclone
Often in part because of the threat of hurricanes , many coastal regions had sparse population between major ports until the advent of automobile tourism ; therefore , the most severe portions of hurricanes striking the coast may have gone unmeasured in some instances . The combined effects of ship destruction and remote landfall severely limit the number of intense hurricanes in the official record before the era of hurricane reconnaissance aircraft and satellite meteorology . Although the record shows a distinct increase in the number and strength of intense hurricanes , therefore , experts regard the early data as suspect .
Season
Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting Glossaries Glossary of meteorology Weather portal
Tropical cyclone
Season lengths and averages Basin Season start Season end Tropical cyclones Refs North Atlantic June 1 November 30 12.1 Eastern Pacific May 15 November 30 16.6 Western Pacific January 1 December 31 26.0 North Indian January 1 December 31 4.8 South - West Indian July 1 June 30 9.3 Australian region November 1 April 30 11.0 Southern Pacific November 1 April 30 7.3 Total : 87.1
Tropical cyclone
In addition to tropical cyclones , there are two other classes of cyclones within the spectrum of cyclone types . These kinds of cyclones , known as extratropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones , can be stages a tropical cyclone passes through during its formation or dissipation . An extratropical cyclone is a storm that derives energy from horizontal temperature differences , which are typical in higher latitudes . A tropical cyclone can become extratropical as it moves toward higher latitudes if its energy source changes from heat released by condensation to differences in temperature between air masses ; although not as frequently , an extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm , and from there into a tropical cyclone . From space , extratropical storms have a characteristic `` comma - shaped '' cloud pattern . Extratropical cyclones can also be dangerous when their low - pressure centers cause powerful winds and high seas .
Climate of the United States
In the lower Midwest ( and southern Plains states , especially ) , temperatures can rise or drop rapidly ; winds can be extreme ; and clashing air masses , including hot , dry air of Mexican and / or Southwestern origin , warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold , dry air from Canada can spawn severe thunderstorms and tornadoes , particularly from April to June . The `` dryline , '' separating hot , dry air of Mexican / Southwestern U.S. origin from warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico , often causes severe , occasionally violent , thunderstorms to fire in central and eastern Texas , Oklahoma and Kansas ; these sometimes contribute toward the hailstorms and tornado outbreaks that the Southern Plains are well known for . Reflecting these air - mass conflicts , central Oklahoma , including the Oklahoma City and Moore - Norman areas , has the highest frequency of tornadoes per unit land area on planet Earth , with May the highest - risk month for tornadoes throughout `` Tornado Alley , '' from northern Texas north - northeastward toward western and central Iowa .