vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Modem
USRobotics ( USR ) introduced a similar system , known as HST , although this supplied only 9,600 bit / s ( in early versions at least ) and provided for a larger backchannel . Rather than offer spoofing , USR instead created a large market among Fidonet users by offering its modems to BBS sysops at a much lower price , resulting in sales to end users who wanted faster file transfers . Hayes was forced to compete , and introduced its own 9,600 bit / s standard , Express 96 ( also known as Ping - Pong ) , which was generally similar to Telebit 's PEP . Hayes , however , offered neither protocol spoofing nor sysop discounts , and its high - speed modems remained rare .
Switch
By analogy with the devices that select one or more possible paths for electric currents , devices that route information in a computer network are also called `` switches '' - these are usually more complicated than simple electromechanical toggles or pushbutton devices , and operate without direct human interaction .
Humanism
The distinction between so - called `` ethical '' humanists and `` secular '' humanists is most pronounced in the United States , although it is becoming less so over time . The philosophical distinction is not reflected at all in Canada , Latin America , Africa , or Asia , or most of Europe . In the UK , where the humanist movement was strongly influenced by Americans in the 19th century , the leading `` ethical societies '' and `` ethical churches '' evolved into secular humanist charities ( e.g. the British Ethical Union became the British Humanist Association and later Humanists UK ) . In Scandinavian countries , `` Human - etik '' or `` humanetikk '' ( roughly synonymous with ethical humanism ) is a popular strand within humanism , originating from the works of Danish philosopher Harald Høffding . The Norwegian Humanist Association belongs to this tendency , known as Human - Etisk Forbund ( literally `` Human - Ethical League '' ) . Over time , the emphasis on human - etisk has become less pronounced , and today HEF promotes both `` humanisme '' and `` human - etisk '' . In Sweden , the main Swedish humanist group Humanisterna ( `` Humanists '' ) began as a `` human - ethical association '' , like the Norwegian humanists , before adopting the more prevalent secular humanist model popular in most of Europe . Today the distinction in Europe is mostly superficial .
Precursor mRNA
Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA ) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) . Pre-mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by transcription . Pre-mRNA comprises the bulk of heterogeneous nuclear RNA ( hnRNA ) . The term hnRNA is often used as a synonym for pre-mRNA , although , in the strict sense , hnRNA may include nuclear RNA transcripts that do not end up as cytoplasmic mRNA .
Operating system
Network services include offerings such as file sharing , print services , email , web sites , and file transfer protocols ( FTP ) , most of which can have compromised security . At the front line of security are hardware devices known as firewalls or intrusion detection / prevention systems . At the operating system level , there are a number of software firewalls available , as well as intrusion detection / prevention systems . Most modern operating systems include a software firewall , which is enabled by default . A software firewall can be configured to allow or deny network traffic to or from a service or application running on the operating system . Therefore , one can install and be running an insecure service , such as Telnet or FTP , and not have to be threatened by a security breach because the firewall would deny all traffic trying to connect to the service on that port .
Hard disk drive
In the newest drives , as of 2009 , low - density parity - check codes ( LDPC ) were supplanting Reed -- Solomon ; LDPC codes enable performance close to the Shannon Limit and thus provide the highest storage density available .
Communications satellite
Some satellites have been launched that have transponders in the K band , such as DirecTV 's SPACEWAY - 1 satellite , and Anik F2 . NASA and ISRO have also launched experimental satellites carrying K band beacons recently .
Wireless security
This stands for Temporal Key Integrity Protocol and the acronym is pronounced as tee - kip . This is part of the IEEE 802.11 i standard . TKIP implements per - packet key mixing with a re-keying system and also provides a message integrity check . These avoid the problems of WEP . EAP
Humanism
This article contains Hebrew text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters .
Acronym
The US Department of Defense 's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects , including RESURRECT , NIRVANA , and DUDE . In July 2010 , Wired Magazine reported that DARPA announced programs to `` ... transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science '' named BATMAN and ROBIN for Biochronicity and Temporal Mechanisms Arising in Nature and Robustness of Biologically - Inspired Networks , a reference to the Batman and Robin comic - book superheroes .
Gray code
G is a permutation of the numbers 0 , ... , 2 − 1 . ( Each number appears exactly once in the list . ) G is embedded as the first half of G . Therefore , the coding is stable , in the sense that once a binary number appears in G it appears in the same position in all longer lists ; so it makes sense to talk about the reflective Gray code value of a number : G ( m ) = the m - th reflecting Gray code , counting from 0 . Each entry in G differs by only one bit from the previous entry . ( The Hamming distance is 1 . ) The last entry in G differs by only one bit from the first entry . ( The code is cyclic . )
Brute-force attack
An underlying assumption of a brute - force attack is that the complete keyspace was used to generate keys , something that relies on an effective random number generator , and that there are no defects in the algorithm or its implementation . For example , a number of systems that were originally thought to be impossible to crack by brute force have nevertheless been cracked because the key space to search through was found to be much smaller than originally thought , because of a lack of entropy in their pseudorandom number generators . These include Netscape 's implementation of SSL ( famously cracked by Ian Goldberg and David Wagner in 1995 ) and a Debian / Ubuntu edition of OpenSSL discovered in 2008 to be flawed . A similar lack of implemented entropy led to the breaking of Enigma 's code .
Wireless security
MAC filtering is effective only for small residential ( SOHO ) networks , since it provides protection only when the wireless device is `` off the air '' . Any 802.11 device `` on the air '' freely transmits its unencrypted MAC address in its 802.11 headers , and it requires no special equipment or software to detect it . Anyone with an 802.11 receiver ( laptop and wireless adapter ) and a freeware wireless packet analyzer can obtain the MAC address of any transmitting 802.11 within range . In an organizational environment , where most wireless devices are `` on the air '' throughout the active working shift , MAC filtering provides only a false sense of security since it prevents only `` casual '' or unintended connections to the organizational infrastructure and does nothing to prevent a directed attack .
HTML
The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) . However , HTTP is used to serve images , sound , and other content , in addition to HTML . To allow the web browser to know how to handle each document it receives , other information is transmitted along with the document . This meta data usually includes the MIME type ( e.g. text / html or application / xhtml + xml ) and the character encoding ( see Character encoding in HTML ) .
Wireless security
Ad hoc networks can pose a security threat . Ad hoc networks are defined as ( peer to peer ) networks between wireless computers that do not have an access point in between them . While these types of networks usually have little protection , encryption methods can be used to provide security .
1963
David H. Frisch and J.H. Smith prove that the radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion ( see Einstein 's special relativity and general relativity ) . The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment for the defense of the United States is fully deployed . The TAT - 3 transatlantic communications cable goes into operation . Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionary Sketchpad program and runs it on the Lincoln TX - 2 computer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Construction of Moscow 's Ostankino Tower begins . The IEEE Computer Society is founded . The Urdu keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board in Pakistan . Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitous smiley face symbol . The Reformed Druids of North America is founded . The 1955 film Oklahoma ! , an adaptation of the famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical , is re-released . The iconic Porsche 911 is first produced . Conference Premier football club Welling United is formed . Hergé 's The Castafiore Emerald is published .
Verizon Fios
This allocation of wavelengths adheres to the ITU - T G. 983 standard , also known as an ATM passive optical network ( APON ) . Verizon initially installed slower BPONs but now only installs GPONs specified in the ITU - T G. 984 standard . These bands and speeds are :
Modem
Many other standards were also introduced for special purposes , commonly using a high - speed channel for receiving , and a lower - speed channel for sending . One typical example was used in the French Minitel system , in which the user 's terminals spent the majority of their time receiving information . The modem in the Minitel terminal thus operated at 1,200 bit / s for reception , and 75 bit / s for sending commands back to the servers .
Wireless security
If an employee ( trusted entity ) brings in a wireless router and plugs it into an unsecured switchport , the entire network can be exposed to anyone within range of the signals . Similarly , if an employee adds a wireless interface to a networked computer using an open USB port , they may create a breach in network security that would allow access to confidential materials . However , there are effective countermeasures ( like disabling open switchports during switch configuration and VLAN configuration to limit network access ) that are available to protect both the network and the information it contains , but such countermeasures must be applied uniformly to all network devices .
Command-line interface
Prompt - generated by the program to provide context for the client . Command -- provided by the client . Commands are usually one of three classes : Internal -- recognized and processed by the command line interpreter itself and not dependent upon any external executable file . Included -- A separate executable file generally considered part of the operating environment and always included with the OS . External -- External executable files not part of the basic OS , but added by other parties for specific purposes and applications . param1 ... paramN -- Optional parameters provided by the client . The format and meaning of the parameters depends upon the command issued . In the case of Included or External commands , the values of the parameters are delivered to the program ( specified by the Command ) as it is launched by the OS . Parameters may be either Arguments or Options .
Freedom of speech by country
Regeringsformen , Chapter 2 ( Fundamental Rights and Freedoms ) protects personal freedom of expression `` whether orally , pictorially , in writing , or in any other way '' . Tryckfrihetsförordningen ( Freedom of the Press Act ) protects the freedom of printed press , as well as the principle of free access to public records ( Principle of Public Access ) and the right to communicate information to the press anonymously . For a newspaper to be covered by this law , it must be registered and have a `` legally responsible publisher '' , a Swedish legal term meaning a person who is ultimately accountable for the printed material . Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen ( Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression ) extends protections similar to those of Tryckfrihetsförordningen to other media , including television , radio and web sites .
Brute-force attack
Certain types of encryption , by their mathematical properties , can not be defeated by brute force . An example of this is one - time pad cryptography , where every cleartext bit has a corresponding key from a truly random sequence of key bits . A 140 character one - time - pad - encoded string subjected to a brute - force attack would eventually reveal every 140 character string possible , including the correct answer -- but of all the answers given , there would be no way of knowing which was the correct one . Defeating such a system , as was done by the Venona project , generally relies not on pure cryptography , but upon mistakes in its implementation : the key pads not being truly random , intercepted keypads , operators making mistakes -- or other errors .
URL
A Uniform Resource Locator ( URL ) , colloquially termed a web address , is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it . A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) , although many people use the two terms interchangeably . URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages ( http ) , but are also used for file transfer ( ftp ) , email ( mailto ) , database access ( JDBC ) , and many other applications .
History of mobile phones
In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s .
Hurricane Katrina
Volunteers from amateur radio 's emergency service wing , the Amateur Radio Emergency Service , provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed , relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home . In Hancock County , Mississippi , ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area , and even served as 911 dispatchers .
Command-line interface
Since the ? and ! characters typically also serve other purposes at the command line , they may not be available in all scenarios , therefore , they should not be the only options to access the corresponding help information .
Man with No Name
Although Kurosawa never publicly credited Hammett , Roger Corman claims that Kurosawa privately acknowledged Red Harvest as an influence . The lead character in Hammett 's Red Harvest is also nameless , identified only as a Continental Op after the detective agency he works for .
Lisbeth Salander
Salander is a world - class computer hacker . Under the pseudonym `` Wasp '' , she becomes a prominent figure in the international hacker community known as the Hacker Republic ( similar to the group Anonymous ) . She uses her computer skills as a means to earn a living , doing investigative work for Milton Security . She has an eidetic memory , and is skillful at concealing her identity ; she possessed passports in different names , and disguises herself to travel undetected around Sweden and worldwide .
Wireless security
Anyone within the geographical network range of an open , unencrypted wireless network can `` sniff '' , or capture and record , the traffic , gain unauthorized access to internal network resources as well as to the internet , and then use the information and resources to perform disruptive or illegal acts . Such security breaches have become important concerns for both enterprise and home networks .
Thymus
The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates , where it undergoes the same shrinkage with age and plays the same immunological function as in human beings . Recently , a discrete thymus - like lympho - epithelial structure , termed the thymoid , was discovered in the gills of larval lampreys . Hagfish possess a protothymus associated with the pharyngeal velar muscles , which is responsible for a variety of immune responses . Little is known about the immune mechanisms of tunicates or of Amphioxus .
Virus
For most viruses with RNA genomes and some with single - stranded DNA genomes , the single strands are said to be either positive - sense ( called the plus - strand ) or negative - sense ( called the minus - strand ) , depending on if they are complementary to the viral messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . Positive - sense viral RNA is in the same sense as viral mRNA and thus at least a part of it can be immediately translated by the host cell . Negative - sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive - sense RNA by an RNA - dependent RNA polymerase before translation . DNA nomenclature for viruses with single - sense genomic ssDNA is similar to RNA nomenclature , in that the template strand for the viral mRNA is complementary to it ( − ) , and the coding strand is a copy of it ( + ) . Several types of ssDNA and ssRNA viruses have genomes that are ambisense in that transcription can occur off both strands in a double - stranded replicative intermediate . Examples include geminiviruses , which are ssDNA plant viruses and arenaviruses , which are ssRNA viruses of animals . Genome
Computer
The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed . That is to say that some type of instructions ( the program ) can be given to the computer , and it will process them . Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language . In practical terms , a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions , as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example . A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second ( gigaflops ) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation . Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write , and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors . Stored
Command-line interface
Although desirable at least for the help parameter , programs may not support all option lead - in characters exemplified above . Under DOS , where the default command - line option character can be changed from / to - , programs may query the SwitChar API in order to determine the current setting . So , if a program is not hard - wired to support them all , a user may need to know the current setting even to be able to reliably request help . If the SwitChar has been changed to - and therefore the / character is accepted as alternative path delimiter also at the DOS command line , programs may misinterpret options like / h or / H as paths rather than help parameters . However , if given as first or only parameter , most DOS programs will , by convention , accept it as request for help regardless of the current SwitChar setting .
Modem
Smart modems come with media access controllers inside , which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received . Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems , and typically achieve higher data rates . The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the world .
Entamoeba histolytica
Genus and species Entamoeba histolytica Etiologic agent of : Amoebiasis ; amoebic dysentery ; extraintestinal amoebiasis , usually amoebic liver abscess ; `` anchovy sauce '' ) ; amoeba cutis ; amoebic lung abscess ( `` liver - colored sputum '' ) Infective stage Tetranucleated cyst ( having 4 nuclei ) Definitive host Human Portal of entry Mouth Mode of transmission Ingestion of mature cyst through contaminated food or water Habitat Colon and cecum Pathogenic stage Trophozoite Locomotive apparatus Pseudopodia ( `` false foot '' `` ) Motility Active , progressive and directional Nucleus ' Ring and dot ' appearance : peripheral chromatin and central karyosome Mode of reproduction Binary fission Pathogenesis Lytic necrosis ( it looks like `` flask - shaped '' holes in Gastrointestinal tract sections ( GIT ) Type of encystment Protective and Reproductive Lab diagnosis Most common is direct fecal smear ( DFS ) and staining ( but does not allow identification to species level ) ; enzyme immunoassay ( EIA ) ; indirect hemagglutination ( IHA ) ; Antigen detection -- monoclonal antibody ; PCR for species identification . Sometimes only the use of a fixative ( formalin ) is effective in detecting cysts . Culture : From faecal samples - Robinson 's medium , Jones ' medium Treatment Metronidazole for the invasive trophozoites PLUS a lumenal amoebicide for those still in the intestine . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) is the luminal drug of choice , since Diloxanide furoate ( Furamide ) is not commercially available in the USA or Canada ( being available only from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) . A direct comparison of efficacy showed that Paromomycin had a higher cure rate . Paromomycin ( Humatin ) should be used with caution in patients with colitis , as it is both nephrotoxic and ototoxic . Absorption through the damaged wall of the intestinal tract can result in permanent hearing loss and kidney damage .
HTTPS
Firefox uses HTTPS for Google searches as of version 14 , to `` shield our users from network infrastructure that may be gathering data about the users or modifying / censoring their search results '' .
Gray code
The bijective mapping ( 0 ↔ 00 , 1 ↔ 01 , 2 ↔ 11 , 3 ↔ 10 ) establishes an isometry between the metric space over the finite field Z 2 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) with the metric given by the Hamming distance and the metric space over the finite ring Z 4 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 4 ) ) ( the usual modulo arithmetic ) with the metric given by the Lee distance . The mapping is suitably extended to an isometry of the Hamming spaces Z 2 2 m ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2m ) ) and Z 4 m ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 4 ) ^ ( m ) ) . Its importance lies in establishing a correspondence between various `` good '' but not necessarily linear codes as Gray - map images in Z 2 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) of ring - linear codes from Z 4 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 4 ) ) .
Command-line interface
A command - line option or simply option ( also known as a flag or switch ) modifies the operation of a command ; the effect is determined by the command 's program . Options follow the command name on the command line , separated by spaces . A space before the first option is not always required , for example Dir / ? and DIR / ? have the same effect in DOS ( list the DIR command 's options ) whereas dir -- help ( in many versions of Unix ) does require the option to be preceded by at least one space ( and is case - sensitive ) .