vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
UNICEF
UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world , but not involved in nine others ( Bahamas , Brunei , Cyprus , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Malta , Mauritius , Monaco , and Singapore ) .
Recycling
`` Between 1960 and 2000 , the world production of plastic resins increased 25-fold , while recovery of the material remained below 5 percent . '' Many studies have addressed recycling behaviour and strategies to encourage community involvement in recycling programmes . It has been argued that recycling behaviour is not natural because it requires a focus and appreciation for long - term planning , whereas humans have evolved to be sensitive to short - term survival goals ; and that to overcome this innate predisposition , the best solution would be to use social pressure to compel participation in recycling programmes . However , recent studies have concluded that social pressure is unviable in this context . One reason for this is that social pressure functions well in small group sizes of 50 to 150 individuals ( common to nomadic hunter -- gatherer peoples ) but not in communities numbering in the millions , as we see today . Another reason is that individual recycling does not take place in the public view .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The earthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond , including Indonesia , Sri Lanka , India , Thailand , the Maldives , Somalia , Myanmar , Malaysia , Seychelles and others . Many other countries , especially in Europe , had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday . Sweden lost 543 citizens in the disaster , while Germany had 539 identified victims .
Chernobyl disaster
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists the number of excess cancer deaths worldwide ( including all contaminated areas ) is approximately 27,000 based on the same LNT .
Water fluoridation
Fluoridation became an official policy of the U.S. Public Health Service by 1951 , and by 1960 water fluoridation had become widely used in the U.S. , reaching about 50 million people . By 2006 , 69.2 % of the U.S. population on public water systems were receiving fluoridated water , amounting to 61.5 % of the total U.S. population ; 3.0 % of the population on public water systems were receiving naturally occurring fluoride . In some other countries the pattern was similar . New Zealand , which led the world in per - capita sugar consumption and had the world 's worst teeth , began fluoridation in 1953 , and by 1968 fluoridation was used by 65 % of the population served by a piped water supply . Fluoridation was introduced into Brazil in 1953 , was regulated by federal law starting in 1974 , and by 2004 was used by 71 % of the population . In the Republic of Ireland , fluoridation was legislated in 1960 , and after a constitutional challenge the two major cities of Dublin and Cork began it in 1964 ; fluoridation became required for all sizeable public water systems and by 1996 reached 66 % of the population . In other locations , fluoridation was used and then discontinued : in Kuopio , Finland , fluoridation was used for decades but was discontinued because the school dental service provided significant fluoride programs and the cavity risk was low , and in Basel , Switzerland , it was replaced with fluoridated salt .
Biomass
Lack of participatory decision making Lack of public / community awareness Local supply chain impacts vs. global benefits Health and safety risks Extra pressure on transport sector Decreasing the esthetics of rural areas
Human rights and development
Positive developments have occurred in Afghanistan and Bangladesh where the Let Us Learn initiative has overcome barriers to education . UNICEF enrolled 3,917 five - year - olds in school programmes , including 153 disabled children from the most disadvantaged region of rural Bangladesh , 60 % of which were girls . In Afghanistan 9,339 children and youth participated in community based learning programmes with 84 % being girls . UNICEF and partners responded to 286 humanitarian crises in 79 countries in 2012 and helped some 3.56 million children and adolescents gain access to formal and non formal basic education .
Philippines
The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers ( 115,831 sq mi ) , and a population of approximately 103 million . It is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . As of 2013 , approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples . Exchanges with Chinese , Malay , Indian , and Islamic nations occurred . Then , various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus , Rajahs , Sultans or Lakans .
North America
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes contained 21 % of the world 's surface fresh water around the year 2000 : 5,472 cubic miles ( 22,810 km ) , or 6.0 × 10 U.S. gallons ( 2.3 × 10 liters ) . This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet ( 2.9 m ) . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world 's fresh water , the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis .
The Gambia
According to the World Health Organization in 2005 , an estimated 78.3 % of Gambian girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation .
Latin America
However , there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system . Estimates indicate that 30 % of preschool age children ( ages 4 -- 5 ) do not attend school , and for the most vulnerable populations , the poor and rural , this calculation exceeds 40 percent . Among primary school age children ( ages 6 to 12 ) , coverage is almost universal ; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children in the primary education system . These children live mostly in remote areas , are indigenous or Afro - descendants and live in extreme poverty .
Great Pacific garbage patch
The 2012 Algalita / 5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition began in the Marshall Islands on 1 May , investigated the little - studied Western Pacific garbage patch , collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute , Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues , including NOAA , SCRIPPS , IPRC , and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute . From 4 October to 9 November 2012 , the Sea Education Association ( SEA ) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre . A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010 . During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition , a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics , map the distribution of plastics in the gyre , and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Due to its geographical location , climate , and topography , the Philippines is ranked third on the World Risk Index for highest disaster risk and exposure to natural disasters . 16 of its provinces , including Manila , Benguet , and Batanes , are included in the top 50 most vulnerable places in Southeast Asia , with Manila being ranked 7th . Four cities in the Philippines , Manila , San Jose , Roxas , and Cotaboato , are included in the top 10 cities most vulnerable to sea level rise in the East Asia and Pacific region . The country is consistently at risk from severe natural hazards including typhoons , floods , landslides , and drought . It is located within a region that experiences the highest rate of typhoons in the world , averaging 20 typhoons annually , with about 7 - 9 that actually make landfall . In 2009 , the Philippines had the third highest number of casualties from natural disasters with the second most victims .
Water fluoridation
Communities have discontinued water fluoridation in some countries , including Finland , Germany , Japan , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . On August 26 , 2014 , Israel stopped mandating fluoridation , stating `` Only some 1 % of the water is used for drinking , while 99 % of the water is intended for other uses ( industry , agriculture , flushing toilets etc . ) . There is also scientific evidence that fluoride in large amounts can lead to damage to health . When fluoride is supplied via drinking water , there is no control regarding the amount of fluoride actually consumed , which could lead to excessive consumption . Supply of fluoridated water forces those who do not so wish to also consume water with added fluoride . This approach is therefore not accepted in most countries in the world . '' This change was often motivated by political opposition to water fluoridation , but sometimes the need for water fluoridation was met by alternative strategies . The use of fluoride in its various forms is the foundation of tooth decay prevention throughout Europe ; several countries have introduced fluoridated salt , with varying success : in Switzerland and Germany , fluoridated salt represents 65 % to 70 % of the domestic market , while in France the market share reached 60 % in 1993 but dwindled to 14 % in 2009 ; Spain , in 1986 the second West European country to introduce fluoridation of table salt , reported a market share in 2006 of only 10 % . In three other West European countries , Greece , Austria and the Netherlands , the legal framework for production and marketing of fluoridated edible salt exists . At least six Central European countries ( Hungary , the Czech and Slovak Republics , Croatia , Slovenia , Romania ) have shown some interest in salt fluoridation ; however , significant usage of approximately 35 % was only achieved in the Czech Republic . The Slovak Republic had the equipment to treat salt by 2005 ; in the other four countries attempts to introduce fluoridated salt were not successful .
We Are the World
Since its release , `` We Are the World '' has raised over $63 million ( equivalent to $141 million today ) for humanitarian causes . Ninety percent of the money was pledged to African relief , both long and short term . The long - term initiative included efforts in birth control and food production . The remaining 10 percent of funds was earmarked for domestic hunger and homeless programs in the US . From the African fund , over 70 recovery and development projects were launched in seven African nations . Such projects included aid in agriculture , fishing , water management , manufacturing and reforestation . Training programs were also developed in the African countries of Mozambique , Senegal , Chad , Mauritania , Burkina Faso , and Mali .
Slash-and-burn
Slash - and - burn is used by 200 -- 500 million people worldwide . In 2004 it was estimated that in Brazil alone , 500,000 small farmers each cleared an average of one hectare ( 2.47105 acres ) of forest per year . The technique is not scalable or sustainable for large human populations . Methods such as Inga alley farming have been proposed as alternatives which would cause less environmental degradation .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression . '' Poverty among young people increased by 3.9 % from 2007 to 2010 . In assessing social inequality in Britain , Danny Dorling has noted that `` people in different parts of Britain and people living within different quarters of its cities are living in different worlds with different norms and expectations . This was not the case a few decades ago . This is not the case to the same extent in the majority of affluent nations in the world . ''
Great Pacific garbage patch
The Great Pacific garbage patch , also described as the Pacific trash vortex , is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988 . It is located roughly between 135 ° W to 155 ° W and 35 ° N to 42 ° N. The collection of plastic , floating trash halfway between Hawaii and California extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
In the mid-19th century , the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services : the London sewer system had not reached Soho . Cowsheds , slaughter houses , and grease - boiling dens lined the streets and contributed animal droppings , rotting fluids and other contaminants to the primitive Soho sewer system . Many cellars had cesspools underneath their floorboards , which formed from the sewers and filth seeping in from the outside . Since the cesspools were overrunning , the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames , contaminating the water supply . London had already suffered from a `` series of debilitating cholera outbreaks '' . These included outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 which killed a total of 14,137 people .
Natural gas
Biogas , and especially landfill gas , are already used in some areas , but their use could be greatly expanded . Experimental systems were being proposed for use in parts of Hertfordshire , UK , and Lyon in France . Using materials that would otherwise generate no income , or even cost money to get rid of , improves the profitability and energy balance of biogas production . Gas generated in sewage treatment plants is commonly used to generate electricity . For example , the Hyperion sewage plant in Los Angeles burns 8 million cubic feet ( 230,000 cubic meters ) of gas per day to generate power New York City utilizes gas to run equipment in the sewage plants , to generate electricity , and in boilers . Using sewage gas to make electricity is not limited to large cities . The city of Bakersfield , California , uses cogeneration at its sewer plants . California has 242 sewage wastewater treatment plants , 74 of which have installed anaerobic digesters . The total biopower generation from the 74 plants is about 66 MW .
Child labour
Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25 % to 10 % between 1960 and 2003 , according to the World Bank . Nevertheless , the total number of child labourers remains high , with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5 -- 17 worldwide , were involved in child labour in 2013 .
Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
On April 12 , 2016 , a research team reported that 88 percent of about 360 baby or stillborn dolphins within the spill area `` had abnormal or under - developed lungs '' , compared to 15 percent in other areas . The study was published in the April 2016 Diseases of Aquatic Organisms .
Tropics
The tropics comprise 40 % of the Earth 's surface area and contain 36 % of the Earth 's landmass.As of 2014 , the region is home to 40 % of the world population , and this figure is projected to reach 50 % by the late 2030s .
ISO 9000
Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates ( 2014 ) Rank Country No. of certificates China 342,800 Italy 168,960 Germany 55,363 Japan 45,785 5 India 41,016 6 United Kingdom 40,200 7 Spain 36,005 8 United States 33,008 9 France 29,122 10 Australia 19,731
Chernobyl disaster
Areas of Europe contaminated with Cs Country 37 -- 185 kBq / m 185 -- 555 kBq / m 555 -- 1480 kBq / m > 1480 kBq / m km % of country km % of country km % of country km % of country Belarus 29,900 14.4 10,200 4.9 4,200 2.0 2,200 1.1 Ukraine 37,200 6.2 3,200 0.53 900 0.15 600 0.1 Russia 49,800 0.29 5,700 0.03 2,100 0.01 300 0.002 Sweden 12,000 2.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- Finland 11,500 3.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- Austria 8,600 10.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Norway 5,200 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Bulgaria 4,800 4.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Switzerland 1,300 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Greece 1,200 0.91 -- -- -- -- -- -- Slovenia 300 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- Italy 300 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Moldova 60 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- Totals 162,160 km 19,100 km - 7,200 km 3,100 km
South Africa
On February 13 , 2018 , the country declared a national disaster in Cape Town as the city 's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June . With its dams only 24.9 % full , water - saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres a day . All nine of the country 's provinces were affected by what the government characterized as the `` magnitude and severity '' of a three - year drought . The city is one of 11 major world cities that are predicted to run out of water according to UN-endorsed projections .
Euphrates
The construction of the dams and irrigation schemes on the Euphrates has had a significant impact on the environment and society of each riparian country . The dams constructed as part of GAP -- in both the Euphrates and the Tigris basins -- have affected 382 villages and almost 200,000 people have been resettled elsewhere . The largest number of people was displaced by the building of the Atatürk Dam , which alone affected 55,300 people . A survey among those who were displaced showed that the majority were unhappy with their new situation and that the compensation they had received was considered insufficient . The flooding of Lake Assad led to the forced displacement of c. 4,000 families , who were resettled in other parts of northern Syria as part of a now abandoned plan to create an `` Arab belt '' along the borders with Turkey and Iraq .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Water poverty is defined by the Government as spending more than 3 % of disposable income on water bills . Nationally , in 2006 , nearly 10 % of households were in water poverty .
Great Barrier Reef
Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . A
Sustainability
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world 's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth 's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision - makers . It concludes that human activity is having a significant and escalating impact on the biodiversity of world ecosystems , reducing both their resilience and biocapacity . The report refers to natural systems as humanity 's `` life - support system '' , providing essential `` ecosystem services '' . The assessment measures 24 ecosystem services concluding that only four have shown improvement over the last 50 years , 15 are in serious decline , and five are in a precarious condition .
Warsaw
Largest groups of foreign residents Nationality Population ( 2016 ) Ukraine 9,066 Vietnam 3,240 Belarus 1,821 Russia 1,421 China 917 France 910 India 704 Germany 636 Italy 591 United Kingdom 589 Spain 421 Turkey 398 United States 356 Sweden 332
Soil erosion
Each year , about 75 billion tons of soil is eroded from the land -- a rate that is about 13 -- 40 times as fast as the natural rate of erosion . Approximately 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded . According to the United Nations , an area of fertile soil the size of Ukraine is lost every year because of drought , deforestation and climate change . In Africa , if current trends of soil degradation continue , the continent might be able to feed just 25 % of its population by 2025 , according to UNU 's Ghana - based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa .
Famine
At least 20 % of households in an area face extreme food shortages with a limited ability to cope The prevalence of acute malnutrition in children exceeds 30 % The death rate exceeds two persons per 10,000 persons per day
United Kingdom
The poverty line in the UK is commonly defined as being 60 % of the median household income . In 2007 -- 2008 13.5 million people , or 22 % of the population , lived below this line . This is a higher level of relative poverty than all but four other EU members . In the same year 4.0 million children , 31 % of the total , lived in households below the poverty line after housing costs were taken into account . This is a decrease of 400,000 children since 1998 -- 1999 . The UK imports 40 % of its food supplies . The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression '' , up from 3 million people in 1977 .
Wetland
Human impact : The sheer number of people who live and work near the coast is expected to grow immensely over the next fifty years . From an estimated 200 million people that currently live in low - lying coastal regions , the development of urban coastal centers is projected to increase the population by fivefold within 50 years . The United Kingdom has begun the concept of managed coastal realignment . This management technique provides shoreline protection through restoration of natural wetlands rather than through applied engineering . In East Asia , reclamation of coastal wetlands has resulted in widespread transformation of the coastal zone , and up to 65 % of coastal wetlands have been destroyed by coastal development .
United States
The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2013 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate ( 1,082 per 100,000 people ) , and Maine the lowest ( 285 per 100,000 people ) . Among the U.S. territories , the highest incarceration rate was in the U.S. Virgin Islands ( 542 per 100,000 people ) and the lowest was in Puerto Rico ( 313 per 100,000 people ) .
Irrigation tank
The development of large - scale water management methods and hydroelectric generation have replaced much of the local efforts and community management of water . For example , the state of Karnataka has about 44,000 artificial wetlands locally constructed over many centuries . At least 328 are threatened today .