vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Early world maps
Like the later map by al - Idrisi ( see below ) this map is clearly outside the largely symbolic early medieval mapping tradition , but equally it is not based on the famous Ptolemaic co-ordinate system . East is at the top , but Jerusalem is not in the centre , and the Garden of Eden is nowhere to be seen . Unusually , all the waterways of Africa , not just the Red Sea , are depicted in red ( mountains are green ) . The depiction of the far East is ambitious , including India and Taprobane ( Sri Lanka ) -- the latter depicted according to the exaggerated classical conception of its size . Unsurprisingly , Britain itself is depicted in some detail . Great Britain , unusually by medieval standards , is shown as one island , albeit with an exaggerated Cornish promontory , and Mona , Ireland and the many Scottish islands are all indicated . The cartographer is slightly confused by Iceland , depicting it both by a version of its classical name ' Thule ' , north - west of Britain , and as ' Island ' , logically linked with Scandinavia . World
English Reformation
By the time of Elizabeth 's death a third party had emerged , `` perfectly hostile '' to Puritans but not adherent to Rome . It preferred the revised Book of Common Prayer of 1559 , which was without some of the matters offensive to Roman Catholics . The recusants had been removed from the centre of the stage . The new dispute was now between the Puritans ( who wished to see an end of the prayer book and episcopacy ) , and this third party ( the considerable body of people who looked kindly on the Elizabethan Settlement , who rejected prophesyings , whose spirituality had been nourished by the Prayer Book and who preferred the governance of bishops ) .
Norman conquest of England
Before the Normans arrived , Anglo - Saxon governmental systems were more sophisticated than their counterparts in Normandy . All of England was divided into administrative units called shires , with subdivisions ; the royal court was the centre of government , and a justice system based on local and regional tribunals existed to secure the rights of free men . Shires were run by officials known as shire reeves or sheriffs . Most medieval governments were always on the move , holding court wherever the weather and food or other matters were best at the moment ; England had a permanent treasury at Winchester before William 's conquest . One major reason for the strength of the English monarchy was the wealth of the kingdom , built on the English system of taxation that included a land tax , or the geld . English coinage was also superior to most of the other currency in use in northwestern Europe , and the ability to mint coins was a royal monopoly . The English kings had also developed the system of issuing writs to their officials , in addition to the normal medieval practice of issuing charters . Writs were either instructions to an official or group of officials , or notifications of royal actions such as appointments to office or a grant of some sort .
History of the Church of England
Despite this , about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform . In the midst of the apparent triumph of Calvinism , the 17th century brought forth a Golden Age of Anglicanism . The Caroline Divines , such as Andrewes , Laud , Herbert Thorndike , Jeremy Taylor , John Cosin , Thomas Ken and others rejected Roman claims and refused to adopt the ways and beliefs of the Continental Protestants . The historic episcopate was preserved . Truth was to be found in Scripture and the bishops and archbishops , which were to be bound to the traditions of the first four centuries of the Church 's history . The role of reason in theology was affirmed .
Kingdom of England
Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule . He resigned his title and retired into obscurity . The Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state . But this restoration of Commonwealth rule similar to that before the Protectorate , proved to be unstable , and the exiled claimant , Charles II , was restored to the throne in 1660 .
The Man in the High Castle
Dick said he conceived The Man in the High Castle when reading Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , by Ward Moore , which occurs in an alternative nineteenth - century U.S. wherein the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War . In the acknowledgments to the book , he mentions other influences : The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , by William L. Shirer ; Hitler : A Study in Tyranny ( 1962 ) , by Alan Bullock ; The Goebbels Diaries ( 1948 ) , Louis P. Lochner , translator ; Foxes of the Desert ( 1960 ) , by Paul Carrell ; and the 1950 translation of the I Ching by Richard Wilhelm .
History of the Isle of Wight
According to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , Cerdic and his son Cynric conquered the island in 530 . The Chronicle states that after Cerdic died in 534 , the island was given to his nephews Stuf and Wihtgar . However , it is uncertain whether `` Wihtgar '' , who is believed to have died in 544 , was a real person or came from a misunderstood place name . The `` Men of Wight '' were known as `` Wihtwara '' . Carisbrooke was known as the `` Fort of the Men of Wight '' ( `` Wihtwarasburgh '' ) , or alternatively the fort may have been named after Wihtgar .
The White Queen (TV series)
8 `` The King is Dead '' `` Long Live the King '' Colin Teague Malcolm Campbell 4 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 5 October 2013 4.35 0.910 In 1483 , Edward IV is taken ill . Foreseeing his death , he asks Elizabeth to send for his brother Richard , Duke of Gloucester , whom he appoints Lord Protector . Elizabeth , mistrustful of Gloucester , asks her brother Anthony to arrange for her son , now King Edward V , to be brought to London by his half - brother Richard Grey ; they are intercepted by Gloucester and the young king is taken to the Tower of London . Anthony pleads with Elizabeth to cooperate with Gloucester , and initially a truce is worked out , but Margaret Beaufort and her husband Thomas Stanley sow seeds of mistrust in both camps , recognizing the potential advantage for Margaret 's son . Meanwhile , the Duke of Buckingham , himself a distant claimant to the throne , works for his own ends . Elizabeth takes her children into sanctuary and tells Anthony to ensure that the fleet is ready to rescue them ; ordered to send her second son to join his brother in the Tower , she sends a boy of common birth as a substitute . Gloucester , at first protective of his nephews , executes Anthony for treason when he learns of the Woodvilles ' intentions . Richard 's wife Anne Neville ( who fears Elizabeth will eventually work to have Richard , her , and their son executed as traitors ) instead persuades him to have his nephews declared illegitimate , on the grounds of a previous promise of marriage made by Edward to another woman . He and Anne are then crowned instead of his nephew . 9 `` The Princes in the Tower '' Colin Teague Emma Frost 11 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 12 October 2013 4.16 0.741 Stanley advises Margaret to ensure that the two young princes do not survive the attempt to free them from the Tower ; having unsuccessfully sought a sign from God , she instructs her men to kill the boys , leaving Princess Elizabeth 's marriage to her son as the only option . Anne Neville , now queen , simultaneously hints to Brackenbury that she would prefer them dead . The attempted `` rescue '' is thwarted .
Game of Thrones (season 3)
The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season follows the climactic battle at Kings Landing . Season three like the previous season mainly centers around the war of the five kings ; after the death of Renly Baratheon , all four kings in Westeros believes to have a claim to the Iron Throne , besides Robb Stark , who seeks vengeance for the death of his father , Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark .
Three Witches
Another principal source was the Daemonologie of King James published in 1597 which included a news pamphlet titled Newes from Scotland that detailed the infamous North Berwick witch trials of 1590 . Not only had this trial taken place in Scotland , witches involved confessed to attempt the use of witchcraft to raise a tempest and sabotage the very boat King James and the Queen of Scots were on board during their return trip from Denmark . This is evidenced by the following passages :
History of the Knights Templar
The dominant view is that Philip , who seized the treasury and broke up the monastic banking system , was jealous of the Templars ' wealth and power , and frustrated by his enormous debt to them , sought to seize their financial resources for himself by bringing blatantly false charges against them at the Tours assembly in 1308 . It is almost impossible to believe , that , under the influence of his carefully chosen advisors ( the same that had persecuted Boniface ) , he actually believed the charges to be true . It is widely accepted that Philip had clearly made up the accusations , some nearly identical to those made against Boniface , and did not believe any of the Templars to have been party to such activities . It is a fact that he had invited Jacques de Molay to be a pall - bearer at the funeral of the King 's sister on the very day before the arrests .
Kingdom of England
The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327 -- 1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government -- in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558 -- 1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World .
The White Queen (TV series)
9 `` The Princes in the Tower '' Colin Teague Emma Frost 11 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 12 October 2013 4.16 0.741 Stanley advises Margaret to ensure that the two young princes do not survive the attempt to free them from the Tower ; having unsuccessfully sought a sign from God , she instructs her men to kill the boys , leaving Princess Elizabeth 's marriage to her son as the only option . Anne Neville , now queen , simultaneously hints to Brackenbury that she would prefer them dead . The attempted `` rescue '' is thwarted . Buckingham is persuaded to give his allegiance to Henry Tudor and implies that he will carry out the murder of the princes . It soon becomes clear that the two boys in the tower ( the Prince of Wales and the impostor planted by Elizabeth ) are dead , and King Richard , horrified , returns to London to look for them ; Anne feels remorse , wondering if her hint to Brackenbury caused him to take action . After Richard secretly visits Elizabeth in sanctuary and assures her he played no part in her sons ' death , she realizes that Margaret has deceived her and puts a curse on the boys ' murderer . Buckingham , unable to join forces with Jasper Tudor , is captured and executed , and Margaret is placed under house arrest by Stanley ( who is still keeping a foot in both camps ) for her role in the failed rebellion . 10 `` The Final Battle '' Colin Teague Emma Frost 18 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 19 October 2013 4.41 1.155 Despite the threat from Henry Tudor , King Richard III remains confident that his reign is unthreatened . Richard begins to take an interest in his niece Elizabeth of York . Queen Anne Neville is jealous , but Richard reveals that he is doing so only to prevent Elizabeth 's marriage alliance with Henry Tudor . The former Queen Elizabeth warns her daughter of the curse they cast on Prince Edward 's killer ( that his children and grandchildren would be struck down prematurely ) ; this could include the young Elizabeth 's children should she marry Richard . Following the death of their only son and heir , an embittered and grief - stricken Anne dies . Remorseful , Richard immediately dismisses Elizabeth , realizing that his strategy has driven away Neville supporters .
Cinderella
The same story is also later reported by the Roman orator Aelian ( ca . 175 -- ca . 235 ) in his Miscellaneous History , which was written entirely in Greek . Aelian 's story closely resembles the story told by Strabo , but adds that the name of the pharaoh in question was Psammetichus . Aelian 's account indicates that the story of Rhodopis remained popular throughout antiquity .
Santiago de Compostela
In the 15th century , the red banner which guided the Galician armies to battle , was still preserved in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela , in the centre Saint James riding a white horse and wearing a white cloak , sword in hand : The legend of the miraculous armed intervention of Saint James , disguised as a white knight to help the Christians when battling the Muslims , was a recurrent myth during the High Middle Ages .
Renaissance
More recently , some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age , or even as a coherent cultural movement . The historian Randolph Starn , of the University of California Berkeley , stated in 1998 :
Restoration (England)
The Restoration of the English monarchy took place during the Stuart period . It began in 1660 when the English , Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under the Stuart King Charles II . It followed the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored , and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established . It is very often used to cover the whole reign of Charles II ( 1660 -- 1685 ) and often the brief reign of his younger brother James II ( 1685 -- 1688 ) . In certain contexts it may be used to cover the whole period of the later Stuart monarchs as far as the death of Queen Anne and the accession of the Hanoverian George I in 1714 ; for example Restoration comedy typically encompasses works written as late as 1710 .
New Testament
`` 3 Among the disputed writings , which are nevertheless recognized by many , are extant the so - called epistle of James and that of Jude , also the second epistle of Peter , and those that are called the second and third of John , whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul , and the so - called Shepherd , and the Apocalypse of Peter , and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas , and the so - called Teachings of the Apostles ; and besides , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews ... And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books . ''
Third Rome
Claims by the German Empire of 1871 to 1918 of being a `` Third Rome '' have been criticized because the German Empire was led by a Protestant ruler and no concordat had been achieved with the Catholic Church ( that was a major basis of the continuation of Roman culture in the West ) .
Battle of Towton
Battle of Towton Part of the Wars of the Roses The battle as depicted by Richard Caton Woodville Jr. , 1922 Date 29 March 1461 Location Near Towton in Yorkshire , England Result Decisive Yorkist victory Belligerents House of York House of Lancaster Commanders and leaders Edward , Duke of York Richard Neville , Earl of Warwick William Neville , Lord Fauconberg John Mowbray , Duke of Norfolk Henry Beaufort , Duke of Somerset Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland † Henry Holland , Duke of Exeter Sir Andrew Trollope † Strength 25,000 -- 30,000 soldiers 30,000 -- 35,000 soldiers Casualties and losses 8,000 dead 20,000 dead
History of the Isle of Wight
In 1377 French raiders attacked and burned several towns , including Newtown , and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle . Peter de Heynoe , Lord of Stenbury , is said to have killed the French commander with a crossbow shot aimed through an arrow slit still visible in the castle 's west wall .
Middle Ages
Throughout the 14th century , French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility . They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France , leading to the Hundred Years ' War , waged from 1337 to 1453 . Early in the war the English under Edward III ( r . 1327 -- 77 ) and his son Edward , the Black Prince ( d . 1376 ) , won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France . The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war . In the early 15th century , France again came close to dissolving , but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc ( d . 1431 ) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453 . The price was high , as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict . Conversely , the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal . The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture , which had previously been the dominant influence . The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years ' War , and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346 .
Historian
During the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial , it became evident that the court needed to identify what was an `` objective historian '' in the same vein as the reasonable person , and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of `` the man on the Clapham omnibus '' . This was necessary so that there would be a legal bench mark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the methods employed by David Irving , as before the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial , there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian .
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account .
Book of Enoch
According to this theory , the first sentence most likely refers to the death of High Priest Onias III , whose murder is described in 1 Maccabees 3 : 33 -- 35 ( died c. 171 BC ) . The `` great horn '' clearly is not Mattathias , the initiator of the rebellion , as he dies a natural death , described in 1 Maccabees 2 : 49 . It is also not Alexander the Great , as the great horn is interpreted as a warrior who has fought the Macedonians , Seleucids , and Ptolemies . Judas Maccabeus ( 167 BC -- 160 BC ) fought all three of these , with a large number of victories against the Seleucids over a great period of time ; `` they had no power over it '' . He is also described as `` one great horn among six others on the head of a lamb '' , possibly referring to Maccabeus 's five brothers and Mattathias . If taken in context of the history from Maccabeus 's time , Dillman Chrest Aethiop says the explanation of Verse 13 can be found in 1 Maccabees iii 7 ; vi. 52 ; v. ; 2 Maccabees vi. 8 sqq. , 13 , 14 ; 1 Maccabees vii 41 , 42 ; and 2 Maccabees xv , 8 sqq . Maccabeus was eventually killed by the Seleucids at the Battle of Elasa , where he faced `` twenty thousand foot soldiers and two thousand cavalry '' . At one time , it was believed this passage might refer to John Hyrcanus ; the only reason for this was that the time between Alexander the Great and John Maccabeus was too short . However , it has been asserted that evidence shows that this section does indeed discuss Maccabeus .
Three Witches
Shakespeare 's creation of the Three Witches may have also been influenced by an anti-witchcraft law passed by King James nine years previously , a law that was to stay untouched for over 130 years . His characters ' `` chappy fingers , '' `` skinny lips , '' and `` beards , '' for example , are not found in Holinshed . Macbeth 's Hillock near Brodie , between Forres and Nairn in Scotland , has long been identified as the mythical meeting place of Macbeth and the witches . ( Map ) Traditionally , Forres is believed to have been the home of both Duncan and Macbeth .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Scholars have puzzled over the Green Knight 's symbolism since the discovery of the poem . He could be a version of the Green Man , a mythological being connected with nature in medieval art , a Christian symbol , or the Devil himself . British medieval scholar C.S. Lewis said the character was `` as vivid and concrete as any image in literature '' and J.R.R. Tolkien said he was the `` most difficult character '' to interpret in Sir Gawain . His major role in Arthurian literature is that of a judge and tester of knights , thus he is at once terrifying , friendly , and mysterious . He appears in only two other poems : The Greene Knight and King Arthur and King Cornwall . Scholars have attempted to connect him to other mythical characters , such as Jack in the green of English tradition and to Al - Khidr , but no definitive connection has yet been established .