vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Labour in India
The Minimum Wages Act prescribes minimum wages in all enterprises , and in some cases those working at home per the schedule of the Act . Central and State Governments can and do revise minimum wages at their discretion . The minimum wage is further classified by nature of work , location and numerous other factors at the discretion of the government . The minimum wage ranges between ₹ 143 to 1120 per day for work in the so - called central sphere . State governments have their own minimum wage schedules .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Economists like Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya have described NREGA as `` an inefficient instrument of shifting income to the poor '' -- the general notion being that it takes five rupees to transfer one rupee to NREGA workers . Economists including Surjit Bhalla have termed it as unsuccessful suggesting that schemes such as the NREGA need to be junked , saying that any scheme with 85 percent leakages ca n't be proclaimed to be `` working successfully '' .
Child labour
Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour , there has been a 64 percent decline in child labour from 1993 - 2005 . Although this is a great decrease in the country of India , there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India . With 85 percent of the child labour occurring in rural areas , and 15 percent occurring in urban areas , there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
The NREGA bill notified in 2005 and came into force in 2006 and further modified it as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MNREGA ) in Oct 2 , 2009 . This scheme guarantees 100 days now 150 days of paid work to people in the rural areas . The scheme has proved to be a major boost in Indian rural population 's income .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The registration process involves an application to the Gram Panchayat and issue of job cards . The wage employment must be provided within 15 days of the date of application . The work entitlement of ' 120 days per household per year ' may be shared between different adult members of the same household .
Akbar
Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas . Land which was fallow or uncultivated was charged at concessional rates . Akbar also actively encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture . The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment . Zamindars of every area were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need , to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and to sow seeds of superior quality . In turn , the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce . Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue . While the revenue assessment system showed concern for the small peasantry , it also maintained a level of distrust towards the revenue officials . Revenue officials were guaranteed only three - quarters of their salary , with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
The MGNREGA was initiated with the objective of `` enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year , to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work '' . Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets ( such as roads , canals , ponds and wells ) . Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant 's residence , and minimum wages are to be paid . If work is not provided within 15 days of applying , applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance . Thus , employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
The CARPER law has bias for organized farmers to be beneficiaries because the Congress believes that the success rate of organized farmers is high and can make their awarded lands productive .
Child labour
What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area . Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors , washing cars , helping in construction sites , weaving clothing , and sometimes even working as exotic dancers . While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour , working with animals , and selling crops . Of all the child workers , the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers . To address the issue of child labour , the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959 . Yet due to poverty , lack of education and ignorance , the legal actions were not / are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
A few papers also study the link between electoral gains and implementation of NREGA . One studies the effect in Andhra Pradesh - the authors find that `` while politics may influence programme expenditure in some places and to a small extent , this is not universally true and does not undermine the effective targeting and good work of the scheme at large . '' The two other studies focus on these links in Rajasthan and West Bengal . Several local case studies are also being conducted to identify the regional impacts of NREGA .
Rice production in Thailand
As the world becomes economically `` flatter '' , and the rice production around the world become more competitive , it becomes harder for Thailand to keep its competitive advantage and the margins Thai rice producers have been used to . For the second threat , the modernization of Thailand has led to an increase in wealth and the cost of labor , making it more expensive for rice farmers to hire inexpensive manual labor . Third , intensive cultivation of land used for rice culture may have long - term adverse effects on crop yields .
Filipino values
Filipinos over the years have proven time and time again that they are a people with an industrious attitude . Sadly , this is seen by others as Filipinos being only useful as domestic helpers , working abroad to help their families in the country . This is also present in the country 's workforce particularly the farmers . Even with little support , technological weaknesses and the country 's seasonal typhoons , the Filipino farmer still strives to earn their daily meal .
Child labour
Lack of meaningful alternatives , such as affordable schools and quality education , according to ILO , is another major factor driving children to harmful labour . Children work because they have nothing better to do . Many communities , particularly rural areas where between 60 -- 70 % of child labour is prevalent , do not possess adequate school facilities . Even when schools are sometimes available , they are too far away , difficult to reach , unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it . Young
Economy of India
According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets .
Kenya
A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . Pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . This work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20 -- 25 % in Nairobi and Mombasa . The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Journalists report complaints that , `` these days , if a student is lucky enough to study in the West , he will rarely come home . There are so few good jobs that everyone , from students to middle - aged engineers , is looking for a way out . '' An estimated `` two to four million entrepreneurs , professionals , technicians , and skilled craftspeople ( and their capital ) '' emigrated to other countries following the revolution , and continue to do so at a rate of more than 150,000 a year . This flight of intellectual capital is estimated to come to almost $6 billion a year in growth opportunities , based on the average Iranian professional contributing $40,000 per year to gross capital formation .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Meanwhile , the social audits in two Indian states highlight the potential of the law if implemented effectively .
Caste system in India
Our knowledge of this period is supplemented by Pali Buddhist texts . Whereas the Brahmanical texts speak of the four-fold varna system , the Buddhist texts present an alternative picture of the society , stratified along the lines of jati , kula and occupation . It is likely that the varna system , while being a part of the Brahmanical ideology , was not practically operative in the society . In the Buddhist texts , Brahmin and Kshatriya are described as jatis rather than varnas . They were in fact the jatis of high rank . The jatis of low rank were mentioned as chandala and occupational classes like bamboo weavers , hunters , chariot - makers and sweepers . The concept of kulas was broadly similar . Along with Brahmins and Kshatriyas , a class called gahapatis ( literally householders , but effectively propertied classes ) was also included among high kulas . The people of high kulas were engaged in occupations of high rank , viz. , agriculture , trade , cattle - keeping , computing , accounting and writing , and those of low kulas were engaged in low - ranked occupations such as basket - weaving and sweeping . The gahapatis were an economic class of land - holding agriculturists , who employed dasa - kammakaras ( slaves and hired labourers ) to work on the land . The gahapatis were the primary taxpayers of the state . This class was apparently not defined by birth , but by individual economic growth .
Child labour
Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up . Work can contribute to the well - being of children in a variety of ways ; children often choose to work to improve their lives , both in the short - and long - term . At the material level , children 's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families ; and such income is especially important when the families are poor . Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty , sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment . Young people often enjoy their work , especially paid work , or when work involves the company of peers . Even when work is intensive and enforced , children often find ways to combine their work with play .
Child labour
According to Milton Friedman , before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture . During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work . Over time , as real wages rose , parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined , both before and after legislation . Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre - and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went `` voluntarily and gladly '' to work in factories .
Social class in the United States
Only 0.7 % of the population of the United States is employed in the agricultural sector . Most are proprietors of independent farms . Once the dominant American social class , this group diminished in overall numbers during the 20th century , as farm holdings grew more consolidated , farming operations became more mechanized , and most of the population migrated to urban areas .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , MGNREGA Mission statement `` It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work '' Country India Launched 2 Feb 2006 Status In force
Child labour
Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa . Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm . Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors , leading to ongoing poverty . Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations , begging , and other sales such as boot shining . In total , there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest . Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee , there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round .
Cashew
Cashew nutshell liquid ( CNSL ) or cashew shell oil ( CAS registry number 8007 - 24 - 7 ) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell , and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts . It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs , antioxidants , fungicides , and biomaterials . It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti termite treatment of timber . Its composition varies depending on how it is processed .
Cashew
The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds which may cause contact dermatitis similar in severity to that of poison ivy , primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids , anacardic acid , and cardanol . Due to the possible dermatitis , cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers . Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells , cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology . Cashew
Cashew
The cashew nut , often simply called a cashew , is widely consumed . It is eaten on its own , used in recipes , or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter . The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants , waterproofing , paints , and arms production , starting in World War II . The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit , whose pulp can be processed into a sweet , astringent fruit drink or distilled into liquor .
Cashew
The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing - glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple . The drupe develops first on the tree , and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple . Within the true fruit is a single seed , which is often considered a nut , in the culinary sense . The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin , anacardic acid , a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better - known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy . Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin , but it must be done outdoors as the smoke ( not unlike that from burning poison ivy ) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe , sometimes life - threatening , reactions by irritating the lungs . People who are allergic to cashew ( or poison ivy ) urushiols may cross-react to mango or pistachio which are also in the Anacardiaceae family . Some people are allergic to cashews , but cashews are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts .
Cashew
Cashew nuts are more popular than cashew apples in many parts of the world that do not grow cashews , because the fruit , unlike the nut , is difficult to transport . Cashew apple juice , however , may be used for manufacturing blended juices .
Cashew
Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts ( typically broken chunks created during processing ) . This may be produced from a single cold pressing .
Cashew
The cashew apple , also called cashew fruit , is the fleshy part of the cashew fruit attached to the cashew nut . The top end of the cashew apple is attached to the stem that comes off the tree . The bottom end of the cashew apple attaches to the cashew nut , which is encased in a shell . In botanical terms , the cashew apple is an accessory fruit that grows on the cashew seed ( which is the nut ) .
Cashew
Cashew nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine , whole for garnishing sweets or curries , or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries ( e.g. , korma ) , or some sweets ( e.g. , kaju barfi ) . It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts . In Goan cuisine , both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets . Cashew nuts are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines , generally in whole form . In the Philippines , cashew is a known product of Antipolo , and is eaten with suman . Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy , which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers . In Indonesia , roasted and salted cashew nut is called kacang mete or kacang mede , while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet ( translates in English to monkey rose apple ) .
Cashew
The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit ( sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit ) . What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear - shaped structure , a hypocarpium , that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower . Called the cashew apple , better known in Central America as marañón , it ripens into a yellow and / or red structure about 5 -- 11 cm ( 2.0 -- 4.3 in ) long . It is edible and has a strong `` sweet '' smell and a sweet taste . The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy , but the skin is fragile , making it unsuitable for transport . In Latin America , a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango , raw green pepper , and just a little hint of grapefruit - like citrus . Flower
Cashew
For some 5 % of people , cashews can lead to complications or allergic reactions which may be life - threatening . These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts , and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins . Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing , handling , or manufacturing , particularly in Europe .
Cashew
Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts .
Cashew
The cashew apple can be eaten fresh , cooked in curries , or fermented into vinegar , as well as an alcoholic drink . It is also used to make preserves , chutneys , and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil . In many countries , particularly in South America , the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks , both alcoholic and nonalcoholic .
Cashew
These substances are skin allergens , like the oils of poison ivy , and present danger during manual cashew processing .
Cashew
In a 100 - gram serving , raw cashews provide 553 Calories , 67 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) in total fats , 36 % DV of protein , 13 % DV of dietary fiber and 11 % DV of carbohydrates ( table ) . Cashews are rich sources ( > 19 % DV ) of dietary minerals , including particularly copper , manganese , phosphorus , and magnesium ( 79 - 110 % DV ) , and of thiamin , vitamin B and vitamin K ( 32 - 37 % DV ) ( table ) . Iron , potassium , zinc , and selenium are present in significant content ( 14 - 61 % DV ) ( table ) . Cashews ( 100 grams , raw ) contain 113 milligrams ( 1.74 gr ) of beta - sitosterol .
Cashew
In Brazil , the cashew fruit juice is popular . Brazilians prefer the fruit to the nut . In Panama , the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet , brown , paste - like dessert called dulce de marañón , with marañón as a Spanish name for cashew .
Cashew
Cold , solvent - extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids ( 70 % ) , cardol ( 18 % ) and cardanol ( 5 % ) . Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids , producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol . Distillation of this material gives distilled , technical CNSL containing 78 % cardanol and 8 % cardol ( cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol ) . This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl - phenols present in CNSL . Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol , which is used for resins , coatings , and frictional materials .
Cashew
Cashew apples have a sweet but astringent taste traced to the waxy layer on the skin that contains a chemical , urushiol , which can cause minor skin irritation to areas that have had contact with it . In cultures that consume cashew apples , this astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water ; alternatively , boiling the fruit in salt water for five minutes or soaking it in gelatin solution also reduces the astringency .
Cashew
In 2014 , rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire made this country the top African exporter . Fluctuations in world market prices , poor working conditions , and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry .
Cashew
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cashew
Cashew
Cashew nuts are produced in tropical countries because the tree is frost sensitive , adapting to various climatic regions between the latitudes of 25 ° N and 25 ° S . The traditional cashew tree is tall ( up to 14 m ) and takes three years from planting before it starts production , and eight years before economic harvests can begin . More recent breeds , such as the dwarf cashew trees , are up to 6 m tall , and start producing after the first year , with economic yields after three years . The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare , in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety . Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards . Cashew
Cashew
The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale ) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple . It can grow as high as 14 m ( 46 ft ) , but the dwarf cashew , growing up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) , has proved more profitable , with earlier maturity and higher yields .
Cashew
In traditional Maya medicine , the leaves or bark of cashew trees can be made into a tea to treat diarrhea .
Cashew
Cashew Ripe cashew fruit Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Anacardium Species : A. occidentale Binomial name Anacardium occidentale L .