vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Football
The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better `` spectator '' sport . Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU , most notably with the abolition of the line - out . This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the `` play - the - ball ruck '' , which allowed a two - player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled . Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held , being replaced by a play - the ball - ruck . The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901 , forming the Northern Rugby League , the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England .
Ancient Greek architecture
Greek towns of substantial size also had a palaestra or a gymnasium , the social centre for male citizens which included spectator areas , baths , toilets and club rooms . Other buildings associated with sports include the hippodrome for horse racing , of which only remnants have survived , and the stadium for foot racing , 600 feet in length , of which examples exist at Olympia , Delphi , Epidarus and Ephesus , while the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens , which seats 45,000 people , was restored in the 19th century and was used in the 1896 , 1906 and 2004 Olympic Games . The
Mercy rule
A mercy rule , slaughter rule , knockout rule , or skunk rule ends a two - competitor sports contest earlier than the scheduled endpoint if one competitor has a very large and presumably insurmountable lead over the other . It is called the mercy rule because it spares further humiliation for the loser . It is common in youth sports in North America , where running up the score is considered unsporting . It is especially common in baseball and softball in which there is no game clock and a dominant team could in theory continue an inning indefinitely .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
This closely resembles the six - tackle rule in rugby league . The team in possession has a `` set of six '' tackles before having to hand over possession . A key difference is that there is no automatic way of earning a new set of tackles in rugby league . Each set is effectively a chance to score , with failure to do so resulting in relinquishing possession . Another major difference is that play stops briefly when the player in possession of the ball is tackled and resumes once he gets to his feet and returns the ball to play .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In American football , the team that 's in possession of the ball ( the offense ) has four `` downs '' , to advance the ball 10 yards towards the end zone . When the offense gains 10 yards , it gets another set of four downs . If the offense fails to gain 10 yards after 4 downs , it loses possession of the ball .
American football rules
In high school football , individual state associations can choose any overtime format they want , or even elect to not play overtime at all ( ties stand in this case ) . However , most states use the Kansas Plan . In a majority of states , each team is granted possession of the ball at the 10 - yard line , meaning that a team can not make a first down without scoring except via a defensive penalty that carries an automatic first down ( such as defensive pass interference or roughing the passer ) . As is the case with the college overtime rule , the team that wins the coin toss will have the choice as to whether to take the ball first or second , or decide at which end of the field the overtime will be played . The other major difference between overtime in college football and high school football is that in high school football , if the defense forces a turnover , the ball is dead immediately , thus eliminating the possibility of scoring . However , in Texas , the college overtime rule is used , as both the University Interscholastic League , which governs interscholastic activities for Texas public high schools , and the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools , the largest analogous body for Texas private high schools , play by NCAA football rules with a few modifications for the high school level . Massachusetts also is another state that uses NCAA - style overtime rules .
Football (ball)
The football used in Australian football is similar to a rugby ball but generally slightly smaller and more rounded at the ends , but more elongated in overall appearance , being longer by comparison with its width than a rugby ball . A regulation football is 720 -- 730 millimetres ( 28 -- 29 in ) in circumference , and 545 -- 555 mm ( 21.5 -- 21.9 in ) transverse circumference , and inflated to a pressure of 62 -- 76 kPa ( 9.0 -- 11.0 psi ) . In the AFL , the balls are red for day matches and yellow for night matches .
American football
Games last longer than their defined length due to play stoppages -- the average NFL game lasts slightly over three hours . Time in a football game is measured by the game clock . An operator is responsible for starting , stopping and operating the game clock based on the direction of the appropriate official . A separate clock , the play clock , is used to determine if a delay of game infraction has been committed . If the play clock expires before the ball has been snapped or free - kicked , a delay of game foul is called on the offense . The play clock is set to 40 seconds in professional and college football and to 25 seconds in high school play or following certain administrative stoppages in the former levels of play .
American football rules
Receiving the kickoff to start the game , or kicking off to start the game Choosing an end of the field to defend in the first quarter ( with the teams switching directions at the end of the first quarter and at the end of the third quarter )
American football rules
Collegiate and professional football games are 60 minutes long , divided into four quarters of 15 minutes each . In high school football , 12 minute quarters are usually played . The clock is stopped frequently , however , so that a typical college or professional game can exceed three hours in duration . The referee controls the game clock and stops the clock after any incomplete pass or any play that ends out of bounds . In addition , each team is allowed 3 timeouts in each half that they may use at their own discretion .
American football rules
The rules vary from the college level to the professional level . In the NFL , unless you are tagged by an opposing player or give yourself up , you are not down . A player carrying the ball ( the runner ) is downed when any of the following occurs :
Comparison of American football and rugby league
A rugby league field has very similar dimensions , being up to 120 metres ( 130 yards ) long and 68 metres ( 74 yd ) wide . Lines cross the field marking every 10 metres ( 11 yd ) . The goal posts are separated by exactly 100 metres ( 110 yd ) and the area beyond each goal post , known as the in - goal area , extends for another 6 -- 11 metres ( 6.6 -- 12.0 yd ) . In rugby league , goal posts are usually H - shaped , each post being 16 metres ( 52 ft ) high and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) apart , with the cross bar being 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) high . American football `` tuning fork '' goal posts are allowed in rugby league , provided the posts and cross bar are at the required dimensions . The goal posts are used for other forms of point scoring in rugby league : drop goals or field goals , penalty goals and conversions .
American football rules
While the opposing team has possession , the defense attempts to prevent the offense from advancing the ball and scoring . If an offensive player loses the ball during play ( a fumble ) or the ball is caught by a defensive player while still in the air ( an interception ) , the defense may attempt to run into the offense 's end zone for a touchdown . The defense may also score points by tackling the ball carrier in the offense 's own end zone , called a safety ( which is worth two points ) .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In rugby league the ball is returned to play following a tackle via the `` play the ball '' , in which the tackled player gets back to his feet and rolls the ball back to a teammate , usually the hooker . The tackled player will usually try to return to the ball to play as quickly as possible before the defensive line can re-form .
American football rules
Separating the first and second halves is halftime . Teams change ends of the field at the end of the first quarter and the end of the third quarter . In the NFL , an automatic timeout is called by the officials when there are two minutes left in both the second and the fourth quarters , and overtime ; this is most commonly referred to as the two - minute warning . No such warning is normally given in amateur football , though if there is no visible stadium clock , the referee will give a two - minute warning ( four minutes in high school ) .
Football (ball)
Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air . A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape . Traditionally made of brown leather , modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns . Senior competitions should use light - coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily . The football used in rugby league is known as `` international size '' or `` size 5 '' and is approximately 27 cm ( 11 in ) long and 60 cm ( 24 in ) in circumference at its widest point . Smaller - sized balls are used for junior versions of the game , such as `` Mini '' and `` Mod '' . A full size ball weighs between 383 and 440 g ( 13.5 and 15.5 oz ) . Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs .
American football rules
In addition to the game clock , a separate play clock is also used . This counts down the time the offense has to start the next play before it is assessed a penalty for delay of game ( see below ) . This clock is typically 25 seconds from when the referee marks the ball ready for play . The NFL and NCAA use a 40 - second play clock that starts immediately after the previous play ends , though for certain delays , such as penalty enforcement , the offense has 25 seconds from when the ball is marked ready . The purpose of the play clock is to ensure that the game progresses at a consistent pace , preventing unnecessary delays .
American football rules
Note : The neutral zone is the space between the two free - kick lines during a free - kick down and between the two scrimmage lines during a scrimmage down . For a free - kick down , the neutral zone is 10 yards wide and for a scrimmage down it is as wide as the length of the football . It is established when the ball is marked ready for play . No player may legally be in the neutral zone except for the snapper on scrimmage downs , and no one except the kicker and the holder for free kick downs .
American football
The offense is given a series of four plays , known as downs . If the offense advances ten or more yards in the four downs , they are awarded a new set of four downs . If they fail to advance ten yards , possession of the football is turned over to the defense . In most situations , if the offense reaches their fourth down they will punt the ball to the other team , which forces them to begin their drive from further down the field ; if they are in field goal range , they might also attempt to score a field goal . A group of officials , the chain crew , keeps track of both the downs and the distance measurements . On television , a yellow line is electronically superimposed on the field to show the first down line to the viewing audience .
American football rules
In the NFL , with three exceptions , no penalty may move the ball more than half the distance toward the penalized team 's goal line . These exceptions are defensive pass interference ( see the discussion of that foul for more details ) , intentional grounding , and offensive holding -- but in this last case the exception pertains only if the infraction occurs within the offensive team 's own end zone , in which case an automatic safety is assessed ( intentional grounding from the end zone also carries an automatic safety ) . Under college rules , the same half - the - distance principle applies , but any offensive fouls involving contact in their end zone ( e.g. holding , illegal blocking or personal fouls ) result in a safety .
Artificial turf
The biggest difference in play on artificial turf was that the ball bounced higher than on real grass and also traveled faster , causing infielders to play farther back than they would normally so that they would have sufficient time to react . The ball also had a truer bounce than on grass so that on long throws fielders could deliberately bounce the ball in front of the player they were throwing to , with the certainty that it would travel in a straight line and not be deflected to the right or left . However , the biggest impact on the game of `` turf '' , as it came to be called , was on the bodies of the players . The artificial surface , which was generally placed over a concrete base , had much less give to it than a traditional dirt and grass field did , which caused more wear - and - tear on knees , ankles , feet , and the lower back , possibly even shortening the careers of those players who played a significant portion of their games on artificial surfaces . Players also complained that the turf was much hotter than grass , sometimes causing the metal spikes to burn their feet or plastic ones to melt . These factors eventually provoked a number of stadiums , such as the Kansas City Royals ' Kauffman Stadium , to switch from artificial turf back to natural grass .
American football rules
During the game , the officials are assisted in the administration of the game by other persons , including : a clock operator to start and stop the game clock ( and possibly also the play clock ) ; a chain crew who hold the down indicator and the line - to - gain chains on the sideline ; and ball boys , who provide footballs to officials between downs ( e.g. a dry ball each down on a wet day ) . These individuals may be provided by the teams involved -- it is common for a high school coach 's son or daughter to act as ball boy for the team .
American football
The role of the defense is to prevent the offense from scoring by tackling the ball carrier or by forcing turnovers ( interceptions or fumbles ) .
American football rules
It is a common misconception that the term `` penalty '' is used to refer both to an infraction and the penal consequence of that infraction . A foul is a rule infraction for which a penalty is prescribed . Some of the more common fouls are listed below . In most cases when a foul occurs , the offending team will be assessed a penalty of 5 , 10 or 15 yards , depending on the foul . Also , in most cases , if the foul is committed while the ball is in play , the down will be replayed from the new position ( for example , if the offense commits a foul on a first - down play , the next play will still be first down , but the offense may have to go 15 yards , or farther , to achieve another first down . ) But if a defensive foul results in the ball advancing beyond the offense 's first - down objective , the next play will be the first down of a new series . Some penalties ( typically for more serious fouls ) , however , require a loss of down for the offense ; and some defensive fouls may result in an automatic first down regardless of the ball position .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
The player with the ball is tackled . A forward pass goes out of bounds or touches the ground before it is caught . This is known as an incomplete pass . The ball is returned to the original `` line of scrimmage '' for the next down . The ball or the player with the ball goes out of bounds . The player either goes or is forced out of the field ( out of bounds ) The offense turns the ball over to the defense . A team scores .
American football
The legal forward pass was introduced in 1906 , although its impact was initially limited due to the restrictions placed on its use . Other rule changes introduced that year included the reduction of the time of play from 70 to 60 minutes and the increase of the distance required for a first down from 5 to 10 yards ( 9.1 m ) . To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams , the neutral zone was created along the width of the football . Scoring was also adjusted : field goals were lowered to three points in 1909 and touchdowns were raised to six points in 1912 . The field was also reduced to 100 yards ( 91 m ) long , but two 10 - yard - long end zones were created , and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yards ( 9.1 m ) . The roughing - the - passer penalty was implemented in 1914 , and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field in 1918 .
American football rules
The objective of this game is to score more points than the other team during the allotted time . The team with the ball ( the offense ) has 4 plays ( downs ) to advance at least 10 yards , and can score points once they reach the opposite end of the field , which is home to a scoring zone called the end zone , as well as the goal posts . If the offense succeeds in advancing at least 10 yards , they earn a `` first down '' and the number of tries allotted is reset and they are again given 4 tries to advance an additional 10 yards , starting from the spot to which they last advanced . If the offense does not advance at least 10 yards during their 4 downs , the team without the ball ( the defense ) regains control of the ball ( called turnover on downs ) .
American football rules
A member of the receiving team gaining possession of the ball on a kickoff may attempt to advance it as far as he can toward the kicking team 's goal line before being downed . Once the ball carrier is downed , the play is whistled dead and the ball is placed by the officials at the point where the play ended ; this spot then becomes the line of scrimmage for the ensuing play . A kick that travels through or goes out of bounds within the end zone without being touched , or is caught by the receiving team in the end zone but not advanced out of it , results in a touchback ; the ball is then placed at the receiving team 's 25 - yard line , which becomes the line of scrimmage .
American football
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Football
English public schools were the first to codify football games . In particular , they devised the first offside rules , during the late 18th century . In the earliest manifestations of these rules , players were `` off their side '' if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective . Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward , either by foot or by hand . They could only dribble with their feet , or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation . However , offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school , as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester , Rugby , Harrow and Cheltenham , during between 1810 and 1850 . The first known codes -- in the sense of a set of rules -- were those of Eton in 1815 and Aldenham in 1825 . )
American football rules
A kickoff that goes out of bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team is an illegal kick : the receiving team has the option of having the ball re-kicked from five yards closer to the kicking team 's goal line , or they may choose to take possession of the ball at the point where it went out of bounds or 30 yards from the point of the kick ( 25 yards in high school , and in college as of 2012 ) , whichever is more advantageous .
American football
A safety is scored when the ball carrier is tackled in their own end zone . Safeties are worth two points , which are awarded to the defense . In addition , the team that conceded the safety must kick the ball to the scoring team via a free kick .
American football rules
In all cases ( except for ejection of a player or , in rare cases , forfeiture of the game ) , the non-offending team is given the option of declining the penalty and letting the result of the play stand ( although the Referee may exercise this option on their behalf when it is obvious ) , if they believe it to be more to their advantage . For some fouls by the defense , the penalty is applied in addition to the yardage gained on the play . Most personal fouls , which involve danger to another player , carry 15 - yard penalties ; in rare cases , they result in offending players being ejected from the game . In the NFL , if a defensive foul occurs after time has expired at the end of a half , the half will be continued for a single , untimed play from scrimmage . Under college rules , any accepted penalty when time has expired at the end of any quarter results in an extension for one untimed down .
American football
Officials are responsible for enforcing game rules and monitoring the clock . All officials carry a whistle and wear black - and - white striped shirts and black hats except for the referee , whose hat is white . Each carries a weighted yellow flag that is thrown to the ground to signal that a foul has been called . An official who spots multiple fouls will throw their hat as a secondary signal . The seven officials on the field are each tasked with a different set of responsibilities :