vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Climate of the Arctic
Sea ice is frozen sea water that floats on the ocean 's surface . It is the dominant surface type throughout the year in the Arctic Basin , and covers much of the ocean surface in the Arctic at some point during the year . The ice may be bare ice , or it may be covered by snow or ponds of melt water , depending on location and time of year . Sea ice is relatively thin , generally less than about 4 m ( 13 feet ) , with thicker ridges ( NSIDC ) . NOAA 's North Pole Web Cams having been tracking the Arctic summer sea ice transitions through spring thaw , summer melt ponds , and autumn freeze - up since the first webcam was deployed in 2002 -- present .
First indoor ice hockey game
The Victoria Skating Rink was a long ( 252 by 113 feet ( 77 m × 34 m ) ) , two - story brick edifice with a 52 - foot ( 16 m ) - high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses , which arched over the entire width of the structure . Tall , round - arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior , while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas - jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes . At a later date , the lighting was converted to electric , making the building the first in Canada to be electrified .
Winter Olympic Games
Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , Massstart and team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m .
Rotation
Rotation of a player around a vertical axis , generally between 180 and 360 degrees , may be called a spin move and is used as a deceptive or avoidance maneuver , or in an attempt to play , pass , or receive a ball or puck , etc. , or to afford a player a view of the goal or other players . It is often seen in hockey , basketball , football of various codes , tennis , etc .
Polar bear
The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle , encompassing the Arctic Ocean , its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses . It is a large bear , approximately the same size as the omnivorous Kodiak bear ( Ursus arctos middendorffi ) . A boar ( adult male ) weighs around 350 -- 700 kg ( 772 -- 1,543 lb ) , while a sow ( adult female ) is about half that size . Although it is the sister species of the brown bear , it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche , with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures , for moving across snow , ice and open water , and for hunting seals , which make up most of its diet . Although most polar bears are born on land , they spend most of their time on the sea ice . Their scientific name means `` maritime bear '' and derives from this fact . Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice , often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present . Because of their dependence on the sea ice , polar bears are classified as marine mammals .
Stanley Cup
There are many traditions associated with the Stanley Cup . One of the oldest , started by the 1896 Winnipeg Victorias , dictates that the winning team drink champagne from the top bowl after their victory . The Cup is also traditionally presented on the ice to the captain of the winning team after the series - winning game ; each member of the victorious club carries the trophy around the rink . However , this has not always been the case ; prior to the 1930s , the Cup was not awarded immediately after the victory . The first time that the Cup was awarded on the ice may have been to the 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs , but the practice did not become a tradition until the 1950s . Ted Lindsay of the 1950 Cup champion Detroit Red Wings became the first captain , upon receiving the Cup , to hoist it overhead and skate around the rink . According to Lindsay , he did so to allow the fans to have a better view of the Cup . Since then , it has been a tradition for each member of the winning team , beginning with the captain , to take a lap around the ice with the trophy hoisted above his head .
Stanley Cup
Stanley Cup Award details Sport Ice hockey Given for Playoff champion of the National Hockey League History First award 1893 Most recent Pittsburgh Penguins
Oklahoma
Hockey Club Type League Venue City Area ( Metro / Region ) Tulsa Oilers Hockey ECHL BOK Center Tulsa Tulsa Metro
Curling
Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) .
Czechoslovakia
The Czechoslovak national ice hockey team won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games . Peter Šťastný , Jaromír Jágr , Dominik Hašek , Peter Bondra , Petr Klíma , Marián Gáborík , Marián Hossa , Miroslav Šatan and Pavol Demitra all come from Czechoslovakia .
Winter Olympic Games
A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles .
Winter Olympic Games
The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer .
Winter Olympic Games
The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run .
Winter Olympic Games
^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon .
Moose
The moose ( North America ) or elk ( Eurasia ) , Alces alces , is the largest extant species in the deer family . Moose are distinguished by the broad , flat ( or palmate ) antlers of the males ; other members of the family have antlers with a dendritic ( `` twig - like '' ) configuration . Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates . Hunting and other human activities have caused a reduction in the size of the moose 's range over time . Moose have been reintroduced to some of their former habitats . Currently , most moose are found in Canada , Alaska , New England , Fennoscandia , Baltic States , and Russia . Their diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation . The most common moose predators are the gray wolf along with bears and humans . Unlike most other deer species , moose are solitary animals and do not form herds . Although generally slow - moving and sedentary , moose can become aggressive and move quickly if angered or startled . Their mating season in the autumn features energetic fights between males competing for a female .
Vermont
Winter sports are popular in New England , and Vermont 's winter sports attractions are a big part of Vermont tourism . Some well known attractions include Burke Mountain ski area , Jay Peak Resort , Killington Ski Resort , Stowe Mountain Resort , the Quechee Club Ski Area , and Smugglers ' Notch Resort .
Carrier Dome
On November 22 , 2014 , the Syracuse Crunch of the American Hockey League set a new `` United States Indoor Professional Hockey '' record by playing in front of 30,715 fans at the Carrier Dome for the `` Toyota Frozen Dome Classic '' . Syracuse defeated the Utica Comets 2 - 1 .
One-hit wonder
The term `` cup of coffee '' is used to describe a baseball or ice hockey player who has only a short stint ( i.e. , long enough to drink a cup of coffee and not do much else ) in Major League Baseball or the National Hockey League respectively and then spend the rest of their careers in the minor leagues .
Negative number
Goal difference in association football and hockey ; points difference in rugby football ; net run rate in cricket ; golf scores relative to par . Plus - minus differential in ice hockey : the difference in total goals scored for the team ( + ) and against the team ( − ) when a particular player is on the ice is the player 's + / − rating . Players can have a negative ( + / − ) rating . Run differential in baseball : the run differential is negative if the team allows more runs than they scored . British football clubs are deducted points if they enter administration , and thus have a negative points total until they have earned at least that many points that season . Lap ( or sector ) times in Formula 1 may be given as the difference compared to a previous lap ( or sector ) ( such as the previous record , or the lap just completed by a driver in front ) , and will be positive if slower and negative if faster . In some athletics events , such as sprint races , the hurdles , the triple jump and the long jump , the wind assistance is measured and recorded , and is positive for a tailwind and negative for a headwind .
Curling
The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously .
Nairobi
Nairobi is also home to the largest ice rink in Africa : the Solar Ice Rink at the Panari Hotel 's Sky Centre . The rink , opened in 2005 , covers 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) and can accommodate 200 people .
Seeley Booth
Booth is from Philadelphia but was raised in Pittsburgh . He is a fan of the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team ; pictures of the team hang on the back wall of his office , as well as he has been seen wearing a Flyers T - shirt in several episodes he also proceeded to watch a Flyers game at a funeral . During many episodes he is seen drinking from a Pittsburgh Steelers coffee mug , suggesting he is also a fan of that football team . In his apartment Booth has a Pittsburgh Penguins hockey jersey of Mario Lemieux , which implies he is a fan of the Penguins . He is implied to be a Philadelphia Phillies supporter as well ; in season 8 , his mother brings his childhood toy -- a miniature Phillie Phanatic stuffed toy -- to give to Christine and in season 6 , episode 16 `` The Blackout in the Blizzard '' he acquires a row of seats from the former Veterans Stadium and recounts for Dr. Brennan how he attended game 6 of the 1980 World Series with his father , describing it as the `` best day of ( his ) life '' . A deeply religious man , he was raised and still is a practicing Catholic , having served as an altar boy during his youth ; throughout the series he is often seen wearing a St. Christopher medal , which was given to him by his grandfather before being deployed to Somalia , around his neck . Little is known about his schooling years , though it has been implied that he went through the public school system and he once mentioned attending five different schools by the time he was nine . It is not mentioned where or when he attended college but he has stated that he attended on an athletic scholarship before a shoulder injury ended any dreams of going professional and taught dance to help pay for tuition . He has been an avid athlete and sports fan since his high school days . His home and office walls are adorned with various sports memorabilia including a signed picture of Bruins player Bobby Orr and the jerseys of NHL legends Mario Lemieux and Bobby Clarke .
Winter Olympic Games
In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year .
Olympic Games
The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games . Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics . The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities . At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne , it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games . A winter sports week ( it was actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France , in connection with the Paris Games held three months later ; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games . Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year , this idea was quickly abandoned . The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart . This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France ; after that , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held every four years , two years after each Summer Olympics . Paralympics
Stanley Cup
In 2007 , the Stanley Cup made its first trip into a combat zone . During the trip to Kandahar , Afghanistan from May 2 to May 6 , organized by the NHL , the Hockey Hall of Fame , the NHL Alumni and the Canadian Department of National Defence , the Cup was put on display for Canadian and other NATO troops . It briefly endured a rocket attack on May 3 , but emerged unscathed .
Winter Olympic Games
After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom .
Winter Olympic Games
The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A
Winter Olympic Games
The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games .
Dance
Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement . This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value , and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture . Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography , by its repertoire of movements , or by its historical period or place of origin .
Winter Olympic Games
The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the summer and winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech .