vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indian general election, 2014
Modi contested the election from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and Vadodara in Gujarat . In Varanasi , the sizeable Muslim minority population was viewed by the media as an important voter target and the BJP 's minority cell leader Salim Mohommad took part in campaigning . Advani wanted to contest from Bhopal but later agreed to contest again from his incumbent seat Gandhinagar . He also rejected a proposal to be appointed to the Rajya Sabha in favour of running in the election . Advani was given the Gandhinagar seat because Modi wanted him to contest from Gujarat , according to Rajnath Singh . Arun Jaitley contested for the Lok Sabha for the first time ( having previously been a Rajya Sabha member ) from Amritsar against former Punjab Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh . The move was controversial as incumbent MP from Amritsar Navjot Singh Sidhu was unhappy in not being allocated the constituency . Yet he said that as Jaitley was his `` guru '' he would accept the decision , but would not run from any other constituency . The reason for not allocating the ticket to Sidhu was said to be because of his spat with the Shiromani Akali Dal Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and party President Sukhbir Singh Badal , as well as other BJP personnel . Jaswant Singh was denied nomination from Barmer constituency so he decided instead to contest the seat as an independent .
History of Kenya
At a conference held in 1960 in London , agreement was reached between the African members and the British settlers of the New Kenya Group , led by Michael Blundell . However many whites rejected the New Kenya Group and condemned the London agreement , because it moved away from racial quotas and toward independence . Following the agreement a new African party , the Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , with the slogan `` Uhuru , '' or `` Freedom , '' was formed under the leadership of Kikuyu leader James S. Gichuru and labour leader Tom Mboya . Mboya was a major figure from 1951 until his death in 1969 . He was praised as nonethnic or antitribal , and attacked as an instrument of Western capitalism . Mboya as General Secretary of the Kenya Federation of Labour and a leader in the Kenya African National Union before and after independence skilfully managed the tribal factor in Kenyan economic and political life to succeed as a Luo in a predominantly Kikuyu movement . A split in KANU produced the breakaway rival party , the Kenya African Democratic Union ( KADU ) , led by R. Ngala and M. Muliro . In the elections of February 1961 , KANU won 19 of the 33 African seats while KADU won 11 ( twenty seats were reserved by quota for Europeans , Asians and Arabs ) . Kenyatta was finally released in August and became president of KANU in October .
Labour Party (UK)
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock , with Roy Hattersley as his deputy . The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies . The miners strike of 1984 -- 85 over coal mine closures , which divided the NUM as well as the Labour Party , and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party , and negative coverage in most of the press . Tabloid vilification of the so - called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of `` extra-parliamentary '' militants in local government .
Appeasement
In 1937 Stanley Baldwin resigned as Prime Minister and Neville Chamberlain took over . Chamberlain pursued a policy of appeasement and rearmament . Chamberlain 's reputation for appeasement rests in large measure on his negotiations with Hitler over Czechoslovakia in 1938 .
First Nations
The Idle No More protest movement originated among the Aboriginals in Canada and their non-Aboriginal supporters in Canada , and to a lesser extent , internationally . It consisted of a number of political actions worldwide , inspired in part by the hunger strike of Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence and further coordinated via social media . A reaction to alleged abuses of indigenous treaty rights by the current federal government , the movement takes particular issue with the recent omnibus bill Bill C - 45 .
Subhas Chandra Bose
On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the All India Forward Bloc a faction within the Indian National Congress , aimed at consolidating the political left , but its main strength was in his home state , Bengal . U Muthuramalingam Thevar , who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning , joined the Forward Bloc . When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September , Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception .
All-India Muslim League
The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965 . However , one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan .
The Emergency (India)
Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families Abuse and torture of detainees and political prisoners Use of public and private media institutions , like the national television network Doordarshan , for government propaganda During the Emergency , Sanjay Gandhi asked the popular singer Kishore Kumar to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay , but he refused . As a result , Information and broadcasting minister Vidya Charan Shukla put an unofficial ban on playing Kishore Kumar songs on state broadcasters All India Radio and Doordarshan from 4 May 1976 till the end of Emergency . Forced sterilization . Destruction of the slum and low - income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi . Large - scale and illegal enactment of laws ( including modifications to the Constitution ) .
Pokhran-II
As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow .
The Emergency (India)
Between 1967 and 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came to obtain near - absolute control over the government and the Indian National Congress party , as well as a huge majority in Parliament . The first was achieved by concentrating the central government 's power within the Prime Minister 's Secretariat , rather than the Cabinet , whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted . For this she relied on her principal secretary , P.N. Haksar , a central figure in Indira 's inner circle of advisors . Further , Haksar promoted the idea of a `` committed bureaucracy '' that required hitherto - impartial government officials to be `` committed '' to the ideology of the ruling party of the day .
Subhas Chandra Bose
In all , 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion . But instead of being delighted , Bose was worried . A left - wing admirer of Russia , he was devastated when Hitler 's tanks rolled across the Soviet border . Matters were worsened by the fact that the now - retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India . When he met Hitler in May 1942 , his suspicions were confirmed , and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones . So , in February 1943 , Bose turned his back on his legionnaires and slipped secretly away aboard a submarine bound for Japan . This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , India would be economically better to go to war against Pakistan . As early as 28 April 1971 , the Indian Cabinet had asked General Manekshaw ( Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee ) to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Hostile relations in the past between India and Pakistan added to India 's decision to intervene in Pakistan 's civil war . Resultantly , the Indian government decided to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic Bengalis by supporting the Mukti Bahini . RAW helped to organise , train and arm these insurgents . Consequently , the Mukti Bahini succeeded in harassing Pakistani military in East Pakistan , thus creating conditions conducive for a full - scale Indian military intervention in early December .
Labour Party (UK)
During the First World War the Labour Party split between supporters and opponents of the conflict but opposition to the war grew within the party as time went on . Ramsay MacDonald , a notable anti-war campaigner , resigned as leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party and Arthur Henderson became the main figure of authority within the party . He was soon accepted into Prime Minister Asquith 's war cabinet , becoming the first Labour Party member to serve in government .
Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo
`` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( Hindi : ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों ; `` O ' people of my country '' ) is a Hindi patriotic song written by Kavi Pradeep , composed by C. Ramchandra , and performed by Lata Mangeshkar . The song commemorates Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War in 1962 . The song was first performed live by Mangeshkar on 27 January 1963 at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war .
The Emergency (India)
In the book JP Movement and the Emergency , historian Bipan Chandra wrote , `` Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal , Minister of Defence at the time , were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October -- November 1976 , an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary , and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government . ''
Swadeshi movement
The Bengalis adopted the boycott movement as the last resort after they had exhausted the armoury of constitutional agitation known to them , namely vocal protests , appeals , petitions and Conferences to coerce the British to concede the unanimous national demand .
Fundamental rights in India
Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9 , 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its President . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions .
Subhas Chandra Bose
The Indian National Army ( INA ) was the brainchild of Japanese Major ( and post-war Lieutenant - General ) Iwaichi Fujiwara , head the Japanese intelligence unit Fujiwara Kikan and had its origins , first in the meetings between Fujiwara and the president of the Bangkok chapter of the Indian Independence League , Pritam Singh Dhillon , and then , through Pritam Singh 's network , in the recruitment by Fujiwara of a captured British Indian army captain , Mohan Singh on the western Malayan peninsula in December 1941 ; Fujiwara 's mission was `` to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army . '' After the initial proposal by Fujiwara the Indian National Army was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941 , and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942 .
All-India Muslim League
The All - India Muslim League ( popularised as Muslim League ) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire . Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim - majority nation - state , Pakistan , successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire . The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure . Sir Syed had founded , in 1886 , the Muhammadan Educational Conference , but a self - imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics . In December 1906 conference in Dhaka , attended by 3,000 delegates , the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party . Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim 's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims . It remained an elitist organisation until 1937 , when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation .
Partition of India
The novel Lost Generations ( 2013 ) by Manjit Sachdeva describes the March 1947 massacre in rural areas of Rawalpindi by the Muslim League , followed by massacres on both sides of the new border in August 1947 seen through the eyes of an escaping Sikh family , their settlement and partial rehabilitation in Delhi , and ending in ruin ( including death ) , for the second time in 1984 , at the hands of mobs after a Sikh assassinated the prime minister .
Kargil War
The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC , which serves as the de facto border between the two states . During the initial stages of the war , Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents , but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan 's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces , led by General Ashraf Rashid . The Indian Army , later supported by the Indian Air Force , recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants . Facing international diplomatic opposition , the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC .
Poverty in India
The subject of the economic impact of British imperialism on India remains contentious . The issue was raised by British Whig politician Edmund Burke who in 1778 began a seven - year impeachment trial against Warren Hastings and the East India Company on charges including mismanagement of the Indian economy . Contemporary historian Rajat Kanta Ray argues the economy established by the British in the 18th century was a form of plunder and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of Mughal India , depleting food and money stocks and imposing high taxes that helped cause the famine of 1770 , which killed a third of the people of Bengal .
Apartheid
Although the majority of whites supported apartheid , some 20 percent did not . Parliamentary opposition was galvanised by Helen Suzman , Colin Eglin and Harry Schwarz , who formed the Progressive Federal Party . Extra-parliamentary resistance was largely centred in the South African Communist Party and women 's organisation the Black Sash . Women were also notable in their involvement in trade union organisations and banned political parties .
History of India
Bindusara was succeeded by Ashoka , whose reign lasted for around 37 years until his death in about 232 BCE . His campaign against the Kalingans in about 260 BCE , though successful , lead to immense loss of life and misery . This filled Ashoka with remorse and lead him to shun violence , and subsequently to embrace Buddhism . The empire began to decline after his death and the last Mauryan ruler , Brihadratha , was assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga to establish the Shunga Empire .
Partition of India
Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the Partition . Because independence was declared prior to the actual Partition , it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order . No large population movements were contemplated ; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border . It was a task at which both states failed . There was a complete breakdown of law and order ; many died in riots , massacre , or just from the hardships of their flight to safety . What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history . According to Richard Symonds , at the lowest estimate , half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless .
Swadeshi movement
1850 to 1904 : developed by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji , Gokhale , Ranade , Tilak , G.V. Joshi and Bhaswat. K. Nigoni . This was also known as First Swadeshi Movement . 1905 to 1917 : Began with and because of the partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon . 1918 to 1947 : Swadeshi thought shaped by Gandhi , accompanied by the rise of Indian industrialists . 1948 to 1991 : Widespread curbs on international and inter-state trade . India became a bastion of obsolete technology during the licence - permit raj . 1991 onwards : liberalization and globalization . Foreign capital , foreign technology , and many foreign goods are not excluded and doctrine of export - led growth resulted in modern industrialism .
Subhas Chandra Bose
In the consensus of scholarly opinion , Subhas Chandra Bose 's death occurred from third - degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese - ruled Formosa ( now Taiwan ) . However , many among his supporters , especially in Bengal , refused at the time , and have refused since , to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death . Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life , keeping alive various martial myths about Bose .
History of Kenya
After local and foreign pressure , in December 1991 , parliament repealed the one - party section of the constitution . The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy ( FORD ) emerged as the leading opposition to KANU , and dozens of leading KANU figures switched parties . But FORD , led by Oginga Odinga ( 1911 -- 1994 ) , a Luo and Kenneth Matiba , a Kikuyu , split into two ethnically based factions . In the first open presidential elections in a quarter century , in December 1992 , Moi won with 37 % of the vote , Matiba received 26 % , Mwai Kibaki ( of the mostly Kikuyu Democratic Party ) 19 % , and Odinga 18 % . In the Assembly , KANU won 97 of the 188 seats at stake . Moi 's government in 1993 agreed to economic reforms long urged by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund , which restored enough aid for Kenya to service its $7.5 billion foreign debt .
Patel
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Patel
Patel is an Indian surname originally representing a community of agriculturalists and merchants , predominantly in the states of Gujarat , India . Once considered to be a status name of Hindu and Parsi origin referring to village headsmen during medieval ages , the surname was later adopted by the Patidar community of land owners . Today , there are currently two major branches of people bearing the surname : Leuva and Kadva . The branches are distinguished mainly by geographic location and varying cultural practices . Today the surname is used by Hindus . There are roughly 500,000 Patels outside India , including 150,000 in Britain and 150,000 in the US . Nearly 1 in 10 people of Indian origin in the US is a Patel .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel 's date of birth was never officially recorded ; Patel entered it as 31 October on his matriculation examination papers . He belonged to the Leuva Patel Patidar community of Central Gujarat , although the Leuva Patels and Kadava Patels have also claimed him as one of their own .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Among Patel 's surviving family , Maniben Patel lived in a flat in Mumbai for the rest of her life following her father 's death ; she often led the work of the Sardar Patel Memorial Trust , which organises the prestigious annual Sardar Patel Memorial Lectures , and other charitable organisations . Dahyabhai Patel was a businessman who was elected to serve in the Lok Sabha ( the lower house of the Indian Parliament ) as an MP in the 1960s .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In April 2015 the Government of India declassified surveillance reports suggesting that Patel , while Home Minister , and Nehru were among officials involved in alleged government - authorised spying on the family of Subhas Chandra Bose .
Patel
The term patel derives from the word community Patidar , literally `` one who holds ( owned ) pieces of land called patis '' , implying a higher economic status than that of the landless .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel is the namesake of many public institutions in India . A major initiative to build dams , canals , and hydroelectric power plants in the Narmada river valley to provide a tri-state area with drinking water and electricity and to increase agricultural production was named the Sardar Sarovar. Patel is also the namesake of the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology in Surat , Sardar Patel University , Sardar Patel High School , and the Sardar Patel Vidyalaya , which are among the nation 's premier institutions . India 's national police training academy is also named after him .
Patel
The surname historically originated in the Indian state of Gujarat , where it is among the most common of surnames . Today , the name can be found in a wide variety of regions in India , as well as several other countries .
Vallabhbhai Patel
On 29 March 1949 authorities lost radio contact with a plane carrying Patel , his daughter Maniben , and the Maharaja of Patiala . Engine failure caused the pilot to make an emergency landing in a desert area in Rajasthan . With all passengers safe , Patel and others tracked down a nearby village and local officials . When Patel returned to Delhi , thousands of Congressmen gave him a resounding welcome . In Parliament , MPs gave a long standing ovation to Patel , stopping proceedings for half an hour .
Vallabhbhai Patel
In 2014 , the Government of India introduced a commemoration of Patel , held annually on his birthday , 31 October , and known as Rashtriya Ekta Diwas ( National Unity Day ) .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel practised law in Godhra , Borsad , and Anand while taking on the financial burdens of his homestead in Karamsad. Patel was the first chairman and founder of `` Edward Memorial High School '' Borsad , today known as Jhaverbhai Dajibhai Patel High School . When he had saved enough for his trip to England and applied for a pass and a ticket , they were addressed to `` V. J. Patel , '' at the home of his elder brother Vithalbhai , who had the same initials as Vallabhai . Having once nurtured a similar hope to study in England , Vithalbhai remonstrated his younger brother , saying that it would be disreputable for an older brother to follow his younger brother . In keeping with concerns for his family 's honour , Patel allowed Vithalbhai to go in his place .
Patel
The surname is also common in the Indian diaspora . In the US , several people with this surname have are involved in the motel business , and this has been noted in the popular media .