vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
All new plans must cover certain preventive services such as mammograms and colonoscopies without charging a deductible , co-pay or coinsurance . Women 's Preventive Services -- including : well - woman visits ; gestational diabetes screening ; human papillomavirus ( HPV ) DNA testing for women age 30 and older ; sexually transmitted infection counseling ; human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) screening and counseling ; FDA - approved contraceptive methods and contraceptive counseling ; breastfeeding support , supplies and counseling ; and domestic violence screening and counseling -- will be covered without cost sharing . The requirement to cover FDA - approved contraceptive methods is also known as the contraceptive mandate .
Adolescence
Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways , but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions . Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk - taking in adolescence . For example , without a willingness to take risks , teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin . In addition , from a population perspective , there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods , counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults . Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages : adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating , and risk - taking is required to impress potential mates . Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk - taking behavior throughout the lifespan .
Diphtheria
In 1974 , World Health Organization included DPT vaccine in their Expanded Programme on Immunization for developing countries .
United Kingdom
The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the UK economy and the country has the third - highest share of global pharmaceutical R&D expenditures ( after the United States and Japan ) .
Health insurance in India
There is another type of hospitalization policy called a top - up policy . Top up policies have a high deductible typically set a level of existing cover . This policy is targeted at people who have some amount of insurance from their employer . If the employer provided cover is not enough people can supplement their cover with the top - up policy . However , this is subject to deduction on every claim reported for every member on the final amount payable .
List of The Last Ship characters
Prior to the outbreak of the Red Flu , Michener served as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . When the outbreak began , the president sent Michener to Tallahassee , Florida to set up a safe zone in Doak Campbell Stadium . During this time , he had his son flown in from Michigan to be with the family . Unbeknownst to Michener , his son had contracted the virus while in Michigan , thus creating an outbreak of the virus in the stadium . After his son 's death , his wife begged him to smother their two daughters before the virus fully incapacitated them . Michener obliged .
Sensitivity and specificity
True positive : Sick people correctly identified as sick False positive : Healthy people incorrectly identified as sick True negative : Healthy people correctly identified as healthy False negative : Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy
CCR5
However , because there is still another co-receptor available , this indicates that lacking the CCR5 gene does n't make one immune to the virus ; it simply implies that it would be more challenging for the individual to contract it . Also , the virus still has access to the CD4 . Unlike CCR5 , which the body apparently does n't really need due to those still living healthy lives even with the lack of / or absence of the gene ( as a result of the delta 32 mutation ) , CD4 is critical in the body 's defense system ( fighting against infection ) . Even without the availability of either co-receptors ( even CCR5 ) , the virus can still invade cells if gp41 were to go through an alteration ( including its cytoplasmic tail ) , resulting in the independence of CD4 without the need of CCR5 and / or CXCR4 as a doorway .
World Health Organization
During the 1970s , WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious , it retained a strong commitment to malaria control . WHO 's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases , and future problems in malaria control schemes . As of 2012 WHO was to report , as to whether RTS , S / AS01 , were a viable malaria vaccine . For the time being , insecticide - treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria , as are antimalarial drugs -- particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children .
World Health Organization
In terms of health services , WHO looks to improve `` governance , financing , staffing and management '' and the availability and quality of evidence and research to guide policy . It also strives to `` ensure improved access , quality and use of medical products and technologies '' . WHO -- working with donor agencies and national governments -- can improve their use of and their reporting about their use of research evidence .
Lyme disease
Another crucial preventive measure is the use of persistent acaricides , such as topical repellents or pesticides that contain triazapentadienes ( Amitraz ) , phenylpyrazoles ( Fipronil ) , or permethrin ( pyrethroids ) . These acaricides target primarily the adult stages of Lyme - carrying ticks and reduce the number of reproductively active ticks in the environment . Formulations of these ingredients are available in a variety of topical forms , including spot - ons , sprays , powders , impregnated collars , solutions , and shampoos .
Smallpox vaccine
In low - income countries , having a smallpox vaccine scar has been associated with non-specific reductions of more than 40 % in overall mortality among adults . However no randomized trials testing the effect of smallpox vaccine on overall mortality and morbidity have been conducted .
Corynebacterium
The most notable human infection is diphtheria , caused by C. diphtheriae . It is an acute and contagious infection characterized by pseudomembranes of dead epithelial cells , white blood cells , red blood cells , and fibrin that form around the tonsils and back of the throat . In developed countries , it is an uncommon illness that tends to occur in un vaccinated individuals , especially school - aged children , elderly , neutropenic or immunocompromised patients , and those with prosthetic devices such as prosthetic heart valves , shunts , or catheters . It is more common in developing countries It can occasionally infect wounds , the vulva , the conjunctiva , and the middle ear . It can be spread within a hospital . The virulent and toxigenic strains are lysogenic , and produce an exotoxin formed by two polypeptide chains , which is itself produced when a bacterium is transformed by a gene from the β prophage .
Health care in the United States
The US health system does not provide health care to the country 's entire population . Individuals acquire health insurance to offset health care spending . However , lack of adequate health insurance persists and is a known barrier to accessing the healthcare system and receiving appropriate and timely care . Measures of accessibility and affordability tracked by national health surveys include : having a usual source of medical care , visiting the dentist yearly , rates of preventable hospitalizations , reported difficulty seeing a specialist , delaying care due to cost , and rates of health insurance coverage .
National identification number
Foreigners who are not eligible to get a CPR - number , but who need one , includes persons who have witnessed a crime , persons who have been charged with a crime , or are victims of a crime . These persons are registered with a CPR - number with the format : DDMMYY - XXXX where XXXX are four letters instead of four numbers .
Terror management theory
Additionally , TMHM suggests that mortality awareness and self - esteem are important factors in individuals ' decision making and behaviors relating to their health . TMHM explores how people will engage in behaviors , whether positive or negative , even with the heightened awareness of mortality , in the attempt to conform to society 's expectations and improve their self - esteem . The TMHM is useful in understanding what motivates individuals regarding their health decisions and behaviors .
Social class in the United States
Furthermore , like other post-industrial nations , the United States saw increased health consciousness among persons of higher social status . Persons of higher status are less likely to smoke , more likely to exercise regularly , and be more conscious of their diet . Additionally , poorer Americans are more likely to consume lower quality , processed foods . One can therefore conclude that low socio - economic status contributes to a person 's likelihood of being obese .
Conscription in the United States
Beliefs which qualify a registrant for CO status may be religious in nature , but do n't have to be . Beliefs may be moral or ethical ; however , a man 's reasons for not wanting to participate in a war must not be based on politics , expediency , or self - interest . In general , the man 's lifestyle prior to making his claim must reflect his current claims .
World Health Organization
The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day , World Immunization Week , World Malaria Day , World No Tobacco Day , World Blood Donor Day , World Hepatitis Day , and World AIDS Day .
Health insurance in India
Some companies offer specially designed disease specific plans like Dengue Care . These are designed keeping in mind the growing occurrence of viral diseases like Dengue in India which has become a cause of concern and thus provide assistance based on medical needs , behavioural and lifestyle factors associated with such conditions . These plans aim to help customers manage their unexpected health expenses better and at a very minimal cost .
Framingham Heart Study
Recently the Framingham studies have become regarded as overestimating risk , particularly in the lower risk groups , e.g. , for UK populations .
Virus
Horizontal transmission is the most common mechanism of spread of viruses in populations . Transmission can occur when : body fluids are exchanged during sexual activity , e.g. , HIV ; blood is exchanged by contaminated transfusion or needle sharing , e.g. , hepatitis C ; exchange of saliva by mouth , e.g. , Epstein -- Barr virus ; contaminated food or water is ingested , e.g. , norovirus ; aerosols containing virions are inhaled , e.g. , influenza virus ; and insect vectors such as mosquitoes penetrate the skin of a host , e.g. , dengue . The rate or speed of transmission of viral infections depends on factors that include population density , the number of susceptible individuals , ( i.e. , those not immune ) , the quality of healthcare and the weather .
Virus
Epidemiology is used to break the chain of infection in populations during outbreaks of viral diseases . Control measures are used that are based on knowledge of how the virus is transmitted . It is important to find the source , or sources , of the outbreak and to identify the virus . Once the virus has been identified , the chain of transmission can sometimes be broken by vaccines . When vaccines are not available , sanitation and disinfection can be effective . Often , infected people are isolated from the rest of the community , and those that have been exposed to the virus are placed in quarantine . To control the outbreak of foot - and - mouth disease in cattle in Britain in 2001 , thousands of cattle were slaughtered . Most viral infections of humans and other animals have incubation periods during which the infection causes no signs or symptoms . Incubation periods for viral diseases range from a few days to weeks , but are known for most infections . Somewhat overlapping , but mainly following the incubation period , there is a period of communicability -- a time when an infected individual or animal is contagious and can infect another person or animal . This , too , is known for many viral infections , and knowledge of the length of both periods is important in the control of outbreaks . When outbreaks cause an unusually high proportion of cases in a population , community , or region , they are called epidemics . If outbreaks spread worldwide , they are called pandemics .
United States House Committee on Ways and Means
Because of its wide jurisdiction , Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy . Although it lacks the prospects for re-election help that comes with the Appropriations Committee , it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons . First , since its range is so broad , members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions , simply to be able to influence policy decisions . Some recent major issues that have gone through this committee include welfare reform , a Medicare prescription drug benefit , Social Security reform , George W. Bush 's tax cuts , and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) . Second , given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee , a seat makes it very easy to collect campaign contributions .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The outbreak left about 17,000 survivors of the disease , many of whom report post-recovery symptoms termed post-Ebola syndrome , often severe enough to require medical care for months or even years . An additional cause for concern is the apparent ability of the virus to `` hide '' in a recovered survivor 's body for an extended period of time and then become active months or years later , either in the same individual or in a sexual partner . In December 2016 , the WHO announced that a two - year trial of the rVSV - ZEBOV vaccine appeared to offer protection from the strain of Ebola responsible for the West Africa outbreak . The vaccine has not yet had regulatory approval , but it is considered to be so effective that 300,000 doses have already been stockpiled .
Yahoo! Answers
This type of badge is found on the name of celebrities ( like mentioned above ) and government departments like the health department .
Framingham Heart Study
The Framingham Heart Study , along with other important large studies , e.g. , the Seven Countries Study , Nurses ' Health Study , also showed the importance of healthy diet , not being overweight or obese , and regular exercise in maintaining good health , and that there are differences in cardiovascular risk between men and women . It also confirmed that cigarette smoking is a highly significant factor in the development of heart disease , leading to angina pectoris , myocardial infarction ( MI ) , and coronary death , along with other important studies about smoking , e.g. , the British Doctors Study .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Basing their choice on `` the person or persons who most affected the news and our lives , for good or ill , and embodied what was important about the year '' , the editors of Time magazine in December 2014 named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year . Editor Nancy Gibbs said : `` The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight . For tireless acts of courage and mercy , for buying the world time to boost its defenses , for risking , for persisting , for sacrificing and saving , the Ebola fighters are Time 's 2014 Person of the Year . '' According to an October 2015 report by the CDC , Guinean healthcare workers had 42.2 times higher Ebola infection rates than non-healthcare workers , and male healthcare workers were more affected than their female counterparts . The report indicated that 27 % of Ebola infections among healthcare workers in Guinea occurred among doctors . The CDC report also stated that the Guinea Ministry of Health recorded males as representing 46 % of the health workforce , and that 67 % of Ebola infections among non-doctor healthcare workers occurred among males . The CDC further indicated that healthcare workers in Guinea were less likely to report contact with an infected individual than non-healthcare workers .
Gatekeeping (communication)
Violence , conflict , disaster , or scandal is the second criterion . Topics such as murders , wars , shootings , or hurricanes captivate the attention of the audience . Newspapers containing violence outsold other newspaper chains that contained less violence .
Smallpox vaccine
Although Jenner used cowpox , the vaccine now contains a virus immunologically related to cowpox and smallpox viruses called vaccinia which causes a mild infection . The vaccine is infectious which improves its effectiveness , but causes serious complications for people with impaired immune systems ( for example chemotherapy and AIDS patients , and people with eczema ) , and is not yet considered safe for pregnant women . A woman planning on conceiving within one month should not receive the smallpox immunization until after the pregnancy . In the event of an outbreak , the woman should delay pregnancy if possible . Vaccines that only contain attenuated vaccinia viruses ( an attenuated virus is one in which the pathogenicity has been decreased through serial passage ) have been proposed , but some researchers have questioned the possible effectiveness of such a vaccine . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , `` vaccination within 3 days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people . Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease or may modify the severity of disease . '' This , along with vaccinations of so - called first - responders , is the current plan of action being devised by the United States Department of Homeland Security ( including Federal Emergency Management Agency ) in the United States .
Socioeconomic status
Education in higher socioeconomic families is typically stressed as much more important , both within the household as well as the local community . In poorer areas , where food , shelter and safety are priority , education can take a backseat . Youth audiences are particularly at risk for many health and social problems in the United States , such as unwanted pregnancies , drug abuse , and obesity .
Rhode Island
Since the Great Depression , the Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated local politics . Rhode Island has comprehensive health insurance for low - income children and a large social safety net . Many urban areas still have a high rate of children in poverty . Due to an influx of residents from Boston , increasing housing costs have resulted in more homelessness in Rhode Island . Providence
Testosterone
Testosterone is included in the World Health Organization 's list of essential medicines , which are the most important medications needed in a basic health system . It is available as a generic medication . The price depends on the form of testosterone used . It can be administered as a cream or transdermal patch that is applied to the skin , by injection into a muscle , as a tablet that is placed in the cheek , or by ingestion .
Non-communicable disease
Risk factors such as a person 's background ; lifestyle and environment are known to increase the likelihood of certain non-communicable diseases . They include age , gender , genetics , exposure to air pollution , and behaviors such as smoking , unhealthy diet and physical inactivity which can lead to hypertension and obesity , in turn leading to increased risk of many NCDs . Most NCDs are considered preventable because they are caused by modifiable risk factors .
Virus
The Baltimore classification of viruses is based on the mechanism of mRNA production . Viruses must generate mRNAs from their genomes to produce proteins and replicate themselves , but different mechanisms are used to achieve this in each virus family . Viral genomes may be single - stranded ( ss ) or double - stranded ( ds ) , RNA or DNA , and may or may not use reverse transcriptase ( RT ) . In addition , ssRNA viruses may be either sense ( + ) or antisense ( − ) . This classification places viruses into seven groups :
Public opinion
Another key component in the formation of public opinion is framing . Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the consumers attitude one way or the other . Most political issues are heavily framed in order to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate . For example , if Candidate X once voted on a bill that raised income taxes on the middle class , a framing headline would read `` Candidate X Does n't Care About the Middle Class '' . This puts Candidate X in a negative frame to the news reader .
Health care in the United States
Coverage gaps and affordability also surfaced in a 2007 international comparison by the Commonwealth Fund . Among adults surveyed in the U.S. , 37 % reported that they had foregone needed medical care in the previous year because of cost ; either skipping medications , avoiding seeing a doctor when sick , or avoiding other recommended care . The rate was higher -- 42 % -- , among those with chronic conditions . The study reported that these rates were well above those found in the other six countries surveyed : Australia , Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and the UK . The study also found that 19 % of U.S. adults surveyed reported serious problems paying medical bills , more than double the rate in the next highest country . Mental
Health care in the United States
On June 30 , 2006 , an FDA ruling went into effect extending protection from lawsuits to pharmaceutical manufacturers , even if it was found that they submitted fraudulent clinical trial data to the FDA in their quest for approval . This left consumers who experience serious health consequences from drug use with little recourse . In 2007 , the House of Representatives expressed opposition to the FDA ruling , but the Senate took no action . On March 4 , 2009 , an important U.S. Supreme Court decision was handed down . In Wyeth v. Levine , the court asserted that state - level rights of action could not be pre-empted by federal immunity and could provide `` appropriate relief for injured consumers . '' In June 2009 , under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act , Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius signed an order extending protection to vaccine makers and federal officials from prosecution during a declared health emergency related to the administration of the swine flu vaccine .
World Health Organization
WHO addresses government health policy with two aims : firstly , `` to address the underlying social and economic determinants of health through policies and programmes that enhance health equity and integrate pro-poor , gender - responsive , and human rights - based approaches '' and secondly `` to promote a healthier environment , intensify primary prevention and influence public policies in all sectors so as to address the root causes of environmental threats to health '' .