vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American football rules
A typical offense is made up of a quarterback , five offensive linemen , two wide receivers , a running back , a fullback , and a tight end , however teams will vary their personnel on the field to fit any given play . A quarterback is essentially the leader of the offense . It is most often their responsibility to pass along the play called to the rest of the players in the huddle before any given play . A quarterback is the primary ball handler on offense . It is their responsibility to call the snap count for the ball to enter play . Once the ball is hiked into play , it is their job to either hand the ball off to one of their running backs , or scout the field for an open receiver to throw the ball to . In some instances , the quarterback will run the ball themselves . A quarterback is guarded by their offensive linemen . The offensive line is made up of a left and right tackle , a left and right guard , and a center . It is the center 's responsibility to hike the ball to the quarterback . An offensive line has two different jobs . When the offense runs a pass play , it is their job to guard the quarterback from the defense that are rushing . When the offense runs a run play , it is their job to clear a path for the running back to run through . The running back also has multiple roles . They will either take the ball from the quarterback and run , move up and help the offensive line block , or go out and catch a pass . While the role of the fullback is deteriorating currently among professional leagues , it is their primary responsibility to lead the running back . Running backs and fullbacks are sometimes also called a halfback , a wingback , or a slotback . Like the running back , the tight end also has multiple roles . They will either help the offensive line protect the quarterback , block on run plays , or run or catch the ball themselves . The wide receivers primary role is to run out into the field of play and catch the ball , although they will also block in some instances .
Anterior cruciate ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments ( the other being the posterior cruciate ligament ) in the human knee . They are also called cruciform ligaments as they are arranged in a crossed formation . In the quadruped stifle joint ( analogous to the knee ) , based on its anatomical position , it is also referred to as the cranial cruciate ligament . The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four main ligaments of the knee , and the ACL provides 85 % of the restraining force to anterior tibial displacement at 30 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion .
American football rules
The rules for overtime changed for the 2016 - 2017 season and tweaked again for the 2017 - 2018 season . NFL
Kansas City Chiefs
The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL 's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons . The Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team , the Dallas Cowboys , there . While the team averaged a league - best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl , the Texans gained less attention due to the AFL 's relatively lower profile compared to the NFL . In the franchise 's first two seasons , the team managed only a 14 -- 14 record . In their third season , the Texans strolled to an 11 -- 3 record and a berth in the team 's first American Football League Championship Game , against the Houston Oilers . The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20 -- 17 in double overtime . The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds , which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history .
American football rules
NFL College football Number of feet a receiver must have in bounds for a completed pass Both Only one Down by contact rule Yes , a player is active until he is tackled or forced down by a member of the opposing team No , a player is automatically ruled down when any part of his body other than the feet or hands touches the ground Penalty for defensive pass interference Automatic first down at the spot of the foul Automatic first down , with the lesser of 15 yards from the previous spot or the spot of the foul Clock temporarily stops after the offense completes a first down so the chain crew can reset the chains No , the clock runs even after a first down Yes Spot where an opposing team takes possession after a missed field goal The greater of the spot of the kick or the opposing team 's 20 - yard line The greater of the previous line of scrimmage or opposing team 's 20 - yard line Two - minute warning ( an automatic time out when two minutes remain in each half / overtime ) Yes No , it is not used Starting point of a one - or two - point conversion 2 - yard line on 2 - point conversions ; 15 - yard line on 1 - point conversions 3 - yard line Overtime Sudden death using basically the same rules as in regulation . Except if the team that receives the kickoff scores a field goal on its first possession , it then kicks off to the opposing team with an opportunity to score ; if the score is tied again after that possession , true sudden death rules apply . During preseason and regular season games , only one overtime period is played and the game can simply end in a tie ; during playoff games , multiple overtime periods may be held until one team scores . Each team is given one possession from its opponent 's twenty - five yard line with no game clock . The team leading after both possessions is declared the winner . If the teams remain tied , overtime periods continue ; games can not end in a tie . Starting with the third overtime , teams are only allowed to attempt two - point conversions after a touchdown . Instant replay Scoring plays , turnovers , and plays during the final two minutes of each half and all overtime periods are subject to booth review . Coaches are issued two challenges ( with the option for a third if the first two are successful ) to request a review for all other plays All plays are subject to booth reviews . Each coach gets only one guaranteed challenge . If that challenge is successful , a second challenge is allowed .
American football
The introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences . Prior to the snap , the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position . However , a group of Princeton players realized that , as the snap was uncontested , they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring . In 1881 , both teams in a game between Yale - Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records . Each team held the ball , gaining no ground , for an entire half , resulting in a 0 -- 0 tie . This `` block game '' proved extremely unpopular with the spectators and fans of both teams .
American football rules
The clock may also be stopped for an officials ' time - out , after which , if the clock was running , it is restarted . For example : if there is a question whether or not a team has moved the ball far enough for a first down , the officials may use a measuring device ( the chains ) to determine the distance . While this measurement is taking place , the officials will signal for a stoppage of the clock . Once the measurement is finished and the ball is placed at the proper location ( spotted ) , the referee will then signal for the clock to restart . Additional situations where officials may take a time - out are to administer a penalty or for an injured player to be removed from the field .
American football
An 1875 Harvard - Yale game played under rugby - style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes . These players introduced the sport to Princeton , a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to `` selling refrigerators to Eskimos . '' Princeton , Harvard , Yale and Columbia then agreed to intercollegiate play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system . These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association , although Yale did not join until 1879 . Yale player Walter Camp , now regarded as the `` Father of American Football '' , secured rule changes in 1880 that reduced the size of each team from 15 to 11 players and instituted the snap to replace the chaotic and inconsistent scrum .
American football
The primary role of the halfback , also known as the tailback , is to carry the ball on running plays . Halfbacks may also serve as receivers . Fullbacks tend to be larger than halfbacks and function primarily as blockers , but they are sometimes used as runners in short - yardage situations and are seldom used in passing situations .
Wembley Stadium
The pitch size , as lined for association football , is 115 yd ( 105 m ) long by 75 yd ( 69 m ) wide , slightly narrower than the old Wembley , as required by the UEFA stadium categories for a category four stadium , the top category .
Football (ball)
Leather panels are typically tanned to a natural brown color , which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play . At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a `` tacky '' grip in dry or wet conditions . Historically , white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be seen more easily however , improved artificial lighting conditions have made this no longer necessary . At most levels of play ( but not , notably , the NFL ) , white stripes are painted on each end of the ball , halfway around the circumference , to improve nighttime visibility and also to differentiate the college football from the pro football . However , the NFL once explored the usage of white - striped footballs -- in Super Bowl VIII .
American football
Linebackers line up behind the defensive line but in front of the defensive backfield . They are divided into two types : middle linebackers ( MLB ) and outside linebackers ( OLB ) . Linebackers are the defensive leaders and call the defensive plays . Their diverse roles include defending the run , pressuring the quarterback , and guarding backs , wide receivers and tight ends in the passing game .
American football rules
A free kick ( see above ) may be taken on the play immediately after any fair catch of a punt . In the NFL , if the receiving team elects to attempt this and time expired during the punt , the half / overtime is extended with an untimed down . The ball must be held on the ground by a member of the kicking team or may be drop kicked ; a tee may not be used . ( High school kickers may use a tee ) . This is both a field goal attempt and a free kick ; if the ball is kicked between the goal posts , three points are scored for the kicking team . This is the only case where a free kick may score points . This method of scoring is extremely rare , last successfully completed in the NFL by Ray Wersching in 1976 . It is only advantageous when a team catches a very short punt with very little time left . Note that a team is unlikely to be punting with only a few seconds left in a half or overtime , and it is rarer still for punts to be caught near field goal range . The officials ' signal for a successful fair catch kick is the same as for a field goal .
American football
The offensive line ( OL ) consists of several players whose primary function is to block members of the defensive line from tackling the ball carrier on running plays or sacking the quarterback on passing plays . The leader of the offensive line is the center ( C ) , who is responsible for snapping the ball to the quarterback , blocking , and for making sure that the other linemen do their jobs during the play . On either side of the center are the guards ( G ) , while tackles ( T ) line up outside the guards .
Football
Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit . Each school drafted its own rules , which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils . Two schools of thought developed regarding rules . Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried ( as at Rugby , Marlborough and Cheltenham ) , while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted ( as at Eton , Harrow , Westminster and Charterhouse ) . The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played . For example , Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas ; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters , making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games . Rugby
Metrication in the United States
A novelty American football game was attempted in metric units in 1977 . That trend failed to gain a foothold .
American football rules
In the NFL , a number of rulings can be reviewed by officials or challenged by coaches . If a coach wants to challenge a play , he must do so before the next play begins , and he does so by throwing a red flag similar to the officials ' yellow flags . Coaches are allowed two challenges per game and are granted a third if their first two are successful . The team loses a timeout if they lose the challenge . Therefore , they can not challenge if they do not have timeouts . Plays within the two - minute - warning and overtime can not be challenged ; any review must be initiated by a replay official off - field . The referee performs the actual review via a video screen on the sideline . The referee will announce the result of instant replay reviews over his wireless microphone .
Football (ball)
a sphere : used in association football and Gaelic football a prolate spheroid either with rounded ends : used in the rugby codes and Australian football or with more pointed ends : used in American football and Canadian football
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
This question maked me wonder , what is the organ tune played at american football ( or was it baseball ? ) matches at the beginning ? It is slowly starting then getting faster . -- helohe ( talk ) 23 : 36 , 15 July 2012 ( UTC )
Saudi Arabia
Women 's sport is controversial due to the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities , however this restriction has eased slightly in recent years . Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums . Segregated seating , allowing women to enter , has been developed in three stadiums across major cities .
Women's association football
The growth in women 's football has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels .
History of the National Football League
While there have been a scattering of American professional female football players in semi-pro football ( Patricia Palinkas , Katie Hnida , and the still active Julie Harshbarger among them ) and female players in American college and high school football , no woman with prior experience as an American football player has attempted to make an NFL roster .
2018 Commonwealth Games
On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested .
2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
Jump up ^ UCSD will remain eligible for national championships in four of its sports during its transition to Division I. Men 's and women 's water polo and the coeducational sport of fencing have one national championship for all three NCAA divisions , while men 's volleyball has a combined Division I / II national championship .
Women's association football
Despite being more popular than some men 's football events ( one match saw a 53,000 strong crowd ) , women 's football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on Association members ' pitches , on the grounds that the game ( as played by women ) was distasteful . Some speculated that this may have also been due to envy of the large crowds that women 's matches attracted . This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds . Competitions
Long jump
The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896 . In 1914 , Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the `` running broad jump '' as a standardized track and field event for women . However , it was not until 1948 that the women 's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme .
Artificial turf
The Women 's World Cup took place entirely on artificial surfaces , as the event was played in Canada , where almost all of the country 's stadiums use artificial turf due to climate issues . This plan garnered criticism from players and fans , some believing the artificial surfaces make players more susceptible to injuries . Over fifty of the female athletes protested against the use of artificial turf on the basis of gender discrimination .
Women's association football
The English Women 's FA was formed in 1969 ( as a result of the increased interest generated by the 1966 World Cup ) , and the FA 's ban on matches being played on members ' grounds was finally lifted in 1971 . In the same year , UEFA recommended that the women 's game should be taken under the control of the national associations in each country .
Jockey
During the late 1960s restrictions against woman trainers were lifted in Australia , but women jockeys were still confined to `` ladies only '' events , which were held on non-professional tracks . The Victoria Racing Club in 1974 permitted women jockeys to be registered for professional `` ladies only '' events . In 1978 racing rules in New Zealand were amended to permit women jockeys .
Mercy rule
The rules vary widely , depending on the level of competition , but nearly all youth leagues and high school sports associations and many college sports associations have mercy rules for sports including baseball , softball , American football and association football .
History of tennis
Women 's professional tennis began in 1926 , when world number one female player Suzanne Lenglen accepted $50,000 for a series of matches against three - time US Champion Mary K. Browne . The series ended in 1927 , and the women did not compete as professionals again until 1941 when Alice Marble headlined a tour against Mary Hardwick . World War II hindered most professional competitions and many players were involved with entertaining the troops . In 1947 , women professionals were again in action with a short - lived series of exhibition matches between Pauline Betz and Sarah Palfrey Cooke , both U.S. National Champions . In 1950 and 1951 , Bobby Riggs signed Betz and Gussie Moran to play a pro tour with Jack Kramer and Pancho Segura , wherein Betz dominated Moran . Althea Gibson turned professional in 1958 and joined with Karol Fageros ( `` the Golden Goddess '' ) as the opening act for the Harlem Globetrotters for one season .
History of tennis
There was virtually no further women 's professional tennis until 1967 , when promoter George McCall signed Billie Jean King , Ann Jones , Françoise Dürr , and Rosie Casals to join his tour of eight men for two years . The professional women then played as independents as the open era began .
Artificial turf
The 2012 Women 's World Player of the Year , Abby Wambach , noted `` The men would strike , playing on artificial turf . ''
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Billie Jean was part of the Original 9 , which formed the Virginia Slims Series , created because the women wanted to end inequality of pay between male and female victors . These nine women created their own tournaments and played wherever they could . Eventually this turned into the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .
Maya civilization
There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war , but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens . By the Postclassic , the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle .
Women's association football
The Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino ( Women 's Libertadores Cup ) is the international women 's football club competition for teams that play in CONMEBOL nations . The competition started in the 2009 season in response to the increased interest in women 's football . It is the only CONMEBOL club competition for women , and it is sometimes called the Copa Libertadores Femenina .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
At least eight other exhibition matches have been played between notable male and female tennis players , starting in 1888 , though only some of them were referred to at the time as a `` battle of the sexes '' .
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School
LaGuardia offers 21 different sports on the Varsity level . It is one of 8 schools in New York City which still runs the Gymnastics Program . LaGuardia competes with the Public School Athletic League ( PSAL ) . In the fall , they offer sports such as bowling , swimming , volleyball , cross country ( girls ' ) , fencing ( co-ed ) , soccer , and cross country ( boys ' ) . In the winter , students can participate in other sports such as basketball , gymnastics , and indoor track ( boys ' and girls ' ) . In the spring , the school offers baseball , outdoor track , tennis , volleyball ( boys ' ) , handball , softball and tennis ( girls ' ) .
Women's association football
In September 2008 , FC de Rakt women 's team ( FC de Rakt DA1 ) in the Netherlands made international headlines by swapping its old kit for a new one featuring short skirts and tight - fitting shirts . This innovation , which had been requested by the team itself , was initially vetoed by the Royal Dutch Football Association on the grounds that according to the rules of the game shorts must be worn by all players , both male and female ; but this decision was reversed when it was revealed that the FC de Rakt team were wearing hot pants under their skirts , and were therefore technically in compliance . Denying that the kit change was merely a publicity stunt , club chairman Jan van den Elzen told Reuters :
History of the National Football League
On March 3 , 2013 , Lauren Silberman became the first woman to ever try out for the NFL when she appeared as a kicker at the NFL Regional Scouting Combine in Florham Park , New Jersey . However , after two poor kicks , Silberman left the field , citing an injury to her quadriceps ; the tryout was suspected by members of the press and public as being nothing more than a publicity stunt . Olympic pole - vaulter Jenn Suhr publicly expressed interest in attending an NFL scouting combine in 2014 , and at least one team ( the Buffalo Bills ) acknowledged Suhr 's interest favorably but did not invite her to a combine ; Suhr did not indicate what position she would play .
Basketball
Women 's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson , a physical education teacher , modified Naismith 's rules for women . Shortly after she was hired at Smith , she went to Naismith to learn more about the game . Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach , she organized the first women 's collegiate basketball game on March 21 , 1893 , when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another . However , the first women 's interinstitutional game was played in 1892 between the University of California and Miss Head 's School . Berenson 's rules were first published in 1899 , and two years later she became the editor of A.G. Spalding 's first Women 's Basketball Guide . Berenson 's freshmen played the sophomore class in the first women 's intercollegiate basketball game at Smith College , March 21 , 1893 . The same year , Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College ( coached by Clara Gregory Baer ) women began playing basketball . By 1895 , the game had spread to colleges across the country , including Wellesley , Vassar , and Bryn Mawr . The first intercollegiate women 's game was on April 4 , 1896 . Stanford women played Berkeley , 9 - on - 9 , ending in a 2 -- 1 Stanford victory .