vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ryukyuan religion
Inside the tomb is stored the cremated remains ( funishin ) of several generations of family members . Especially important is the thirty - third year after a relative 's death ; at this point , the deceased individual is believed to have taken his place with all his ancestors in the afterlife . During a typical extended family gathering at the tomb , incense , food , offering , and prayers are offered to ancestors , and then a picnic is enjoyed by those in attendance . Although responsibilities may vary on a case - by - case basis , generally it is the oldest male of a family whose financial responsibility is upkeep for existing tombs and establishment of new tombs if anything should happen to the old , including becoming too full .
Great Pyramid of Giza
Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers .
French colonization of the Americas
Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See
Florence Cathedral
Each of Brunelleschi 's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties , all made of sandstone beams 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) in diameter and no more than 2.3 metres ( 7.5 ft ) long . The rails were connected end - to - end with lead - glazed iron splices . The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome . The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome . The others are hidden . Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links , but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains , which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls . Brunelleschi also included vertical `` ribs '' set on the corners of the octagon , curving towards the center point . The Ribs , 13 feet ( 4 meters ) deep , are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center . The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms , thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding .
Atlantic Ocean
The same development can be seen in Europe . In La Riera Cave ( 23 -- 13 ka ) in Asturias , Spain , only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 ka . In contrast , 8 -- 7 ka - old shell middens in Portugal , Denmark , and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts . The Ertebølle middens in Denmark , for example , accumulated 2,000 m ( 71,000 cu ft ) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years . This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new technologies -- such as boats , harpoons , and fish - hooks -- because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower . The earliest exploitation , however , took place on the now submerged shelves , and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves . The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland .
Hajj
Back at Mina , the pilgrims perform symbolic stoning of the devil ( Ramy al - Jamarat ) by throwing seven stones at only the largest of the three pillars , known as Jamrat al - Aqabah from sunrise to sunset . The remaining two pillars ( jamarah ) are not stoned on this day . These pillars are said to represent Satan . Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi-levelled Jamaraat Bridge , from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat . Because of safety reasons , in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls , with catch basins below to collect the pebbles . Animal
Great Pyramid of Giza
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent
Diamond
Most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers ( 87 to 118 mi ) in the Earth 's mantle . Carbon - containing minerals provide the carbon source , and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years ( 25 % to 75 % of the age of the Earth ) . Diamonds are brought close to the Earth 's surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma , which cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites . Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earth 's mantle . An alternative , and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . Several non-diamond materials , which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants , resemble diamond in appearance and many properties . Special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural diamonds , synthetic diamonds , and diamond simulants . The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας -- adámas `` unbreakable '' .
Florence Cathedral
Brunelleschi 's solutions were ingenious , such as his use of the catenary arch for support . The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains , serving as barrel hoops , embedded within the inner dome : one at the top , one at the bottom , with the remaining two evenly spaced between them . A fifth chain , made of wood , was placed between the first and second of the stone chains . Since the dome was octagonal rather than round , a simple chain , squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop , would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome . The chains needed to be rigid octagons , stiff enough to hold their shape , so as not to deform the dome as they held it together . The
Curling
The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest .
Maya calendar
The 819 - day count can be described several ways : Most of these are referred to using a `` Y '' glyph and a number . Many also have a glyph for K'awill -- the god with a smoking mirror in his head . K'awill has been suggested as having a link to Jupiter . In the Dresden codex almanac 59 there are Chaacs of the four colors . The accompanying texts begin with a directional glyph and a verb for 819 - day - count phrases . Anderson provides a detailed description of the 819 - day count .
Brown Sugar (The Rolling Stones song)
Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
History of hip-hop dance
Breaking started out strictly as toprock , footwork - oriented dance moves performed while standing up . Toprock usually serves as the opening to a breaker 's performance before transitioning into other dance moves performed on the floor . A separate dance style that influenced toprock is uprock , also called rocking or Brooklyn uprock , because it comes from Brooklyn , New York . The uprock dance style has its roots in gangs . Although it looks similar to toprock , uprock is danced with a partner and is more aggressive , involving fancy footwork , shuffles , hitting motions , and movements that mimic fighting . When there was an issue over turf , the two warlords of the feuding gangs would uprock , and whoever won this preliminary dance battle decided where the real fight would be . Because uprock 's purpose was to moderate gang violence , it never crossed over into mainstream breaking as seen today , except for some specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock .
Ancient Greek architecture
The stone columns are made of a series of solid stone cylinders or `` drums '' that rest on each other without mortar , but were sometimes centred with a bronze pin . The columns are wider at the base than at the top , tapering with an outward curve known as `` entasis '' . Each column has a capital of two parts , the upper , on which rests the lintels , being square and called the `` abacus '' . The part of the capital that rises from the column itself is called the `` echinus '' . It differs according to the order , being plain in the Doric Order , fluted in the Ionic and foliate in the Corinthian . Doric and usually Ionic capitals are cut with vertical grooves known as `` fluting '' . This fluting or grooving of the columns is a retention of an element of the original wooden architecture . Entablature
Ancient Roman architecture
An obelisk is a tall , four - sided , narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid - like shape at the top . These were originally called `` tekhenu '' by the builders , the ancient Egyptians . The Greeks who saw them used the Greek ' obeliskos ' to describe them , and this word passed into Latin and then English . The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style . Examples include :
Jewish wedding
After the bride has been given the ring , or at the end of the ceremony ( depending on local custom ) , the groom breaks a glass , crushing it with his right foot , and the guests shout `` מזל טוב ‎ '' ( mazel tov ! ' congratulations ' ) . At some contemporary weddings , a lightbulb may be substituted because it is thinner and more easily broken , and it makes a louder popping sound .
Black Sabbath
The tour in support of Born Again included a giant set of the Stonehenge monument . In a move that would be later parodied in the mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap , the band made a mistake in ordering the set piece . As Geezer Butler later explained :
Great Pyramid of Giza
I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance .
Mount Everest
Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called formations . Each formation is separated from the other by low - angle faults , called detachments , along which they have been thrust southward over each other . From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation , the North Col Formation , and the Rongbuk Formation .
Geologic time scale
Geologic units from the same time but different parts of the world often look different and contain different fossils , so the same time - span was historically given different names in different locales . For example , in North America , the Lower Cambrian is called the Waucoban series that is then subdivided into zones based on succession of trilobites . In East Asia and Siberia , the same unit is split into Alexian , Atdabanian , and Botomian stages . A key aspect of the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy is to reconcile this conflicting terminology and define universal horizons that can be used around the world .
Llano Uplift
After 1.2 Ga , a global cycle of continental collision and the resulting mountain formation , globally called the Grenville orogeny , and locally called the Llano Orogeny , tectonically shoved and interleaved together these strata . They were also further altered by metamorphism into the rocks that outcrop today in the Llano Uplift . Large granitic plutons that locally form a large percentage of the outcrop in some areas and a llanite dike also intruded them . During the 400 - million year interval between the emplacement of llanite and the start of Middle Cambrian sedimentation , erosion removed several kilometers of Precambrian rock .
Curling
The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery .
Cool jazz
John Lewis went on to co-found the Modern Jazz Quartet , who incorporated classical forms , such as the fugue , in their music . Tanner , Gerow , and Megill note that the Quartet `` played classical forms quite precisely . For example , the fugues they played were truly baroque in form except that the exposition parts were improvised . '' While third stream music would combine classical elements with jazz , the Modern Jazz Quartet used these forms `` just to play good , swinging , subtle jazz '' and in pursuit of `` the joy of collective improvisation and counterpoint . ''
Centrifugal force
If a stone is whirled round on a string , in a horizontal plane , the only real force acting on the stone in the horizontal plane is applied by the string ( gravity acts vertically ) . No other force acts on the stone so there is a net force on the stone in the horizontal plane .
Step pyramid
A step pyramid or stepped pyramid is an architectural structure that uses flat platforms , or steps , receding from the ground up , to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid . Step pyramids are structures which characterized several cultures throughout history , in several locations throughout the world . These pyramids typically are large and made of several layers of stone . The term refers to pyramids of similar design that emerged separately from one another , as there are no firmly established connections between the different civilizations that built them .
Tilted block faulting
Tilted block faulting , also called rotational block faulting , is a mode of structural evolution in extensional tectonic events , a result of tectonic plates stretching apart . When the upper lithospheric crust experiences extensional pressures , the brittle crust fractures , creating detachment faults . These normal faults express themselves on a regional scale ; upper crust fractures into tilted fault blocks , and ductile lower crust ascends . This results in uplift , cooling , and exhumation of ductily deformed deeper crust . The large unit of tilted blocks and associated crust can help form an integral part of metamorphic core complexes and can occur on both continental and oceanic crust .
Leucitite
The plutonic leucite - bearing rocks are leucite syenite and missourite . Of these the former consists of orthoclase , nepheline , sodalite , diopside and aegirine , biotite and sphene . Two occurrences are known , one in Arkansas , the other in Sutherland , Scotland . The Scottish rock has been called borolanite . Both examples show large rounded spots in the hand specimens ; they are pseudoleucites , and under the microscope prove to consist of orthoclase , nepheline , sodalite and decomposition products . These have a radiate arrangement externally , but are of irregular structure at their centres ; it is interesting to note that in both rocks melanite is an important accessory . The missourites are more mafic and consist of leucite , olivine , augite and biotite ; the leucite is partly fresh partly altered to analcite , and the rock has a spotted character recalling that of the leucite - syenites . It has been found only in the Highwood Mountains of Montana .
Leucitite
In pre-Tertiary rocks leucite readily decomposes and changes to zeolites , analcite and other secondary minerals . Leucite also is rare in plutonic rocks and dike rocks , but leucite syenite and leucite tinguaite bear witness to the possibility that it may occur in this manner . The rounded shape of its crystals , their white or grey color , and absence of planar cleavage make the presence of leucite easily determinable in many of these rocks by inspection , especially when the crystals are large . Pseudoleucite
Magic in Harry Potter
Ron uses Parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets , but he is only imitating the sound of a phrase Harry used earlier in the book .
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
This story returns to the characters introduced in Over Sea , Under Stone , uniting them with Will Stanton , and involves a quest for magic from beneath the sea .
Ancient Greek architecture
Above the architrave is a second horizontal stage called the `` frieze '' . The frieze is one of the major decorative elements of the building and carries a sculptured relief . In the case of Ionic and Corinthian architecture , the relief decoration runs in a continuous band , but in the Doric Order , it is divided into sections called `` metopes '' which fill the spaces between vertical rectangular blocks called `` triglyphs '' . The triglyphs are vertically grooved like the Doric columns , and retain the form of the wooden beams that would once have supported the roof .
Step pyramid
As well as menhirs , stone tables , and stone statues Austronesian megalithic culture in Indonesia also featured earth and stone step pyramid structure , referred to as punden berundak as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan . The construction of stone pyramids is based on the native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode for the spirit of the ancestors .
Pottery of ancient Greece
When clay is first dug out of the ground it is full of rocks and shells and other useless items that need to be removed . To do this the potter mixes the clay with water and lets all the impurities sink to the bottom . This is called levigation or elutriation . This process can be done many times . The more times this is done , the smoother clay becomes . Wheel
Hip hop
Breaking , also called B - boying / B - girling or breakdancing , is a dynamic , rhythmic style of dance which developed as one of the major elements of hip hop culture . Like many aspects of hip hop culture , breakdance borrows heavily from many cultures , including 1930s - era street dancing , Brazilian and Asian Martial arts , Russian folk dance , and the dance moves of James Brown , Michael Jackson , and California funk . Breaking took form in the South Bronx in the 1970s alongside the other elements of hip hop . Breakdancing is typically done with the accompaniment of hip hop music playing on a boom box or PA system . A
American popular music
The counterculture was a youth movement that included political activism , especially in opposition to the Vietnam War , and the promotion of various hippie ideals . The hippies were associated primarily with two kinds of music : the folk - rock and country rock of people like Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons , and the psychedelic rock of bands like Jefferson Airplane and The Doors . This movement was very closely connected to the British Invasion , a wave of bands from the United Kingdom who became popular throughout much of the 1960s . The British Invasion initially included bands like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and The Zombies who were later joined by bands like the Moody Blues and The Who . The sound of these bands was hard - edged rock , with the Beatles originally known for songs that resembled classic black rock songs by Little Richard , Chuck Berry , Smokey Robinson , The Shirelles and the Isley Brothers . Later , as the counterculture developed , The Beatles began using more advanced techniques and unusual instruments , such as the sitar , as well as more original lyrics . Joan
Curling
After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone .
Fortress of Solitude
In the 2006 story arc `` Up , Up , and Away ! '' , Superman recovered a piece of Kryptonian sunstone , which Lex Luthor had used to awaken an ancient Kryptonian warship . Superman learned that the sunstone had been sent with him from Krypton , and used it to construct a new Fortress in the Arctic in exactly the same manner as in the 1978 Superman film . He nevertheless plans to restore the Peruvian Fortress , even if compromised and no longer in a secret location , and plans more Fortresses around the world . This version of the Fortress physically resembles the movie and television depictions , and Superman communicates with Jor - El via crystal constructs as in the Superman film and Smallville .
East China Sea
Socotra Rock , also called Suyan Rock or Ieodo , a subject of an EEZ dispute between the People 's Republic of China and South Korea . Hupijiao Rock ( 虎 皮 礁 ) Yajiao Rock ( 鸭 礁 )
Pillow
Chinese rock pillows ( simplified Chinese : 石头 枕头 ; traditional Chinese : 石頭 枕頭 ; pinyin : shítou zhěntou ) played an important role in ancient China . Made from jade , they were believed to translate the energy from the stone to the human brain . Originating in the Ming dynasty , this piece of material was trusted to cure headaches or depression , or simply to better the intelligence of those who use it . It was more common among royalty because it was expensive and rare . Families often married off children based on the quality and intricacy of these pillows . Today , rock pillows are still commonly used during the hot summer months in China .