vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Respiratory system
All of the above influences of low atmospheric pressures on breathing are accommodated primarily by breathing deeper and faster ( hyperpnea ) . The exact degree of hyperpnea is determined by the blood gas homeostat , which regulates the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood . This homeostat prioritizes the regulation of the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide over that of oxygen at sea level . That is to say , at sea level the arterial partial pressure of CO is maintained at very close to 5.3 kPa ( or 40 mmHg ) under a wide range of circumstances , at the expense of the arterial partial pressure of O , which is allowed to vary within a very wide range of values , before eliciting a corrective ventilatory response . However , when the atmospheric pressure ( and therefore the partial pressure of O in the ambient air ) falls to below 50 - 75 % of its value at sea level , oxygen homeostasis is given priority over carbon dioxide homeostasis . This switch - over occurs at an elevation of about 2500 m ( or about 8000 ft ) . If this switch occurs relatively abruptly , the hyperpnea at high altitude will cause a severe fall in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide , with a consequent rise in the pH of the arterial plasma . This is one contributor to high altitude sickness . On the other hand , if the switch to oxygen homeostasis is incomplete , then hypoxia may complicate the clinical picture with potentially fatal results .
Actor
`` Since film captures even the smallest gesture and magnifies it ... , cinema demands a less flamboyant and stylized bodily performance from the actor than does the theater . '' `` The performance of emotion is the most difficult aspect of film acting to master : ... the film actor must rely on subtle facial ticks , quivers , and tiny lifts of the eyebrow to create a believable character . '' Some theatre stars `` ... have made the theater - to - cinema transition quite successfully ( Laurence Olivier , Glenn Close , and Julie Andrews , for instance ) , others have not ... '' Role
Hot air balloon
At a minimum , the pilot should wear leather or flame - retardant fiber ( such as nomex ) gloves , so that they may shut off a gas valve in the case of a leak , even if there is a flame present ; quick action in this regard can turn a potential catastrophe into a mere inconvenience . The pilot should additionally wear flame - resistant clothing covering their arms and legs ; either natural fiber , such as cotton , linen , hemp , or wool , or engineered flame - retardant fiber , such as nomex , is acceptable in this capacity . Most engineered fibers ( with the exception of rayon , which is also safe to wear ) are thermoplastic ; many are also hydrocarbons . This makes such fabrics very much unsuitable to wear near high temperatures , since non-flame - retardant thermoplastics will melt onto the wearer , and most hydrocarbons , whether fibrous or not , are suitable to use as fuels . Natural fiber will singe rather than melt or burn readily , and flame - retardant fiber generally has a very high melting point and is intrinsically non-flammable . Many pilots also advise their passengers to wear similar protective clothing that covers their arms and legs , as well as strong shoes or boots that offer good ankle support . Finally , some balloon systems , especially those that hang the burner from the envelope instead of supporting it rigidly from the basket , require the use of helmets by the pilot and passengers .
Chroma key
In order to create an illusion that characters and objects filmed are present in the intended background scene , the lighting in the two scenes must be a reasonable match . For outdoor scenes , overcast days create a diffuse , evenly colored light which can be easier to match in the studio , whereas direct sunlight needs to be matched in both direction and overall color based on time of day .
Mount Everest
In modern times , there is greater on - demand logistical support available such as internet access , but also some new challenges like not offending the locals and watching out for oxygen - bottle thefts . Helicopter support has grown and the availability of helicopter rescues increased , but there are limits on how high and in what weather they are able to fly . Modern dangers include unexpected avalanches ( these claimed many lives in 2014 and 2015 ) , sudden onset of altitude sickness , and classic climbing danger - falling . For a price , permits are available from both China in the Tibet region and from Nepal ; there is a multitude of mountaineering firms from all over the world operating on the mountain .
Metrication in the United States
Frequent - flyer programs from commercial airlines in the United States are commonly managed using miles . This is likely to continue ; in fact , some international airlines that used kilometers are switching to miles or using both , to simplify the redemption of miles with United States airline partners ( Aeromexico switched from kilometers to miles , and Varig from Brazil has used miles since the program was named `` Smiles '' ) . Due to influence from the U.S. , aircraft speed is often measured in knots and heights in feet in many countries .
Red light camera
There is debate and ongoing research about the use of red light cameras . Authorities cite public safety as the primary reason that the cameras are installed , while opponents contend their use is more for financial gain . There have been concerns that red light cameras scare drivers ( who want to avoid a ticket ) into more sudden stops , which may increase the risk of rear - end collisions . The elevated incentive to stop may mitigate side collisions . Some traffic signals have an all red duration , allowing a grace period of a few seconds before the cross-direction turns green . Some studies have confirmed more rear - end collisions where red light cameras have been used , while side collisions decreased , but the overall collision rate has been mixed . In some areas , the length of the yellow phase has been increased to provide a longer warning to accompany the red - light - running - camera . There is also concern that the international standard formula used for setting the length of the yellow phase ignores the laws of physics , which may cause drivers to inadvertently run the red phase .
Eyepiece
F O V C = F O V P m a g ( \ displaystyle FOV_ ( C ) = ( \ frac ( FOV_ ( P ) ) ( mag ) ) ) or F O V C = F O V P ( f T f E ) ( \ displaystyle FOV_ ( C ) = ( \ frac ( FOV_ ( P ) ) ( ( ( \ frac ( f_ ( T ) ) ( f_ ( E ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
A number of schemes have been devised for combining field gradients and radio frequency excitation to create an image :
History of photography
After reading early reports of Daguerre 's invention , Henry Fox Talbot , who had succeeded in creating stabilized photographic negatives on paper in 1835 , worked on perfecting his own process . In early 1839 , he acquired a key improvement , an effective fixer , from his friend John Herschel , a polymath scientist who had previously shown that hyposulfite of soda ( commonly called `` hypo '' and now known formally as sodium thiosulfate ) would dissolve silver salts . News of this solvent also benefited Daguerre , who soon adopted it as a more efficient alternative to his original hot salt water method . A
Primary color
It is important to note that additive mixing provides very poor predictions of color perception outside the color matching context . Well known demonstrations such as The dress and other examples show how the additive mixing model alone is not sufficient for predicting perceived color in many instances of real images . In general , we can not completely predict all possible perceived colors from combinations of primary lights in the context of real world images and viewing conditions . The cited examples suggest just how remarkably poor such predictions can be .
Sound barrier
One of the highest recorded instrumented Mach numbers attained for a propeller aircraft is the Mach 0.891 for a Spitfire PR XI , flown during dive tests at the Royal Aircraft Establishment , Farnborough in April 1944 . The Spitfire , a photo - reconnaissance variant , the Mark XI , fitted with an extended ' rake type ' multiple pitot system , was flown by Squadron Leader J.R. Tobin to this speed , corresponding to a corrected true airspeed ( TAS ) of 606 mph . In a subsequent flight , Squadron Leader Anthony Martindale achieved Mach 0.92 , but it ended in a forced landing after over - revving damaged the engine .
International Financial Reporting Standards
It is generally expected that IFRS adoption worldwide will be beneficial to investors and other users of financial statements , by reducing the costs of comparing alternative investments and increasing the quality of information . Companies are also expected to benefit , as investors will be more willing to provide financing . Companies that have high levels of international activities are among the group that would benefit from a switch to IFRS . Companies that are involved in foreign activities and investing benefit from the switch due to the increased comparability of a set accounting standard . However , Ray J. Ball has expressed some skepticism of the overall cost of the international standard ; he argues that the enforcement of the standards could be lax , and the regional differences in accounting could become obscured behind a label . He also expressed concerns about the fair value emphasis of IFRS and the influence of accountants from non-common - law regions , where losses have been recognized in a less timely manner .
Mount Everest
The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain , but to no avail , as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections . Even for the able , the Everest North - East ridge is recognised as a challenge . It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save anyone in such a difficult spot . One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011 , who had intended to paraglide off the summit . They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway , because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies . They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to Namche in just 42 minutes , without having to climb down the mountain .
Standing (law)
Beyond failing to show injury , the Court found that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate the standing requirement of redressability . The Court pointed out that the respondents chose to challenge a more generalized level of government action , `` the invalidation of which would affect all overseas projects '' . This programmatic approach has `` obvious difficulties insofar as proof of causation or redressability is concerned '' .
Color motion picture film
Motion picture film , primarily because of the rem - jet backing , requires different processing than standard C - 41 process color film . The process necessary is ECN - 2 , which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer . There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process . If motion picture negative is run through a standard C - 41 color film developer bath , the rem - jet backing partially dissolves and destroys the integrity of the developer and , potentially , ruins the film .
Direct memory access
Transparent mode takes the most time to transfer a block of data , yet it is also the most efficient mode in terms of overall system performance . In transparent mode , the DMA controller transfers data only when the CPU is performing operations that do not use the system buses . The primary advantage of transparent mode is that the CPU never stops executing its programs and the DMA transfer is free in terms of time , while the disadvantage is that the hardware needs to determine when the CPU is not using the system buses , which can be complex .
Space Shuttle retirement
Early testing of STS Early art for SLS in flight Portrayal of a SLS + Orion on the launchpad Orion EM - 1 internal structure
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
The crew enjoyed , for the first time in a bomber , full - pressurization comfort . This first - ever cabin pressure system for an Allied production bomber was developed for the B - 29 by Garrett AiResearch . The nose and the cockpit were pressurized , but the designers were faced with deciding whether to have bomb bays that were not pressurized , between fore and aft pressurized sections , or a fully pressurized fuselage with the need to de-pressurize to drop their loads . The solution was a long tunnel over the two bomb bays so as not to interrupt pressurization during bombing . Crews could crawl back and forth between the fore and aft sections , with both areas and the tunnel pressurized . The bomb bays were not pressurized .
International Financial Reporting Standards
The AASB has made certain amendments to the IASB pronouncements in making A-IFRS , however these generally have the effect of eliminating an option under IFRS , introducing additional disclosures or implementing requirements for not - for - profit entities , rather than departing from IFRS for Australian entities . Accordingly , for - profit entities that prepare financial statements in accordance with A-IFRS are able to make an unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS .
Pulitzer Prize
Daniel Berehulak , Feature Photography and Breaking News Photography Steve Breen , Editorial Cartooning Jay Norwood `` Ding '' Darling , Editorial Cartooning Daniel R. Fitzpatrick , Editorial Cartooning Jon Franklin , Feature Writing and Explanatory Reporting Walt Handelsman , Editorial Cartooning Nelson Harding , Editorial Cartooning ( consecutive ) Tyler Hicks , Breaking News Photography David Horsey , Editorial Cartooning Nicholas Kristof , International Reporting and Commentary Anthony Lewis , National Reporting Eric Lipton , Explanatory Journalism and Investigative Reporting Mike Luckovich , Editorial Cartooning Bill Mauldin , Editorial Cartooning Gene Miller , Investigative Reporting Jim Morin , Editorial Cartooning Larry C. Price , Photography Michael Ramirez , Editorial Cartooning Andrew Schneider , Specialized Reporting and Public Service ( named contributor ) Anthony Shadid , International Reporting Vaughn Shoemaker , Editorial Cartooning Paul Szep , Editorial Cartooning Craig F. Walker , Photography Gene Weingarten , Feature Writing Don Wright , Editorial Cartooning
Mount Everest
One of the early guided summiters , Richard Bass ( of Seven Summits fame ) responded in an interview about Everest climbers and what it took to survive there , `` Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains . People do n't realise the difference between a 20,000 - foot mountain and 29,000 feet . It 's not just arithmetic . The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright , but the effect on the human body is disproportionate -- an exponential curve . People climb Denali ( 20,320 feet ) or Aconcagua ( 22,834 feet ) and think , ' Heck , I feel great up here , I 'm going to try Everest . ' But it 's not like that . ''
Nuss procedure
Iatrogenic damage to the heart and lungs during the procedure is a concern . Scopes ( cameras ) are often utilized by the surgical team to minimize this risk . There is still an extremely minor risk of abrasion or puncture .
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
`` The gay critique of assimilation begins here . Conversion is the ultimate demand for assimilation - while passing and covering leave the underlying identity relatively intact , conversion destroys it . When someone asks for conversion , the difference between the two available refusals is immense . Which will we choose ? Will we say we can not change ? Or will we , like the early gay activists , say we will not change , meeting the demands for conversion with a demand for equality ? ''
Electromagnetic radiation
Visible light is well transmitted in air , as it is not energetic enough to excite nitrogen , oxygen , or ozone , but too energetic to excite molecular vibrational frequencies of water vapor .
Nuclear fusion
The temperatures maximizing the fusion power compared to the Bremsstrahlung are in every case higher than the temperature that maximizes the power density and minimizes the required value of the fusion triple product . This will not change the optimum operating point for - very much because the Bremsstrahlung fraction is low , but it will push the other fuels into regimes where the power density relative to - is even lower and the required confinement even more difficult to achieve . For - and - He , Bremsstrahlung losses will be a serious , possibly prohibitive problem . For He - He , p - Li and p - the Bremsstrahlung losses appear to make a fusion reactor using these fuels with a quasineutral , isotropic plasma impossible . Some ways out of this dilemma are considered -- and rejected -- in fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium . This limitation does not apply to non-neutral and anisotropic plasmas ; however , these have their own challenges to contend with .
Eiffel Tower
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent .
The Shining (film)
Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology . Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film . For this film , Brown developed a two - handed technique , which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera . In addition to tracking shots from behind , the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls , or backing the camera into doors . Brown notes that :
History of photography
In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion process . Photographer and children 's author Lewis Carroll used this process . ( Carroll refers to the process as `` Tablotype '' ( sic ) in the story `` A Photographer 's Day Out '' ) Roger
Hot air balloon
The ground crew should wear gloves whenever there is a possibility of handling ropes or lines . The mass and exposed surface to air movement of a medium - sized balloon is sufficient to cause rope friction burns to the hands of anyone trying to stop or prevent movement . The ground crew should also wear sturdy shoes and at least long pants in case of the need to access a landing or landed balloon in rough or overgrown terrain .
Respiratory system
The alveoli are open ( via the airways ) to the atmosphere , with the result that alveolar air pressure is exactly the same as the ambient air pressure at sea level , at altitude , or in any artificial atmosphere ( e.g. a diving chamber , or decompression chamber ) in which the individual is breathing freely . With expansion of the lungs ( through lowering of the diaphragm and expansion of the thoracic cage ) the alveolar air now occupies a larger volume , and its pressure falls proportionally , causing air to flow in from the surroundings , through the airways , till the pressure in the alveoli is once again at the ambient air pressure . The reverse obviously happens during exhalation . This process ( of inhalation and exhalation ) is exactly the same at sea level , as on top of Mt . Everest , or in a diving chamber or decompression chamber . Fig.
Sound barrier
The tip of the propeller on many early aircraft may reach supersonic speeds , producing a noticeable buzz that differentiates such aircraft . This is particularly noticeable on the Stearman ( released in 1934 ) , and noticeable on the North American T - 6 Texan when it enters a sharp - breaking turn . This is undesirable , as the transonic air movement creates disruptive shock waves and turbulence . It is due to these effects that propellers are known to suffer from dramatically decreased performance as they approach the speed of sound . It is easy to demonstrate that the power needed to improve performance is so great that the weight of the required engine grows faster than the power output of the propeller can compensate . This problem was one that led to early research into jet engines , notably by Frank Whittle in England and Hans von Ohain in Germany , who were led to their research specifically in order to avoid these problems in high - speed flight .
Grip (job)
In the UK , Australia and most parts of Europe , grips are not involved in lighting . In the `` British System '' , adopted throughout Europe and the British Commonwealth ( excluding Canada ) , a grip is solely responsible for camera mounting and support .
Height in sports
As F1 has strict size regulations for cars , designing cars for shorter drivers is easier . Shorter drivers also tend to be lighter which is seen as an advantage . This advantage has changed from season to season as FIA has altered the rules for minimum weight of the cars .
Mount Everest
A 2008 study noted that the `` death zone '' is indeed where most Everest deaths occur , but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit . A 2014 article in the magazine The Atlantic about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the DZ presents for all 8000ers , avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes . However , Everest climbing is more deadly than BASE jumping , although some have combined extreme sports and Everest including a beverage company that had someone base - jumping off Everest in a wingsuit ( they did survive , though ) .
Eyepiece
Huygens eyepieces consist of two plano - convex lenses with the plane sides towards the eye separated by an air gap . The lenses are called the eye lens and the field lens . The focal plane is located between the two lenses . It was invented by Christiaan Huygens in the late 1660s and was the first compound ( multi-lens ) eyepiece . Huygens discovered that two air spaced lenses can be used to make an eyepiece with zero transverse chromatic aberration . If the lenses are made of glass of the same refractive index , to be used with a relaxed eye and a telescope with an infinitely distant objective then the separation is given by :
Fingerprint
Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light . This type of sensor is , in essence , a specialized type of digital camera . The top layer of the sensor , where the finger is placed , is known as the touch surface . Beneath this layer is a light - emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger . The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels ( a charge - coupled device ) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint . A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint . A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger . For instance , a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly . Also , it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible . It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a `` live finger '' detector . However , unlike capacitive sensors , this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage .
Sound barrier
All of these effects , although unrelated in most ways , led to the concept of a `` barrier '' making it difficult for an aircraft to exceed the speed of sound .