vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Due process of law in the ( Fourteenth Amendment ) refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state , exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions , and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws , and alter them at their pleasure .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach .
History of the United States Constitution
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds , as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms . States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions , most notably regarding Common Core , the Affordable Care Act , and same - sex marriage .
Freedom of religion in the United States
Some states devised loyalty oaths designed to exclude Catholics from state and local office . The public support for American independence and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by prominent American Catholics like Charles Carroll of Carrollton , the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence , and his second cousins , Bishop John Carroll and Daniel Carroll , allowed Roman Catholics to be included in the constitutional protections of civil and religious liberty .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The second , third , and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated . However , the second section 's reference to `` rebellion and other crime '' has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement . The fourth section was held , in Perry v. United States ( 1935 ) , to prohibit a current Congress from abrogating a contract of debt incurred by a prior Congress . The fifth section gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment 's provisions by `` appropriate legislation '' ; however , under City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , this power may not be used to contradict a Supreme Court decision interpreting the amendment .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties .
Freedom of religion in the United States
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the religious civil rights . Whereas the First Amendment secures the free exercise of religion , section one of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination , including on the basis of religion , by securing `` the equal protection of the laws '' for every person :
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties .
Civil Rights Act of 1991
The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil right acts of the past : the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , better known by the number assigned to it in the codification of federal laws as Section 1981 , and the employment - related provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , generally referred to as Title VII . The two statutes , passed nearly a century apart , approached the issue of employment discrimination very differently : Section 1981 prohibited only discrimination based on race or color , but Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex , religion , and national origin . Section 1981 , which had lain dormant and unenforced for a century after its passage , allowed plaintiffs to seek compensatory damages and trial by jury . Title VII , passed in the 1960s when it was assumed that Southern juries could not render a fair verdict , allowed only trial by the court and provided for only traditional equitable remedies : back pay , reinstatement , and injunctions against future acts of discrimination . By the time the 1991 Act was passed , both allowed for an award of attorneys fees .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . ''
History of the United States Constitution
The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States . During the War of 1812 , Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States . It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics . In 1921 , the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage . He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections , and that the 19th Amendment was improper . The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional , and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state . Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) :
Equal Rights Amendment
Alaska -- No person is to be denied the enjoyment of any civil or political right because of race , color , creed , sex or national origin . The legislature shall implement this section . Alaska Constitution , Article I , § 3 ( 1972 )
Freedom of religion in the United States
The affirmation or denial of specific religious beliefs had , in the past , been made into qualifications for public office ; however , the United States Constitution states that the inauguration of a President may include an `` affirmation '' of the faithful execution of his duties rather than an `` oath '' to that effect -- this provision was included in order to respect the religious prerogatives of the Quakers , a Protestant Christian denomination that declines the swearing of oaths . The U.S. Constitution also provides that `` No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification of any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Several states have language included in their constitutions that requires state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs . These include Arkansas , Maryland , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Texas . Some of these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . Even though they are still on the books , these provisions have been rendered unenforceable by U.S. Supreme Court decisions .
United States Bill of Rights
The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2016 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision .
Tax protester statutory arguments
The Federal tax evasion statute follows the language of statutory provisions such as Code section 1 ( the imposition statute for the individual income tax ) , with both statutes using the word `` imposed '' :
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Assembly passed the Civil Constitution on 12 July 1790 , two days before the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille . On that anniversary , the Fête de la Fédération , Talleyrand and three hundred priests officiated at the `` altar of the nation '' erected on the Champ de Mars , wearing tricolor waistbands over their priestly vestments and calling down God 's blessing upon the Revolution .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have a genuine interest at stake in the case . In Muskrat v. United States , 219 U.S. 346 ( 1911 ) , the Supreme Court denied jurisdiction to cases brought under a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suit against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands . Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the federal Treasury . The Supreme Court held that , though the United States was a defendant , the case in question was not an actual controversy ; rather , the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation . Thus the Court 's ruling would be nothing more than an advisory opinion ; therefore , the court dismissed the suit for failing to present a `` case or controversy . ''
Wedding cake
In some areas , particularly the American South , two cakes are presented at weddings . The more traditional tiered cake is the bride 's cake , and a second flavor choice is called the `` groom 's cake '' . This tradition was brought over from England by early American colonists , who considered the white - iced `` Bride 's Cake '' too light for masculinity . The groom 's cake was usually a dark , liquor - soaked fruitcake , particularly in Virginia . Today groom 's cakes are usually chocolate , although the groom often choose another of his favorite flavors . The groom 's cake is usually decorated or shaped as something significant to him , such as a hobby item , sports team or symbol of his occupation . The movie Steel Magnolias features a red velvet groom 's cake in the shape of a giant armadillo . The groom 's cake is served at the reception as a second flavor choice for the guests , although in some regions it is served at the rehearsal dinner .
Chinese marriage
In Confucian thought , marriage is of grave significance both to families and to society as well as being important for the cultivation of virtue . Traditionally incest has been defined as marriage between people with the same surname . From the perspective of a Confucian family , marriage brings together families of different surnames and so continues the family line of the paternal clan . This is generally why having a boy is preferred over a girl when giving birth . Therefore , the benefits and demerits of any marriage are important to the entire family , not just the individual couples . Socially , the married couple is thought to be the basic unit of society . In Chinese history there have been many times when marriages have affected the country 's political stability and international relations . During the Han Dynasty , the rulers of the powerful Xiongnu tribe demanded women from the imperial family . Many periods of Chinese history were dominated by the families of the wife or mother of the ruling emperor .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Tax protesters argue that there are also no conflicting definitions of `` state '' or `` United States '' to this interpretation in Title 26 of the United States Code ( the Internal Revenue Code ) -- that both of the two times either of these terms are defined as `` the 50 states , '' the terms are localized to the subpart . Under this argument , in those two subparts that define `` state '' as the 50 states , there is no mention of the District of Columbia or any territories in that definition .
Freedom of religion in the United States
The United States Constitution addresses the issue of religion in two places : in the First Amendment , and the Article VI prohibition on religious tests as a condition for holding public office . The First Amendment prohibits the Congress from making a law `` respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' . This provision was later expanded to state and local governments , through the Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech .
Emperor of Japan
Promulgation of amendments of the constitution , laws , cabinet orders , and treaties . Convocation of the Diet . Dissolution of the House of Representatives . Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet . Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law , and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers . Attestation of general and special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Awarding of honors . Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law . Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers . Performance of ceremonial functions .
United States Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689 , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The document begins with an introduction that introduced why the document was written . Title I focuses on the dioceses and how they were to be administered . Title II focuses on the administration of the dioceses and how elections were to take place . Title III focuses on payment because the Clergy was a salaried employee of the State . Title IV focuses on the living requirements for bishops , parish priests , and the curates .
United States Bill of Rights
We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution .
Stepfamily
With regard to unmarried couples , one can easily imagine such social and legal recognition , most notably in the case of common law marriage . Unmarried couples today may also find social recognition locally through community consensus .
Declaration of nullity
Church tribunals are courts . As with any court , the person bringing the matter before the judges must prove his or her case . Tribunals will advise applicants as to how they can present the evidence necessary to prove a case . Approximately 94 % of petitions filed in the United States are granted , and although the United States has only 6 % of the world 's Catholics , it accounts for 60 % of the annulments granted worldwide , leading many to conclude that an annulment is merely the Catholic divorce . Even Pope John Paul II expressed concern over the relative ease with which an annulment can be obtained in the United States . The tribunal judges always have the difficult task of distinguishing those unions that were flawed from the outset from those valid marriages that have broken down . ''
Civil Rights Act of 1991
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law , passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination . The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases . It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could award .
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party opposes attempts to reverse the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade , which declared abortion covered by the constitutionally protected individual right to privacy under the Ninth Amendment , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey , which lays out the legal framework in which government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts . As a matter of the right to privacy and of gender equality , many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference . They believe that each woman , conferring with her conscience , has the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House .