vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Social development theory
The widespread use of computers and application of biotechnology raises similar resistance among the public today . Whether the public receives an invention readily or resists depends on their awareness and willingness to entertain rapid change . Regardless of the response , technological inventions occurs as part of overall social development , not as an isolated field of activity .
Environmental issues in India
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2009 )
Social exchange theory
Success proposition : When one finds they are rewarded for their actions , they tend to repeat the action . Stimulus proposition : The more often a particular stimulus has resulted in a reward in the past , the more likely it is that a person will respond to it . Deprivation -- satiation proposition : The more often in the recent past a person has received a particular reward , the less valuable any further unit of that reward becomes .
Social development theory
The direction that the developmental process takes is influenced by the population 's awareness of opportunities . Increasing awareness leads to greater aspiration , which releases greater energy that helps bring about greater accomplishment .
Scientific method
Mathematical work and scientific work can inspire each other . For example , the technical concept of time arose in science , and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic . But today , the Poincaré conjecture has been proven using time as a mathematical concept in which objects can flow ( see Ricci flow ) .
Napoleon
His application of conventional military ideas to real - world situations enabled his military triumphs , such as creative use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry . He stated later in life : `` I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning . Look at Caesar ; he fought the first like the last '' .
Child care
`` Considerable research has accumulated showing that not - for - profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Not - for - profit organizations are more likely to provide good services to a vulnerable population under conditions that are very hard to monitor or measure .
Child care
Childcare has been on the rise in Mexico due to the increasing interest it has within the people and the effect it has on the government . This is due to the rise of urban areas in developing countries and the need to keep up with the economic development . There has always been many child care services available but due to the high costs , they were mainly unavailable for the low income families . Childcare became a hot topic of discussion when more women were joining the workforce and the debate of how this would affect how the children would be raised . Another topic of debate is how would the women pay for these expensive services while working minimum wage jobs or having limited times they could work , so the idea of subsidizes arose . In specific to the child , the topic of `` street children '' , how and where children should grow up , was debated , and if they should be allowed to be considered part of the street instead of a particular home . This issue was of great debate because it not only affects the child but also the community the child is in , since they usually seek out public spaces for shelter , food and play . Childcare is generally broken into three general categories such as governmental institutions , religious organizations , and independent agencies ( such as NGOS ) . All of these take on the same objectives which are `` containment , paternalist cure approach and street education . ''
Social development theory
By using intelligence , society has turned sand into powerful silicon chips that carry huge amounts of information and form the basis of computers . Since there is no inherent limit to the expansion of society 's mental resources , the notion of limits to growth can not be ultimately binding .
Morality
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Standing (law)
It has been seen that when public interest standing is sought , consideration must be given to three aspects . First , is there a serious issue raised as to the invalidity of legislation in question ? Second , has it been established that the plaintiff is directly affected by the legislation or if not does the plaintiff have a genuine interest in its validity ? Third , is there another reasonable and effective way to bring the issue before the court ?
Social development theory
One of the most powerful means of propagating and sustaining new developments is the educational system in a society . Education transmits society 's collective knowledge from one generation to the next . It equips each new generation to face future opportunities and challenges with knowledge gathered from the past . It shows the young generation the opportunities ahead for them , and thereby raises their aspiration to achieve more . Information imparted by education raises the level of expectations of youth , as well as aspirations for higher income . It also equips youth with the mental capacity to devise ways and means to improve productivity and enhance living standards .
Swadeshi movement
In the economic sense , Swadeshi would represent both a positive and a negative element . These have been discussed as under : -
Cross of Gold speech
There are two ideas of government . There are those who believe that , if you will only legislate to make the well - to - do prosperous , their prosperity will leak through on those below . The Democratic idea , however , has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous , their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them . You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard ; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies . Burn down your cities and leave our farms , and your cities will spring up again as if by magic ; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country .
Deaf education
This section needs expansion with : more worldwide coverage . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 )
Direct current
This section needs expansion with : more examples and additional citations ( see also introduction ) . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 )
Terror management theory
An individual 's level of self - consciousness can affect their views on life and death . To a point , increasing self - consciousness is adaptive in that it helps prevent awareness of danger . However , research has demonstrated that there may be diminishing returns from this phenomenon . Individuals with higher levels of self - consciousness sometimes have increased death cognition , and a more negative outlook on life , than those with reduced self - consciousness .
Great Depression
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled European banking crisis of 1931 . ( Discuss ) ( September 2017 )
Social exchange theory
Social Exchange theory has served as a theoretical foundation to explain different situations in business practices . It has contributed to the study of organization - stakeholder relationships and relationship marketing . The investment model proposed by Caryl Rusbult is a useful version of Social Exchange Theory . According to this model , investments serve to stabilize relationships . The greater the nontransferable investments a person has in a given relationship , the more stable the relationship is likely to be . The same investment concept is applied in relationship marketing . Databases are the major instrument to build differentiated relationships between organizations and customers . Through the information process , companies identify the customer 's own individual needs . From this perspective , a client becomes an investment . If a customer decides to choose another competitor , the investment will be lost . When people find they have invested too much to quit a relationship or enterprise , they pour additional resources into the relationship to salvage their initial investment . Exchange has been a central research thrust in business - to - business relational exchange . According to the study conducted by Lambe , C. Jay , C. Michael Wittmann , and Robert E. Spekman firms evaluate economic and social outcomes from each transaction and compare them to what they feel they deserve . Firms also look for additional benefits provided by other potential exchange partners . The initial transaction between companies is crucial to determine if their relationship will expand , remain the same or will dissolve .
Sleep
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 )
Social development theory
Though many reasons can be cited for the accelerating pace of technological inventions , a major cause is the role played by mental creativity in an increasing atmosphere of freedom . Political freedom and liberation from religious dogma had a powerful impact on creative thinking during the Age of Enlightenment . Dogmas and superstitions greatly restricted mental creativity . For example , when the astronomer Copernicus proposed a heliocentric view of the world , the church rejected it because it did not conform to established religious doctrine . When Galileo used a telescope to view the planets , the church condemned the device as an instrument of the devil , as it seemed so unusual . The Enlightenment shattered such obscurantist fetters on freedom of thought . From then on , the spirit of experimentation thrived .
Robert K. Merton
In Merton 's writing on dysfunctions , he highlighted problems that tend to keep social systems from meeting all of their functional requirements . In doing this , he was able to point out the details as well as the contradictions of the overall concept . One group 's function could serve as another group 's dysfunction , and a general incident could turn out to be both functional and dysfunctional for the same group . Merton clarified the concept by stating that a certain degree of social cohesion eases the productivity of a group and is therefore functional , but it can become dysfunctional when it surpasses a certain threshold , because then the members of the group may become equally indulgent and fail to hold each other to high performance standards .
Socioeconomic status
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2014 )
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Does anyone else think this section would fit better in average ? I propose moving it there with a link to it from here . Let me know what you think . Qwfp ( talk ) 14 : 50 , 22 February 2008 ( UTC )
Social ecological model
The application of social ecological theories and models focus on several goals : to explain the person - environment interaction , to improve people - environment transactions , to nurture human growth and development in particular environments , and to improve environments so they support expression of individual 's system 's dispositions . Some examples are :
Christian cross
It has been suggested that Christian cross variants be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . A
Social exchange theory
Homans based his theory on behaviorism to conclude that people pursue rewards to minimize costs . The `` satisfactory - ness '' of the rewards that a party gains from an exchange relationship is judged relative to some standard , which may vary from party to party .
Utilitarianism
Some argue that it is impossible to do the calculation that utilitarianism requires because consequences are inherently unknowable . Daniel Dennett describes this as the Three Mile Island effect . Dennett points out that not only is it impossible to assign a precise utility value to the incident , it is impossible to know whether , ultimately , the near - meltdown that occurred was a good or bad thing . He suggests that it would have been a good thing if plant operators learned lessons that prevented future serious incidents .
Twelve Tables
`` ... every citizen should quietly consider each point , then talk it over with his friends , and , finally , bring forward for public discussion any additions or subtractions which seemed desirable . '' ( cf . Liv . III. 34 )
Consciousness
Despite the large amount of information available , many important aspects of perception remain mysterious . A great deal is known about low - level signal processing in sensory systems . However , how sensory systems , action systems , and language systems interact are poorly understood . At a deeper level , there are still basic conceptual issues that remain unresolved . Many scientists have found it difficult to reconcile the fact that information is distributed across multiple brain areas with the apparent unity of consciousness : this is one aspect of the so - called binding problem . There are also some scientists who have expressed grave reservations about the idea that the brain forms representations of the outside world at all : influential members of this group include psychologist J.J. Gibson and roboticist Rodney Brooks , who both argued in favor of `` intelligence without representation '' .
Two-party system
Politics has lagged our social and business evolution ... There are 30 brands of Pringles in our local grocery store . How is it that Americans have so much selection for potato chips and only two brands -- and not very good ones -- for political parties ? --
String section
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Quantum mechanics
Researchers are currently seeking robust methods of directly manipulating quantum states . Efforts are being made to more fully develop quantum cryptography , which will theoretically allow guaranteed secure transmission of information .
Reichstag fire
Göring : I do n't care what happens in Russia ! I know that the Russians pay with bills , and I should prefer to know that their bills are paid ! I care about the Communist Party here in Germany and about Communist crooks who come here to set the Reichstag on fire !
Socioeconomic status
Given the large amount of research on the set backs children of low SES face , there is a push by child developmental researchers to steer research to a more positive direction regarding low SES . The goal is to highlight the strengths and assets low income families possess in raising children . For example , African American preschoolers of low SES exhibit strengths in oral narrative , or storytelling , that may promote later success in reading . These children have better narrative comprehension when compared to peers of higher SES .
The Great Courses
The firm sometimes sends recruiters to sit in on the lectures of college professors identified as being good teachers , to assess whether they might be suitable for course development ; the best prospects would do a lecture for the Teaching Company , and if enough customers liked what they saw , the company would develop the course . Professors submit detailed outlines for each course , and company personnel would work with them to make sure that each 30 minute lecture was coherent and logical .
Utilitarianism
I agree with you that the right way of testing actions by their consequences , is to test them by the natural consequences of the particular action , and not by those which would follow if everyone did the same . But , for the most part , the consideration of what would happen if everyone did the same , is the only means we have of discovering the tendency of the act in the particular case .
Munich Agreement
... the settlement of the Czechoslovakian problem , which has now been achieved is , in my view , only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace . This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor , Herr Hitler , and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine . Some of you , perhaps , have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you : ' ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo - German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again . '
Utilitarianism
More recently , Hardin has made the same point . `` It should embarrass philosophers that they have ever taken this objection seriously . Parallel considerations in other realms are dismissed with eminently good sense . Lord Devlin notes , ' if the reasonable man `` worked to rule '' by perusing to the point of comprehension every form he was handed , the commercial and administrative life of the country would creep to a standstill . ' ''
Friends
Friends has also developed an alternative family lifestyle by representing young people that live unconventional domestic lives . It presents the idea that `` all you need is good friends '' and can construct families through choice . The audience is able to identify with the program through the troubles seen on weekly episodes . It portrays a new way of living life and developing relationships which are not normally seen in conventional society . According to a pop - culture expert at the University at Buffalo , Friends is `` one of those rare shows that marked a change in American culture . '' The images of youth and the roles they portray are better defined and represent a lifestyle that centres around creating and sustaining relationships between friends running their own lives and seeking help from each other .
Super Why!
Once the problem is discussed , Whyatt states : `` When we have a question , we look ... in a book ! '' and Princess Pea casts a magic spell to summon the appropriate book : `` Peas and Carrots , Carrots and Peas . Book come out , please , please , please ! ''
Qing dynasty
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2011 ) See
Romance languages
It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Romance linguistics . ( Discuss ) ( June 2018 )
Philosophical skepticism
This skeptical approach is rarely taken to its pyrrhonean extreme by most practitioners . Several modifications have arisen over the years , including the following ( 1 ) :
ISO 9000
This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Areas of mathematics
An ideal system of classification permits adding new areas into the organization of previous knowledge , and fitting surprising discoveries and unexpected interactions into the outline . For example , the Langlands program has found unexpected connections between areas previously thought unconnected , at least Galois groups , Riemann surfaces and number theory .
Utilitarianism
But to all this there seems a plain objection , viz. that many actions are useful , which no man in his senses will allow to be right . There are occasions , in which the hand of the assassin would be very useful ... The true answer is this ; that these actions , after all , are not useful , and for that reason , and that alone , are not right .
Education reform
There have been studies that show smaller class sizes and newer buildings ( both of which require higher funding to implement ) lead to academic improvements . It should also be noted that many of the reform ideas that stray from the traditional format require greater funding .
Indigenous Australians
Proposed solutions to the problem are a topic of heated debate among politicians and the community at large . In 2005 this problem among remote Indigenous communities was considered so serious that a new , low aromatic petrol Opal was distributed across the Northern Territory to combat it .
Social exchange theory
Throughout the theory , we also end up losing relationships that we had because we feel they are no longer beneficial to us in any way . We feel like there is no longer any point of having any type of communication because there are n't any rewards anymore . Once this happens , we look for new partners and resources so we can continue our networking . We go through this process on a day - to - day basis . A study titled , Factors Related to Initiating Interpersonal Contacts on Internet Dating Sites : A View From the social exchange theory applied this theory to new media ( online dating ) . The study discovers the different factors involved when an individual decides to establish an online relationship . Overall the study followed the social exchange theory 's idea , `` people are attracted to those who grant them rewards '' .
Deaf education
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 )
Qing dynasty
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) See
Islamic Golden Age
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 )
Bill (law)
In Francophone nations a proposed law may be known as a projet de loi or proposition de loi .
Cold War
Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours .
The whole nine yards
There is still no consensus on the origin , though many early published quotations are now available for study . A vast number of explanations for this phrase has been suggested ; many of these are no longer viable in light of what is now known about the phrase 's history .
Civil–military relations
Despite those controversies and the apparent lessons learned from the Vietnam War , some theorists recognized a significant problem with Huntington 's theory insofar as it appears to question the notion of a separate , apolitical professional military . While there is little argument that separate civilian and military worlds exist , there is significant debate about the proper interaction between the two . As discussed above , Huntington proposed that the ideal arrangement was one whereby civilian political leaders provided objective control to the military leadership and then stepped back to permit the experts in violence to do what was most effective . He further stated that the most dangerous arrangement was one whereby civilian leaders intruded extensively in the military world , creating a situation whereby the military leadership was not politically neutral and security of the nation was thus threatened both by an ineffective military and by provoking the military to avoid taking orders .
Time
Time has long been an important subject of study in religion , philosophy , and science , but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars . Nevertheless , diverse fields such as business , industry , sports , the sciences , and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems .