vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Delaware River
At Port Jervis , New York , it enters the Port Jervis trough . At this point , the Walpack Ridge deflects the Delaware into the Minisink Valley , where it follows the southwest strike of the eroded Marcellus Formation beds along the Pennsylvania -- New Jersey state line for 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the end of the ridge at Walpack Bend in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area . The Minisink is a buried valley where the Delaware flows in a bed of glacial till that buried the eroded bedrock during the last glacial period . It then skirts the Kittatinny ridge , which it crosses at the Delaware Water Gap , between nearly vertical walls of sandstone , quartzite , and conglomerate , and then passes through a quiet and charming country of farm and forest , diversified with plateaus and escarpments , until it crosses the Appalachian plain and enters the hills again at Easton , Pennsylvania . From this point it is flanked at intervals by fine hills , and in places by cliffs , of which the finest are the Nockamixon Rocks , 3 miles ( 5 km ) long and above 200 feet ( 61 m ) high .
Snake River
The Snake River watershed is bounded by several other major North American watersheds , which drain both to the Atlantic or the Pacific , or into endorheic basins . On the southwest side a divide separates the Snake watershed from Oregon 's Harney Basin , which is endorheic . On the south , the Snake watershed borders that of the Humboldt River in Nevada , and the watershed of the Great Salt Lake ( the Bear , Jordan and Weber rivers ) on the south . The Snake River also shares a boundary with the Green River to the southeast ; the Green River drains parts of Wyoming and Utah and is the largest tributary of the Colorado River . On the western extremity for a short stretch the Continental Divide separates the Snake watershed from the Bighorn River , a tributary of the Yellowstone River , which the Snake begins near . On the north the Snake River watershed is bounded by the Red Rock River , a tributary of the Beaverhead River , which flows into the Jefferson River and into the Missouri River , part of the Gulf of Mexico drainage basin .
Delaware River
The river looking north above Walpack Bend , where it leaves the historic Minisink region , a buried valley eroded from Marcellus Shale bedrock Country United States States New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland Tributaries - left Neversink River , Musconetcong River - right Lehigh River , Schuylkill River , Christina River Cities Port Jervis , NY , Easton , PA , Trenton , NJ , Camden , NJ , Philadelphia , PA , Chester , PA , Wilmington , DE Source West Branch - location Mount Jefferson , Town of Jefferson , Schoharie County , New York , United States - elevation 2,240 ft ( 683 m ) - coordinates 42 ° 27 ′ 12 '' N 74 ° 36 ′ 26 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 42.45333 ° N 74.60722 ° W ﻿ / 42.45333 ; - 74.60722 Secondary source East Branch - location Grand Gorge , Town of Roxbury , Delaware County , New York , United States - elevation 1,560 ft ( 475 m ) - coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 26 '' N 74 ° 30 ′ 42 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 42.35722 ° N 74.51167 ° W ﻿ / 42.35722 ; - 74.51167 Source confluence
Trans-Canada Highway
Following the designation of Route 2 , from Edmundston , the highway ( again signed exclusively with the TCH shield ) follows the Saint John River Valley , running south for 170 km ( 110 mi ) to Woodstock ( paralleling the Canada -- US border ) and then east for another 102 km ( 63 mi ) to pass through Fredericton. 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Fredericton , the Saint John River turns south whereby the highway crosses the river at Jemseg and continues heading east to Moncton another 135 km ( 84 mi ) later . On November 1 , 2007 , New Brunswick completed a 20 - year effort to convert its 516 km ( 321 mi ) section of the Trans - Canada Highway into a four - lane freeway . The highway has a speed limit of 110 km / h .
Mississippi River
In addition to the Ohio River , the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River , flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas ; the Arkansas River , joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post ; the Big Black River in Mississippi ; and the Yazoo River , meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in width in several places .
Mississippi River
The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert , through which the river ( locally named `` Nicolet Creek '' ) flows north from Lake Nicolet under `` Wilderness Road '' to the West Arm of Lake Itasca , within Itasca State Park .
Interstate compact
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission ( Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida ) Bear River Commission ( Idaho , Utah and Wyoming ) Bi-State Development Agency ( Missouri and Illinois ) Breaks Interstate Park Commission ( Kentucky and Virginia ) Colorado River Compact ( Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , Wyoming , Nevada , Arizona , and California ) Columbia River Gorge Commission ( Oregon and Washington ) Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission ( Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) Delaware River Basin Commission ( Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , and New York ) Delaware River Port Authority ( Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission ( Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) Delaware River and Bay Authority ( Delaware and New Jersey ) Dresden School District ( New Hampshire , Vermont ) Driver License Compact ( all states except Georgia , Massachusetts , Michigan , Tennessee , and Wisconsin ) Education Commission of the States ( all states ( except Washington ) , three territories , and Washington , D.C. ) Emergency Management Assistance Compact ( all states , plus Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) Great Lakes Commission ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , plus Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec as associate members ) Gulf States Marine
Yadkin River
W. Kerr Scott Reservoir High Rock Lake Tuckertown Reservoir Badin Lake Falls Reservoir Lake Tillery Blewitt Falls Lake
Mississippi River
U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico . Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico , leaving New Orleans on a side channel . As a result , the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure , which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Also in 1784 , Boston navigators sailed to the Pacific Northwest and opened the U.S. fur trade . Captain
River Welland
Hogard devised a scheme to cut a new channel from the junction of the Welland and the Glen to Wyberton , on the estuary of the River Witham below Boston . At the end of the 7.5 - mile ( 12.1 km ) cut , there would be a huge sluice and a navigation lock . The Adventurers asked Thomas Tofield for a second opinion , who suggested a shorter 5 - mile ( 8 km ) cut from Spalding to Fosdyke . They requested help from Grundy , who proposed a 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 km ) cut to Fosdyke , and that the outfall of Vernatt 's drain should be moved 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) downstream . Improvements to the drain were carried out under an act of parliament obtained in 1774 , and an act was obtained in 1794 to sanction the Wyberton cut , although the work was not carried out , and Grundy 's cut was built under a new act of 1801 .
Bemidji, Minnesota
Its name derives from the Ojibwe Buh - mid-ji - ga - maug ( Double - Vowel orthography : bemijigamaag ) , meaning `` a lake with crossing waters '' . On occasion , in Ojibwe , the city of Bemidji is called Wabigamaang ( `` at the lake channel / narrows '' ) , because part of the city is situated on the Lakes Bemidji / Irving narrows , located on the south end of Lake Bemidji , and extends to the eastern shore of Lake Irving . Some sources also credit the name to Chief Bemidji , an Ojibwe chief .
Vermont
Vermont ( / vərˈmɒnt , vɜːr - / ( listen ) ) is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States . It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south , New Hampshire to the east and New York to the west , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont 's western border with New York . The Green Mountains run north - south for the length of the state .
Hudson River
Starting in the 20th century , the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met . This was especially important by New York City , as the river is fairly wide at that point . In 1927 , the Holland Tunnel opened between New Jersey and Lower Manhattan . The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time , and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build - up of carbon monoxide . The original upper level of the George Washington Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel followed in the 1930s . In 1955 , the original Tappan Zee Bridge was built over one of the widest parts of the river , from Tarrytown to Nyack .
Godavari River
Within the state of Andhra Pradesh , it flows through hilly terrain of the Eastern Ghats known as the Papi hills which explains the narrowing of its bed as it flows through a gorge for a few km , only to re-widen at Polavaram . Before crossing the Papi hills , it receives its last major tributary Sabari River on its left bank . The river upon reaching the plains begins to widen out until it reaches Rajamundry . Arma Konda or Jindhagada Peak ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) above msl ) located near Paderu is the highest peak in the Godavari river basin as well as in Eastern Ghats .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
All of these new ships needed trained officers and crews to operate them . The Coast Guard provided much of the advanced training for merchant marine personnel to augment the training of state merchant marine academies . The Maritime Commission requested that the Coast Guard provide training in 1938 when the Maritime Service was created . Merchant sailors from around the country trained at two large training stations . On the East Coast the men trained at Fort Trumbull in New London , Connecticut , and Government Island in Alameda , California served the West Coast . In 1940 Hoffman Island in New York Harbor became the third training station for the service . After the start of the war other training stations were added in Boston , Port Hueneme , California , and St. Petersburg , Florida .
River Mersey
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries : the River Etherow , the River Goyt and the River Tame . The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt , in central Stockport , Greater Manchester . However , older definitions , and many older maps , place its start a few miles up the Goyt at Compstall ; for example the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states `` It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first - named stream . '' The 1784 John Stockdale map shows the River Mersey extending to Mottram , and forming the boundary between Cheshire and Derbyshire . In the west of Stockport it flows at the base of a cliff below the road called Brinksway before reaching flat country .
Mississippi River
The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes , with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish , near Grand Rapids , Minnesota , over 11 miles ( 18 km ) across . Lake Onalaska , created by Lock and Dam No. 7 , near La Crosse , Wisconsin , is more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide . Lake Pepin , a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi , is more than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Land was sighted on November 9 , 1620 . The passengers had endured miserable conditions for about 65 days , and they were led by William Brewster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving . It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod within the New England territory recommended by Weston . An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River , also within the New England grant area , but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar ( the old French name for Monomoy Island ) . They decided to turn around , and the ship was anchored in Provincetown Harbor by November 11 / 12 . The
Vermont
Interstate 89 -- Runs northwestward from White River Junction to serve both Montpelier and Burlington en route to the Canada -- U.S. border . Interstate 91 -- Runs northward from the Massachusetts border to the Canada -- U.S. border , connecting Brattleboro , White River Junction , St. Johnsbury , and Newport . Interstate 93 -- Has its northern terminus at I - 91 in St. Johnsbury and connects the northern part of the state with New Hampshire and points south . U.S. Route 5 -- Travels south to north along the eastern border of the state , parallel to I - 91 for its entire length in the state . U.S. Route 7 -- Runs south to north along the western border of the state connecting Burlington , Middlebury , Rutland , and Bennington . U.S. 7 parallels I - 89 from Burlington northward to the Canada -- U.S. border . Between Dorset and Bennington , it is generally a Super 2 freeway . Vermont Route 100 -- Runs south to north almost directly through the center of the state , providing a route along the full length of the Green Mountains . East
Mississippi River
In all of these cases , the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states . In various areas , the river has since shifted , but the state borders have not changed , still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment , leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel , contiguous with the adjacent state . Also , due to a meander in the river , a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee , but isolated from the rest of its state . Lake
St. Johns River
The entire river lies within the nearly flat Pamlico terrace , giving it an overall gradient of 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) per mile ( km ) ; it is one of the flattest major rivers on the continent . Its proximity to the ocean in the lower basin affects its rise and fall with tides and salinity . Tides regularly affect water levels as far south as Lake George ; when combined with extreme winds , the river 's tidal effects can extend to Lake Monroe 161 miles ( 259 km ) away and have on occasion reached Lake Harney . Tides typically raise the river level about 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Jacksonville , decreasing some to 0.7 feet ( 0.21 m ) at Orange Park where the river widens , and increasing back to 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Palatka as it narrows . As a result of tidal effects , discharge measurements in the lower basin are often inaccurate . However , the estimated rate of discharge between the Ocklawaha River and the center of Jacksonville ranges from 4,000 to 8,300 cubic feet ( 110 to 240 m ) per second . The nontidal discharge at the mouth at Mayport averages 15,000 cubic feet ( 420 m ) per second , but with tides it exceeds 50,000 cubic feet ( 1,400 m ) per second , and following heavy rains combined with tides can top 150,000 cubic feet ( 4,200 m ) per second . Farther upriver , the discharge rate ranges from 1,030 cubic feet ( 29 m ) per second near Lake Poinsett to 2,850 cubic feet ( 81 m ) per second near DeLand . The confluence of numerous springs , the Econlockhatchee River , and the Wekiva River causes the average discharge to increase by 940 cubic feet ( 27 m ) per second between Lake Harney and DeLand , representing the greatest annual average increase of streamflow along the St. Johns .
Michigan
The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie , Lake Huron , Lake Michigan and Lake Superior . It has more public golf courses , registered boats , and lighthouses than any other state . The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana , sharing land and water boundaries with both . Michigan 's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries , from south to north , with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan ; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula , that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers ; then water boundaries again , in Lake Superior , with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west , capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east . Tahquamenon
Amazon River
The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century . Such studies continued to be published even recently , such as in 1996 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2008 , where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 ft ) Nevado Mismi peak , located roughly 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km ( 430 mi ) southeast of Lima , as the most distant source of the river . From that point , Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi , joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac .
Hudson River
The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges , tunnels , and ferries . The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross , the results today visible in the George Washington Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge ( being replaced by the New Tappan Zee Bridge ) as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes . The George Washington Bridge , which carries multiple highways , connects Fort Lee , New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , and is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . The Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest bridge in New York , although the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge has a larger main span . The Troy Union Bridge between Waterford and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson ; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909 ; its replacement , the Troy -- Waterford Bridge , was built in 1909 . The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835 , including the Green Island Bridge , the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
At the time of European settlement of the valley , Dakota and Ojibwe were engaged in a long and deadly war with each other . Consequently , the portion of the river below the confluence with Trade River is called Jiibayaatig - ziibi ( Grave - marker River ) in the Ojibwe language , reinforcing the earlier `` Rivière Tombeaux '' name in their language .
Rocky Mountains
The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans . Triple Divide Peak ( 8,020 feet ( 2,440 m ) ) in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific , but Hudson Bay as well . Farther north in Alberta , the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River , which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean . See Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers .
River Welland
The River Welland , with its tributaries , form a river system with a catchment area of 609 square miles ( 1,580 km ) . Within this area , 257 miles ( 414 km ) of waterway are designated as `` main river '' , and are therefore managed for flood control by the Environment Agency under the River Welland Catchment Flood Management Plan ( CFMP ) . Of this total , the 14 miles ( 23 km ) below Spalding are tidal , and have sea walls to protect the adjacent land from flooding , while 56 miles ( 90 km ) are fresh water , but run through low - lying land , and are therefore embanked . Within the catchment area , 179 square miles ( 460 km ) are below sea level , and would be flooded without such defences .
Territorial evolution of the United States
May 12 , 1784 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States , ending its claim to the country . The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War , though military action had largely ended after the Franco - American victory at Yorktown on October 19 , 1781 . Because of ambiguities and poor knowledge of geography , the treaty was unclear in several areas . The northeastern border was defined as running from the headlands of the St. Croix River , but there were several options for that . The northwestern border was defined as a line running west from the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River , but the river 's source was south of that ; maps universally show the line as running directly from the Lake of the Woods to the river 's source , Lake Itasca . Machias Seal Island and North Rock remained disputed , as did Sugar Island off the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . The Peace of Paris also involved treaties with France and Spain , with Great Britain ceding the Floridas to Spain . During their ownership of West Florida , the British had moved its border north , and the cession to Spain appeared to apply to the full extent of the British colony . However , the British - American treaty granted the extension of West Florida to the United States , where it enlarged Georgia south to the 31st parallel north , indicating that only the original definition of West Florida was to be ceded to Spain . The local Spanish governors also made a move to occupy forts along the Mississippi River , with claims to everything south of the Tennessee River ; it is unknown how official or strong these claims were , and they are not mapped as they are in conflict with the other Spanish claim involving the border of West Florida . Disputes :
St. Johns River
The St. Johns River ( Spanish : Río San Juan ) is the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida and its most significant one for commercial and recreational use . At 310 miles ( 500 km ) long , it winds through or borders twelve counties , three of which are the state 's largest . The drop in elevation from headwaters to mouth is less than 30 feet ( 9 m ) ; like most Florida waterways , the St. Johns has a very low flow rate 0.3 mph ( 0.13 m / s ) and is often described as `` lazy '' . Popular belief in the St. Johns area holds that it is one of the few rivers that flow north , although north - flowing rivers are common in Canada and Russia , flowing into the Arctic Ocean . Numerous lakes are formed by the river or flow into it , but as a river its widest point is nearly 3 miles ( 5 km ) across . The narrowest point is in the headwaters , an unnavigable marsh in Indian River County . The St. Johns drainage basin of 8,840 square miles ( 22,900 km ) includes some of Florida 's major wetlands . It is separated into three major basins and two associated watersheds for Lake George and the Ocklawaha River , all managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District .
Boise, Idaho
Accounts differ about the origin of the name . One account credits Capt . B.L.E. Bonneville of the U.S. Army as its source . After trekking for weeks through dry and rough terrain , his exploration party reached an overlook with a view of the Boise River Valley . The place where they stood is called Bonneville Point , located on the Oregon Trail east of the city . According to the story , a French - speaking guide , overwhelmed by the sight of the verdant river , yelled `` Les bois ! Les bois ! '' ( `` The wood ! The wood ! '' ) -- and the name stuck .