vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States
No state bans all cell phone use for all drivers . However , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Hawaii , Illinois , Maryland , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Oregon , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ( plus Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) prohibit all drivers from using hand - held cell phones while driving . Thirty - six states and Washington , D.C. ban all cell phone use by newer drivers , while 19 states and Washington , D.C. prohibit any cell phone use by school bus drivers if children are present .
Driver's licenses in the United States
Some states also have additional classifications . Hawaii , for example , has a separate license category for drivers who only operate mopeds , while some more northerly states have separate categories for snowmobiles and ATVs . South Carolina and Georgia have non-commercial versions of every commercial class license for agricultural purposes .
Republican Party (United States)
With a majority of Republicans and Republican - leaning independents under the age of 49 supporting legal recognition of same - sex marriages versus the opposition remaining from those over 50 , the issue remains a particular divide within the party . Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich has remarked that the `` ( p ) arty is going to be torn on this issue '' with some constituents `` going to flake off '' . A Reuters / Ipsos survey from April 2015 found that 68 % of Americans overall would attend the same - sex wedding of a loved one , with 56 % of Republicans agreeing . Reuters journalist Jeff Mason remarked that `` Republicans who stake out strong opposition to gay marriage could be on shaky political ground if their ultimate goal is to win the White House '' given the divide between the social conservative stalwarts and the rest of the United States that opposes them .
George Takei
In May 2011 , in response to a Tennessee State Legislature bill that prohibited school teachers or students from using any language that alludes to the existence of homosexuality ( the `` Do n't Say Gay '' bill ) , Takei released another PSA in which he offered up his name , suggesting that people could just substitute that for ' gay ' . For example , they could support Takei Marriage or watch Takei Pride Parades ; or even use slurs like That 's so Takei .
Cousin marriage
In contrast , Maryland delegates Henry B. Heller and Kumar P. Barve sponsored a bill to ban first - cousin marriages in 2000 . It got further than Kahn 's bill , passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no , but finally died in the state senate . In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland , Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are `` like playing genetic roulette '' .
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
This provision has been incorporated against the states . See Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Yes No S 265.35 , S 265.01 The law is extremely vague on open carry . Open carry in public is not legal in most instances . While no law specifically bans open carry , a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400 . Therefore , pistol permit holders must carry concealed . Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one 's own property . Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law , but is generally not practiced . It is illegal however to transport an uncased long gun in a motor vehicle , unless it is in the trunk or a compartment not accessible by anyone inside the vehicle . Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes * Yes * § 35.20 * New York has a castle doctrine law . It allows for the `` use of ( non-lethal ) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary . '' Lethal force is governed under § 35.15 . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No None New York preempts only handgun licensing . Places such as Buffalo , Rochester , Albany , and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws , such as licensing of long guns and 5 - round magazine limits . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes S 265.10 With certain restrictions ( see below ) , most notably magazines are not exempt . FOPA is complied with by police agencies in New York after losing some false arrest lawsuits . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes NY Gen Bus L § 898 ( 2012 ) For firearm transfers between private parties , a licensed dealer must conduct a background check , provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police , and keep a record of the transaction .
Equal Rights Amendment
The amendment has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982 . Senator Ted Kennedy ( D - MA ) championed it in the Senate from the 99th Congress through the 110th Congress . Senator Robert Menendez ( D - NJ ) introduced the amendment symbolically at the end of the 111th Congress and has supported it in the 112th Congress . In the House of Representatives , Carolyn B. Maloney ( D - NY ) has sponsored it since the 105th Congress , most recently in August 2013 .
Freedom of religion in the United States
After 1875 many states passed constitutional provisions , called `` Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . In 2002 , the United States Supreme Court partially vitiated these amendments , when they ruled that vouchers were constitutional if tax dollars followed a child to a school , even if it were religious .
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
This right has been incorporated against the states by the Supreme Court 's decision in Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U.S. 643 ( 1961 ) , although there is dicta in Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) , saying the `` core '' of the Fourth Amendment applied to the States . The remedy of exclusion of unlawfully seized evidence , the exclusionary rule , has been incorporated against the states . See Mapp v. Ohio . In Mapp , the Court overruled Wolf v. Colorado in which the Court had ruled that the exclusionary rule did not apply to the states .
Separation of church and state in the United States
In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice
Separation of church and state in the United States
The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote .
Languages with official status in India
The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level , with minor variations . State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language , Hindi or ( for a transitional period , which the legislature can extend if it so chooses ) English , and members who can not use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker 's permission . The authoritative text of all laws must be in English , unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language , and if the original text of a law is in a different language , an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared .
Precedent
Within the federal legal systems of several common - law countries , and most especially the United States , it is relatively common for the distinct lower - level judicial systems ( e.g. state courts in the United States and Australia , provincial courts in Canada ) to regard the decisions of other jurisdictions within the same country as persuasive precedent . Particularly in the United States , the adoption of a legal doctrine by a large number of other state judiciaries is regarded as highly persuasive evidence that such doctrine is preferred . A good example is the adoption in Tennessee of comparative negligence ( replacing contributory negligence as a complete bar to recovery ) by the 1992 Tennessee Supreme Court decision McIntyre v. Balentine ( by this point all US jurisdictions save Tennessee , five other states , and the District of Columbia had adopted comparative negligence schemes ) . Moreover , in American law , the Erie doctrine requires federal courts sitting in diversity actions to apply state substantive law , but in a manner consistent with how the court believes the state 's highest court would rule in that case . Since such decisions are not binding on state courts , but are often very well - reasoned and useful , state courts cite federal interpretations of state law fairly often as persuasive precedent , although it is also fairly common for a state high court to reject a federal court 's interpretation of its jurisprudence .
Voting rights in the United States
But , nearly as rapidly as the Supreme Court determined a specific provision was unconstitutional , state legislatures developed new statutes to continue disenfranchisement . For instance , in Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the use of state - sanctioned all - white primaries by the Democratic Party in the South . States developed new restrictions on black voting ; Alabama passed a law giving county registrars more authority as to which questions they asked applicants in comprehension or literacy tests . The NAACP continued with steady progress in legal challenges to disenfranchisement and segregation .
Gun laws in Georgia
Gun laws in the state of Georgia regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Georgia in the United States . It does not however affect the laws of other states . The Georgia Constitution , like many other state constitutions , guarantees to its citizen the right to keep and bear arms . Article one , section one , paragraph VII of the Georgia Constitution states : `` The right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed , but the General Assembly shall have the power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be borne . '' Location
Official bilingualism in Canada
Jurisdiction Right to use English and French in Parliament / Legislature Laws are Bilingual Right to use English or French in the courts Canada Yes . Yes . Yes . Alberta Yes . No : English only . Yes , but only in oral submissions , not written . British Columbia No : English only . No : English only . No : English only . Manitoba Yes . Yes . Yes . New Brunswick Yes . Yes . Yes . Newfoundland and Labrador No : English only . No : English only . No : English only . Nova Scotia No : English only . No : English only . No : English only . Ontario Yes . Yes . Yes . Prince Edward Island No : English only . No : English only . No : English only . Quebec Yes . Yes . Yes . Saskatchewan Yes . Laws and regulations can be in English only , or in both English and French . Yes . Northwest Territories Yes , as well as any of the other nine official territorial languages . Yes . Yes . A party can also use one of the other nine official languages for oral submissions . Nunavut Yes , and also the Inuit language . Yes . Yes , and also the Inuit language . Yukon Yes , and also Yukon aboriginal languages . Yes . Yes .
Cousin marriage
Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage has been found by some anthropological researchers to be correlated with patripotestal jural authority , meaning rights or obligations of the father . According to some theories , in these kinship systems a man marries his matrilateral cross-cousin due to associating her with his nurturant mother . Due to this association , possibly reinforced by personal interaction with a specific cousin , he may become `` fond '' of her , rendering the relationship `` sentimentally appropriate '' . Interestingly , patrilateral cross-cousin marriage is the rarest of all types of cousin marriage , and there is some question as to whether it even exists .
United States Congress
The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses , providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that `` for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . '' Accordingly , a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house , although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches , and may punish members who transgress .
Right-to-work law
Right - to - work provisions ( either by law or by constitutional provision ) exist in 28 U.S. states , mostly in the southern and western United States , but also including the Midwestern states of Michigan , Indiana , and Wisconsin . Business interests represented by the United States Chamber of Commerce have lobbied extensively to pass right - to - work legislation . Such laws are allowed under the 1947 federal Taft -- Hartley Act . A further distinction is often made within the law between people employed by state and municipal governments and those employed by the private sector , with states that are otherwise union shop ( i.e. , workers must pay for union representation in order to obtain or retain a job ) having right to work laws in effect for government employees ; provided , however , that the law also permits an `` agency shop '' where employees pay their share for representation ( less than union dues ) , while not joining the union as members .
Voting rights in the United States
Other than Maine and Vermont , all U.S. states prohibit felons from voting while they are in prison . In Puerto Rico , felons in prison are allowed to vote in elections .
Freedom of religion in the United States
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Freedom of religion in the United States
The Court has therefore tried to determine a way to deal with church / state questions . In Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , the Court created a three - part test for laws dealing with religious establishment . This determined that a law was constitutional if it :
Separation of church and state in the United States
Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice .
Gun laws in the United States by state
Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit required to purchase ? Yes Yes A license is required to purchase guns or ammunition . Firearm registration ? No No Registration of firearms has been ruled unconstitutional . Assault weapon law ? No No Ban on assault weapons was ruled unconstitutional . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes No magazines over 10 rounds . Carry permits issued ? No No Concealed carry remains illegal . Open carry ? No Yes The general ban on carrying operable firearms in public was ruled unconstitutional . Lawful gun owners may carry loaded handguns openly as long as other laws are not violated , such as gun - free zones . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Short barreled shotguns , short barreled rifles , machine guns , suppressors , and grenade launchers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies .
Gun laws in California
California has state preemption for many , but not all , firearms laws . Actual enforcement of California 's firearms laws also varies widely across the state . Urban areas , such as the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas strictly enforce firearms laws , and some communities within these areas have passed local ordinances that make legally owning a firearm difficult . Meanwhile , some rural jurisdictions narrowly enforce the same firearms laws by prosecuting only those who demonstrate malicious intent , or not enforcing portions of the state 's firearms laws at all . State law enforcement agencies , such as the California Highway Patrol , the California Department of Justice , and the California Department of Fish and Game strictly enforce state firearms law everywhere in California .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
Immigrant visa limits set by Congress remain at 700,000 for the combined categories of employment , family preference , and family immediate . There are additional provisions for diversity and a small number of special visas . In 2008 immigration in these categories totaled slightly less than 750,000 and similar totals ( representing maximums allowed by Congress ) have been tallied in recent years .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The REAL ID Act of 2005 changed some visa limits , tightened restrictions on asylum applications and made it easier to exclude suspected terrorists , and removed restrictions on building border fences .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 ( the Hart - Celler Act ) abolished the system of national - origin quotas . There was , for the first time , a limitation on Western Hemisphere immigration ( 120,000 per year ) , with the Eastern Hemisphere limited to 170,000 . The law changed the preference system for immigrants . Specifically , the law provided preference to immigrants with skills needed in the U.S. workforce , refugees and asylum seekers , as well as family members of U.S. citizens . Family reunification became the cornerstone of the bill . At the time , the then - chairman of the Senate Immigration Subcommittee Edward Kennedy remarked that `` the bill will not flood our cities with immigrants . It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society . It will not relax the standards of admission . It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs . '' ( U.S. Senate , Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary , Washington , D.C. , Feb. 10 , 1965 . pp. 1 -- 3 . )
Citizenship
It was not until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 that the racial and gender restrictions for naturalization were explicitly abolished . However , the act still contained restrictions regarding who was eligible for US citizenship , and retained a national quota system which limited the number of visas given to immigrants based on their national origin , to be fixed `` at a rate of one - sixth of one percent of each nationality 's population in the United States in 1920 '' . It was not until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that these immigration quota systems were drastically altered in favor of a less discriminatory system . Soviet
History of immigration to the United States
In 1945 , the War Brides Act allowed foreign - born wives of U.S. citizens who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces to immigrate to the United States . In 1946 , The War Brides Act was extended to include the fiancés of American soldiers . In 1946 , the Luce - Celler Act extended the right to become naturalized citizens to from the newly independent nation of The Philippines and to Asian Indians . The immigration quota was set at 100 people per year .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The Immigration Act of 1990 ( IMMACT ) modified and expanded the 1965 act ; it significantly increased the total immigration limit to 700,000 and increased visas by 40 percent . Family reunification was retained as the main immigration criterion , with significant increases in employment - related immigration .
Citizenship
States normally grant citizenship to people who have entered the country legally and been granted permit to stay , or been granted political asylum , and also lived there for a specified period . In some countries , naturalization is subject to conditions which may include passing a test demonstrating reasonable knowledge of the language or way of life of the host country , good conduct ( no serious criminal record ) and moral character ( such as drunkenness , or gambling ) , vowing allegiance to their new state or its ruler and renouncing their prior citizenship . Some states allow dual citizenship and do not require naturalized citizens to formally renounce any other citizenship . Excluded categories . In the past there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color , ethnicity , sex , and free status ( not being a slave ) . Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places . Modern examples include some Arab countries which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims , e.g. Qatar is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes , but they all have to profess the Islamic faith in order to receive citizenship . The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies , and internationally adopted children born after February 27 , 1983 . Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27 , 1983 even though their parents meet citizenship criteria .
Democratic Party (United States)
In 2013 , Democrats in the Senate passed S. 744 , which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the US and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States . LGBT