vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American football rules
Because football is a high - contact sport requiring a balance between offense and defense , many rules exist that regulate equality , safety , contact , and actions of players on each team . It is very difficult to always avoid violating these rules without giving up too much of an advantage . Thus , an elaborate system of fouls and penalties has been developed to `` let the punishment fit the crime '' and maintain a balance between following the rules and keeping a good flow of the game . Players are constantly looking for ways to find an advantage that stretches the limitations imposed by the rules . Also , the frequency and severity of fouls can make a large difference in the outcome of a game , so coaches are constantly looking for ways to minimize the number and severity of infractions committed by their players .
U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
It is a tradition in the United States to play The Star - Spangled Banner , the national anthem , before sporting events . Those present should stand at attention with right hand over heart . NFL players were not mandated to be on the field for the playing of the national anthem until 2009 . It is also noteworthy this tradition did not acquire prominence as an official act until the twenty - first century . The NFL has stated that `` players are encouraged but not required to stand during the playing of the National Anthem '' ; its game operations manual reads that players `` should stand '' for the anthem .
Football
These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule , the prohibition of continuous carrying of the ball ( requiring a periodic bounce or solo ( toe - kick ) , depending on the code ) while running , handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it , and other traditions .
Brittany
Football , cycling and sailing are the three most popular sports in Brittany . Major football teams are the FC Nantes , the Stade Rennais F.C. , the FC Lorient , the Stade Brestois 29 , the Vannes OC and the En Avant de Guingamp . Professional footballers coming from the region also form the Brittany national football team which sometimes plays with national teams .
Flag of the United States
The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States .
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
All this is telling me that my own experience of the song is not a reliable guide to its provenance . I 'm not a football lover , so I would n't have known it had any association with that family of sports .
American football rules
A kickoff is a type of free kick where the ball is placed on a tee ( or held ) at the kicking team 's 35 - yard line ( 40 for high school ) . In the 2011 NFL Season , changes were made regarding kickoffs to limit injuries . Kickoffs were returned from the 30 - yard line to the 35 - yard line , repealing a 1994 rule change . In addition , players on the kickoff coverage team can not line up more than 5 yards behind the kickoff line , minimizing running starts and thus reducing the speed of collisions . The kicking team 's players may not cross this line until the ball is kicked ; members of the non-kicking ( or `` receiving '' ) team are similarly restrained behind a line 10 yards further downfield ( the 45 - yard line , or 50 for high school ) . A valid kickoff must travel at least this 10 - yard distance to the receiving team 's restraining line , after which any player of either team may catch or pick up the ball and try to advance it ( a member of the kicking team may only recover a kickoff and may not advance it ) before being downed ( see `` Downed player , '' below ) . In most cases , the ball is kicked as far as possible ( typically 40 to 70 yards ) , after which a player of the receiving team is usually able to secure possession ( since the members of the kicking team can not start downfield until after the ball is kicked ) . Occasionally , for tactical reasons , the kicking team may instead choose to attempt an onside kick , in which the kicker tries to kick the ball along the ground just over the required 10 - yard distance in such a manner that one of his own teammates can recover the ball for the kicking side . If it is touched before ten yards , the ball is dead and a re-kick or spot of the ball will be rewarded to the receiving team . Receiving
Football
There have been many attempts to ban football , from the middle ages through to the modern day . The first such law was passed in England in 1314 ; it was followed by more than 30 in England alone between 1314 and 1667 . Football faced armed opposition in the 18th Century when used as a cover for violent protest against the enclosure act . Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1921 , a ban that was only lifted in the 1970s . Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world .
Football
In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone , Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time . A translation reads : `` ( f ) orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls ( rageries de grosses pelotes de pee ) in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid : we command and forbid on behalf of the king , on pain of imprisonment , such game to be used in the city in the future . '' This is the earliest reference to football .
Alice Springs
Australian rules football is a particularly popular sport in Alice Springs in terms of both participation and as a spectator sport . The Central Australian Football League formed in 1947 has several teams . The sport is particularly popular in Indigenous communities . The local stadium , Traeger Park , has a 10,000 seat capacity and was designed to host ( pre-season ) AFL and is currently home to the Northern Territory Thunder . In 2004 , an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club attracted a capacity sell - out crowd .
American football
Football games last for a total of 60 minutes in professional and college play and are divided into two - halves of 30 minutes and four - quarters of 15 minutes . High school football games are 48 minutes in length with two - halves of 24 minutes and four - quarters of 12 minutes . The two - halves are separated by a halftime period , and the first and third quarters are also followed by a short break . Prior to the start of the game , the referee and team captains for each team meet at midfield for a coin toss . The visiting team is allowed to call ' heads ' or ' tails ' ; the winner of the toss is allowed to decide between choosing whether to receive or kick off the ball or choosing which goal they want to defend , but they can also defer their choice until the second half . The losing team , unless the winning team decides to defer , is allowed to choose the option the winning team did not select , and receives the option to receive , kick , or select a goal to defend to begin the second half . Most teams choose to receive or defer , because choosing to kick the ball to start the game would allow the other team to choose which goal to defend . Teams switch goals following the first and third quarters . If a down is in progress when a quarter ends , play continues until the down is completed .
American football rules
In the WFL , PAT 's were called `` Action Points '' and could only be scored via a run or pass play ( as opposed to by kick as in the NFL ) , and were worth one point . The ball was placed on the two - and - a-half - yard line for an Action Point . This rule was a revival of a 1968 preseason experiment by the NFL and American Football League . The XFL employed a similar rule in which teams ran a single offensive down from the two - yard line ( functionally identical to the NFL / NCAA / CFL two - point conversion ) , also for one point . By the playoffs , two - point and three - point conversions had been added to the rules . Teams could opt for the bonus points by playing the conversion farther back from the goal line .
Southern United States
Baseball has been played in the Southern United States since at least the years leading up to the American Civil War . It was traditionally more popular than American football until the 1980s , and still accounts for the largest annual attendance amongst sports played in the South . The first mention of a baseball team in Houston was on April 11 , 1861 . 19th century and early 20th century games were common , especially once the professional leagues such as the Texas League , the Dixie League , and the Southern League were organized .
American football
The safety of the sport has also sparked national controversy in American popular culture . It is often received as `` overly aggressive '' , and defamiliarized in popular culture . The 2015 film Concussion aimed to shed light on the sport 's safety , specifically in the NFL by having Will Smith portray Dr. Bennet Omalu , a neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings of chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) .
Football
show Football codes development tree Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 - 1863 ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 - 1877 ) Rugby rules Rugby rules and other English public school games Association Football ( 1863 - ) Australian rules ( 1859 - ) Gaelic ( 1887 - ) Rugby union with minor modifications Canadian football ( 1861 - ) Rugby union ( 1871 - ) Int'l Rules ( 1967 - ) American football ( 1869 - ) Rugby league ( 1895 - ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 - ) Flag football Arena football ( 1987 - ) Flag football ( Canadian ) Futsal ( 1930 - ) Rugby league nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Beach soccer ( 1992 - ) Indoor soccer Paralympic football Street soccer Notes :
Football
The Melbourne football rules were widely distributed and gradually adopted by the other Victorian clubs . The rules were updated several times during the 1860s to accommodate the rules of other influential Victorian football clubs . A significant redraft in 1866 by H.C.A. Harrison 's committee accommodated the Geelong Football Club 's rules , making the game then known as `` Victorian Rules '' increasingly distinct from other codes . It soon adopted cricket fields and an oval ball , used specialised goal and behind posts , and featured bouncing the ball while running and spectacular high marking . The game spread quickly to other Australian colonies . Outside its heartland in southern Australia , the code experienced a significant period of decline following World War I but has since grown throughout Australia and in other parts of the world , and the Australian Football League emerged as the dominant professional competition .
Jim Thorpe
Football was -- and would remain -- Thorpe 's favorite sport . He did not compete in track and field in 1910 or 1911 , even though this turned out to be the sport in which he gained his greatest fame .
Football
The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in 1633 by David Wedderburn , a poet and teacher in Aberdeen , Scotland . Nevertheless , the original text does not state whether the allusion to passing as ' kick the ball back ' ( ' Repercute pilam ' ) was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams ( as was usual at this time )
Salt Lake City
Utah lacks a professional football team of its own , and college football is very popular in the state . The University of Utah and Brigham Young University both maintain large followings in the city , and the rivalry between the two colleges has a long and storied history . Despite the fact Utah is a secular university , the rivalry is sometimes referred to as the Holy War because of BYU 's status as an LDS university . Until the 2011 -- 12 season , they both played in the Mountain West Conference of the NCAA 's Division I and have played each other 90 times since 1896 ( continuously since 1922 ) . The University of Utah was the first school from a non-BCS conference to win two BCS bowl games ( and was the first from outside the BCS affiliated conferences to be invited to one ) since the system was introduced in 1998 .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
At least one cross-code match between American football and rugby league has been played . On August 1 , 2009 the Jacksonville Axemen of the AMNRL played the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance . The first half was played under American football rules , the second half was played under rugby league rules . The score at half - time was Jacksonville Axemen 6 - Jacksonville Knights 27 . The final score was Jacksonville Axemen 38 - Jacksonville Knights 27 .
Football
Football Cambridge rules ( 1848 -- 1863 ) Association football ( 1863 -- ) Indoor Beach ( 1992 -- ) Futsal ( 1930 -- ) Sheffield rules ( 1857 -- 1877 ) Paralympic Street Rugby Union with minor modifications American football ( 1869 - ) Flag football , Arena football ( 1987 -- ) Rugby rules Canadian football ( 1861 -- ) Flag football Rugby union ( 1871 -- ) Rugby sevens ( 1883 -- ) Rugby league ( 1895 -- ) Nines Rugby league sevens Touch football Rugby rules and other English public school games Australian rules ( 1859 -- ) International rules ( 1967 -- ) Gaelic ( 1887 -- )
American football rules
On offense , points are scored by advancing the ball into the opponent 's end zone for a touchdown ( worth six points ) , or by kicking the ball from the playing field through the raised vertical posts ( the goal posts ) which are most commonly situated on the end line of the end zone for a field goal ( worth three points ) . After scoring a touchdown , the offense is given an additional opportunity from the 2 - yard line ( 3 - yard line in amateur football ) to attempt to score ( in the NFL , 15 - yard line on 1 - point conversions ) . Conversion attempts are used to score 1 or 2 points as follows :
American football rules
A try is more frequently called an extra-point attempt or a PAT ( abbreviation of `` Point After Touchdown '' ) . Either one or two additional points may be scored during the try . The ball is spotted at the 15 - yard line ( for 1 - point conversions ) ; 2 - yard line ( for 2 - point conversions ) for the NFL and on 3 - yard line for college and high school , and the team is given one un-timed play to earn points .
American popular music
American popular music has become extremely popular internationally . Rock , hip hop , jazz , country and other styles have fans across the globe . The combination of parts of international and American popular music has been attempted between the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s . However , the results of synthesis were for the most part unsuccessful . BBC Radio DJ Andy Kershaw , for example , has noted that country music is popular across virtually the entire world . Indeed , out of `` all the contributions made by Americans to world culture ... ( American popular music ) has been taken ( most ) to heart by the entire world '' . Other styles of American popular music have also had a formative effect internationally , including funk , the basis for West African Afrobeat , R&B , a major source for Jamaican reggae , and rock , which has profoundly influenced most every genre of popular music worldwide . Rock , country , jazz and hip hop have become an entrenched part of many countries , leading to local varieties like Australian country music , Tanzanian Bongo Flava and Russian rock .
American football rules
The width of the spotted football defines the width of the neutral zone , an area of the field no player other than the snapper may position himself in or above before the snap . Each team has its own line of scrimmage , thought of as a vertical plane from sideline to sideline that passes through the point of the ball nearest its own goal line . A
Football
`` Scientific '' football is first recorded in 1839 from Lancashire and in the modern game in Rugby football from 1862 and from Sheffield FC as early as 1865 . The first side to play a passing combination game was the Royal Engineers AFC in 1869 / 70 By 1869 they were `` work ( ing ) well together '' , `` backing up '' and benefiting from `` cooperation '' . By 1870 the Engineers were passing the ball : `` Lieut . Creswell , who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side , who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called '' Passing was a regular feature of their style By early 1872 the Engineers were the first football team renowned for `` play ( ing ) beautifully together '' A double pass is first reported from Derby school against Nottingham Forest in March 1872 , the first of which is irrefutably a short pass : `` Mr Absey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Wallis , who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal , sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Nottingham posts '' The first side to have perfected the modern formation was Cambridge University AFC and introduced the 2 -- 3 -- 5 `` pyramid '' formation .
Football
In 1855 , the U.S. inventor Charles Goodyear -- who had patented vulcanised rubber -- exhibited a spherical football , with an exterior of vulcanised rubber panels , at the Paris Exhibition Universelle . The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.S.A.
Football
In 1363 , King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning `` ... handball , football , or hockey ; coursing and cock - fighting , or other such idle games '' , showing that `` football '' -- whatever its exact form in this case -- was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body , such as handball .
Football (ball)
Footballs used in gridiron - style games have prominent points on both ends . The shape is generally credited to official Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , who introduced the new ball in 1934 as a way to make the forward pass more effective .
Lion
The lion is used as a symbol of sporting teams , from national association football teams such as England , Scotland and Singapore to famous clubs such as the Detroit Lions of the NFL , Chelsea and Aston Villa of the English Premier League , ( and the Premiership itself ) , Eintracht Braunschweig of the Bundesliga , and to a host of smaller clubs around the world .
Artificial turf
UEFA stressed that artificial turf should only be considered an option where climatic conditions necessitate . One Desso `` hybrid grass '' product incorporates both natural grass and artificial elements .
Monday Night Football
Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season .
Football
Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 18th century , for example London 's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid-18th century and ceased playing matches in 1796 .
Women's association football
The history of women 's football has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels . Women 's football has faced many struggles throughout its history . Although its first golden age occurred in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s , when one match achieved over 50,000 spectators , The Football Association initiated a ban in 1921 that disallowed women 's football games from the grounds used by its member clubs . The ban stayed in effect until July 1971 .
Women's association football
Since 1996 , a Women 's Football Tournament has been staged at the Olympic Games . Unlike in the men 's Olympic Football tournament ( based on teams of mostly under - 23 players ) , the Olympic women 's teams do not have restrictions due to professionalism or age .
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
A new sound was heard in English football in the 1961 -- 2 season . It was the hymn Glory , Glory Hallelujah being sung by 60,000 fans at White Hart Lane in our European Cup matches . I do n't know how it started or who started it , but it took over the ground like a religious feeling . --
Football
In 1880 , Yale coach Walter Camp , who had become a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where the rules were debated and changed , devised a number of major innovations . Camp 's two most important rule changes that diverged the American game from rugby was replacing the scrummage with the line of scrimmage and the establishment of the down - and - distance rules . American football still however remained a violent sport where collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . This led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to hold a meeting with football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton on October 9 , 1905 , urging them to make drastic changes . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilised for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game .
Women's association football
Women 's football became popular on a large scale at the time of the First World War , when employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game , much as it had done for men fifty years earlier . A team from England played a team from Ireland on Boxing Day 1917 in front of a crowd of 20,000 spectators . The most successful team of the era was Dick , Kerr 's Ladies of Preston , England . The team played in the first women 's international matches in 1920 , against a team from Paris , France , in April , and also made up most of the England team against a Scottish Ladies XI in 1920 , winning 22 - 0 .
England at the FIFA World Cup
Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue .
American football rules
In the NFL and high school , a free kick may be taken on the play immediately after a fair catch ; see `` fair catch kick '' below .
The Bahamas
Dexter Cambridge , Rick Fox , Ian Lockhart and Buddy Hield are a few Bahamians who joined Bahamian Mychal Thompson of the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA ranks , Over the years American football has become much more popular than association football , though not implemented in the high school system yet . Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation . However association football , commonly known as ' soccer ' in the country , is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils . Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association . Recently the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting the Bahamas in the European market . In 2013 ' Spurs ' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in the Bahamas to face the Jamaica national football team . Joe Lewis , the owner of the Tottenham Hotspur club , is based in the Bahamas .