vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Soviet Union in World War II
Official Soviet sources claim that the Soviet union lost 26 million people during the war . While its human losses were undoubtedly high , some historians and academics question this figure . Bruce Robellet Kuniholm , professor of public policy and history , estimates that the Soviet side suffered 11,000,000 military deaths and additional 7,000,000 civilian deaths , thus amounting to a total of 18 million fatalities . Hubert Poetschke accepts the Soviet figure of 10.7 million military deaths as correct , yet assumes that the figure of 11.8 million civilian deaths was `` fabricated for political reasons '' . He argues that this includes 6 million people killed by Stalin 's own repressions . When this correction is included , Poetschke delivers a figure of 16.5 million fatalities , amounting to 10 % of Soviet 's population . American military historian Earl F. Ziemke gives a figure of 12 million dead Soviet soldiers and further 7 million dead civilians -- a total of 19 million dead . He also notices that from autumn 1941 until autumn 1943 the front was never less than 2,400 miles long . German professor Beate Fieseler estimates that 2.6 million people , or 7.46 percent of the Soviet Army , were left disabled after the war .
World War I
By 20 July , the Germans had retreated across the Marne to their starting lines , having achieved little , and the German Army never regained the initiative . German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 , including many highly trained storm troopers .
First Battle of the Marne
In 2010 , Ian Sumner wrote that there were 12,733 British casualties , including 1,700 dead . Sumner cites the same overall casualty figure for the French for September as Herwig from Armées Françaises , which includes the losses at the battle of the Aisne , as 213,445 but provides a further breakdown : 18,073 killed , 111,963 wounded and 83,409 missing .
Casualties of the Iraq War
On January 28 , 2008 , ORB published an update based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq . Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000 .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Another source from Hilary Conroy claim that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino - Japanese War . Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II , 39 percent died in China .
Korea under Japanese rule
Koreans , along with many other Asians , were experimented on in Unit 731 , a secret military medical experimentation unit in World War II . The victims who died in the camp included at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union and Korea . General Shiro Ishii , the head of Unit 731 , revealed during the Tokyo War Crime Trials that 254 Koreans were killed in Unit 731 . Some historians estimate up to 250,000 total people were subjected to human experiments . A Unit 731 veteran attested that most that were experimented on were Chinese , Koreans and Mongolians .
Chernobyl disaster
In 1994 , Thirty - one deaths were directly attributed to the accident , all among the reactor staff and emergency workers . As of the 2008 UNSCEAR report , the total number of confirmed deaths from radiation was 64 and this is expected to continue to rise .
Australian Army during World War II
Operational areas : battle casualties War against Germany War against Japan Total Killed in action 2,688 8,635 11,323 Died of wounds ( DOW ) 701 1,093 1,794 DOW while prisoner of war 55 48 103 Died of disease while POW 95 5,360 5,455 Total killed or died 3,539 15,136 18,675 POWs escaped , recovered or repatriated 7,055 13,865 20,920 Wounded ( cases ) 8,578 13,275 21,853 Total battle casualties 19,172 42,276 61,448 Operational areas : non-battle casualties Australia Overseas Total Killed / died of injury 352 736 1,088 Wounds and injuries 9,196 24,000 33,196 Non-operational areas Killed / died of injuries or accidents 1,795 Wounds and injuries 121,800 Source :
First Battle of the Marne
In 2009 , Herwig re-estimated the casualties for the battle . He wrote that the French Official History , Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre , gave 213,445 French casualties in September and assumed that c. 40 % occurred during the Battle of the Marne . Using the German Sanitätsberichte , Herwig recorded that from 1 -- 10 September , the 1st Army had 13,254 casualties , the 2nd Army had 10,607 casualties , the 3rd Army had 14,987 casualties , the 4th Army had 9,433 casualties , the 5th Army had 19,434 casualties , the 6th Army had 21,200 casualties and the 7th Army had 10,164 casualties . Herwig estimated that the five German Armies from Verdun to Paris had 67,700 casualties during the battle and assumed 85,000 casualties for the French . Herwig wrote that there were 1,701 British casualties ( the British Official History noted that these losses were incurred from 6 -- 10 September ) . Herwig estimated 300,000 casualties for all sides at the Marne but questioned whether isolating the battle was justified .
Matterhorn
Today , all ridges and faces of the Matterhorn have been ascended in all seasons , and mountain guides take a large number of people up the northeast Hörnli route each summer . In total , up to 150 climbers attempt the Matterhorn each day during summer . By modern standards , the climb is fairly difficult ( AD Difficulty rating ) , but not hard for skilled mountaineers according to French climbing grades . There are fixed ropes on parts of the route to help . Still , several climbers die each year due to a number of factors including the scale of the climb and its inherent dangers , inexperience , falling rocks , and overcrowded routes . The Matterhorn is thus amongst the deadliest mountains in the world . By the late 1980s , it was estimated that over 500 people have died whilst attempting its summit since the 1865 ascent , with an average of about 12 deaths each year .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Canada sent 29,791 troops to the war , with 7,000 more remaining to supervise the ceasefire until the end of 1955 . Of these 1,558 became casualties , including 516 deaths , most of them through combat . Canada 's participation included a brigade of troops , eight naval vessels , and 22 pilots for U.S. jet squadrons .
Soviet Union in World War II
By the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties and the Germans had captured 3.0 million Soviet prisoners , 2.0 million of whom died in German captivity by February 1942 . German forces had advanced c. 1,700 kilometres , and maintained a linearly - measured front of 3,000 kilometres . The Red Army put up fierce resistance during the war 's early stages . Even so , according to Glantz , they were plagued by an ineffective defence doctrine against well - trained and experienced German forces , despite possessing some modern Soviet equipment , such as the KV - 1 and T - 34 tanks .
Mount Everest
The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall , and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies . The quake shifted the route through the ice fall , making it essentially impassable to climbers . Bad weather also made helicopter evacuation difficult . The Everest tragedy was small compared the impact overall on Nepal , with almost nine thousand dead and about 22 thousand injured . In Tibet , by 28 April at least 25 had died , and 117 were injured . By 29 April 2015 , the Tibet Mountaineering Association ( North / Chinese side ) closed Everest and other peaks to climbing , stranding 25 teams and about 300 people on the north side of Everest . On the south side , helicopters evacuated 180 people trapped at Camps 1 and 2 . Mountain
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japanese statistics , however , lack complete estimates for the wounded . From 1937 to 1941 , 185,647 Japanese soldiers were killed in China and 520,000 were wounded . Disease also incurred critical losses on Japanese forces . From 1937 to 1941 , 430,000 Japanese soldiers were recorded as being sick . In North China alone , 18,000 soldiers were evacuated back to Japan for illnesses in 1938 , 23,000 in 1939 , and 15,000 in 1940 . From 1941 to 1945 : 202,958 dead ; another 54,000 dead after war 's end . Chinese forces also report that by May 1945 , 22,293 Japanese soldiers were captured as prisoners . Many more Japanese soldiers surrendered when the war ended .
Soviet Union in World War II
After the capture of Berlin , Soviet troops reportedly raped German women and girls , with total victim estimates ranging from tens of thousands to two million . During and after the occupation of Budapest , ( Hungary ) , an estimated 50,000 women and girls were raped . Regarding rapes that took place in Yugoslavia , Stalin responded to a Yugoslav partisan leader 's complaints saying , `` Ca n't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle ? ''
Call of Duty: World at War
Back in Eastern Europe , Dimitri and Reznov pilot T - 34 tanks pushing through German lines so the Soviet troops can board a train to Berlin . Upon arrival , they engage German soldiers on the outskirts of Berlin , commencing the Battle of Berlin . They then advance through the streets , eventually reaching the entrance to the Berlin U-Bahn , where three German soldiers are attempting to surrender . Reznov is unwilling to deny his men their revenge and gives Dimitri the choice of shooting them or burning them alive with molotov cocktails . They head into the U-Bahn and start fighting German soldiers around the platforms , until a surge of water fills the tunnel and Dimitri , unable to avoid the oncoming tidal wave , almost drowns .
World War II
The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers .
World War II casualties
The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho - Ukraine 725,000 ; the Tuvan People 's Republic 81,000 ; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000 ; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944 -- 47 518,000 . The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944 -- 47 ( 1,529,000 ) and the post war emigration to the west ( 451,000 ) According to Viktor Zemskov , 3 / 4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ . According to Sergei Maksudov , a Russian demographer living in the west , the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR ; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi - Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews , Romanians , Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war The Polish government - in - exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million , about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated . The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944 -- 47 . Figures for Belarus , Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish -- Soviet border agreement of August 1945 . According to Erlikman , in addition to the war dead , there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Estimates of the total number of Iraqi war - related deaths are highly disputed . According to Keith Krause of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies , Geneva , Switzerland , `` the consensus seems to be that around 150,000 people died violently as a result of the fighting between 2003 and 2006 . ''
Second Sino-Japanese War
Contemporary studies from the Beijing Central Compilation and Translation Press have revealed that the Japanese suffered a total of 2,227,200 casualties , including 1,055,000 dead and 1,172,341 injured . This Chinese publication analyses statistics provided by Japanese publications and claimed these numbers were largely based on Japanese publications .
World War II casualties
totals 2,300,000,000 21,000,000 to 25,500,000 29,000,000 to 30,500,000 19,000,000 to 28,000,000 70,000,000 to 85,000,000 3.0 to 3.7 NA
World War II casualties
Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways : first , that it was the genocide of the Jews alone ; second , that there were several parallel Holocausts , one for each of the several groups ; third , the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews ; fourth , it would include all racially motivated German crimes , such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war , Polish and Soviet civilians , as well as political prisoners , religious dissenters , and homosexuals . Using this definition , the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people . According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy . R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons . Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions , deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews . German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons , including 5.6 -- 5.7 million Jews . Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution ; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust . Most estimates of Roma ( Gypsies ) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000 . Ian Hancock , Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin , has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead . Hancock writes that , proportionately , the death toll equaled `` and almost certainly exceed ( ed ) , that of Jewish victims '' . In a 2010 publication , Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as `` remainder to be liquidated '' , `` hangers - on '' and `` partisans '' .
Soviet Union in World War II
Soviet POWs and forced labourers who survived German captivity were sent to special `` transit '' or `` filtration '' camps meant to determine which were potential traitors . Of the approximately 4 million to be repatriated , 2,660,013 were civilians and 1,539,475 were former POWs . Of the total , 2,427,906 were sent home , 801,152 were reconscripted into the armed forces , 608,095 were enrolled in the work battalions of the defence ministry , 272,867 were transferred to the authority of the NKVD for punishment , which meant a transfer to the Gulag system and 89,468 remained in the transit camps as reception personnel until the repatriation process was finally wound up in the early 1950s .
Transport in London
2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Fatal 204 184 126 159 134 132 127 136 Serious 3,322 3,043 2,760 2,646 2,884 2,192 2,040 1,956 Total 3,526 3,227 2,886 2,805 3,018 2,324 2,167 2,092 Slight 24,627 24,752 26,003 26,452 25,762 24,875 28,618 28,090 Grand total 28,361 27,979 28,889 29,257 28,780 27,199 30,785 30,182
Channel Tunnel
Year Passengers transported ... by Eurostar ( actual ticket sales ) by Eurotunnel Passenger Shuttles ( estimated , millions ) Total ( estimated , millions ) 1994 ~ 100,000 0.2 0.3 1995 2,920,309 4.4 7.3 4,995,010 7.9 12.9 1997 6,004,268 8.6 14.6 1998 6,307,849 12.1 18.4 1999 6,593,247 11.0 17.6 2000 7,130,417 9.9 17.0 2001 6,947,135 9.4 16.3 2002 6,602,817 8.6 15.2 2003 6,314,795 8.6 14.9 7,276,675 7.8 15.1 2005 7,454,497 8.2 15.7 2006 7,858,337 7.8 15.7 2007 8,260,980 7.9 16.2 2008 9,113,371 7.0 16.1 2009 9,220,233 6.9 16.1 9,528,558 7.5 17.0 2011 9,679,764 9.3 19.0 2012 9,911,649 10.0 19.9 2013 10,132,691 10.3 20.4 2014 10,397,894 10.6 21.0 2015 10,399,267 10.5 20.9 2016 10,011,337 10.7 20.7 only passengers taking Eurostar to cross the Channel Freight
Korean War Veterans Memorial
Dead -- United States : 54,246 , United Nations : 628,833 Wounded -- United States : 103,284 , United Nations : 1,064,453 . Captured -- United States : 7,140 , United Nations : 92,970 . Missing -- United States : 8,177 , United Nations : 470,267 .
Channel Tunnel
Illegal Immigrants and would - be asylum seekers have used the tunnel to attempt to enter Britain . By 1997 , the problem had attracted international press attention , and by 1999 , the French Red Cross opened the first migrant centre at Sangatte , using a warehouse once used for tunnel construction ; by 2002 , it housed up to 1,500 people at a time , most of them trying to get to the UK . In 2001 , most came from Afghanistan , Iraq , and Iran , but African countries were also represented .
World War II casualties
Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject . Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II . The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that `` casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable . '' The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country , along with population information to show the relative impact of losses . When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country , a range of war losses is given , in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed . Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians . Military figures include battle deaths ( KIA ) and personnel missing in action ( MIA ) , as well as fatalities due to accidents , disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease .
Treaty of Versailles
Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people .
Vietnam War
wounded Total military dead : 333,620 -- 392,364 Total wounded : ≈ 1,340,000 + ( excluding FARK and FANK ) North Vietnam & Việt Cộng 65,000 -- 182,000 civilian dead 849,018 military dead ( per Vietnam ; 1 / 3 non-combat deaths ) 666,000 -- 950,765 dead ( per US ; 1964 -- 74 ) 600,000 + wounded China ≈ 1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead Soviet Union 16 dead Total military dead : ≈ 667,130 -- 951,895 Total military wounded : ≈ 604,200 ( excluding GRUNK and Pathet Lao ) Vietnamese civilian dead : 627,000 -- 2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead : 966,000 -- 3,812,000 Cambodian Civil War dead : 275,000 -- 310,000 Laotian Civil War dead : 20,000 -- 62,000 Non-Indochinese military dead : 65,494 Total dead : 1,326,494 -- 4,249,494 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Upper figure initial estimate , later thought to be inflated by at least 30 % ( lower figure ) , possibly includes civilians misidentified as combatants , see body count
Dyatlov Pass incident
Six of the group members died of hypothermia and three of fatal injuries . There were no indications of other people nearby on Kholat Syakhl apart from the nine travelers . The tent had been ripped open from within . The victims had died 6 to 8 hours after their last meal . Traces from the camp showed that all group members left the campsite of their own accord , on foot . To dispel the theory of an attack by the indigenous Mansi people , Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny stated that the fatal injuries of the three bodies could not have been caused by another human being , `` because the force of the blows had been too strong and no soft tissue had been damaged '' . Released documents contained no information about the condition of the skiers ' internal organs . There were no survivors of the incident .
World War II casualties
The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . The low , high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added .
Siberia
Half a million ( 516,841 ) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943 due to food shortages caused by World War II . At other periods , mortality was comparatively lower . The size , scope , and scale of the GULAG slave labour camps remains a subject of much research and debate . Many Gulag camps were positioned in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia . The best known clusters are Sevvostlag ( The North - East Camps ) along the Kolyma River and Norillag near Norilsk , where 69,000 prisoners were kept in 1952 . Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia , such as Norilsk and Magadan , developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' / conscripted students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from bomb effects . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Urakami