vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Emperor of Japan
Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan , promulgated in 1947 by influence of the U.S. occupation administration , provides that `` The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet . '' The Imperial Household Law of 1947 , enacted by the ninety - second and last session of the Imperial Diet , retained the exclusion on female dynasts found in the 1889 law . The government of Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru hastily cobbled together the legislation to bring the Imperial Household in compliance with the American - written Constitution of Japan that went into effect in May 1947 . In an effort to control the size of the imperial family , the law stipulates that only legitimate male descendants in the male line can be dynasts ; that imperial princesses lose their status as Imperial Family members if they marry outside the Imperial Family ; and that the Emperor and other members of the Imperial Family may not adopt children . It also prevented branches , other than the branch descending from Taishō , from being imperial princes any longer .
Korea under Japanese rule
In 2010 , the commission concluded its five - volume report . As a result , the land property of 168 South Korean citizens has been confiscated by the government , these citizens being descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators .
Korea under Japanese rule
At this time , Catholic and Protestant missions were well - tolerated among the yangban , most notably in and around the area of Seoul . Animus and persecution by more conservative elements , the Pungyang Jo clan , took the lives of priests and followers , known as the Korean Martyrs , dissuading membership by the upper class . The peasants continued to be drawn to Christian egalitarianism , though mainly in urban and suburban areas . Arguably of greater influence were the religious teachings of Choe Je - u , ( 최제우 , 崔濟愚 , 1824 -- 64 ) called `` Donghak '' , which literally means Eastern Learning , and the religion became especially popular in rural areas . Themes of exclusionism ( from foreign influences ) , nationalism , salvation and social consciousness were set to music , allowing illiterate farmers to understand and accept them more readily . Along with many other Koreans , Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity and the Anglo - French occupation of Beijing during the Second Opium War . He believed the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democratic and human rights reforms internally . Nationalism and social reform struck a chord among peasant guerrillas , and Donghak spread all across Korea . Progressive revolutionaries organized the peasants into a cohesive structure . Arrested in 1863 following the Jinju uprising led by Yu Kye - chun , Choe was charged with `` misleading the people and sowing discord in society '' . Choe was executed in 1864 , sending many of his followers into hiding in the mountains .
Axis powers
At its peak , Japan 's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere included Manchuria , Inner Mongolia , large parts of China , Malaysia , French Indochina , Dutch East Indies , The Philippines , Burma , a small part of India , and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific .
Korea under Japanese rule
Objection to Japanese rule over Korea continued , and the 1 March Movement was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea by Korean émigrés in Shanghai on 13 April 1919 . The modern South Korean government considers this Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea the de jure representation of the Korean people throughout the period of Japanese rule .
Korea under Japanese rule
However , under Japanese rule , many Korean resources were only used for Japan . Economist Suh Sang - chul points out that the nature of industrialization during the period was as an `` imposed enclave '' , so the impact of colonialism was trivial . Another scholar , Song Byung - nak , states that the economic condition of average Koreans was aggravated during the period despite the economic growth . Most Koreans at the time could access only a primary school education under restriction by the Japanese , and this prevented the growth of an indigenous entrepreneurial class . A 1939 statistic shows that among the total capital recorded by factories , about 94 percent was Japanese - owned . While Koreans owned about 61 percent of small - scale firms that had 5 to 49 employees , about 92 percent of large - scale enterprises with more than 200 employees were Japanese - owned .
Korea under Japanese rule
A 2017 study found that the gradual removal of trade barriers ( almost fully completed by 1923 ) after Japan 's annexation of Korea `` increased population growth rates more in the regions close to the former border between Japan and Korea than in the other regions . Furthermore , after integration , the regions close to Korea that specialized in the fabric industry , whose products were the primary goods exported from Japan to Korea , experienced more population growth than other regions close to Korea did . ''
Korea under Japanese rule
When he heard the news , Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day . On 11 February 1896 , King Gojong and the crown prince moved from Gyeongbokgung to the Russian legation in Jeong - dong , Seoul , from where they governed for about one year , an event known as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation . Democracy
Korea under Japanese rule
Having established economic and military dominance in Korea in October 1904 , Japan reported that it had developed 25 reforms which it intended to introduce into Korea by gradual degrees . Among these was the intended acceptance by the Korean Financial Department of a Japanese Superintendent , the replacement of Korean Foreign Ministers and consuls by Japanese and the `` union of military arms '' in which the military of Korea would be modeled after the Japanese military . These reforms were forestalled by the prosecution of the Russo - Japanese War from 8 February 1904 , to 5 September 1905 , which Japan won , thus eliminating Japan 's last rival to influence in Korea . Under the Treaty of Portsmouth , signed in September 1905 , Russia acknowledged Japan 's `` paramount political , military , and economic interest '' in Korea .
Korea under Japanese rule
A study conducted by the United States Library of Congress states that `` the Korean culture was quashed , and Koreans were required to speak Japanese and take Japanese names '' . This name change policy , called Changssi - gaemyeong ( 창씨 개명 ; 創 氏 改名 ) , was part of Japan 's assimilation efforts . This was heavily resisted by the Korean people . Those Koreans who retained their Korean names were not allowed to enroll at school , were refused service at government offices , and were excluded from the lists for food rations and other supplies . Faced with such compulsion , many Koreans ended up complying with the Name Change Order . Such a radical policy was deemed to be symbolically significant in the war effort , binding the fate of the colony with that of the empire . A number of prominent ethnic Koreans working for the Japanese government , including General Hong Sa - ik , insisted on keeping their Korean names . Another ethnic Korean , Park Chun - Geum ( 박춘금 , 朴 春琴 ) , was elected as a member of the Lower House from the Tokyo Third District in the general election in 1932 and served two terms without changing his Korean name , but has been registered as chinilpa by the current Republic of Korea government .
Korea under Japanese rule
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Korea under Japanese rule
In 1921 , government efforts were strengthened to promote Korean media and literature throughout Korea and also in Japan . The Japanese government also created incentives to educate ethnic Japanese students in the Korean language . As a response , the Korean Language Society was created by ethnic Koreans . In 1928 , as the assimilation policy began to ramp up , the first Hangul Day ( 9 October ) was celebrated to commemorate the Korean alphabet .
Surrender of Japan
the elimination `` for all time ( of ) the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest '' the occupation of `` points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies '' that the `` Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū , Hokkaidō , Kyūshū , Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine . '' As had been announced in the Cairo Declaration in 1943 , Japan was to be reduced to her pre-1894 territory and stripped of her pre-war empire including Korea and Taiwan , as well as all her recent conquests . that `` ( t ) he Japanese military forces , after being completely disarmed , shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives . '' that `` ( w ) e do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation , but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals , including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners . '' A
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The attack on Pearl Harbor raised concerns in the public regarding the possibility of sabotage by Japanese Americans . This suspicion was fed by long - standing racism against Japanese immigrants , as well as the findings of the Roberts Commission , which concluded that the attack on Pearl Harbor had been assisted by Japanese spies . On February 19 , 1942 , President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , which relocated hundreds of thousands of the Japanese - American citizens and immigrants . They were forced to liquidate their properties and businesses and interned in hastily built camps in interior , harsh locations . Distracted by other issues , Roosevelt had delegated the decision for internment to Secretary of War Stimson , who in turn relied on the judgment of Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy . The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the executive order in the 1944 case of Korematsu v. United States . Many German and Italian citizens were also arrested or placed into internment camps .
Emperor of Japan
Throughout history , Japanese Emperors and noblemen appointed the position of chief wife , rather than just keeping a harem or an assortment of female attendants .
Emperor of Japan
Succession is now regulated by laws passed by the National Diet . The current law excludes women from the succession . A change to this law had been considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to a son .
Surrender of Japan
Hatanaka , on a motorcycle , and Shiizaki , on horseback , rode through the streets , tossing leaflets that explained their motives and their actions . Within an hour before the Emperor 's broadcast , sometime around 11 : 00 , August 15 , Hatanaka placed his pistol to his forehead , and shot himself . Shiizaki stabbed himself with a dagger , and then shot himself . In Hatanaka 's pocket was found his death poem : `` I have nothing to regret now that the dark clouds have disappeared from the reign of the Emperor . ''
Surrender of Japan
At about the same time , another group of Hatanaka 's rebels led by Captain Takeo Sasaki went to Prime Minister Suzuki 's office , intent on killing him . When they found it empty , they machine - gunned the office and set the building on fire , then left for his home . Hisatsune Sakomizu had warned Suzuki , and he escaped minutes before the would - be assassins arrived . After setting fire to Suzuki 's home , they went to the estate of Kiichirō Hiranuma to assassinate him . Hiranuma escaped through a side gate and the rebels burned his house as well . Suzuki spent the rest of August under police protection , spending each night in a different bed .
Korea under Japanese rule
Two months later , Korea was obliged to become a Japanese protectorate by the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 and the `` reforms '' were enacted , including the reduction of the Korean Army from 20,000 to 1,000 men by disbanding all garrisons in the provinces , retaining only a single garrison in the precincts of Seoul . On 6 January 1905 , Horace Allen , head of the American Legation in Seoul reported to his Secretary of State , John Hay , that the Korean government had been advised by the Japanese government `` that hereafter the police matters of Seoul will be controlled by the Japanese gendarmerie '' and `` that a Japanese police inspector will be placed in each prefecture '' . A large number of Koreans organized themselves in education and reform movements , but Japanese dominance in Korea had become a reality .
Korea under Japanese rule
In 1925 , the Japanese government established the Korean History Compilation Committee ( 조선사 편수 회 , 朝鮮 史 編修 會 ) , and it was administered by the Governor - General of Korea and engaged in collecting Korean historical materials and compiling Korean history . According to the Doosan Encyclopedia , some mythology was incorporated . The committee said that Korea had once hosted a Japanese colony called Mimana , which has since been debated by academic scholarship , as continued archaeological research in proposed / theorized areas on the Korean Peninsula have yielded no support for this conjecture .
Surrender of Japan
There are those who say the key to national survival lies in a decisive battle in the homeland . The experiences of the past , however , show that there has always been a discrepancy between plans and performance . I do not believe that the discrepancy in the case of Kujūkuri can be rectified . Since this is also the shape of things , how can we repel the invaders ? ( He then made some specific reference to the increased destructiveness of the atomic bomb . )
Korea under Japanese rule
Gojong of Korea ( r . 1864 -- 1907 ) , enthroned at the age of twelve , succeeded Cheoljong of Joseon ( r . 1849 -- 63 ) . King Gojong 's father , the Heungseon Daewongun ( Yi Ha - ung ; 1820 -- 98 ) , ruled as the de facto regent and inaugurated far - ranging reforms to strengthen the central administration . Of special note was the decision to rebuild palace buildings and finance the project through additional levies on the population . Further inherited rule by a few elite ruling families was challenged by the adoption of a merit system for official appointments . In addition , Sowon -- private academies -- which threatened to develop a parallel system to the corrupt government and enjoyed special privileges and large landholdings , were taxed and repressed despite bitter opposition from Confucian scholars . Lastly , a policy of steadfast isolationism was enforced to staunch the increasing intrusion of Western thought and technology . He was impeached in 1873 and forced into retirement by the supporters of Empress Myeongseong , also called `` Queen Min '' . Japan
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The conquest of Manchuria , a land rich in natural resources , was widely seen as an economic `` lifeline '' to save Japan from the effects of the Great Depression , generating much public support . The American historian Louise Young described Japan from September 1931 to the spring of 1933 as gripped by `` war fever '' as the conquest of Manchuria proved to be an extremely popular war . The metaphor of a `` lifeline '' suggested that Manchuria was crucial to the functioning of the Japanese economy , which explains why the conquest of Manchuria was so popular and why afterwards Japanese public opinion was so hostile towards any suggestion of letting Manchuria go . At the time , censorship in Japan was nowhere near as stringent as it later became , and Young noted : `` Had they wished , it would have been possible in 1931 and 1932 for journalists and editors to express anti-war sentiments '' . The liberal journal Kaizō criticized the war with the journalist Gotō Shinobu in the November 1931 edition accusing the Kwangtung Army of a `` two-fold coup d'état '' against both the government in Tokyo and against the government of China . Voices like Kaizō were a minority as mainstream newspapers like the Asahi soon discovered that an anti-war editorial position hurt sales , and so switched over to an aggressively militaristic editorial position as the best way to increase sales . Japan 's most famous pacifist , the poet Akiko Yosano had caused a sensation in 1904 with her anti-war poem `` Brother Do Not Give Your Life '' , addressed to her younger brother serving in the Imperial Army that called the war with Russia stupid and senseless . Such was the extent of `` war fever '' in Japan in 1931 that even Akiko succumbed , writing a poem in 1932 praising bushidō , urging the Kwantung Army to `` smash the sissified dreams of compromise '' and declared that to die for the Emperor in battle was the most `` purest '' act a Japanese man could perform .
Surrender of Japan
On June 9 , the Emperor 's confidant Marquis Kōichi Kido wrote a `` Draft Plan for Controlling the Crisis Situation , '' warning that by the end of the year Japan 's ability to wage modern war would be extinguished and the government would be unable to contain civil unrest . `` ... We can not be sure we will not share the fate of Germany and be reduced to adverse circumstances under which we will not attain even our supreme object of safeguarding the Imperial Household and preserving the national polity . '' Kido proposed that the Emperor take action , by offering to end the war on `` very generous terms . '' Kido proposed that Japan withdraw from the formerly European colonies it had occupied provided they were granted independence , that Japan disarm provided this not occur under Allied supervision , and that Japan for a time be `` content with minimum defense . '' Kido 's proposal did not contemplate Allied occupation of Japan , prosecution of war criminals or substantial change in Japan 's system of government . With the Emperor 's authorization , Kido approached several members of the Supreme Council , the `` Big Six . '' Tōgō was very supportive . Suzuki and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai , the Navy minister , were both cautiously supportive ; each wondered what the other thought . General Korechika Anami , the Army minister , was ambivalent , insisting that diplomacy must wait until `` after the United States has sustained heavy losses '' in Operation Ketsugō .
World War II
In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included .
Surrender of Japan
It goes without saying that in my earlier message calling for unconditional surrender or closely equivalent terms , I made an exception of the question of preserving ( the imperial family ) .
Korean War
Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services represented 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 in allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) .
Samurai
Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics , made heavy use of arquebuses , developed commerce and industry , and treasured innovation . Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks , which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries . Attacking from the `` sanctuary '' of Buddhist temples , they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the Emperor who tried to control their actions . He died in 1582 when one of his generals , Akechi Mitsuhide , turned upon him with his army .
Korea under Japanese rule
Terauchi Masatake ( 1910 -- 1916 ) Hasegawa Yoshimichi ( 1916 -- 1919 ) Saitō Makoto ( 1919 -- 1927 , 1929 -- 1931 ) Yamanashi Hanzō ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Kazushige Ugaki ( 1927 , 1931 -- 1936 ) Jirō Minami ( 1936 -- 1942 ) Kuniaki Koiso ( 1942 -- 1944 ) Nobuyuki Abe ( 1944 -- 1945 )
Rule of law
Japan had centuries of tradition prior to World War II , during which there were laws , but they did not provide a central organizing principle for society , and they did not constrain the powers of government ( Boadi , 2001 ) . As the 21st century began , the percentage of people who were lawyers and judges in Japan remained very low relative to western Europe and the United States , and legislation in Japan tended to be terse and general , leaving much discretion in the hands of bureaucrats .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943 . Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King of Savoy , who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the enemy , or with the Duce and the newly created Repubblica Sociale Italiana , which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans . Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war , while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives , although under strict surveillance by the Kempeitai .
New trade theory
Japan is cited as evidence of the benefits of `` intelligent '' protectionism , but critics of NTT have argued that the empirical support post-war Japan offers for beneficial protectionism is unusual , and that the NTT argument is based on a selective sample of historical cases . Although many examples ( like Japanese cars ) can be cited where a ' protected ' industry subsequently grew to world status , regressions on the outcomes of such `` industrial policies '' ( which include failures ) have been less conclusive ; some findings suggest that sectors targeted by Japanese industrial policy had decreasing returns to scale and did not experience productivity gains .