vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
In July 2014 , the city of Wichita Falls , Texas ( USA ) , became one of the first in the United States to use treated wastewater directly in its drinking water supply ( production of 45,000 -- 60,000 m per day ) . Treated wastewater is disinfected and pumped to the Cypress Water Treatment Plant where it goes through clarification , microfiltration ( MF ) , reverse osmosis ( RO ) , and ultraviolet light disinfection before being released into a holding lagoon where it is blended with lake water ( 50 : 50 ) . The blended water goes through a seven - step conventional surface water treatment .
Kidney
Filtration , which takes place at the renal corpuscle , is the process by which cells and large proteins are filtered from the blood to make an ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine.It should be noted that untreated , dirty blood goes through glomurulus ( arteriole network ) where blood is pushed into the Bowman 's capsule . The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day . The process is also known as Hydrostatic filtration as a lot of pressure by heart and artery forces water plasma to rush inside the tube ( by Talal Arshad ) Reabsorption
Wetland
Water storage areas ; reservoirs , barrages , hydro - electric dams , impoundments ( generally > 8 ha ) Ponds , including farm ponds , stock ponds , small tanks ( generally < 8 ha ) Aquaculture ponds ; fish ponds , shrimp ponds Salt exploitation ; salt pans , salines Excavations ; gravel pits , borrow pits , mining pools Wastewater treatment ; sewage farms , settling ponds , oxidation basins Irrigated land and irrigation channels ; rice fields , canals , ditches Seasonally flooded arable land , farm land
Albuquerque, New Mexico
The aquifer of the Rio Puerco is too saline to be cost - effectively used for drinking purposes . Much of the rainwater that Albuquerque receives does not recharge its aquifer . It is diverted through a network of paved channels and arroyos , and emptied into the Rio Grande .
Yellowstone River
Flooding occurs in the watershed due to snowmelt , rainfall , and intense thunderstorms . In higher elevations , snowmelt can cause flood conditions due to rapid snowmelt in spring and early summer . In lower elevations , regional rainstorms and intense thunderstorms can cause flooding in summer and fall . Severe droughts have occurred in the Yellowstone Watershed lasting several years . Droughts have occurred in the basin in 1929 - 42 , 1948 -- 62 and 1976 - 82 . The 1977 drought affected most the western United States and lead to decreased streamflows in the watershed . The reduced flow increased dissolved solids concentrations in the basin . Water quality varies across the various rivers in the basin . In mountainous areas , suspended sediment and dissolved solid concentrations are lower than in basin and plain areas . Human activities , including agriculture and mining , along with natural sources contribute to suspended sedimentation levels in plain areas . In addition , fecal bacteria , salt , and selenium contamination is present in some streams within the watershed .
Heart
At the beginning of the cardiac cycle , the ventricles are relaxing . As they do so , they are filled by blood passing through the open mitral and tricuspid valves . After the ventricles have completed most of their filling , the atria contract , forcing further blood into the ventricles and priming the pump . Next , the ventricles start to contract . As the pressure rises within the cavities of the ventricles , the mitral and tricuspid valves are forced shut . As the pressure within the ventricles rises further , exceeding the pressure with the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves open . Blood is ejected from the heart , causing the pressure within the ventricles to fall . Simultaneously , the atria refill as blood flows into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae , and into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins . Finally , when the pressure within the ventricles falls below the pressure within the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves close . The ventricles start to relax , the mitral and tricuspid valves open , and the cycle begins again . Cardiac
Hurricane Katrina
Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm , with Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks . A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall ( even though many were directed to not enter the area ) , and continued for more than six months after the storm
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana , with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state . In the area around Slidell , the rainfall was even higher , and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches ( 380 mm ) . As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore , affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville . Several bridges were destroyed , including the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans . Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina .
Blackstone River
Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries . Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today . Much recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District ( UBWPAD ) , the wastewater treatment plant for Worcester , Massachusetts and surrounding communities , which discharges into the Blackstone . A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said , `` ... ( the ) UBWPAD , North Attleboro , and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system ( into which the Blackstone discharges ) , and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible . '' In September 2010 , the Conservation Law Foundation , citing this report , filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not `` sufficient to meet state water quality standards . ''
Catawba River
On December 11 , 2014 , Duke Energy received approval from North Carolina to dump coal ash ( containing arsenic , lead , thallium and mercury , among other heavy metals ) from the Marshall Steam Station into Lake Norman to repair a rusted , leaking pipe . Groundwater at the Marshall Steam Station does flow toward Lake Norman , and the contaminated field abuts the lake for about 30 feet of shoreline near its largest coal ash basin .
Rainbow
When sunlight encounters a raindrop , part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop . The light is refracted at the surface of the raindrop . When this light hits the back of the raindrop , some of it is reflected off the back . When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again , once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop . ( The light that reflects off the drop , exits from the back , or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface , is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow . ) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0 ° to 42 ° , with the most intense light at 42 ° . This angle is independent of the size of the drop , but does depend on its refractive index . Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water , so the radius of a `` rainbow '' in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow . This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
There are several ways to discharge a TSHD . The most common way is dumping the material .
River Welland
Significant improvements were made to the river in the 1660s , when a new cut with 10 locks was constructed between Stamford and Market Deeping , and two locks were built on the river section below Market Deeping . The canal section was known as the Stamford Canal , and was the longest canal with locks in Britain when it was built . The river provided the final outlet to the sea for land drainage schemes implemented in the seventeenth century , although they were not completely successful until a steam - powered pumping station was built at Pode Hole in 1827 . Navigation on the upper river , including the Stamford Canal , had ceased by 1863 , but Spalding remained an active port until the end of the Second World War .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
As of 2013 , about 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of water per day of cooling water was being pumped into the reactors . Another 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of groundwater was seeping into the structure . Some 800 metric tons ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) of water per day was removed for treatment , half of which was reused for cooling and half diverted to storage tanks . Ultimately the contaminated water , after treatment to remove radionuclides other than tritium , may have to be dumped into the Pacific . TEPCO intend to create an underground ice wall to reduce the rate contaminated groundwater reaches the sea .
Flint water crisis
Some water service lines in Flint were installed between 1901 and 1920 . As with many other municipalities at the time , all of the service lines from the cast iron water mains to end users ' homes were constructed of lead , because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to work . Lead pipes can leach lead into the water , especially if certain contaminants are present . However , the water from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department , where Flint had obtained its water since 1967 , had been treated well enough that the leaching from the lead pipes was at levels considered acceptable by state and federal environmental protection agencies . There are an estimated 43,000 service lines in the city ; these include 3,500 lead lines , 9,000 known galvanized lines , and 9,000 unknown service lines .
Tropical cyclone
The eyewall may vary over time in the form of eyewall replacement cycles , particularly in intense tropical cyclones . Outer rainbands can organize into an outer ring of thunderstorms that slowly moves inward , which is believed to rob the primary eyewall of moisture and angular momentum . When the primary eyewall weakens , the tropical cyclone weakens temporarily . The outer eyewall eventually replaces the primary one at the end of the cycle , at which time the storm may return to its original intensity .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
A 8.3 - foot ( 2.5 m ) storm surge was reported in Hancock County on August 28 . Wind gusts reached 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) in Gulfport . Three adults and one infant in Mississippi were rescued overnight from a houseboat . There are about 2,132 evacuees housed in 31 shelters across the state and about 4,000 homes were without power as of 5 : 30 a.m. CT . A man was crushed in the cab of his tow truck in Picayune , Mississippi after a tree fell on it , while he was on a call to assist a stranded motorist . A 62 - year - old woman died in similar circumstances on August 30 . The National Weather Service reported that 17.04 inches ( 43.28 cm ) of rain had fallen at Kiln , Mississippi through 7 : 00 PM CDT on August 30 ; 10.85 inches ( 27.56 cm ) was recorded at Gulfport . The excessive rain from Isaac also eroded the Lake Tangipahoa Dam at Percy Quin State Park , causing it to nearly break and flood the already - high Tangipahoa River . Alabama
Polygonum perfoliatum
Water is also an important mode of dispersal . Its fruits can remain buoyant for 7 -- 9 days , an important advantage for dispersing seed long distances in stream and river environments . The long vines frequently hang over waterways , allowing fruits that detach to be carried away in the water current . During storm events the potential spread of this plant is greatly increased throughout watersheds .
Excretion
Green plants produce carbon dioxide and water as respiratory products . In green plants , the carbon dioxide released during respiration gets utilized during photosynthesis . Oxygen is a by product generated during photosynthesis , and exits through stomata , root cell walls , and other routes . Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration and guttation . It has been shown that the leaf acts as an ' excretophore ' and , in addition to being a primary organ of photosynthesis , is also used as a method of excreting toxic wastes via diffusion . Other waste materials that are exuded by some plants -- resin , saps , latex , etc. are forced from the interior of the plant by hydrostatic pressures inside the plant and by absorptive forces of plant cells . These latter processes do not need added energy , they act passively . However , during the pre-abscission phase , the metabolic levels of a leaf are high . Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them . Chemical
Anticyclone
Sir Francis Galton first discovered anticyclones in the 1860s . Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the hydrosphere are beneath the western side of troughs , or dips in the Rossby wave pattern . High - pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones . Their circulation is sometimes referred to as cum sole . Subtropical high pressure zones form under the descending portion of the Hadley cell circulation . Upper - level high - pressure areas lie over tropical cyclones due to their warm core nature . See
Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Florida
After the hurricane had passed , a storm surge from the backwash of up to 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) from the Gulf of Mexico completely inundated a large portion of the lower Keys . Low - lying areas of Key West and the lower Keys , including major tourist destinations were under up to 3 ft (. 9 m ) of water from the storm surge . 60 % of the homes in Key West were flooded . Much of the originally settled `` oldtown '' , such as the Solares Hill and cemetery areas did not flood due to their higher elevations of 12 -- 16 ft ( 3.7 - 4.9 m ) . The surge destroyed tens of thousands of cars throughout the lower Keys and many houses were flooded with 1 -- 2 feet (. 3 -. 6 m ) of seawater . A local newspaper referred to Key West and the lower Keys as a `` car graveyard '' .
Wetland
Wetlands have historically been the victim of large draining efforts for real estate development , or flooding for use as recreational lakes . Some of the world 's most important agricultural areas are wetlands that have been converted to farmland . Since the 1970s , more focus has been put on preserving wetlands for their natural function yet by 1993 half the world 's wetlands had been drained . Wetlands provide a valuable flood control function . Wetlands are very effective at filtering and cleaning water pollution , ( often from agricultural runoff from the farms that replaced the wetlands in the first place ) . To replace these wetland ecosystem services enormous amounts of money had to be spent on water purification plants , along with the remediation measures for controlling floods : dam and levee construction .
Water in California
Around 75 % of California 's water supply comes from north of Sacramento , while 80 % of the water demand occurs in the southern two - thirds of the state . The Sacramento - San Joaquin River Delta Estuary located between San Francisco Bay and Sacramento receives about 40 % of California 's total precipitation and 50 % of its total streamflow . It is a critical hub used by the federal Central Valley Project and California State Water Project to connect water collected and stored in the north regions of the state with aqueducts and canals that transport it to users in the North Bay , South Bay , East Bay , and Greater Southern California . In a typical year , about 10.8 million acre - feet are exported from the Delta : 67 % is delivered by the Central Valley Project , 26 % by the State Water Project and the remainder to other federal water project users . Those flows are greatly reduced in drought years . About 16.5 million acre - feet of water entering the Delta in a typical year flows through the Delta into San Francisco Bay , including 6.3 million acre - feet in governmentally mandated environmental flows ; 22.4 million acre - feet is used for other environmental purposes , and 1.6 million acre - feet supplies water to managed wetlands and wildlife preserves .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The wide river bed ( paleo - channel ) of the Ghaggar river suggests that the river once flowed full of water during the great meltdown of the Himalayan Ice Age glaciers , some 10,000 years ago , and that it then continued through the entire region , in the presently dry channel of the Hakra River , possibly emptying into the Rann of Kutch . It is supposed to have dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the Indus system and the Yamuna river , and later on , additionally , the loss of water in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing . According to M.R. Mughal , this happened at the latest in 1900 BCE , but other scholars state that it took place much earlier
Climate of North Carolina
Heavy rains accompany tropical cyclones and their remnants which move northeast from the Gulf of Mexico coastline , as well as inland from the western subtropical Atlantic ocean . Over the past 30 years , the wettest tropical cyclone to strike the coastal plain was Hurricane Floyd of September 1999 , which dropped over 24 inches ( 610 mm ) of rainfall north of Southport . Unlike Hazel and Fran , the main force of destruction was from precipitation . Before Hurricane Floyd reached North Carolina , the state had already received large amounts of rain from Hurricane Dennis less than two weeks before Floyd . This saturated much of the Eastern North Carolina soil and allowed heavy rains from Hurricane Floyd to turn into floods . Over 35 people died from Floyd . In the mountains , Hurricane Frances of September 2004 was nearly as wet , bringing over 23 inches ( 580 mm ) of rainfall to Mount Mitchell . Tornado
Blue Nile
After flowing past Er Roseires inside Sudan , and receiving the Dinder on its right bank at Dinder , the Blue Nile joins the White Nile at Khartoum and , as the Nile , flows through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
On 10 September 2015 , floodwaters driven by Typhoon Etau prompted mass evacuations in Japan and overwhelmed the drainage pumps at the stricken Fukushima nuclear plant . A TEPCO spokesperson said that hundreds of metric tons of radioactive water had entered the ocean as a result . Plastic bags filled with contaminated soil and grass were also swept away by the flood waters . Contamination
Oklahoma
Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams ; they built hundreds of reservoirs and man - made lakes to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation . By the 1960s , Oklahoma had created more than 200 lakes , the most in the nation .
Meander
Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain , the term slip - off slope can refer to two different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner , convex , bank of a meander loop . In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain , a slip - off slope is the inside , gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river meanders . This type of slip - off slope is located opposite the cutbank . This term can also be applied to the inside , sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel .
Anticyclone
An anticyclone ( that is , opposite to a cyclone ) is a weather phenomenon defined by the United States National Weather Service 's glossary as `` a large - scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure , clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere '' . Effects of surface - based anticyclones include clearing skies as well as cooler , drier air . Fog can also form overnight within a region of higher pressure . Mid-tropospheric systems , such as the subtropical ridge , deflect tropical cyclones around their periphery and cause a temperature inversion inhibiting free convection near their center , building up surface - based haze under their base . Anticyclones aloft can form within warm core lows such as tropical cyclones , due to descending cool air from the backside of upper troughs such as polar highs , or from large scale sinking such as the subtropical ridge . The evolution of an anticyclone depends on a few variables such as its size , intensity , moist - convection , Coriolis force etc .
Meander
In case of an entrenched river , a slip - off slope is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside , concave bank of an asymmetrically entrenched river . This type of slip - off slope is often covered by a thin , discontinuous layer of alluvium . It is produced by the gradual outward migration of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock . A terrace on the slip - off slope of a meander spur , known as slip - off slope terrace , can formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river .
Rainwater harvesting
Before a rainwater harvesting system is built , use of digital tools is useful . For instance , to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential , rainwater - harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool . Or , to estimate how much water is needed to fulfill a community 's water needs , the Rain is Gain tool helps . Tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a system is undertaken , in addition to making the project sustainable and last a long time .
Tropical cyclone
A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined surface circulation and maximum sustained winds between 34 knots ( 63 km / h ) and 64 knots ( 119 km / h ) . At this point , the distinctive cyclonic shape starts to develop , although an eye is not usually present . Government weather services first assign names to systems that reach this intensity ( thus the term named storm ) . Although tropical storms are less intense than a hurricane they can produce significant damage . The shear force of winds can blow off shingles , and air borne objects can cause damage to power lines , roofing and siding . More dangerous is the heavy rainfall causing inland flooding . Hurricane
Anticyclone
On Jupiter , there are two examples of an extraterrestrial anticyclonic storm ; the Great Red Spot and the recently formed Oval BA . They are powered by smaller storms merging unlike any typical anticyclonic storm that happens on Earth where water powers them . Another theory is that warmer gases rise in a column of cold air , creating a vortex as is the case of other storms that include Anne 's Spot on Saturn , and the Great Dark Spot on Neptune . Anticyclones have been detected near the poles of Venus .
Rainwater harvesting
Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season , since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption . Specifically , the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow of water . The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured water .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
A trailing suction hopper dredger is self - loading / unloading and sometimes equipped with a pressurized discharging system .