vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park , New York , to a Dutch American family made well known by Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th President of the United States . FDR attended Groton School , Harvard College , and Columbia Law School , and went on to practice law in New York City . In 1905 , he married his fifth cousin once removed , Eleanor Roosevelt . They had six children . He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910 , and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox 's running mate on the Democratic Party 's 1920 national ticket , but Cox was defeated by Warren G. Harding . In 1921 , Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness , believed at the time to be polio , and his legs became permanently paralyzed . While attempting to recover from his condition , Roosevelt founded the treatment center in Warm Springs , Georgia , for people with poliomyelitis . In spite of being unable to walk unaided , Roosevelt returned to public office by winning election as Governor of New York in 1928 . He was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform Governor , promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States at the time .
Civilian Conservation Corps
As governor of New York , Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale . Long interested in conservation , as president , he proposed to Congress a full - scale national program on March 21 , 1933 :
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
The most prominent of Roosevelt 's critics in regards to fascism was Herbert Hoover , who saw a connection between the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) and the `` Swope Plan '' , named after Gerard Swope . Hoover was an ardent supporter of trade associations , but saw the Swope Plan as fascistic because of its compulsory nature . Historian George H. Nash argues :
History of United States foreign policy
When the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936 , the United States remained neutral and banned arms sales to either side . This was in line with both American neutrality policies , and with a Europe - wide agreement to not sell arms for use in the Spanish war lest it escalate into a world war . Congress endorsed the embargo by a near - unanimous vote . Only armaments were embargoed ; American companies could sell oil and supplies to both sides . Roosevelt quietly favored the left - wing Republican ( or `` Loyalist '' ) government , but intense pressure by American Catholics forced him to maintain a policy of neutrality . The Catholics were outraged by the systematic torture , rape and execution of priests , bishops , and nuns by anarchist elements of the Loyalist coalition . This successful pressure on Roosevelt was one of the handful of foreign policy successes notched by Catholic pressures on the White House in the 20th century . Germany and Italy provided munitions , and air support , and troops to the Nationalists , led by Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union provided aid to the Loyalist government , and mobilized thousands of volunteers to fight , including several hundred from the United States in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion . All along the Spanish military forces supported the nationalists , and they steadily pushed the government forces back . By 1938 , however , Roosevelt was planning to secretly send American warplanes through France to the desperate Loyalists . His senior diplomats warned that this would worsen the European crisis , so Roosevelt desisted .
United States
In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In late 1943 , Roosevelt , Churchill , and Stalin agreed to meet to discuss strategy and post-war plans , and at the Tehran Conference , Roosevelt met with Stalin for the first time . At the conference , Britain and the United States committed to opening a second front against Germany in 1944 , while Stalin committed to entering the war against Japan at an unspecified date . Subsequent conferences at Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks established the framework for the post-war international monetary system and the United Nations , an intergovernmental organization similar to Wilson 's failed League of Nations .
Causes of the Great Depression
Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election promising to promote recovery with a New Deal for the American people . He enacted a series of programs , including Social Security , banking reform , and suspension of the gold standard . The majority of historians and economists argue that the New Deal was beneficial to recovery , however some argue that it prolonged the Great Depression .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's support of Wilson led to his appointment in March 1913 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy , the second - ranking official in the Navy Department after Secretary Josephus Daniels . Roosevelt had a lifelong affection for the Navy -- he had already collected almost 10,000 naval books and claimed to have read all but one -- and was more ardent than Daniels in supporting a large and efficient naval force . With Wilson 's support , Daniels and Roosevelt instituted a merit - based promotion system and made other reforms to extend civilian control over the autonomous departments of the Navy . Roosevelt oversaw the Navy 's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes . Not a single strike occurred during his seven - plus years in the office , during which Roosevelt gained experience in labor issues , government management during wartime , naval issues , and logistics , all valuable areas for future office .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In August 1939 , Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein sent the Einstein -- Szilárd letter to Roosevelt , warning of the possibility of a German project to develop nuclear weapons . Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of nuclear fission could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction that could be used as a weapon of mass destruction . Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology , and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , the Roosevelt administration secured the funds needed to continue research and selected General Leslie Groves to oversee the Manhattan Project , which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons . Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project , and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts . Wartime
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In August 1941 , Roosevelt and Churchill conducted a highly secret bilateral meeting in which they drafted the Atlantic Charter , conceptually outlining global wartime and postwar goals . This would be the first of several wartime conferences ; Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person . Though Churchill pressed for an American declaration of war against Germany , Roosevelt believed that Congress would reject any attempt to bring the United States into the war . In September , a German submarine fired on the U.S. destroyer Greer , and Roosevelt declared that the U.S. Navy would assume an escort role for Allied convoys in the Atlantic as far east as Great Britain and would fire upon German ships or submarines ( U-boats ) of the Kriegsmarine if they entered the U.S. Navy zone . This `` shoot on sight '' policy effectively declared naval war on Germany and was favored by Americans by a margin of 2 - to - 1 . Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt , again in opposition to Tammany Hall , supported New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson 's successful bid for the 1912 Democratic nomination , earning an informal designation as an original Wilson man . The election became a three - way contest , as Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party to launch a third party campaign against Wilson and sitting Republican President William Howard Taft . Franklin 's decision to back Wilson over Theodore Roosevelt in the general election alienated some members of his family , although Theodore himself was not offended . Wilson 's victory over the divided Republican Party made him the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892 . Overcoming a bout with typhoid fever , and due to the help of journalist Louis McHenry Howe , Roosevelt was re-elected in the 1912 elections . After the elections , he served as chairman of the Agriculture Committee , and his success with farm and labor bills was a precursor to his New Deal policies twenty years later . By this time he had become more consistently progressive , in support of labor and social welfare programs for women and children ; cousin Theodore was of some influence on these issues .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
When Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4 , 1933 , the U.S. was at the nadir of the worst depression in its history . A quarter of the workforce was unemployed . Farmers were in deep trouble as prices had fallen by 60 % . Industrial production had fallen by more than half since 1929 . Two million people were homeless . By the evening of March 4 , 32 of the 48 states -- as well as the District of Columbia -- had closed their banks .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
During the campaign , Cox and Roosevelt defended the Wilson administration and the League of Nations , both of which were unpopular in 1920 . Roosevelt personally supported U.S. membership in the League of Nations , but , unlike Wilson , he favored compromising with Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other `` Reservationists . '' The Cox -- Roosevelt ticket was defeated by Republicans Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge in the presidential election by a wide margin , and the Republican ticket carried every state outside of the South . Roosevelt accepted the loss without issue and later reflected that the relationships and good will that he built in the 1920 campaign proved to be a major asset in his 1932 campaign . The 1920 election also saw the first public participation of Eleanor Roosevelt who , with the support of Louis Howe , established herself as a valuable political ally .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt consolidated the various relief organizations , though some , like the PWA , continued to exist . After winning Congressional authorization for further funding of relief efforts , Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) . Under the leadership of Harry Hopkins , the WPA employed over three million people in its first year of existence . The WPA undertook numerous construction projects and provided funding to the National Youth Administration and arts organizations .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Conservatives have made the most significant criticisms of Roosevelt and have been keeping up with these criticisms for decades . They warned of `` regimentation '' . They made cautionary comparisons of Roosevelt 's economic programs to communism and fascism , to which Roosevelt responded in a June 1934 Fireside Chat by saying that the critics were motivated by self - interest and that everything he did was within the United States ' political tradition . Without providing details , Roosevelt privately told his Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes on October 4 , 1933 that the New Deal was doing some things that were being done in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany . Roosevelt was a pragmatist who had studied under William James at Harvard College . As a pragmatist , Roosevelt was willing to consider various sources of ideas for social experiments .
New Deal
There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies , culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930 , worsened the Depression . Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932 . In 1934 , the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull . It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral , reciprocal trade agreements with other countries . The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe and it is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day . Puerto
Franklin D. Roosevelt
A majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy theories that Roosevelt , or any other high government officials , knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded . Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent , but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor . Roosevelt had expected that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East Indies or Thailand . War
Franklin D. Roosevelt
On March 29 , 1945 , Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs , Georgia , to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations . On the afternoon of April 12 , Roosevelt said , `` I have a terrific headache . '' He then slumped forward in his chair , unconscious , and was carried into his bedroom . The president 's attending cardiologist , Dr. Howard Bruenn , diagnosed the medical emergency as a massive cerebral hemorrhage . At 3 : 35 p.m. that day , Roosevelt died at the age of 63 . An editorial by The New York Times declared , `` Men will thank God on their knees a hundred years from now that Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the White House . ''
Franklin D. Roosevelt
When Roosevelt began his run for a second term in May 1930 , he reiterated his doctrine from the campaign two years before : `` that progressive government by its very terms , must be a living and growing thing , that the battle for it is never ending and that if we let up for one single moment or one single year , not merely do we stand still but we fall back in the march of civilization . '' He ran on a platform that called for aid to farmers , full employment , unemployment insurance , and old - age pensions . His Republican opponent could not overcome the public 's criticism of the Republican Party during the economic downturn , and Roosevelt was elected to a second term by a 14 % margin . With the Hoover administration resisting proposals to directly address the economic crisis , Governor Roosevelt proposed an economic relief package and the establishment of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to distribute those funds . Led first by Jesse I. Straus and then by Harry Hopkins , the agency assisted well over one third of New York 's population between 1932 and 1938 .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
With Roosevelt 's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 , conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal programs . Roosevelt did manage to pass some legislation , including the Housing Act of 1937 , a second Agricultural Adjustment Act , and the Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) of 1938 , which was the last major piece of New Deal legislation . The FLSA outlawed child labor , established a federal minimum wage , and required overtime pay for certain employees who work in excess of forty - hours per week . He also won passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 and subsequently created the Executive Office of the President , making it `` the nerve center of the federal administrative system . '' When the economy began to deteriorate again in late 1937 , Roosevelt asked Congress for $5 billion in relief and public works funding . This managed to eventually create as many as 3.3 million WPA jobs by 1938 . Projects accomplished under the WPA ranged from new federal courthouses and post offices , to facilities and infrastructure for national parks , bridges and other infrastructure across the country , and architectural surveys and archaeological excavations -- investments to construct facilities and preserve important resources . Beyond this , however , Roosevelt recommended to a special congressional session only a permanent national farm act , administrative reorganization , and regional planning measures , all of which were leftovers from a regular session . According to Burns , this attempt illustrated Roosevelt 's inability to decide on a basic economic program .
World War II
German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins
Woodrow Wilson
In July 1911 Wilson brought William Gibbs McAdoo and Edward Mandell House in to manage the campaign . The 1912 Democratic convention in Baltimore was one of the most dramatic conventions in American history ; only the Republican conventions of 1880 and 1940 , and the Democratic convention of 1952 are comparable . William F. McCombs , who helped Wilson win the governorship , served as convention chairman . The Republicans had set the stage a week earlier at their convention , nominating incumbent William Howard Taft , with Theodore Roosevelt leaving to launch an independent campaign which would split the party vote . Wilson was convinced that the Baltimore convention should be allowed to work its will without his interference -- so he went golfing and motoring . His assistant Tumulty `` nearly collapsed '' under the strain .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey , the governor of New York who had a reputation as a liberal in his party . The opposition lambasted Roosevelt and his administration for domestic corruption , bureaucratic inefficiency , tolerance of Communism , and military blunders . Labor unions , which had grown rapidly in the war , threw their all - out support behind Roosevelt . Roosevelt and Truman won the 1944 election by a comfortable margin , defeating Dewey and his running mate John W. Bricker with 53.4 % of the popular vote and 432 out of the 531 electoral votes . The president campaigned in favor of a strong United Nations , so his victory symbolized support for the nation 's future participation in the international community . Last
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Senator Robert Wagner wrote the National Labor Relations Act , which guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice . The act also established the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances . The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees , but it opened possibilities for American labor . The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions , especially in the mass - production sector . When the Flint sit - down strike threatened the production of General Motors , Roosevelt broke with the precedent set by many former presidents and refused to intervene ; the strike ultimately led to the unionization of both General Motors and its rivals in the American automobile industry . 1936
United States presidential inauguration
Twice during the 20th century , an inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was not held . In 1945 , at the height of World War II , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's fourth Inauguration was simple and austere with no fanfare or formal celebration following the event . There was no parade because of gas rationing and a lumber shortage . In 1985 , as temperatures hovered near zero , all outdoor events for Ronald Reagan 's second inauguration were canceled or moved indoors . The obverse had been the case four years earlier for Reagan 's first inauguration , as the noontime temperature was an unseasonably 55 degrees . That parade was held as breaking news spread across Washington , D.C. and the rest of the nation that the 52 American hostages held in Iran for the previous 444 days had been released .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
A late August poll taken by Gallup found the race to be essentially tied , but Roosevelt 's popularity surged in September following the announcement of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement . Willkie supported much of the New Deal as well as rearmament and aid to Britain , but warned that Roosevelt would drag the country into another European war . Responding to Willkie 's attacks , Roosevelt promised to keep the country out of the war . Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55 % of the popular vote , 38 of the 48 states , and almost 85 % of the electoral vote .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
On the evening of September 4 , 1935 , Brigadier General Frank T. Hines , VA Administrator , received a phone call from Hyde Park , New York . It was Stephen Early , the President 's press secretary . He had orders from the President who was very distressed by the news from Florida . The VA was to : 1 . Cooperate with FERA in seeing that everything possible be done for those injured in the hurricane ; 2 . See that the bodies were properly cared for shipment home to relatives , and that those bodies for which shipment home was not requested be sent to Arlington National Cemetery ; and , 3 . Conduct a very careful joint investigation with Mr. Hopkins ' organization , to determine whether there was any fault that would lie against anyone in the Administration . Hines ' representative in Florida was to take full charge of the situation and all other organizations and agencies were ordered to cooperate .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
When Roosevelt returned to the United States from the Yalta Conference , many were shocked to see how old , thin and frail he looked . He spoke while seated in the well of the House , an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity . During March 1945 , he sent strongly worded messages to Stalin accusing him of breaking his Yalta commitments over Poland , Germany , prisoners of war and other issues . When Stalin accused the western Allies of plotting behind his back a separate peace with Hitler , Roosevelt replied : `` I can not avoid a feeling of bitter resentment towards your informers , whoever they are , for such vile misrepresentations of my actions or those of my trusted subordinates . ''
Franklin D. Roosevelt
On March 17 , 1905 , Roosevelt married Eleanor in New York City , despite the fierce resistance of his mother . While she did not dislike Eleanor , Sara Roosevelt was very possessive of her son , believing he was too young for marriage . She attempted to break the engagement several times . Eleanor 's uncle , President Theodore Roosevelt , stood in at the wedding for Eleanor 's deceased father , Elliott . The young couple moved into Springwood , his family 's estate at Hyde Park . The home was owned by Sara Roosevelt until her death in 1941 and was very much her home as well . In addition , Franklin and Sara Roosevelt did the planning and furnishing of a town house Sara had built for the young couple in New York City ; Sara had a twin house built alongside for herself . Eleanor never felt at home in the houses at Hyde Park or New York , but she loved the family 's vacation home on Campobello Island , which Sara gave to the couple .