vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American Revolution
The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force .
American Revolutionary War
Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown , Battle of Trenton , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , Battle of Long Island , Battle of Guilford Court House Date April 19 , 1775 -- September 3 , 1783 ( 8 years , 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12 , 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America , Caribbean Sea , Indian subcontinent , Central America , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Indian Ocean Result Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore American Indians : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst American Indians : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list ... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list ...
North Carolina
By the 1970s , spurred in part by the increasingly leftward tilt of national Democrats , conservative whites began to vote for Republican national candidates and gradually for more Republicans locally . The Greensboro Sit - ins played a crucial role in the Civil Rights Movement to bring full equality to American blacks .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Families were often divided during the American Revolution , and many felt themselves to be both American and British , still owing a loyalty to the mother country . Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney the Younger opposed taxation without representation but would not break his oath to the King or take up arms against him . He wrote : `` There may be a time when redress may not be obtained . Till then , I shall recommend a legal , orderly , and prudent resentment '' . Most Americans hoped for a peaceful reconciliation but were forced to choose sides by the Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 - 76 .
Daughters of the American Revolution
The Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) is a lineage - based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States ' efforts towards independence . A non-profit group , they work to promote historic preservation , education , and patriotism . The organization 's membership is limited to direct lineal descendants of soldiers or others of the Revolutionary period who aided the cause of independence ; applicants must have reached 18 years of age and are reviewed at the chapter level for admission . It currently has approximately 185,000 members in the United States and in several other countries . Its motto is `` God , Home , and Country . ''
Stamp Act 1765
Massachusetts appointed a five - member Committee of Correspondence in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act , and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764 . This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation . The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764 , arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax . Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Rhode Island , and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764 . The content of the messages varied , but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights . By the end of 1765 , all of the Thirteen Colonies except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies .
American Revolution
In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years ' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763 . Britain emerged from the war as the world 's leading colonial power , having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself as the world 's pre-eminent naval power .
American Revolution
Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag .
Colonial history of the United States
European settlers came from a variety of social and religious groups , including adventurers , soldiers , farmers , and tradesmen , and some from the aristocracy . Settlers traveling to the new continent included the Dutch of New Netherland , the Swedes and Finns of New Sweden , the English Quakers of Pennsylvania , the English Puritans of New England , the English settlers of Jamestown , the `` worthy poor '' of Georgia , the Germans who settled the mid-Atlantic colonies , and the Ulster Scots people of the Appalachian Mountains . These groups all became part of the United States when it gained its independence in 1776 . Russian America and parts of New France and New Spain were also incorporated into the United States at various points . The diverse groups from these various regions built colonies of distinctive social , religious , political , and economic style .
Thirteen Colonies
Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England , and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men . The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality . '' In any case , the island - like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible .
American Revolution
The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington .
American Revolution
Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history .
American Revolution
Interpretations vary concerning the effect of the Revolution . Veterans who fought in the war referred to it as `` the revolution '' , although the war is sometimes known as the `` American War of Independence '' outside the United States , particularly in the United Kingdom .
Boston Tea Party
A number of colonists were inspired by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts , such as the burning of Peggy Stewart . The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War . In his December 17 , 1773 entry in his diary , John Adams wrote :
Loyalist (American Revolution)
By July 4 , 1776 , the Patriots had gained control of virtually all territory in the Thirteen Colonies and expelled all royal officials . No one who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown was allowed to remain , so Loyalists fled or kept quiet . Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments .
Cherokee
In 1771 -- 1772 , North Carolinian settlers squatted on Cherokee lands in Tennessee , forming the Watauga Association . Daniel Boone and his party tried to settle in Kentucky , but the Shawnee , Delaware , Mingo , and some Cherokee attacked a scouting and forage party that included Boone 's son . The American Indians used this territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest ; it had hardly been inhabited for years . The conflict in Kentucky sparked the beginning of what was known as Dunmore 's War ( 1773 -- 1774 ) .
Daughters of the American Revolution
In October 1977 , Karen Batchelor Farmer ( now Karen Batchelor ) of Detroit , Michigan , was admitted as the first known African - American member of the DAR . Batchelor started her genealogical research in 1976 as a young mother who wanted to commemorate the American bicentennial year in a way that had special meaning for her family . Within 26 months , she had traced her family history back to the American Revolution . Batchelor traced part of her ancestry to a patriot , William Hood , an Irish - born soldier who served in the colonial militia in Pennsylvania during the Revolution in the defense of Fort Freeland .
American Revolution
Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown . Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) .
New Jersey
New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution . The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 was passed July 2 , 1776 , just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain . It was an act of the Provincial Congress , which made itself into the State Legislature . To reassure neutrals , it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
In Nova Scotia , there were many Yankee settlers originally from New England , and they generally supported the principles of the revolution . This element was declining in relative numbers and influence due to an influx of recent immigration from the British isles , and they remained neutral during the war , and the influx was greatest in Halifax . Britain in any case built up powerful forces at the naval base of Halifax after the failure of Jonathan Eddy to capture Fort Cumberland in 1776 . Although the Continentals captured Montreal in November 1775 , they were turned back a month later at Quebec City by a combination of the British military under Governor Guy Carleton , the difficult terrain and weather , and an indifferent local response . The Continental forces would be driven from Quebec in 1776 , after the breakup of ice on the St. Lawrence River and the arrival of British transports in May and June . There would be no further serious attempt to challenge British control of present - day Canada until the War of 1812 .
American Revolutionary War
Without any major allies , the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war , forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas . Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity . To bolster numbers , the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them . Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war , and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion , a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton , gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies , especially in the South . Leadership
Jamestown, Virginia
With the national independence of the United States established by the end of the 18th century , Jamestown came to be looked at as a starting point . Its founding in 1607 has been regularly commemorated , with the most notable events being held every fifty years .
American Revolution
The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution .
Colonial history of the United States
One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) in Europe . This conflict spilled over into the colonies , where it was known as `` King George 's War '' . The major battles took place in Europe , but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York , New England , and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1745 ) .
United States
Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 .
American Revolutionary War
Meanwhile , British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them , while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality . In April 1775 , Congress feared an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec . Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years , and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from the British . The Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 after an arduous march but were defeated . After a loose siege , the Americans withdrew on May 6 . 1776 . A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec . However , the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit because of American ships on Lake Champlain . On October 11 , the British defeated the American squadron , forcing them to withdraw to Ticonderoga and ending the campaign . The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion , while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support . The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim , though no further attempts to invade were ever made . British
France in the American Revolutionary War
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France 's foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie . The aid given by France , much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius , contributed to George Washington 's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777 , and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne 's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga . French ports accommodated American ships , including privateers and Continental Navy warships , that acted against British merchant ships . France provided significant economic aid , either as donations or loans , and also offered technical assistance , granting some of its military strategists `` vacations '' , so they could assist American troops .
American Revolutionary War
Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready , so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain . Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance , so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776 . Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment , owing to a lack of direct French involvement , the threat against their treasure fleets , and the possibility of war with Portugal , Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain . However , Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year , hoping to weaken Britain 's empire . In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) , the Portuguese threat was neutralized . On 12 April 1779 , Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain . Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe , as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida , and also to expel the British from Central America .
Thirteen Colonies
The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia , the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England .
Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party Part of the American Revolution Source : W.D. Cooper . Boston Tea Party in The History of North America . London : E. Newberry , 1789 . Engraving . Plate opposite p. 58 . Rare Book and Special Collections Division , Library of Congress ( 40 ) Date December 16 , 1773 Location Boston , Province of Massachusetts Bay Caused by Tea Act Goals To protest British Parliament 's tax on tea . `` No taxation without representation . '' Methods Throw the tea into Boston Harbor Resulted in Intolerable Acts Parties to the civil conflict Thirteen Colonies People of Boston Great Britain East India Company Parliament Lead figures Samuel Adams Paul Revere William Molineux and other `` Sons of Liberty '' ... N / A
Loyalist (American Revolution)
In an interesting historical twist Peter Matthews , a son of Loyalists , participated in the Upper Canada Rebellion which sought relief from oligarchic British colonial government and pursued American - style Republicanism . He was arrested , tried and executed in Toronto , and later became heralded as a patriot to the movement which led to Canadian self governance .
American Revolutionary War
The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year . Popular support wavered , morale ebbed away , and Congress abandoned Philadelphia . Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat , especially in New York . Emanuel
American Indian Wars
Similarly , in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 , Native American tribes in the territories of conflict differed in their alliances . Because the Cherokee supported the British in the Revolution and raided frontier American settlements , in the hopes of expelling the interlopers , rebel American forces mounted retaliations such as the Cherokee Expedition against them . The contributions of those Native American tribes who fought for the United States , such as the Oneida and Tuscarora nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in New York , who were among the founders of the nation , are often rendered invisible .
North Carolina
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state . Exclusion from voting had wide effects : it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office . After a decade of white supremacy , many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle - class black Americans . Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights . It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The maritime history of the United States goes back to the first successful English colony was established in 1607 , on the James River at Jamestown . It languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and set up commercial agriculture based on exports of tobacco to England . Settlers brought horses , cattle , sheep and hogs as well as tools and the current technology to the Americas . From the very first days of the founding of the North American colonies shipbuilding was naturally one of the industries that chiefly engaged the attention of the colonists . At the time of the breaking out of the American Revolution and for a long time afterwards more of the people in New England were actually engaged in shipbuilding and ship sailing than in agriculture , even in spite of the restrictions imposed on the building of ships in the English colonies . The statement is made that at one time during this period Massachusetts was estimated to have one vessel for every hundred of its inhabitants . One out of every four signers of the Declaration of Independence was a shipowner or had been a ship captain . The
Founding Fathers of the United States
The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1774 , consisting of fifty - six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies ( not including Georgia ) that became the United States of America . Among them was George Washington , who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Also in attendance was Patrick Henry , and John Adams , who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies . Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts , John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York 's John Jay . This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown , established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain .