vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Reichstag fire
The Reichstag fire ( German : Reichstagsbrand , listen ( help info ) ) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building ( home of the German parliament ) in Berlin on 27 February 1933 , one month after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany . The National Socialist party stated that Marinus van der Lubbe , a Dutch council communist , was found near the building and attributed the fire to communist agitators in general -- though in 1933 , a German court decided that van der Lubbe had acted alone , as he claimed . After the fire , the Reichstag Fire Decree was passed . The Nazi Party used the fire as evidence that communists were plotting against the German government , and the event is considered pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany . The term Reichstag fire has come to refer to false flag actions perpetrated or facilitated by an authority to promote their own interests through popular approval of retribution or retraction of civil rights .
Summer Time in Europe
Summer time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire from the year 1916 to 1918 . After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918 , summer time ceased to be observed in peace time . Summer time was reintroduced in 1940 , during World War II , in an attempt to save energy for the war economy . After the defeat of Germany , summer time was retained by the occupation powers . In 1945 , Berlin and the Soviet Occupation Zone even observed Central European Midsummer Time ( Mitteleuropäische Hochsommerzeit , MEHSZ ; UTC + 03 : 00 ) ; in 1947 , all of Germany switched to midsummer time from 11 May to 29 June . After the Federal Republic ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were established in 1949 , summer time again ceased to be observed in 1950 .
Jury trial
Between 1948 and 1950 in American - occupied Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany , Bavaria returned to the jury trial as it had existed before the emergency decrees , but they were again abolished by the 1950 Unification Act ( Vereinheitlichungsgesetz ) for the Federal Republic . In 1979 , the United States tried the East German LOT Flight 165 hijacking suspects in the United States Court for Berlin in West Berlin , which declared the defendants had the right to a jury trial under the United States Constitution , and hence were tried by a West German jury .
Axis powers
Germany ended the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 . That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of the Allies .
Marshall Plan
In Germany in 1945 -- 46 housing and food conditions were bad , as the disruption of transport , markets and finances slowed a return to normality . In the West , bombing had destroyed 5,000,000 houses and apartments , and 12,000,000 refugees from the east had crowded in . Food production was only two - thirds of the pre-war level in 1946 -- 48 , while normal grain and meat shipments no longer arrived from the East . The drop in food production can be attributed to a drought that killed a major portion of the wheat crop while a severe winter destroyed the majority of the wheat crop the following year . This caused most Europeans to rely on a 1,500 calorie per day diet . Furthermore , the large shipments of food stolen from occupied nations during the war no longer reached Germany . Industrial production fell more than half and reached pre-war levels only at the end of 1949 .
Vietnam War
High - profile opposition to the Vietnam War increasingly turned to mass protests in an effort to shift U.S. public opinion . Riots broke out at the 1968 Democratic National Convention during protests against the war . After news reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre , brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement , some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War . On 15 October 1969 , the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans . The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests . Anti-war protests declined with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 .
History of Germany (1945–90)
After the Petersberg agreement West Germany quickly progressed toward fuller sovereignty and association with its European neighbors and the Atlantic community . The London and Paris agreements of 1954 restored most of the state 's sovereignty ( with some exceptions ) in May 1955 and opened the way for German membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . In April 1951 , West Germany joined with France , Italy and the Benelux countries in the European Coal and Steel Community ( forerunner of the European Union ) .
Reichstag fire
At his trial , Van der Lubbe was found guilty and sentenced to death . He was beheaded by guillotine ( the customary form of execution in Saxony at the time ; it was by axe in the rest of Germany ) on 10 January 1934 , three days before his 25th birthday . The Nazis alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of the Communist conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag and seize power , while the Communists alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of the Nazi conspiracy to blame the crime on them . Van der Lubbe , for his part , maintained that he acted alone to protest the condition of the German working class .
End of World War II in Europe
Central Europe : On 5 May 1945 , the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising . The following day , the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive . In Dresden , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large - scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched . Within two days , Mutschmann abandoned the city , but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Allies invaded French North Africa in November 1942 , securing the surrender of Vichy French forces within days of landing . At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference , the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily , with an attack on France to take place in 1944 . At the conference , Roosevelt also announced that he would only accept the unconditional surrender of Germany , Japan , and Italy . In February 1943 , the Soviet Union won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad , and in May 1943 , the Allies secured the surrender of over 250,000 German and Italian soldiers in North Africa , ending the North African Campaign . The Allies launched an invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , capturing the island by the end of the following month . In September 1943 , the Allies secured an armistice from Italian Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio , but Germany quickly restored Mussolini to power . The Allied invasion of mainland Italy commenced in September 1943 , but the Italian Campaign continued until 1945 as German and Italian troops resisted the Allied advance . The
World War I
On 11 November , at 5 : 00 am , an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne . At 11 am on 11 November 1918 -- `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' -- a ceasefire came into effect . During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its taking effect , opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions , but fighting continued along many areas of the front , as commanders wanted to capture territory before the war ended .
World War II
On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View
Treaty of Versailles
The United States Third Army entered Germany with 200,000 men . In June 1919 , the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 15,000 men . Wilson further reduced the garrison to 6,500 men , prior to the inauguration of Warren G. Harding in 1921 . On 7 January 1923 , after the Franco -- Belgian occupation of the Ruhr , the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force . On 24 January , the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland , with the final troops leaving in early February .
Victory in Europe Day
Italy ( 25 April ) `` Festa della Liberazione '' ( Liberation Holiday ) . Denmark ( 4 May ) as `` Befrielsen '' ( The Liberation ) Netherlands ( 5 May ) as `` Bevrijdingsdag '' ( Liberation Day ) United Kingdom : In 1995 the May Day bank holiday was moved from the first Monday in May , 1 May , to Monday 8 May , for that year only , to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ending of the Second World War . East Germany as Tag der Befreiung ( Day of Liberation ) , a public holiday from 1950 to 1966 and in 1985 . Between 1975 and 1990 , as Tag des Sieges ( Victory Day ( 9 May ) ) . France as Victoire 1945 . Orléans simultaneously celebrates both V-E Day and the anniversary of the Siege of Orléans being lifted by French forces led by Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War on this date . Slovakia as Deň víťazstva nad fašizmom ( Victory over Fascism Day ) Czech Republic as Den vítězství ( Day of Victory ) or Den osvobození ( Day of Liberation ) Poland as `` Narodowy Dzień Zwycięstwa '' -- National Victory Day . Norway as `` Frigjøringsdagen '' ( Liberation Day ) `` offisiell flaggdag '' ( official flag day ) not `` helligdager '' ( public holiday ) Ukraine `` День пам'яті та примирення '' ( Memorial Day ) Ukraine ( 9 May ) `` День перемоги над нацизмом у Другій світовій війні '' ( Victory Day over Nazism in World War II ) -- from 2015 .
World War I
The Russian government collapsed in March 1917 , and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , which granted the Germans a significant victory . After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918 , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives . On 4 November 1918 , the Austro - Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice , and Germany , which had its own trouble with revolutionaries , agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 , ending the war in victory for the Allies .
Vietnam War
President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April , declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid . Frequent Wind continued around the clock , as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon . In the early morning hours of 30 April , the last U.S. Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter , as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds . Many of them had been employed by the Americans and were left to their fate .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Though the EDC treaty was signed ( May 1952 ) , it never entered into force . France 's Gaullists rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty , and when the French National Assembly refused to ratify it ( August 1954 ) , the treaty died . The French had killed their own proposal . Other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament . In response , the Brussels Treaty was modified to include West Germany , and to form the Western European Union ( WEU ) . West Germany was to be permitted to rearm , and have full sovereign control of its military ; the WEU would , however , regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states . Fears of a return to Nazism , however , soon receded , and as a consequence , these provisions of the WEU treaty have little effect today . The
Nine Years' War
Marshal Duras , Vauban , and 30,000 men -- all under the nominal command of the Dauphin -- besieged the Elector of Trier 's fortress of Philippsburg on 27 September 1688 ; after a vigorous defence it fell on 30 October . Louis XIV 's army proceeded to take Mannheim , which capitulated on 11 November , shortly followed by Frankenthal . Other towns fell without resistance , including Oppenheim , Worms , Bingen , Kaiserslautern , Heidelberg , Speyer and , above all , the key fortress of Mainz . After Coblenz failed to surrender Boufflers put it under heavy bombardment , but it did not fall to the French .
World War II
On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan .
Siege
The most effective way to protect walls against cannonfire proved to be depth ( increasing the width of the defences ) and angles ( ensuring that attackers could only fire on walls at an oblique angle , not square on ) . Initially , walls were lowered and backed , in front and behind , with earth . Towers were reformed into triangular bastions . This design matured into the trace italienne . Star - shaped fortresses surrounding towns and even cities with outlying defences proved very difficult to capture , even for a well - equipped army . Fortresses built in this style throughout the 16th century did not become fully obsolete until the 19th century , and were still in use throughout World War I ( though modified for 20th - century warfare ) . During World War II , trace italienne fortresses could still present a formidable challenge , for example , in the last days of World War II , during the Battle in Berlin , that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war , the Soviets did not attempt to storm the Spandau Citadel ( built between 1559 and 1594 ) , but chose to invest it and negotiate its surrender .
Sound barrier
The Luftwaffe test pilot Lothar Sieber ( April 7 , 1922 -- March 1 , 1945 ) may have inadvertently become the first man to break the sound barrier on 1 March 1945 . This occurred while he was piloting a Bachem Ba 349 `` Natter '' for the first manned vertical takeoff of a rocket in history . In 55 seconds , he traveled a total of 14 km ( 8.7 miles ) . The aircraft crashed and he perished violently in this endeavor .
Cold War
The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased .
Allies of World War II
On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a nonaggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with a German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Protests against the US intervention in Vietnam , mingled with anger over the vigor with which demonstrations were repressed , led to mounting militancy among the students at the universities of Berlin . One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called Rudi Dutschke who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin . Just before Easter 1968 , a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union , seriously injuring him . All over West Germany , thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as the prime cause of the violence against students . Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken . In the wake of these demonstrations , in which the question of America 's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role , came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of their parents ' generation in the Nazi era .
1963
March 27 -- In Britain , Dr. Richard Beeching issues a report , The Reshaping of British Railways , calling for huge cuts to the country 's rail network . March 28 -- Director Alfred Hitchcock 's film The Birds is released in the United States . March 30 -- Indigenous Australians are legally allowed to drink alcohol in New South Wales . March 31 -- The 1962 -- 63 New York City newspaper strike ends after 114 days .
End of World War II in Europe
German units cease fire : Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) -- the German Armed Forces High Command ) , not all commanders did so . The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler 's last will and testament . On 8 May , Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria ; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive , forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May . The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal :
Vietnam War
Beginning in 1970 , American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place , instead redeployed along the coast and interior , and US casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969 casualties after being relegated to less active combat . At the same time that US forces were deployed , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam took over combat operations throughout the country , with casualties doubled US casualties in 1969 , and more than tripled US ones in 1970 . The post-Tet environment saw a rise in membership in Regional Force and Popular Force militias , now more capable of providing village security which the Americans could not under Westmoreland . In 1970 Nixon announced the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops , reducing the number of Americans to 265,500 . By 1970 the Viet Cong forces were no - longer southern - majority , and nearly 70 % of units were northerners . Between 1969 and 1971 the Viet Cong and some PAVN units had reverted to small unit tactics typical of 1967 and prior instead of nation - wide grand offensives . In 1971 Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers and U.S. troop count was further reduced to 196,700 , with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972 . The United States also reduced support troops and in March 1971 the 5th Special Forces Group , the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam , withdrew to Fort Bragg , North Carolina . A
World War I
Germany on 10 January 1920 . Austria on 16 July 1920 . Bulgaria on 9 August 1920 . Hungary on 26 July 1921 . Turkey on 6 August 1924 .
End of World War II in Europe
Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners : The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy . In the three or four months up to the end of April , over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front . In early April , the first Allied - governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces , not POWs ( prisoners of war ) . The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants . By October , thousands had died in the camps from starvation , exposure and disease . The
End of World War II in Europe
German forces in North West Germany , Denmark , and the Netherlands surrender : On 4 May 1945 , the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans - Georg von Friedeburg , and General Eberhard Kinzel , of all German forces `` in Holland ( sic ) , in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands , in Schleswig - Holstein , and in Denmark ... includ ( ing ) all naval ships in these areas '' , at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath ; an area between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen . The number of German land , sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men . On 5 May , Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases . At 16 : 00 , General Johannes Blaskowitz , the German commander - in - chief in the Netherlands , surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard ( acting as commander - in - chief of the Dutch Interior Forces ) .
Big Ben
5 August 1976 : First and only major breakdown . The air brake speed regulator of the chiming mechanism broke from torsional fatigue after more than 100 years of use , causing the fully wound 4 - ton weight to spin the winding drum out of the movement , causing much damage . The Great Clock was shut down for a total of 26 days over nine months -- it was reactivated on 9 May 1977 . This was the longest break in operation since its construction . During this time BBC Radio 4 broadcast the pips instead . Although there were minor stoppages from 1977 to 2002 , when maintenance of the clock was carried out by the old firm of clockmakers Thwaites & Reed , these were often repaired within the permitted two - hour downtime and not recorded as stoppages . Before 1970 , maintenance was carried out by the original firm of Dents ; since 2002 , by parliamentary staff .
Allies of World War II
After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany :
History of Germany (1945–90)
International plans for the unification of Germany were made during the early years following the establishment of the two states , but to no avail . In March 1952 , the Soviet government proposed the Stalin Note to hold elections for a united German assembly while making the proposed united Germany a neutral state , i.e. a neutral state approved by the people , similar to the Austrians ' approval of a neutral Austria . The Western Allied governments refused this initiative , while continuing West Germany 's integration into the Western alliance system . The issue was raised again during the Foreign Ministers ' Conference in Berlin in January -- February 1954 , but the western powers refused to make Germany neutral . Following Bonn 's adherence to NATO on 9 May 1955 , such initiatives were abandoned by both sides .