vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of photography
In 1957 , a team led by Russell A. Kirsch at the National Institute of Standards and Technology developed a binary digital version of an existing technology , the wirephoto drum scanner , so that alphanumeric characters , diagrams , photographs and other graphics could be transferred into digital computer memory . One of the first photographs scanned was a picture of Kirsch 's infant son Walden . The resolution was 176x176 pixels with only one bit per pixel , i.e. , stark black and white with no intermediate gray tones , but by combining multiple scans of the photograph done with different black - white threshold settings , grayscale information could also be acquired .
Model (person)
An alternative model is any model who does not fit into the conventional model types and may include punk , goth , fetish , and tattooed models or models with distinctive attributes . This type of modeling is usually a cross between glamour modeling and art modeling . Publishers such as Goliath Books in Germany introduced alternative models and punk photography to larger audiences . Billi Gordon , then known as Wilbert Anthony Gordon , was the top greeting card model in the world and inspired a cottage industry , including greeting cards , T - shirts , fans , stationery , gift bags , etc .
Night vision
A specific type of NVD , the night vision goggle ( NVG ) is a night vision device with dual eyepieces . The device can utilize either one intensifier tube with the same image sent to both eyes , or a separate image intensifier tube for each eye . Night vision goggles combined with magnification lenses constitutes night vision binoculars . Other types include monocular night vision devices with only one eyepiece which may be mounted to firearms as night sights . NVG and EVS technologies are becoming more popular with helicopter operations to improve safety . The NTSB is considering EVS as recommended equipment for safety features .
Non-commissioned officer
In the British Armed Forces , NCOs are divided into two categories . Lance corporals ( including lance bombardiers ) and corporals ( including lance sergeants , bombardiers , and lance corporals of horse ) are junior NCOs . Sergeants ( including corporals of horse ) , staff sergeants ( including colour sergeants and staff corporals ) , and RAF chief technicians and flight sergeants are senior NCOs .
Color motion picture film
The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes . This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera , one recording red , and one recording blue - green light . With the black - and - white negatives being printed onto duplitized film , the color images were then toned red and blue , effectively creating a subtractive color print .
Color motion picture film
The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as `` Kodachrome '' , a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better - known product . Filter - photographed red and blue - green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black - and - white duplitized film . After development , the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes , red on one side and cyan on the other . The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color . Kodak 's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 ( 1916 ) . Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two - color printing processes , the image origination and color - toning methods constituting Kodak 's own process were little - used .
Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop functionality can be extended by add - on programs called Photoshop plugins ( or plug - ins ) . Adobe creates some plugins , such as Adobe Camera Raw , but third - party companies develop most plugins , according to Adobe 's specifications . Some are free and some are commercial software . Most plugins work with only Photoshop or Photoshop - compatible hosts , but a few can also be run as standalone applications .
Chromolithography
Friedman , Joan M. Colour Printing in England , 1486 - 1870 : an Exhibition , Yale Center for British Art . New Haven : The Center , 1978 . Hunter , Mel . The New Lithography : A Complete Guide for Artists and Printers in the Use of Modern Translucent Materials for the Creation of Hand - Drawn Original Fine - Art Lithographic Prints . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1984 . Marzio , Peter C. `` Lithography as Democratic Art : A Reappraisal . '' Leonardo 3 ( 1971 ) : 37 - 48 .
Gray code
There are many specialized types of Gray codes other than the binary - reflected Gray code . One such type of Gray code is the n - ary Gray code , also known as a non-Boolean Gray code . As the name implies , this type of Gray code uses non-Boolean values in its encodings .
Technical drawing tool
Translucent plastic film , which is usually of gray or a light khaki shade . Common types are 0.05 , 0.07 and 0.10 mm thick . These films are also used in photocopying . The most commonly used materials are polyesters , and sometimes also PVC or polycarbonate ; arguably , a proprietary eponym or genericized trademark for this is called Mylar .
Maldives
In Maldives there are three main ways to travel between islands : by domestic flight , by seaplane or by boat . For several years there were two seaplane companies operating : TMA ( Trans Maldivian Airways and Maldivian Air Taxi , but these merged in 2013 under the name TMA . The seaplane fleet is entirely made up of DHC - 6 Twin Otters . There is also another airline , Flyme , which operates using ATR planes to domestic airports , principally Maamagili and some others . The typical Maldivian boat is called a dhoni . Depending on the distance of the destination island from the airport , resorts organise domestic flight plus boat transfers , seaplane flights directly to the resort island jetty , or speedboat trips for their guests . There are also locally run ferries using large dhoni boats . Speedboats and seaplanes tend to be more expensive , while travel by dhoni , although slower , is relatively cheaper and convenient .
Ship
Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into four broad categories : fishing , cargo ships , passenger ships , and special - purpose ships . The UNCTAD review of maritime transport categorizes ships as : oil tankers , bulk ( and combination ) carriers , general cargo ships , container ships , and `` other ships '' , which includes `` liquefied petroleum gas carriers , liquefied natural gas carriers , parcel ( chemical ) tankers , specialized tankers , reefers , offshore supply , tugs , dredgers , cruise , ferries , other non-cargo '' . General cargo ships include `` multi-purpose and project vessels and roll - on / roll - off cargo '' .
Sound barrier
Initially , the aircraft was to use Frank Whittle 's latest engine , the Power Jets W. 2 / 700 , which would only reach supersonic speed in a shallow dive . To develop a fully supersonic version of the aircraft , an innovation incorporated was a reheat jetpipe -- also known as an afterburner . Extra fuel was to be burned in the tailpipe to avoid overheating the turbine blades , making use of unused oxygen in the exhaust . Finally , the design included another critical element , the use of a shock cone in the nose to slow the incoming air to the subsonic speeds needed by the engine .
Technology during World War II
Many types of technology were customized for military use , and major developments occurred across several fields including :
Carburetor
Carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and , to a lesser extent , aviation industries by fuel injection . They are still common on small engines for lawn mowers , rototillers and other equipment .
Grunge
Regarding graphic design and images , a common feature of grunge bands was the use of `` lo - fi '' ( low fidelity ) and deliberately unconventional album covers , for example presenting intentionally murky or miscolored photography , collage or distressed lettering . Early grunge `` ( a ) lbum covers and concert flyers appeared Xeroxed not in allegiance to some DIY aesthetic '' but because of `` economic necessity '' , as `` bands had so little money '' . This was already a common feature of punk rock design , but could be extended in the grunge period due to the increasing use of Macintosh computers for desktop publishing and digital image processing . The style was sometimes called ' grunge typography ' when used outside music . A famous example of ' grunge ' - style experimental design was Ray Gun magazine , art directed by David Carson .
Glasgow School of Art
Disciplines include fine - art photography ( founded by Thomas Joshua Cooper in 1982 ) ; painting and printmaking , sculpture and environmental art , product design , product - design engineering , textile design , fashion design , silversmithing and jewellery design , interior design , communication design , interaction design , and architecture .
Color motion picture film
In 1935 , Kodachrome was introduced , followed by Agfacolor in 1936 . They were intended primarily for amateur home movies and `` slides '' . These were the first films of the `` integral tripack '' type , coated with three layers of differently color - sensitive emulsion , which is usually what is meant by the words `` color film '' as commonly used . The few color films still being made in the 2010s are of this type . The first color negative films and corresponding print films were modified versions of these films . They were introduced around 1940 but only came into wide use for commercial motion picture production in the early 1950s . In the US , Eastman Kodak 's Eastmancolor was the usual choice , but it was often re-branded with another trade name , such as `` WarnerColor '' , by the studio or the film processor .
Ship
Naval vessels are those used by a navy for military purposes . There have been many types of naval vessel . Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories : surface warships , submarines , and support and auxiliary vessels .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Moreover , engine packages changed including the type of propellers and range of the variable pitch . A notable example were the Silverplate project built for the Manhattan Project with Curtiss Electric reversible pitch propellers .
Mechanised agriculture
Current mechanised agriculture includes the use of tractors , trucks , combine harvesters , countless types of farm implements , aeroplanes and helicopters ( for aerial application ) , and other vehicles . Precision agriculture even uses computers in conjunction with satellite imagery and satellite navigation ( GPS guidance ) to increase yields .
Afghanistan
Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier , Ariana Afghan Airlines ( AAA ) , and by private companies such as Afghan Jet International , East Horizon Airlines , Kam Air , Pamir Airways , and Safi Airways . Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country . These include Air India , Emirates , Gulf Air , Iran Aseman Airlines , Pakistan International Airlines , and Turkish Airlines .
Ship
High - speed craft -- Multihulls including wave piercers , small - waterplane - area twin hull ( SWATH ) , surface effect ships and hovercraft , hydrofoil , wing in ground effect craft ( WIG ) . Off shore oil vessels -- Platform supply vessel , pipe layers , accommodation and crane barges , non and semi-submersible drilling rigs , production platforms , floating production storage and offloading units . Fishing vessels
Bayonet
The `` bayonet mount '' used for various types of quick fastenings , such as camera lenses . Several connectors and contacts including the bayonet - fitting light bulb that is common in the UK ( as opposed to the continental European screw - fitting type ) . The BNC ( `` Bayonet Neill - Concelman '' ) RF connector . One type of connector for foil and sabre weapons used in modern fencing competitions is referred to as a `` bayonet '' connector .
History of photography
1973 -- Fairchild Semiconductor releases the first large image - capturing CCD chip : 100 rows and 100 columns . 1975 -- Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors 1986 -- Kodak scientists develop the world 's first megapixel sensor .
Color motion picture film
Eastmancolor , introduced in 1950 , was Kodak 's first economical , single - strip 35 mm negative - positive process incorporated into one strip of film . This rendered Three - Strip color photography relatively obsolete , even though , for the first few years of Eastmancolor , Technicolor continued to offer Three - Strip origination combined with dye - transfer printing ( 150 titles produced in 1953 , 100 titles produced in 1954 and 50 titles produced in 1955 , the very last year for Three - Strip ) . The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the documentary Royal Journey , released in December 1951 . Hollywood studios waited until an improved version of Eastmancolor negative came out in 1952 before using it ; This is Cinerama was an early film which employed three separate and interlocked strips of Eastmancolor negative . This is Cinerama was initially printed on Eastmancolor positive , but its significant success eventually resulted in it being reprinted by Technicolor , using dye - transfer .
Thor: Ragnarok
Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences , particularly for the characters Korg ( receiving assets from Framestore ) and Miek . Method Studios provided over 450 shots , including Thor 's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela 's fight against the Asgardian guards . D Negative worked on over 190 shots , creating the environment for the planet Sakaar , including its junkyard landscape and wormholes , with the wormholes also being created through a collaboration with Digital Domain .
Ship
A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats . Submarines are a prime example . Other types of large vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters , riverboats , and ferryboats . Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes , these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters .
Star Alliance
Some Star Alliance members paint some of their aircraft with the alliance livery , usually a white fuselage with `` Star Alliance '' across it and a black tail fin with the alliance logo ; the color or design of the engine cowlings or winglets remains , depending on the member 's livery . Singapore Airlines is the only exception , formerly keeping its own logo on the tails of its aircraft but now using the Star Alliance logo on white tails . Asiana Airlines was the first Star Alliance member to paint its aircraft in the current Star Alliance livery . Aircraft painted in an airline 's regular livery have the Star Alliance logo between the cockpit and the first set of cabin doors .
Night vision
A night vision device ( NVD ) is a device comprising an image intensifier tube in a rigid casing , commonly used by military forces . Lately , night vision technology has become more widely available for civilian use . For example , enhanced vision systems ( EVS ) have become available for aircraft to help pilots with situational awareness and avoid accidents . These systems are included in the latest avionics packages from manufacturers such as Cirrus and Cessna . The US Navy has begun procurement of a variant integrated into a helmet - mounted display , produced by Elbit Systems .
Color motion picture film
Monopack color films are based on the subtractive color system , which filters colors from white light by using superimposed cyan , magenta and yellow dye images . Those images are created from records of the amounts of red , green and blue light present at each point of the image formed by the camera lens . A subtractive primary color ( cyan , magenta , yellow ) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors ( red , green , blue ) has been removed from the spectrum . Eastman Kodak 's monopack color films incorporated three separate layers of differently color sensitive emulsion into one strip of film . Each layer recorded one of the additive primaries and was processed to produce a dye image in the complementary subtractive primary .
Ship
Recreational boats and craft -- rowed , masted and motorised craft Special - purpose vessels -- weather and research vessels , deep sea survey vessels , and icebreakers . Submersibles -- industrial exploration , scientific research , tourist and hydrographic survey . Warships and other surface combatants -- aircraft carriers , destroyers , frigates , corvettes , minesweepers , etc .
Dance
Japanese classical dance - theatre styles such as Kabuki and Noh , like Indian dance - drama , distinguish between narrative and abstract dance productions . The three main categories of kabuki are jidaimono ( historical ) , sewamono ( domestic ) and shosagoto ( dance pieces ) . Somewhat similarly , Noh distinguishes between Geki Noh , based around the advancement of plot and the narration of action , and Furyū Noh , dance pieces involving acrobatics , stage properties , multiple characters and elaborate stage action .
Dental anesthesia
Examples of jet injections include : Syrijet , MED - JET H III and iCT injection SE by Dentium .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Rosenthal 's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography , the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken .
Natural gas
LNG is also being used in aircraft . Russian aircraft manufacturer Tupolev for instance is running a development program to produce LNG - and hydrogen - powered aircraft . The program has been running since the mid-1970s , and seeks to develop LNG and hydrogen variants of the Tu - 204 and Tu - 334 passenger aircraft , and also the Tu - 330 cargo aircraft . Depending on the current market price for jet fuel and LNG , fuel for an LNG - powered aircraft could cost 5,000 rubles ( US $100 ) less per tonne , roughly 60 % , with considerable reductions to carbon monoxide , hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions .
Technology during World War II
The practical jet aircraft age began just before the start of the war with the development of the Heinkel He 178 , the first true turbojet . Late in the war the Germans brought in the first operational Jet fighter , the Messerschmitt Me 262 . However , despite their seeming technological edge , German jets were often hampered by technical problems , such as short engine lives , with the Me 262 having an estimated operating life of just ten hours before failing . German jets were also overwhelmed by Allied air superiority , frequently being destroyed on or near the airstrip . Other jet aircraft , such as the first and only Allied jet fighter of the war , the British Gloster Meteor , saw combat against German V - 1 flying bombs but did not significantly distinguish themselves from top - line , late - war piston - driven aircraft .
Logan (film)
Mangold spoke of cinematography - based framing , while noting that he does not necessarily think about the `` comic - book '' related sort , instead highlighting the variety of stylistic influences that went into Logan . These influences include film noir framings and classic Hollywood filmmaking styles , as well as the Germanic expressionist filmmaking style of the early part of the last century , which Mangold stated has a commonality with comic - book art . Mangold highlighted `` Strong foregrounds , playing things in depth : you have to make an image say more within that one image . ''
Model (person)
Glamour modelling focuses on sexuality and thus general requirements are often unclear , being dependent more on each individual case . Glamour models can be any size or shape . There is no industry standard for glamour modelling and it varies greatly by country . For the most part , glamour models are limited to modelling in calendars , men 's magazines , such as Playboy , bikini modelling , lingerie modelling , fetish modelling , music videos , and extra work in films . However , some extremely popular glamour models transition into commercial print modelling , appearing in swimwear , bikini and lingerie campaigns .
Rainbow
For these reasons , naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye . Nevertheless , sightings of the third - order bow in nature have been reported , and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time . Shortly after , the fourth - order rainbow was photographed as well , and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the fifth - order ( or quinary ) rainbow , located in between the primary and secondary bows , were published .
Western (genre)
Despite the Cold War , the Western was a strong influence on Eastern Bloc cinema , which had its own take on the genre , the so - called `` Red Western '' or `` Ostern '' . Generally these took two forms : either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc , or action films involving the Russian Revolution and civil war and the Basmachi rebellion .
African French
FPA is mainly composed of metaphors and images taken from African languages . For example , the upper social class is called `` les en - haut d'en - haut '' ( the above from above ) or `` les môgôs puissants '' ( the powerful môgôs ) .
Positron emission tomography
Alternative methods of scanning include x-ray computed tomography ( CT ) , magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , ultrasound and single - photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) .
Russian culture
Eisenstein was a student of filmmaker and theorist Lev Kuleshov , who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world 's first film school , the All - Union Institute of Cinematography . Dziga Vertov , whose kino - glaz ( `` film - eye '' ) theory -- that the camera , like the human eye , is best used to explore real life -- had a huge impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema realism . In 1932 , Stalin made socialist realism the state policy ; this somewhat limited creativity , however many Soviet films in this style were artistically successful , like Chapaev , The Cranes Are Flying , and Ballad of a Soldier .
Color motion picture film
Technicolor 's system was very popular for a number of years , but it was a very expensive process : shooting cost three times that of black - and - white photography and printing costs were no cheaper . By 1932 , color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by major studios , until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three primary colors . Utilizing a special dichroic beam splitter equipped with two 45 - degree prisms in the form of a cube , light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black - and - white negatives ( one each to record the densities for red , green , and blue ) .
Copper in architecture
Instructional videos are available regarding fluxing and soldering techniques ; how to make flat seam solder joints , double - lock standing seams , lap seams , soldering vertical sheet copper lap seams , and stitches ( including the butterfly stitch ) ; as well as copper tinning , bending , flaring , and brazing .