vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rabbit
Wild leporids comprise a small portion of global rabbit - meat consumption . Domesticated descendants of the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) that are bred and kept as livestock ( a practice called cuniculture ) account for the estimated 200 million tons of rabbit meat produced annually . In 1994 , the countries with the highest consumption per capita of rabbit meat were Malta with 8.89 kilograms ( 19.6 lb ) , Italy with 5.71 kilograms ( 12.6 lb ) , and Cyprus with 4.37 kilograms ( 9.6 lb ) , falling to 0.03 kilograms ( 0.066 lb ) in Japan . The figure for the United States was 0.14 kilograms ( 0.31 lb ) per capita . The largest producers of rabbit meat in 1994 were China , Russia , Italy , France , and Spain . Rabbit meat was once a common commodity in Sydney , Australia , but declined after the myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced to control the exploding population of feral rabbits in the area .
Pre-Columbian era
Over the course of thousands of years , paleo - Indian people domesticated , bred and cultivated a number of plant species . These species were very nutritious , and they now constitute 50 -- 60 % of all crops in cultivation worldwide . In general , Arctic , Subarctic , and coastal peoples continued to live as hunters and gatherers , while agriculture was adopted in more temperate and sheltered regions . But wherever it was adopted , plant cultivation permitted a dramatic rise in population . Middle
Dodo
Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators , the dodo was entirely fearless of humans . This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey for sailors . Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships ' provisions , archaeological investigations have found scant evidence of human predation . Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered fugitive slaves and convicts in the 17th century , which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high , broken terrain . The human population on Mauritius ( an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi ) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century , but they introduced other animals , including dogs , pigs , cats , rats , and crab - eating macaques , which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources . At the same time , humans destroyed the forest habitat of the dodos . The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population , especially the pigs and macaques , is today considered more severe than that of hunting . Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests , since dodos would have been used to dealing with local land crabs .
Slash-and-burn
During the Neolithic Revolution , which included agricultural advancements , groups of hunter - gatherers domesticated various plants and animals , permitting them to settle down and practice agriculture , which provides more nutrition per hectare than hunting and gathering . This happened in the river valleys of Egypt and Mesopotamia . Due to this decrease in food from hunting , as human populations increased , agriculture became more important . Some groups could easily plant their crops in open fields along river valleys , but others had forests blocking their farming land .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2016 , a study of the dog genome compared to the wolf genome looked for genes that showed signs of having undergone positive selection . The study identified genes relating to brain function and behavior , and to lipid metabolism . This ability to process lipids indicates a dietary target of selection that was important when proto - dogs hunted and fed alongside hunter - gatherers . The evolution of the dietary metabolism genes may have helped process the increased lipid content of early dog diets as they scavenged on the remains of carcasses left by hunter - gatherers . Prey capture rates may have increased in comparison to wolves and with it the amount of lipid consumed by the assisting proto - dogs . A unique dietary selection pressure may have evolved both from the amount consumed , and the shifting composition of , tissues that were available to proto - dogs once humans had removed the most desirable parts of the carcass for themselves . A study of the mammal biomass during modern human expansion into the northern Mammoth steppe found that it had occurred under conditions of unlimited resources , and that many of the animals were killed with only a small part consumed or left unused .
Moose
Cadmium levels are high in Finnish elk liver and kidneys , with the result that consumption of these organs from elk more than one year old is prohibited in Finland . Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of elk meat , though the elk meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake . However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake , with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects .
Edible bird's nest
Edible bird 's nests are bird nests created by edible - nest swiftlets using solidified saliva , which are harvested for human consumption . They are particularly prized in Chinese culture due to their rarity , and supposedly high nutritional value and exquisite flavor . Edible bird 's nests are among the most expensive animal products consumed by humans , with nests being sold recently at prices up to about US $ 2,000 per kilogram , depending on grading . The type or grading of bird 's nest depends on the type of bird as well as the diet of the bird . It differs in colour from white to dark brown . The Chinese believe that it promotes good health , especially for the skin . The nests have been used in Chinese cooking for over 400 years , most often as bird 's nest soup .
Chernobyl disaster
The Norwegian Agricultural Authority reported that in 2009 a total of 18,000 livestock in Norway needed to be given uncontaminated feed for a period of time before slaughter in order to ensure that their meat was safe for human consumption . This was due to residual radioactivity from Chernobyl in the plants they graze on in the wild during the summer . 1,914 sheep needed to be given uncontaminated feed for a period of time before slaughter during 2012 , and these sheep were located in just 18 of Norway 's municipalities , a decrease of 17 from the 35 municipalities affected animals were located in during 2011 ( 117 municipalities were affected during 1986 ) .
Mercury in fish
Mercury is known to bioaccumulate in humans , so bioaccumulation in seafood carries over into human populations , where it can result in mercury poisoning . Mercury is dangerous to both natural ecosystems and humans because it is a metal known to be highly toxic , especially due to its ability to damage the central nervous system . In human - controlled ecosystems of fish , usually done for market production of wanted seafood species , mercury clearly rises through the food chain via fish consuming small plankton , as well as through non-food sources such as underwater sediment .
Thanksgiving dinner
Turkey is the most common main dish of a Thanksgiving dinner . Oftentimes Thanksgiving is referred to as `` Turkey Day . '' In 2006 , American turkey growers were expected to raise 270 million turkeys , to be processed into five billion pounds of turkey meat valued at almost $8 billion , with one third of all turkey consumption occurring in the Thanksgiving - Christmas season and a per capita consumption of almost 18 pounds ( 8.2 kg ) . The Broad Breasted White turkey is particularly bred for Thanksgiving dinner and similar large feasts ; its large size ( specimens can grow to over 40 pounds ) and meat content make it ideal for such situations , although the breed must be artificially bred and suffers from health problems due to its size .
Dust Bowl
To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented ,
Plant breeding
With classical breeding techniques , the breeder does not know exactly what genes have been introduced to the new cultivars . Some scientists therefore argue that plants produced by classical breeding methods should undergo the same safety testing regime as genetically modified plants . There have been instances where plants bred using classical techniques have been unsuitable for human consumption , for example the poison solanine was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of potato through plant breeding . New potato varieties are often screened for solanine levels before reaching the marketplace .
Çatalhöyük
In upper levels of the site , it becomes apparent that the people of Çatalhöyük were gaining skills in agriculture and the domestication of animals . Female figurines have been found within bins used for storage of cereals , such as wheat and barley , and the figurines are presumed to be of a deity protecting the grain . Peas were also grown , and almonds , pistachios , and fruit were harvested from trees in the surrounding hills . Sheep were domesticated and evidence suggests the beginning of cattle domestication as well . However , hunting continued to be a major source of food for the community . Pottery and obsidian tools appear to have been major industries ; obsidian tools were probably both used and also traded for items such as Mediterranean sea shells and flint from Syria . There is also evidence that the settlement was the first place in the world to mine and smelt metal in the form of lead . Noting the lack of hierarchy and economic inequality , historian Murray Bookchin has argued that Çatalhöyük was an early example of anarcho - communism .
Mercury in fish
The farming of aquatic organisms , known as aquaculture , often involves fish feed that contains mercury . A study by Jardine has found no reliable connection between mercury in fish food affecting aquaculture organisms or aquatic organisms in the wild . Even so , mercury from other sources may still affect organisms grown through aquaculture . In China , farmed fish species , such as bighead carp , mud carp , and Siniperca chuatsi , carried 90 % of total mercury content in all of the measured fish in a study by Cheng . This study also concluded that mercury bioaccumulates through food chains even in controlled aquaculture environments . Both total mercury and methyl mercury absorption was found to be derived from sediments containing mercury , not mainly from fish feed .
Coffee
A 2005 study done in Belgium concluded that consumers ' buying behavior is not consistent with their positive attitude toward ethical products . On average 46 % of European consumers claimed to be willing to pay substantially more for ethical products , including fair - trade products such as coffee . The study found that the majority of respondents were unwilling to pay the actual price premium of 27 % for fair trade coffee .
Cocoa production in Ghana
This study suggests that Ghana 's cocoa farmers are not making the best use of technological innovations in their production and instead their increased production is not sustainable . Bringing new land under cultivation is risky , as much of the land was previously forest and after a short period and without adequate attention this land may be exhausted . Intensive use of labour has led to high increases in the cost of labour and may impact profitability , and high rainfall is only periodic .
Sustainability
In early human history , the use of fire and desire for specific foods may have altered the natural composition of plant and animal communities . Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago , agrarian communities emerged which depended largely on their environment and the creation of a `` structure of permanence . ''
Mars, Incorporated
In September 2017 , an investigation conducted by NGO Mighty Earth found that a large amount of the cocoa used in chocolate produced by Mars and other major chocolate companies was grown illegally in national parks and other protected areas in Ivory Coast and Ghana . The countries are the world 's two largest cocoa producers .
Sustainability
As global population and affluence has increased , so has the use of various materials increased in volume , diversity and distance transported . Included here are raw materials , minerals , synthetic chemicals ( including hazardous substances ) , manufactured products , food , living organisms and waste . By 2050 , humanity could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals , ores , fossil fuels and biomass per year ( three times its current amount ) unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption . Developed countries ' citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita , ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable .
Lion
The lion 's proclivity for man - eating has been systematically examined . American and Tanzanian scientists report that man - eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005 . At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period -- a number far exceeding the more famed `` Tsavo '' incidents of a century earlier . The incidents occurred near Selous National Park in Rufiji District and in Lindi Province near the Mozambican border . While the expansion of villagers into bush country is one concern , the authors argue that conservation policy must mitigate the danger because , in this case , conservation contributes directly to human deaths . Cases in Lindi have been documented where lions seize humans from the center of substantial villages . Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the full moon ( when there was less moonlight ) were a strong indicator of increased night attacks on people . The
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence farming continues today in large parts of rural Africa , and parts of Asia and Latin America . In 2015 , about 2 billion people ( slightly more than 25 % of the world 's population ) in 500 million households living in rural areas of developing nations survive as `` smallholder '' farmers , working less than 2 hectares ( 5 acres ) of land . Subsistence agriculture had largely disappeared in Europe by the beginning of World War I , and in North America with the movement of sharecroppers and tenant farmers out of the American South and Midwest during the 1930s and 1940s . As recently as the 1950s , it was still common on family farms in North America and Europe to grow much of a family 's own food and make much of its own clothing , although sales of some of the farm 's production earned enough currency to buy certain staples , typically including sugar ; coffee and tea ; petroleum distillates ( petrol , kerosene , fuel oil ) ; textile products such as bolts of cloth , needles , and thread ; medicines ; hardware products such as nails , screws , and wire ; and a few discretionary items such as candy or books . Many of the preceding items , as well as occasional services from physicians , veterinarians , blacksmiths , and others , were often bought with barter rather than currency . In Central and Eastern Europe subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture reappeared within the transition economy since about 1990 .
Fair trade
The marketing of fair trade cocoa to European consumers often portrays the cocoa farmers as dependent on western purchases for their livelihood and well - being . Showing African cocoa producers in this way is problematic because it is reminiscent of the imperialistic view that Africans can not live happily without the help of westerners . It puts the balance of power in favor of the consumers rather than the producers .
History of West Africa
Although the salt and gold trade continued to be important to the Mali Empire , agriculture and pastoralism was also critical . The growing of sorghum , millet , and rice was a vital function . On the northern borders of the Sahel , grazing cattle , sheep , goats , and camels were major activities . Mande society was organised around the village and land . A cluster of villages was called a kafu , ruled by a farma . The farma paid tribute to the mansa . A dedicated army of elite cavalry and infantry maintained order , commanded by the royal court . A formidable force could be raised from tributary regions , if necessary .
Environmental impact of mining
Cultivated crops might be a problem near mines . Most crops can grow on weakly contaminated sites , but yield is generally lower than it would have been in regular growing conditions . Plants also tend to accumulate heavy metals in their aerian organs , possibly leading to human intake through fruits and vegetables . Regular consumptions might lead to health problems caused by long - term metal exposure . Cigarettes made from tobacco growing on contaminated sites might as well have adverse effects on human population , as tobacco tends to accumulate cadmium and zinc in its leaves . Animals
Fair trade
Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage . Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world , yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day . When surveyed , farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa ( CAC Pangoa ) in San Martín de Pangoa , Peru , could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade , but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is . They could , however , identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community . When asked , overall , farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities . They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives .
Child labour
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking . The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as `` false and excessive '' and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas . Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children 's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored . In a BBC interview , the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate .
Fair trade
Consumers often are n't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is . Activist groups are vital in educating consumers about the unethical aspects of unfair trade and promoting demand for fairly traded commodities . Activism and ethical consumption not only promote fair trade but also act against powerful corporations such as Mars , Incorporated that refuse to acknowledge the use of forced child labor in the harvesting of their cocoa . Sustainability
National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation
The turkeys are raised in the same fashion as turkeys designated for slaughter and are fed a grain - heavy diet of fortified corn and soybeans to increase the birds ' size . A flock of approximately 80 birds , typically from the farm of the current National Turkey Federation chairperson , are selected to be acclimated to handle loud noises , flash photography and large crowds ; from the flock of 80 , the 20 best - preened and best - behaved are chosen and eventually narrowed down to two finalists , whose names are chosen by the White House staff from suggestions by school children from the state where they were raised . Thanksgiving turkeys are bred and raised to provide more meat than those of the 1960s . Turkey hens are usually marketed at 14 weeks and weigh 15.5 pounds ( 7.0 kg ) when processed . This compares to the tom , which takes 18 weeks to reach a market weight of 38 pounds ( 17 kg ) . The turkeys for the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation are usually 21 week - old toms ( males ) weighing 45 pounds by the time of their White House visit , compared to the shorter growing period for turkeys destined for market .
Nutrition facts label
It was regulated by the Commission Directive 2008 / 100 / EC of 28 October 2008 amending Council Directive 90 / 496 / EEC on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs as regards recommended daily allowances , energy conversion factors and definitions . A new regulation is now in force ( Regulation 1169 / 2011 ) . Nutritional labelling becomes mandatory for most pre-packaged foods as from December 2016 .
Famine
The Guardian reports that in 2007 approximately 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded . If current trends of soil degradation continue in Africa , the continent might be able to feed just 25 % of its population by 2025 , according to UNU 's Ghana - based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa . As of late 2007 , increased farming for use in biofuels , along with world oil prices at nearly $100 a barrel , has pushed up the price of grain used to feed poultry and dairy cows and other cattle , causing higher prices of wheat ( up 58 % ) , soybean ( up 32 % ) , and maize ( up 11 % ) over the year . In 2007 Food riots have taken place in many countries across the world . An epidemic of stem rust , which is destructive to wheat and is caused by race Ug99 , has in 2007 spread across Africa and into Asia .
Neolithic Revolution
Sherratt argued that this phase in agricultural development enabled humans to make use of the energy possibilities of their animals in new ways , and permitted permanent intensive subsistence farming and crop production , and the opening up of heavier soils for farming . It also made possible nomadic pastoralism in semi arid areas , along the margins of deserts , and eventually led to the domestication of both the dromedary and Bactrian camel . Overgrazing of these areas , particularly by herds of goats , greatly extended the areal extent of deserts .
History of West Africa
In West Africa , the wet phase ushered in expanding rainforest and wooded savannah from Senegal to Cameroon . Between 9000 and 5000 BCE , Niger -- Congo speakers domesticated the oil palm and raffia palm . Two seed plants , black - eyed peas and voandzeia ( African groundnuts ) were domesticated , followed by okra and kola nuts . Since most of the plants grew in the forest , the Niger -- Congo speakers invented polished stone axes for clearing forest .
Mercury in fish
Even in countries , such as Sweden , that have phased out mercury in the dental industry and manufacturing , lingering quantities of mercury still exist in lakes and coastal areas . Moreover , global contributions of mercury to the environment also affect that country . A study in Sweden selected 127 women who had a high level of fish consumption . Around 20 % of the women selected , after hair and blood samples , were found to have exceeded the EPA 's recommended reference dose of 0.1 micrograms of methyl mercury per kilogram of body weight . Additionally , the study concluded that there was `` no margin of safety for neuraldevelopmental effects in fetus ( es ) '' without removing the offending species of fish from the diets of the women . This indicates that families intending to raise children should be especially careful about exposing their unborn babies to toxic mercury via fish .
Neolithic Revolution
The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee . In addition , khat , ensete , noog , teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands . Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet . The kola nut was first domesticated in West Africa . Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice , yams and the oil palm .