vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Soviet Union in World War II
By the end of 1943 , the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 -- 42 . Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the East of the front , safe from German invasion and air attack . The strategy paid off , as such industrial increases were able to occur even while the Germans in late 1942 occupied more than half of European Russia , including 40 percent ( 80 million ) of its population , and approximately 2,500,000 square kilometres ( 970,000 sq mi ) of Soviet territory . The Soviets had also prepared for war for more than a decade , including preparing 14 million civilians with some military training . Accordingly , while almost all of the original 5 million men of the Soviet army had been wiped out by the end of 1941 , the Soviet military had swelled to 8 million members by the end of that year . Despite substantial losses in 1942 far in excess of German losses , Red Army size grew even further , to 11 million . While there is substantial debate whether Stalin helped or hindered these industrial and manpower efforts , Stalin left most economic wartime management decisions in the hands of his economic experts . While some scholars claim that evidence suggests that Stalin considered , and even attempted , negotiating peace with Germany in 1941 and 1942 , others find this evidence unconvincing and even fabricated . Soviet
Second Sino-Japanese War
However , the Soviet occupation of Manchuria was long enough to allow the Communist forces to move in en masse and arm themselves with the military hardware surrendered by the Imperial Japanese Army , quickly establish control in the countryside and move into position to encircle the Nationalist government army in major cities of northeast China . Following that , the Chinese Civil War broke out between the Nationalists and Communists , which concluded with the Communist victory in mainland China and the retreat of the Nationalists to Taiwan in 1949 .
Korea under Japanese rule
During World War II , American soldiers frequently encountered Korean soldiers within the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army . Most notably was in the Battle of Tarawa , which was considered during that time to be one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. military history . A fifth of the Japanese garrison during this battle consisted of Korean laborers who were trained in combat roles . Like their Japanese counterparts , many of them were killed . Korean
Korea under Japanese rule
`` Virtually all industries were owned either by Japan - based corporations or by Japanese corporations in Korea . As of 1942 , indigenous capital constituted only 1.5 percent of the total capital invested in Korean industries . Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than their Japanese counterparts , so it was difficult for large Korean enterprises to emerge . More and more farmland was taken over by the Japanese , and an increasing proportion of Korean farmers either became sharecroppers or migrated to Japan or Manchuria as laborers . As greater quantities of Korean rice were exported to Japan , per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined ; between 1932 and 1936 , per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916 . Although the government imported coarse grains from Manchuria to augment the Korean food supply , per capita consumption of food grains in 1944 was 35 percent below that of 1912 to 1916 . ''
History of the United States (1945–64)
By 1947 , the Soviets had fully absorbed the three Baltic nations , and effectively controlled Poland , East Germany , Czechoslovakia , Romania , and Bulgaria . Austria and Finland were neutral and demilitarized . The Kremlin did not control Yugoslavia , which had a separate communist regime under Marshall Tito ; They had a permanent bitter break in 1948 . The Cold War lines stabilized in Europe along the Iron Curtain , and there was no fighting . The United States helped form a strong military alliance in NATO in 1949 including most of the nations of Western Europe , and Canada . In Asia , however , there was much more movement . The United States failed to negotiate a settlement between its ally , nationalist China under Chiang Kai - shek , and the Communists under Mao Zedong . The Communists took over China in 1949 and role of the nationalist to the offshore island of Formosa ( Taiwan ) which came under American protection . Local communist movements attempted to take over all of Korea ( 1950 ) and Vietnam ( 1954 ) . Communist hegemony covered one third of the world 's land while the United States emerged as the world 's more influential superpower , and formed a worldwide network of military alliances .
History of the United States (1945–64)
There were fundamental contrasts between the visions of the United States and the Soviet Union , between capitalist democracy and totalitarian liberalism / communism . The United States envisioned the new United Nations as a Wilsonian tool to resolve future troubles , but it failed in that purpose. < The U.S. rejected liberal totalitarianism and colonialism , in line with the principles laid down by the Atlantic Charter of 1941 : self - determination , equal economic access , and a rebuilt capitalist , democratic Europe that could again serve as a hub in world affairs .
Axis powers
Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact , enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union and Japan remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by the Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact . The Soviet Union ended the Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading Manchukuo on 9 August 1945 , due to agreements reached at the Yalta Conference with Roosevelt and Churchill .
Soviet Union in World War II
The Soviet Union ended its long - standing peace treaty with the Japanese and invaded Manchuria , leading to a series of events which possibly led to the subsequent Japanese unconditional surrender . Further
Sputnik crisis
According to Marie Thorsten , Americans experienced a `` techno - other void '' after the Sputnik crisis and continue to express longing for `` another Sputnik '' to boost education and innovation . During the 1980s , the rise of Japan filled that void temporarily . Following the Sputnik crisis , leaders exploited an `` awe doctrine '' to organize learning `` around a single model of educational national security : with math and science serving for supremacy in science and engineering , foreign languages and cultures for potential espionage , and history and humanities for national self - definition '' . American leaders were not able to exploit the image of Japan as effectively , despite its representations of super-smart students and a strong economy .
Sputnik crisis
The USSR had surpassed the United States and `` the rest of the free world '' in scientific and technological advancements in outer space . If the USSR maintained this superiority , it might use it as a means to undermine the United States ' prestige and leadership . If the USSR became the first to achieve significantly superior military capability in outer space and create an imbalance of power , it could pose a direct military threat to the United States .
Cold War
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany .
Allies of World War II
After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 18 September 1931 , when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident . The Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo , and their occupation lasted until Soviet Union and Mongolia launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation in 1945 .
Second Sino-Japanese War
By 1941 , Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam , but guerilla fighting continued in these occupied areas . Japan had suffered high casualties from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance , and neither side could make any swift progress in the manner of Nazi Germany in Western Europe .
Apartheid
In the 1960s , South Africa experienced economic growth second only to that of Japan . Trade with Western countries grew , and investment from the United States , France and Britain poured in .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Furthermore , as part of the Yalta Conference , which allowed a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria , the Soviets dismantled and removed more than half of the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese before handing over Manchuria to China . Large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the fighting and there was starvation in the wake of the war . Many towns and cities were destroyed , and millions were rendered homeless by floods .
Korea under Japanese rule
The Japanese , however , did not always believe they could rely on Korean laborers to fight alongside them . In Prisoners of the Japanese , author Gaven Daws wrote , `` ( O ) n Tinian there were five thousand Korean laborers and so as not to have hostiles at their back when the Americans invaded , the Japanese killed them . ''
Aftermath of the Korean War
The war was a political disaster for the Soviet Union . Its central objective , the unification of the Korean peninsula under the Kim Il - Sung regime , was not achieved . Boundaries of both parts of Korea remained practically unchanged . Furthermore , relations with communist ally China were seriously and permanently spoiled , leading to the Sino - Soviet split that lasted until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 .
Korea under Japanese rule
On 10 December 1941 , the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , under the presidency of Kim Gu , declared war on Japan in Chongqing in china evacuation destination . The Korean Provisional Government organized Korean resistance groups `` Korean Liberation Army '' . However , they only fought against Japan under the National Revolutionary Army . Afterwards , they became leaders of South Korea . On the other hand , Kim Il - sung led tens of thousands of Koreans volunteered for the National Revolutionary Army and the People 's Liberation Army . The communist - backed Korean Volunteer Army ( KVA , 조선 의용군 , 朝鮮 義勇軍 ) was established in Yenan , China , outside of the Provisional Government 's control , from a core of 1,000 deserters from the Imperial Japanese Army . After the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation , the KVA entered Manchuria , where it recruited from the ethnic Korean population and eventually became the Korean People 's Army of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea .
Cold War
A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' .
Korea under Japanese rule
In South Korea , the period is usually described as the `` Japanese forced occupation '' ( Hangul : 일제 강점기 ; Hanja : 日 帝 强占 期 ; RR : Ilje Gangjeom - gi ) . Other terms include `` Japanese Imperial Period '' ( Hangul : 일제 시대 ; Hanja : 日 帝 時代 ; RR : Ilje Sidae ) , `` period of the Japanese imperial colonial administration '' ( Hangul : 일제 식민 통치 시대 ; Hanja : 日 帝 植民 統治 時代 ; RR : Ilje Sikmin Tongchi Sidae ) , and `` Wae ( Japanese ) administration '' ( Hangul : 왜정 ; Hanja : 倭 政 ; RR : Wae - jeong ) .
Scientific management
Sorensen was one of the consultants who brought American know - how to the USSR during this era , before the Cold War made such exchanges unthinkable . As the Soviet Union developed and grew in power , both sides , the Soviets and the Americans , chose to ignore or deny the contribution that American ideas and expertise had made : the Soviets because they wished to portray themselves as creators of their own destiny and not indebted to a rival , and the Americans because they did not wish to acknowledge their part in creating a powerful communist rival . Anti-communism had always enjoyed widespread popularity in America , and anti-capitalism in Russia , but after World War II , they precluded any admission by either side that technologies or ideas might be either freely shared or clandestinely stolen . East
Korean War
Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks .
Axis powers
Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1938 . In the Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union gave military aid to the Second Spanish Republic , against Spanish Nationalist forces , which were assisted by Germany and Italy . However , the Nationalist forces were victorious . The Soviets suffered another political defeat when their ally Czechoslovakia was partitioned and taken over by Germany in 1938 -- 39 . In 1938 and 1939 , the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border conflicts , at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol . The latter was a major Soviet victory that led the Japanese Army to avoid war with the Soviets and instead call for expansion south .
North Korea–South Korea relations
The Allies had originally envisaged a joint trusteeship which would steer Korea towards independence , but most Korean nationalists wanted independence immediately . Meanwhile , the wartime co-operation between the Soviet Union and the US deteriorated as the Cold War took hold . Both occupying powers began promoting into positions of authority Koreans aligned with their side of politics and marginalizing their opponents . Many of these emerging political leaders were returning exiles with little popular support . In North Korea , the Soviet Union supported Korean Communists . Kim Il - sung , who from 1941 had served in the Soviet Army , became the major political figure . Society was centralized and collectivized , following the Soviet model . Politics in the South was more tumultuous , but the strongly anti-Communist Syngman Rhee emerged as the most prominent politician .
Soviet Union in World War II
Despite harsh conditions , the war led to a spike in Soviet nationalism and unity . Soviet propaganda toned down extreme Communist rhetoric of the past as the people now rallied by a belief of protecting their Motherland against the evils of German invaders . Ethnic minorities thought to be collaborators were forced into exile . Religion , which was previously shunned , became a part of Communist Party propaganda campaign in the Soviet society in order to mobilize the religious elements .
Cold War
Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961
Cold War
The Soviet Union initially signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in August 1939 . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied both Britain and the Soviets through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers .
Surrender of Japan
To this end , Stalin and Molotov strung out the negotiations with the Japanese , giving them false hope of a Soviet - mediated peace . At the same time , in their dealings with the United States and Britain , the Soviets insisted on strict adherence to the Cairo Declaration , re-affirmed at the Yalta Conference , that the Allies would not accept separate or conditional peace with Japan . The Japanese would have to surrender unconditionally to all the Allies . To prolong the war , the Soviets opposed any attempt to weaken this requirement . This would give the Soviets time to complete the transfer of their troops from the Western Front to the Far East , and conquer Manchuria ( Manchukuo ) , Inner Mongolia ( Mengjiang ) , Korea , South Sakhalin , the Kuriles , and possibly , Hokkaidō ( starting with a landing at Rumoi ) .
Cinema of the Philippines
During the Japanese Occupation , filmmaking was suddenly put to a halt . As was the case in Japan 's other colonial and occupied film markets , Japanese film companies took over the local exhibition venues replacing films from the Hollywood and the region with Japanese films for propaganda . Japanese films had been imported into the Philippines since the late 1930s but without great success . Japanese - sponsored film production in the Philippines continued until 1945 but was limited mostly to newsreels and educational films .
Cold War
Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years .
Second Sino-Japanese War
By 1941 , Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China , but the KMT central government and military had retreated to the western interior to continue their resistance , while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi . In the occupied areas , Japanese control was mainly limited to railroads and major cities ( `` points and lines '' ) . They did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside , where Chinese guerrillas roamed freely .
Space Race
In simple terms , the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism . The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949 , when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb . American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb , with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that , for the first time , might devastate its cities . Given this new danger , the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb , as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) capable of delivering nuclear weapons . A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s , which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism . With communism spreading in China , Korea , and Eastern Europe , Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive `` witch - hunts '' to expose communist spies . Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force , under the control of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers , as well as medium - bombers based close to Soviet airspace ( in western Europe and in Turkey ) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Japanese colonial campaigns Meiji period Korea ( 1894 -- 95 ) Liaodong Peninsula ( 1895 ) China ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Manchuria / Korea ( 1904 -- 05 ) Korea ( 1910 ) Taishō period Tsingtao ( 1914 ) Siberia ( 1918 -- 22 ) Shōwa period Manchuria ( 1931 -- 32 ) Soviet Union ( 1932 -- 39 ) China ( 1937 -- 45 ) Vietnam ( 1940 ) Thailand ( 1941 ) Asia - Pacific ( 1941 - 1945 )
Korean War
With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China .
Korea under Japanese rule
Starting in 1944 , Japan started the conscription of Koreans into the armed forces . All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army , as of April 1944 , or work in the military industrial sector , as of September 1944 . Before 1944 , 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army . Koreans provided workers to mines and construction sites around Japan . The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war . From 1944 , about 200,000 Korean males were inducted into the army .
Korea under Japanese rule
Officer cadets had been joining the Japanese Army since before the Annexation by attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy . Enlisted Soldier recruitment began as early as 1938 , when the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria began accepting pro-Japanese Korean volunteers into the army of Manchukuo , and formed the Gando Special Force . Koreans in this unit specialized in counter-insurgency operations against communist guerillas in the region of Jiandao . The size of the unit grew considerably at an annual rate of 700 men , and included such notable Koreans as General Paik Sun - yup , who served in the Korean War . Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria , the Gando Special Force `` earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large areas which came under its rule . ''