vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Evidence of common descent
The bird species , Sylvia atricapilla , commonly referred to as blackcaps , lives in Germany and flies southwest to Spain while a smaller group flies northwest to Great Britain during the winter . Gregor Rolshausen from the University of Freiburg found that the genetic separation of the two populations is already in progress . The differences found have arisen in about 30 generations . With DNA sequencing , the individuals can be assigned to a correct group with an 85 % accuracy . Stuart Bearhop from the University of Exeter reported that birds wintering in England tend to mate only among themselves , and not usually with those wintering in the Mediterranean . It is still inference to say that the populations will become two different species , but researchers expect it due to the continued genetic and geographic separation . Mollies
New World monkey
About 40 million years ago , the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys -- in South America ) and Catarrhini ( apes and Old World monkeys -- in Africa ) . The individuals whose descendents would become Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated to South America either on a raft of vegetation or via a land bridge . There are two possible rafting routes , either across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or across the Caribbean from North America . However , there is no fossil record to support the hypothesis of a migration from North America . The land bridge hypothesis relies on the existence of Atlantic Ocean ridges and a fall in the sea level in the Oligocene . This would have either produced a single land bridge or a series of mid-Atlantic islands to act as stepping stones for the migration . The latter is now the favorite choice .
Brown bear
Analyses of the genomes of bears have recovered multiple instances of introgressive hybridization between various bear species , including introgression of polar bear DNA intro brown bears during the Pleistocene . Formerly
Border Collie
Collies were listed as imports to New Zealand as early as 1858 , but the type was not specified . In the late 1890s James Lilico ( 1861 ? -- 1945 ) of Christchurch , New Zealand , imported a number of working dogs from the United Kingdom . These included Hindhope Jed , a black , tan and white born in Hindhope , Scotland in 1895 , as well as Maudie , Moss of Ancrum , Ness and Old Bob .
Avocado
Persea americana , or the avocado , possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla , Mexico , although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago . However , there is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado , resulting in the currently recognized Mexican ( aoacatl ) , Guatemalan ( quilaoacatl ) , and West Indian ( tlacacolaocatl ) landraces . The Mexican and Guatemalan landraces originated in the highlands of those countries , while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala , Costa Rica , Colombia , Ecuador to Peru , achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans . The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex .
Fur trade
Originally , Russia exported raw furs , consisting in most cases of the pelts of martens , beavers , wolves , foxes , squirrels and hares . Between the 16th and 18th centuries , Russians began to settle in Siberia , a region rich in many mammal fur species , such as Arctic fox , lynx , sable , sea otter and stoat ( ermine ) . In a search for the prized sea otter pelts , first used in China , and later for the northern fur seal , the Russian Empire expanded into North America , notably Alaska . From the 17th through the second half of the 19th century , Russia was the world 's largest supplier of fur . The fur trade played a vital role in the development of Siberia , the Russian Far East and the Russian colonization of the Americas . As recognition of the importance of the trade to the Siberian economy , the sable is a regional symbol of the Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Siberian Novosibirsk , Tyumen and Irkutsk Oblasts of Russia . Fur
Evidence of common descent
Another difference found between the two populations was the discovery , in the Mrčaru lizards , of cecal valves , which slow down food passage and provide fermenting chambers , allowing commensal microorganisms to convert cellulose to nutrients digestible by the lizards . Additionally , the researchers discovered that nematodes were common in the guts of Mrčaru lizards , but absent from Kopište P. sicula , which do not have cecal valves . The cecal valves , which occur in less than 1 percent of all known species of scaled reptiles , have been described as an `` adaptive novelty , a brand new feature not present in the ancestral population and newly evolved in these lizards '' . Pah
Bell pepper
The misleading name `` pepper '' was given by Europeans when Christopher Columbus brought the plant back to Europe . At that time , black pepper ( peppercorns ) , from the unrelated plant Piper nigrum originating from India , was a highly prized condiment ; the name `` pepper '' was at that time applied in Europe to all known spices with a hot and pungent taste and was therefore naturally extended to the newly discovered genus Capsicum . The most commonly used alternative name of the plant family , `` chile '' , is of Mexican origin , from the Nahuatl word chilli . Botanically speaking , bell peppers are fruits ; however , they are considered vegetables in culinary contexts .
Venezuela
Spanish influences are evident in bullfights and certain features of gastronomy . Venezuela was also enriched by other streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century , especially from France . In the latest stage in the major cities and regions oil of U.S. origin and manifestations of the new immigration of Spanish , Italian and Portuguese , increasing the already complex cultural mosaic . For example , from United States comes the influence of taste for baseball , US - style fast food , and current architectural constructions .
German Shepherd
In the 1800s northwest Europe ( Belgium , Germany , Netherlands ) the most common dog used to herd sheep and protect the homes was the so - called `` continental shepherd dog '' . These dogs all looked very similar at that time , and it was around 1890 that the three breeds ( Belgian Shepherd , German Shepherd and Dutch Shepherd ) went their separate ways . Of those breeds , the Dutch shepherd looks closest to the continental shepherd of that time . Illustration
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call , which sounds similar to a dog 's bark . The name was in use at least as early as 1774 . The 1804 journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition note that in September 1804 , they `` discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog '' . Its genus , Cynomys , derives from the Greek for `` dog mouse '' .
Apollo
The etymology of the name is uncertain . The spelling Ἀπόλλων ( pronounced ( a. pól. lɔːn ) in Classical Attic ) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era , but the Doric form , Apellon ( Ἀπέλλων ) , is more archaic , as it is derived from an earlier * Ἀπέλjων . It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios ( Ἀπελλαῖος ) , and the offerings apellaia ( ἀπελλαῖα ) at the initiation of the young men during the family - festival apellai ( ἀπέλλαι ) . According to some scholars , the words are derived from the Doric word apella ( ἀπέλλα ) , which originally meant `` wall , '' `` fence for animals '' and later `` assembly within the limits of the square . '' Apella ( Ἀπέλλα ) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta , corresponding to the ecclesia ( ἐκκλησία ) . R.S.P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto - form * Apal un .
Boxer (dog)
The name `` Boxer '' is supposedly derived from the breed 's tendency to play by standing on its hind legs and `` boxing '' with its front paws . According to Andrew H. Brace 's Pet owner 's guide to the Boxer , this theory is the least plausible explanation . He claims `` it 's unlikely that a nation so permeated with nationalism would give to one of its most famous breeds a name so obviously anglicised '' .
Koko (gorilla)
In 1985 , Koko was allowed to pick out two new kittens from a litter to be her companions . The animals she chose , she named `` Lipstick '' and `` Smoky '' , were also Manxes . Koko picked the name after seeing the tiny orange Manx for the first time . When her trainer asked the meaning of the name , Koko answered , Lips lipstick . Dr. Patterson was confused until she realized that Lips had a pink nose and mouth , unlike All Ball 's gray markings . Koko picked Smoky 's name because the kitten looks like a cat in one of the gorilla 's books .
Binomial nomenclature
Latin , either classical or medieval . Thus , both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words , meaning `` wise '' ( sapiens ) `` human / man '' ( Homo ) . Classical Greek . The genus Rhododendron was named by Linnaeus from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον , itself derived from rhodon , `` rose '' , and dendron , `` tree '' . Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form . Thus coca ( the plant from which cocaine is obtained ) has the name Erythroxylum coca . Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros , red , and xylon , wood . The Greek neuter ending - ον ( - on ) is often converted to the Latin neuter ending - um . Other languages . The second part of the name Erythroxylum coca is derived from kuka , the name of the plant in Aymara and Quechua . Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia , their names often use Mongolian words , e.g. Tarchia from tarkhi , meaning `` brain '' , or Saichania meaning `` beautiful one '' . Names of people ( often naturalists or biologists ) . The name Magnolia campbellii commemorates two people : Pierre Magnol , a French botanist , and Archibald Campbell , a doctor in British India . Names of places . The lone star tick , Amblyomma americanum , is widespread in the United States . Other sources . Some binominal names have been constructed from anagrams or other re-orderings of existing names . Thus the name of the genus Muilla is derived by reversing the name Allium . Names may also be derived from jokes or puns . For example , Ratcliffe described a number of species of Rhinoceros beetle , including Cyclocephala nodanotherwon .
Moth
The modern English word `` moth '' comes from Old English `` moððe '' ( cf . Northumbrian `` mohðe '' ) from Common Germanic ( compare Old Norse `` motti '' , Dutch `` mot '' , and German `` motte '' all meaning `` moth '' ) . Its origins are possibly related to the Old English `` maða '' meaning `` maggot '' or from the root of `` midge '' which until the sixteenth century was used mostly to indicate the larva , usually in reference to devouring clothes .
Alice (TV series)
Mel would snipe , `` Stow it ! '' at anyone he had qualms with , especially his waitstaff . `` Stow it ! '' was usually followed by either `` Alice '' , `` Vera '' , `` Flo '' `` Belle '' , or `` Blondie '' ( in reference to Jolene ) . He would also bark , `` Bag it , Blondie ! '' to Jolene . He eventually gave Vera the nickname `` Dinghy '' and would occasionally bellow `` Stow it , Dinghy '' at her . Jolene would sometimes say , `` When pigs wear perfume . ''
Siberia
The origin of the name is unknown . Some sources say that `` Siberia '' originates from the Siberian Tatar word for `` sleeping land '' ( Sib Ir ) . Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the Sirtya ( ru ) ( also `` Syopyr '' ( sjɵpᵻr ) ) , an ethnic group which spoke a language that later evolved into the Ugric languages . The Sirtya people were later assimilated into the Siberian Tatars .
Macedonia (terminology)
The name Macedonia derives from the Greek Μακεδονία ( Makedonía ) , a kingdom ( later , region ) named after the ancient Macedonians . Their name , Μακεδόνες ( Makedónes ) , is cognate to the Ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός ( makednós ) , meaning `` tall , slim '' . It was traditionally derived from the Indo - European root * mak - , meaning ' long ' or ' slender ' ( attested in Homer , and recorded by Hesychius of Alexandria as a Doric word meaning `` large '' ) , or makros ( ' long , large ' ) , as well as related words in other Indo - European languages . It is commonly explained as having originally meant ' the tall ones ' or ' highlanders ' . However , according to modern research by Robert S.P. Beekes , both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and can not be explained in terms of Indo - European morphology .
Brownie points
The Oxford English Dictionary conjectures that this expression could also have derived from U.S. military slang for sycophants , `` brown - nosers '' , while also mentioning the popular etymology that derives it from the awards system of the Brownies . The term `` brownie '' in the sense of `` brown - noser '' was in use in the 1940s . It has been suggested that the term was given impetus though its coincidence with related scatological slang .
Red panda
In English , the red panda is also called lesser panda ( since it is smaller than the giant panda ) , though `` red '' is more commonly used nowadays . As it was known in the West decades before the giant panda , initially it was the red panda that was simply called `` panda '' . When distinction became necessary , the red panda was still considered the true panda and common panda .
Elk
The name wapiti is from the Shawnee and Cree word waapiti , meaning `` white rump '' . This name is used in particular for the Asian subspecies ( Altai wapiti , Tian Shan wapiti , Manchurian wapiti and Alashan wapiti ) , because in Eurasia the name elk continues to be used for the moose .
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature , as described here , is a system for naming species . Implicitly it includes a system for naming genera , since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name . In a classification system based on ranks there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species . Ranks above genus ( e.g. , family , order , class ) receive one - part names , which are conventionally not written in italics . Thus the house sparrow , Passer domesticus , belongs to the family Passeridae . Family names are normally based on genus names , although the endings used differ between zoology and botany .
Curious George
When the first story , Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys was published in France in 1939 , George was named Fifi . In the United Kingdom , George was originally called `` Zozo '' in 1941 , apparently to avoid using the name of the then King George VI for a monkey . Books featuring the adventures of Curious George have been translated from the original French into many other languages in addition to English . The books have been adapted into several television series and films .
Jejunum
Jejunum is derived from the Latin word jējūnus , meaning `` fasting . '' It was so called because this part of the small intestine was frequently found to be void of food following death , due to its intensive peristaltic activity relative to the duodenum and ileum .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The name Macedonia ( Greek : Μακεδονία , Makedonía ) comes from the ethnonym Μακεδόνες ( Makedónes ) , which itself is derived from the ancient Greek adjective μακεδνός ( makednós ) , meaning `` tall '' , possibly descriptive of the people . It has the same root as the adjective μακρός ( makros ) , meaning `` long '' or `` tall '' in Ancient Greek . The name is originally believed to have meant either `` highlanders '' , `` the tall ones '' , or `` high grown men '' . Linguist Robert S.P. Beekes claims that both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and can not be explained in terms of Indo - European morphology .
Platypus
There is no universally agreed plural of `` platypus '' in the English language . Scientists generally use `` platypuses '' or simply `` platypus '' . Colloquially , the term `` platypi '' is also used for the plural , although this is technically incorrect and a form of pseudo-Latin ; the correct Greek plural would be `` platypodes '' . Early British settlers called it by many names , such as `` watermole '' , `` duckbill '' , and `` duckmole '' . The name platypus is occasionally prefixed with the adjective `` duck - billed '' to form duck - billed platypus .
Leprechaun
The name leprechaun is derived from the Irish word leipreachán , defined by Patrick Dinneen as `` a pigmy , a sprite , or leprechaun '' . The further derivation is less certain ; according to most sources , the word is thought to be a corruption of Middle Irish luchrupán , from the Old Irish luchorpán , a compound of the roots lú ( small ) and corp ( body ) . The root corp , which was borrowed from the Latin corpus , attests to the early influence of Ecclesiastical Latin on the Irish language . The alternative spelling leithbrágan stems from a folk etymology deriving the word from leith ( half ) and bróg ( brogue ) , because of the frequent portrayal of the leprechaun as working on a single shoe .
Common basilisk
The common basilisk is named for the creature of Greek mythology made up of parts of a rooster , snake , and lion which could turn a man to stone by its gaze : the basilisk . Its generic , specific and common names all derive from the Greek basilískos ( βασιλίσκος ) meaning `` little king '' . The specific epithet was given in Carl Linnaeus ' 10th edition of Systema Naturae .
Species
The naming of a particular species , including which genus ( and higher taxa ) it is placed in , is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships and distinguishability of that group of organisms . As further information comes to hand , the hypothesis may be confirmed or refuted . Sometimes , especially in the past when communication was more difficult , taxonomists working in isolation have given two distinct names to individual organisms later identified as the same species . When two named species are discovered to be of the same species , the older species name is usually retained , and the newer species name dropped , a process called synonymisation , or colloquially , as lumping . Dividing a taxon into multiple , often new , taxa is called splitting . Taxonomists are often referred to as `` lumpers '' or `` splitters '' by their colleagues , depending on their personal approach to recognising differences or commonalities between organisms .
Chickenpox
Why the term was used is not clear but it may be due to it being a relatively mild disease . It has been said to be derived from chickpeas , based on resemblance of the vesicles to chickpeas , or to come from the rash resembling chicken pecks . Other suggestions include the designation chicken for a child ( i.e. , literally ' child pox ' ) , a corruption of itching - pox , or the idea that the disease may have originated in chickens . Samuel Johnson explained the designation as `` from its being of no very great danger '' .
Waiting for Godot
Throughout the play the couple refer to each other by the pet names `` Didi '' and `` Gogo '' , although the boy addresses Vladimir as `` Mister Albert '' . Beckett originally intended to call Estragon `` Lévy '' but when Pozzo questions him he gives his name as `` Magrégor , André '' and also responds to `` Catulle '' in French or `` Catullus '' in the first Faber edition . This became `` Adam '' in the American edition . Beckett 's only explanation was that he was `` fed up with Catullus '' .
Red panda
The taxonomic classification of the red panda has been controversial since it was discovered . French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier initially described the red panda in 1825 , and classified it as a close relative of the raccoon ( Procyonidae ) , though he gave it the genus name Ailurus , ( from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος , `` cat '' ) , based on superficial similarities with domestic cats . The specific epithet is the Latin adjective fulgens ( `` shining '' ) .
Cinderella
The name `` Cenerentola '' comes from the Italian word `` cenere '' ( ash , cinder ) . It has to do with the fact that servants and scullions were usually soiled with ash at that time , because of their cleaning work and also because they had to live in cold basements so they usually tried to get warm by sitting close to the fireplace .
House sparrow
The house sparrow was among the first animals to be given a scientific name in the modern system of biological classification , since it was described by Carl Linnaeus , in the 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae . It was described from a type specimen collected in Sweden , with the name Fringilla domestica . Later , the genus name Fringilla came to be used only for the common chaffinch and its relatives , and the house sparrow has usually been placed in the genus Passer created by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 .
Homonym
The word homonym comes from the Greek ὁμώνυμος ( homonymos ) , meaning `` having the same name '' , which is the conjunction of ὁμός ( homos ) , `` common , same '' and ὄνομα ( onoma ) meaning `` name '' . Thus , it refers to two or more distinct concepts sharing the `` same name '' or signifier . Note : for the h sound , see rough breathing and smooth breathing .
Binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus 's trivial names introduced an important new idea , namely that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label . This meant that the name no longer need be descriptive ; for example both parts could be derived from the names of people . Thus Gerard 's phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana , where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the younger , an English botanist and gardener . A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri , meaning `` Alexander 's parrot '' , after Alexander the Great whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece . Linnaeus ' trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them .
Rabbit
Male rabbits are called bucks ; females are called does . An older term for an adult rabbit is coney , while rabbit once referred only to the young animals . Another term for a young rabbit is bunny , though this term is often applied informally ( especially by children ) to rabbits generally , especially domestic ones . More recently , the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit . A young hare is called a leveret ; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well .
Timon and Pumbaa
As with many characters in Lion King , Pumbaa 's name derives from the East African language Swahili . In Swahili , pumbaa ( v . ) means `` to be foolish , silly , weakminded , careless , negligent '' . Timon is one of the few characters whose name has no meaning in Swahili ; Timon is a historical Greek name , taken to mean `` he who respects '' . Timon 's name may also possibly derive from Shakespeare 's tragedy Timon of Athens , another Shakespeare reference in a film which derives its plot from Hamlet .
Red panda
Many other languages also use `` red '' or variations of `` shining / gold '' or `` lesser / small '' in their names for this species . For instance , червена панда in Bulgarian , panda roux in French , panda rojo in Spanish , and Roter Panda in German all mean `` red panda '' . Since at least as far back as 1855 , one of its French names has been panda éclatant ( shining panda ) . In Finnish , it is called kultapanda ( gold panda ) .
Matterhorn
The French name Cervin , from which the Italian term Cervino derives , stems from the Latin Mons Silvanus ( or Mons Sylvanus ) , where silva means forest ; this was corrupted to Selvin and then Servin . The change of the first letter `` s '' to `` c '' is attributed to Horace Bénédict de Saussure , who thought the word was related to `` deer '' ( French : cerf and Italian : cervo ) . View