vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Operating system
Client / server networking allows a program on a computer , called a client , to connect via a network to another computer , called a server . Servers offer ( or host ) various services to other network computers and users . These services are usually provided through ports or numbered access points beyond the server 's IP address . Each port number is usually associated with a maximum of one running program , which is responsible for handling requests to that port . A daemon , being a user program , can in turn access the local hardware resources of that computer by passing requests to the operating system kernel .
HTTPS
Because HTTPS piggybacks HTTP entirely on top of TLS , the entirety of the underlying HTTP protocol can be encrypted . This includes the request URL ( which particular web page was requested ) , query parameters , headers , and cookies ( which often contain identity information about the user ) . However , because host ( website ) addresses and port numbers are necessarily part of the underlying TCP / IP protocols , HTTPS can not protect their disclosure . In practice this means that even on a correctly configured web server , eavesdroppers can infer the IP address and port number of the web server ( sometimes even the domain name e.g. www.example.org , but not the rest of the URL ) that one is communicating with , as well as the amount ( data transferred ) and duration ( length of session ) of the communication , though not the content of the communication .
Computer
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s . The U.S. military 's SAGE system was the first large - scale example of such a system , which led to a number of special - purpose commercial systems such as Sabre . In the 1970s , computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology . The effort was funded by ARPA ( now DARPA ) , and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET . The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved .
Command-line interface
In Unix - like operating systems , a single hyphen - minus by itself is usually a special value specifying that a program should handle data coming from the standard input or send data to the standard output . Command
HTTPS
HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP / IP model , the Application layer ; as does the TLS security protocol ( operating as a lower sublayer of the same layer ) , which encrypts an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypts a message upon arrival . Strictly speaking , HTTPS is not a separate protocol , but refers to use of ordinary HTTP over an encrypted SSL / TLS connection .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In 2003 cartoon , Splinter is the rat pet of Hamoto Yoshi . Splinter mimicked Hamato Yoshi 's movements while he was practicing . After Hamato Yoshi was murdered by Oroku Saki , he ran away from the cage and became homeless . One day , he witnessed a young boy carrying a glass jar of four pet infant turtles , who would later become the Ninja Turtles . Another boy next to the boy saw a blind man crossing the street and a truck was coming by . He saved the man . Meanwhile , the boy carrying the turtles accidentally dropped the glass jar . It broke and the turtles went right into a sewer . As the truck swerved , a canister with ooze in it bounced out from the back and went into the same sewer . It smashed , and the ooze covered their bodies . Splinter took pity of them , and he even got covered with some ooze . He and the turtles grew bigger in size and more intelligent the next day .
HTTPS
HTTPS is also very important for connections over the Tor anonymity network , as malicious Tor nodes can damage or alter the contents passing through them in an insecure fashion and inject malware into the connection . This is one reason why the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Tor project started the development of HTTPS Everywhere , which is included in the Tor Browser Bundle .
HTTPS
It is recommended to use HTTP Strict Transport Security ( HSTS ) with HTTPS to protect users from man - in - the - middle attacks , especially SSL stripping .
Gray code
The binary - reflected Gray code can serve as a solution guide for the Towers of Hanoi problem , as well as the classical Chinese rings puzzle , a sequential mechanical puzzle mechanism . It also forms a Hamiltonian cycle on a hypercube , where each bit is seen as one dimension .
Twisted pair
In contrast to shielded or foiled twisted pair ( typically F / UTP or S / FTP cable shielding ) , UTP ( unshielded twisted pair ) cable is not surrounded by any shielding . UTP is the primary wire type for telephone usage and is very common for computer networking , especially as patch cables or temporary network connections due to the high flexibility of the cables .
Command-line interface
In a similar fashion to the help parameter , but much less common , some programs provide additional information about themselves ( like mode , status , version , author , license or contact information ) when invoked with an `` about '' parameter like - ! , / ! , - about , or -- about .
HTTPS
HTTP is not encrypted and is vulnerable to man - in - the - middle and eavesdropping attacks , which can let attackers gain access to website accounts and sensitive information , and modify webpages to inject malware or advertisements . HTTPS is designed to withstand such attacks and is considered secure against them ( with the exception of older , deprecated versions of SSL ) .
Gray code
A typical use of Gray code counters is building a FIFO ( first - in , first - out ) data buffer that has read and write ports that exist in different clock domains . The input and output counters inside such a dual - port FIFO are often stored using Gray code to prevent invalid transient states from being captured when the count crosses clock domains . The updated read and write pointers need to be passed between clock domains when they change , to be able to track FIFO empty and full status in each domain . Each bit of the pointers is sampled non-deterministically for this clock domain transfer . So for each bit , either the old value or the new value is propagated . Therefore , if more than one bit in the multi-bit pointer is changing at the sampling point , a `` wrong '' binary value ( neither new nor old ) can be propagated . By guaranteeing only one bit can be changing , Gray codes guarantee that the only possible sampled values are the new or old multi-bit value . Typically Gray codes of power - of - two length are used .
URL
Protocol - relative links ( PRL ) , also known as protocol - relative URLs ( PRURL ) , are URLs that have no protocol specified . For example , / / example.com will use the protocol of the current page , either HTTP or HTTPS .
Gray code
Snake - in - the - box codes , or snakes , are the sequences of nodes of induced paths in an n - dimensional hypercube graph , and coil - in - the - box codes , or coils , are the sequences of nodes of induced cycles in a hypercube . Viewed as Gray codes , these sequences have the property of being able to detect any single - bit coding error . Codes of this type were first described by William H. Kautz in the late 1950s ; since then , there has been much research on finding the code with the largest possible number of codewords for a given hypercube dimension .
Gray code
In modern digital communications , Gray codes play an important role in error correction . For example , in a digital modulation scheme such as QAM where data is typically transmitted in symbols of 4 bits or more , the signal 's constellation diagram is arranged so that the bit patterns conveyed by adjacent constellation points differ by only one bit . By combining this with forward error correction capable of correcting single - bit errors , it is possible for a receiver to correct any transmission errors that cause a constellation point to deviate into the area of an adjacent point . This makes the transmission system less susceptible to noise .
Verizon Fios
One of the three wavelength bands is devoted to carrying television channels using standard QAM cable television technology . The other two wavelengths are devoted to all other data , one for outbound and the other for inbound data . This includes video on demand , telephone and Internet data .
HTTPS
The HTTPS uniform resource identifier ( URI ) scheme has identical syntax to the standard HTTP scheme , aside from its scheme token . However , HTTPS signals the browser to use an added encryption layer of SSL / TLS to protect the traffic . SSL / TLS is especially suited for HTTP , since it can provide some protection even if only one side of the communication is authenticated . This is the case with HTTP transactions over the Internet , where typically only the server is authenticated ( by the client examining the server 's certificate ) .
Modem
A modem ( modulator -- demodulator ) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information . The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data . Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals , from light - emitting diodes to radio . A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data .
Operating system
Many operating systems support one or more vendor - specific or open networking protocols as well , for example , SNA on IBM systems , DECnet on systems from Digital Equipment Corporation , and Microsoft - specific protocols ( SMB ) on Windows . Specific protocols for specific tasks may also be supported such as NFS for file access . Protocols like ESound , or esd can be easily extended over the network to provide sound from local applications , on a remote system 's sound hardware .
The Raven
Poe may also have been drawing upon various references to ravens in mythology and folklore . In Norse mythology , Odin possessed two ravens named Huginn and Muninn , representing thought and memory . According to Hebrew folklore , Noah sends a white raven to check conditions while on the ark . It learns that the floodwaters are beginning to dissipate , but it does not immediately return with the news . It is punished by being turned black and being forced to feed on carrion forever . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lover 's unfaithfulness . The raven 's role as a messenger in Poe 's poem may draw from those stories .
Command-line interface
However , many programs are hardwired to use / only , rather than retrieving the switch setting before parsing command - line arguments . A very small number , mainly ports from Unix - like systems , are programmed to accept `` - '' even if the switch character is not set to it ( for example netstat and ping , supplied with Windows , will accept the / ? option to list available options , and yet the list will specify the `` - '' convention ) . Option
Internet privacy
An Anonymizer such as I2P -- The Anonymous Network or Tor can be used for accessing web services without them knowing one 's IP address and without one 's ISP knowing what the services are that one accesses . Additional software has been developed that may provide more secure and anonymous alternatives to other applications . For example , Bitmessage can be used as an alternative for email and Cryptocat as an alternative for online chat . On the other hand , in addition to End - to - End encryption software , there are web services such as Qlink which provide privacy through a novel security protocol which does not require installing any software .
Operating system
Currently most operating systems support a variety of networking protocols , hardware , and applications for using them . This means that computers running dissimilar operating systems can participate in a common network for sharing resources such as computing , files , printers , and scanners using either wired or wireless connections . Networks can essentially allow a computer 's operating system to access the resources of a remote computer to support the same functions as it could if those resources were connected directly to the local computer . This includes everything from simple communication , to using networked file systems or even sharing another computer 's graphics or sound hardware . Some network services allow the resources of a computer to be accessed transparently , such as SSH which allows networked users direct access to a computer 's command line interface .
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
On July 20 , 2009 , the Drudge Report published links to pages on Recovery.gov that Drudge alleged were detailing expensive contracts awarded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for items such as individual portions of mozzarella cheese , frozen ham and canned pork , costing hundreds of thousands to over a million dollars . A statement released by the USDA the same day corrected the allegation , stating that `` references to ' 2 pound frozen ham sliced ' are to the sizes of the packaging . Press reports suggesting that the Recovery Act spent $1.191 million to buy `` 2 pounds of ham '' are wrong . In fact , the contract in question purchased 760,000 pounds of ham for $1.191 million , at a cost of approximately $1.50 per pound . ''
Gray code
In practice , `` Gray code '' almost always refers to a binary - reflected Gray code ( BRGC ) . However , mathematicians have discovered other kinds of Gray codes . Like BRGCs , each consists of a lists of words , where each word differs from the next in only one digit ( each word has a Hamming distance of 1 from the next word ) .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles episode `` Planet of the Turtleloids '' Pt. 1 , Tattoo ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) was not a human being at all but a hamster mutated by the Shredder into human form . The Ninja Turtles encounter him vandalizing a pet shop . After a scuffle in which a confused angered Tattoo wraps himself up in electrical wire , he is electrocuted and reverted into hamster form . Leonardo deduces that Shredder kidnapped the hamster from that very same pet store and all he wanted was to return home .
Satellite
The second major module is the communication payload , which is made up of transponders . A transponder is capable of :
Internet privacy
Governments and organizations may set up honeypot websites -- featuring controversial topics -- with the purpose of attracting and tracking unwary people . This constitutes a potential danger for individuals .
Communications satellite
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder ; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth . Communications satellites are used for television , telephone , radio , internet , and military applications . There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth 's orbit , used by both private and government organizations .
HTTPS
In its popular deployment on the internet , HTTPS provides authentication of the website and associated web server with which one is communicating , which protects against man - in - the - middle attacks . Additionally , it provides bidirectional encryption of communications between a client and server , which protects against eavesdropping and tampering with or forging the contents of the communication . In practice , this provides a reasonable guarantee that one is communicating with precisely the website that one intended to communicate with ( as opposed to an impostor ) , as well as ensuring that the contents of communications between the user and site can not be read or forged by any third party .
Rabbit
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Command-line interface
A CLI can generally be considered as consisting of syntax and semantics . The syntax is the grammar that all commands must follow . In the case of operating systems , DOS and Unix each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow . In the case of embedded systems , each vendor , such as Nortel , Juniper Networks or Cisco Systems , defines their own proprietary set of rules that all commands within their CLI conform to . These rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands . The semantics define what sort of operations are possible , on what sort of data these operations can be performed , and how the grammar represents these operations and data -- the symbolic meaning in the syntax .
Modem
These values are maximum values , and actual values may be slower under certain conditions ( for example , noisy phone lines ) . For a complete list see the companion article list of device bandwidths . A baud is one symbol per second ; each symbol may encode one or more data bits .
HTTPS
A sophisticated type of man - in - the - middle attack called SSL stripping was presented at the Blackhat Conference 2009 . This type of attack defeats the security provided by HTTPS by changing the https : link into an http : link , taking advantage of the fact that few Internet users actually type `` https '' into their browser interface : they get to a secure site by clicking on a link , and thus are fooled into thinking that they are using HTTPS when in fact they are using HTTP . The attacker then communicates in clear with the client . This prompted the development of a countermeasure in HTTP called HTTP Strict Transport Security .
HTTPS
HTTPS creates a secure channel over an insecure network . This ensures reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man - in - the - middle attacks , provided that adequate cipher suites are used and that the server certificate is verified and trusted .
Communications satellite
Amateur radio operators have access to amateur satellites , which have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic . Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters , and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas . Due to launch costs , most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits , and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time . Some satellites also provide data - forwarding services using the X. 25 or similar protocols .
Command-line interface
A web browser 's URL input field can be used as a command line . It can be used to `` launch '' web apps , access browser configuration , as well as perform a search . Google , which has been called `` the command line of the internet '' will perform a domain - specific search when it detects search parameters in a known format . This functionality is present whether the search is triggered from a browser field or on Google 's website .
Modem
Transparent modems operate in a manner similar to their phone line modem cousins . Typically , they were half duplex , meaning that they could not send and receive data at the same time . Typically , transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure . Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection .
Agranulocyte
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Global Positioning System
The L3 signal at a frequency of 1.38105 GHz is used to transmit data from the satellites to ground stations . This data is used by the United States Nuclear Detonation ( NUDET ) Detection System ( USNDS ) to detect , locate , and report nuclear detonations ( NUDETs ) in the Earth 's atmosphere and near space . One usage is the enforcement of nuclear test ban treaties .
Wireless security
In a network injection attack , a hacker can make use of access points that are exposed to non-filtered network traffic , specifically broadcasting network traffic such as `` Spanning Tree '' ( 802.1 D ) , OSPF , RIP , and HSRP . The hacker injects bogus networking re-configuration commands that affect routers , switches , and intelligent hubs . A whole network can be brought down in this manner and require rebooting or even reprogramming of all intelligent networking devices .
Default gateway
A default gateway in computer networking is the node that is assumed to know how to forward packets on to other networks . Typically , in a TCP / IP network , nodes such as servers , workstations and network devices each have a defined default route setting , ( pointing to the default gateway ) , defining where to send packets for IP addresses for which they can determine no specific route . The gateway is by definition a router .
OSI model
The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences ( called datagrams ) from one node to another connected in `` different networks '' . A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected , on which every node has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node , possibly routing it through intermediate nodes . If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes , the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node , sending the fragments independently , and reassembling the fragments at another node . It may , but does not need to , report delivery errors .
HTTPS
In June 2014 , a team of researchers at UC Berkeley and Intel led by Brad Miller demonstrated a generalized approach to HTTPS traffic analysis based on machine learning . The researchers demonstrated that the attack applied to a range of websites , including Mayo Clinic , Planned Parenthood and YouTube . The attack assumes that the attacker is able to visit the same webpages as the victim to gather Network traffic which serves as training data . The attacker is then able to identify similarities in the packet sizes and orderings between the victim traffic and the training data traffic which frequently allow the attacker to infer the exact page the victim is visiting . For example , this attack could be used to determine whether a user browsing the Planned Parenthood website is looking for information about preventative health screening or an abortion . Note that the attack can not be used to discover user specific values embedded in a webpage . For example , many banks offer web interfaces which allow users to view account balances . While the attacker would be able to discover that the user was viewing an account balance page , they would be unable to learn the user 's exact account balance or account number .