vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Marshall Plan
Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa ( German : Unternehmen Barbarossa ) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union , starting Sunday , 22 June 1941 , during World War II . The operation stemmed from Nazi Germany 's ideological aims to conquer the western Soviet Union so that it could be repopulated by Germans , to use Slavs as a slave - labour force for the Axis war - effort , and to seize the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories .
Gilded Age
The `` New Immigration '' were much poorer peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe , including mostly Italians , Poles and Jews . Some men , especially the Italians and Greeks , saw themselves as temporary migrants who planned to return to their home villages with a nest egg of cash earned in long hours of unskilled labor . Others , especially the Jews , had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning .
Operation Barbarossa
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II Clockwise from top left : German soldiers advance through Northern Russia , German flamethrower team in the Soviet Union , Soviet planes flying over German positions near Moscow , Soviet prisoners of war on the way to German prison camps , Soviet soldiers fire at German positions . Date 22 June -- 5 December 1941 ( 5 months , 1 week and 6 days ) Location Eastern and Northern Europe Result See Aftermath Belligerents Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Croatia Soviet Union Commanders and leaders Adolf Hitler Walther von Brauchitsch Franz Halder Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Ion Antonescu Gustaf Mannerheim Joseph Stalin Georgy Zhukov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Semyon Budyonny Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Markian Popov Fyodor Kuznetsov Dmitry Pavlov Ivan Tyulenev Mikhail Kirponos † Units involved Axis armies ( show ) Army Group North 16th Army 18th Army 4th Panzer Army Army Group Center 4th Army 9th Army 2nd Panzer Army 3rd Panzer Army 2nd Army Army Group South 6th Army 11th Army 17th Army 1st Panzer Army Romanian 3rd Army Romanian 4th Army Army Norway Finnish Army Soviet armies ( show ) Northern Front 7th Army 8th Army 48th Army 52nd Army 54th Army 55th Army Northwestern Front 11th Army 27th Army 34th Army Western Front 3rd Army 10th Army 13th Army 16th Army 19th Army 20th Army 22nd Army 24th Army 28th Army 40th Army
Israel
Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ( `` Institution for Illegal Immigration '' ) . Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation , but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries , particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe , where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult . Mossad LeAliyah Bet was disbanded in 1953 . The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan . The immigrants came for differing reasons . Some held Zionist beliefs or came for the promise of a better life in Israel , while others moved to escape persecution or were expelled .
Soviet Union in World War II
American experts estimate that the Soviet Union lost almost all the wealth it gained from the industrialization efforts during the 1930s . Its economy also shrank by 20 % between 1941 and 1945 and did not recover its pre-war levels all until the 1960s . British historian Clive Ponting estimates that the war damages amounted to 25 years of the Soviet Gross National Product . 40 % of the Soviet housing was damaged or destroyed . Out of 2.5 million housing dwellings in the German occupied territories , over a million were destroyed . This rendered some 25 million Soviet citizens homeless . The German occupation encompassed around 85 million Soviet citizens , or almost 45 % of the entire Soviet population . At least 12 million Soviets fled towards the east , away from the invading German army . The Soviet sources claim that the Axis powers destroyed 1,710 towns and 70,000 villages , as well as 65,000 km of railroad tracks .
World War II
In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 .
Marshall Plan
There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a ' pastoral state ' ( Morgenthau 's vision ) . It can not be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it .
Soviet Union in World War II
Survival opportunities open to the larger Soviet community included bartering and farming on private land . Black markets thrived as private barter and trade became more common , especially between soldiers and civilians . Soldiers , who had more food to spare , were eager to trade with Soviet citizens that had extra warm clothes to trade . Planting vegetable gardens in the spring became popular , primarily because citizens got to keep everything grown on their own plots . The campaign also had a potent psychological effect and boosted morale , a survival component almost as crucial as bread .
The Sound of Music (film)
While they are on their honeymoon , Max enters the children in the Salzburg Festival against their father 's wishes . When they learn that Austria has been annexed by the Third Reich in the Anschluss , the couple return to their home , where a telegram awaits informing the Captain that he must report to the German Naval base at Bremerhaven to accept a commission in the German Navy . Strongly opposed to the Nazis and the Anschluss , the Captain tells his family they must leave Austria immediately . That night , as the von Trapp family attempt to leave , they are stopped by a group of Brownshirts waiting outside the villa . When questioned by Gauleiter Hans Zeller , the Captain maintains they are headed to the Salzburg Festival to perform . Zeller insists on escorting them to the festival , after which his men will accompany the Captain to Bremerhaven .
Soviet Union in World War II
In mid-June 1940 , when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France , Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in the Baltic countries . Stalin claimed that the mutual assistance treaties had been violated , and gave six - hour ultimatums for new governments to be formed in each country , including lists of persons for cabinet posts provided by the Kremlin . Thereafter , state administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres , followed by mass repression in which 34,250 Latvians , 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed . Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed , the official results of which showed pro-Soviet candidates approval by 92.8 percent of the voters of Estonia , 97.6 percent of the voters in Latvia and 99.2 percent of the voters in Lithuania . The resulting peoples ' assemblies immediately requested admission into the USSR , which was granted . In late June 1940 , Stalin directed the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina , proclaiming this formerly Romanian territory part of the Moldavian SSR . But in annexing northern Bukovina , Stalin had gone beyond the agreed limits of the secret protocol . Stalin
Operation Barbarossa
According to a 1978 essay by German historian Andreas Hillgruber , the invasion plans drawn up by the German military elite were coloured by hubris stemming from the rapid defeat of France at the hands of the `` invincible '' Wehrmacht and by ignorance tempered by traditional German stereotypes of Russia as a primitive , backward `` Asiatic '' country . Red Army soldiers were considered brave and tough , but the officer corps was held in contempt . The leadership of the Wehrmacht paid little attention to politics , culture and the considerable industrial capacity of the Soviet Union , in favour of a very narrow military view . Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite , Hitler was able to push through with a `` war of annihilation '' that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible with the complicity of `` several military leaders '' , even though it was quite clear that this would be in violation of all accepted norms of warfare .
Cold War
Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America .
Vietnam War
The war saw more than one million rural people migrate or flee the fighting in the South Vietnamese countryside to the cities , especially Saigon . Among the internal refugees were many young women who became the ubiquitous `` bargirls '' of wartime South Vietnam `` hawking her wares -- be that cigarettes , liquor , or herself '' to American and allied soldiers . American bases were ringed by bars and brothels .
Treaty of Versailles
The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation .
Aftermath of the Korean War
The outbreak of the war convinced Western leaders of the growing threat of international communism . The United States began to encourage Western European countries , including West Germany , to contribute to their own defense , though this was perceived as a threat by its neighbors , especially France . West Germany had not fought in the Korean war , as it had been demilitarized . As the war continued , however , opposition to rearmament lessened and China 's entry in the war caused France to revise its position towards German rearmament . To contain the situation French officials proposed the creation of the European Defence Community ( EDC ) , a supranational organisation , under the leadership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) .
United States home front during World War II
There was large - scale migration to industrial centers , especially on the West Coast . Millions of wives followed their husbands to military camps ; for many families , especially from farms , the moves were permanent . One 1944 survey of migrants in Portland , Oregon and San Diego found that three quarters wanted to stay after the war . Many new military training bases were established or enlarged , especially in the South . Large numbers of African Americans left the cotton fields and headed for the cities . Housing was increasingly difficult to find in industrial centers , as there was no new non-military construction . Commuting by car was limited by gasoline rationing . People car pooled or took public transportation , which was seriously overcrowded . Trains were heavily booked , with uniformed military personnel taking priority , so people limited vacation and long - distance travel .
Space Race
The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany , which became the Soviet zone of occupation . On Stalin 's orders , the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems . The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev . He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s , but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag . After the war , he became the USSR 's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer , essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun . His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War , and he was identified publicly only as `` the Chief Designer . '' In the West , his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966 .
Cold War
During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) .
Erwin Rommel
The role that Rommel played in the military 's resistance against Hitler or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain , as people most directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators ' plans and preparations exists . The strongest evidence that points to the possibility that Rommel came to support the assassination plan was General Eberbach 's confession to his son ( eavesdropped by British agencies ) while in British captivity , which stated that Rommel explicitly said to him that Hitler and his close associates had to be killed because this would be the only way out for Germany . This conversation occurred about a month before Rommel was coerced into committing suicide . Bomb
Western Front (World War I)
To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front , both sides tried new military technology , including poison gas , aircraft and tanks . The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918 . The German Spring Offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that ended the war of the Central Powers against Russia and Romania on the Eastern Front . Using short , intense ( `` hurricane '' ) bombardments and infiltration tactics , the German armies moved nearly 100 kilometres ( 60 miles ) to the west , the deepest advance by either side since 1914 , but the result was indecisive .
Anthony Eden
There were concerns that if the EDC was not ratified as they wanted , the US Republican Administration might withdraw into defending only the Western Hemisphere ( although recent documentary evidence confirms that the US intended to withdraw troops from Europe anyway if the EDC was ratified ) . After the French Assembly rejected the EDC in September 1954 , Eden tried to come up with a viable alternative . Between 11 and 17 September he visited every major West European capital , to negotiate West Germany becoming a sovereign state and entering the Brussels pact prior to entering NATO . Paul - Henri Spaak said he `` saved the Atlantic alliance '' .
Cold War
As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed .
Causes of World War II
The Anschluss was the 1938 annexation by threat of force of Austria into Germany . Historically , the Pan-Germanism idea of creating a Greater Germany to include all ethnic Germans into one nation - state was popular for Germans in both Austria and Germany .
Karachi
During World War II , about 3,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union , with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition . Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary Iran .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a buffer zone for the forward defense of its western borders and ensured its control of the region by transforming the East European countries into subservient allies . In 1956 , Soviet troops crushed a popular uprising and rebellion in Hungary and acted again in 1968 to end the Czechoslovak government 's Prague Spring attempts at reform . In addition to military occupation and intervention , the Soviet Union controlled Eastern European states through its ability to supply or withhold vital natural resources .
Czechoslovakia
After World War II , pre-war Czechoslovakia was re-established , with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia , which was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . The Beneš decrees were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans ( see Potsdam Agreement ) and ethnic Hungarians . Under the decrees , citizenship was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian ethnic origin who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations . In 1948 , this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians , but only partially for the Germans . The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and expelled about 90 % of the ethnic German population , over 2 million people . Those who remained were collectively accused of supporting the Nazis after the Munich Agreement , as 97.32 % of Sudeten Germans had voted for the NSDAP in the December 1938 elections . Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists . Some 250,000 Germans , many married to Czechs , some antifascists , and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country , remained in Czechoslovakia . The Beneš Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic , Germany , Austria and Hungary .
Call of Duty: WWII
After recovering for eight weeks , Daniels learns from Davis about the events that changed Pierson in the Battle of Kasserine Pass : instead of recklessly leading his men to their deaths , like everyone thought , he risked his and his men 's lives in vain to save part of his platoon that was trapped . Daniels later confronts Pierson in his tent and tears up his honorable discharge papers in order to rejoin the platoon . They successfully capture the last bridge over the Rhine . The platoon heads into Germany , liberating concentration camps in search of Zussman , eventually reaching the Berga concentration camp , which they find abandoned ; the camp 's survivors were sent on a death march . Daniels finds and saves Zussman by killing Metz before he can execute him .
Leslie Fiedler
At an early age , Fiedler 's family moved from Newark to East Orange , New Jersey , a town that lacked a substantial Jewish community . Fiedler was forced to contend with anti-semitism from his fellow students who were Protestants and Catholics . The move to East Orange was short - lived and the family soon returned to Newark where Fiedler continued his education in public schools . Fiedler developed a resentment toward his teachers , who forced him to use standard English pronunciations instead of his ethnic dialect . While attending school , Fiedler also worked in his uncle 's shoe store where his encounters with coworkers served as inspiration for some of the characters he created in his later work . At South Side High School , Fiedler began to express interest in socialism , which eventually led to him nearly getting arrested after a loud political rant on a soapbox on Newark 's Bergen Street .
Bauhaus
Meyer became director when Gropius resigned in February 1928 , and brought the Bauhaus its two most significant building commissions , both of which still exist : five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau , and the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes ( ADGB Trade Union School ) in Bernau bei Berlin . Meyer favored measurements and calculations in his presentations to clients , along with the use of off - the - shelf architectural components to reduce costs . This approach proved attractive to potential clients . The school turned its first profit under his leadership in 1929 .
Senate
In the Bundesländer ( Federated States ) of Germany which form a City State ( in German : Stadtstaat ) , i.e. Berlin ( Senate of Berlin ) , Bremen ( Senate of Bremen ) and Hamburg ( Senate of Hamburg ) , the Senates ( Senat in German ) are the executive branch , with Senator ( Senator ) being the holders of ministerial portfolios .
United States Secret Service
The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies , and the headquarters in Washington , D.C. The Service 's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and in Brazil ( Brasilia ) , Bulgaria ( Sofia ) , Canada ( Montreal , Ottawa , Toronto , Vancouver ) , Colombia ( Bogota ) , China ( Hong Kong ) , France ( Paris , Lyon ) , Germany ( Frankfurt ) , Italy ( Rome ) , Mexico ( Mexico City ) , Netherlands ( The Hague ) , Romania ( Bucharest ) , Russia ( Moscow ) , South Africa ( Pretoria ) , Spain ( Madrid ) , Thailand ( Bangkok ) , and the United Kingdom ( London ) . The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol , located in those cities .