vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
As a first generation Japanese American , Yoshino would go back to Japan every summer , which was his parents ' attempt to preserve the Japanese culture in their children . He was taught to `` Be one hundred percent American in America , and one hundred percent Japanese in Japan . '' For Yoshino , he could not fit into either the Japanese or American . He was unsure where he was from and felt like an outcast in both situations . The most dreaded question he was asked was `` Where are you from , really ? ''
Korea under Japanese rule
According to scholar Donald S. Macdonald , `` for centuries most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice and other grains and satisfied most of their basic needs through their own labor or through barter . The manufactures of traditional Korea -- principally cloth , cooking and eating utensils , furniture , jewelry , and paper -- were produced by artisans in a few population centers . ''
Missile gap
A 1979 briefing note on the National Intelligence Estimate ( NIE ) of the missile gap concluded that the NIE 's record on estimating the Soviet missile force in the 1970s was mixed . The NIE estimates for initial operational capability ( IOC ) date for MIRVed ICBMs and SLBMs were generally accurate , as were the NIE predictions on the development of Soviet strategic air defenses . However , the NIE predictions also overestimated the scope of infrastructure upgrades in the Soviet system and underestimated the speed of Soviet improvement in accuracy and proliferation of re-entry vehicles .
Surrender of Japan
At 04 : 00 on August 9 word reached Tokyo that the Soviet Union had broken the Neutrality Pact , declared war on Japan , and launched an invasion of Manchuria .
Alaska
During World War II , the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands -- Attu , Agattu and Kiska -- that were invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943 . During the occupation , one Aleut civilian was killed by Japanese troops and nearly fifty were interned in Japan , where about half of them died . Unalaska / Dutch Harbor became a significant base for the United States Army Air Forces and Navy submariners .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Battle of the Aleutian Islands was the last battle between sovereign nations to be fought on American soil . As part of a diversionary plan for the Battle of Midway , the Japanese took control of two of the Aleutian Islands ( Attu and Kiska Island ) . Their hope was that strong American naval forces would be drawn away from Midway , enabling a Japanese victory . Because their ciphers were broken , the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway . On 11 May 1943 , American and Canadian forces , spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu , beginning the operation to take back the islands , by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles , Allied forces retook Attu . On 15 August 1943 , Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it , only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese .
Soviet Union in World War II
The Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany on 23 August 1939 . In addition to stipulations of non-aggression , the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Belarus , Ukraine , and Finland into German and Soviet `` spheres of influence '' , anticipating potential `` territorial and political rearrangements '' of these countries . Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler later traded proposals after a Soviet entry into the Axis Pact .
Operation Barbarossa
During German - Finnish negotiations Finland had demanded to remain neutral unless the Soviet Union attacked them first . Germany therefore sought to provoke the Soviet Union into an attack on Finland . After Germany launched Barbarossa on 22 June , German aircraft used Finnish air bases to attack Soviet positions . The same day the Germans launched Operation Rentier and occupied the Petsamo Province at the Finnish - Soviet border . Simultaneously Finland proceeded to remilitarize the neutral Åland Islands . Despite these actions the Finnish government insisted via diplomatic channels that they remained a neutral party , but the Soviet leadership already viewed Finland as an ally of Germany . Subsequently , the Soviets proceeded to launch a massive bombing attack on 25 June against all major Finnish cities and industrial centers including Helsinki , Turku and Lahti . During a night session on the same day the Finnish parliament decided to go to war against the Soviet Union .
Axis powers
Soon thereafter , the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic countries of Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , and annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania . The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 , which started the Winter War . Finnish defences prevented an all - out invasion , resulting in an interim peace , but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad .
Soviet Union in World War II
Other important advances occurred in late 1944 , such as the invasion of Romania in August and Bulgaria . The Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria in September 1944 and invaded the country , installing a communist government . Following the invasion of these Balkan countries , Stalin and Churchill met in the autumn of 1944 , where they agreed upon various percentages for `` spheres of influence '' in several Balkan states , though the diplomats for neither leader knew what the term actually meant . The Red Army also expelled German forces from Lithuania and Estonia in late 1944 at the cost of 260,000 Soviet casualties .
Allies of World War II
German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans .
Surrender of Japan
On August 6 , 1945 , at 8 : 15 AM local time , the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Sixteen hours later , American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan 's surrender , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Late in the evening of August 8 , 1945 , in accordance with the Yalta agreements , but in violation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later in the day , the United States dropped a second atomic bomb , this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki . Following these events , Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war . After several more days of behind - the - scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15 . In the radio address , called the Jewel Voice Broadcast ( 玉音 放送 , Gyokuon - hōsō ) , he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies .
World War II
In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war .
World War II
After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations .
Causes of World War II
Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 . Hitler believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated in a fast - paced and relentless assault that capitalized on the Soviet Union 's ill - prepared state , and hoped that success there would bring Britain to the negotiation table , ending the war altogether .
Soviet Union in World War II
On 22 June 1941 , Hitler launched an invasion of the Soviet Union . Stalin was confident that the total Allied war machine would eventually stop Germany , and with Lend Lease from the West , the Soviets stopped the Wehrmacht some 30 kilometres from Moscow . Over the next four years , the Soviet Union repulsed Axis offensives , such as at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk , and pressed forward to victory in large Soviet offensives , such as the Vistula -- Oder Offensive .
Surrender of Japan
Security concerns dominated Soviet decisions concerning the Far East . Chief among these was gaining unrestricted access to the Pacific Ocean . The year - round ice - free areas of the Soviet Pacific coastline -- Vladivostok in particular -- could be blockaded by air and sea from Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands . Acquiring these territories , thus guaranteeing free access to the Soya Strait , was their primary objective . Secondary objectives were leases for the Chinese Eastern Railway , Southern Manchuria Railway , Dairen , and Port Arthur .
Axis powers
The August 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence . After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns , the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland in November 1939 during the Winter War , intending to establish a communist puppet government in Finland . The conflict threatened Germany 's iron - ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region . Despite Finnish resistance , a peace treaty was signed in March 1940 , wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union , including the Karelian Isthmus , containing Finland 's second - largest city , Viipuri , and the critical defensive structure of the Mannerheim Line . After this war , Finland sought protection and support from the United Kingdom and non-aligned Sweden , but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions . This resulted in Finland being drawn closer to Germany , first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure , and later to help regain lost territories .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Formosa and the Penghu islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China ( ROC ) government in 1945 by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration . The ROC proclaimed Taiwan Retrocession Day on October 25 , 1945 . However , due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War , neither the newly established People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the Treaty of San Francisco , as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement . Since China was not present , the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty , and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952 .
Allies of World War II
On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focussed upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania .
Soviet Union in World War II
After disagreement regarding Stalin 's demand to move Red Army troops through Poland and Romania ( which Poland and Romania opposed ) , on 21 August , the Soviets proposed adjournment of military talks using the pretext that the absence of the senior Soviet personnel at the talks interfered with the autumn manoeuvres of the Soviet forces , though the primary reason was the progress being made in the Soviet - German negotiations . That same day , Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would grant the Soviets land in Poland , the Baltic states , Finland and Romania , after which Stalin telegrammed Hitler that night that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August . Regarding the larger issue of collective security , some historians state that one reason that Stalin decided to abandon the doctrine was the shaping of his views of France and Britain by their entry into the Munich Agreement and the subsequent failure to prevent the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Stalin may also have viewed the pact as gaining time in an eventual war with Hitler in order to reinforce the Soviet military and shifting Soviet borders westwards , which would be militarily beneficial in such a war .
Surrender of Japan
In dealing with Stalin , Truman decided to give the Soviet leader vague hints about the existence of a powerful new weapon without going into details . However , the other Allies were unaware that Soviet intelligence had penetrated the Manhattan Project in its early stages , so Stalin already knew of the existence of the atomic bomb but did not appear impressed by its potential .
Surrender of Japan
Japan 's forces were still fighting against the Soviets as well as the Chinese , and managing their cease - fire and surrender was difficult . The last air combat by Japanese fighters against American reconnaissance bombers took place on August 18 . The Soviet Union continued to fight until early September , taking the Kuril Islands .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino - Japanese War Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II Clockwise from top left : The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) Special Naval Landing Forces troops in gas masks prepare for an advance in the rubble of Shanghai , 1944 Operation Ichigo IJA Type 92 Heavy machine gun , dead victims of the Nanking Massacre on the shore of the Qinhuai River with a Japanese soldier standing nearby , Chinese machine gun nest in the Battle of Wuhan , Japanese Bombing of Chongqing , the Chinese Expeditionary Force in India in 1942 Date July 7 , 1937 -- September 2 , 1945 Minor fighting since September 18 , 1931 ( 8 years , 1 month , 3 weeks and 5 days ) Location Mainland China and Burma Result Chinese victory as part of Allied victory in Pacific War Surrender of Japanese forces in mainland China ( excluding Manchuria ) , Taiwan , Spratly Islands , Paracel Islands & French Indochina north of 16 ° north to Republic of China after losing territory to China China was one of Big Four of Allies and became permanent member of UN Security Council Resumption of Chinese Civil War Territorial changes Republic of China recovered all territories lost to Empire of Japan since Treaty of Shimonoseki , but lost Outer Mongolia . Belligerents China ( Nationalist Government led a Chinese united front which included Nationalists , Communists , and regional warlords ) .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After the Allied victory in the Pacific , General Douglas MacArthur ordered all Japanese forces within China ( excluding Manchuria ) , Formosa and French Indochina north of 16 ° north latitude to surrender to Chiang Kai - shek , and the Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9 , 1945 , at 9 : 00 . The ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month was chosen in echo of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ( on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month ) and because `` nine '' is homophone of the word for `` long lasting '' in Chinese ( to suggest that the peace won would last forever ) .
Surrender of Japan
Japan campaign Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Sakhalin Kurils Japanese surrender
Second Sino-Japanese War
Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War
Axis powers
Finland 's main objective was to regain territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War . However , on 10 July 1941 , Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim issued an Order of the Day that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian Karelia .
Soviet Union in World War II
In late 1944 , Soviet forces battled fiercely to capture Hungary in the Budapest Offensive , but could not take it , which became a topic so sensitive to Stalin that he refused to allow his commanders to speak of it . The Germans held out in the subsequent Battle of Budapest until February 1945 , when the remaining Hungarians signed an armistice with the Soviet Union . Victory at Budapest permitted the Red Army to launch the Vienna Offensive in April 1945 . To the northeast , the taking of Belarus and western Ukraine permitted the Soviets to launch the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , where German intelligence had incorrectly guessed the Soviets would have a 3 - to - 1 numerical superiority advantage that was actually 5 - to - 1 ( over 2 million Red Army personnel attacking 450,000 German defenders ) , the successful culmination of which resulted in the Red Army advancing from the Vistula River in Poland to the German Oder River in Eastern Germany .
Soviet Union in World War II
After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany , Japan and Italy , in October 1940 , Stalin personally wrote to Ribbentrop about entering an agreement regarding a `` permanent basis '' for their `` mutual interests . '' Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact . At Stalin 's direction , Molotov insisted on Soviet interest in Turkey , Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary , Yugoslavia and Greece , though Stalin had earlier unsuccessfully personally lobbied Turkish leaders to not sign a mutual assistance pact with Britain and France . Ribbentrop asked Molotov to sign another secret protocol with the statement : `` The focal point of the territorial aspirations of the Soviet Union would presumably be centred south of the territory of the Soviet Union in the direction of the Indian Ocean . '' Molotov took the position that he could not take a `` definite stand '' on this without Stalin 's agreement . Stalin did not agree with the suggested protocol , and negotiations broke down . In response to a later German proposal , Stalin stated that the Soviets would join the Axis if Germany foreclosed acting in the Soviet 's sphere of influence . Shortly thereafter , Hitler issued a secret internal directive related to his plan to invade the Soviet Union . Photo
Korean War
The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 .
Soviet Union in World War II
Seven days before the invasion , a Soviet spy in Berlin , part of the Rote Kapelle ( Red Orchestra ) spy network , warned Stalin that the movement of German divisions to the borders was to wage war on the Soviet Union . Five days before the attack , Stalin received a report from a spy in the German Air Ministry that `` all preparations by Germany for an armed attack on the Soviet Union have been completed , and the blow can be expected at any time . '' In the margin , Stalin wrote to the people 's commissar for state security , `` you can send your ' source ' from the headquarters of German aviation to his mother . This is not a ' source ' but a dezinformator . '' Although Stalin increased Soviet western border forces to 2.7 million men and ordered them to expect a possible German invasion , he did not order a full - scale mobilisation of forces to prepare for an attack . Stalin felt that a mobilisation might provoke Hitler to prematurely begin to wage war against the Soviet Union , which Stalin wanted to delay until 1942 in order to strengthen Soviet forces .
Soviet Union in World War II
Viktor Suvorov suggested that Stalin had made aggressive preparations beginning in the late 1930s and was preparing to invade Germany in the summer 1941 . He believes that Hitler forestalled Stalin and the German invasion was in essence a pre-emptive strike , precisely as Hitler claimed . This theory was supported by Igor Bunich , Joachim Hoffmann , Mikhail Meltyukhov ( see Stalin 's Missed Chance ) and Edvard Radzinsky ( see Stalin : The First In - Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia 's Secret Archives ) . Other historians , especially Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz , reject this thesis . General Fedor von Boch 's diary says that the Abwehr fully expected a Soviet attack against German forces in Poland no later than 1942 .
Causes of World War II
In 1939 , neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready to go to war with each other . The Soviet Union had lost territory to Poland in 1920 . Although officially labeled a `` non-aggression treaty '' , the pact included a secret protocol , in which the independent countries of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties . The secret protocol explicitly assumed `` territorial and political rearrangements '' in the areas of these countries .
Allies of World War II
German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis .