vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ellis Island
In 1830 , New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border , but the case was never heard . The matter was resolved with a compact between the states , ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834 , which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor . This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact .
Hudson Valley
New Netherland and its associated outposts were set up as fur - trading outposts . The Dutch attempted to form a trade alliance with the Mahicans , angering the Mohawk nation and provoking hostilities between the two tribes . The Natives began to trap furs at a quicker pace and then sold them to the Dutch for luxuries . This trade would eventually deplete the supply of those animals in their territory , decreasing the food supply in the process . The focus on furs also made the Natives economically dependent on the Dutch for trade .
St. Johns River
To assist with river cleanup and the associated funds for improving water quality in the St. Johns , Mayor John Delaney of Jacksonville waged a campaign to get it named as an American Heritage River , beginning in 1997 . The designation by the Environmental Protection Agency is intended to coordinate efforts among federal agencies to improve natural resource and environmental protection , economic revitalization , and historic and cultural preservation . The campaign was controversial as the Republican mayor defended asking for federal government assistance , writing `` Other rivers have relied heavily on federal help for massive environmental clean - ups . It 's the St. Johns ' turn now . '' Twenty - two towns along the St. Johns and environmental , sporting , recreation , boating , and educational organizations also supported its designation , but several prominent Republican politicians expressed concerns over increased federal regulations and restrictions on private property ownership along the river ; the Florida House of Representatives passed a resolution asking President Bill Clinton not to include the St. Johns . Despite this , Clinton designated the St. Johns as one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers out of 126 nominated in 1998 for its ecological , historic , economic and cultural significance .
History of New York (state)
In October 1777 , American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga , later regarded as the war 's turning point . Had Gates not held , the rebellion might well have broken down : losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson -- Champlain corridor , which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union .
New Jersey
Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state 's strategic geographic location , the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast . The Port Newark - Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world 's first container port and today is one of the world 's largest .
Fur trade
In 1613 Dallas Carite and Adriaen Block headed expeditions to establish fur trade relationships with the Mohawk and Mohican . By 1614 the Dutch were sending vessels to secure large economic returns from fur trading . The fur trade of New Netherland , through the port of New Amsterdam , depended largely on the trading depot at Fort Orange ( now Albany ) on the upper Hudson River . Much of the fur is believed to have originated in Canada , smuggled south by entrepreneurs who wished to avoid the colony 's government - imposed monopoly there .
Delaware River
It has often been reported that the river and bay received the name `` Delaware '' after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch and took control of the New Netherland colony in 1664 . However , the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641 . The state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penn 's Pennsylvania colony . In 1682 , the Duke of York granted Penn 's request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the `` Lower Counties on the Delaware . '' In 1704 , these three lower counties were given political autonomy to form a separate provincial assembly , but shared its provincial governor with Pennsylvania until the two colonies separated on June 15 , 1776 and remained separate as states after the establishment of the United States . The name also became used as a collective name for the Lenape , a Native American people ( and their language ) who inhabited an area of the basins of the Susquehanna River , Delaware River , and lower Hudson River in the northeastern United States at the time of European settlement . As a result of disruption following the French & Indian War , American Revolutionary War and later Indian removals from the eastern United States , the name `` Delaware '' has been spread with the Lenape 's diaspora to municipalities , counties and other geographical features in the American Midwest and Canada .
Hudson Valley
Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State , including the Hudson Valley and the Capital District . Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high - tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston , it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM 's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canada -- US border to the north . The area 's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute . Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway , and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy , has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high - technology industry , with great strides in the nanotechnology sector , digital electronics design , and water - and electricity - dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing , involving companies including IBM in Armonk and its Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown , GlobalFoundries in Malta , and others . Westchester County has developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century , with over US $1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016 , earning the county the nickname Biochester .
Dutch colonization of the Americas
In 1602 , the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or `` VOC '' ) with the mission of exploring North America 's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies . Along the way , Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces , which led to several significant expeditions and , over time , Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland . By 1610 , the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who , in an attempt to find the so - called northwest passage to the Indies , discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present - day United States and Canada . Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat , heading up the Hudson River , which now bears his name .
Hudson Valley
Commuter rail service in the region is provided by Metro - North Railroad ( operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ) . Metro - North operates three rail lines east of the Hudson River to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan , from east to west they are the New Haven Line ( serving southeast Westchester County ) , the Harlem Line ( serving Central and Eastern Westchester , Putnam , and Dutchess Counties ) , and the Hudson Line ( serving western Westchester , Putnam , and Dutchess Counties ) . West of the Hudson , New Jersey Transit operates two lines rail service under contract with Metro - North Railroad to Hoboken Terminal : the Pascack Valley Line ( serving central Rockland County ) and the Port Jervis Line ( serving western Rockland County and Orange County ) .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Steamboats profoundly altered the relationships between the federal government , state governments , and private property owners . Livingston and Fulton had obtained monopoly rights to operate a steamboat service within the state of New York , but Thomas Gibbons , who operated a competing New Jersey ferry service , was enjoined from entering New York waters under the terms of the monopoly . In 1824 , the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that Congress could regulate commerce and transportation under the Commerce Clause which compelled the state of New York to allow steamboat services from other states .
Dutch colonization of the Americas
In 1664 , an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James , Duke of York and of Albany ( later King James II & VII ) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam , threatening to attack . Being greatly outnumbered , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation . The Province then took a new name , New York ( from James 's English title ) . Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany ( from James 's Scottish title ) . The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey .
Long Island Sound
As many as 1,500 shortnose sturgeon , listed as ' endangered ' by the Endangered Species Act , inhabit the Connecticut River ( CDEP 2003 , Savoy 2004 ) . Approximately 900 of those live downstream of Holyoke Dam ( Savoy and Shake 1992 ) . While shortnose sturgeon primarily remain in their natal rivers , they will feed in estuarine waters like Long Island Sound and make extended trips along the Atlantic Coast , tagged individuals sometime being identified in multiple rivers during their lifetimes .
History of New York (state)
The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC , when the first people arrived . By 1100 AD , two main cultures had become dominant as the Iroquoian and Algonquian developed . European discovery of New York was led by the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the Dutch . As part of New Netherland , the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system . In 1626 the Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from American Indians . In 1664 , England renamed the colony New York , after the Duke of York ( later James II & VII . ) New York City gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the Thirteen Colonies .
History of New York (state)
New York 's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies . The British assembled the century 's largest fleet : at one point 30,000 British sailors and soldiers anchored off Staten Island . General George Washington barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776 ; General Sir William Howe was successful in driving Washington out , but erred by expanding into New Jersey . By January 1777 , he retained only a few outposts near New York City . The British held the city for the duration , using it as a base for expeditions against other targets .
Environmental policy of the United States
One lawsuit that has been widely recognized as one of the earliest environmental cases is Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission , decided in 1965 by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals , prior to passage of the major federal environmental statutes . The case helped halt the construction of a power plant on Storm King Mountain in New York State . The case has been described as giving birth to environmental litigation and helping create the legal doctrine of standing to bring environmental claims . The Scenic Hudson case also is said to have helped inspire the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act , and the creation of such environmental advocacy groups as the Natural Resources Defense Council .
Paterson, New Jersey
River Drive then turns into East Main Street to indicate that you have entered the Northside Section . The East River neighborhood which was and still maintains its `` blue collar '' working - class identity , was at one time known for its large Jewish community , as well as a Neapolitan / Italian population and more recently other Mediterranean and Adriatic Europeans , Caribbean and South Americans , and other modern immigrant groups from all over the world , as well as African - Americans .
The Bronx
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York ( Manhattan ) . Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule . The King 's Bridge , built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek , was a possession of Frederick Philipse , lord of Philipse Manor . The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek , and in 1759 , Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them into building a free bridge across the Harlem River . After the American Revolutionary War , the King 's Bridge toll was abolished .
History of New York (state)
New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century : in 1809 Washington Irving wrote the satirical A History of New York under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker , and in 1819 he based Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Hudson Valley towns . Thomas Cole 's Hudson River School was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley . The first baseball teams formed in New York City in the 1840s , including the New York Knickerbockers . Professional baseball later located its Hall of Fame in Cooperstown . Saratoga Race Course , an annual summer attraction in Saratoga Springs , opened in 1847 .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
While not officially designated as a U.S. Superfund site , the Lower Fox River bottom has some sections contaminated with toxic chemicals . These contaminated sediments are the river 's current environmental problem . One contaminant of special concern today is a group of chemicals called Polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs . PCBs entered the river from many sources , but the largest deposits of contaminated sediments are traceable to the local paper recycling mills . These have been part of the region 's history , culture and economy , and cleanup is a complex and difficult issue .
George Washington Bridge
Transportation Alternatives , a New York City advocacy group , has proposed an enhanced River Road connector in Fort Lee , which would create safer pedestrian and bicycle access to the George Washington Bridge on the New Jersey side of the bridge .
Delaware River
The Delaware River Basin Commission , along with local governments , is working to try to address the issue of flooding along the river . As the past few years have seen a rise in catastrophic floods , most residents of the river basin feel that something must be done . The local governments have worked in association with FEMA to address many of these problems , however , due to insufficient federal funds , progress is slow .
Gotham City
Midtown is a region of the Gotham City metropolitan area . It is located in the island center of Gotham City . It is surrounded by four rivers : North is the River Monchant , South is the Gotham River , East is the East River and West is Queens River . Notable locations include : Gotham Tower , Wayne Tower , Gotham Pier and the Prewitt Building . The
Hudson Valley
Lower Hudson Putnam Rockland Westchester Mid-Hudson Dutchess Orange Sullivan Ulster Upper Hudson / Capital District Albany Columbia Greene Rensselaer
Henry Hudson
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Delaware River
Because of massive environmental opposition , dwindling funds , and an unacceptable geological assessment of the dam 's safety , the government transferred the property to the National Park Service in 1978 . The National Park Service found itself as the caretaker of the previously endangered territory , and with the help of the federal government and surrounding communities , developed recreational facilities and worked to preserve the remaining historical structures .
Hudson Valley
NY Waterway operates the Haverstraw - Ossining Ferry between Haverstraw in Rockland County and Ossining in Westchester County , as well as ferry service between Newburgh in Orange County and Beacon in Dutchess County . Intercity and commuter bus transit are provided by Rockland Coaches in Rockland County , Short Line in Orange and Rockland Counties , and Leprechaun Lines in Orange and Dutchess Counties . There are also several local bus providers , including the Bee - Line Bus System in Westchester County and Transport of Rockland in Rockland County .
Henry Hudson
In 1607 , the Muscovy Company of England hired Hudson to find a northerly route to the Pacific coast of Asia . At the time , the English were engaged in an economic battle with the Dutch for control of northwest routes . It was thought that , because the sun shone for three months in the northern latitudes in the summer , the ice would melt and a ship could make it across the `` top of the world '' .
The Bronx
The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine , Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County , New Jersey ; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest ; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast ; and to the east , Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island . Directly north of the Bronx are ( from west to east ) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers , Mount Vernon , Pelham Manor and New Rochelle . ( There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan , over the filled - in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek . Marble Hill 's postal ZIP code , telephonic area codes and fire service , however , are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan . )
Battles of Saratoga
General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 .
George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge is popular among sightseers and commuters traveling by foot , bicycle , or roller skates . The southern sidewalk ( accessible by a long , steep ramp on the Manhattan side of the bridge ) is shared by cyclists and pedestrians , with a level surface from end to end . The entrance in Manhattan is at 178th Street , just west of Cabrini Boulevard which also has access to the Hudson River Greenway north of the bridge . The sidewalk is accessible on the New Jersey side from Hudson Terrace , where a gate open in daytime and evening allows pedestrians and bikes to pass . Also on Hudson Terrace , less than one hundred yards north of the bike / ped entrance , walkers will find the start of the Long Path hiking trail , which leads after a short walk to some spectacular views of the bridge and continues north toward Albany . The George Washington Bridge carries New York State Bicycle Route 9 , a bike route that runs from New York City north to Rouses Point .
History of rail transport in the United States
New York financier J.P. Morgan played an increasingly dominant role in consolidating the rail system in the late 19th century . He orchestrated reorganizations and consolidations in all parts of the United States . Morgan raised large sums in Europe , but instead of only handling the funds , he helped the railroads reorganize and achieve greater efficiencies . He fought against the speculators interested in speculative profits , and built a vision of an integrated transportation system . In 1885 , he reorganized the New York , West Shore & Buffalo Railroad , leasing it to the New York Central . In 1886 , he reorganized the Philadelphia & Reading , and in 1888 the Chesapeake & Ohio . He was heavily involved with railroad tycoon James J. Hill and the Great Northern Railway .
Anthony Eden
The Suez Canal was of lesser economic importance to the USA , which acquired 15 percent of its oil through that route . Eisenhower wanted to broker international peace in `` fragile '' regions . He did not see Nasser as a serious threat to the West , but he was concerned that the Soviets , who were well known to want a permanent warm water base for their Black Sea fleet in the Mediterranean , might side with Egypt . Eisenhower feared a pro-Soviet backlash amongst the Arab nations if , as seemed likely , Egypt suffered an humiliating defeat at the hands of the British , French and Israelis .
Zebra mussel
A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993 . This decrease was due to extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed . Additionally , the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water , which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass , due to the presence of zebra mussels . Cost
Jay Treaty
Perkins gave more weight than other historians to valuable concessions regarding trade in India and the concession on the West Indies trade . In addition , Perkins noted that the Royal Navy treated American commerce with `` relative leniency '' during the wars , and many impressed seamen were returned to America . As Spain assessed the informal British - American alliance , it softened its previous opposition to the United States ' use of the Mississippi River and signed Pinckney 's Treaty , which the Americans wanted . When Jefferson took office , he gained renewal of the commercial articles that had greatly benefited American shipping .
History of rail transport in the United States
Railroads soon replaced many canals and turnpikes and by the 1870s had significantly displaced steamboats as well . The railroads were superior to these alternative modes of transportation , particularly water routes because they lowered costs in two ways . Canals and rivers were unavailable in the winter season due to freezing , but the railroads ran year - round despite poor weather . And railroads were safer : the likelihood of a train crash was less than the likelihood of a boat sinking . The railroads provided cost - effective transportation because they allowed shippers to have a smaller inventory of goods , which reduced storage costs during winter , and to avoid insurance costs from the risk of losing goods during transit .
The Bronx
To Manhattan : the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge , the Henry Hudson Bridge , the Broadway Bridge , the University Heights Bridge , the Washington Bridge , the Alexander Hamilton Bridge , the High Bridge , the Concourse Tunnel , the Macombs Dam Bridge , the 145th Street Bridge , the 149th Street Tunnel , the Madison Avenue Bridge , the Park Avenue Bridge , the Lexington Avenue Tunnel , the Third Avenue Bridge ( southbound traffic only ) , and the Willis Avenue Bridge ( northbound traffic only ) .