vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ecuador
Ecuador currently ranks 20 , in most efficient health care countries , compared to 111 back in the year 2000 . Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 75.6 years . The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1,000 live births , a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950 . 23 % of children under five are chronically malnourished . Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water , and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers . There are 686 malaria cases per 100,000 people . Basic health care , including doctor 's visits , basic surgeries , and basic medications , has been provided free since 2008 . However , some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients . Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population .
Philippines
The challenges include limited access to sanitation services , high pollution of water resources , often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality , a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies , and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers .
Water fluoridation
Naturally fluoridated water is used by approximately 4 % of the world 's population , in countries including Argentina , France , Gabon , Libya , Mexico , Senegal , Sri Lanka , Tanzania , the U.S. , and Zimbabwe . In some locations , notably parts of Africa , China , and India , natural fluoridation exceeds recommended levels .
Helsinki
People with a foreign background County of origin Population ( 2017 ) Russia 18,867 Estonia 12,754 Somalia 10,192 Iraq 5,333 China 3,454 Sweden 3,411 Yugoslavia 2,749 Vietnam 2,436 Turkey 2,240 India 1,986 Afghanistan 1,952 United Kingdom 1,831 United States 1,739 Germany 1,713 Iran 1,620 Nepal 1,613 Thailand 1,409 Bangladesh 1,319 Morocco 1,162 Spain 1,140 Philippines 1,135 Italy 1,073 France 1,046 Ethiopia 1,001
Earth
Earth 's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011 . Projections indicate that the world 's human population will reach 9.2 billion in 2050 . Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations . Human population density varies widely around the world , but a majority live in Asia . By 2020 , 60 % of the world 's population is expected to be living in urban , rather than rural , areas .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Although water resources have become scarce in some regions and seasons , the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater . However , neglecting to have a coherent environmental policy has led to the contamination of 58 % of the groundwater in the Philippines . The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater . Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply .
Mount Everest
In 2015 the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution , especially human waste , has reached critical levels . As much as `` 26,500 pounds of human excrement '' each season is left behind on the mountain . Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit , making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest 's south side minefields of human excrement . Climbers above Base Camp -- for the 62 - year history of climbing on the mountain -- have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow , or slung it into crevasses , or simply defecated wherever convenient , often within meters of their tents . The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp . At approximately 18,000 feet , Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there . In the late - 1990s , expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 50 - gallon barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed . The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste : spent oxygen tanks , abandoned tents , empty cans and bottles . The Nepalese government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain .
Barbados
Barbados is susceptible to environmental pressures . As one of the world 's most densely populated isles , the government worked during the 1990s to aggressively integrate the growing south coast of the island into the Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant to reduce contamination of offshore coral reefs . As of the first decade of the 21st century , a second treatment plant has been proposed along the island 's west coast . Being so densely populated , Barbados has made great efforts to protect its underground aquifers .
Education in India
As per 2016 Annual Survey of Education Report ( ASER ) , 3.5 % schools in India had no toilet facility while only 68.7 % schools had usable toilet facility . 75.5 % of the schools surveyed had library in 2016 , a decrease from 78.1 % in 2014 . Percentage of schools with separate girls toilet have increased from 32.9 % in 2010 to 61.9 % in 2016 . 74.1 % schools had drinking water facility and 64.5 % of the schools had playground .
Water in California
Water purity has been a emerging issue in California , especially in communities with low - income residents . Aging infrastructure , coupled with a lack of research on the topic , has exacerbated this issue , with water health violations occurring in 7 - 8 % of water systems a year . The San Joaquin Valley , a largely rural and agricultural area with 65 % residents being people of color , is registered with the most water quality violations . Tulare , a city within San Joaquin Valley , has 99 % of its residents relying on compromised groundwater , contrasted with Los Angeles County , with 11 % of residents relying only on a contaminated water supply . These water violations often lead to purchased water sources and private ownership of water distribution , as private utilities appear to have larger bandwidth to serve a large population . Trade - offs often include greater inequity in water access , as private utilities face higher repercussions for delivering unsafe water and often decide to opt - out from serving under - resourced populations .
Great Pacific garbage patch
A 2017 study conducted by scientists from the University of California , Santa Barbara , and the University of Georgia , concluded that of the 9.1 billion tons of plastic produced since 1950 , close to 7 billion tons are no longer in use . The authors estimate that 9 % was recycled , 12 % was incinerated , and the remaining 5.5 billion tons litters the oceans and land .
Poverty in India
In May 2014 , after revisiting its poverty definition , methodology and economic changes around the world , the World Bank proposed another major revision to PPP calculation methodology , international poverty line and indexing it to 2011 US dollar . The new method proposes setting poverty line at $1.78 per day on 2011 PPP basis . According to this revised World Bank methodology , India had 179.6 million people below the new poverty line , China had 137.6 million , and the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line on an equivalent basis as of 2013 . India , in other words , while having 17.5 % of total world 's population , had 20.6 % share of world 's poor . In October 2015 , the World Bank updated the international poverty line to US $1.90 a day .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The water community in the US is faced with a swiftly retiring workforce and a tightening market place for new workers . In 2008 , approximately one third of executives and managers were expected to retire in the following five years . Water and sanitation utilities in the United States had 41,922 employees in 2002 .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
EPA defines a public water system ( PWS ) as one that provides water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances to at least 15 service connections or serves an average of at least 25 people for at least 60 days a year . The agency has defined three types of PWS :
Yemen
A key challenge is severe water scarcity , especially in the Highlands , prompting The Times to write `` Yemen could become first nation to run out of water . '' A second key challenge is a high level of poverty , making it difficult to recover the costs of service provision . Access to water supply sanitation is as low as in some sub-Saharan African countries . Yemen is both the poorest country and the most water - scarce country in the Arab world . Third , the capacity of sector institutions to plan , build , operate and maintain infrastructure remains limited . Last but not least the security situation makes it even more difficult to improve or even maintain existing levels of service .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
In 2005 over 2,000 desalination plants with a capacity of more than 100m3 / day had been installed or contracted in every state in the U.S. with a total capacity of more than 6 million m3 / day . Only 7 % of that capacity was for seawater desalination , while 51 % used brackish water and 26 % used river water as water source . The contracted capacity corresponds to 2.4 % of total municipal and industrial water use in the country in 2000 . The actual share of desalinated water is lower , because some of the contracted capacity was never built or never operated , was closed down or is not operated at full capacity .
Environmental issues in India
Indeed , forget waste segregation and recycling directive of the India 's Supreme Court , the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that up to 40 percent of municipal waste in India remains simply uncollected . Even medical waste , theoretically controlled by stringent rules that require hospitals to operate incinerators , is routinely dumped with regular municipal garbage . A recent study found that about half of India 's medical waste is improperly disposed of .
Environmental issues in India
Population growth , because it can place increased pressure on the assimilative capacity of the environment , is also seen as a major cause of air , water , and solid - waste pollution . The reslt , Malthus theorised , is an equilibrium population that enjoys low levels of both income and Environmental quality . Malthus suggested positive and preventative forced control of human population , along with abolition of poor laws .
Cigarette filter
Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic ( man - made ) litter in the world , as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide . Of those it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts become litter every year . The cellulose acetate fibers used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade because of the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone which in itself can quickly be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases . A normal life span of a discarded filter is thought to be up to 15 years .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
Approximately 550,000 cubic metres of wastewater is generated in Abu Dhabi every day and treated in 20 wastewater treatment plants . Almost all of the wastewater is being reused to irrigate green spaces . While most wastewater treatment plants are publicly owned and operated , four large new plants have been built by joint ventures under build - own operate transfer ( BOOT ) arrangements . One such contract for two plants was awarded in 2008 , one in Abu Dhabi itself with a capacity of 300,000 cubic meter per day and one in Al Ain with a capacity of 130,000 cubic meter per day . Contracts for two other plants were awarded to Biwater under a similar structure . A Strategic Tunnel Enhancement Programme ( STEP ) is to be implemented between 2008 and 2014 to establish a tunnel that will comprise 40 kilometres of deep sewerage tunnel and two new large pumping stations to relieve Abu Dhabi Island .
Vitamin A deficiency
VAD is estimated to affect approximately one third of children under the age of five around the world . It is estimated to claim the lives of 670,000 children under five annually . Approximately 250,000 -- 500,000 children in developing countries become blind each year owing to VAD , with the highest prevalence in Southeast Asia and Africa . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , VAD is under control in the United States , but , in developing countries , VAD is a significant concern . Globally , 65 % of all children aged 6 to 59 months received two doses of vitamin A in 2013 , fully protecting them against VAD ( 80 % in the least developed countries ) .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Only a very small share of public water supply is used for drinking . According to one 2002 survey of 1,000 households , an estimated 56 % of Americans drank water straight from the tap and an additional 37 % drank tap water after filtering it . 74 % of Americans said they bought bottled water . According to a non-representative survey conducted among 216 parents ( 173 Latinos and 43 non-Latinos ) , 63 ( 29 % ) never drank tap water . The share is much higher among Latinos ( 34 % ) than among non-Latinos ( 12 % ) . The study concluded that many Latino families avoid drinking tap water because they fear it causes illness , resulting in greater cost for the purchase of bottled and filtered water . This notion is also repeated among Asians .
Air pollution in the United States
Roughly seven million children suffer from asthma , meaning 1 out of every 10 children , and the rates have been steadily increasing . Among African American children , one out of six children suffer from asthma , which has rose from 50 % since 2001 . This issue of respiratory problems accounts for 88 % of premature deaths in low - income to middle - class counties in America . Population - based studies have shown that communities with a high proportion of African Americans and Hispanics experience high rates of asthma . Exposures
Child labour
In the world 's poorest countries , around 1 in 4 children are engaged in child labour , the highest number of whom ( 29 percent ) live in sub-saharan Africa . In 2017 , four African nations ( Mali , Benin , Chad and Guinea - Bissau ) witnessed over 50 percent of children aged 5 -- 14 working . Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour . The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy ; children are predominantly employed by their parents , rather than factories . Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour .
Environmental issues in India
On per capita basis , India is a small emitter of carbon dioxide greenhouse . In 2009 , IEA estimates that it emitted about 1.4 tons of gas per person , in comparison to the United States ' 17 tons per person , and a world average of 5.3 tons per person . However , India was the third largest emitter of total carbon dioxide in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year , after China ( 6.9 Gt per year ) and the United States ( 5.2 Gt per year ) . With 17 percent of world population , India contributed some 5 percent of human - sourced carbon dioxide emission ; compared to China 's 24 percent share .
Great Pacific garbage patch
The Pacific garbage patch is not easily seen from the sky , because the plastic is dispersed over a large area . Researchers from The Ocean Cleanup have found the patch to cover an area of 1.6 million square kilometers . The plastic concentration is estimated to be up to 100 kilograms per square kilometer in the center of the patch , going down to 10 kilograms per square kilometer in the outer parts of the patch . There is an estimate of 80,000 metric tons of plastic in the patch , totalling 1.8 trillion pieces . When accounting for the total mass , 92 % of the debris found in the patch consists of objects larger than 0.5 centimeters .
Recycling
As of 2014 , the European Union has about 50 % of world share of the waste and recycling industries , with over 60,000 companies employing 500,000 persons , with a turnover of € 24 billion . Countries have to reach recycling rates of at least 50 % , while the lead countries are around 65 % and the EU average is 39 % as of 2013 .
Tooth decay
The number of cases has decreased in some developed countries , and this decline is usually attributed to increasingly better oral hygiene practices and preventive measures such as fluoride treatment . Nonetheless , countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to have a disparity in the distribution of the disease . Among children in the United States and Europe , twenty percent of the population endures sixty to eighty percent of cases of dental caries . A similarly skewed distribution of the disease is found throughout the world with some children having none or very few caries and others having a high number . Australia , Nepal , and Sweden ( where children receive dental care paid for by the government ) have a low incidence of cases of dental caries among children , whereas cases are more numerous in Costa Rica and Slovakia .
Favela
Service in Favela ( Census 2010 ) Percent Sanitation 67.3 Water 88.3 Electricity 99.7 Garbage collection 95.4 People in Favela Population Favela residents of Brazil 's population 11,400,000 ( 6 ) Demographics in Favela Proportion Pardo or black 68.4 Illiteracy 8.4
Environmental issues in India
In 2011 , several Indian cities embarked on waste - to - energy projects of the type in use in Germany , Switzerland and Japan . For example , New Delhi is implementing two incinerator projects aimed at turning the city 's trash problem into electricity resource . These plants are being welcomed for addressing the city 's chronic problems of excess untreated waste and a shortage of electric power . They are also being welcomed by those who seek to prevent water pollution , hygiene problems , and eliminate rotting trash that produces potent greenhouse gas methane . The projects are being opposed by waste collection workers and local unions who fear changing technology may deprive them of their livelihood and way of life .
United States
The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2016 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing .
Saudi Arabia
Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is characterized by significant investments in seawater desalination , water distribution , sewerage and wastewater treatment leading to a substantial increase in access to drinking water and sanitation over the past decades . About 50 % of drinking water comes from desalination , 40 % from the mining of non-renewable groundwater and 10 % from surface water , especially in the mountainous southwest of the country . The capital Riyadh , located in the heart of the country , is supplied with desalinated water pumped from the Persian Gulf over a distance of 467 km . Given the substantial oil wealth , water is provided almost for free . Despite improvements service quality remains poor . For example , in Riyadh water was available only once every 2.5 days in 2011 , while in Jeddah it is available only every 9 days . Institutional capacity and governance in the sector are weak , reflecting general characteristics of the public sector in Saudi Arabia . Since 2000 , the government has increasingly relied on the private sector to operate water and sanitation infrastructure , beginning with desalination and wastewater treatment plants . Since 2008 , the operation of urban water distribution systems is being gradually delegated to private companies as well .
Waikato River
Slightly - modified human wastes are pumped into the river downriver of several towns . Hamilton city has one of the most modern water treatment systems in the world following a 2003 report by GHB water consultants . In 2007 $22 million was spent upgrading the existing intake station south of the city at Riverlea . This will meet the cities demand until 2016 . Waste water in its untreated state is 99.9 % water and 0.1 % other matter . A series of sophisticated machines produce clean water of a high standard getting rid of bad tastes odours and toxins to meet the upgraded NZ water standards . The Pukete 2 project which started in 2002 will upgrade the plant in a series of stages costing $24 million .
United States
There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty , up from one in seven in 1980 . As of September 2017 , 40 million people , roughly 12.7 % of the U.S. population , were living in poverty , with 18.5 million of those living in deep poverty ( a family income below one - half of the poverty threshold ) . In 2016 , 13.3 million children were living in poverty , which made up 32.6 % of the impoverished population .
Trafficking of children
Asia / Pacific : 250,000 children Latin America & the Caribbean : 550,000 children Africa : 200,000 children Transition economies : 200,000 children Developed / industrialized economies : unknown
Environmental issues in Delhi
Environmental problems in Delhi , India , are a threat to the well - being of the city 's and area 's inhabitants as well as the flora and fauna . Delhi , the sixth-most populated metropolis in the world ( second largest if the entire NCR is included ) , is one of the most heavily polluted cities in India , having for instance one of the country 's highest volumes of particulate matter pollution . In May 2014 the World Health Organization announced New Delhi as the most polluted city in the world .
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Due to industrial waste and automobiles , Manila suffers from air pollution , affecting 98 % of the population . Annually , the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths . Ermita is Manila 's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste . According to a report in 2003 , The Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily .
Environmental issues in India
India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide , a major greenhouse gas , in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year , after China and the United States . With 17 percent of world population , India contributed some 5 percent of human - sourced carbon dioxide emission ; compared to China 's 24 percent share . On per capita basis , India emitted about 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide per person , in comparison to the United States ' 17 tons per person , and a world average of 5.3 tons per person .
Irrigation tank
However , recently a tank regeneration movement initiated by communities and non-governmental organisations ( NGO ) has arisen . Today , there are approximately 120,000 small - scale tanks , irrigating about 41,200 km2 in semi-arid areas of India . This constitutes about one third of the total irrigated land in South India .