vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
After traveling with the Spanish , Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa ; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods . Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat , drink , dress , and have relations with women . He saw them produce no miracles . Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number , about 170 -- 180 men , and had bound the Indian captives with `` iron ropes '' . When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers , Cinquinchara said that they should be killed because they were evil thieves who took whatever they wanted , and were supai cuna or `` devils '' . He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death .
Ashoka
3 ) Another story is about events that occurred towards the end of Ashoka 's time on earth . Ashoka is said to have started gifting away the contents of his treasury to the Buddhist sangha . His ministers however were scared that his eccentricity would be the downfall of the empire and so denied him access to the treasury . As a result , Ashoka started giving away his personal possessions and was eventually left with nothing and so died peacefully .
Qing dynasty
The early Manchu rulers established two foundations of legitimacy that help to explain the stability of their dynasty . The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture that they adopted from earlier dynasties . Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar - official elites gradually came to terms with each other . The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials . Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning , while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values . His attempts to discourage Chinese women from foot binding , however , were unsuccessful . Camp
Chinese Buddhism
They brought to the Chinese a mysterious , dynamic , and magical teaching , which included mantra formula and detailed rituals to protect a person or an empire , to affect a person 's fate after death , and , particularly popular , to bring rain in times of drought . It is not surprising , then , that all three masters were well received by the emperor Tang Xuanzong , and their teachings were quickly taken up at the Tang court and among the elite . Mantrayana altars were installed in temples in the capital , and by the time of emperor Tang Daizong ( r . 762 -- 779 ) its influence among the upper classes outstripped that of Daoism . However , relations between Amoghavajra and Daizong were especially good . In life the emperor favored Amoghavajra with titles and gifts , and when the master died in 774 , he honored his memory with a stupa , or funeral monument . The Esoteric Buddhist lineage of China ( and almost all of Buddhism in China at the time ) was nearly wiped out by the Emperor Tang Wuzong , leading to the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution . Historically , the Hanmi Chinese Esoteric School of Buddhism was also thought to have been lost when Emperor Tang Wuzong banned the teaching . Huiguo , the last known disciple of Amoghavajra , left China with Kukai traveling to Japan to establish the Japanese Esoteric school of Buddhism , later known as Shingon .
Chinese marriage
The story about the marriage of Nüwa and Fu Xi , who were once sister and brother respectively , told about how they invented proper marriage procedures after becoming married . At that time the world was unpopulated , so the siblings wanted to get married but , at the same time , they felt ashamed . So they went up to Kunlun Shan and prayed to the heavens . They asked for permission for their marriage and said , `` if you allow us to marry , please make the mist surround us . '' The heavens gave permission to the couple , and promptly the peak was covered in mist . It is said that in order to hide her shyness , Nüwa covered her blushing face with a fan . Nowadays in some villages in China , the brides still follow the custom and use a fan to shield their faces .
Anthony Eden
In his 1987 book Spycatcher Peter Wright said that , following the imposed ending to the military operation , Eden reactivated the assassination option for a second time . By this time virtually all MI6 agents in Egypt had been rounded up by Nasser , and a new operation , using renegade Egyptian officers , was drawn up . It failed principally because the cache of weapons which had been hidden on the outskirts of Cairo was found to be defective .
End of the Han dynasty
Cao Cao , after resting his forces for several years in light of his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs , made a major advance again in 211 , this time to ostensibly to attack Zhang Lu of Hanzhong . Warlords Han Sui and Ma Chao , who controlled Liang and Yong provinces , suspected that Cao Cao had designs on them and launched attacks in retaliation . A coalition of forces from west of Hangu Pass , led by Ma Chao and Han Sui , were defeated by Cao Cao at the Battle of Tong Pass in 211 , and their territories were annexed by Cao over the next few years .
Gerontocracy
In the time of the Eight Immortals of Communist Party of China , it was quipped , `` the 80 - year - olds are calling meetings of 70 - year - olds to decide which 60 - year - olds should retire '' . For instance , Party leader Mao Zedong was 82 when he died , while Deng Xiaoping retained a powerful influence until he was nearly 90 .
Utilitarianism
However , the Mohists did not focus on emotional happiness , but promoted objective public goods : material wealth , a large population or family , and social order . On the other hand , the `` Legalist '' Han Fei `` is motivated almost totally from the ruler 's point of view . ''
Chinese Tributary System
The system traces its roots to the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) with hostage exchanges accepted as the norm . Hostages continued to be used until the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven provided the ideological foundations for the tribute system .
Aung San Suu Kyi
During her time under house arrest , Suu Kyi devoted herself to Buddhist meditation practices and to studying Buddhist thought . This deeper interest in Buddhism is reflected in her writings as more emphasis is put on love and compassion . There also emerged more discussion on the compatibility of democracy and Buddhism and the ability of gaining freedom from an authoritarian government through Buddhism .
Aung San Suu Kyi
On 3 July 2009 , UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform . However , on departing from Burma , Ban Ki - moon said he was `` disappointed '' with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi , citing her ongoing trial . Ban said he was `` deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity . ''
Philosophical skepticism
Through these anecdotes in Zhuangzi , Zhuang Zhou indicated his belief in the limitation of language and human communication and the inaccessibility of universal truth which established himself as an skeptic . But Zhuang Zhou was by no means a radical skeptic , since he only applied skeptical methods partially in some of his arguments to demonstrate his Taoism beliefs while adopting these Taoism beliefs in a dogmatic fashion . Wang
End of the Han dynasty
After Yuan Shao died of illness in 202 , a struggle of succession developed between his oldest son Yuan Tan and third son Yuan Shang . Several years before Yuan Shao 's death , based on the traditional order of succession , Yuan Tan should have been designated as the heir apparent , but as Yuan Shao 's wife Lady Liu favoured Yuan Shang , so Yuan Shao had Yuan Tan posthumously adopted by the latter 's uncle , Yuan Cheng ( 袁 成 ) . Yuan Shao then divided his territories between his sons and nephew Gao Gan , ostensibly so that he could determine their abilities . His base of Ji Province was given to Yuan Shang , Yuan Tan controlled Qing Province , while Yuan Xi governed You Province , and Gao Gan ruled Bing Province . On his deathbed , Yuan Shao did not leave any explicit instruction as to who should succeed him . Of Yuan Shao 's followers , Pang Ji and Shen Pei supported Yuan Shang , while Xin Ping and Guo Tu favoured Yuan Tan . After Yuan Shao 's death , most of his subordinates initially wanted Yuan Tan to be their new lord , since he was the oldest son . However , Shen Pei and Pang Ji forged a will , naming Yuan Shang as the successor . Yuan Tan was furious and mobilized his forces under the pretext of attacking Cao Cao , drawing Cao 's attention , and Cao preemptively retaliated . Yuan Shang came to his oldest brother 's aid , and they fought inconclusively against Cao Cao in the Battle of Liyang .
Indirect rule
Mahmood Mamdani and other academics have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule , but how the `` Indirect '' strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government . Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as `` decentralised despotism '' .
Modern history
In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat - sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President . But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai , who had effective control of the Beiyang Army , the most powerful military force in China at the time . To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic , leaders agreed to Army 's demand that China be united under a Beijing government . On March 10 , in Beijing , Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The Chinese -- Japanese dispute in July 1931 ( the Wanpaoshan Incident ) was followed by the Mukden Incident , on 18 September 1931 . The same day as the Mukden Incident , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , which had decided upon a policy of localizing the incident , communicated its decision to the Kwantung Army command . However , Kwantung Army commander - in - chief General Shigeru Honjō instead ordered his forces to proceed to expand operations all along the South Manchuria Railway . Under orders from Lieutenant General Jirō Tamon , troops of the 2nd Division moved up the rail line and captured virtually every city along its 730 - mile length in a matter of days , occupying Anshan , Haicheng , Kaiyuan , Tiehling , Fushun , Szeping - chieh , Changchun , Kuanchengtzu , Yingkou , Antung , and Penhsihu .
Ashoka
Ashokavadana -- The Aśokāvadāna is a 2nd - century CE text related to the legend of Ashoka . The legend was translated into Chinese by Fa Hien in 300 CE . It is essentially a Hinayana text , and its world is that of Mathura and North - west India . The emphasis of this little known text is on exploring the relationship between the king and the community of monks ( the Sangha ) and setting up an ideal of religious life for the laity ( the common man ) by telling appealing stories about religious exploits . The most startling feature is that Ashoka 's conversion has nothing to do with the Kalinga war , which is not even mentioned , nor is there a word about his belonging to the Maurya dynasty . Equally surprising is the record of his use of state power to spread Buddhism in an uncompromising fashion . The legend of Veetashoka provides insights into Ashoka 's character that are not available in the widely known Pali records . A
Qing dynasty
As the years went by , the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous . Finally , in 1673 , Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor . The young emperor granted his retirement , but denied the heredity of his fief . In reaction , the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi 's resolve , thinking that he would not risk offending them . The move backfired as the young emperor called their bluff by accepting their requests and ordering that all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown .
Humanism
In the 6th century BCE , Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy . The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV. 24 , is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural . Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics , e.g. , as recorded in Zuo Zhuan , Ji Liang says , `` People is the zhu ( master , lord , dominance , owner or origin ) of gods . So , to sage kings , people first , gods second '' ; Neishi Guo says , `` Gods , clever , righteous and wholehearted , comply with human . '' Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism . Ancient
Analects
Since the Han dynasty , Chinese readers have interpreted the Analects by reading scholars ' commentaries on the book . There have been many commentaries on the Analects since the Han dynasty , but the two which have been most influential have been the Collected Explanations of the Analects ( Lunyu Jijie ) by He Yan ( c. 195 -- 249 ) and several colleagues , and the Collected Commentaries of the Analects ( Lunyu Jizhu ) by Zhu Xi ( 1130 -- 1200 ) . In his work , He Yan collected , selected , summarized , and rationalized what he believed to be the most insightful of all preceding commentaries on the Analects which had been produced by earlier Han and Wei dynasty ( 220 -- 265 AD ) scholars . His personal interpretation of the Lunyu was guided by his belief that Daoism and Confucianism complemented each other , so that by studying both in a correct manner a scholar could arrive at a single , unified truth . Arguing for the ultimate compatibility of Daoist and Confucian teachings , he argued that `` Laozi ( in fact ) was in agreement with the Sage '' ( sic ) . The Explanations was written in 248 AD , was quickly recognized as authoritative , and remained the standard guide to interpreting the Analects for nearly 1,000 years , until the early Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . It is the oldest complete commentary on the Analects that still exists .
Qing dynasty
Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han Chinese Green Standard Army . Kangxi accordingly assigned generals Sun Sike , Wang Jinbao , and Zhao Liangdong to crush the rebels , since he thought that Han Chinese were superior to Bannermen at battling other Han people . Similarly , in north - western China against Wang Fuchen , the Qing used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese generals as the primary military forces . This choice was due to the rocky terrain , which favoured infantry troops over cavalry , to the desire to keep Bannermen in reserve , and , again , to the belief that Han troops were better at fighting other Han people . These Han generals achieved victory over the rebels . Also due to the mountainous terrain , Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were retaken by the Green Standard Army in 1680 , with Manchus participating only in logistics and provisions . 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war . 213 Han Chinese Banner companies , and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt . 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen .
Mortal Kombat
In Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , the evil sorcerers Quan Chi and Shang Tsung join forces to conquer the realms . By Mortal Kombat : Deception , after several fights , the sorcerers emerge victorious having killed most of Earthrealms ' warriors until Raiden steps forth to oppose them . The Dragon King Onaga , who had been freed by Reptile at the end of Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance , had deceived Shujinko into searching for six pieces of Kamidogu , the source of Onaga 's power . Onaga then confronted the alliance of Raiden , Shang Tsung , and Quan Chi and thus obtained Quan Chi 's amulet , the final piece of his power . Only a few warriors remained to combat against the Dragon King and his forces . Shujinko eventually triumphed over the Dragon King and removed his threat to the Mortal Kombat universe .
Republic
In East Asia , China had seen considerable anti-Qing sentiment during the 19th century , and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy . The most important leader of these efforts was Sun Yat - sen , whose Three Principles of the People combined American , European , and Chinese ideas . Under his leadership the Republic of China was proclaimed on January 1 , 1912 .
Migration in China
Hans were around one third of Xinjiang 's population in 1800 , during the time of the Qing Dynasty . Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University , James A. Millward wrote that foreigners often mistakenly think that Urumqi was originally a Uyghur city and that the Chinese destroyed its Uyghur character and culture , however , Ürümqi was founded as a Chinese city by Han and Hui ( Tungans ) , and it is the Uyghurs who are new to the city . While a few people try to give a misportrayal of the historical Qing situation in light of the contemporary situation in Xinjiang with Han migration , and claim that the Qing settlements and state farms were an anti-Uyghur plot to replace them in their land , Professor James A. Millward pointed out that the Qing agricultural colonies in reality had nothing to do with Uyghur and their land , since the Qing banned settlement of Han in the Uyghur Tarim Basin and in fact directed the Han settlers instead to settle in the non-Uyghur Dzungaria and the new city of Ürümqi , so that the state farms which were settled with 155,000 Han Chinese from 1760 - 1830 were all in Dzungaria and Ürümqi , where there was only an insignificant amount of Uyghurs , instead of the Tarim Basin oases .
Silk Road
The next major step in the development of the Silk Road was the expansion of the Greek empire of Alexander the Great into Central Asia . In August 329 BCE , at the mouth of the Fergana Valley in Tajikistan across the mountain pass from the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang , Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Eschate or `` Alexandria The Furthest '' . This later became a major staging point on the northern Silk Route . See Dayuan ( Ta - yuan ; Chinese : 大 宛 ; literarily `` Great Ionians '' ) .
End of the Han dynasty
During Cao Cao 's siege on Ye , Yuan Tan did not help attack Ye but sought to take Yuan Shang 's territories , defeating Yuan Shang in Zhongshan . Yuan Shang fled further north to join Yuan Xi in You Province . Cao Cao now accused Yuan Tan of breaching the trust in the alliance so he turned east to attack him , capturing Yuan Tan 's last stronghold at Nanpi ( 南 皮 ; in present - day Cangzhou , Hebei ) and killing Yuan . Meanwhile , in You Province , Yuan Xi 's subordinate Jiao Chu ( 焦 觸 ) revolted and surrendered to Cao Cao , forcing Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang to flee further north to join the Wuhuan tribes under chief Tadun . Around this time , Gao Gan also rebelled against Cao Cao , but was defeated by 206 and killed while attempting to flee south to join Liu Biao .
History of Vietnam
Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt , the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles . The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics . A Giao Chỉ prefect , Shi Xie , ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors . Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt . In 225 another woman , Triệu Thị Trinh , popularly known as Lady Triệu ( Bà Triệu ) , led another revolt which lasted until 248 . Once again , the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river .
Surrender of Japan
Around 03 : 00 , Hatanaka was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Masataka Ida that the Eastern District Army was on its way to the palace to stop him , and that he should give up . Finally , seeing his plan collapsing around him , Hatanaka pleaded with Tatsuhiko Takashima , Chief of Staff of the Eastern District Army , to be given at least ten minutes on the air on NHK radio , to explain to the people of Japan what he was trying to accomplish and why . He was refused . Colonel Haga , commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards , discovered that the Army did not support this rebellion , and he ordered Hatanaka to leave the palace grounds .
Chinese Buddhism
During the early Tang dynasty , between 629 and 645 , the monk Xuanzang journeyed to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms , and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings , which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period . During his travels he visited holy sites , learned the lore of his faith , and studied with many famous Buddhist masters , especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nālanda University . When he returned , he brought with him some 657 Sanskrit texts . Xuanzang also returned with relics , statues , and Buddhist paraphernalia loaded onto twenty - two horses . With the emperor 's support , he set up a large translation bureau in Chang'an ( present - day Xi'an ) , drawing students and collaborators from all over East Asia . He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese . His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of Yogācāra , or `` Consciousness - only '' .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
Weber argued that , while several factors were good for development of a capitalist economy ( long periods of peace , improved control of rivers , population growth , freedom to acquire land and move outside of native community , freedom of choosing the occupation ) , they were outweighed by others ( mostly stemming from religion ) in China :
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
During Atahualpa 's captivity , the Spanish , although greatly outnumbered , forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not . According to the Spanish envoy 's demands , Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver . While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up , he had no intention of releasing the Inca ; he needed Atahualpa 's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace .
Starving Time
John Ratcliffe , captain of the Discovery , became colony president and tried to improve the colony 's situation by obtaining food . Hoping to emulate Captain Smith , John Ratcliffe attempted a trade mission ; shortly after being elected , he was captured by Chief Powhatan and tortured to death , leaving the colony without strong leadership . The Powhatans carried out additional attacks on other colonists who came in search of trade . Hunting also became very dangerous , as they killed any Englishmen they found outside of the fort .
Humanism
Heaven ( or `` God '' ) is not believable . Our Tao ( special term referring to `` the way of nature '' ) includes morality ( derived from the philosophy of former sage kings and to be continued forward ) .
Surrender of Japan
Just before 05 : 00 , as his rebels continued their search , Major Hatanaka went to the NHK studios , and , brandishing a pistol , tried desperately to get some airtime to explain his actions . A little over an hour later , after receiving a telephone call from the Eastern District Army , Hatanaka finally gave up . He gathered his officers and walked out of the NHK studio .