vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Nile
The Nile ( Arabic : النيل ‎ , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר ‬ , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר ‬ , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan .
River Thames
The river gives its name to three informal areas : the Thames Valley , a region of England around the river between Oxford and West London ; the Thames Gateway ; and the greatly overlapping Thames Estuary around the tidal Thames to the east of London and including the waterway itself . Thames Valley Police is a formal body that takes its name from the river , covering three counties . The administrative powers of the Thames Conservancy have been taken on with modifications by the Environment Agency and , in respect of the Tideway part of the river , such powers are split between the agency and the Port of London Authority . In non-administrative use , stemming directly from the river and its name are Thames Valley University , Thames Water , Thames Television productions , Thames & Hudson publishing , Thameslink ( north - south railways passing through central London ) and South Thames College . Historic entities include the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company
Mississippi River
Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans . This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway , built to reduce flooding in New Orleans . This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4 -- 6 meters ( 12 to 20 feet ) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new , shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico . Diversion of the Mississippi 's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion , but to a lesser extent , since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area .
Hudson Valley
During the French and Indian War in the 1750s , the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the British defense against French invasion from Canada via Lake Champlain . Revolutionary
Androscoggin River
The U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) maintains four river flow gauges on the Androscoggin River . All four are below one or more dams .
Yadkin River
Prior to the arrival of Europeans , the Yadkin basin was inhabited by Siouan - speaking tribes . The Saura and Tutelo tribes are mentioned in historic records of the area . Before the Revolutionary War , colonial settlers of primarily Scots - Irish , German , and English extraction migrated into the Yadkin basin from Virginia and Pennsylvania using the Great Wagon Road and the Carolina Road . Notably , these included Moravian colonists from Bethlehem , Pennsylvania who occupied the 100,000 - acre Wachovia tract following its purchase in 1753 ( See also Old Salem ) .
Vermont
On July 20 , 1764 , King George III established the boundary between New Hampshire and New York along the west bank of the Connecticut River , north of Massachusetts , and south of 45 degrees north latitude . New York refused to recognize the land titles known as the New Hampshire Grants ( towns created by land grants sold by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth ) and dissatisfied New Hampshire settlers organized in opposition . In 1770 Ethan Allen , his brothers Ira and Levi , and the Allens ' cousins Seth Warner and Remember Baker , recruited an informal militia known as the Green Mountain Boys to protect the interests of the original New Hampshire settlers against newcomers from New York .
Bemidji, Minnesota
Bemidji ( / bəˈmɪdʒiː / bə - MIJ - ee ) is a city in Beltrami County ( and county seat ) , in north west Minnesota , United States . With a population of 14,301 as of July 1 , 2016 , it is the largest commercial center between Grand Forks , North Dakota and Duluth , Minnesota . Bemidji houses many Native American services , including the Indian Health Service . The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation , White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation . Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji , the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed `` The First City On The Mississippi . '' Bemidji is also the self proclaimed `` curling capital '' of the U.S. and birth place of Paul Bunyan
New Jersey
Major rivers include the Hudson , Delaware , Raritan , Passaic , Hackensack , Rahway , Musconetcong , Mullica , Rancocas , Manasquan , Maurice , and Toms rivers .
Mississippi River
After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963 , the river 's head of navigation moved upstream , to the Coon Rapids Dam . However , the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp , making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river .
Ojibwe
English Name Ojibwe Name ( in double - vowel spelling ) Location Saulteaux Baawitigowininiwag Sault Ste . Marie area of Ontario and Michigan Border - Sitters Biitan - akiing - enabijig St. Croix - Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin Lake Superior Band Gichi - gamiwininiwag south shore of Lake Superior Mississippi River Band Gichi - ziibiwininiwag upper Mississippi River in Minnesota Rainy Lake Band Goojijiwininiwag Rainy Lake and River , about the northern boundary of Minnesota Ricing - Rails Manoominikeshiinyag along headwaters of St. Croix River in Wisconsin and Minnesota Pillagers Makandwewininiwag North - central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters Mississaugas Misi - zaagiwininiwag north of Lake Erie , extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River Dokis Band ( Dokis 's and Restoule 's bands ) N / A Along French River ( Wemitigoj - Sibi ) region ( including Little French River ( Ziibiins ) and Restoule River ) in Ontario , near Lake Nipissing Ottawa Lake ( Lac Courte Oreilles ) Band Odaawaa - zaaga'iganiwininiwag Lac Courte Oreilles , Wisconsin Bois Forte Band Zagaakwaandagowininiwag north of Lake Superior Lac du Flambeau Band Waaswaaganiwininiwag head of Wisconsin River Muskrat Portage Band Wazhashk - Onigamininiwag northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canada -- US border Nopeming Band Noopiming Azhe - ininiwag northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing
Mississippi River
In March 1876 , the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie , Tennessee , leaving a small part of Tipton County , Tennessee , attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel . Since this event was an avulsion , rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition , the state line still follows the old channel . The town of Kaskaskia , Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia ( Okaw ) Rivers . Founded as a French colonial community , it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819 . Beginning in 1844 , successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east . A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River , forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state . Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town , including the original State House . Today , the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Robert Fulton ordered a Boulton and Watt steam engine , and built what he called the North River Steamboat ( often mistakenly described as the Clermont ) . In 1807 this steamboat began a regular passenger boat service between New York City and Albany , New York , 240 km ( 150 mi ) distant , which was a commercial success . In 1808 John and James Winans built Vermont in Burlington , Vermont , the second steamboat to operate commercially . In 1809 , Accommodation , built by the Hon . John Molson at Montreal , and fitted with engines made in that city , was running successfully between Montreal and Quebec , being the first steamer on the St. Lawrence and in Canada . The experience of both vessels showed that the new system of propulsion was commercially viable , and as a result its application to the more open waters of the Great Lakes was next considered . That idea went on hiatus , due to the War of 1812 , however .
Delaware River
Before the arrival of European settlers , the river was the homeland of the Lenape Native Americans . They called the river Lenapewihittuk , or Lenape River , and Kithanne , meaning the largest river in this part of the country .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states , from Minnesota to Louisiana , and was used to define portions of these states ' borders , with Wisconsin , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi along the east side of the river , and Iowa , Missouri , and Arkansas along its west side . Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river , although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states .
Hudson River
The Hudson River is navigable by large steamers up to Troy , and by ocean - faring vessels to the Port of Albany . The original Erie Canal , opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie , emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin , just 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of the Federal Dam in Troy ( at mile 134 ) . The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean . The New York State Canal System , the successor to the Erie Canal , runs into the Hudson River north of Troy . It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock .
Hudson River
The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary , with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam in Troy . Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate . During the winter , ice floes may drift south or north , depending upon the tides . The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature : muh - he - kun - ne - tuk means `` the river that flows both ways . '' The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States , but it is an estuary throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of fresh water , about 15,000 cubic feet ( 425 m3 ) per second , is present . The mean fresh water discharge at the river 's mouth in New York is approximately 21,400 cubic feet ( 606 m3 ) per second . The Hudson and its tributaries , notably the Mohawk River , drain a large area . Parts of the Hudson River form coves , such as Weehawken Cove in the towns of Hoboken and Weehawken in New Jersey .
History of Maryland
Lincoln promised to avoid having Northern defenders march through Baltimore while en route to protect the acutely endangered federal capital . The majority of forces took a slow route by boat . Massachusetts militia general Benjamin F. Butler used the water route after learning about the troubles in Baltimore . He commandeered the P.W. & B. Railroad ferryboat Harriet Lane at the Susquehanna River crossing between Perryville in Cecil County to Havre de Grace in Harford County . Avoiding the riotous city , he steamed down the Chesapeake Bay to anchor at night off the Naval Academy at Severn Point in Annapolis .
Polygonum perfoliatum
The first records of Polygonum perfoliatum in North America are from Portland , Oregon ( 1890 ) and Beltsville , Maryland ( 1937 ) . Both of these sites were eliminated or did not establish permanent populations of the species . However , the introduction of P. perfoliatum somewhere between the late 1930s and 1946 to a nursery site in Stewartstown , York County , Pennsylvania produced a population of this plant that did become established in the wild . It is speculated that the seed was spread with Rhododendron stock . The owner of the nursery was interested in the plant and allowed it to reproduce ; subsequent efforts to eradicate it were not successful . The distribution of P. perfoliatum has radiated from the York County site into neighboring states . Fifty - five years after its introduction , the range for this plant in the United States had extended as far as 300 miles ( 480 km ) in several directions from the York County , Pennsylvania site .
First Nations
In the earliest oral history , the Algonquins were from the Atlantic coast . Together with other Anicinàpek , they arrived at the `` First Stopping Place '' near Montreal . While the other Anicinàpe peoples continued their journey up the St. Lawrence River , the Algonquins settled along the Kitcisìpi ( Ottawa River ) , an important highway for commerce , cultural exchange , and transportation from time immemorial . A distinct Algonquin identity , though , was not realized until after the dividing of the Anicinàpek at the `` Third Stopping Place '' , estimated at about 2,000 years ago near present - day Detroit . Details
Rhode Island
Rivers of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Annaquatucket River Barrington River Hunt River Kickamuit River Maidford River Maiford River Maskerchugg River Mattatuxet River Palmer River Pettaquamscutt River Pine River Potowomut River Quaket River Runnins River Sakonnet River Saugatucket River Warren River Pawcatuck River Watershed Ashaway River Beaver River Chipuxet River Flat River ( Wood ) Green Fall River Pawcatuck River Queen River Usquepaug River Wood River Providence River Watershed Abbott Run Big River Blackstone River Branch River Carr River Chepachet River Chockalog River Clear River Congdon River Flat River ( South Branch Pawtuxet ) Mill River Millers River Mishnock River Moshassuck River Moswansicut River Nipmuc River Nooseneck River North Branch Pawtuxet River Pascoag River Pawtuxet River Peters River Pocasset River Ponaganset River Providence River Seekonk River Sevenmile River South Branch Pawtuxet River Stillwater River Ten Mile River West River Wilde River Woonasquatucket River Thames River Watershed Moosup River
Snake River
Lava flowing from Cedar Butte in present southeast Idaho blocked the Snake River at Eagle Rock , about 42,000 years ago , near the present - day site of American Falls Dam . A 40 - mile - long ( 64 km ) lake , known as American Falls Lake , formed behind the barrier . The lake was stable and survived for nearly 30,000 years . About 14,500 years ago , pluvial Lake Bonneville in the Great Salt Lake area , formed in the last glacial period , spilled catastrophically down the Portneuf River into the Snake in an event known as the Bonneville Flood . This was one of the first in a series of catastrophic flooding events in the Northwest known as the Ice Age Floods .
River Mersey
Since the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , large commercial vessels do not usually navigate the estuary beyond Garston on the north bank , or the locks into the ship canal at Eastham . Deep - water channels are maintained to both . Until the early 20th century , commercial traffic bound for further upstream carried cargo in large flat - bottomed sailing barges known as Mersey Flats to Howley Wharf in Warrington and ( via the Sankey Canal ) to St Helens . Motor barges delivered to riverside factories at Warrington until at least the 1970s , but nowadays only pleasure craft and yachts use the upper estuary and the tidal river where a number of sailing clubs are based . On most high tides , seagoing yachts with masts raised can navigate as far upstream as Fiddlers Ferry -- about 3.1 mi ( 5.0 km ) downstream of Warrington -- where there is a small marina accessed via a river lock . Although river craft can continue upstream to Howley Weir , there are no landing or mooring facilities . Before construction of the ship canal , a lock bypassing Howley Weir allowed navigation further upstream via a straight `` cut '' avoiding a meander around Woolston .
Snake River
The Hudson 's Bay Company first sent fur trappers into the Snake River watershed in 1819 . The party of three traveled into the headwaters of the Owyhee River , a major southern tributary of the Snake , but disappeared . Meanwhile , as American fur trappers kept coming to the region , the Hudson 's Bay Company ordered the Canadian trappers to kill as many beavers as they could , eventually nearly eradicating the species from the Snake River watershed , under the `` rationale ( that ) if there are no beavers , there will be no reason for the Yanks ( ( Americans ) ) to come . '' Their goal was to eventually gain rights over the Oregon Territory , a region covering Washington , Oregon , Idaho , and parts of Montana and Wyoming ( most of the present - day region called the Pacific Northwest ) . However , the area was eventually annexed into the United States .
Biafra
The former country 's northeast bordered the Benue Hills and mountains that lead to Cameroon . Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea : the Imo River , the Cross River and the Niger River .
Delaware River
- elevation 880 ft ( 268 m ) - coordinates 41 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 75 ° 16 ′ 46 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 41.93889 ° N 75.27944 ° W ﻿ / 41.93889 ; - 75.27944 Mouth Delaware Bay - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 25 ′ 13 '' N 75 ° 31 ′ 11 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.42028 ° N 75.51972 ° W ﻿ / 39.42028 ; - 75.51972 Coordinates : 39 ° 25 ′ 13 '' N 75 ° 31 ′ 11 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.42028 ° N 75.51972 ° W ﻿ / 39.42028 ; - 75.51972 Length 301 mi ( 484 km ) Basin 14,119 sq mi ( 36,568 km ) Discharge for Trenton - average 13,100 cu ft / s ( 371 m / s ) - max 329,000 cu ft / s ( 9,316 m / s ) - min 4,310 cu ft / s ( 122 m / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Port Jervis 7,900 cu ft / s ( 224 m / s ) Map of the Delaware River watershed , showing major tributaries and cities National Wild and Scenic River Type Scenic , Recerational
Hudson River
John Cabot is credited for the Old World 's discovery of continental North America , with his journey in 1497 along the continent 's coast . In 1524 , Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor , however he left the harbor shortly thereafter , without navigating into the Hudson River . In 1598 , Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in New York Bay . Eleven years later , the Dutch East India Company financed English navigator Henry Hudson in his search for the Northwest Passage . During the search , Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him . His travel up the ever - widening river led him to Haverstraw Bay , leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage . He landed on the western shore the bay and claimed the territory for the Netherlands . He then proceeded upstream as far as present - day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there .
Adams–Onís Treaty
The Boundary Line between the two Countries , West of the Mississippi , shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico , at the mouth of the River Sabine in the Sea ( 29 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 93 ° 50 ′ 03 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 29.67822 ° N 93.83430 ° W ﻿ / 29.67822 ; - 93.83430 ﻿ ( Sabine Pass ) ) , continuing North , along the Western Bank of that River , to the 32d degree of Latitude ( 32 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 94 ° 02 ′ 45 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 32 ° N 94.04574 ° W ﻿ / 32 ; - 94.04574 ﻿ ( Sabine River at 32 ° N ) ) ; thence by a Line due North to the degree of Latitude , where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches , or Red - River ( 33 ° 33 ′ 04 '' N 94 ° 02 ′ 45 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 33.55112 ° N 94.04574 ° W ﻿ / 33.55112 ; - 94.04574 ﻿ ( Red River at 94 ° 2 ′ 45 `` W ) ) , then following the course of the Rio - Roxo Westward to the degree of Longitude , 100 West from London and 23 from Washington ( 34 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 100 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 34.56038 ° N 100 ° W ﻿ / 34.56038 ; - 100 ﻿ ( Red River at 100 ° W ) ) , then crossing the said Red - River , and running thence by a Line due North to the River Arkansas ( 37 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 100 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 37.74375 ° N 100 ° W ﻿ / 37.74375 ; - 100 ﻿ ( Arkansas River at 100 ° W ) ) , thence , following the Course of the Southern bank of the Arkansas to its source in Latitude , 42 . North and thence by that parallel of Latitude to the South - Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . The whole being as laid down in Melishe 's Map of the United States , published at Philadelphia , improved to the first of January 1818 .
Pecatonica River
The Winnebago County Forest Preserve District owns and operates six preserve along the river in Winnebago County . The river is the chief attraction of the 1,048 - acre ( 424 ha ) Pecatonica Wetlands Forest Preserve and the 221 - acre ( 89 ha ) Crooked River Forest Preserve off U.S. Highway 20 near Pecatonica , Illinois . These forest preserves contain oxbow , wetlands , and bottomland forest . The river also flows past the 466 - acre ( 189 ha ) Pecatonica River Forest Preserve off Illinois Route 70 near Pecatonica . The forest preserve contains a bottomland forest and has been designated an Illinois Nature Preserve . The 15 - acre ( 6.1 ha ) Trask Bridge Forest Preserve and the 6 - acre ( 2.4 ha ) Two Rivers Forest Preserve at the confluence of the Sugar River and Pecatonica River provide public boat launches , picnic areas , and fishing opportunities . At the mouth of the Pecatonica is the 281 - acre ( 114 ha ) Macktown Forest Preserve on Illinois Route 75 near Rockton , the site of the ghost town of Macktown or Pe - Katonic .
San Jose, California
Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century . Both steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and King salmon are extant in the Guadalupe River , making San Jose the southernmost major U.S. city with known salmon spawning runs , the other cities being Anchorage , Alaska ; Seattle , Washington ; Portland , Oregon and Sacramento , California . Runs of up to 1,000 Chinook or King Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s , but have all but vanished in the current decade apparently blocked from access to breeding grounds by impassable culverts , weirs and wide , exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the Santa Clara Valley Water District . In 2011 a small number of Chinook salmon were filmed spawning under the Julian Street bridge .
Yadkin River
The river is extensively used for recreation . Fishing consists mostly of sunfish , catfish , largemouth bass and white bass in the spring and early summer . Canoeing and rafting are also possible . A portion of the river flows through Pilot Mountain State Park . Morrow Mountain State Park and the Uwharrie National Forest are along the banks of the river where the river 's name changes to the Pee Dee River .
Michigan
Ambassador Bridge , North America 's busiest international border , crossing the Detroit River Blue Water Bridge , a twin - span bridge ( Port Huron , Michigan , and Point Edward , Ontario , but the larger city of Sarnia is usually referred to on the Canadian side ) Blue Water Ferry ( Marine City , Michigan , and Sombra , Ontario ) Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel Detroit -- Windsor Truck Ferry ( Detroit and Windsor ) Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel International Bridge ( Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario ) St. Clair River Railway Tunnel ( Port Huron and Sarnia ) Walpole Island Ferry ( Algonac , Michigan , and Walpole Island First Nation , Ontario )