vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vallabhbhai Patel
... History holds many examples of the fruits of freedom squandered by lack of attention to stability and order , the twin foundations of society . Though a revolutionary in his fight against foreign rule , Sardar Patel was no believer in abrupt or violent change ; progress by evolution was really his motto . And so , although in August 1947 power changed hands , and with it the spirit of the administration , the machinery of Government was preserved . As Home Minister and Minister for States , the Sardar had a double task , conservative in the good sense of the word , in what had been Provinces in the old India , creative in the Indian States . Neither was easy . To the ordinary stresses of a transition caused by the withdrawal of trained personnel which had wielded all power for a hundred years was added the strain of partition , and the immense human upheavals and suffering that followed it . The fate of our new State hung in the balance during those perilous months when millions moved across the new frontiers under conditions which are still vivid - indeed , too vivid - in our memories , and therefore , need not be described . That despite some oscillation the scales stayed steady was due not only to the faith of the people in its leaders , but to the firm will and strong hand of the new Home Minister .
Chola dynasty
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Anthony Eden
His resignation in February 1938 was largely attributed to growing dissatisfaction with Chamberlain 's policy of appeasement . That is , however , disputed by new research ; it was not the question if there should be negotiations with Italy , but only when they should start and how far they should be carried . Similarly , he at no point registered his dissatisfaction with the appeasement policy directed towards Nazi Germany in his period as Foreign Secretary . He became a Conservative dissenter leading a group that conservative whip David Margesson called the `` Glamour Boys , '' , and a leading anti-appeaser like Winston Churchill , who led a similar group , called `` The Old Guard . ''
Swadeshi movement
Credit to starting the Swadeshi movement goes to Baba Ram Singh of the Sikh Namdhari sect , whose revolutionary movements which heightened around 1871 and 1872 . Naamdharis were instructed by Baba Ram Singh to only wear clothes made in the country and boycott foreign goods . The Namdharis resolved conflict in the peoples court and totally avoided British law and British courts they also boycotted the educational system as Baba Ram Singh prohibited children from attending British School , amongst other forms and measures he employeed .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Each of the three `` Presidencies '' into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies . Of these , the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest . Unlike the other two , it recruited heavily from among high - caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims . The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal army , whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments . The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society . In the early years of Company rule , it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army , which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of the Bihar and Awadh regions . These soldiers were known as Purbiyas . By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards , the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted .
Subhas Chandra Bose
He journeyed to Peshawar with the help of the Abwehr , where he was met by Akbar Shah , Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar . Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan , a trusted friend of Akbar Shah 's . On 26 January 1941 , Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India 's North West frontier with Afghanistan . For this reason , he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah , then a Forward Bloc leader in the North - West Frontier Province . Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union , and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume . Since Bose could not speak one word of Pashto , it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British . For this reason , Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb , and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen . Bose 's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar , unknown to him , was a Soviet agent .
Indian general election, 2014
Manmohan Singh tendered his resignation to President Pranab Mukherjee on 17 May . He continued as caretaker Prime Minister , at the request of the President , until 26 May 2014 , when Narendra Modi and his cabinet were sworn to office .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904 ... The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton , Chief Commissioner of Assam ( 1896 -- 1902 ) . The partition was enacted on 16 October 1905 , by Viceroy Curzon , and Cayan Uddin Ahmet , the Chief Secretary of Bengal .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
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History of India
The Nawabs of Bengal had become the de facto rulers of Bengal following the decline of Mughal Empire . However , their rule was interrupted by Marathas who carried six expeditions in Bengal from 1741 to 1748 as a result of which Bengal became a tributary state of Marathas .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In March 1858 , Campbell once again advanced on Lucknow with a large army , meeting up with the force at Alambagh , this time seeking to suppress the rebellion in Awadh . He was aided by a large Nepalese contingent advancing from the north under Jang Bahadur . Campbell 's advance was slow and methodical , with a force under General Outram crossing the river on cask bridges on 4 March to enable them to fire artillery in flank , the forces drove the large but disorganised rebel army from Lucknow with the final fighting shooting on 21 March , there were few casualties to his own troops . This nevertheless allowed large numbers of the rebels to disperse into Awadh , and Campbell was forced to spend the summer and autumn dealing with scattered pockets of resistance while losing men to heat , disease and guerrilla actions .
Subhas Chandra Bose
On 23 August 2007 , Japanese Prime Minister , Shinzō Abe visited the Subhas Chandra Bose memorial hall in Kolkata . Abe said to Bose 's family `` The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose 's strong will to have led the Indian independence movement from British rule . Netaji is a much respected name in Japan .
Partition of India
Sindhi Hindus settled predominantly in Gujarat , Maharashtra and Rajasthan . Some , however , settled further afield in Madhya Pradesh . A new township was established for Sindhi Hindu refugees in Maharashtra . The Governor - General of India , Sir Rajagopalachari , laid the foundation for this township and named it Ulhasnagar ( namely ' city of joy ' ) .
India
In the Republic of India 's first three general elections , in 1951 , 1957 , and 1962 , the Jawaharlal Nehru - led Congress won easy victories . On Nehru 's death in 1964 , Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister ; he was succeeded , after his own unexpected death in 1966 , by Indira Gandhi , who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971 . Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975 , the Congress was voted out of power in 1977 ; the then - new Janata Party , which had opposed the emergency , was voted in . Its government lasted just over three years . Voted back into power in 1980 , the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984 , when Indira Gandhi was assassinated ; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi , who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year . The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition , led by the newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front , won the elections ; that government too proved relatively short - lived , lasting just under two years . Elections were held again in 1991 ; no party won an absolute majority . The Congress , as the largest single party , was able to form a minority government led by P.V. Narasimha Rao . The
British Empire
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company . A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired . The Company 's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion , a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys , Indian troops under British officers and discipline . The rebellion took six months to suppress , with heavy loss of life on both sides . The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor - general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India . India became the empire 's most valuable possession , `` the Jewel in the Crown '' , and was the most important source of Britain 's strength .
Ashoka
Ashoka was almost forgotten by the historians of the early British India , but James Prinsep contributed in the revelation of historical sources . Another important historian was British archaeologist John Hubert Marshall , who was director - General of the Archaeological Survey of India . His main interests were Sanchi and Sarnath , in addition to Harappa and Mohenjodaro . Sir Alexander Cunningham , a British archaeologist and army engineer , and often known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India , unveiled heritage sites like the Bharhut Stupa , Sarnath , Sanchi , and the Mahabodhi Temple . Mortimer Wheeler , a British archaeologist , also exposed Ashokan historical sources , especially the Taxila . The
Vallabhbhai Patel
Following his dialogue with community leaders and his speech , no further attacks occurred against Muslim refugees , and a wider peace and order was soon re-established over the entire area . However , Patel was criticised by Nehru , secular Muslims , and Gandhi over his alleged wish to see Muslims from other parts of India depart . While Patel vehemently denied such allegations , the acrimony with Maulana Azad and other secular Muslim leaders increased when Patel refused to dismiss Delhi 's Sikh police commissioner , who was accused of discrimination . Hindu and Sikh leaders also accused Patel and other leaders of not taking Pakistan sufficiently to task over the attacks on their communities there , and Muslim leaders further criticised him for allegedly neglecting the needs of Muslims leaving for Pakistan , and concentrating resources for incoming Hindu and Sikh refugees . Patel clashed with Nehru and Azad over the allocation of houses in Delhi vacated by Muslims leaving for Pakistan ; Nehru and Azad desired to allocate them for displaced Muslims , while Patel argued that no government professing secularism must make such exclusions . However , Patel was publicly defended by Gandhi and received widespread admiration and support for speaking frankly on communal issues and acting decisively and resourcefully to quell disorder and violence .
Subroto Mukerjee
Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee OBE First Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force 5 March 1911 Calcutta , British India 8 November 1960 Tokyo , Japan Allegiance British India ( 1932 - 1947 ) India ( from 1947 ) Service / branch Royal Air Force Indian Air Force Years of service 1932 -- 1960 Rank Air Marshal Battles / wars North West Frontier Rebellion , World War II Awards Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) India General Service Medal ( 1936 ) ( IGSM ) 1939 -- 1945 Star War Medal 1939 -- 1945 India Service Medal Indian Independence Medal King George VI Coronation Medal Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In central and north Gujarat , the rebellion was sustained by land owner Jagirdars , Talukdars and Thakors with the support of armed communities of Bhil , Koli , Pathans and Arabs , unlike the mutiny by sepoys in north India . Their main opposition of British was due to Inam commission . The Bet Dwarka island , along with Okhamandal region of Kathiawar peninsula which was under Gaekwad of Baroda State , saw a revolt by the Vaghers in January 1858 who , by July 1859 , controlled that region . In October 1859 , a joint offensive by British , Gaekwad and other princely states troops ousted the rebels and recaptured the region .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states , and it included parts of present - day Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Maharashtra states . Its ruler , the Nizam Osman Ali Khan , was a Muslim , although over 80 % of its people were Hindu . The Nizam sought independence or accession with Pakistan . Muslim forces loyal to Nizam , called the Razakars , under Qasim Razvi , pressed the Nizam to hold out against India , while organising attacks on people on Indian soil . Even though a Standstill Agreement was signed due to the desperate efforts of Lord Mountbatten to avoid a war , the Nizam rejected deals and changed his positions . In September 1948 Patel emphasised in Cabinet meetings that India should talk no more , and reconciled Nehru and the Governor - General , Chakravarti Rajgopalachari , to military action . Following preparations , Patel ordered the Indian Army to invade Hyderabad ( in his capacity as Acting Prime Minister ) when Nehru was touring Europe . The action was termed Operation Polo , and thousands of Razakar forces were killed , but Hyderabad was forcefully secured and integrated into the Indian Union . The main aim of Mountbatten and Nehru in avoiding a forced annexation was to prevent an outbreak of Hindu -- Muslim violence . Patel insisted that if Hyderabad were allowed to continue as an independent nation enclave surrounded by India , the prestige of the government would fall , and then neither Hindus nor Muslims would feel secure in its realm . After defeating Nizam , Patel retained him as the ceremonial chief of state , and held talks with him. There were 562 princely states in India which Sardar Patel unified .
History of India
The Arab traveller Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world . The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics . The great south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him . The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters , who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhraṃśas . Pala
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In Thana Bhawan , the Sunnis declared Haji Imdadullah their Ameer . In May 1857 , the Battle of Shamli took place between the forces of Haji Imdadullah and the British .
Early Nationalists
The Early Nationalists , also known as the Moderates , were a group of political leaders in India active between 1885 and 1905 . Their emergence marked the beginning of the organised national movement in India . With members of the group drawn from educated middle - class professionals including lawyers , teachers and government officials , many of them were educated in England . They have become known as `` Early Nationalists '' because they believed in demanding reforms while adopting constitutional and peaceful means to achieve their aims . The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of justice , fair play , honesty , and integrity while they believed that British rule was a boon for India . The Early Nationalists were staunch believers in open - minded and moderate politics .
British Empire
In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill . Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain 's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire , with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India . However , Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser 's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952 , and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self - determination by 1955 , with independence to follow . Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956 .
Governor General of Canada
Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices . Edward Schreyer , for instance , was appointed Canadian High Commissioner to Australia upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984 , and Michaëlle Jean became the UNESCO special envoy to Haiti and , later , the Secretary - General of the Francophonie . Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a New Democratic Party candidate . Prior to 1952 , several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom , sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and , in some cases , taking a position in the British Cabinet . John Campbell was elected a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1895 , and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords . Others were made governors in other countries or territories : the Viscount Monck was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dublin , the Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , and the Earl of Dufferin , the Marquess of Lansdowne , The Earl of Minto , and The Earl of Willingdon all subsequently served as Viceroy of India .
Cornwallis in India
The area encompassed by modern India was significantly fractured following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the 18th century . European colonial outposts , from countries including Denmark , Portugal , France , and the Dutch Republic , dotted both the Coromandel ( east ) and Malabar ( west ) coasts of the subcontinent , although many of these had been established with the formal permission of a local ruler ( which was sometimes secured by force of arms ) . The Kingdom of Travancore dominated the southern tip , the Kingdom of Mysore held sway over the centre of the peninsula , and the Maratha Empire , a confederation of loosely allied principalities , dominated the northern reaches from Calcutta to Bombay . Although there were significant British presences at Bombay and Madras , each governed by a separate presidency , the Bengal region , including Calcutta , had come under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1757 , with authority to levy taxes , and its presidency dominated the others . Its civil head , the Governor - General of Fort William , ranked ahead of those of Madras and Bombay . Cornwallis quickly established himself as a transformational leader .
Vallabhbhai Patel
The Governor of Burma boasts in London that they left Burma only after reducing everything to dust . So you promise the same thing to India ? ... You refer in your radio broadcasts and newspapers to the government established in Burma by Japan as a puppet government ? What sort of government do you have in Delhi now ? ... When France fell before the Nazi onslaught , in the midst of total war , Mr. Churchill offered union with England to the French . That was indeed a stroke of inspired statesmanship . But when it comes to India ? Oh no ! Constitutional changes in the midst of a war ? Absolutely unthinkable ... The objective this time is to free India before the Japanese can come and be ready to fight them if they come . They will round up the leaders , round up all . Then it will be the duty of every Indian to put forth his utmost effort -- within non-violence . No source is to be left untapped ; no weapon untried . This is going to be the opportunity of a lifetime .
Cornwallis in India
He was raised to the title of Marquess Cornwallis in 1792 as recognition for his performance in the Third Anglo - Mysore War , in which he extracted significant concessions from the Mysorean ruler , Tipu Sultan . Returned to England in 1793 , he was engaged in administrative and diplomatic postings until 1798 , when he was posted to the Kingdom of Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander - in - Chief . In 1801 , he was again posted to India . He arrived in July 1805 and died in October in Ghazipur .
History of India
After 1857 , the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system , legal procedures , and statutes . The Indian Penal Code came into being . In education , Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction . By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated . The Indian economy grew at about 1 % per year from 1880 to 1920 , and the population also grew at 1 % . However , from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly . India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world . The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure , including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways , telegraphy , roads and ports . However , historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history , with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British .