vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vallabhbhai Patel
Historians believe that Patel 's speech was instrumental in electrifying nationalists , who up to then had been skeptical of the proposed rebellion . Patel 's organising work in this period is credited by historians with ensuring the success of the rebellion across India . Patel was arrested on 9 August and was imprisoned with the entire Congress Working Committee from 1942 to 1945 at the fort in Ahmednagar . Here he spun cloth , played bridge , read a large number of books , took long walks , and practised gardening . He also provided emotional support to his colleagues while awaiting news and developments from the outside . Patel was deeply pained at the news of the deaths of Mahadev Desai and Kasturba Gandhi later that year . But Patel wrote in a letter to his daughter that he and his colleagues were experiencing `` fullest peace '' for having done `` their duty '' . Even though other political parties had opposed the struggle and the British had employed ruthless means of suppression , the Quit India movement was `` by far the most serious rebellion since that of 1857 '' , as the viceroy cabled to Winston Churchill . More than 100,000 people were arrested and many were killed in violent struggles with the police . Strikes , protests , and other revolutionary activities had broken out across India . When Patel was released on 15 June 1945 , he realised that the British were preparing proposals to transfer power to India .
Swadeshi movement
During 1901 , Bengal had become the nerve center for Indian nationalism . At that time it was the biggest province of British India and included parts of Bihar and Orissa . To weaken it , Lord Curzon ( 1899 -- 1905 ) the Viceroy of India , proposed partition of Bengal . The official reason was stated as administrative inconvenience due to the size of Bengal . But partition itself was based on a religious and political agenda . Bengal was to be divided into two regions i.e. Bengal and East Bengal . Thus to reduce the nationalist movement in Bengal and thereby in the entire country , Bengal partition was to take place on 16 October 1905 .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels very quickly reached Delhi , whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , they declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well . With help from reinforcements , Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 , and Delhi by the end of September . However , it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi , Lucknow , and especially the Awadh countryside . Other regions of Company controlled India -- Bengal province , the Bombay Presidency , and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm . In the Punjab , the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support . The large princely states , Hyderabad , Mysore , Travancore , and Kashmir , as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana , did not join the rebellion , serving the British , in the Governor - General Lord Canning 's words , as `` breakwaters in a storm . ''
Axis powers
The Arzi Hukumat - e-Azad Hind , the Provisional Government of Free India was a state that was recognized by nine Axis governments . It was led by Subhas Chandra Bose , an Indian nationalist who rejected Mohandas K. Gandhi 's nonviolent methods for achieving independence . The First INA faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims , and the role of I Kikan . It was revived by the Indian Independence League with Japanese support in 1942 after the ex-PoWs and Indian civilians in South - east Asia agreed to participate in the INA venture on the condition it was led by Subhash Chandra Bose . Bose declared India 's independence on October 21 , 1943 . The Indian National Army was committed as a part of the U Go Offensive . It played a largely marginal role in the battle , and suffered serious casualties and had to withdraw with the rest of Japanese forces after the siege of Imphal was broken . It was later committed to the defence of Burma against the Allied offensive . It suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part . The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw 's government . although The provisional government was given nominal control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from November 1943 to August 1945 . Inner
Quit India Movement
`` Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress . Anybody , who during the war , plans to stir up mass feeling , resulting internal disturbances or insecurity , must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being ''
Vallabhbhai Patel
When the British mission proposed two plans for transfer of power , there was considerable opposition within the Congress to both . The plan of 16 May 1946 proposed a loose federation with extensive provincial autonomy , and the `` grouping '' of provinces based on religious - majority . The plan of 16 May 1946 proposed the partition of India on religious lines , with over 565 princely states free to choose between independence or accession to either dominion . The League approved both plans while the Congress flatly rejected the proposal of 16 May . Gandhi criticised the 16 May proposal as being inherently divisive , but Patel , realising that rejecting the proposal would mean that only the League would be invited to form a government , lobbied the Congress Working Committee hard to give its assent to the 16 May proposal . Patel engaged the British envoys Sir Stafford Cripps and Lord Pethick - Lawrence and obtained an assurance that the `` grouping '' clause would not be given practical force , Patel converted Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajendra Prasad , and Rajagopalachari to accept the plan . When the League retracted its approval of the 16 May plan , the viceroy Lord Wavell invited the Congress to form the government . Under Nehru , who was styled the `` Vice President of the Viceroy 's Executive Council '' , Patel took charge of the departments of home affairs and information and broadcasting . He moved into a government house on Aurangzeb Road in Delhi , which would be his home until his death in 1950 .
Garhwal Kingdom
Sudarshan Shah died in 1859 , and was succeeded by Bhawani Shah , who in turn was succeeded by Pratap Shah in 1872 . The kingdom had an area of 4,180 square miles ( 10,800 km ) , and a population of 268,885 in 1901 . The ruler was given the title of Raja , but after 1913 , he was honoured with the title of Maharaja . The King was entitled to an 11 gun salute and had a privy purse of 300.000 Rupees . In 1919 , Maharaja Narendra Shah shifted the capital from Tehri to a new town , which was named after him , Narendra Nagar .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Congress president Bose with Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel at the Congress annual general meeting 1938 Bose at the Lahore City Railway Station on 24 November 1938 . Bose arriving at the 1939 annual session of the Congress , where he was re-elected , but later had to resign after disagreements with Gandhi and the Congress High Command .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 25 September a relief column under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and accompanied by Sir James Outram ( who in theory was his superior ) fought its way from Cawnpore to Lucknow in a brief campaign , in which the numerically small column defeated rebel forces in a series of increasingly large battles . This became known as ' The First Relief of Lucknow ' , as this force was not strong enough to break the siege or extricate themselves , and so was forced to join the garrison . In October another , larger , army under the new Commander - in - Chief , Sir Colin Campbell , was finally able to relieve the garrison and on 18 November , they evacuated the defended enclave within the city , the women and children leaving first . They then conducted an orderly withdrawal , firstly to Alambagh 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north where a force of 4,000 were left to construct a fort , then to Cawnpore , where they defeated an attempt by Tatya Tope to recapture the city in the Second Battle of Cawnpore .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In the countryside around Meerut , a general Gurjar uprising posed the largest threat to the British . In Parikshitgarh near Meerut , Gurjars declared Choudhari Kadam Singh ( Kuddum Singh ) their leader , and expelled Company police . Kadam Singh Gurjar led a large force , estimates varying from 2,000 to 10,000 . Bulandshahr and Bijnor also came under the control of Gurjars under Walidad Khan and Maho Singh respectively . Contemporary sources report that nearly all the Gurjar villages between Meerut and Delhi participated in the revolt , in some cases with support from Jullundur , and it was not until late July that , with the help of local Jats , the British managed to regain control of the area . Attack
Partition of India
However , many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground . Once in office , Mountbatten quickly became aware that if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war , which seemed increasingly likely , there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India . Law and order had broken down many times before Partition , with much bloodshed on both sides . A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy . After the Second World War , Britain had limited resources , perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order . Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances . The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run . The alternative seemed to be involvement in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out .
Partition of India
The actual division of British India between the two new dominions was accomplished according to what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan . It was announced at a press conference by Mountbatten on 3 June 1947 , when the date of independence was also announced -- 15 August 1947 . The plan 's main points were :
India
After World War I , in which approximately one million Indians served , a new period began . It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislations , by more strident Indian calls for self - rule , and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co - operation , of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol . During the 1930s , slow legislative reform was enacted by the British ; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections . The next decade was beset with crises : Indian participation in World War II , the Congress 's final push for non-co - operation , and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism . All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947 , but tempered by the partition of India into two states : India and Pakistan .
Partition of India
The Partition was a highly controversial arrangement , and remains a cause of much tension on the Indian subcontinent today . According to Allen McGrath many British leaders including the British Viceroy , Mountbatten , were unhappy over the partition of India . Lord Mountbatten of Burma had not only been accused of rushing the process through , but also is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Line in India 's favour . The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself . Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them .
Round Table Conferences (India)
British Representatives : Labour : Ramsay Macdonald , Wedgwood Benn , Arthur Henderson , William Jowitt , Hastings Lees - Smith , F.W. hick - Lawrence , Lord Sankey , Lord Snell , J.H. Thomas Conservative : Viscount Hailsham , Samuel Hoare , Earl Peel , Oliver Stanley , Marquess of Zetland Scottish Unionist : Walter Elliot Liberal : Isaac Foot , Henry Graham White , Robert Hamilton , Marquess of Lothian , Marquess of Reading , Indian States ' Representatives : Maharaja of Alwar , Maharaja of Baroda , Nawab of Bhopal , Maharaja of Bikaner , Maharao of Kutch , Rana of Dholpur , Maharaja of Indore , Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja of Kapurthala , Maharaja of Nawanagar , Maharaja of Patiala , Maharaja of Rewa , Chief Sahib of Sangli , Raja of Korea , Raja of Sarila , Sir Prabhashankar Pattani ( Bhavnagar ) , Manubhai Mehta ( Baroda ) , Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan ( Gwalior ) , Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari ( Hyderabad ) , Mirza Ismail ( Mysore ) , Col. K.N. Haksar ( Jammu and Kashmir ) , T. Raghavaiah ( Travancore ) , Liaqat Hayat Khan ( Patiala ) British - Indian Representatives : Government of India : C.P. Ramaswami Iyer , Narendra Nath Law , M. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress : Mahatma Gandhi ( He was the sole representative of the Congress ) .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
From the end of 1857 , the British had begun to gain ground again . Lucknow was retaken in March 1858 . On 8 July 1858 , a peace treaty was signed and the rebellion ended . The last rebels were defeated in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . By 1859 , rebel leaders Bakht Khan and Nana Sahib had either been slain or had fled .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Almost from the moment the first sepoys mutinied in Meerut , the nature and the scope of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been contested and argued over . Speaking in the House of Commons in July 1857 , Benjamin Disraeli labelled it a ' national revolt ' while Lord Palmerston , the Prime Minister , tried to downplay the scope and the significance of the event as a ' mere military mutiny ' . Reflecting this debate , an early historian of the rebellion , Charles Ball , used the word mutiny in his title , but labelled it a ' struggle for liberty and independence as a people ' in the text . Historians remain divided on whether the rebellion can properly be considered a war of Indian independence or not , although it is popularly considered to be one in India . Arguments against include :
East Pakistan
In 1966 , Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced the six point movement in Lahore . The movement demanded greater provincial autonomy and the restoration of democracy in Pakistan . Rahman was indicted for treason during the Agartala Conspiracy Case after launching the six point movement . He was released in the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan , which ousted Ayub Khan from the presidency . Below includes the historical six points : -
Cornwallis in India
British General Charles Cornwallis , the Earl Cornwallis , was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander - in - Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William , also known as the Bengal Presidency . He oversaw the consolidation of British control over much of peninsular India , setting the stage for the British Raj . He was also instrumental in enacting administrative and legal reforms that fundamentally altered civil administration and land management practices there . According to historian Jerry Dupont , Cornwallis was responsible for `` laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services , courts , and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era . ''
History of India
The empire went into decline thereafter . The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans . During the decline of the Mughal Empire , several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline . In 1737 , the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi . Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat , the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers . Baji Rao , however , easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled . In 1737 , in the final defeat of Mughal Empire , the commander - in - chief of the Mughal Army , Nizam - ul - mulk , was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army . This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire . In 1739 , Nader Shah , emperor of Iran , defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal . After this victory , Nader captured and sacked Delhi , carrying away many treasures , including the Peacock Throne . The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757 . The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also called the 1857 War of Independence , and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Acting on these sentiments , Lord Ripon , viceroy from 1880 to 1885 , extended the powers of local self - government and sought to remove racial practices in the law courts by the Ilbert Bill . But a policy at once liberal and progressive at one turn was reactionary and backward at the next , creating new elites and confirming old attitudes . The Ilbert Bill had the effect only of causing a white mutiny and the end of the prospect of perfect equality before the law . In 1886 measures were adopted to restrict Indian entry into the civil service .
Quit India Movement
The RSS head ( sarsanghchalak ) during that time , M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement . Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger , both by the general Indian public , as well as certain members of the organization itself . In Golwalkar 's words ,
Quit India Movement
The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government . In order to get the ban lifted , as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany , it supported the British war effort , despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers . In response the British lifted the ban on the party .
Vallabhbhai Patel
The Governor - General of India , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , along with Nehru and Patel , formed the `` triumvirate '' that ruled India from 1948 to 1950 . Prime Minister Nehru was intensely popular with the masses , but Patel enjoyed the loyalty and the faith of rank and file Congressmen , state leaders , and India 's civil servants . Patel was a senior leader in the Constituent Assembly of India and was responsible in large measure for shaping India 's constitution . He is also known as the `` Bismarck of India '' . Patel was a key force behind the appointment of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee , and the inclusion of leaders from a diverse political spectrum in the process of writing the constitution .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942 and a year later , the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. A.D. Loganathan appointed its Governor General . The islands were renamed Shaheed ( Martyr ) and Swaraj ( Independence ) . However , the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island 's administration . During Bose 's only visit to the islands in early 1944 , when he was carefully screened , by the Japanese authorities , from the local population who at that time were torturing the leader of the Indian Independence League on the Islands , Dr. Diwan Singh , who later died of his injuries , in the Cellular Jail . The islanders made several attempts to alert Bose to their plight , but apparently without success . Enraged with the lack of administrative control , Lt. Col Loganathan later relinquished his authority and returned to the Government 's headquarters in Rangoon .
Nationalist Movements in India
The Swadeshi movement encouraged the Indian people to stop using British products and start using their own handmade products . The original Swadeshi movement emanated from the partition of Bengal in 1905 and continued up to 1908 . The Swadeshi movement which was a part of the Indian freedom struggle was a successful economic strategy to remove the British empire and improve economic conditions in India. The Swadeshi movement soon stimulated local enterprise in many areas . Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai , Sri Aurobindo , Surendarnath Banerji , Rabindranath Tagore were some of the prominent leaders of this movement . The trio also known as LAL BAL PAL. The Swadeshi movement was the most successful. The name of Lokmanya began spreading around and people started following him in all parts of the country .
History of India
Late in 1946 , the Labour government decided to end British rule of India , and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948 and participating in the formation of an interim government .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the Emperor of the whole of India . Most contemporary and modern accounts suggest that he was coerced by the sepoys and his courtiers to sign the proclamation against his will . In spite of the significant loss of power that the Mughal dynasty had suffered in the preceding centuries , their name still carried great prestige across northern India . Civilians , nobility and other dignitaries took an oath of allegiance . The emperor issued coins in his name , one of the oldest ways of asserting imperial status . The adhesion of the Mughal emperor , however , turned the Sikhs of the Punjab away from the rebellion , as they did not want to return to Islamic rule , having fought many wars against the Mughal rulers . The province of Bengal was largely quiet throughout the entire period . The British , who had long ceased to take the authority of the Mughal Emperor seriously , were astonished at how the ordinary people responded to Zafar 's call for war .
Quit India Movement
In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement .
Caste system in India
In the round table conference held on August 1932 , upon the request of Ambedkar , the then Prime Minister of Britain , Ramsay Macdonald made a Communal Award which awarded a provision for separate representation for the Muslims , Sikhs , Christians , Anglo - Indians , Europeans and Dalits . These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which voters belonging to the depressed classes only could vote . Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this provision claiming that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups . Years later , Ambedkar wrote that Gandhi 's fast was a form of coercion . This agreement , which saw Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate , was called the Poona Pact .
Non-cooperation movement
Veterans like Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal , Mohammad Ali Jinnah , Annie Besant , and Sammed Akiwate opposed the idea outright . The All India Muslim League also criticized the idea . But the younger generation of Indian nationalists were thrilled , and backed Gandhi . The Congress Party adopted his plans , and he received extensive support from Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad , Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Hakim Ajmal Khan , Abbas Tyabji , Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali .