vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Institution
People may deliberately create individual , formal organizations commonly identified as `` institutions '' -- but the development and function of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence . That is , institutions arise , develop and function in a pattern of social self - organization beyond conscious intentions of the individuals involved .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The church 's welfare system , initiated during the Great Depression , provides aid to the poor . It is financed by fast offerings : monthly donations beyond the normal 10 percent tithe , which represents the cost of forgoing two meals on monthly Fast Sundays . Money from the program is used to operate Bishop 's storehouses , which package and store food at low cost . Distribution of funds and food is administered by local bishops . The church also distributes money through its LDS Philanthropies division to disaster victims worldwide .
Child care
Many organizations in the developed world campaign for free or subsidized childcare for all . Others campaign for tax breaks or allowances to provide parents a non-finance driven choice . Many of the free or subsidized childcare programs in the United States are also Child Development programs , or afterschool programs which hire certified teachers to teach the children while they are in their care . There are often local industry associations that lobby governments on childcare policy , promote the industry to the public or help parents choose the right daycare provider .
In-N-Out Burger
The In - N - Out Burgers Foundation , was established as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization in March 1995 , and classified as a `` Human Services : Fund Raising & Fund Distribution '' organization under the NTEE system . Based in Irvine , California , the foundation `` supports organizations that provide residential treatment , emergency shelter , foster care , and early intervention for children in need . '' Its grant - making activities are restricted to eligible nonprofit groups that are located or provide services in areas where In - N - Out has a presence . Consequently , grant proposals are only accepted from applicants in a limited number of counties in Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah , Texas . In 2010 , the most recent year for which financial reporting is publicly available ( and before the opening of the company 's Texas locations ) , the foundation contributed $1,545,250 to 231 grantees in Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah . Grant - making is funded through donor contributions and In - N - Out - sponsored fundraisers ; typical grants are between $2,000 and $20,000 .
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan money was transferred to the governments of the European nations . The funds were jointly administered by the local governments and the ECA . Each European capital had an ECA envoy , generally a prominent American businessman , who would advise on the process . The cooperative allocation of funds was encouraged , and panels of government , business , and labor leaders were convened to examine the economy and see where aid was needed .
Elections in the United States
More systematic coverage is provided by web sites devoted specifically to collecting election information and making it available to the public . Two of the better known such sites are Ballotpedia and Vote Smart . These are run by non-profit , non-partisan organizations . They have paid staffs and are much more tightly controlled than Wikipedia .
Political action committee
In the United States , a political action committee ( PAC ) is a type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates , ballot initiatives , or legislation . The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States . This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States . Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition ( see political finance ) . At the U.S. federal level , an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election , and registers with the Federal Election Commission , according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( also known as the McCain - Feingold Act ) . At the state level , an organization becomes a PAC according to the state 's election laws .
Political action committee
Super PACs , officially known as `` independent - expenditure only committees '' , may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties , but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns . Unlike traditional PACs , they can raise funds from individuals , corporations , unions , and other groups without any legal limit on donation size .
Election Commission of India
The Commission is served by its Secretariat located in New Delhi . The Election Commissioners are assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners , who are generally IAS officers . They are further assisted by Directors General , Principal Secretaries , and Secretaries and Under Secretaries .
Local government in the United States
As one textbook produced for use in Texas schools has openly acknowledged , Texas counties are prone to inefficient operations and are vulnerable to corruption , for several reasons . First , most of them do not have a merit system but operate on a spoils system , so that many county employees obtain their positions through loyalty to a particular political party and commissioner rather than whether they actually have the skills and experience appropriate to their positions . Second , most counties have not centralized purchasing into a single procurement department which would be able to seek quantity discounts and carefully scrutinize bids and contract awards for unusual patterns . Third , in 90 percent of Texas counties , each commissioner is individually responsible for planning and executing their own road construction and maintenance program for their own precinct , which results in poor coordination and duplicate construction machinery .
Account planning
It is safe to say that the way planning works varies from agency to agency , and even within an agency , from planner to planner . A typical account planning cycle starts with a study of the brief from the client and secondary research , meaning any research that is currently available . Then the planner must delve into the consumer and retrieve primary research that is applicable to the client brief . The planner must brief the creative on the upcoming campaign . Understanding the brand attitudes and its individual elements is important to the diagnostic research . At this point all the information must be funneled into a creative brief and presented to the creative team . It is important that the account planner rationalize the advertising and its message to the client . Once chosen or approved by the client the planner can take steps to pre-test the ads to ensure that the research , branding , message recall and ideas of the consumer are appropriately applied and at satisfactory levels . The account planner 's job never ends . Once the advertising is public , the planner must constantly evaluate the campaign for effectiveness , so that changes can be made if necessary .
Political campaign
Political campaigns in the United States are not merely a civic ritual and occasion for political debate , but a multibillion - dollar industry , dominated by professional political consultants using sophisticated campaign management tools , to an extent far greater than elsewhere in the world . Though the quadrennial presidential election attracts the most attention , the United States has a huge number of elected offices and there is wide variation between different states , counties , and municipalities on which offices are elected and under what procedures . Moreover , unlike democratic politics in much of the rest of the world , the US has relatively weak parties . While parties play a significant role in fundraising and occasionally in drafting people to run , campaigns are ultimately controlled by the individual candidates themselves .
Child care
Kitas are typically run by public ( i.e. communal ) and `` free '' carriers ( such as the churches , other religious organizations , social organizations with a background in the trade unions and profit - orientated corporations ) , and subsidized by the states ( Länder ) . In this case , the care is open to the general public -- e.g. a Protestant or Muslim child may claim a place in a Kita run by the catholic church .
UNICEF
There are national committees in 38 ( industrialized ) countries , each established as an independent local non-governmental organization . The national committees raise funds from the public sector .
Local government in the United States
Because efforts at direct consolidation have proven futile , U.S. local government entities often form `` councils of governments '' , `` metropolitan regional councils '' , or `` associations of governments '' . These organizations serve as regional planning agencies and as forums for debating issues of regional importance , but are generally powerless relative to their individual members . Since the late 1990s , `` a movement , frequently called ' New Regionalism ' , accepts the futility of seeking consolidated regional governments and aims instead for regional structures that do not supplant local governments . ''
Free clinic
During the 1970s and 80s free clinics continued to evolve and change to meet the needs of their individual communities , however some were unable to survive . Each free clinic was unique in its development and services , based on the particular needs and resources of the local community . There is a saying among free clinic organizations that , if you have been to one free clinic , you have been to all free clinics . The common denominator is that care is made possible through the service of volunteers , the donation of goods and community support . Funding is generally donated on the local level and there is little -- if any -- government funding . Some free clinics were established to provide medical services in the inner cities while others opened in the suburbs and many student - run free clinics have emerged that serve the under - served as well as provide a medical training site for students in the health professions .
United States presidential primary
During the first six months of the year , primaries and caucuses are separately held in each state , Puerto Rico , insular areas , and the District of Columbia , Each party sets its own calendar and rules , and in some cases actually administers the election . However , to reduce expenses and encourage turnout , the major parties ' primaries are usually held the same day and may be consolidated with other state elections . The primary election itself is administered by local governments according to state law . In some cases , state law determines how delegates will be awarded and who may participate in the primary ; where it does not , party rules prevail .
Primate
Female transfer systems -- females move away from the group in which they were born . Females of a group will not be closely related whereas males will have remained with their natal groups , and this close association may be influential in social behavior . The groups formed are generally quite small . This organization can be seen in chimpanzees , where the males , who are typically related , will cooperate in defense of the group 's territory . Among New World Monkeys , spider monkeys and muriquis use this system . A
Elections in the United States
A large number of `` 527 groups '' were active for the first time in the 2004 election . These groups receive donations from individuals and groups and then spend the money on issue advocacy , such as the anti-Kerry ads by Swift Boat Veterans For Truth . This is a new form of soft money , and not surprisingly it is controversial . Many 527 groups have close links with the Democratic or Republican Parties , even though legally they can not coordinate their activities with them . John McCain , one of the Senators behind the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , and President Bush have both declared a desire to ban 527s .
Society of the United States
Additionally many Americans belong to non-profit organizations and religious establishments and may volunteer their services to such organizations . The Rotary Club , the Knights of Columbus or even the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals are examples of such non-profit and mostly volunteer run organizations . Ethnicity plays another important role in providing some Americans with group identity , especially among those who recently immigrated .
Office of Inspector General (United States)
There are 73 federal offices of inspectors general , a significant increase since the statutory creation of the initial 12 offices by the Inspector General Act of 1978 . The offices employ special agents ( criminal investigators , often armed ) and auditors . In addition , federal offices of inspectors general employ forensic auditors , or `` audigators , '' evaluators , inspectors , administrative investigators , and a variety of other specialists . Their activities include the detection and prevention of fraud , waste , abuse , and mismanagement of the government programs and operations within their parent organizations . Office investigations may be internal , targeting government employees , or external , targeting grant recipients , contractors , or recipients of the various loans and subsidies offered through the thousands of federal domestic and foreign assistance programs . The Inspector General Reform Act of 2008 ( IGRA ) amended the 1978 act by increasing pay and various powers and creating the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency ( CIGIE ) . Example
Lobbying in the United States
Generally , lobbyists focus on trying to persuade decision - makers : Congress , executive branch agencies such as the Treasury Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Supreme Court , and state governments ( including governors ) . Federal agencies have been targeted by lobbyists since they write industry - specific rules ; accordingly , interest groups spend `` massive sums of money '' trying to persuade them to make so - called `` carve - outs '' or try to block specific provisions from being enacted . A large fraction of overall lobbying is focused on only a few sets of issues , according to one report . It is possible for one level of government to lobby another level ; for example , the District of Columbia has been lobbying Congress and the President for greater power , including possible statehood or voting representation in Congress ; one assessment in 2011 suggested that the district needed to rethink its lobbying strategy , since its past efforts have only had `` mixed results '' . Many executive branch agencies have the power to write specific rules and are a target of lobbying . Federal agencies such as the State Department make rules such as giving aid money to countries such as Egypt , and in one example , an Egyptian - American businessman named Kais Menoufy organized a lobby to try to halt U.S. aid to Egypt . Since the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and can render a congressional law unconstitutional , it has great power to influence the course of American life . For example , in the Roe v. Wade decision , it ruled on the legality of abortion . A variety of forces use lobbying tactics to pressure the court to overturn this decision .
Elections in the United States
A 1979 amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act allowed political parties to spend without limit on get - out - the - vote and voter registration activities conducted primarily for a presidential candidate . Later , they were permitted by FECA to use `` soft money '' , unregulated , unlimited contributions to fund this effort . Increasingly , the money began to be spent on issue advertising , candidate specific advertising that was being funded mostly by soft money .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The church also distributes money through its Humanitarian Services division to natural disaster victims worldwide . The church 's Humanitarian Center , established in 1991 , prepares emergency relief supplies for worldwide shipment to disaster victims , works to establish a global sense of self - reliance , and offers service opportunities to both church members and non-members . The emergency relief supplies that the church donates typically include clothing , personal care kits , and medical supplies . According to the LDS Humanitarian Center website , it ships about 12 million pounds of shoes and clothing , one million hygiene kits , and one million pounds of medical supplies per year , to relieve suffering in more than 100 countries . When a disaster strikes , the church works with local government officials and other organizations to determine the immediate needs , and sends the necessary supplies and food to the affected area within hours . Missionaries are then sent to help alleviate other long - term damages by assisting injured persons and reconstructing damaged buildings . The church carries out these efforts without regard to the nationality or religion of the recipients , and 100 percent of the financial contributions donated to the church by members and non-members are used for humanitarian purposes .
Political action committee
By January 2010 , at least 38 states and the federal government required disclosure for all or some independent expenditures or electioneering communications . These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting donations .
One-child policy
According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted .
Lobbying in the United States
While the bulk of lobbying happens by business and professional interests who hire paid professionals , some lobbyists represent non-profits pro-bono for issues in which they are personally interested . Pro bono publico clients offer activities to meet and socialize with local legislators at events like fundraisers and awards ceremonies .
United Kingdom
Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK - wide basis such as the General Medical Council , the Nursing and Midwifery Council and non-governmental - based , such as the Royal Colleges . However , political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national executives ; healthcare in England is the responsibility of the British Government ; healthcare in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Executive ; healthcare in Scotland is the responsibility of the Scottish Government ; and healthcare in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government . Each National Health Service has different policies and priorities , resulting in contrasts .
Republican Party (United States)
Although Republicans have voted for increases in government funding of scientific research , some members actively oppose the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos . Civil
Secretary
In an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries , the National Secretaries Association was created in 1942 . Today , this organization is known as the International Association of Administrative Professionals ( IAAP ) . The organization developed the first standardized test for office workers called the Certified Professional Secretaries Examination ( CPS ) . It was first administered in 1951 .
Native Hawaiians
Assuming and initiating care has been found across Polynesian cultures , and Native Hawaiian practices are in keeping with this trend . One study observed , interviewed , and evaluated families on the Polynesian Island Sikaiana and found that fostering children from other families within the community is a common shared endeavor that serves to construct relationships , support the community , and nurture compassion and sympathy ( aloha ) . As children mature within the family , they go through a process of having their needs attended and learn to provide and care for the younger children alongside the adults . Adolescent girls who are active caretakers are referred to as parents , even if there is no biological connection .
Auburn University traditions
The Student Government Association , Student Recruiters , and Camp War Eagle are just a few of the organizations that participate in the tradition . It is typical for friends and family of the candidates to attend callouts in support .
Political action committee
Elected officials and political parties can not give more than the federal limit directly to candidates . However , they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures . Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate , this type of spending is not limited .
Intake interview
Most clinicians conduct their own intake interviews . However , bigger organizations with a larger staff pools may have social workers or other employees who conduct these interviews . Interviewers have varying approaches when it comes to conducting intake interviews with clients . The way that the clinician conducts the intake interview sets the tone for the continued course of treatment . Communication style is important during these interviews . Some patients prefer to be asked specific questions by the interviewer , whereas some patients prefer to open - endedly talk about their feelings . In many cases , the interviewer can get a sense of the patients ' preference . It is important that the client build rapport during the interview . It is often beneficial to both the client and the patient to have a balance in which the clinician asks questions and the patient also volunteers certain information . This allows the interview to have somewhat of a conversational flow and become more personal .
United Nations
Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief . The World Food Programme ( WFP ) , created in 1961 , provides food aid in response to famine , natural disasters , and armed conflict . The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , established in 1950 , works to protect the rights of refugees , asylum seekers , and stateless people . UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments , corporations , and individuals , though the UNHCR 's administrative costs are paid for by the UN 's primary budget .