vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Qazi Muhammad Essa
He participated in the formation of the first Muslim political party in Pakistan , ( Muslim league ) Balochistan before 1947 . He was from a sunni Hazara tribe of Sheikh Ali , who migrated from Afghanistan Kandahar to district Pishin , Balochistan , Pakistan . His father Qazi Jalal - ud - Din was Qazi of Kandahar . after British interference they moved to Pishin . Qazi Essa had studied at Sandeman High School and Government High School in Quetta , and then went on to England for higher education . `` After having been called to Bar in January 1939 , he returned home and met Quaide - e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in Bombay . He was so impressed with his ideas and personality that on his return to Baluchistan , he founded the All - India Muslim League in his province . '' He played a key role in the Pakistan Movement and was one of the trusted lieutenants of Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He was the youngest member of the Working Committee of the All - India Muslim League and as President of the Baluchistan Provincial Muslim League , he quickly organized the party throughout the province and played a key role in the ' Vote for Pakistan movement ' and in the historical referendum of the then North - West Frontier Province . Qazi Essa travelled more than 300,000 miles to campaign for the Pakistan Movement between 1940 and 1947 .
Non-cooperation movement
Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi , the determined broke away . The Ali brothers would soon become fierce critics . Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed the Swaraj Party , rejecting Gandhi 's leadership . Many nationalists had felt that the non-cooperation movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence , and most nationalists , while retaining confidence in Gandhi , were discouraged .
Cornwallis in India
After refusing another inadequate entreaty from Pitt to take a post in India in February 1785 , Cornwallis 's demand for both posts were finally met a year later , on 23 February 1786 . Departing London in May , he arrived at Madras on 22 August 1786 , after `` a most prosperous and expeditious passage '' , and at Calcutta on 12 September . Although he was accorded a welcome suitable to his rank , the acting governor - general , John Macpherson , was unhappy at being replaced . He attempted to reserve for his own use the Government House , which was normally reserved for the governor - general . Cornwallis , after having his oaths of office administered , immediately announced his intention to occupy the residence .
Governor General of Canada
The Canadian Cabinet 's first recommendation under this new system was still , however , a British subject born outside of Canada : the Lord Tweedsmuir . His birthplace aside , though , the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity , travelling the length and breadth of the country , including , for the first time for a governor general , the Arctic regions . Not all Canadians , however , shared Tweedsmuir 's views ; the Baron raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937 : `` a Canadian 's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations , but to Canada and Canada 's King , '' a statement the Montreal Gazette dubbed as `` disloyal . '' During Tweedsmuir 's time as viceroy , which started in 1935 , calls began to emerge for a Canadian - born individual to be appointed as governor general ; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940 , while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War , and Prime Minister Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian . The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI , Athlone 's nephew , to be his viceroy for the duration of the war .
East Pakistan
The senior high command officers in Pakistan Armed Forces , and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , began to pressure General Yahya Khan to take armed action against Mujib and his party . Bhutto later distanced himself from Yahya Khan after he was arrested by Military Police along with Mujib . Soon after the arrests , a high level meeting was chaired by Yahya Khan . During the meeting , high commanders of Pakistan Armed Forces unanimously recommended an armed and violent military action . East Pakistan 's Martial Law Administrator Admiral Ahsan , unified commander of Eastern Military High Command ( EMHC ) , and Air Marshal Mitty Masud , Commander of Eastern Air Force Command ( EAFC ) , were the only officers to object to the plans . When it became obvious that a military action in East Pakistan was inevitable , Admiral Ahsan resigned from his position as martial law administrator in protest , and immediately flew back to Karachi , West Pakistan . Disheartened and isolated , Admiral Ahsan took early retirement from the Navy and quietly settled in Karachi . Once Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal commenced , Air Marshal Masud flew to West Pakistan , and unlike Admiral Ahsan , tried to stop the violence in East Pakistan . When he failed in his attempts to meet General Yahya Khan , Masud too resigned from his position as Commander of Eastern Air Command , and took retirement from Air Force .
All-India Muslim League
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu - Muslim alliance , and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain . The leadership of the League was taken over by , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India . The `` Two - Nation Theory '' , the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country , gained popularity among Muslims . The two - state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders , who favoured a united India based on composite national identity . Congress at all times rejected `` communalism '' -- that is , basing politics on religious identity . Iqbal 's policy of uniting the North - West Frontier Province , Baluchistan , Punjab , and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League 's political platform .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose convalescing in Bad Gastein , Austria , after surgery in early 1933 . Bose with Emilie Schenkl , in Bad Gastein , Austria , 1936 . Bose in Himalayan resort Dalhousie ( June 1937 ) , convalescing , and receiving Mirabehn , center , emissary of Gandhi ; others are Dr. N.R. Dharamvir ( Bose 's physician ) and Mrs. Dharamvir . Bose , INC president - elect , center , in Bad Gastein , Austria , December 1937 , with ( left to right ) A.C.N. Nambiar ( Bose 's second - in - command , Berlin , 1941 -- 1945 ) , Heidi Fulop - Miller , Schenkl , and Amiya Bose .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 25 July , mutiny erupted in the garrisons of Dinapur . Mutinying sepoys from the 7th , 8th and 40th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry quickly moved towards the city of Arrah and were joined by Kunwar Singh and his men . Mr. Boyle , a British railway engineer in Arrah , had already prepared an outbuilding on his property for defence against such attacks . As the rebels approached Arrah , all European residents took refuge at Mr. Boyle 's house . A siege soon ensued -- eighteen civilians and 50 loyal sepoys from the Bengal Military Police Battalion under the command of Herwald Wake , the local magistrate , defended the house against artillery and musketry fire from an estimated 2000 to 3000 mutineers and rebels .
English Civil War
King James I , reacting against the perceived contumacy of his Presbyterian Scottish subjects , adopted `` No Bishop , no King '' as a slogan ; he tied the hierarchical authority of the bishop to the absolute authority he sought as king , and viewed attacks on the authority of the bishops as attacks on his own authority . Matters came to a head when King Charles I appointed William Laud as the Archbishop of Canterbury ; Laud aggressively attacked the Presbyterian movement and sought to impose the full Anglican liturgy . The controversy eventually led to Laud 's impeachment for treason by a bill of attainder in 1645 , and subsequent execution . Charles also attempted to impose episcopacy on Scotland ; the Scots ' violent rejection of bishops and liturgical worship sparked the Bishops ' Wars in 1639 -- 1640 .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain .
Factory Acts
`` After these representations ... by his own inspectors , how could the noble Lord opposite reconcile it with his conscience as an individual , and with his public duty as a Minister of the Crown , during the whole course of his administration , never to have brought forward any measure for the removal of so tremendous an evil ? ''
English Civil War
Into this atmosphere General George Monck , Governor of Scotland under the Cromwells , marched south with his army from Scotland . On 4 April 1660 , in the Declaration of Breda , Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England . Monck organised the Convention Parliament , which met for the first time on 25 April 1660 . On 8 May 1660 , it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649 . Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660 . On 29 May 1660 , the populace in London acclaimed him as king . His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661 . These events became known as the Restoration .
English Civil War
In the North of England , Major - General John Lambert fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings -- the largest that of Sir Marmaduke Langdale in Cumberland . Thanks to Lambert 's successes , the Scottish commander , the Duke of Hamilton , had perforce to take the western route through Carlisle in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England . The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the Battle of Preston ( 17 -- 19 August ) . The battle took place largely at Walton - le - Dale near Preston in Lancashire , and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton . This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
When Edward visited depressed mining villages in Wales , his comment that `` something must be done '' led to concerns among elected politicians that he would interfere in political matters , traditionally avoided by constitutional monarchs . Ramsay MacDonald , Lord President of the Council , wrote of the King 's comments : `` These escapades should be limited . They are an invasion into the field of politics & should be watched constitutionally . '' Although Edward 's comments had made him popular in Wales , he became extremely unpopular with the public in Scotland following his refusal to open a new wing of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , saying he could not do so because he was in mourning for his father . The day after the opening he was pictured in newspapers on holiday : he had turned down the public event in favour of meeting Simpson .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
A royal commission under Lord Amulree examined the causes of the financial disaster and concluded :
English Civil War
In July 1651 , Cromwell 's forces crossed the Firth of Forth into Fife and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing ( 20 July 1651 ) . The New Model Army advanced towards Perth , which allowed Charles , at the head of the Scottish army , to move south into England . Cromwell followed Charles into England , leaving George Monck to finish the campaign in Scotland . Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September . The next year , 1652 , saw the mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance , and under the terms of the `` Tender of Union '' , the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London , with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland .
English Civil War
The wars left England , Scotland , and Ireland among the few countries in Europe without a monarch . In the wake of victory , many of the ideals ( and many of the idealists ) became sidelined . The republican government of the Commonwealth of England ruled England ( and later all of Scotland and Ireland ) from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660 . Between the two periods , and due to in - fighting amongst various factions in Parliament , Oliver Cromwell ruled over the Protectorate as Lord Protector ( effectively a military dictator ) until his death in 1658 .
Trent Affair
Even before the Civil War erupted , Britain , with her worldwide interests , needed to have a military policy regarding the divided United States . In 1860 Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Milne took command of the North America and West Indies station of the Royal Navy . On December 22 , 1860 , with secession still in its early stages , Milne 's orders were to avoid `` any measure or demonstration likely to give umbrage to any party in the United States , or to bear the appearance of partizanship on either side ; if the internal dissensions in those States should be carried to the extent of separation . '' Until May 1861 , in compliance with these instructions and as part of a long - standing policy of the Royal Navy to avoid ports where desertion was likely , Milne avoided the American coast . In May the Neutrality Proclamation of May 13 was issued . This increased British concern over the threat of Confederate privateers and Union blockading ships to British neutral rights , and Milne was reinforced . On June 1 British ports were closed to any naval prizes , a policy that was of great advantage to the Union . Milne did monitor the effectiveness of the Union blockade , but no effort to contest its effectiveness was ever attempted , and the monitoring was discontinued in November 1861 .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Grey set an example and a precedent for his successors . He was primus inter pares ( first among equals ) , as Bagehot said in 1867 of the Prime Minister 's status . Using his Whig victory as a mandate for reform , Grey was unrelenting in the pursuit of this goal , using every Parliamentary device to achieve it . Although respectful toward the King , he made it clear that his constitutional duty was to acquiesce to the will of the people and Parliament .
House of Lords
Having made the powers of the House of Lords a primary campaign issue , the Liberals were narrowly re-elected in January 1910 . Prime Minister H.H. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the House of Lords be severely curtailed . After a further general election in December 1910 , and with an undertaking by King George V to create sufficient new Liberal peers to overcome Lords ' opposition to the measure if necessary , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords .
Victorian morality
Two hundred years earlier the Puritan movement , which led to the installment of Oliver Cromwell , had temporarily overthrown the British monarchy . Cromwell imposed a strict moral code on the people ( such as abolishing Christmas as too indulgent of the sensual pleasures ) .
English Civil War
Charles ' secret pacts and encouragement of his supporters to break their parole caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all . Those who still supported Charles ' place on the throne , such as the army leader and moderate Fairfax , tried once more to negotiate with him . Furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler , the Army marched on Parliament and conducted `` Pride 's Purge '' ( named after the commanding officer of the operation , Thomas Pride ) in December 1648 . Troops arrested 45 Members of Parliament and kept 146 out of the chamber . They allowed only 75 Members in , and then only at the Army 's bidding . This Rump Parliament received orders to set up , in the name of the people of England , a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for treason . Fairfax , a constitutional monarchist and moderate , refused to participate whatsoever in the trial and resigned as head of the army , allowing Oliver Cromwell to ascend in power .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament .
English Reformation
The effect of the resistance was to topple Somerset as Lord Protector , so that in 1549 it was feared by some that the Reformation would cease . The prayer book was the tipping point . But Lisle , now made Earl of Warwick , was made Lord President of the Privy Council and , ever the opportunist ( he died a public Roman Catholic ) , he saw the further implementation of the reforming policy as a means of defeating his rivals . Reformation
English Civil War
Ireland had known continuous war since the rebellion of 1641 , with most of the island controlled by the Irish Confederates . Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I 's arrest in 1648 , the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists . The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under the Duke of Ormonde attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding Dublin by laying siege to the city , but their opponents routed them at the Battle of Rathmines ( 2 August 1649 ) . As the former Member of Parliament Admiral Robert Blake blockaded Prince Rupert 's fleet in Kinsale , Oliver Cromwell could land at Dublin on 15 August 1649 with an army to quell the Royalist alliance in Ireland .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas .
Impeachment
After the reign of Edward IV , impeachment fell into disuse , the bill of attainder becoming the preferred form of dealing with undesirable subjects of the Crown . However , during the reign of James I and thereafter , impeachments became more popular , as they did not require the assent of the Crown , while bills of attainder did , thus allowing Parliament to resist royal attempts to dominate Parliament . The most recent cases of impeachment dealt with Warren Hastings , Governor - General of India between 1773 and 1786 ( impeached in 1788 ; the Lords found him not guilty in 1795 ) , and Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville , First Lord of the Admiralty , in 1806 ( acquitted ) . The last attempted impeachment occurred in 1848 , when David Urquhart accused Lord Palmerston of having signed a secret treaty with Imperial Russia and of receiving monies from the Tsar . Palmerston survived the vote in the Commons ; the Lords did not hear the case . Queen
English Civil War
In 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish . It passed the Self - denying Ordinance , by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands , and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army , under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax , with Cromwell as his second - in - command and Lieutenant - General of Horse . In two decisive engagements -- the Battle of Naseby on 14 June and the Battle of Langport on 10 July -- the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles ' armies .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III .
Bill of Rights 1689
Objecting to the policies of King James II of England ( James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland ) , a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange - Nassau ( William of Orange ) to overthrow the King . William 's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France . In December 1688 , William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm , as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated , and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament . This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected , which convened on 22 January 1689 .
Nine Years' War
supreme command within the alliance throughout the Nine Years war . His experience and knowledge of European affairs made him the indispensable director of Allied diplomatic and military strategy , and he derived additional authority from his enhanced status as king of England -- even the Emperor Leopold ... recognized his leadership . William 's English subjects played subordinate or even minor roles in diplomatic and military affairs , having a major share only in the direction of the war at sea . Parliament and the nation had to provide money , men and ships , and William had found it expedient to explain his intentions ... but this did not mean that Parliament or even ministers assisted in the formulation of policy .