vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of agriculture
Sumerian farmers grew the cereals barley and wheat , starting to live in villages from about 8,000 BC . Given the low rainfall of the region , agriculture relied on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers . Irrigation canals leading from the rivers permitted the growth of cereals in large enough quantities to support cities . The first ploughs appear in pictographs from Uruk around 3,000 BC ; seed - ploughs that funneled seed into the ploughed furrow appear on seals around 2300 BC . Vegetable crops included chickpeas , lentils , peas , beans , onions , garlic , lettuce , leeks and mustard . They grew fruits including dates , grapes , apples , melons , and figs . Alongside their farming , Sumerians also caught fish and hunted fowl and gazelle . The meat of sheep , goats , cows and poultry was eaten , mainly by the elite . Fish was preserved by drying , salting and smoking .
Brown bear
Brown bears usually avoid areas where extensive development or urbanization has occurred , unlike the smaller , more inoffensive American black bear which can adapt to peri-urban regions . Under many circumstances , extensive human development may cause brown bears to alter their home ranges . However , bears can easily lose their natural cautiousness upon being attracted to human - created food sources , such as garbage dumps , litter bins , and dumpsters . Brown bears may even venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitats . In different parts of their distribution , brown bears sometimes kill and eat domesticated animals . The saying `` a fed bear is a dead bear '' has come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage , such as trash cans and campers ' backpacks , pet food , or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans , can result in a bear 's death . Where attractive bear food and concentrated human settlements overlap , human - bear conflict can create an ecological trap resulting in a lower apparent survival rate for brown bears caught in the trap , as well as attracting additional bears and thereby causing an overall population decline in the area , based on a 2006 -- 2013 study performed in a southeastern British Columbian valley .
Obesity in the United States
Food consumption has increased with time . For example , annual per capita consumption of cheese was 4 pounds ( 1.8 kg ) in 1909 ; 32 pounds ( 15 kg ) in 2000 ; the average person consumed 389 grams ( 13.7 oz ) of carbohydrates daily in 1970 ; 490 grams ( 17 oz ) in 2000 ; 41 pounds ( 19 kg ) of fats and oils in 1909 ; 79 pounds ( 36 kg ) in 2000 . In 1977 , 18 % of an average person 's food was consumed outside the home ; in 1996 , this had risen to 32 % .
Maya civilization
The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production . It was believed that shifting cultivation ( swidden ) agriculture provided most of their food , but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening , forest gardens , and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas . Indeed , evidence of these different agricultural systems persist today : raised fields connected by canals can be seen on aerial photographs . Contemporary rainforest species composition has significantly higher abundance of species of economic value to ancient Maya in areas that were densely populated in pre-Columbian times , and pollen records in lake sediments suggest that maize , manioc , sunflower seeds , cotton , and other crops have been cultivated in association with deforestation in Mesoamerica since at least 2500 BC .
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Every day we saw sacrificed before us three , four or five Indians whose hearts were offered to the idols and their blood plastered on the walls , and their feet , arms and legs of the victims wer cut off and eaten , just as in our country we eat beef bought from the butchers . I even believe that they sell it by retain in the tianguez as they call their markets .
Origin of the domestic dog
The domestication of animals is the scientific theory of the mutual relationship between animals with the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction . Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits that made domestic species different from their wild ancestors . He was also the first to recognize the difference between conscious selective breeding in which humans directly select for desirable traits , and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by - product of natural selection or from selection on other traits .
Neolithic Revolution
It has long been taken for granted that the introduction of agriculture had been an unequivocal progress . This is now questioned in view of findings by archaeologists and paleopathologists showing that nutritional standards of Neolithic populations were generally inferior to that of hunter - gatherers , and that their life expectancy may well have been shorter too , in part due to diseases and harder work . Hunter - gatherers must have covered their food needs with about 20 hours work a week , while agriculture required much more and was at least as uncertain . The hunter - gatherers ' diet was more varied and balanced than what agriculture later allowed . Average height went down from 5'10 '' ( 178 cm ) for men and 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) for women to 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) and 5'1 '' ( 155 cm ) , respectively , and it took until the twentieth century for average human height to come back to the pre-Neolithic Revolution levels . Agriculturalists had more anaemias and vitamin deficiencies , more spinal deformations and more dental pathologies .
Economy of the Bahamas
Agriculture and fisheries industry together account for 5 % of GDP . The Bahamas exports lobster and some fish but does not raise these items commercially . There is no large scale agriculture , and most agricultural products are consumed domestically . The Bahamas imports more than $250 million in foodstuffs per year , representing about 80 % of its food consumption . The government aims to expand food production to reduce imports and generate foreign exchange . It actively seeks foreign investment aimed at increasing agricultural exports , particularly specialty food items . The government officially lists beef and pork production and processing , fruits and nuts , dairy production , winter vegetables , and mariculture ( shrimp farming ) as the areas in which it wishes to encourage foreign investment .
Consumption of Tide Pods
Many media outlets referenced the visual similarity the pods have to candy as a reasoning behind their consumption . U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer commented on the appeal of pods , `` These pods were supposed to make household chores easier , not tempt our children to swallow harmful chemicals . I saw one on my staffer 's desk and I wanted to eat it . ''
Agent Orange
In 1965 , members of the U.S. Congress were told `` crop destruction is understood to be the more important purpose ... but the emphasis is usually given to the jungle defoliation in public mention of the program . '' Military personnel were told they were destroying crops because they were going to be used to feed guerrillas . They later discovered nearly all of the food they had been destroying was not being produced for guerrillas ; it was , in reality , only being grown to support the local civilian population . For example , in Quang Ngai province , 85 % of the crop lands were scheduled to be destroyed in 1970 alone . This contributed to widespread famine , leaving hundreds of thousands of people malnourished or starving .
History of agriculture
The major cereal crops of the ancient Mediterranean region were wheat , emmer , and barley , while common vegetables included peas , beans , fava , and olives , dairy products came mostly from sheep and goats , and meat , which was consumed on rare occasion for most people , usually consisted of pork , beef , and lamb . Agriculture in ancient Greece was hindered by the topography of mainland Greece that only allowed for roughly 10 % of the land to be cultivated properly , necessitating the specialized exportation of oil and wine and importation of grains from Thrace ( centered in what is now Bulgaria ) and the Greek colonies of southern Russia . During the Hellenistic period , the Ptolemaic Empire controlled Egypt , Cyprus , Phoenicia , and Cyrenaica , major grain - producing regions that mainland Greeks depended on for subsistence , while the Ptolemaic grain market also played a critical role in the rise of the Roman Republic . In the Seleucid Empire , Mesopotamia was a crucial area for the production of wheat , while nomadic animal husbandry was also practiced in other parts .
Correlation does not imply causation
Since the 1950s , both the atmospheric CO level and obesity levels have increased sharply . Hence , atmospheric CO causes obesity .
Consumption of Tide Pods
The health risks posed by the ingestion of Tide Pods -- particularly by children -- have been noted by several media outlets . In March 2013 , Consumer Reports reported that `` since early 2012 , poison - control centers nationwide have received reports of nearly 7,700 pod - related exposures to children age 5 years and younger . '' In 2012 and 2013 , one child was admitted to the hospital every day as a result of eating Tide Pods . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) tagged them as a health risk in 2012 . Consumer Reports noted that `` swallowing conventional detergent might result in mild stomach upset , but with highly concentrated detergent pods the ingestion can cause excessive vomiting , lethargy , and gasping , and in some reported cases , victims stopped breathing and required ventilation support . '' Individuals suffering from dementia have been reported to face health risks related to Tide Pods . Consumer Reports reported that between the Tide pods ' introduction in 2012 through early 2017 , eight deaths had been reported due to the ingestion of laundry detergent pods , with six of the eight deaths resulting from a pod manufactured by P&G .
Alkaloid
Alkaloid - containing plants have been used by humans since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational purposes . For example , medicinal plants have been known in the Mesopotamia at least around 2000 BC . The Odyssey of Homer referred to a gift given to Helen by the Egyptian queen , a drug bringing oblivion . It is believed that the gift was an opium - containing drug . A Chinese book on houseplants written in 1st -- 3rd centuries BC mentioned a medical use of Ephedra and opium poppies . Also , coca leaves have been used by South American Indians since ancient times .
Chernobyl disaster
Of the 440,350 wild boar killed in the 2010 hunting season in Germany , over 1000 were found to be contaminated with levels of radiation above the permitted limit of 600 becquerels per kilogram , due to residual radioactivity from Chernobyl .
Israel
Roughly half of the Israeli - Jewish population attests to keeping kosher at home . Kosher restaurants , though rare in the 1960s , make up around 25 % of the total as of 2015 , perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out . Hotel restaurants are much more likely to serve kosher food . The non-kosher retail market was traditionally sparse , but grew rapidly and considerably following the influx of immigrants from the post-Soviet states during the 1990s . Together with non-kosher fish , rabbits and ostriches , pork -- often called `` white meat '' in Israel -- is produced and consumed , though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam .
Fair trade
Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa , Southeast Asia , and Latin America . In Latin America , cocoa is produced in Costa Rica , Panama , Peru , Bolivia , and Brazil . Much of the cocoa produced in Latin America is an organic and regulated by an Internal control system . Bolivia has fair trade cooperatives that permit a fair share of money for cocoa producers . African cocoa - producing countries include Cameroon , Madagascar , São Tomé and Príncipe , Ghana , Tanzania , Uganda , and Côte d'Ivoire . Côte d'Ivoire exports over a third of the world 's cocoa beans . Southeast Asia accounts for about 14 % of the world 's cocoa production . Major cocoa - producing countries are Indonesia , Malaysia , and Papua New Guinea . Labour
Fair trade
Critics argue that Fairtrade harms all non-Fairtrade farmers . Fairtrade claims that its farmers are paid higher prices and are given special advice on increasing yields and quality . Economists state that , if this is indeed so , Fairtrade farmers will increase production . As the demand for coffee is highly elastic , a small increase in supply means a large fall in market price , so perhaps a million Fairtrade farmers get a higher price and 24 million others get a substantially lower price . Critics quote the example of farmers in Vietnam being paid over the world price in the 1980s , planting lots of coffee , then flooding the world market in the 1990s . The Fairtrade minimum price means that when the world market price collapses , it is the non-Fairtrade farmers , particularly the poorest , who have to cut down their coffee trees . This argument is supported by mainstream economists , not just free marketers .
Utilitarianism
The accusation that hedonism is `` doctrine worthy only of swine '' has a long history . In Nicomachean Ethics ( Book 1 Chapter 5 ) , Aristotle says that identifying the good with pleasure is to prefer a life suitable for beasts . The theological utilitarians had the option of grounding their pursuit of happiness in the will of God ; the hedonistic utilitarians needed a different defence . Mill 's approach is to argue that the pleasures of the intellect are intrinsically superior to physical pleasures .
Natural gas
Protein rich animal and fish feed is produced by feeding natural gas to Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria on commercial scale .
Venezuela
By late - 2016 and into 2017 , Venezuelans had to search for food on a daily basis , occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage , wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products . By early 2017 , priests began telling Venezuelans to label their garbage so needy individuals could feed on their refuse . In March 2017 , Venezuela , with the largest oil reserves in the world , began having shortages of gasoline in some regions with reports that fuel imports had begun .
Institutional review board
Formal review procedures for institutional human subject studies were originally developed in direct response to research abuses in the 20th century . Among the most notorious of these abuses were the experiments of Nazi physicians , which became a focus of the post-World War II Doctors ' Trial , the Tuskegee Syphilis Study , a long - term project conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service , and numerous human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War . Other controversial U.S. projects undertaken during this era include the Milgram obedience experiment , the Stanford prison experiment , and Project MKULTRA , a series of classified mind control studies organized by the CIA .
Lead poisoning
Humans are not alone in suffering from lead 's effects ; plants and animals are also affected by lead toxicity to varying degrees depending on species . Animals experience many of the same effects of lead exposure as humans do , such as abdominal pain , peripheral neuropathy , and behavioral changes such as increased aggression . Much of what is known about human lead toxicity and its effects is derived from animal studies . Animals are used to test the effects of treatments , such as chelating agents , and to provide information on the pathophysiology of lead , such as how it is absorbed and distributed in the body .
Radioactive decay
Despite this , there were some early systematic hazard investigations , and as early as 1902 William Herbert Rollins wrote almost despairingly that his warnings about the dangers involved in the careless use of X-rays were not being heeded , either by industry or by his colleagues . By this time , Rollins had proved that X-rays could kill experimental animals , could cause a pregnant guinea pig to abort , and that they could kill a fetus . He also stressed that `` animals vary in susceptibility to the external action of X-light '' and warned that these differences be considered when patients were treated by means of X-rays .
Primate
Tool manufacture is much rarer than simple tool use and probably represents higher cognitive functioning . Soon after her initial discovery of tool use , Goodall observed other chimpanzees picking up leafy twigs , stripping off the leaves and using the stems to fish for insects . This change of a leafy twig into a tool was a major discovery . Prior to this , scientists thought that only humans manufactured and used tools , and that this ability was what separated humans from other animals . Both bonobos and chimpanzees have also been observed making `` sponges '' out of leaves and moss that suck up water and are used as grooming tools . Sumatran orangutans have been observed making and using tools . They will break off a tree branch that is about 30 cm long , snap off the twigs , fray one end and then use the stick to dig in tree holes for termites . In the wild , mandrills have been observed to clean their ears with modified tools . Scientists filmed a large male mandrill at Chester Zoo ( UK ) stripping down a twig , apparently to make it narrower , and then using the modified stick to scrape dirt from underneath its toenails . Captive gorillas have made a variety of tools .
Moss
Physcomitrella patens is increasingly used in biotechnology . Prominent examples are the identification of moss genes with implications for crop improvement or human health and the safe production of complex biopharmaceuticals in the moss bioreactor , developed by Ralf Reski and his co-workers .
Primate
In 1960 , Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee poking pieces of grass into a termite mound and then raising the grass to his mouth . After he left , Goodall approached the mound and repeated the behaviour because she was unsure what the chimpanzee was doing . She found that the termites bit onto the grass with their jaws . The chimpanzee had been using the grass as a tool to `` fish '' or `` dip '' for termites . There are more limited reports of the closely related bonobo using tools in the wild ; it has been claimed they rarely use tools in the wild although they use tools as readily as chimpanzees when in captivity , It has been reported that both female chimpanzees and bonobos use tools more avidly than males . Orangutans in Borneo scoop catfish out of small ponds . Anthropologist Anne Russon saw several animals on these forested islands learn on their own to jab at catfish with sticks , so that the panicked prey would flop out of ponds and into the orangutan 's waiting hands There are few reports of gorillas using tools in the wild . An adult female Western lowland gorilla used a branch as a walking stick apparently to test water depth and to aid her in crossing a pool of water . Another adult female used a detached trunk from a small shrub as a stabilizer during food gathering , and another used a log as a bridge .
Primate
There are many reports of non-human primates using tools , both in the wild or when captive . The use of tools by primates is varied and includes hunting ( mammals , invertebrates , fish ) , collecting honey , processing food ( nuts , fruits , vegetables and seeds ) , collecting water , weapons and shelter .
Hearing range
Behavioural hearing tests or physiological tests can be used to find hearing thresholds of humans and other animals . For humans , the test involves tones being presented at specific frequencies ( pitch ) and intensities ( loudness ) . When the subject hears the sound , he or she indicates it by raising a hand or pressing a button . The lowest intensity they can hear is recorded . The test varies for children ; their response to the sound can be indicated by a turn of the head or using a toy . The child learns what to do upon hearing the sound , such as placing a toy man in a boat . A similar technique can be used when testing animals , where food is used as a reward for responding to the sound . The information on different mammals hearing was obtained primarily by behavioural hearing tests .
World State in Brave New World
In the Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres , advanced technology is used in the creation of new embryos . In addition to high - tech laboratory equipment , the Hatcheries rely on machines to condition bottled embryos to heat , sudden motion , and disease , allowing the embryos to fulfill their predestined jobs in specific climates . Newly ' decanted ' children in the Conditioning Centres are exposed to a variety of technologically advanced devices which help to mould them into their predetermined roles . In one early scene , Delta children are trained to hate the countryside and books through operant conditioning involving klaxons and electrocution . Hypnopædia is conducted using speakers built into the beds . The speakers themselves are fed by machines which convert printed material into softly spoken words . In spite of this , tasks such as elevator operation , automatable in the present day , are still performed by humans .
Descriptive psychology
Defending this conception further against the view that `` person '' designates a certain kind of organism , DP argues that at one time the only kind of airplane was a wooden , propeller - driven one , and the only kind of computer was a vacuum tube model . At the present historical juncture , the only completely unarguable example of a person is homo sapiens type human beings . However , many scientists have long believed that there is a strong possibility that there are persons who are aliens , and extensive efforts have been made to establish communication with such persons . Further , another longstanding endeavor exists to create computers and robots with all of the features of humans . It is not beyond the realm of possibility that at some point ones are created that are capable of entertaining behavioral options and selecting from among them -- i.e. , computers that , like such cinematic `` characters '' as Hal in 2001 : A Space Odyssey , or R2D2 in the Star Wars series , are persons . Third and finally , ongoing programs of research explore the linguistic , communicational , and behavioral capabilities of gorillas , chimpanzees , dolphins , and other infrahuman species . It is not beyond the realm of possibility that such creatures become regarded as persons . Even if none of these possibilities came to fruition , the conceptual point has already been made . Our concept of `` person '' is not confined to organisms with homo sapiens embodiment , but extends beyond it to any creature that exhibits a certain kind of functioning .
Positron emission tomography
PET is both a medical and research tool . It is used heavily in clinical oncology ( medical imaging of tumours and the search for metastases ) , and for clinical diagnosis of certain diffuse brain diseases such as those causing various types of dementias . PET is also an important research tool to map normal human brain and heart function , and support drug development .
Emotional lateralization
A large percent of the human studies are of anomalies due to accidents , tumors , or attempts to cure disease ( e.g. seizures ) using lesioning . Since very few such cases exist the sample size of human studies of emotional lateralization are generally very limited and may be as small as single person . While these studies may provide a good insight into certain brain regions and their functions their conclusions are not definite . Animal studies may help in understanding this problem but emotions in humans are generally considered more complicated than in most animals .