vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand 's subsidiaries operate turboprop aircraft on regional domestic services . Two types of aircraft are used , each belonging to a single subsidiary . Mount Cook Airline operates 27 ATR 72 aircraft between major cities and towns . The 23 Air Nelson - operated Bombardier Q300s operate other routes alongside Mount Cook Airline , including to some smaller centres . A third subsidiary , Eagle Airways , operated smaller turboprops but ceased operations in 2016 .
World War I
Fixed - wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo - Turkish War for reconnaissance , soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year . By 1914 , their military utility was obvious . They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack . To shoot down enemy planes , anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed . Strategic bombers were created , principally by the Germans and British , though the former used Zeppelins as well . Towards the end of the conflict , aircraft carriers were used for the first time , with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918 .
The Thin Red Line (1998 film)
Malick 's unconventional filming techniques included shooting part of a scene during a bright , sunny morning only to finish it weeks later at sunset . He made a habit of pointing the camera away during an action sequence and focus on a parrot , a tree branch or other fauna . Malick 's reputation and working methods commanded great respect among the actors , with both Woody Harrelson and John Savage staying on for an extra month after they finished all of their scenes just to watch him at work .
History of photography
Daguerreotype cameras were advertised in Calcutta a year after their invention in France -- but photographic societies in Bombay , Calcutta and Madras were beginning to pop up from the 1850s onward . As the practice of photography evolved , a contrasting style developed alongside the predominantly European influence on the art form . This turn is most notable in the work of Raja Deen Dayal , India 's most celebrated 19th - century photographer , whose appointment as court photographer to the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad allowed him unique access to the inner circles of aristocratic life .
United States home front during World War II
State Guards were reformed for internal security duties to replace the National Guardsmen who were federalized and sent overseas . The Civil Air Patrol was established , which enrolled civilian spotters in air reconnaissance , search - and - rescue , and transport . Its Coast Guard counterpart , the Coast Guard Auxiliary , used civilian boats and crews in similar rescue roles . Towers were built in coastal and border towns , and spotters were trained to recognize enemy aircraft . Blackouts were practiced in every city , even those far from the coast . All exterior lighting had to be extinguished , and black - out curtains placed over windows . The main purpose was to remind people that there was a war on and to provide activities that would engage the civil spirit of millions of people not otherwise involved in the war effort . In large part , this effort was successful , sometimes almost to a fault , such as the Plains states where many dedicated aircraft spotters took up their posts night after night watching the skies in an area of the country that no enemy aircraft of that time could possibly hope to reach .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Strank with his three Marines , and Gagnon , reached the top of the mountain around noon without being fired upon . Rosenthal , along with Marine photographers Sergeant Bill Genaust ( who was killed in action after the flag - raising ) and Private First Class Bob Campbell were climbing Suribachi at this time . On the way up , the trio met Lowery , who had photographed the first flag - raising , coming down . They considered turning around , but Lowery told them that the summit was an excellent vantage point from which to take photographs . The three photographers reached the summit as the Marines were attaching the flag to an old Japanese water pipe .
Grand Canyon
Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can go skydiving , board helicopters and small airplanes in Boulder , Las Vegas , Phoenix and Grand Canyon National Park Airport ( seven miles from the South Rim ) for canyon flyovers . Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1500 feet of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash . The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984 . However , some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon ( outside of the park boundaries ) .
George Washington Bridge
As the enclosed lower level is more vulnerable to hazardous material ( HAZMAT ) incidents than the upper level , most HAZMATs have long been prohibited there . Following the September 11 attacks , the Port Authority also prohibited people from taking photographs on the premises of the bridge out of fear that terrorist groups might study photographs to plot an attack on the bridge , but the photography ban has since been lifted .
History of photography
French balloonist / professor / inventor Jacques Charles is believed to have captured fleeting negative photograms of silhouettes on light sensitive paper at the start of the 19th century , prior to Westwood . Charles died in 1823 without documenting the process , but purportedly demonstrated it in his lectures at the Louvre . It was not publicized until François Arago mentioned it at his introduction of the details of the Daguerreotupe to the world in 1839 . He later wrote that the first idea of fixing the images of the camera obscura or the solar microscope with chemical substances belonged to Charles . Later historians probably only built on Arago 's information and much later the unsupported year 1780 was attached to it . Since Arago indicated the first years of the 19th century and a date prior to Wedgwood 's process published in 1802 , this would mean that Charles ' demonstrations took place in 1800 or 1801 - assuming Arago was this accurate almost 40 years later .
Sahara
The French Colonial Empire was the dominant presence in the Sahara . It established regular air links from Toulouse ( HQ of famed Aéropostale ) , to Oran and over the Hoggar to Timbuktu and West to Bamako and Dakar , as well as trans - Sahara bus services run by La Companie Transsaharienne ( est. 1927 ) . A remarkable film shot by famous aviator Captain René Wauthier documents the first crossing by a large truck convoy from Algiers to Tchad , across the Sahara .
North Pole
In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles . The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force . It carried an 11 - man crew , with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations . In 2006 , Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame .
Hot air balloon
To help ensure the safety of pilot and passengers , a hot air balloon may carry several pieces of safety equipment .
San Jose International Airport
In 2015 and 2016 , several new international flights were launched . Hainan Airlines began nonstop flights from Beijing on June 15 , 2015 . British Airways commenced a daily Boeing 787 Dreamliner service from London -- Heathrow on May 4 , 2016 ; and Air Canada returned to SJC on May 9 , providing flights from Vancouver operated by Air Canada Express . Lufthansa connected SJC and Frankfurt on July 1 , with flights operated by Lufthansa CityLine Airbus A340 - 300 aircraft . Air China introduced Shanghai -- Pudong flights on September 1 with an Airbus A330 - 200 .
Iowa-class battleship
By the time of the Korean War , helicopters had replaced floatplanes and the Sikorsky HO3S - 1 helicopter was employed . New Jersey made use of the Gyrodyne QH - 50 DASH drone for her Vietnam war deployment in 1968 -- 1969 .
Eiffel Tower
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The
United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul .
Celebratory gunfire
On 7 January 2008 , at about 9 : 30 pm , a Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 ( 4O - AOK ) was shot at while landing at Podgorica Airport . A routine inspection of the aircraft led to the discovery of a bullet hole in the aircraft 's tail . The aircraft was carrying 20 passengers , but no one was injured . The reason for the incident is unknown ; however , reports indicate that it may have been an inadvertent result of guns being fired during celebrations for Orthodox Christmas .
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand currently operates a fleet of Airbus A320 , Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 aircraft . Air New Zealand 's regional subsidiaries , Air Nelson and Mount Cook Airline , operate additional domestic services using turboprop aircraft . Air New Zealand was awarded Airline of the Year in 2010 and 2012 by the Air Transport World Global Airline Awards . In 2014 , Air New Zealand was ranked the safest airline in the world by JACDEC .
Forrest Gump
In one Vietnam War scene , Gump carries Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack . To create the effect , stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes . Then , Hanks and Williamson were filmed , with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him . The explosion was then filmed , and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions . The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI .
Buckingham Palace
On 15 September 1940 , known as the Battle of Britain Day , an RAF pilot , Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace . Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it . Holmes bailed out . Both aircraft crashed . In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty . It had already been damaged , two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out . Its pilot , Feldwebel Robert Zehbe , landed , only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack . During the Dornier 's descent , it somehow unloaded its bombs , one of which hit the Palace . It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station . The bomber 's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London . The British pilot became a King 's Messenger after the war , and died at the age of 90 in 2005 .
The Dirty Dozen
In Britain , in March 1944 , the Advance Section Communications Zone ( ADSEC ) of the US Army is responsible for planning detail for the D - Day invasion . ADSEC commander Major General Sam Worden has orders for Major John Reisman , an OSS officer , and Reisman 's former commander Colonel Everett Dasher Breed of the 101st Airborne Division . The personalities of the three men are shown to clash and the characters of the individualistic Reisman and the domineering Breed are established . Reisman is aided by his friend , the mild - mannered ADSEC Major Max Armbruster .
Model (person)
The criteria for runway models include certain height and weight requirements . During runway shows , models have to constantly change clothes and makeup . Models walk , turn , and stand in order to demonstrate a garment 's key features . Models also go to interviews ( called `` go and sees '' ) to present their portfolios . The more experience a model has , the more likely she / he is to be hired for a fashion show . A runway model can also work in other areas , such as department store fashion shows , and the most successful models sometimes create their own product lines or go into acting .
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
Choice Aire began nonstop service to San Pedro Sula , Honduras in December 2016 . British Airways and Condor Flugdienst have respectively announced scheduled flights to London and Frankfurt beginning in March 2017 and May 2017 . British Airways has now begun their new service and is operating Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft on their nonstop route to London Heathrow Airport , while Condor is flying Boeing 767 - 300ER aircraft nonstop to Frankfurt .
Western Front (World War I)
During the autumn of 1915 , the `` Fokker Scourge '' began to have an effect on the battlefront as Allied reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies . These reconnaissance planes were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the Allies were nearly blinded by German fighters . However , the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines , rather than fighting over Allied held territory .
Grip (job)
Dailies ( or Rushes ) -- The unedited footage of the day 's filming , often viewed by the director , director of photography and key production staff after shooting has wrapped for the day .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Photographs of the first flag flown on Mount Suribachi were taken by Staff Sergeant Louis R. Lowery of Leatherneck magazine , who accompanied the patrol up the mountain , and other photographers . Others involved with the first flag - raising include Corporal Charles W. Lindberg , Privates First Class James Michels and Raymond Jacobs , Private Phil Ward , and Navy corpsman John Bradley This flag was too small , however , to be easily seen from the northern side of Mount Suribachi , where heavy fighting would go on for several more days .
Jefferson Airplane
The Airplane also benefited greatly from appearances on national network TV shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on NBC and The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS . The Airplane 's famous appearance on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour performing `` White Rabbit '' and `` Somebody to Love '' was videotaped in color and augmented by developments in video techniques . It has been frequently re-screened and is notable for its pioneering use of the Chroma key process to simulate the Airplane 's psychedelic light show .
Celebratory gunfire
October 12 , 2003 : Wedding guests in Belgrade , Serbia mistakenly shot down a small aircraft .
History of photography
The charge - coupled device ( CCD ) is the image - capturing optoelectronic component in first - generation digital cameras . It was invented in 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at AT&T Bell Labs as a memory device . The lab was working on the Picturephone and on the development of semiconductor bubble memory . Merging these two initiatives , Boyle and Smith conceived of the design of what they termed `` Charge ' Bubble ' Devices '' . The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor . It was Dr. Michael Tompsett from Bell Labs however , who discovered that the CCD could be used as an imaging sensor . The CCD has increasingly been replaced by the active pixel sensor ( APS ) , commonly used in cell phone cameras . These mobile phone cameras are used by billions of people worldwide , dramatically increasing photographic activity and material and also fueling citizen journalism .
Mount Everest
In May 2005 , pilot Didier Delsalle of France landed a Eurocopter AS350 B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest . He needed to land for two minutes to set the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) official record , but he stayed for about four minutes , twice . In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged , which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft . The flight set rotorcraft world records , for highest of both landing and take - off .
Air New Zealand
All domestic passengers are offered tea , coffee or water . Passengers on turboprop aircraft are also offered a biscuit , while those on A320 flights are offered a choice of snacks , including vege crisps , muesli bars , and biscuits . Hard lollies are handed out to passengers on the descent . On flights before 9 am on A320 aircraft , muesli and muffins are offered , as well as morning newspapers , and on flights between 4 : 30 pm and 7 : 00 pm , beer and wine are offered to passengers ( provided they are 18 years or over ) , as well as Lemon & Paeroa , cheese , crackers and grapes , and bagel crisps and hummus .
Internet privacy
Today many people have digital cameras and post their photographs online , for example street photography practitioners do so for artistic purposes and social documentary photography practitioners do so to document the common people in everyday life . The people depicted in these photos might not want to have them appear on the Internet . Police arrest photos , considered public record in many jurisdictions , are often posted on the internet by numerous online mug shot publishing sites .
U.S. Marshals (film)
In Chicago , months later , police arrest tow truck driver Mark Warren for possession of an illegal handgun and discover he is federal fugitive Mark Roberts , wanted for double homicide . Roberts boards a prisoner transport aircraft back to New York , sharing the flight with Deputy U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard , who is escorting another prisoner . A Chinese prisoner armed with a zip gun tries to kill Roberts mid-flight but in the struggle , the bullet pierces a window , depressurizing the cabin and sending the prisoner to his death . The plane makes an emergency crash landing in Southern Illinois , where Roberts flees and Gerard issues a manhunt for the escapee . DSS Director Bertram Lamb reveals that Roberts ' fingerprints ID him as the killer of his DSS agents and assigns DSS Special Agent John Royce to join Gerard 's team to hunt Roberts . Gerard inspects Royce 's firearm and dismissively insists Royce replace it with a Glock .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Out of the corner of my eye , I had seen the men start the flag up . I swung my camera and shot the scene . That is how the picture was taken , and when you take a picture like that , you do n't come away saying you got a great shot . You do n't know .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area .
I'm going to Disney World!
In his 1998 memoir Work in Progress , Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife , Jane , with the idea for the campaign . According to Eisner , during the January 1987 grand opening for the Star Tours attraction at Disneyland , the couple dined with Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager , who in December 1986 had piloted the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling . After Jane Eisner asked what the pilots planned to do next , they replied , `` Well , we 're going to Disneyland . '' She later told her husband the phrase would make a great advertising campaign .
World War I
Recognised for their value as observation platforms , balloons were important targets for enemy aircraft . To defend them against air attack , they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft ; to attack them , unusual weapons such as air - to - air rockets were tried . Thus , the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air - to - air combat between all types of aircraft , and to the trench stalemate , because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected . The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships , hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines , and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
With the arrival of the mammoth Convair B - 36 , the B - 29 was reclassified as a medium bomber by the Air Force . However , the later B - 50 Superfortress variant ( initially designated B - 29D ) was good enough to handle auxiliary roles such as air - sea rescue , electronic intelligence gathering , air - to - air refueling , and weather reconnaissance .
Alan Shepard
Normally sea duty alternated with periods of duty ashore . In 1950 , Shepard was selected to attend the United States Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland . As a test pilot he conducted high - altitude tests to obtain information about the light and air masses at different altitudes over North America ; carrier suitability certification of the McDonnell F2H Banshee ; experiments with the Navy 's new in - flight refueling system ; and tests of the angled flight deck . He narrowly avoided being court - martialed by the station commander , Rear Admiral Alfred M. Pride , after looping the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and making low passes over the beach at Ocean City , Maryland , and the base ; but Shepard 's superiors , John Hyland and Robert M. Elder , interceded on his behalf . Shepard
History of photography
Roger Fenton and Philip Henry Delamotte helped popularize the new way of recording events , the first by his Crimean war pictures , the second by his record of the disassembly and reconstruction of The Crystal Palace in London . Other mid-nineteenth - century photographers established the medium as a more precise means than engraving or lithography of making a record of landscapes and architecture : for example , Robert Macpherson 's broad range of photographs of Rome , the interior of the Vatican , and the surrounding countryside became a sophisticated tourist 's visual record of his own travels .