vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hudson River
The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived . The Lenape , Wappinger , and Mahican branches of the Algonquins lived along the river , mostly in peace with the other groups . The Algonquins in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area . One major settlement was called Navish , which was located at Croton Point , overlooking the Hudson River . Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the Hudson Highlands . Many villagers lived in various types of houses , which the Algonquins called wigwams , though large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long . At the associated villages , they grew corn , beans , and squash . They also gathered other types of plant foods , such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers . In addition to agriculture , the Algonquins also fished in the Hudson River , focusing on various species of freshwater fish , as well as various variations of striped bass , American eels , sturgeon , herring , and shad . Oyster beds were also common on the river floor , which provided an extra source of nutrition . Land hunting consisted of turkey , deer , bear , and other animals .
Brown bear
By far the closest dietary relationship between brown bears and fish occurs between the salmon and trout of the Oncorhynchus genus , particularly in coastal areas but also in some inland areas of North America . In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska , including Kodiak Island , brown bears feed largely on spawning salmon , whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas . Sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ) and pink salmon ( O. gorbuscha ) are the two most commonly predated , but many coho ( O. kisutch ) , Chinook ( O. tshawytscha ) , masu ( O. masou ) and chum salmon ( O. keta ) are also taken . Even in the coastal ranges of the Pacific , a diverse omnivorous diet is eaten , with the salmon spawning reliably providing food only in late summer and early fall . Exceptionally , salmon may come to inland rivers as early as June in the Brooks River when other coastal Alaskan bears are in their dietary `` lean period '' and provide food for bears sooner than normal . On Kodiak island , it appears the availability of alternate food sources is high , as berry crops are often profuse , marine organisms often wash up and ungulates both wild and domesticated are available . The fishing techniques of bears are well - documented . They often congregate around falls when the salmon are forced to breach the water , at which point the bears will try to catch the fish in mid-air ( often with their mouths ) . They will also wade into shallow waters , hoping to pin a slippery salmon with their claws . While they may eat almost all the parts of the fish , bears at the peak of spawning , when there is usually a glut of fish to feed on , may eat only the most nutritious parts of the salmon ( including the eggs and head ) and then indifferently leave the rest of the carcass to scavengers , which can include red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) and gulls . Despite their normally solitary habits , Brown bears will gather rather closely in numbers at good spawning sites .
Secession in the United States
Pacific Northwest : Cascadia : There have been repeated attempts to form a Bioregional Democracy Cascadia in the northwest . The core of Cascadia would be made up through the secession of the states of Washington , Oregon and the Canadian province of British Columbia , while some supporters of the movement support portions of Northern California , Southern Alaska , Idaho and Montana joining , to define its boundaries along ecological , cultural , economic and political boundaries .
River Thames
On 5 August 1993 , the largest non-tidal salmon in recorded history was caught close to Boulters Lock in Maidenhead . The specimen weighed 14 ⁄ pounds ( 6.6 kg ) and measured 22 inches ( 56 cm ) in length . The eel is particularly associated with the Thames and there were formerly many eel traps . Freshwater fish of the Thames and its tributaries include brown trout , chub , dace , roach , barbel , perch , pike , bleak and flounder . Colonies of short - snouted seahorses have also recently been discovered in the river . The Thames is also host to some invasive crustaceans , including the signal crayfish and the Chinese mitten crab .
Grand Canyon
Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river , while others use the river as a migration corridor or as overwintering habitat . The bald eagle is one species that uses the river corridor as winter habitat .
River Welland
With the passing of the Land Drainage Act 1930 , the Welland Catchment Board was created . They had spent £ 91,537 on the outfall by 1937 . Towards the end of the Second World War , E.G. Taverner , the chief engineer for the drainage board , devised a plan to relieve flooding in Spalding by creating a bypass channel , and building the Greatford Cut to divert the waters of the West Glen river into the Welland upstream of Market Deeping . The scheme cost £ 723,000 , with much of the work being carried out by W. & C. French , and the Coronation Channel around Spalding was opened in September 1953 . Fulney lock was constructed at the same time to exclude the tide from the upper river , as was the Maxey Cut , an embanked channel that bypasses the villages of Market Deeping , Deeping Gate and Deeping St James . During the 1960s and 1970s , several sections of the river above Stamford were made straighter and deeper , to reduce the risk of flooding of agricultural land . To address the habitat and environmental issues causes by such engineering work , the Welland Rivers Trust , a limited company and charitable trust , was set up in 2010 . They are seeking to direct regeneration of the river by co-ordinating various organisations , which are known collectively as the Welland Valley Partnership . They published a major document outlining their proposals in February 2013 .
Lake District
The Lake District has been regarded as one of the best places to eat in Britain . The region has four Michelin Star restaurants : L'Enclume , The Samling in Ambleside , The Forest Side and Gilpin Hotel . In addition , Cumbria has more microbreweries than any other county in Britain and together with Jennings Brewery supply a variety of ales to pubs and restaurants throughout the region .
Alaska
The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion , 45th in the nation . Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042 , ranking 15th in the nation . According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International , Alaska had the fifth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States , with a ratio of 6.75 percent . The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy , with more than 80 % of the state 's revenues derived from petroleum extraction . Alaska 's main export product ( excluding oil and natural gas ) is seafood , primarily salmon , cod , Pollock and crab .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada issued an invitation to join it on generous financial terms . Smallwood was elected to the convention where he became the leading proponent of confederation with Canada , insisting , `` Today we are more disposed to feel that our very manhood , our very creation by God , entitles us to standards of life no lower than our brothers on the mainland . '' Displaying a mastery of propaganda technique , courage and ruthlessness , he succeeded in having the Canada option on the referendum . His main opponents were Peter John Cashin and Chesley Crosbie . Cashin , a former finance minister , led the Responsible Government League , warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax . Crosbie , a leader of the fishing industry , led the Party for Economic Union with the United States , seeking responsible government first , to be followed by closer ties with the United States , which could be a major source of capital .
Hudson River
The Atlantic sturgeon , a species about 120 million years old , enter the estuary during their annual migrations . The fish grow to a considerable size , up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) and 800 pounds ( 360 kg ) . The fish are the symbol of the Hudson River Estuary . Their smoked flesh was commonly eaten in the river valley since 1779 , and it was sometimes known as `` Albany beef '' . The city of Albany was called `` Sturgeondom '' or `` Sturgeontown '' in the 1850s and 1860s , with its residents known as `` Sturgeonites '' . The `` Sturgeondom '' name lost popularity around 1900 .
Yadkin River
Water supplies for many communities in North and South Carolina are taken from the Yadkin - Pee Dee and during drought years the division of the water is a contentious issue . The Mitchell River was impacted in the 1980s by massive runoff of sediment from land clearing at the Olde Beau development . Numerous citations from the NC EPA were issued against developer Earl Slick but the development proceeded . Today the golf course community near Roarin ' Gap is a good tax base for impoverished Allegheny County .
Hudson River
The river is named after Henry Hudson , an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company , who explored it in 1609 , and after whom Canada 's Hudson Bay is also named . It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524 , as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay , but he considered the river to be an estuary . The Dutch called the river the North River -- with the Delaware River called the South River -- and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson , and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony .
Snake River
By the middle 19th century , the Oregon Trail had been established , generally following much of the Snake River . One crossing the trail made over the Snake River was near the present - day site of Glenns Ferry . Several years later , a ferry was established at the site , replacing the old system where pioneers had to ford the wide , powerful and deep Snake . Another place where pioneers crossed the Snake was further upstream , at a place called `` Three Island Crossing '' , near the mouth of the Boise River . This area has a group of three islands ( hence the name ) that splits the Snake into four channels each about 200 feet ( 61 m ) wide . Some emigrants chose to ford the Snake and proceed down the west side and recross the river near Fort Boise into Hells Canyon , continue down the drier east side into the gorge , or float the Snake and Columbia to the Willamette River , the destination of the Oregon Trail . The reason for the Three Island Crossing was the better availability of grass and water access . Numerous ferries have provided crossings of the upper Snake from the Brownlee Ferry at the head of Hell 's Canyon to Menor 's Ferry , which operates today at Moose , Wyoming . Sophistication varied from reed boats pulled by Indians on horse back at Snake Fort , Fort Boise , as described by Narcissa Whitman in 1836 to an electric operated ferry , the Swan Falls Ferry , at Swan Falls Dam of the early 20th century .
Conquistador
In 1540 , Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the Colorado river , intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado 's expedition . Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present - day California -- Arizona border . However , Coronado never reached the Gulf of California , and Alarcón eventually gave up and left . Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year , intending to establish contact with Alarcón , but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz 's arrival . Díaz named the Colorado River Rio del Tizon , while the name Colorado ( `` Red River '' ) was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River .
Hoover Dam
With little guidance on water allocation from the Supreme Court , proponents of the dam feared endless litigation . A Colorado attorney proposed that the seven states which fell within the river 's basin ( California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , New Mexico , Colorado and Wyoming ) form an interstate compact , with the approval of Congress . Such compacts were authorized by Article I of the United States Constitution but had never been concluded among more than two states . In 1922 , representatives of seven states met with then - Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . Initial talks produced no result , but when the Supreme Court handed down the Wyoming v. Colorado decision undermining the claims of the upstream states , they became anxious to reach an agreement . The resulting Colorado River Compact was signed on November 24 , 1922 .
Snake River
Canadian explorer David Thompson first recorded the Native American name of the Snake River as Shawpatin when he arrived at its mouth by boat in 1800 . When the Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed westwards into the Snake River watershed in 1805 , they first gave it the name Lewis River , Lewis Fork or Lewis 's Fork , as Meriwether Lewis was the first of their group to sight the river . They also made note of the `` Snake Indians '' who lived along the river , who were actually the Shoshone tribe , and learned that the Native Americans called the river Ki - moo - e-nim or Yam - pah - pa ( for an herb that grew prolifically along its banks ) . Later American explorers , some of whom were originally part of the Lewis and Clark expedition , journeyed into the Snake River watershed and records show a variety of names have been associated with the river . The explorer Wilson Price Hunt of the Astor Expedition named the river as Mad River . Others gave the river names including Shoshone River ( after the tribe ) and Saptin River . Eventually , the name Snake River was derived from an S - shaped gesture the Shoshone tribe made with their hands to represent swimming salmon . Explorers misinterpreted it to represent a snake , giving the river its present - day name .
Snake River
Name Length Watershed size Bank Source to Wyoming - Idaho Border Heart River 8 ⁄ mi ( 14 km ) Right Lewis River 12 mi ( 19 km ) Right Gros Ventre River 642 sq mi ( 1,660 km ) Left Hoback River 55 mi ( 89 km ) 600 sq mi ( 1,600 km ) Left Greys River 65 mi ( 105 km ) 800 sq mi ( 2,100 km ) Left Salt River 70 mi ( 113 km ) 890 sq mi ( 2,300 km ) Left Snake River Plain to Hells Canyon Henrys Fork ( Snake River ) 110 mi ( 177 km ) 3,212 sq mi ( 8,320 km ) Right Portneuf River 96 mi ( 154 km ) 1,329 sq mi ( 3,440 km ) Left Raft River 1,506 sq mi ( 3,900 km ) Left Malad River 11 ⁄ mi ( 19 km ) 3,000 sq mi ( 7,800 km ) Right Salmon Falls Creek 218 mi ( 351 km ) 2,082 sq mi ( 5,390 km ) Left Bruneau River 3,305 sq mi ( 8,560 km ) Left Boise River 75 mi ( 121 km ) 4,100 sq mi ( 11,000 km ) Right Owyhee River 280 mi ( 451 km ) 11,049 sq mi ( 28,620 km ) Left Malheur River 165 mi ( 266 km ) 4,700 sq mi ( 12,000 km ) Right Payette River 62 mi ( 100 km ) 3,240 sq mi ( 8,400 km ) Right Hells Canyon Weiser River 90 mi ( 145 km ) 1,660 sq mi ( 4,300 km ) Right Burnt River 50 mi ( 80 km ) Left Salmon River 425 mi ( 684 km ) 14,000 sq mi ( 36,000 km ) Right Grande Ronde River 212 mi ( 341 km ) 4,000 sq mi ( 10,000 km ) Left Clearwater River 80 mi ( 129 km ) 9,645 sq mi ( 24,980 km ) Right Idaho - Washington border to mouth Tucannon River 70 mi ( 113 km ) 503 sq mi ( 1,300 km ) Left Palouse River 140 mi ( 225 km ) 3,303 sq mi ( 8,550 km ) Right The
Snake River
As the Bonneville Floods rushed down the Snake River , the Missoula Floods occurred in the same period , but farther north . The Missoula Floods , which took place more than 40 times in the time span from 15,000 to 13,000 years ago , were caused by Glacial Lake Missoula on the Clark Fork repeatedly being impounded by ice dams then breaking through , with the lake 's water rushing over much of eastern Washington in massive surges far larger than the Lake Bonneville Flood . These floods pooled behind the Cascade Range into enormous lakes and spilled over the northern drainage divide of the Snake River watershed , carving deep canyons through the Palouse Hills . The Palouse River canyon was the largest of the many gorges cut through the Palouse Hills , and could not have become as large as it now is if it were not for the Missoula Floods . The Lake Bonneville Floods and the Missoula Floods helped widen and deepen the Columbia River Gorge , a giant water gap which allows water from the Columbia and Snake rivers to take a direct route through the Cascade Range to the Pacific .
Snake River
The Snake River watershed includes a diversity of vegetation zones both past and present . A majority of the watershed was once covered with shrub - steppe grassland , most common in the Snake River Plain and also the Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington . Riparian zones , wetlands and marshes once occurred along the length of the Snake River and its tributaries . In higher elevations , conifer forests , of which ponderosa pine is most common , dominate the landscape . The basin ranges from semi-desert to alpine climates , providing habitat for hundreds of species of plants . In the lowermost part of the watershed , in southeastern Washington , the Snake River is surrounded by an area called the Columbia Plateau Ecoprovince , which is now mostly occupied by irrigated farms . The rest of the Plateau area is characterized by low hills , dry lakes , and an arid , nearly desert climate .
Snake River
The mostly semi-arid , even desert climate of the Snake River watershed on average , receives less than 12 inches ( 300 mm ) of precipitation per year . However , precipitation in the Snake River watershed varies widely . At Twin Falls , in the center of the Snake River Plain , the climate is nearly desert , with an annual rainfall of just 9.24 inches ( 235 mm ) , although the average snowfall is 13.1 inches ( 330 mm ) . This desert climate occupies the majority of the basin of the Snake River , so although it is longer than the Columbia River above the Tri-Cities , its discharge is on average significantly less . However , in the high Rockies of Wyoming , in the upper Jackson Hole area , the average precipitation is over 30 inches ( 760 mm ) , and snowfall averages 252 inches ( 6,400 mm ) . Most of the Snake River basin consists of wide , arid plains and rolling hills , bordered by high mountains . In the upper parts of the watershed , however , the river flows through an area with a distinct alpine climate . There are also stretches where the river and its tributaries have incised themselves into tight gorges . The Snake River watershed includes parts of Yellowstone National Park , Grand Teton National Park , Hells Canyon National Recreation Area , and many other national and state parks . Map
Snake River
The Minidoka Irrigation Project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , created with the passage of the Reclamation Act of 1902 , involved the diversion of Snake River water into the Snake River Plain upstream of Shoshone Falls in order to irrigate approximately 1,100,000 acres ( 4,500 km ) in the Snake River Plain and store 4,100,000 acre feet ( 5.1 km ) of water in Snake River reservoirs . The first studies for irrigation in the Plain were conducted by the United States Geological Survey in the late 19th century , and the project was authorized on April 23 , 1904 . The first dam constructed for the project was Minidoka Dam in 1904 ; its power plant began operating in 1909 , producing 7 MW of electricity . This capacity was revised to 20 MW in 1993 . However , Minidoka Dam was not the only dam constructed for the project . As far upstream as Jackson Lake in Wyoming , the Jackson Lake Dam was built in 1907 to raise the lake level for providing additional water storage for dry years . American Falls Dam , upstream of Minidoka , was completed in 1927 and replaced in 1978 . As the dams were constructed above Shoshone Falls , the historical upriver limit of salmon and also a total barrier to boats and ships , no provisions were made for fish passage or navigation . Several other irrigation dams were also built - including Twin Falls Dam and Palisades Dam . Brownlee
Snake River
The Hells Canyon Project was built and maintained by Idaho Power Company starting in the 1940s , and was the second of the three major water projects on the river . The three dams of the project , Brownlee Dam , Oxbow Dam and Hells Canyon Dam , are located in upper Hells Canyon . All three dams are primarily for power generation and flood control , and do not have fish passage or navigation locks . Brownlee Dam , the most upriver dam , was constructed in 1959 , and generates 728 MW of power . Oxbow Dam , the second dam in the project , was built in 1961 and generates 220 MW . The dam was named for a 3 - mile - wide ( 4.8 km ) bend in the Snake River , shaped like an oxbow , although not an oxbow lake . Hells Canyon Dam was the last and most downriver of the three , was constructed in 1967 and generates 450 MW .
Euphrates
The Euphrates is the longest river of Western Asia . It emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su or Western Euphrates ( 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) ) and the Murat Su or Eastern Euphrates ( 650 kilometres ( 400 mi ) ) 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) upstream from the town of Keban in southeastern Turkey . Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) , of which 1,230 kilometres ( 760 mi ) is in Turkey , 710 kilometres ( 440 mi ) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres ( 660 mi ) in Iraq . The same figures are given by Isaev and Mikhailova . The length of the Shatt al - Arab , which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Persian Gulf , is given by various sources as 145 -- 195 kilometres ( 90 -- 121 mi ) .
River Thames
The springs at Seven Springs flow throughout the year , while those at Thames Head are only seasonal ( a winterbourne ) . The Thames is the longest river entirely in England , but the River Severn , which is partly in Wales , is the longest river in the United Kingdom . As the River Churn , sourced at Seven Springs , is 14 miles ( 23 km ) longer than the Thames ( from its traditional source at Thames Head to the confluence ) , the overall length of the Thames measured from Seven Springs , 229 miles ( 369 km ) , is greater than the Severn 's length 220 miles ( 350 km ) . Thus , the `` Churn / Thames '' river may be regarded as the longest natural river in the United Kingdom .
Waikato River
The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand , running for 425 kilometres ( 264 mi ) through the North Island . It rises in the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu , joining the Tongariro River system and flowing through Lake Taupo , New Zealand 's largest lake . It then drains Taupo at the lake 's northeastern edge , creates the Huka Falls , and flows northwest through the Waikato Plains . It empties into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland , at Port Waikato . It gives its name to the Waikato Region that surrounds the Waikato Plains . The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago . Contributing factors were climate warming , forest being reestablished in the river headwaters and the deepening , rather than widening , of the existing river channel . The channel was gradually eroded as far up river as Piarere , leaving the old Hinuera channel high and dry . The remains of the old river path can be clearly seen at Hinuera where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges . The river 's main tributary is the Waipa River , which has its confluence with the Waikato at Ngaruawahia .