vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
British Hong Kong
In September 1839 , the British Cabinet decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property , either by the threat or use of force . An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin , Rear - Admiral George Elliot , as joint plenipotentiaries in 1840 . Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China 's right to prohibit opium , but it objected to the way this was handled . He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders , and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death . He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the Chusan islands , to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the Emperor , then to proceed to the Gulf of Bohai for a treaty , and if the Chinese resisted , blockade the key ports of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers . Palmerston demanded a territorial base in Chusan for trade so that British merchants `` may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking , or its local Authorities at the Sea - Ports of the Empire '' .
British Empire in World War II
Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September , believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth . New Zealand followed suit simultaneously , at 9.30 pm on 3 September ( local time ) , after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet ; although as Chamberlain 's broadcast was drowned by static , the Cabinet ( led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill ) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war , then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm . South Africa took three days to make its decision ( on 6 September ) , as the Prime Minister General J.B.M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament , led by General Jan Smuts , who then replaced Hertzog . Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration , but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration , which it did so one week later on 10 September . The Irish Free State , which had been a dominion until 1937 , remained neutral
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate , these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey . Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines , and also to prevent a possible conflict of action . In a communication written on July 28 , Pratt made the following statement :
Arthur Phillip
By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England , but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him , so he carried on . In 1791 he was advised that the government would send out two convoys of convicts annually , plus adequate supplies . But July , when the vessels of the Third Fleet began to arrive , with 2,000 more convicts , food again ran short , and he had to send the ship Atlantic to Calcutta for supplies .
Qing dynasty
From 1889 , when Guangxu began to rule in his own right , to 1898 , the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement , spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace . On November 1 , 1897 , two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province ( the Juye Incident ) . Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay . The occupation prompted a `` scramble for concessions '' in 1898 , which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay , the Russian acquisition of Liaodong , and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong . Foreign
Pope
In April 2010 , there was press coverage in Britain concerning a proposed plan by atheist campaigners and a prominent barrister to have Pope Benedict XVI arrested and prosecuted in the UK for alleged offences , dating from several decades before , in failing to take appropriate action regarding Catholic sex abuse cases and concerning their disputing his immunity from prosecution in that country . This was generally dismissed as `` unrealistic and spurious '' . Another barrister said that it was a `` matter of embarrassment that a senior British lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea '' .
Emperor of Japan
After a couple of centuries , Emperors could no longer take anyone from outside such families as primary wife , no matter what the expediency of such a marriage and power or wealth brought by such might have been . Only very rarely did a prince ascend the throne whose mother was not descended from the approved families . The earlier necessity and expediency had mutated into a strict tradition that did not allow for current expediency or necessity , but only dictated that daughters of a restricted circle of families were eligible brides , because they had produced eligible brides for centuries . Tradition had become more forceful than law .
Causes of World War II
`` No postwar German government believed it could accept such a burden on future generations and survive ... '' . Paying reparations is a classic punishment of war but in this instance it was the `` extreme immoderation '' that caused German resentment . Germany made its last World War I reparation payment on 3 October 2010 , ninety - two years after the end of World War I. Germany also fell behind in their coal payments . They fell behind because of a passive resistance movement against the French . In response , the French invaded the Ruhr , the region filled with German coal , and occupied it . At this point the majority of Germans were enraged with the French and placed the blame for their humiliation on the Weimar Republic . Adolf Hitler , a leader of the Nazi Party , attempted a coup d'état against the republic to establish a Greater German Reich known as the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 . Although this failed , Hitler gained recognition as a national hero amongst the German population . The demilitarized Rhineland and additional cutbacks on military infuriated the Germans . Although it is logical that France would want the Rhineland to be a neutral zone , the fact that France had the power to make that desire happen merely added onto the resentment of the Germans against the French . In addition , the Treaty of Versailles dissolved the German general staff and possession of navy ships , aircraft , poison gas , tanks , and heavy artillery was made illegal . The humiliation of being bossed around by the victor countries , especially France , and being stripped of their prized military made the Germans resent the Weimar Republic and idolize anyone who stood up to it .
United States v. Alvarez
Wrote Kennedy : `` Permitting the government to decree this speech to be a criminal offense , whether shouted from the rooftops or made in a barely audible whisper , would endorse government authority to compile a list of subjects about which false statements are punishable . That governmental power has no clear limiting principle . Our constitutional tradition stands against the idea that we need Oceania 's Ministry of Truth , '' invoking George Orwell 's novel 1984 .
Pope
Popes like Alexander VI , an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician , and Pope Julius II , a formidable general and statesman , were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends , which included increasing the power of the papacy . This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire ( especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors , such as during the Pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III ) . Papal bulls , interdict , and excommunication ( or the threat thereof ) have been used many times to increase papal power . The Bull Laudabiliter in 1155 authorized Henry II of England to invade Ireland . In 1207 , Innocent III placed England under interdict until King John made his kingdom a fiefdom to the Pope , complete with yearly tribute , saying , `` we offer and freely yield ... to our lord Pope Innocent III and his catholic successors , the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins '' . The Bull Inter caetera in 1493 led to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 , which divided the world into areas of Spanish and Portuguese rule . The Bull Regnans in Excelsis in 1570 excommunicated Elizabeth I of England and declared that all her subjects were released from all allegiance to her . The Bull , Inter gravissimas , in 1582 established the Gregorian calendar .
Korea under Japanese rule
In June 1907 , the Second Peace Conference was held in The Hague . Emperor Gojong secretly sent three representatives to bring the problems of Korea to the world 's attention . The three envoys were refused access to the public debates by the international delegates who questioned the legality of the protectorate convention . Out of despair , one of the Korean representatives , Yi Tjoune , committed suicide at The Hague . In response , the Japanese government took stronger measures . On 19 July 1907 , Emperor Gojong was forced to relinquish his imperial authority and appoint the Crown Prince as regent . Japanese officials used this concession to force the accession of the new Emperor Sunjong following abdication , which was never agreed to by Gojong . Neither Gojong nor Sunjong was present at the ' accession ' ceremony . Sunjong was to be the last ruler of the Joseon dynasty , founded in 1392 .
Cross of Gold speech
To advocates of what became known as free silver , the 1873 act became known as the `` Crime of ' 73 '' . Pro-silver forces , with congressional leaders such as Missouri Representative Richard P. Bland , sought the passage of bills to allow depositors of silver bullion to receive it back in the form of coin . Such bills , sponsored by Bland , passed the House of Representatives in 1876 and 1877 , but both times failed in the Senate . A third attempt in early 1878 again passed the House , and eventually both houses after being amended in the Senate . The bill , as modified by amendments sponsored by Iowa Senator William B. Allison , did not reverse the 1873 provisions , but required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million of silver bullion per month ; the profit , or seignorage from monetizing the silver was to be used to purchase more silver bullion . The silver would be struck into dollar coins , to be circulated or else stored and used as backing for silver certificates . The Bland -- Allison Act was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes , but was enacted by Congress over his veto on February 28 , 1878 .
Containment
Rallies in support of the troops were discouraged for fear that a patriotic response would lead to demands for victory and rollback . Military responsibility was divided among three generals so that no powerful theater commander could emerge to challenge Johnson as MacArthur had challenged Truman .
Aftermath of the Korean War
The war also partly contributed to the decline of Sino - Soviet relations . Although the Chinese had their own reasons to enter the war , mentioned above , the view that the Soviets had used them as proxies was shared by the Western bloc . MacArthur was a notable exception , dissenting from this prevailing view in his `` Old Soldiers Never Die '' speech . China had to use a Soviet loan , which had been originally intended to rebuild their destroyed economy , to pay for Soviet arms .
Australian Army during World War II
Meanwhile , the return of the AIF divisions to Australia from the Middle East in 1942 coincided with the arrival of large numbers of American troops , including the US 32nd and 41st Infantry Divisions . From April 1942 MacArthur took over command of all US and Australian forces in the newly formed South West Pacific Area as Supreme Commander . Blamey had been appointed Commander - in - Chief AMF in March following his promotion to general , setting up Land Headquarters to subsume the role of the Military Board , which was suspended on 30 July . As Commander - in - Chief AMF he reported directly to MacArthur and was subsequently also given command of Allied Land Forces in the theatre . Yet although Australian forces made up the bulk of the Allied forces in SWPA until 1944 in practice for political reasons MacArthur ensured that Blamey only commanded Australian forces , while he also limited the number of Australian staff officers posted to General Headquarters , and they remained underrepresented for the remainder of the war .
Concordat of Worms
Henry IV was excommunicated again in 1080 , and would not show any indication of repentance . In turn , Henry called a council of bishops who proclaimed Gregory illegitimate . He remained excommunicate for twenty - six years until his death in 1106 . It was the consequence of this lengthy episode that a whole generation grew up in Germany and Northern Italy in an atmosphere of war , doubt and scepticism . The papal backers had been busy propounding arguments to show that royal power was not of divine origin . They had been so successful that the moral authority of the Emperor had been undermined in the minds of many of his subjects . Serious divisions existed from this battle over the Investiture Controversy , which fractured large portions of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany and Italy . Davis argues these rifts were so deep and lasting that neither Germany nor Italy were able to form a cohesive nation state until the 19th century . A similar situation arose from the French revolution , which caused fractures in France that still exist . The effect of Henry 's excommunication , and his subsequent refusal to repent left a turbulence in central Europe that lasted throughout the Middle Ages . It may have been emblematic of certain German attitudes toward religion in general , and the perceived relevance of the German Emperor in the universal scheme of things .
Surrender of Japan
The Japanese cabinet considered the Allied response , and Suzuki argued that they must reject it and insist on an explicit guarantee for the imperial system . Anami returned to his position that there be no occupation of Japan . Afterward , Tōgō told Suzuki that there was no hope of getting better terms , and Kido conveyed the Emperor 's will that Japan surrender . In a meeting with the Emperor , Yonai spoke of his concerns about growing civil unrest :
Surrender of Japan
Although Suzuki might indeed have seen peace as a distant goal , he had no design to achieve it within any immediate time span or on terms acceptable to the Allies . His own comments at the conference of senior statesmen gave no hint that he favored any early cessation of the war ... Suzuki 's selections for the most critical cabinet posts were , with one exception , not advocates of peace either .
History of the Knights Templar
At dawn on Friday , October 13 , 1307 , scores of French Templars were simultaneously arrested by agents of King Philip , later to be tortured in locations such as the tower at Chinon , into admitting heresy and other sacrilegious offenses in the Order . Then they were put to death . There were five initial charges lodged against the Templars . The first was the renouncement and spitting on the cross during initiation into the Order . The second was the stripping of the man to be initiated and the thrice kissing of that man by the preceptor on the navel , posteriors and the mouth . The third was telling the neophyte ( novice ) that unnatural lust was lawful and indulged in commonly . The fourth was that the cord worn by the neophyte day and night was consecrated by wrapping it around an idol in the form of a human head with a great beard , and that this idol was adored in all chapters . The fifth was that the priests of the order did not consecrate the host in celebrating Mass . On August 12 , 1308 , the charges would be increased and would become more outrageous , one specifically stated that the Templars worshipped idols , specifically made of a cat and a head , the latter having three faces . The lists of articles 86 to 127 ( 3 ) would add many other charges . The majority of these charges were identical to the charges that had been earlier issued against the inconvenient Pope Boniface VIII : accusations of denying Christ , spitting and urinating on the cross , and devil worship . Of the 138 Templars ( many of them old men ) questioned in Paris over the next few years , 105 of them `` confessed '' to denying Christ during the secret Templar initiations. 103 confessed to an `` obscene kiss '' being part of the ceremonies , and 123 said they spat on the cross . Throughout the trial there was never any physical evidence of wrongdoing , and no independent witnesses ; the only `` proof '' was obtained through confessions induced by torture . The Templars reached out to the Pope for assistance , and Pope Clement did write letters to King Philip questioning the arrests , but took no further action .
False Claims Act
In the massive military spending leading up to and during World War II , the US Attorney General relied on criminal provisions of the law to deal with fraud , rather than using the FCA . As a result , attorneys would wait for the Department of Justice to file criminal cases and then immediately file civil suits under the FCA , a practice decried as `` parasitic '' at the time . Congress moved to abolish the FCA but at the last minute decided instead to reduce the relator 's share of the recovered proceeds .
Maryland Toleration Act
The law was used in at least one attempt to prosecute a non-Christian . In 1658 a Jew named Jacob Lumbrozo was accused of blasphemy after saying that Jesus was not the son of God and that the miracles described in the New Testament were conjuring tricks . Lumbrozo did not deny having said such things , but argued that he had only been responding to questions asked of him . He was held for trial but the case was later dismissed , and he was given full citizenship as a condition of the restoration of Calvert 's rule following the English Civil War .
Australia Day
On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships , which came to be known as the First Fleet , was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland . Under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip , the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales , which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 . The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America . The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788 , but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable .
Borneo
In May 1945 , officials in Tokyo suggested that whether northern Borneo should be included in the proposed new country of Indonesia should be separately determined based on the desires of its indigenous people and following the disposition of Malaya . Sukarno and Mohammad Yamin meanwhile continuously advocated for a Greater Indonesian republic . As the President of the new republic , perceiving the British trying to maintain their presence in northern Borneo and Malay Peninsula , he decided to launch a military infiltration later known as the confrontation between 1962 until 1969 . In 1961 , Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman of the independent Federation of Malaya desired to unite Malaya , the British colonies of Sarawak , North Borneo , Singapore and the Protectorate of Brunei under the proposed Federation of Malaysia . The idea was heavily opposed by the governments in both Indonesia and the Philippines as well from Communist sympathisers and nationalist in Borneo . As a response to the growing opposition , the British deployed their armed forces to guard their colonies against Indonesian and communist revolts , which was also participated by Australia and New Zealand . Queen
Emperor of Japan
Traditionally , the Japanese considered it disrespectful to call any person by his given name , and more so for a person of noble rank . This convention is only slightly relaxed in the modern age and it is still inadvisable among friends to use the given name , use of the family name being the common form of address . In the case of the imperial family , it is considered extremely inappropriate to use the given name . Since Emperor Meiji , it has been customary to have one era per Emperor and to rename each Emperor after his death using the name of the era over which he presided . Before Emperor Meiji , the names of the eras were changed more frequently , and the posthumous names of the Emperors were chosen differently . Play
History of Australia (1788–1850)
It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system , and the fact of the British losing the United States of America from the American Revolution ; however , it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone . Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years , the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony . Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm .
Corazon Aquino
In 2000 , Aquino joined the mounting calls for Estrada to resign from office , amid strong allegations of bribery charges and gambling kickbacks and a series of corruption scandals , which eventually led to his unsuccessful impeachment in December of that year . In her Preface to Frank - Jürgen Richter and Pamela Mar 's book Asia 's New Crisis , she decries that the unique Asian way of doing business has given rise to much crony capitalism and opacity in Asia , including the Philippines . In January 2001 , during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 which ousted Estrada , Aquino enthusiastically supported the ascendancy of another woman , then Vice-President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo , to power .
Anthony Eden
On the outbreak of war ( 3 September 1939 ) Eden , unlike most Territorials , did not mobilise for active service . Instead , he returned to Chamberlain 's government as Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , but was not in the War Cabinet . As a result , he was not a candidate for the Premiership when Chamberlain resigned in May 1940 after the Narvik Debate and Churchill became Prime Minister . Churchill appointed Eden Secretary of State for War .
Korean War
From June through October , official U.S. policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers ( railroad stations , marshaling yards , main yards , and railways ) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war making capacity . The policy was the result of debates after World War II , in which U.S. policy rejected the mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral . In early July , General Emmett `` Rosie '' O'Donnell requested permission to burn five North Korean cities . He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the firebombing methods that `` brought Japan to its knees . '' The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea `` to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out . ''
Habeas corpus
In 1971 , after the Plaza Miranda bombing , the Marcos administration , under Ferdinand Marcos , suspended habeas corpus in an effort to stifle the oncoming insurgency , having blamed the Filipino Communist Party for the events of August 21 . Many considered this to be a prelude to martial law . After widespread protests , however , the Arroyo administration decided to reintroduce the writ . In December 2009 , habeas corpus was suspended in Maguindanao as the province was placed under martial law . This occurred in response to the Maguindanao massacre .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Vojislav Tankosić died in battle in late 1915 and so was not put on trial .