vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Color motion picture film
In the field of motion pictures , the many - layered type of color film normally called an integral tripack in broader contexts has long been known by the less tongue - twisting term monopack . For many years , Monopack ( capitalized ) was a proprietary product of Technicolor Corp , whereas monopack ( not capitalized ) generically referred to any of several single - strip color film products , certainly including various Eastman Kodak products . It appears that Technicolor made no attempt to register Monopack as a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office , although it certainly asserted that term as if it were a registered trademark , and it had the force of a legal agreement between it and Eastman Kodak to back up that assertion . It was a solely - sourced product , too , as Eastman Kodak was legally prevented from marketing any color motion picture film products wider than 16mm , 35mm specifically , until the expiration of the so - called `` Monopack Agreement '' in 1950 . This , notwithstanding the facts that Technicolor never had the capability to manufacture sensitized motion picture films of any kind , nor single - strip color films based upon its so - called `` Troland Patent '' ( which patent Technicolor maintained covered all monopack - type films in general , but monopack - type motion picture films in particular , and which Eastman Kodak elected not to contest as Technicolor was then one of its largest customers , if not its largest customer ) . After 1950 , Eastman Kodak was free to make and market color films of any kind , particularly including monopack color motion picture films in 65 / 70mm , 35mm , 16mm and 8mm . The `` Monopack Agreement '' had no effect on color still films .
Event horizon
More specific types of horizon include the related but distinct absolute and apparent horizons found around a black hole . Still other distinct notions include the Cauchy and Killing horizon ; the photon spheres and ergospheres of the Kerr solution ; particle and cosmological horizons relevant to cosmology ; and isolated and dynamical horizons important in current black hole research .
Note-taking
There are many types of non-linear note - taking techniques , including : Clustering , Concept mapping , Cornell system , Idea mapping , Instant replays , Ishikawa diagrams , Knowledge maps , Learning maps , Mind mapping , Model maps , Pyramid principle , Semantic networks , and SmartWisdom .
Red light camera
Initially , all red light camera systems used film , which was delivered to local law enforcement departments for review and approval . The first digital camera system was introduced in Canberra in December 2000 , and digital cameras have increasingly replaced the older film cameras in other locations since then .
Eyepiece
These eyepieces work well with the very long focal length telescopes ( in Huygens day they were used with single element long focal length non-achromatic refracting telescopes , including very long focal length aerial telescopes ) . This optical design is now considered obsolete since with today 's shorter focal length telescopes the eyepiece suffers from short eye relief , high image distortion , chromatic aberration , and a very narrow apparent field of view . Since these eyepieces are cheap to make they can often be found on inexpensive telescopes and microscopes .
World War II
Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship .
Photo booth
Apart from traditional photo printing , modern photo booths may also include the following new functions :
Color motion picture film
By their nature , these additive systems were very wasteful of light . Absorption by the color filters involved meant that only a minor fraction of the projection light actually reached the screen , resulting in an image that was dimmer than a typical black - and - white image . The larger the screen , the dimmer the picture . For this and other case - by - case reasons , the use of additive processes for theatrical motion pictures had been almost completely abandoned by the early 1940s , though additive color methods are employed by all the color video and computer display systems in common use today .
Cinema of the Philippines
This era is characterized by rampant commercialism with James Bond and Western knock offs , and in the latter 60 's , the so - called bomba ( soft porn ) pictures . It was also the era of musical films produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures and their discovered talents .
Anti-lock braking system
By the early 1950s , the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK , with aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor , Vickers Viscount , Vickers Valiant , English Electric Lightning , de Havilland Comet 2c , de Havilland Sea Vixen , and later aircraft , such as the Vickers VC10 , Hawker Siddeley Trident , Hawker Siddeley 125 , Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and derived British Aerospace ATP , and BAC One - Eleven being fitted with Maxaret as standard . Maxaret , while reducing braking distances by up to 30 % in icy or wet conditions , also increased tire life , and had the additional advantage of allowing take - offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft .
Color motion picture film
Kodachrome was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film , introduced in 1935 . For professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 35mm BH - perforated base , was available exclusively from Technicolor , as its so - called `` Technicolor Monopack '' product . Similarly , for sub-professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 16mm base , was available exclusively from Eastman Kodak . In both cases , Eastman Kodak was the sole manufacturer and the sole processor . In the 35mm case , Technicolor dye - transfer printing was a `` tie - in '' product . In the 16mm case , there were Eastman Kodak duplicating and printing stocks and associated chemistry , not the same as a `` tie - in '' product . In exceptional cases , Technicolor offered 16mm dye - transfer printing , but this necessitated the exceptionally wasteful process of printing on a 35mm base , only thereafter to be re-perforated and re-slit to 16mm , thereby discarding slightly more than one - half of the end product .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
A transport developed from the B - 29 was the Boeing C - 97 Stratofreighter , first flown in 1944 , followed by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser in 1947 . This bomber - to - airliner derivation was similar to the B - 17 / Model 307 evolution . In 1948 Boeing introduced a tanker variant of the B - 29 as the KB - 29 , followed by the Model 377 - derivative KC - 97 introduced in 1950 . A heavily modified line of outsized - cargo variants of the Stratocruiser is the Guppy / Mini Guppy / Super Guppy , which remain in service today with operators including NASA .
Model (person)
Art models pose for any visual artist as part of the creative process . Art models are often paid professionals who provide a reference or inspiration for a work of art that includes the human figure . The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing , figure painting , sculpture and photography , but almost any medium may be used . Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in illustration , its artwork commonly employs models . Models are most frequently employed for art classes or by informal groups of experienced artists that gather to share the expense of a model .
Ultraviolet
Photography by reflected ultraviolet radiation is useful for medical , scientific , and forensic investigations , in applications as widespread as detecting bruising of skin , alterations of documents , or restoration work on paintings . Photography of the fluorescence produced by ultraviolet illumination uses visible wavelengths of light . Aurora
Transport in London
RAF Northolt in west London is used by private jets , and London Heliport in Battersea is used by private helicopters . There are also Biggin Hill and Farnborough Airfield . Croydon Airport was originally London 's main airport , but was replaced by Heathrow , and closed in 1959 .
History of photography
Niépce died suddenly in 1833 , leaving his notes to Daguerre . More interested in silver - based processes than Niépce had been , Daguerre experimented with photographing camera images directly onto a mirror - like silver - surfaced plate that had been fumed with iodine vapor , which reacted with the silver to form a coating of silver iodide . As with the bitumen process , the result appeared as a positive when it was suitably lit and viewed . Exposure times were still impractically long until Daguerre made the pivotal discovery that an invisibly slight or `` latent '' image produced on such a plate by a much shorter exposure could be `` developed '' to full visibility by mercury fumes . This brought the required exposure time down to a few minutes under optimum conditions . A strong hot solution of common salt served to stabilize or fix the image by removing the remaining silver iodide . On 7 January 1839 , this first complete practical photographic process was announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences , and the news quickly spread . At first , all details of the process were withheld and specimens were shown only at Daguerre 's studio , under his close supervision , to Academy members and other distinguished guests . Arrangements were made for the French government to buy the rights in exchange for pensions for Niépce 's son and Daguerre and present the invention to the world ( with the exception of Great Britain , where an agent for Daguerre patented it ) as a free gift . Complete instructions were made public on 19 August 1839 . Known as the Daguerreotype process , it was the most common commercial process until the late 1850s . It was superseded by the collodion process .
Norwich Airport
The airport also has the City of Norwich Aviation Museum to the north of the site , commemorating the airfield 's history as a military airfield and development as a civil airport through the years , with many civil and military aircraft on display - many of which served from the aerodrome at some point in their lifetime .
Norwich Airport
Most of the World War II buildings used by the USAAF remain , although converted for a variety of purposes . Two of the five large pre-war hangars are still being used for aircraft maintenance . One of the other three has been converted into an aviation academy , the remaining two have been converted for commercial use by Air Livery and KLM UK Engineering . The original control tower still exists although the top has been restored and a new tower has been built adjacent to the present main runway . Other wartime buildings now form part of the airport industrial estate ( owned by the county and city councils ) and are intermingled with many newer structures . Adjacent to the airport terminal building opened by the Queen Mother , there is a memorial display relating to the USAAF , consisting of photographs , paintings , and a plaque commemorating the American use of the airfield . Firside Junior School 's Year 6 class refurbished the memorial in July 2014 , in partnership with the Eighth in the East group .
Dada
The Dadaists -- the `` monteurs '' ( mechanics ) -- used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media . A variation on the collage technique , photomontage utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press . In Cologne , Max Ernst used images from the First World War to illustrate messages of the destruction of war . Raoul
Cinema of the Philippines
In its early beginnings , alternative cinemas were documentaries about the Philippines . Jose Nepomuceno was first commissioned to make documentaries about the richest industries in the Philippines , and his most famous one was about the hemp industry . Other alternative films made during 1920 - 1955 include Old Manila , Tres Sangganos , Intramuros , Jose Rizal , March of the Time Series : The Philippines , and Woodcarving in the Philippines .
Foreign policy of the United States
In the United States , there are three types of treaty - related law :
Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop document Filename extension . psd Internet media type image / vnd. adobe. photoshop Type code 8BPS Open format ? no Website www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/
Operation Safed Sagar
Indian Air Force Nabha Sparsham Deeptam `` Touch the Sky with Glory '' Headquarters New Delhi History and traditions History of the Indian Air Force Future of the Indian Air Force Aircraft Active Indian Air Force aircraft History of Indian Air Force aircraft Installations Bases Exercises List of exercises of the Indian Air Force Personnel Chief of Air Staff Ranks and insignia Garud Commandos Main
Color motion picture film
William Friese - Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour , which was developed by his son Claude Friese - Greene after William 's death in 1921 . William sued George Albert Smith , alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes , Ltd. ; as a result , Smith 's patent was revoked in 1914 . Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with `` fringing '' or `` haloing '' of the image , due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up .
History of photography
In 1839 , John Herschel made the first glass negative , but his process was difficult to reproduce . Slovene Janez Puhar invented a process for making photographs on glass in 1841 ; it was recognized on June 17 , 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole , Manufacturière et Commerciale . In 1847 , Nicephore Niépce 's cousin , the chemist Niépce St. Victor , published his invention of a process for making glass plates with an albumen emulsion ; the Langenheim brothers of Philadelphia and John Whipple and William Breed Jones of Boston also invented workable negative - on - glass processes in the mid-1840s .
Color motion picture film
The principles on which color photography is based were first proposed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and presented at the Royal Society in London in 1861 . By that time , it was known that light comprises a spectrum of different wavelengths that are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects . Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum as perceived by the human eye may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors -- red , green , and blue -- which , when mixed equally , produce white light .
Adobe Photoshop
Color correction plugins ( Alien Skin Software , Nik Software , OnOne Software , Topaz Labs Software , The Plugin Site , etc . ) Special effects plugins ( Alien Skin Software , Auto FX Software , AV Bros. , Flaming Pear Software , etc . ) 3D effects plugins ( Andromeda Software , Strata , etc . )
Albatross (metaphor)
This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( February 2017 )
Satellite
Satellites are used for many purposes . Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites , communications satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and space telescopes . Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites . Satellite orbits vary greatly , depending on the purpose of the satellite , and are classified in a number of ways . Well - known ( overlapping ) classes include low Earth orbit , polar orbit , and geostationary orbit .
Korean War
The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets .
Absolute configuration
Alternative techniques are optical rotatory dispersion , vibrational circular dichroism , use of chiral shift reagents in proton NMR and Coulomb explosion imaging .
Private (rank)
In the Finnish Air Force , the basic rank is lentosotamies ( `` flight war man '' ) . In the Finnish Navy , the basic rank is matruusi ( `` seaman '' ) .
Helsinki
Helsinki hosts many film festivals . Most of them are small venues , while some have generated interest internationally . The most prolific of these is the Love & Anarchy film festival , also known as Helsinki International Film Festival , which features films on a wide spectrum . Night Visions , on the other hand , focuses on genre cinema , screening horror , fantasy , and science fiction films in very popular movie marathons that last the entire night . Another popular film festival is DocPoint , a festival that focuses solely on documentary cinema .
Air New Zealand
In the effort to develop an aviation biofuel , Air New Zealand and Boeing researched the jatropha plant to see if it was a viable green alternative to conventional fuel . A two - hour test flight , using a 50 - 50 mixture of the new biofuel with Jet A-1 feeding a Rolls Royce RB - 211 engine of one of the airline 's 747 - 400s , was completed on 30 December 2008 . The engine was then removed to be scrutinised and studied to identify any differences between the jatropha blend and regular Jet A1 . No effects to performances were found . The use of jatropha has been identified as a possible future fuel but large tracts of low quality land needed to grow the plant would have to be found without impeding other agricultural uses .
Red-eye effect
The red - eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of the eyes of humans and several other animals . It occurs when using a photographic flash very close to the camera lens ( as with most compact cameras ) in ambient low light .
History of photography
Two French inventors , Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros , working unknown to each other during the 1860s , famously unveiled their nearly identical ideas on the same day in 1869 . Included were methods for viewing a set of three color - filtered black - and - white photographs in color without having to project them , and for using them to make full - color prints on paper .
Grip (job)
Grips also satisfy rigging needs on set . Examples of simple rigs include the menace arm , which allows a light to be boomed over set using one stand , or goalposts that span over top of set using two stands . More advanced rigs can include working with pulleys , steel cable or trusses . Grips also rig picture cars on process trailers , placing camera and lights around the vehicle for driving shots . This often includes the use of hood mounts , side mounts , suction cup mounts and proprietary clamps to attach film equipment to vehicles without causing damage .
Adobe Photoshop
Camera Raw version 3.0 was a new addition in CS2 , and it allowed settings for multiple raw files to be modified simultaneously . In addition , processing multiple raw files to other formats including JPEG , TIFF , DNG or PSD , could be done in the background without executing Photoshop itself .
Military history of Italy during World War II
The Italian Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) was comparatively depleted and weak at the commencement of the war . Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number . The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I . The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) was the Fiat CR. 42 , which , though an advanced biplane , with excellent performance , was obsolete against monoplane fighters of other nations . Of the Regia Aeronautica 's approximately 1,760 aircraft , only 900 could be considered in any way combat - worthy . The Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers .
Adobe Photoshop
CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing . A new materials library was added , providing more options such as Chrome , Glass , and Cork . The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects . For motion graphics , the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence .
Air New Zealand
In 2008 , one of the airline 's Boeing 737 - 300s was painted into a lime green Air New Zealand ' Holidays ' livery . During 2011 and 2012 , two aircraft -- an Airbus A320 and a Boeing 777 - 300ER -- were painted in an All Blacks - inspired livery . The aircraft were completely black , with a silver fern motif covering the aft section of the fuselage . Some Air New Zealand Link aircraft were also decorated in the scheme : an ATR 72 - 600 operated by Mount Cook Airline ; and two Beechcraft 1900Ds operated by now - defunct subsidiary Eagle Airways . In November 2012 , Boeing 777 - 300ER ZK - OKP was repainted in the new `` black - tail '' livery and fitted with a 830 m ( 8,900 sq ft ) decal promoting the premiere and release of the first film in The Hobbit trilogy . The decal took six days and 400 man - hours to install . In December 2013 , ahead of the premiere of the second part of the Hobbit trilogy , The Desolation of Smaug , Air New Zealand applied two 54 - metre long images of the dragon Smaug on the sides of a Boeing 777 - 300ER .
French Revolution
Well after the revolution , by 1912 the French Third Republic had authorised the form of the tricolore cockade for use on its military aircraft by the Aeronautique Militaire as a national insignia , the first - ever in use worldwide -- it is still in use by the current Armee de l'Air of France , and directly inspired the use of similar roundel insignia by the United Kingdom and many other nations worldwide .
PGA European Tour
BMW PGA Championship Open de France Irish Open Scottish Open Italian Open The three events of the Final Series ( see below ) : Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai
Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)
Director of photography John Kenway used Super 16mm film , which has a slightly smaller widescreen aspect ratio than 16 : 9 , but the series was originally broadcast 4 : 3 pan and scan .
Gun laws in Wisconsin
Firearms are prohibited on commercial aircraft except in checked baggage . A discussion of federal laws is in this blog post , with links to and quotes from the statutes .
Pulitzer Prize
Awards are made in categories relating to journalism , arts , letters and fiction . Reports and photographs by United States - based newspapers , magazines and news organizations ( including news websites ) that `` ( publish ) regularly '' are eligible for the journalism prize . Beginning in 2007 , `` an assortment of online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition 's two photography categories , which will continue to restrict entries to still images . '' In December 2008 it was announced that for the first time content published in online - only news sources would be considered .