vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Huntington's disease
People with Huntington 's disease may see a physical therapist for non-invasive and non-medication - based ways of managing the physical symptoms . Physical therapists may implement fall risk assessment and prevention , as well as strengthening , stretching , and cardiovascular exercises . Walking aids may be prescribed as appropriate . Physical therapists also prescribe breathing exercises and airway clearance techniques with the development of respiratory problems . Consensus guidelines on physiotherapy in Huntington 's disease have been produced by the European HD Network . Goals of early rehabilitation interventions are prevention of loss of function . Participation in rehabilitation programs during early to middle stage of the disease may be beneficial as it translates into long term maintenance of motor and functional performance . Rehabilitation during the late stage aims to compensate for motor and functional losses . For long - term independent management , the therapist may develop home exercise programs for appropriate people .
Bubonic plague
People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death . Other treatments include oxygen , intravenous fluids , and respiratory support . People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics . Using the broad - based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection .
Toxic shock syndrome
Antibiotic treatment should cover both S. pyogenes and S. aureus . This may include a combination of cephalosporins , penicillins or vancomycin . The addition of clindamycin or gentamicin reduces toxin production and mortality .
Diphtheria
Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of diphtheria is high .
Medicare (United States)
Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis .
Virus
Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus . In 80 % of people infected , the disease is chronic , and without treatment , they are infected for the remainder of their lives . There is now an effective treatment that uses the nucleoside analogue drug ribavirin combined with interferon . The treatment of chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus by using a similar strategy using lamivudine has been developed .
Respiratory system
Disorders of the respiratory system are usually treated by a pulmonologist and respiratory therapist .
Huntington's disease
Psychiatric symptoms can be treated with medications similar to those used in the general population . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and mirtazapine have been recommended for depression , while atypical antipsychotic drugs are recommended for psychosis and behavioral problems . Specialist neuropsychiatric input is recommended as people may require long - term treatment with multiple medications in combination .
Islamic Golden Age
Avicenna made rules for testing the effectiveness of drugs , including that the effect produced by the experimental drug should be seen constantly or after many repetitions , to be counted . The physician Rhazes was an early proponent of experimental medicine and recommended using control for clinical research . He said : `` If you want to study the effect of bloodletting on a condition , divide the patients into two groups , perform bloodletting only on one group , watch both , and compare the results . ''
Huntington's disease
The first likely description of the disease was in 1841 by Charles Oscar Waters . The condition was described in further detail in 1872 by the physician George Huntington , after whom it is named . The genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the Hereditary Disease Foundation . Research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960s to increase public awareness , to provide support for individuals and their families , and to promote research . Current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease , improving animal models to aid with research , testing of medications to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease , and studying procedures such as stem cell therapy with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease .
Mark and recapture
Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology , where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers . Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services ( i.e. services for children with learning disabilities , services for medically frail elderly living in the community ) , or with particular conditions ( i.e. illegal drug addicts , people infected with HIV , etc . ) .
Non-communicable disease
A change in chromosome numbers , such as Down syndrome . A defect in a gene caused by mutation , such as Cystic fibrosis . An increase in the amount of genetic information , such as Chimerism or Heterochromia .
Subhas Chandra Bose
A disinfectant , Rivamol , was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body . Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of Vita Camphor and two of Digitamine for his weakened heart . These were given about every 30 minutes . Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt , he was also given Ringer solution intravenously . A third doctor , Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion . An orderly , Kazuo Mitsui , an army private , was in the room and several nurses were also assisting . Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
In the Catholic Code of Canon Law , Canon 1004 states who may receive the sacrament : `` The anointing of the sick can be administered to a member of the faithful who , having reached the use of reason , begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age . '' When new illness develops or first illness relapses or worsens , the patient may receive the sacrament a further time . Anointing of the Sick may also be given numerous times in the case of old age or chronic illness based on the pastoral judgment of the priest . The sacrament , as any sacrament , can only be given to someone who is alive ; however , as the moment when the soul is entirely separated from the body ( the traditional definition of death ) is not known with precision , people can also be anointed conditionally ( the sacramental formula preceded by `` if thou art alive '' ) during a brief time after already considered dead in the medicinal sense .
Heart
If medications fail to control an arrhythmia , another treatment option may be catheter ablation . In these procedures , wires are passed from a vein or artery in the leg to the heart to find the abnormal area of tissue that is causing the arrhythmia . The abnormal tissue can be intentionally damaged , or ablated , by heating or freezing to prevent further heart rhythm disturbances . Whilst the majority of arrhythmias can be treated using minimally invasive catheter techniques , some arrhythmias ( particularly atrial fibrillation ) can also be treated using open or thoracoscopic surgery , either at the time of other cardiac surgery or as a standalone procedure . A cardioversion , whereby an electric shock is used to stun the heart out of an abnormal rhythm , may also be used .
Euthanasia
The concept of euthanasia in the sense of alleviating the process of death goes back to the medical historian , Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx , who drew on Bacon 's philosophical ideas . According to Marx , a doctor had a moral duty to ease the suffering of death through encouragement , support and mitigation using medication . Such an `` alleviation of death '' reflected the contemporary zeitgeist , but was brought into the medical canon of responsibility for the first time by Marx . Marx also stressed the distinction between the theological care of the soul of sick people from the physical care and medical treatment by doctors .
Western blot normalization
Ponceau S is a negatively charged reversible dye that stains proteins a reddish pink color and is removed easily by washing in water . The intensity of Ponceau S staining decreases quickly over time , so documentation should be conducted rapidly . A linear range of up to 140 μg is reported for Ponceau S with poor reproducibility due to its highly time - dependent staining intensity and low signal - to - noise ratio .
BRCA1
Non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide . At diagnosis , almost 70 % of persons with NSCLC have locally advanced or metastatic disease . Persons with NSCLC are often treated with therapeutic platinum compounds ( e.g. cisplatin , carboplatin or oxaliplatin ) that cause inter-strand cross-links in DNA . Among individuals with NSCLC , low expression of BRCA1 in the primary tumor correlated with improved survival after platinum - containing chemotherapy . This correlation implies that low BRCA1 in the cancer , and the consequent low level of DNA repair , causes vulnerability of the cancer to treatment by the DNA cross-linking agents . High BRCA1 may protect cancer cells by acting in a pathway that removes the damages in DNA introduced by the platinum drugs . Thus the level of BRCA1 expression is a potentially important tool for tailoring chemotherapy in lung cancer management .
Water fluoridation
The goal of water fluoridation is to prevent tooth decay by adjusting the concentration of fluoride in public water supplies . Tooth decay ( dental caries ) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide . Although it is rarely life - threatening , tooth decay can cause pain and impair eating , speaking , facial appearance , and acceptance into society , and it greatly affects the quality of life of children , particularly those of low socioeconomic status . In most industrialized countries , tooth decay affects 60 -- 90 % of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults ; although the problem appears to be less in Africa 's developing countries , it is expected to increase in several countries there because of changing diet and inadequate fluoride exposure . In the U.S. , minorities and the poor both have higher rates of decayed and missing teeth , and their children have less dental care . Once a cavity occurs , the tooth 's fate is that of repeated restorations , with estimates for the median life of an amalgam tooth filling ranging from 9 to 14 years . Oral disease is the fourth most expensive disease to treat . The motivation for fluoridation of salt or water is similar to that of iodized salt for the prevention of intellectual disabilitiy and goiter .
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis ( abbreviated Dx or D ) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person 's symptoms and signs . It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit . The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care . Often , one or more diagnostic procedures , such as diagnostic tests , are also done during the process . Sometimes posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis .
Health care in the United States
In a sample of 13 developed countries the US was third in its population weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in both 2009 and 2013 . The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had high incidence , prevalence and / or mortality , caused significant long - term morbidity and incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years . The study noted considerable difficulties in cross border comparison of medication use .
Retina
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic diseases that affect the retina and cause the loss of night vision and peripheral vision . Macular degeneration describes a group of diseases characterized by loss of central vision because of death or impairment of the cells in the macula . Cone - rod dystrophy ( CORD ) describes a number of diseases where vision loss is caused by deterioration of the cones and / or rods in the retina . In retinal separation , the retina detaches from the back of the eyeball . Ignipuncture is an outdated treatment method . The term retinal detachment is used to describe a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium . There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment : pneumatic retinopexy , scleral buckle , cryotherapy , laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy . Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina , leading to hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy . Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina . Retinal diseases in dogs include retinal dysplasia , progressive retinal atrophy , and sudden acquired retinal degeneration . Lipemia retinalis is a white appearance of the retina , and can occur by lipid deposition in lipoprotein lipase deficiency .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
The 21st century has seen dramatic shifts in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to lung carcinomas , beginning with the discovery of EGFR mutations and their role in directing management with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors . Since 2003 this has reshaped the approach at the molecular diagnostic testing center at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital / Dana - Farber Cancer Institute .
Ultraviolet
UVB phototherapy does not require additional medications or topical preparations for the therapeutic benefit ; only the exposure is needed . However , phototherapy can be effective when used in conjunction with certain topical treatments such as anthralin , coal tar , and vitamin A and D derivatives , or systemic treatments such as methotrexate and Soriatane . Herpetology
Non-communicable disease
During the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2010 , a resolution was passed to call for a high - level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and treatment NCDs with the participation of heads of state and government . The resolution also encouraged UN Member States to address the issue of non-communicable diseases at the 2010 Review Summit for the Millennium Development Goals .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
BRI has worked on regenerative medicine , designing nanoparticles to attack different types of cancer , and starting a clinical trial for a type of Alzheimer 's disease vaccine . BWH research also includes population studies including the Nurses ' Health Study and Physicians ' Health Study .
Medical diagnosis
Once a diagnostic opinion has been reached , the provider is able to propose a management plan , which will include treatment as well as plans for follow - up . From this point on , in addition to treating the patient 's condition , the provider can educate the patient about the etiology , progression , prognosis , other outcomes , and possible treatments of her or his ailments , as well as providing advice for maintaining health .
CCR5
Enrollment of HIV - positive patients in a clinical trial was started in 2009 in which the patients ' cells were genetically modified with a zinc finger nuclease to carry the CCR5 - Δ32 trait and then reintroduced into the body as a potential HIV treatment . Results reported in 2014 were promising .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
For women with PID of mild to moderate severity , parenteral and oral therapies appear to be effective . It does not matter to their short - or long - term outcome whether antibiotics are administered to them as inpatients or outpatients . Typical regimens include cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline , and clindamycin plus gentamicin . An alternative parenteral regimen is ampicillin / sulbactam plus doxycycline . Erythromycin - based medications can also be used . Another alternative is to use a parenteral regimen with ceftriaxone or cefoxitin plus doxycycline . Clinical experience guides decisions regarding transition from parenteral to oral therapy , which usually can be initiated within 24 -- 48 hours of clinical improvement .
Huntington's disease
There is no cure for HD , but there are treatments available to reduce the severity of some of its symptoms . For many of these treatments , evidence to confirm their effectiveness in treating symptoms of HD specifically are incomplete . As the disease progresses the ability to care for oneself declines , and carefully managed multidisciplinary caregiving becomes increasingly necessary . Although there have been relatively few studies of exercises and therapies that help rehabilitate cognitive symptoms of HD , there is some evidence for the usefulness of physical therapy , occupational therapy , and speech therapy . An association between caffeine intake and earlier age of onset in Huntington 's disease has been found but , since this finding was based on retrospective questionnaire data rather than a blinded , randomized trial or case - control study , this work is a poor basis for guiding lifestyle decisions .
Cell cycle
The cells which are actively undergoing cell cycle are targeted in cancer therapy as the DNA is relatively exposed during cell division and hence susceptible to damage by drugs or radiation . This fact is made use of in cancer treatment ; by a process known as debulking , a significant mass of the tumor is removed which pushes a significant number of the remaining tumor cells from G to G phase ( due to increased availability of nutrients , oxygen , growth factors etc . ) . Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking procedure kills these cells which have newly entered the cell cycle .
Non-communicable disease
Thus , should policy makers and communities mobilize `` and make prevention and targeted treatment of such diseases a priority , '' sustainable measures can be implemented to stagnate ( and eventually even reverse ) this emerging global health threat . Potential measures currently being discussed by the ( World Health Organization ) - Food and Agriculture Organization includes reducing the levels of salt in foods , limiting inappropriate marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children , imposing controls on harmful alcohol use , raising taxes on tobacco , and curbing legislation to curb smoking in public places .
Lyme disease
Antibiotics are the primary treatment . The specific approach to their use is dependent on the individual affected and the stage of the disease . For most people with early localized infection , oral administration of doxycycline is widely recommended as the first choice , as it is effective against not only Borrelia bacteria but also a variety of other illnesses carried by ticks . Doxycycline is contraindicated in children younger than eight years of age and women who are pregnant or breastfeeding ; alternatives to doxycycline are amoxicillin , cefuroxime axetil , and azithromycin . Individuals with early disseminated or late infection may have symptomatic cardiac disease , refractory Lyme arthritis , or neurologic symptoms like meningitis or encephalitis . Intravenous administration of ceftriaxone is recommended as the first choice in these cases ; cefotaxime and doxycycline are available as alternatives .
CCR5
A genetic approach involving intrabodies that block CCR5 expression has been proposed as a treatment for HIV - 1 infected individuals . When T - cells modified so they no longer express CCR5 were mixed with unmodified T - cells expressing CCR5 and then challenged by infection with HIV - 1 , the modified T - cells that do not express CCR5 eventually take over the culture , as HIV - 1 kills the non-modified T - cells . This same method might be used in vivo to establish a virus - resistant cell pool in infected individuals .
Polycythemia
Primary familial polycythemia , also known as primary familial and congenital polycythemia ( PFCP ) , exists as a benign hereditary condition , in contrast with the myeloproliferative changes associated with acquired PCV . In many families , PFCP is due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the EPOR erythropoietin receptor gene . PFCP can cause an increase of up to 50 % in the oxygen - carrying capacity of the blood ; skier Eero Mäntyranta had PFCP , which is considered to have given him a large advantage in endurance events .
Winter Olympic Games
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping .
Thalidomide
For correctly denying the application despite the pressure from Richardson - Merrell , Kelsey eventually received the President 's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service at a 1962 ceremony with President John F. Kennedy . In September 2010 , the FDA honored Kelsey with the first Kelsey award . The award , given annually to an FDA staff member , came 50 years after Kelsey , then a new medical officer at the agency , first reviewed the application from the William S. Merrell Company of Cincinnati . Cardiologist Helen B. Taussig learned of the damaging effects of the drug thalidomide on newborns and in 1967 , testified before Congress on this matter after a trip to Germany where she worked with infants with phocomelia ( severe limb deformities ) . As a result of her efforts , thalidomide was banned in the United States and Europe .
Western blot normalization
Amido black is a typically used permanent post-antibody anionic stain with higher sensitivity than Ponceau S. It must be used after immunodetection . Although not as sensitive as fluorescent dyes , it does not require special equipment for visualization and thus is more economical . Amido black produces bright black bands as the name suggests .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Also in April 2017 , the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts announced that Brigham and Women 's Hospital and their non-profit hospital and physicians network , Partners HealthCare , agreed to pay a $10 million fine to resolve allegations that a stem cell research lab fraudulently obtained federal grant funding .