vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Virus
Virotherapy involves the use of genetically modified viruses to treat diseases . Viruses have been modified by scientists to reproduce in cancer cells and destroy them but not infect healthy cells . Talimogene laherparepvec ( T - VEC ) , for example , is a modified herpes simplex virus that has had a gene , which is required for viruses to replicate in healthy cells , deleted and replaced with a human gene ( GM - CSF ) that stimulates immunity . When this virus infects cancer cells , it destroys them and in doing so the presence the GM - CSF gene attracts dendritic cells from the surrounding tissues of the body . The dendritic cells process the dead cancer cells and present components of them to other cells of the immune system . Having completed successful clinical trials , this virus is expected to gain approval for the treatment of a skin cancer called melanoma in late 2015 . Viruses that have been reprogrammed to kill cancer cells are called oncolytic viruses .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Efforts to prevent poisoning include carbon monoxide detectors , proper venting of gas appliances , keeping chimneys clean , and keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair . Treatment of poisoning generally consists of giving 100 % oxygen along with supportive care . This should generally be carried out until symptoms are no longer present and the HbCO level is less than 10 % . While hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used for severe poisonings , the benefit over standard oxygen delivery is unclear . The risk of death among those affected is between 1 and 30 % .
Health care in the United States
Hospitals provide some outpatient care in their emergency rooms and specialty clinics , but primarily exist to provide inpatient care . Hospital emergency departments and urgent care centers are sources of sporadic problem - focused care . Surgicenters are examples of specialty clinics . Hospice services for the terminally ill who are expected to live six months or less are most commonly subsidized by charities and government . Prenatal , family planning , and dysplasia clinics are government - funded obstetric and gynecologic specialty clinics respectively , and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners . Services , particularly urgent - care services , may also be delivered remotely via telemedicine by providers such as Teladoc .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Initial treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning is to immediately remove the person from the exposure without endangering further people . Those who are unconscious may require CPR on site . Administering oxygen via non-rebreather mask shortens the half - life of carbon monoxide from 320 minutes , when breathing normal air , to only 80 minutes . Oxygen hastens the dissociation of carbon monoxide from carboxyhemoglobin , thus turning it back into hemoglobin . Due to the possible severe effects in the fetus , pregnant women are treated with oxygen for longer periods of time than non-pregnant people .
Salicylic acid
It has been suggested that Salicylic acid ( medical use ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 .
Lead poisoning
CDC management guidelines for children with elevated blood levels Blood lead level ( μg / dL ) Treatment 10 -- 14 Education , repeat screening 15 -- 19 Repeat screening , case management to abate sources 20 -- 44 Medical evaluation , case management 45 -- 69 Medical evaluation , chelation , case management > 69 Hospitalization , immediate chelation , case management
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo include the General Hospital of Kinshasa . DRC has the world 's second - highest rate of infant mortality ( after Chad ) . In April 2011 , through aid from Global Alliance for Vaccines , a new vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease was introduced around Kinshasa .
Thalidomide
Thalidomide has been used by Brazilian physicians as the drug of choice for the treatment of severe ENL since 1965 , and by 1996 , at least 33 cases of thalidomide embryopathy were recorded in people born in Brazil after 1965 . Since 1994 , the production , dispensing , and prescription of thalidomide have been strictly controlled , requiring women to use two forms of birth control and submit to regular pregnancy tests . Despite this , cases of thalidomide embryopathy continue , with at least 100 cases identified in Brazil between 2005 and 2010 . 5.8 million thalidomide pills were distributed throughout Brazil in this time period , largely to poor Brazilians in areas with poor access to healthcare , and these cases have occurred despite the controls .
Euthanasia
In January 1936 , King George V was given a fatal dose of morphine and cocaine to hasten his death . At the time he was suffering from cardio - respiratory failure , and the decision to end his life was made by his physician , Lord Dawson . Although this event was kept a secret for over 50 years , the death of George V coincided with proposed legislation in the House of Lords to legalise euthanasia .
Chickenpox
Sorivudine , a nucleoside analogue , has been reported to be effective in the treatment of primary varicella in healthy adults ( case reports only ) , but large - scale clinical trials are still needed to demonstrate its efficacy .
Saint John Eye Hospital Group
In 2005 , in response to the growing movement restrictions in the West Bank , SJEHG set up a hospital in Hebron . The hospital provides cataract and laser eye surgery to treat diabetic retinopathy , and serves the 640,000 people that live in and around Hebron , including the semi-nomadic Bedouins of the Negev Desert . In November 2015 SJEHG moved into a new Hebron Hospital . In 2016 the hospital treated over 13,600 patients including performing over 500 major operations .
Vitiligo
Ultraviolet light ( UVA ) treatments are normally carried out in a hospital clinic . Psoralen and ultraviolet A light ( PUVA ) treatment involves taking a drug that increases the skin 's sensitivity to ultraviolet light , then exposing the skin to high doses of UVA light . Treatment is required twice a week for 6 -- 12 months or longer . Because of the high doses of UVA and psoralen , PUVA may cause side effects such as sunburn - type reactions or skin freckling .
Thalidomide
Research efforts have been focused on determining how thalidomide causes birth defects and its other activities in the human body , efforts to develop safer analogs , and efforts to find further uses for thalidomide .
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Federal payments to disproportionate share hospitals , which are hospitals that treat large numbers of indigent patients , are reduced . The payments will subsequently be allowed rise based on the percentage of the population that is uninsured in each state .
Gynaecology
Dilation and curettage ( removal of the uterine contents for various reasons , including completing a partial miscarriage and diagnostic sampling for dysfunctional uterine bleeding refractive to medical therapy ) Hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus ) Oophorectomy ( removal of the ovaries ) Tubal ligation ( a type of permanent sterilization ) Hysteroscopy ( inspection of the uterine cavity ) Diagnostic laparoscopy -- used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain ; perhaps most famously used to provide a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis . Exploratory laparotomy -- may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or malignant disease , or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs . Various surgical treatments for urinary incontinence , including cystoscopy and sub-urethral slings . Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse , including correction of cystocele and rectocele . Appendectomy -- often performed to remove site of painful endometriosis implantation or prophylactically ( against future acute appendicitis ) at the time of hysterectomy or Caesarean section . May also be performed as part of a staging operation for ovarian cancer . Cervical Excision Procedures ( including cryosurgery ) -- removal of the surface of the cervix containing pre-cancerous cells which have been previously identified on Pap smear .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
The normal order of administration of these three sacraments to the dying is : first Reconciliation ( if the dying person is physically unable to confess , absolution is given conditionally on the existence of contrition ) , then Anointing , then Viaticum .
Infertility
In the United States some treatments for infertility , including diagnostic tests , surgery and therapy for depression , can qualify one for Family and Medical Leave Act leave . It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
The symptoms of strep throat usually improve within three to five days , irrespective of treatment . Treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of complications and transmission ; children may return to school 24 hours after antibiotics are administered . The risk of complications in adults is low . In children , acute rheumatic fever is rare in most of the developed world . It is , however , the leading cause of acquired heart disease in India , sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Australia .
Thalidomide
Interest turned to pomalidomide , a derivative of thalidomide marketed by Celgene . It is a very active anti-angiogenic agent and also acts as an immunomodulator . Pomalidomide was approved in February 2013 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) as a treatment for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma . It received a similar approval from the European Commission in August 2013 , and is expected to be marketed in Europe under the brand name Imnovid .
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet radiation is helpful in the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis and vitiligo . Exposure to UVA , while the skin is hyper - photosensitive , by taking psoralens is an effective treatment for psoriasis . Due to the potential of psoralens to cause damage to the liver , PUVA therapy may be used only a limited number of times over a patient 's lifetime .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Hyperbaric oxygen is also used in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning , as it may hasten dissociation of CO from carboxyhemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase to a greater extent than normal oxygen . Hyperbaric oxygen at three times atmospheric pressure reduces the half life of carbon monoxide to 23 ( ~ 80 / 3 minutes ) minutes , compared to 80 minutes for oxygen at regular atmospheric pressure . It may also enhance oxygen transport to the tissues by plasma , partially bypassing the normal transfer through hemoglobin . However , it is controversial whether hyperbaric oxygen actually offers any extra benefits over normal high flow oxygen , in terms of increased survival or improved long - term outcomes . There have been randomized controlled trials in which the two treatment options have been compared ; of the six performed , four found hyperbaric oxygen improved outcome and two found no benefit for hyperbaric oxygen . Some of these trials have been criticized for apparent flaws in their implementation . A review of all the literature on carbon monoxide poisoning treatment concluded that the role of hyperbaric oxygen is unclear and the available evidence neither confirms nor denies a medically meaningful benefit . The authors suggested a large , well designed , externally audited , multicentre trial to compare normal oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen .
Vitiligo
Topical preparations of immune suppressing medications including glucocorticoids ( such as 0.05 % clobetasol or 0.10 % betamethasone ) and calcineurin inhibitors ( such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus ) are considered to be first - line vitiligo treatments .
Human rights and development
The fourth MDG is to reduce child mortality . A human rights approach emphasizes the State 's obligations regarding the availability of functioning health systems and making sure that all groups can effectively access them by addressing obstacles like discrimination . The target here is the reduction of two - thirds of the mortality rate of children under five by 2015 comparable to the Right to life . Around 17,000 fewer children are dying each day , yet 6.6 million children under five died in 2012 , mostly from preventable diseases . In sub-Saharan Africa , one in ten children dies before the age five .
Thalidomide
The exploration of the antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities of thalidomide has led to the study and creation of thalidomide analogs . Celgene has sponsored numerous clinical trials with analogues to thalidomide , such as lenalidomide , that are substantially more powerful and have fewer side effects -- except for greater myelosuppression . In 2005 , Celgene received FDA approval for lenalidomide ( Revlimid ) as the first commercially useful derivative . Revlimid is available only in a restricted distribution setting to avoid its use during pregnancy . Further studies are being conducted to find safer compounds with useful qualities . Another more potent analog , pomalidomide , is now FDA approved . Additionally , apremilast was approved by the FDA in March 2014 . These thalidomide analogs can be used to treat different diseases , or used in a regimen to fight two conditions .
Medical diagnosis
A diagnostic procedure ( as well as the opinion reached thereby ) does not necessarily involve elucidation of the etiology of the diseases or conditions of interest , that is , what caused the disease or condition . Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment , further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the future .
Phosphofructokinase 1
Tarui disease is a glycogen storage disease with symptoms including muscle weakness ( myopathy ) and exercise induced cramping and spasms , myoglobinuria ( presence of myoglobin in urine , indicating muscle destruction ) and compensated hemolysis . ATP is a natural allosteric inhibitor of PFK , in order to prevent unnecessary production of ATP through glycolysis . However , a mutation in Asp ( 543 ) Ala can result in ATP having a stronger inhibitory effect ( due to increased binding to PFK 's inhibitory allosteric binding site ) .
Enzyme
Since inhibitors modulate the function of enzymes they are often used as drugs . Many such drugs are reversible competitive inhibitors that resemble the enzyme 's native substrate , similar to methotrexate above ; other well - known examples include statins used to treat high cholesterol , and protease inhibitors used to treat retroviral infections such as HIV . A common example of an irreversible inhibitor that is used as a drug is aspirin , which inhibits the COX - 1 and COX - 2 enzymes that produce the inflammation messenger prostaglandin . Other enzyme inhibitors are poisons . For example , the poison cyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor that combines with the copper and iron in the active site of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase and blocks cellular respiration .
Statin
Records exist of over 250,000 people treated from 1998 to 2001 with the statin drugs atorvastatin , cerivastatin , fluvastatin , lovastatin , pravastatin , and simvastatin . The incidence of rhabdomyolyis was 0.44 per 10,000 patients treated with statins other than cerivastatin . However , the risk was over 10-fold greater if cerivastatin was used , or if the standard statins ( atorvastatin , fluvastatin , lovastatin , pravastatin , or simvastatin ) were combined with a fibrate ( fenofibrate or gemfibrozil ) treatment . Cerivastatin was withdrawn by its manufacturer in 2001 .
Castoreum
It was still in the materia medica in the 18th century as a treatment for many ailments , including headache , fever , and hysteria . The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion . Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy . Castoreum was also used as an analgesic , anti-inflammatory , and antipyretic . Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions ( i.e. , pertaining to the womb ) , for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output . The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver 's diet , which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin .
Heart
Narrowings of the coronary arteries ( ischaemic heart disease ) are treated to relieve symptoms of chest pain caused by a partially narrowed artery ( angina pectoris ) , to minimise heart muscle damage when an artery is completely occluded ( myocardial infarction ) , or to prevent a myocardial infarction from occurring . Medications to improve angina symptoms include nitroglycerin , beta blockers , and calcium channel blockers , while preventative treatments include antiplatelets such as aspirin and statins , lifestyle measures such as stopping smoking and weight loss , and treatment of risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes .
Infertility
Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication , medical device , surgery , or a combination of the following . If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman 's reproductive structures are good ( patent fallopian tubes , no adhesions or scarring ) , a course of ovarian stimulating medication maybe used . The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap , which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix , or intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) , in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation , via a catheter . In these methods , fertilization occurs inside the body .
Thalidomide
In the U.S. , representatives from Chemie Grünenthal approached Smith , Kline & French ( SKF ) , now GlaxoSmithKline ( GSK ) with a request to market and distribute the drug in North America . A memorandum rediscovered in 2010 in the archives of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) shows that , as part of its in - licensing approach , Smith , Kline and French conducted animal tests and ran a clinical trial of the drug in the United States involving 875 people , including pregnant women , in 1956 -- 57 . In 1956 , researchers at SKF involved in clinical trials noted that even when used in very high doses , thalidomide could not induce sleep in mice . And when administered at doses 50 to 650 times larger than that claimed by Chemie Grünenthal to be `` sleep inducing '' , the researchers could still not achieve the hypnotic effect in animals that it had on humans . After completion of the trial , and based on reasons kept hidden for decades , SKF declined to commercialize the drug . Later , Chemie Grünenthal , in 1958 , reached an agreement with William S Merrell Company in Cincinnati , Ohio , ( later Richardson - Merrell , now part of Sanofi ) , to market and distribute thalidomide throughout the United States .
Nosebleed
Application of a topical antibiotic ointment to the nasal mucosa has been shown to be an effective treatment for recurrent epistaxis . One study found it as effective as nasal cautery in the prevention of recurrent epistaxis in people without active bleeding at the time of treatment -- both had a success rate of approximately 50 percent .
Medical device
Diagnosis , prevention , monitoring , treatment , or alleviation of disease Diagnosis , monitoring , treatment , alleviation of , or compensation for an injury or handicap Investigation , replacement , or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process Control of conception
Retina
Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years .
Anemia
Anemia Synonyms Anaemia Blood from a person with iron - deficiency anemia Pronunciation / əˈniːmiə / Specialty Hematology Symptoms Feeling tired , weakness , shortness of breath , feeling like passing out Causes Blood loss , decreased red blood cell production , increased red blood cell breakdown Diagnostic method Blood hemoglobin measurement Frequency 2.36 billion / 33 % ( 2015 )
Entamoeba histolytica
People without symptoms : For people without symptoms ( otherwise known as carriers , with no symptoms ) , non endemic areas should be treated by paromomycin , and other treatments include diloxanide furoate and iodoquinol . There have been problems with the use of iodoquinol and iodochlorhydroxyquin , so their use is not recommended . Diloxanide furoate can also be used by mildly symptomatic persons who are just passing cysts .
Medicare (United States)
Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments .
Medicare (United States)
Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate when given after a positive test . Testing is not needed in children under three as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare , unless a child has a sibling with the disease .
Kidney
Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine ( urinalysis ) , measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR ) using the serum creatinine ; and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy . Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat renal failure ; one ( or both sequentially ) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15 % . Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma .
Thalidomide
Thalidomide was discovered by scientists at the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grünenthal ( now Grünenthal GmbH ) around 1953 . The company had been set up as a soap maker just after WWII ended , to address the urgent market need for antibiotics . Heinrich Mueckter was appointed to head the discovery program based on his experience working with the German army 's antiviral research program . In the course of preparing reagents for the work , Mueckter 's assistant Wilhelm Kunz isolated a by - product , that was in turn recognized by pharmacologist Herbert Keller as an analog of glutethimide , a sedative , and the medicinal chemistry work turned to improving the lead compound into a suitable drug ; the result was thalidomide . The toxicity was examined in several animals , and the drug was introduced in 1956 as a sedative .