vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Social media
News media and television journalism have been a key feature in the shaping of American collective memory for much of the twentieth century . Indeed , since the United States ' colonial era , news media has influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and trauma . In many ways , mainstream journalists have maintained an authoritative voice as the storytellers of the American past . Their documentary style narratives , detailed exposes , and their positions in the present make them prime sources for public memory . Specifically , news media journalists have shaped collective memory on nearly every major national event -- from the deaths of social and political figures to the progression of political hopefuls . Journalists provide elaborate descriptions of commemorative events in U.S. history and contemporary popular cultural sensations . Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through news media , as they are presented on popular news stations . However , journalistic influence is growing less important , whereas social networking sites such as Facebook , YouTube and Twitter , provide a constant supply of alternative news sources for users .
Education reform
Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal
Primary election
Where primary elections are organized by parties , not the administration , two types of primaries can generally be distinguished :
English Civil War
In the 1970s , revisionist historians challenged both the Whig and the Marxist theories , notably in the 1973 anthology The Origins of the English Civil War ( Conrad Russell ed . ) . These historians produced work focused on the minutiae of the years immediately preceding the civil war , thereby returning to the contingency - based historiography of Clarendon 's famous contemporary history History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Gaunt 2000 , p. 60 This , it was claimed , demonstrated that factional war - allegiance patterns did not fit either Whig or Marxist history . Parliament was not inherently progressive , with the events of 1640 a precursor for the Glorious Revolution , nor did Puritans necessarily ally themselves with Parliamentarians . Many members of the bourgeoisie fought for the King , while many landed aristocrats supported Parliament . Thus , revisionist historians claim to have discredited some Whig and Marxist interpretations of the English Civil War .
Republic
While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy , in Northern Europe , the Protestant Reformation would be used as justification for establishing new republics . Most important was Calvinist theology , which developed in the Swiss Confederacy , one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics . John Calvin did not call for the abolition of monarchy , but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs . Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion .
Thirteen Colonies
Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away . Since the 1960s , the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value - system , in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders .
Geography and wealth
The 19th century historian Henry Thomas Buckle wrote that `` climate , soil , food , and the aspects of nature are the primary causes of intellectual progress -- the first three indirectly , through determining the accumulation and distribution of wealth , and the last by directly influencing the accumulation and distribution of thought , the imagination being stimulated and the understanding subdued when the phenomena of the external world are sublime and terrible , the understanding being emboldened and the imagination curbed when they are small and feeble . ''
Elizabethan government
( Sharnette , Heather . `` PRIVY COUNCIL . '' Elizabeth I : Privy Council . Elezabithi , 6 May 2007 . Web . 19 Oct. 2014 . < http://elizabethi.org/contents/power/privycouncil.html > . ) ( Sharnette , Heather . `` POWER AND GOVERNMENT . '' Elizabeth I : Power and Government . Elezabithi , 6 May 2007 . Web . 19 Oct. 2014 . http://www.elizabethi.org/contents/power/ ) ( Sharnette , Heather . `` MONARCH . '' Elizabeth I : Monarch . Elezabithi , 6 May 2007 . Web . 19 Oct. 2014 . http://elizabethi.org/contents/power/monarch.html ) ( Sharnette , Heather . `` PARLIAMENT . '' Elizabeth I : Parliament . Elezabithi , 6 May 2007 . Web . 19 Oct. 2014 . http://elizabethi.org/contents/power/parliament.html ) `` Elizabethan England - A background overview . '' Everything2. 6 May 2007 Sommerville , J.P. `` Elizabeth I . '' Department of History . 6 May 2007 Sommerville , J.P. `` Elizabethan government . '' Department of History . 6 May 2007 Sommerville , J.P. `` Elizabeth I , Parliament , church and economy . '' Department of History . 6 May 2007 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_government&action.com
Pub
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Note-taking
Note - taking has been an important part of human history and scientific development . The Ancient Greeks developed hypomnema , personal records on important subjects . In the Renaissance and early modern period commonplace books which served a similar function became popular . Philosopher John Locke developed an indexing system which served as a model for commonplace books ; for example , it inspired another book , Bell 's Common - Place Book , Formed generally upon the Principles Recommended and Practised by Mr Locke nearly a century later .
History of Catholic education in the United States
Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal
History of the Roman Empire
Res Gestae Divi Augusti , Augustus 's highly partisan autobiography , Historiae Romanae by Velleius Paterculus , the best annals of the Augustan period , Controversiae and Suasoriae of Seneca the Elder .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
In particular , sources are required for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged -- if reliable sources can not be found for challenged material , it is likely to be removed from the article . Sources are also required when quoting someone , with or without quotation marks , or closely paraphrasing a source . However , the citing of sources is not limited to those situations -- editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information contained in an article .
Edward Augustus Freeman
Freeman , Edward A ( 1870 ) . The History of the Norman Conquest of England , its Causes and its Results . Volume I . The Preliminary History to the Election of Eadward the Confessor ( 2nd Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . -- -- ( 1876A ) . The History of the Norman Conquest of England , its Causes and its Results . Volume IV . The Reign of William the Conqueror ( 2nd Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . -- -- ( 1876B ) . The History of the Norman Conquest of England , its Causes and its Results . Volume V . The Effects of the Norman Conquest . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Freeman , Edward A ( 1881 ) . The Historical Geography of Europe . London : Longmans , Green and Company . Freeman , Edward A ( 1896 ) . Comparative Politics with The Unity of History . London : Macmillan and Co. , Ltd .
History of the Great Wall of China
In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references .
American Revolution
Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army .
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If all or most of the citations in an article consist of bare URLs , or otherwise fail to provide needed bibliographic data -- such as the name of the source , the title of the article or web page consulted , the author ( if known ) , the publication date ( if known ) , and the page numbers ( where relevant ) -- then that would not count as a `` consistent citation style '' and can be changed freely to insert such data . The data provided should be sufficient to uniquely identify the source , allow readers to find it , and allow readers to initially evaluate it without retrieving it . To
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
This section provides a brief overview of the water supply and sanitation infrastructure in the U.S. , water sources of some of the main cities , and the main types of residential water use . Typical
Novel
The term `` chapbook '' for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century . The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue ( blue book ) and Volksbuch , respectively . The principal historical subject matter of chapbooks was abridgements of ancient historians , popular medieval histories of knights , stories of comical heroes , religious legends , and collections of jests and fables . The new printed books reached the households of urban citizens and country merchants who visited the cities as traders . Cheap printed histories were , in the 17th and 18th centuries , especially popular among apprentices and younger urban readers of both sexes .
My Three Sons
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If your source is not available online , it should be available in reputable libraries , archives , or collections . If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable , any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available ( though not necessarily reliable ) : providing an ISBN or OCLC number ; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source ( the work , its author , or its publisher ) ; or directly quoting the material on the talk page , briefly and in context . Linking
Middle Ages
Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin , and comprised poems , stories , legends , and popular songs spread by troubadours , or wandering minstrels . Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . Secular and religious histories were also produced . Geoffrey of Monmouth ( d.c. 1155 ) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur . Other works were more clearly history , such as Otto von Freising 's ( d . 1158 ) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , or William of Malmesbury 's ( d.c. 1143 ) Gesta Regum on the kings of England .
History of childhood
Building on Locke 's theory that all minds began as a blank slate , the eighteenth century witnessed a marked rise in children 's textbooks that were more easy to read , and in publications like poems , stories , novellas and games that were aimed at the impressionable minds of young learners . These books promoted reading , writing and drawing as central forms of self - formation for children .
History of education in the United States
Before 1920 most secondary education , whether private or public , emphasized college entry for a select few headed for college . Proficiency in Greek and Latin was emphasized . Abraham Flexner , under commission from the philanthropic General Education Board ( GEB ) , wrote A Modern School ( 1916 ) , calling for a de-emphasis on the classics . The classics teachers fought back in a losing effort .
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A general references section may also be included in an article that will eventually use inline citations throughout if such citations have not yet been given for all the information in the article . In underdeveloped articles , a general references section may exist even though no inline citations at all have yet been added , especially when all article content is supported by a single source . The disadvantage of using general references alone is that text -- source integrity is lost , unless the article is very short .
Modern history
Our most recent era -- Modern Times -- begins with the end of these revolutions in the 19th century , and includes the World Wars era ( encompassing World War I and World War II ) and the emergence of socialist countries that led to the Cold War . The contemporary era follows shortly afterward with the explosion of research and increase of knowledge known as the Information Age in the latter 20th and the early 21st century . Today 's Postmodern era is seen in widespread digitality .
Public opinion
The prerequisites for the emergence of a public sphere were increasing levels of literacy which was spurred on by the Reformation , which encouraged individuals to read the Bible in the vernacular , and the rapidly expanding printing presses . During the 18th century religious literature was replaced with secular literature , novels and pamphlets . In parallel to this was the growth in reading societies and clubs . At the turn of the century the first circulating library opened in London and the public library became widespread and available to the public .
Colonial history of the United States
The idea of independence steadily became more widespread , after being first proposed and advocated by a number of public figures and commentators throughout the Colonies . One of the most prominent voices on behalf of independence was Thomas Paine in his pamphlet Common Sense published in 1776 . Another group which called for independence was the Sons of Liberty , which had been founded in 1765 in Boston by Samuel Adams and which was now becoming even more strident and numerous .
History of coal mining
The need to maintain coal supplies ( a primary energy source ) had figured in both world wars . As well as energy supply , coal became a very political issue , due to conditions under which colliers worked and the way they were treated by colliery owners . Much of the ' old Left ' of British politics can trace its origins to coal - mining areas , with the main labour union being the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain , founded in 1888 . The MFGB claimed 600,000 members in 1908 . ( The MFGB later became the more centralised National Union of Mineworkers ) .
Republic
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Wales
Source : John Davies ( 1993 ) . A History of Wales . pp. 258 -- 59 , 319 . ISBN 9780141926339 . ; Census 2001 , 200 Years of the Census in ... Wales ( 2001 )
History of the Church of England
According to medieval traditions , Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century , although stories involving Joseph of Arimathea , King Lucius , and Fagan are now usually accounted as pious forgeries . The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century , although the first Christian communities probably were established some decades earlier .
Atlantic slave trade
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Great Expectations
Great Expectations 's single most obvious literary predecessor is Dickens 's earlier first - person narrator - protagonist David Copperfield . The two novels trace the psychological and moral development of a young boy to maturity , his transition from a rural environment to the London metropolis , the vicissitudes of his emotional development , and the exhibition of his hopes and youthful dreams and their metamorphosis , through a rich and complex first person narrative . Dickens was conscious of this similarity and , before undertaking his new manuscript , reread David Copperfield to avoid repetition .
Economic history of Italy
This is a history of the economy of Italy . For more information on historical , cultural , demographic and sociological developments in Italy , see the chronological era articles in the template to the right . For more information on specific political and governmental regimes in Italy , see the Kingdom and Fascist regime articles .
Twelve Tables
Durant , W. ( 1942 ) . The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . Livy ; De Sélincourt , A. ; Ogilvie , R.M. ; Oakley , S.P. ( 2002 ) . The Early History of Rome : Books I -- V of The History of Rome from its Foundations . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044809 - 8 . Goodwin , Dr Frederick ( 1886 ) . The XII Tables . Stevens & Sons , London .
History of Palau
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Analects
Regardless of how early the text of the Analects existed , most Analects scholars believe that , by the early Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) the book was widely known and transmitted throughout China in a mostly complete form , and the book acquired its final , complete form during Han dynasty . A Han dynasty writer Wang Chong however claimed that the Analects that existed during the Han dynasty was incomplete and formed only a part of a much larger work . A larger collection of Confucius 's teachings existed in the Warring States period than has been preserved directly in the Analects : 75 % of Confucius 's sayings cited by his second - generation student , Mencius , do not exist in the received text of the Analects .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
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History of Palau
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Lectionary
Lectionaries from before the invention of the printing press contribute to understanding the textual history of the Bible . See also List of New Testament lectionaries .
History of the United States Constitution
Wikisource has original text related to this article : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution
Lords Proprietor
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Common source
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
John Smith ( 2009 ) . Name of Book I Have n't Seen , Cambridge University Press , p. 99 , cited in Paul Jones ( 2010 ) . Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen , Oxford University Press , p. 29 .
Colonial history of the United States
Elementary education was widespread in New England . Early Puritan settlers believed that it was necessary to study the Bible , so children were taught to read at an early age . It was also required that each town pay for a primary school . About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling and funded grammar schools in larger towns . Most boys learned skills from their fathers on the farm or as apprentices to artisans . Few girls attended formal schools , but most were able to get some education at home or at so - called `` Dame schools '' where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses . By 1750 , nearly 90 % of New England 's women and almost all of its men could read and write .
History of democracy
Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Populism Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wars between democracies Wave of democracy Politics portal
Primary color
Elementary art education materials , dictionaries , and electronic search engines often define primary colors effectively as conceptual colors ( generally red , yellow , and blue ; or red , green , and blue ) that can be used to mix `` all '' other colors and often go further and suggest that these conceptual colors correspond to specific hues and precise wavelengths . Such sources do not present a coherent , consistent definition of primary colors since real primaries can not be complete . A
Drinking establishment
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns , through the Anglo - Saxon alehouse , to the development of the modern generally prevailing tied house system .
United States Declaration of Independence
Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars .