vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Paterson, New Jersey
The city was a mecca for immigrant laborers who worked in its factories , particularly Italian weavers from the Naples region . Paterson was the site of historic labor unrest that focused on anti-child labor legislation , and the six - month - long Paterson silk strike of 1913 that demanded the eight - hour day and better working conditions . It was defeated by the employers , with workers forced to return under pre-strike conditions . Factory workers labored long hours for low wages under dangerous conditions and lived in crowded tenement buildings around the mills . The factories then moved to the South , where there were no labor unions , and still later moved overseas .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The next major stage in the peace - making process concluding the American Civil War was the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his armies to Major General William T. Sherman on April 26 , 1865 , at Bennett Place . Johnston 's Army of Tennessee was among nearly one hundred thousand Confederate soldiers who were surrendered from North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida . The conditions of surrender were in a document called `` Terms of a Military Convention '' signed by Sherman , Johnston , and Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at Raleigh , North Carolina .
Labor history of the United States
After a short recession in 1920 , the 1920s was a generally prosperous decade outside of farming and coal mining . The GNP growth 1921 - 29 was a very strong 6.0 % , double the long - term average of about 3 % . Real annual earnings ( in 1914 dollars ) for all employees ( deducting for unemployment ) was $566 in 1921 and $793 in 1929 , a real gain of 40 % . The economic prosperity of the decade led to stable prices , eliminating one major incentive to join unions . Unemployment fell from 11.7 % in 1921 to 2.4 % in 1923 and remained in the range of 2 % - 5 % until 1930 .
Primary source
A study of cultural history could include fictional sources such as novels or plays . In a broader sense primary sources also include artifacts like photographs , newsreels , coins , paintings or buildings created at the time . Historians may also take archaeological artifacts and oral reports and interviews into consideration . Written sources may be divided into three types .
Primary source
Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources , which cite , comment on , or build upon primary sources . Generally , accounts written after the fact with the benefit ( and possible distortions ) of hindsight are secondary . A secondary source may also be a primary source depending on how it is used . For example , a memoir would be considered a primary source in research concerning its author or about his or her friends characterized within it , but the same memoir would be a secondary source if it were used to examine the culture in which its author lived . `` Primary '' and `` secondary '' should be understood as relative terms , with sources categorized according to specific historical contexts and what is being studied .
Primary source
In the study of history as an academic discipline , a primary source ( also called original source or evidence ) is an artifact , a document , diary , manuscript , autobiography , a recording , or any other source of information that was created at the time under study . It serves as an original source of information about the topic . Similar definitions can be used in library science , and other areas of scholarship , although different fields have somewhat different definitions . In journalism , a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation , or a document written by such a person .
Primary source
In scientific literature , a primary source is the original publication of a scientist 's new data , results and theories . In political history , primary sources are documents such as official reports , speeches , pamphlets , posters , or letters by participants , official election returns and eyewitness accounts . In the history of ideas or intellectual history , the main primary sources are books , essays and letters written by intellectuals ; these intellectuals may include historians , whose books and essays are therefore considered primary sources for the intellectual historian , though they are secondary sources in their own topical fields . In religious history , the primary sources are religious texts and descriptions of religious ceremonies and rituals .
Primary source
However , a primary source is not necessarily more of an authority or better than a secondary source . There can be bias and tacit unconscious views which twist historical information .
Primary source
If a historical text discusses old documents to derive a new historical conclusion , it is considered to be a primary source for the new conclusion . Examples in which a source can be both primary and secondary include an obituary or a survey of several volumes of a journal counting the frequency of articles on a certain topic .
Primary source
History as an academic discipline is based on primary sources , as evaluated by the community of scholars , who report their findings in books , articles and papers . Arthur Marwick says `` Primary sources are absolutely fundamental to history . '' Ideally , a historian will use all available primary sources that were created by the people involved at the time being studied . In practice some sources have been destroyed , while others are not available for research . Perhaps the only eyewitness reports of an event may be memoirs , autobiographies , or oral interviews taken years later . Sometimes the only evidence relating to an event or person in the distant past was written or copied decades or centuries later . Manuscripts that are sources for classical texts can be copies of documents , or fragments of copies of documents . This is a common problem in classical studies , where sometimes only a summary of a book or letter has survived . Potential difficulties with primary sources have the result that history is usually taught in schools using secondary sources .
Primary source
In the humanities , a primary source could be defined as something that was created either during the time period being studied or afterward by individuals reflecting on their involvement in the events of that time . In the social sciences , the definition of a primary source would be expanded to include numerical data that has been gathered to analyze relationships between people , events , and their environment . In the natural sciences , a primary source could be defined as a report of original findings or ideas . These sources often appear in the form of research articles with sections on methods and results . ''
Primary source
In scholarly writing , the objective of classifying sources is to determine the independence and reliability of sources . Though the terms primary source and secondary source originated in historiography as a way to trace the history of historical ideas , they have been applied to many other fields . For example , these ideas may be used to trace the history of scientific theories , literary elements and other information that is passed from one author to another .
Primary source
In historiography , when the study of history is subject to historical scrutiny , a secondary source becomes a primary source . For a biography of a historian , that historian 's publications would be primary sources . Documentary films can be considered a secondary source or primary source , depending on how much the filmmaker modifies the original sources .
Primary source
Many sources can be considered either primary or secondary , depending on the context in which they are examined . Moreover , the distinction between primary and secondary sources is subjective and contextual , so that precise definitions are difficult to make . A book review , when it contains the opinion of the reviewer about the book rather than a summary of the book , becomes a primary source .
Primary source
`` The definition of a primary source varies depending upon the academic discipline and the context in which it is used .
Primary source
In scholarly writing , an important objective of classifying sources is to determine their independence and reliability . In contexts such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources and that `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' Sreedharan believes that primary sources have the most direct connection to the past and that they `` speak for themselves '' in ways that can not be captured through the filter of secondary sources .
Primary source
Narrative sources or literary sources tell a story or message . They are not limited to fictional sources ( which can be sources of information for contemporary attitudes ) but include diaries , films , biographies , leading philosophical works and scientific works . Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal documents which usually follow a set format . Social documents are records created by organizations , such as registers of births and tax records .
Primary source
Whether a source is regarded as primary or secondary in a given context may change , depending upon the present state of knowledge within the field . For example , if a document refers to the contents of a previous but undiscovered letter , that document may be considered `` primary '' , since it is the closest known thing to an original source ; but if the letter is later found , it may then be considered `` secondary ''
Primary source
Historians studying the modern period with the intention of publishing an academic article prefer to go back to available primary sources and to seek new ( in other words , forgotten or lost ) ones . Primary sources , whether accurate or not , offer new input into historical questions and most modern history revolves around heavy use of archives and special collections for the purpose of finding useful primary sources . A work on history is not likely to be taken seriously as scholarship if it only cites secondary sources , as it does not indicate that original research has been done .
Primary source
However , primary sources -- particularly those from before the 20th century -- may have hidden challenges . `` Primary sources , in fact , are usually fragmentary , ambiguous and very difficult to analyse and interpret . '' Obsolete meanings of familiar words and social context are among the traps that await the newcomer to historical studies . For this reason , the interpretation of primary texts is typically taught as part of an advanced college or postgraduate history course , although advanced self - study or informal training is also possible .
Primary source
The errors may be corrected in secondary sources , which are often subjected to peer review , can be well documented , and are often written by historians working in institutions where methodological accuracy is important to the future of the author 's career and reputation . Historians consider the accuracy and objectiveness of the primary sources that they are using and historians subject both primary and secondary sources to a high level of scrutiny . A primary source such as a journal entry ( or the online version , a blog ) , at best , may only reflect one individual 's opinion on events , which may or may not be truthful , accurate , or complete .
Primary source
Most primary source materials are not digitized and may only be represented online with a record or finding aid . Both digitized and not digitized materials can be found through catalogs such as WorldCat , the Library of Congress catalog , the National Archives catalog , and so on .
Primary source
Although many primary sources remain in private hands , others are located in archives , libraries , museums , historical societies , and special collections . These can be public or private . Some are affiliated with universities and colleges , while others are government entities . Materials relating to one area might be spread over a large number of different institutions . These can be distant from the original source of the document . For example , the Huntington Library in California houses a large number of documents from the United Kingdom .
Primary source
In some instances , the reason for identifying a text as the `` primary source '' may devolve from the fact that no copy of the original source material exists , or that it is the oldest extant source for the information cited .
Primary source
`` A history , whose author draws conclusions from other than primary sources or secondary sources actually based on primary sources , is by definition fiction and not history at all . '' --
Primary source
Historians must occasionally contend with forged documents that purport to be primary sources . These forgeries have usually been constructed with a fraudulent purpose , such as promulgating legal rights , supporting false pedigrees , or promoting particular interpretations of historic events . The investigation of documents to determine their authenticity is called diplomatics .
Primary source
In the US , digital copies of primary sources can be retrieved from a number of places . The Library of Congress maintains several digital collections where they can be retrieved . Some examples are American Memory and Chronicling America . The National Archives and Records Administration also has digital collections in Digital Vaults . The Digital Public Library of America searches across the digitized primary source collections of many libraries , archives , and museums . The Internet Archive also has primary source materials in many formats .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Historical sources for the conquest of Mexico recount some of the same events in both Spanish and indigenous sources . Others , however , are unique to a particular primary source or group narrating the event . Individuals and groups laud their own accomplishments , while often denigrating or ignoring those of their opponents or their allies or both .
Primary source
In many fields and contexts , such as historical writing , it is almost always advisable to use primary sources if possible , and `` if none are available , it is only with great caution that ( the author ) may proceed to make use of secondary sources . '' In addition , primary sources avoid the problem inherent in secondary sources in which each new author may distort and put a new spin on the findings of prior cited authors .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
From early on , the field of archaeology was deeply involved in political endeavors and in the construction of national identities . This early relationship can be seen during the Renaissance and the proto - Italian reactions against the High Gothic movement , but the relationship became stronger during 19th century Europe when archaeology became institutionalized as a field of study furnished by artifacts acquired during the rise of European colonialism led by the British and French . Colonialism and the field of archaeology mutually supported one another as the need to acquire knowledge of ancient artifacts justified further colonial dominance .
Primary source
The Lafayette College Library , provides a synopsis of primary sources in several areas of study :
Historian
Christian historiography began early , perhaps as early as Luke - Acts , which is the primary source for the Apostolic Age . Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages . They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ , that of the Church and that of their patrons , the dynastic history of the local rulers . In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year , but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes . An example of this type of writing is the Anglo - Saxon Chronicles , which were the work of several different writers : it was started during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century , but one copy was still being updated in 1154 .
Primary source
In other regions , Europeana has digitized materials from across Europe while the World Digital Library and Flickr Commons have items from all over the world . Trove has primary sources from Australia .
History of the Roman Empire
Works of poetry such as Ovid 's Fasti and Propertius 's Fourth Book , legislation and engineering also provide important insights into Roman life of the time . Archaeology , including maritime archaeology , aerial surveys , epigraphic inscriptions on buildings , and Augustan coinage , has also provided valuable evidence about economic , social and military conditions .
Pre-Columbian era
Before the development of archaeology in the 19th century , historians of the pre-Columbian period mainly interpreted the records of the European conquerors and the accounts of early European travelers and antiquaries . It was not until the nineteenth century that the work of men such as John Lloyd Stephens , Eduard Seler and Alfred P. Maudslay , and of institutions such as the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University , led to the reconsideration and criticism of the European sources . Now , the scholarly study of pre-Columbian cultures is most often based on scientific and multidisciplinary methodologies .
Cradle of civilization
Historic times are marked apart from prehistoric times when `` records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations '' ; which may be in written or oral form . If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of proto - writing , the Near Eastern Chalcolithic , the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during the 4th millennium BC , and the development of proto - writing in Harappa in the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3300 BC are the earliest incidences , followed by Chinese proto - writing evolving into the oracle bone script , and again by the emergence of Mesoamerican writing systems from about 2000 BC .
Primary source
In the UK , the National Archives provides a consolidated search of its own catalogue and a wide variety of other archives listed on the Access to Archives index . Digital copies of various classes of documents at the National Archives ( including wills ) are available from DocumentsOnline . Most of the available documents relate to England and Wales . Some digital copies of primary sources are available from the National Archives of Scotland . Many County Record Offices collections are included in Access to Archives , while others have their own on - line catalogues . Many County Record Offices will supply digital copies of documents .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Some argue that in colonized states , nationalist archaeology was used to resist colonialism and racism under the guise of evolution . While it is true that both colonialist and nationalist discourse use the artifact to form mechanisms to sustain their contending political agendas , there is a danger in viewing them interchangeably since the latter was a reaction and form of resistance to the former . On the other hand , it is important to realize that in the process of emulating the mechanisms of colonial discourse , the nationalist discourse produced new forms of power . In the case of the Egyptian nationalist movement , the new form of power and meaning that surrounded the artifact furthered the Egyptian independence cause but continued to oppress the rural Egyptian population .
Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source
Wikipedia generally uses reliable secondary sources , which vet data from primary sources . If the information on another Wikipedia page ( which you want to cite as the source ) has a primary or secondary source , you should be able to cite that primary or secondary source and eliminate the middleman ( or `` middle - page '' in this case ) . Always be careful of what you read : it might not be consistently accurate . Neither articles on Wikipedia nor websites that mirror Wikipedia can be used as sources , because this is circular sourcing . An exception to this is when Wikipedia is being discussed in an article , which may cite an article , guideline , discussion , statistic or other content from Wikipedia or a sister project as a primary source to support a statement about Wikipedia ( while avoiding undue emphasis on Wikipedia 's role or views , and inappropriate self - reference ) .
Historian
Understanding the past appears to be a universal human need , and the telling of history has emerged independently in civilizations around the world . What constitutes history is a philosophical question ( see philosophy of history ) . The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt , though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name .
Primary source
Participants and eyewitnesses may misunderstand events or distort their reports , deliberately or not , to enhance their own image or importance . Such effects can increase over time , as people create a narrative that may not be accurate . For any source , primary or secondary , it is important for the researcher to evaluate the amount and direction of bias . As an example , a government report may be an accurate and unbiased description of events , but it may be censored or altered for propaganda or cover - up purposes . The facts can be distorted to present the opposing sides in a negative light . Barristers are taught that evidence in a court case may be truthful but may still be distorted to support or oppose the position of one of the parties .
Cradle of civilization
In the absence of written documents , most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture . A `` civilized '' way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from intensive agriculture . Gordon Childe defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions : the Neolithic Revolution , triggering the development of settled communities , and the Urban Revolution , which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements , specialized occupational groups , social classes , exploitation of surpluses , monumental public buildings and writing . Few of those conditions , however , are unchallenged by the records : dense settlements were not attested in Egypt 's Old Kingdom and were absent in the Maya area ; the Incas lacked writing altogether ; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement . For instance , in present - day Louisiana , researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC . Rather than a succession of events and preconditions , the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age .
Maya civilization
Most surviving pre-Columbian Maya writing dates to the Classic period and is contained in stone inscriptions from Maya sites , such as stelae , or on ceramics vessels . Other media include the aforementioned codices , stucco façades , frescoes , wooden lintels , cave walls , and portable artefacts crafted from a variety of materials , including bone , shell , obsidian , and jade .