vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of smoking bans in the United States
As of July 2017 , five states ban smoking in most enclosed public places , but permit adult venues such as bars ( and casinos , if applicable ) to allow smoking if they choose : Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Louisiana and Nevada . In Florida , state law preempts local governments from enacting stricter smoking bans than the state , though in Idaho , Indiana , and Louisiana , some cities and / or counties have enacted stricter local smoking bans to varying degrees , in some cases banning it in all enclosed workplaces . See individual state listings below for details .
Separation of church and state in the United States
And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State .
Separation of church and state in the United States
Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion .
Freedom of religion in the United States
Under the doctrine of Incorporation , the first amendment has been made applicable to the states . Therefore , the states must guarantee the freedom of religion in the same way the federal government must .
Gun laws in Nevada
States that honor a Nevada permit : Alaska , Arizona , Iowa , Idaho , Indiana , Kansas * , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan * , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah ( * Residential permits only ) .
Society of the United States
Couples often meet through religious institutions , work , school , or friends . `` Dating services , '' services that are geared to assist people in finding partners , are popular both on and offline . The trend over the past few decades has been for more and more couples deciding to cohabit before , or instead of , getting married . The 2000 Census reported 9,700,000 opposite - sex partners living together and about 1,300,000 same - sex partners living together . These cohabitation arrangements have not been the subject of many laws regulating them , though some states now have domestic partner statutes and judge - made palimony doctrines that confer some legal support for unmarried couples .
Voting rights in the United States
Wyoming was the first state in which women were able to vote , although it was a condition of the transition to statehood . Utah was the second territory to allow women to vote , but the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act of 1887 repealed woman 's suffrage in Utah . Colorado was the first established state to allow women to vote on the same basis as men . Some other states also extended the franchise to women before the Constitution was amended to this purpose .
Cousin marriage
Taiwan , North Korea , and the Philippines also prohibit first - cousin marriage .
Admission to the bar in the United States
Alabama , California , Connecticut , Georgia , Massachusetts , West Virginia and Tennessee allow individuals to take the bar exam upon graduation from law schools approved by state bodies but not accredited by the American Bar Association . The state of New York makes special provision for persons educated to degree - level in common law from overseas , with most LLB degree holders being qualified to take the bar exam and , upon passing , be admitted to the bar . But in certain states ( e.g. , Arizona ) , one may not be allowed to actually take the bar exam unless one 's law school is accredited by the ABA , and this requirement has withstood constitutional attack : thus , graduates of a law school without ABA accreditation may not sit for the Arizona bar , although they may take the bar in other states . California
List of smoking bans in the United States
Idaho bans smoking in restaurants , but exempts both bars ( which can be 100 % smoking ) and small workplaces ( which can have a designated smoking area ) ; local governments in Idaho can regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Nevada generally bans smoking in all public places and places of employment , but exempts bars , casinos , strip clubs , brothels , and retail tobacco stores , and restaurants that do not allow patrons under 21 years of age . In all other restaurants , smoking is relegated to separately ventilated designated smoking areas . Local governments in Nevada may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . New Hampshire bans smoking in restaurants and some bars ( those besides cigar bars and private clubs ) , schools , and certain common areas open to the public , but not anywhere else , and state law prohibits local governments from enacting local smoking bans . North Carolina bans smoking in all restaurants and bars ( excluding cigar bars and private clubs ) , as well as government buildings and vehicles , but does not regulate smoking anywhere else . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , except in cigar bars , private clubs , tobacco shops , private residences / vehicles , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and theatrical performances involving smoking .
Antonin Scalia
In one of the final decisions of the Burger Court , the Court ruled in 1986 in Bowers v. Hardwick that `` homosexual sodomy '' was not protected by the right of privacy and could be criminally prosecuted by the states . In 1995 , however , that ruling was effectively gutted by Romer v. Evans , which struck down a Colorado state constitutional amendment , passed by popular vote , that forbade antidiscrimination laws ' being extended to sexual orientation . Scalia dissented from the opinion by Justice Kennedy , believing that Bowers had protected the right of the states to pass such measures and that the Colorado amendment was not discriminatory but merely prevented homosexuals from gaining favored status under Colorado law . Scalia later said of Romer , `` And the Supreme Court said , ' Yes , it is unconstitutional . ' On the basis of -- I do n't know , the Sexual Preference Clause of the Bill of Rights , presumably . And the liberals loved it , and the conservatives gnashed their teeth '' .
List of smoking bans in the United States
As of July 2017 , 14 states have not enacted any general statewide ban on smoking in workplaces and / or bars and / or restaurants : Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , Missouri , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Instead , laws in most of these states ( see individual state listings below for further information ) require proprietors of certain places to designate smoking and non-smoking areas and post warning signage .
Cousin marriage
Muslims have practiced marriages between first cousins in non-prohibited countries since the time of Muhammad . In a few countries the most common type is between paternal cousins .
Equal Rights Amendment
In 2014 , under the auspices of ERA Action and their coalition partners , both the Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify the ERA ; however , votes were blocked in both states ' House chambers . In the meantime , the ERA ratification movement continued with the resolution being introduced in 10 state legislatures . Then , on March 22 2017 , the Nevada legislature became the first state in 40 years to ratify the ERA , and Illinois began to see movement again as well .
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
This right has been held not to be incorporated against the states . See Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) .
Tax protester statutory arguments
No federal court has upheld the argument that the term `` state '' as used in the Internal Revenue Code excludes the fifty states or that the term `` state '' means only the `` District of Columbia . '' The argument that the term `` state '' as used in Federal income tax law means only the District of Columbia and the territories was specifically rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Ward . Similarly , in the case of Nieman v. Commissioner , the taxpayer argued that `` Congress excludes the 50 States from the definition of `` United States '' , for the purposes of 26 U.S.C. , Subtitle A . '' The United States Tax Court rejected that argument , stating :
Equal Rights Amendment
Connecticut - No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion , race , color , ancestry , national origin , sex or physical or mental disability . Connecticut Constitution , Article I , § 20 ( 1984 )
List of smoking bans in the United States
As of July 2017 , 25 states have enacted statewide bans on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants : Arizona , California , Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . 11 other states have enacted statewide smoking bans but have carved out an exception for certain establishments and workplaces : Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Louisiana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Mexico , North Carolina , and Pennsylvania .
Right-to-work law
Alabama ( adopted 1953 , Constitution 2016 ) Arizona ( Constitution , State Constitution Article 25 approved 1946 ) ( adopted 1944 ) Arkansas ( Constitution , 1947 , Amendment 34 ) Florida ( Constitution , 1944 , revised 1968 , Article 1 , Section 6 ) Georgia ( adopted 1947 ) Idaho ( adopted 1985 ) Indiana ( State law , 2012 ) Iowa ( adopted 1947 ) Kansas ( Constitution , 1958 , Article 15 , Section 12 ) Kentucky ( adopted 2017 ) Louisiana ( adopted 1976 ) Michigan ( State law , 2012 ) Mississippi ( Constitution , adopted 1954 ) Missouri ( adopted 2017 ) ( Postponed to 2018 for citizen voting ) Nebraska ( Constitution and statute , adopted 1946 ) Nevada ( adopted 1951 ) North Carolina ( adopted 1947 ) North Dakota ( adopted 1947 ) Oklahoma ( Constitution , adopted 2001 ) South Carolina ( adopted 1954 ) South Dakota ( adopted 1946 ) Tennessee ( adopted 1947 ) Texas ( adopted 1947 , revised 1993 ) Utah ( adopted 1955 ) Virginia ( adopted 1947 ) West Virginia ( adopted 2016 ) Wisconsin ( adopted 2015 ) Wyoming ( adopted 1963 )
Gun laws in the United States by state
Some states and localities require that a person obtain a license or permit in order to purchase or possess firearms . Some states and localities require that individual firearms be registered with the police or with another law enforcement agency . All states allow some form of concealed carry , the carrying of a concealed firearm in public . Many states allow some form of open carry , the carrying of an unconcealed firearm in public on one 's person or in a vehicle . Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws , which means that only the state can legally regulate firearms . In other states , local governments can pass their own gun laws more restrictive than those of the state . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on certain semi-automatic firearms that they have defined as assault weapons , or on magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition . NFA weapons are weapons that are heavily restricted at a federal level by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . These include automatic firearms ( such as machine guns ) , short - barreled shotguns , and short - barreled rifles . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on such weapons . Some states have enacted castle doctrine or stand - your - ground laws , which provide a legal basis for individuals to use deadly force in self - defense in certain situations , without a duty to flee or retreat if possible . In some states , peaceable journey laws give additional leeway for the possession of firearms by travelers who are passing through to another destination . Some states require a background check of the buyer when a firearm is sold by a private party . ( Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed gun dealers , and for any interstate sales . ) Some states have enacted red flag laws that enable a judge to issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who presents an imminent threat to others or to themselves .
Equal Rights Amendment
Nebraska ( March 15 , 1973 -- Legislative Resolution No. 9 ) Tennessee ( April 23 , 1974 -- House Joint Resolution No. 371 and Senate Joint Resolution No. 29 ) Idaho ( February 8 , 1977 -- Senate Joint Resolution No. 133 and House Concurrent Resolution No. 10 ) Kentucky ( March 17 , 1978 -- House ( Joint ) Resolution No. 2 and House ( Joint ) Resolution No. 20 ) The Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky , Thelma Stovall , who was acting as governor in the governor 's absence , vetoed the rescinding resolution .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The inclusion of Ohio and New Jersey has led some to question the validity of rescission of a ratification . The inclusion of Alabama and Georgia has called that conclusion into question . While there have been Supreme Court cases dealing with ratification issues , this particular question has never been adjudicated .
Cousin marriage
Buddhism does not proscribe any specific sexual practices , only ruling out `` sexual misconduct '' in the Five Precepts . Zoroastrianism allows cousin marriages . Sikhism largely follows the pattern of ban on the same clan marriages , many Sikhs choose to marry their children with a partner from a different village or town , just to avoid chances of consanguinity between them .
Freedom of religion in the United States
The Supreme Court has consistently held fast to the rule of strict separation of church and state when matters of prayer are involved . In Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) the Court ruled that government - imposed nondenominational prayer in public school was unconstitutional . In Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) , the Court ruled prayer established by a school principal at a middle school graduation was also unconstitutional , and in Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) it ruled that school officials may not directly impose student - led prayer during high school football games nor establish an official student election process for the purpose of indirectly establishing such prayer . The distinction between force of government and individual liberty is the cornerstone of such cases . Each case restricts acts by government designed to establish prayer while explicitly or implicitly affirming students ' individual freedom to pray .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association .
Austin, Texas
In 2003 , the city adopted a resolution against the USA PATRIOT Act that reaffirmed constitutionally guaranteed rights . Of Austin 's six state legislative districts , three are strongly Democratic and three are swing districts , two of which are held by Democrats and one of which is held by a Republican . However , two of its three congressional districts ( the 10th and the 21st ) are presently held by Republicans , with only the 25th held by a Democrat . This is largely due to the 2003 redistricting , which left downtown Austin without an exclusive congressional seat of its own . Travis County was also the only county in Texas to reject Texas Constitutional Amendment Proposition 2 that effectively outlawed gay marriage and status equal or similar to it and did so by a wide margin ( 40 % for , 60 % against ) .
Cherokee
In the late nineteenth century , the US government put new restrictions on marriage between a Cherokee and non-Cherokee , although it was still relatively common . A European - American man could legally marry a Cherokee woman by petitioning the federal court , after gaining approval of ten of her blood relatives . Once married , the man had status as an `` Intermarried White , '' a member of the Cherokee tribe with restricted rights ; for instance , he could not hold any tribal office . He remained a citizen of and under the laws of the United States . Common law marriages were more popular . Such `` Intermarried Whites '' were listed in a separate category on the registers of the Dawes Rolls , prepared for allotment of plots of land to individual households of members of the tribe , in the early twentieth - century federal policy for assimilation of the Native Americans .
Church of Ireland
Prior to the referendum on same - sex marriage , the church remained neutral on the issue . In 2015 , the Bishop of Cork , the Rt. Rev. Paul Colton , Bishop Michael Burrows of Cashel , and two retired archbishops of Dublin endorsed same - sex marriage . While voting `` no '' on gay marriage , Bishop Pat Storey endorsed civil unions . Also , 55 clergy signed a letter supporting the blessing of same - sex couples . In its pastoral letter , the church reiterated that , presently , church marriages are only for heterosexual couples , but that clergy may offer prayers for same - sex couples . When asked about clergy entering into civil same - sex marriages , the letter stated that `` all are free to exercise their democratic entitlements once they are enshrined in legislation . However , members of the clergy , are further bound by the Ordinal and by the authority of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland . '' Services of Thanksgiving for same - sex marriage have taken place in congregations ; for example , St. Audoen 's Church hosted `` a service of thanksgiving '' for same - sex marriage . LGBTI services are also allowed by the Diocese of Cork , Cloyne and Ross .
Federalism in India
The fundamental rights of the citizens can be applicable differently to each state per Article 31 ( B ) when the required changes are added to the schedule IX of the constitution by constitutional amendments .
Name change
South Africa has officially recognized same sex marriages since 2006 and in doing so now allows one or both partners to change their surnames in the marriage register on the day of the marriage . A new passport and ID book can then be applied for with the new married surname as well .
Gun laws in Georgia
Firearm regulations are uniform throughout the state , and a firearms permit is valid throughout the state , in all areas other than in a few specially - defined areas . These specially - defined prohibited areas include :
Naming in the United States
Traditionally , the right to name one 's child or oneself as one chooses has been upheld by court rulings and is rooted in the Due Process Clause of the fourteenth Amendment and the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment , but a few restrictions do exist . Restrictions vary by state , but most are for the sake of practicality . For example , several states limit the number of characters that can be used due to the limitations of the software used for official record keeping . For similar reasons , some states ban the use of numerical digits or pictograms . A few states ban the use of obscenity . There are also a few states , Kentucky for instance , that have no naming laws whatsoever .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The official church stance on staying out of politics does not include if there are instances of what church leaders deem to be moral issues . It has previously opposed same - sex marriage in California Prop 8 , supported a gay rights bill in Salt Lake City which bans discrimination against homosexual persons in housing and employment , opposed gambling , opposed storage of nuclear waste in Utah , and supported the Utah Compact .
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
In 1982 , the Second Circuit applied the Third Amendment to the states in Engblom v. Carey . This is a binding authority over Connecticut , New York , and Vermont , but is only a persuasive authority over the remainder of the United States .
Name change
Specifically in California , Code of Civil Procedure § 1279.5 and Family Code § 2082 regulate common law and court decreed name changes . Code of Civil Procedure § 1279.5 ( a ) reads , `` Except as provided in subdivision ( b ) , ( c ) , ( d ) , or ( e ) , nothing in this title shall be construed to abrogate the common law right of any person to change his or her name . '' Subdivisions b through e preclude one from changing their name by common law if they are in state prison , on probation , on parole , or have been convicted of a serious sex offense . If a person is not in any of these categories , then a common law name change is allowed . ( Family Code § 2082 also contains some of the same wording . ) Preferred
Equal Rights Amendment
Montana -- Individual dignity . The dignity of the human being is inviolable . No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws . Neither the state nor any person , firm , corporation , or institution shall discriminate against any person in the exercise of his civil or political rights on account of race , color , sex , culture , social origin or condition , or political or religious ideas . Montana Constitution , Article II , § 4 ( 1973 )
Separation of church and state in the United States
^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . ''
Capital punishment in the United States
In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute .
Equal Rights Amendment
Legislators in the following states voted to rescind their earlier ratification of the ERA :