vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of India
1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 - c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 - c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 - c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 - c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 - c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 - c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 - c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 - c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 - c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 - c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 - c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 - c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE - present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History
Economy of India
The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) .
Indian rupee
Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857 , the British government took direct control of British India . Since 1851 , gold sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney , New South Wales . In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the `` imperial coin '' , the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns ; however , these gold sovereigns never left the vaults . As the British government gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling , it realised for the same reason it could not replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee ( as the British East India Company had desired ) . Since the silver crisis of 1873 , a number of nations adopted the gold standard ; however , India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the late 20th century .
Textile industry in India
In the early years , the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat . Availability of raw materials , market , transport , labour , moist climate and other factors contributed to localisation . In the early twentieth century , this industry played a huge role in Bombay 's economy but soon declined after independence . While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra , Gujarat and Tamil Nadu , weaving is highly decentralised . As of 30 September 2013 , there are 1962 cotton textile mills in India , of which about 80 % are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sector . Apart from these , there are several thousand small factories with three to ten looms .
Independence Day (India)
Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c.
Chennai
Recent estimates of the economy of the entire Chennai Metropolitan Area range from $58.6 to $66 billion ( PPP GDP ) , ranking it from fourth - to sixth-most productive metro area of India . Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile , computer , technology , hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors . As of 2012 , the city is India 's second largest exporter of information technology ( IT ) and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) services . A major part of India 's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname `` Detroit of India '' . It is known as the Cultural Capital of South India and is the third most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor . The city also serves as the location of the Madras Stock Exchange , India 's fourth stock exchange , one of four permanently recognised by SEBI , and India 's third - largest by trading volume , ranked behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India .
History of India
By the early 18th century , the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas ( prime ministers ) . In 1737 , the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital , Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi ( 1737 ) . The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals , Nizam , Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries . Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions . They would start with annual raids , followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region . He explained it with the example of Malwa region . Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail . It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids , up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals . For example , the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest . By 1760 , the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent .
History of coal mining
After India became independent , the new government stressed the rapid growth of heavy industry . The National Coal Development Corporation was founded in 1956 ( as a Government of India ) undertaking . The founding of this body was major step in the development of an indigenous Indian coal sector . Especially important was the development of the vast Dhanbad coal - mining complex with such major operations as Tata Steel , BCCL , ECL and IISCO ( Indian Iron And Steel Company ) , as well as the Indian School of Mines to train engineers , geologists and managers .
India
India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy , in which `` majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the union , or central , government and the states . The government abides by constitutional checks and balances . The Constitution of India , which came into effect on 26 January 1950 , states in its preamble that India is a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic . India 's form of government , traditionally described as `` quasi-federal '' with a strong centre and weak states , has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political , economic , and social changes .
Automotive industry in India
India 's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009 , with the United Kingdom being India 's largest export market , followed by Italy , Germany , Netherlands , and South Africa .
Indian rupee
The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule ( and in the first decade of independence ) were :
Gilded Age
This emerging industrial economy quickly expanded to meet the new market demands . From 1869 to 1879 , the U.S. economy grew at a rate of 6.8 % for NNP ( GDP minus capital depreciation ) and 4.5 % for NNP per capita . The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s , in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8 % , while the GDP was also doubled . Economist Milton Friedman states that for the 1880s , `` The highest decadal rate ( of growth of real reproducible , tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950 ) for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent . ''
Swadeshi movement
The Post-Independence `` Swadeshi Movement '' has developed forth differently than its pre-independence counterpart . While the pre-independence movement was essentially a response to colonial policies , the post-independence Swadeshi movement sprung forth as an answer to increasingly oppressive imperialistic policies in the post-Second World War climate . For a nation emerging from two centuries of colonial oppression , India was required to compete with the industrialised economies of the west . While rapid industrialisation under the umbrella of `` Five year Plans '' were aimed at enabling a self - sufficient India , the need to balance it with a predominantly agrarian set - up was the need of the hour . This need to preserve the old fabric of an agrarian country while simultaneously modernising , necessitated a resurgence of a slightly recast `` Swadeshi Movement '' . Forerunners of this resurgent movement was noted journalist , writer and critic S.R. Ramaswamy . Others of late in the movement include the likes of Rajiv Dixit , Swami Ramdev and Pawan Pandit . In the Digital World Swadeshishopping.com taking novel initiative for promoting Swadeshi Movement .
Economy of India
Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 .
Chennai
After India gained its independence in 1947 , the city became the capital of Madras State , which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969 . The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of English in India in the state marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state . Because of Madras and its people , English now exists in India , otherwise Hindi might have been made the sole official language in India . On 17 July 1996 , the city known as Madras was officially renamed Chennai , in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names . On 26 December 2004 , an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai , killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline . The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city , killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹ 86.4 billion ( US $1 billion ) .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
These developments set the stage for the era of explosive economic growth that is roughly coterminous with the period of social and cultural bloom that has been called the Dutch Golden Age , and formed the material basis for that cultural era . During the numerous years of Dutch economic growth the average GDP per capita increased by 0.18 per cent per annum ; at about 1810 the growth rate was about 1 per cent annually . Amsterdam became the hub of world trade , the center into which staples such as rye and luxuries flowed for sorting , processing , and distribution , and then were reexported around Europe and the world .
Economy of India
The construction industry contributed $288 billion ( 13 % of GDP ) and employed 60.42 million people ( 14 % of the workforce ) in 2016 .
History of India
The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times . Archaeologically , this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware ( NBPW ) . The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society . However , the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government . Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society , usury was customary . A significant amount of written records on slavery are found , suggesting a prevalence thereof . During this period , a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia .
History of India
In the later Vedic Age , a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent , many mentioned in Vedic , early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE sixteen monarchies and `` republics '' known as the Mahajanapadas -- Kashi , Kosala , Anga , Magadha , Vajji ( or Vriji ) , Malla , Chedi , Vatsa ( or Vamsa ) , Kuru , Panchala , Matsya ( or Machcha ) , Shurasena , Assaka , Avanti , Gandhara , and Kamboja -- stretched across the Indo - Gangetic Plain from modern - day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra . This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation . A
Automotive industry in India
In 1984 , the then Prime Minister of India , Indira Gandhi established the Ordnance Factory Medak , near Hyderabad . It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as Sarath , the backbone of India 's mechanised infantry . OFMK is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India . To manufacture the high - power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks , Engine Factory Avadi , near Chennai was set in 1987 . In 1986 , to promote the auto industry , the government established the Delhi Auto Expo . The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies , promoting indigenous research and development , and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India . The nine - day show was attended by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi .
Independence Day (India)
Independence and partition inspired literary and other artistic creations . Such creations mostly describe the human cost of partition , limiting the holiday to a small part of their narrative . Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight 's Children ( 1980 ) , which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers , wove its narrative around children born at midnight of 14 -- 15 August 1947 with magical abilities . Freedom at Midnight ( 1975 ) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947 . Few films centre on the moment of independence , instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath . On the Internet , Google has commemorated Independence Day since 2003 with a special doodle on its Indian homepage .
Franchising
The franchising of foreign goods and services to India is in its infancy . The first International Exhibition was only held in 2009 . India is , however , one of the biggest franchising markets because of its large middle - class of 300 million who are not reticent about spending and because the population is entrepreneurial in character . In a highly diversified society , ( see Demographics of India ) McDonald 's is a success story despite its fare 's differing from that of the rest of the world .
Famine
Romesh Chunder Dutt argued as early as 1900 , and present - day scholars such as Amartya Sen agree , that some historic famines were a product of both uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies , which since 1857 had led to the seizure and conversion of local farmland to foreign - owned plantations , restrictions on internal trade , heavy taxation of Indian citizens to support British expeditions in Afghanistan ( see The Second Anglo - Afghan War ) , inflationary measures that increased the price of food , and substantial exports of staple crops from India to Britain . ( Dutt , 1900 and 1902 ; Srivastava , 1968 ; Sen , 1982 ; Bhatia , 1985 . )
Indian rupee
The first decimal - coin issues in India consisted of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 naye paise , and 1 rupee . The 1 naya paisa was bronze ; the 2 , 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro - nickel , and the 25 naye paise ( nicknamed chawanni ; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas ) , 50 naye paise ( also called athanni ; 50 naye paise equalled 8 old annas ) and 1 - rupee coins were nickel . In 1964 , the word naya ( e ) was removed from all coins . Between 1957 and 1967 , aluminium one - , two - , three - , five - and ten - paise coins were introduced . In 1968 nickel - brass 20 - paise coins were introduced , and replaced by aluminium coins in 1982 . Between 1972 and 1975 , cupro - nickel replaced nickel in the 25 - and 50 - paise and the 1 - rupee coins ; in 1982 , cupro - nickel two - rupee coins were introduced . In 1988 stainless steel 10 - , 25 - and 50 - paise coins were introduced , followed by 1 - and 5 - rupee coins in 1992 . Five - rupee coins , made from brass , are being minted by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) .
Economy of India
Mining contributed $63 billion ( 3 % of GDP ) and employed 20.14 million people ( 5 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 .
Federalism in India
The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Between 1949 and 1960 , the West German economy grew at an unparalleled rate . Low rates of inflation , modest wage increases and a quickly rising export quota made it possible to restore the economy and brought a modest prosperity . According to the official statistics the German gross national product grew in average by about 7 % annually between 1950 and 1960 .
Indian rupee
Around 1875 , Britain started paying India for exported goods in India Council Bills ( instead of silver ) .
History of India
The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent from about 1200 BCE to the 6th century BCE is defined by the rise of Janapadas , which are realms , republics and kingdoms -- notably the Iron Age Kingdoms of Kuru , Panchala , Kosala , Videha .
Automotive industry in India
Exports were slow to grow . Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early , and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe ( Hungary ) . After some growth in the mid-nineties , exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive . This was not to last , and today India manufactures low - priced cars for markets across the globe . As of 18 March 2013 , global brands such as Proton Holdings , PSA Group , Kia , Mazda , Chrysler , Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market , as well as the global economic crisis . Emission
Partition of India
Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Bal K. Gupta 's memoirs Forgotten Atrocities ( 2012 ) , Khushwant Singh 's Train to Pakistan ( 1956 ) , several short stories such as Toba Tek Singh ( 1955 ) by Saadat Hassan Manto , Urdu poems such as Subh - e-Azadi ( Freedom 's Dawn , 1947 ) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz , Bhisham Sahni 's Tamas ( 1974 ) , Manohar Malgonkar 's A Bend in the Ganges ( 1965 ) , and Bapsi Sidhwa 's Ice - Candy Man ( 1988 ) , among others . Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight 's Children ( 1980 ) , which won the Booker Prize and The Best of the Booker , wove its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight of 14 August 1947 . Freedom at Midnight ( 1975 ) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947 .
History of India
848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India
Marshall Plan
Europe 's economies were recovering slowly , as unemployment and food shortages led to strikes and unrest in several nations . In 1947 the European economies were still well below their pre-war levels and were showing few signs of growth . Agricultural production was 83 % of 1938 levels , industrial production was 88 % , and exports only 59 % . In Britain the situation was not as severe .