vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Brown bear
Beyond the regular predation of salmon , most brown bears are not particularly active predators . Nonetheless , brown bears are capable of obtaining practically all forms of the mammals that they encounter : from mouse - like rodents to those as fearsome as a tiger or as large as a bison . Over 100 species of mammal have been recorded either in the scats of brown bears or have been observed as being killed or consumed by the species , although much of this consumption probably represents merely scavenging on carrion . An
Moth
Several moths in the family Tineidae are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from natural proteinaceous fibers such as wool or silk . They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers . There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar , by lavender , or by other natural oils ; however , many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation . Naphthalene ( the chemical used in mothballs ) is considered more effective , but there are concerns over its effects on human health .
Platypus
The platypus feeds by neither sight nor smell , closing its eyes , ears , and nose each time it dives . Rather , when it digs in the bottom of streams with its bill , its electroreceptors detect tiny electric currents generated by muscular contractions of its prey , so enabling it to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects , which continuously stimulate its mechanoreceptors . Experiments have shown the platypus will even react to an `` artificial shrimp '' if a small electric current is passed through it .
Banana peel
Banana peels are sometimes used as feedstock for cattle , goats , pigs , monkeys , poultry , fish , zebras and several other species , typically on small farms in regions where bananas are grown . There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals that consume them .
Avocado
Avocado leaves contain a toxic fatty acid derivative , persin , which in sufficient quantity can cause colic in horses and without veterinary treatment , death . The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation , vomiting , diarrhea , respiratory distress , congestion , fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart , and even death . Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound . A line of premium dog and cat food , AvoDerm , uses oils and meal made from avocado meat as main ingredients . The manufacturer says the avocado 's leaves and pit are the source of toxicity , and only in the Guatemalan variety of avocados , and the fruit is often eaten by orchard dogs as well as wildlife such as bears and coyotes .
Wales
Traditional dishes include laverbread ( made from laver ( Porphyra umbilicalis ) , an edible seaweed ) ; bara brith ( fruit bread ) ; cawl ( a lamb stew ) ; cawl cennin ( leek soup ) ; Welsh cakes ; and Welsh lamb . Cockles are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread .
Polygonum perfoliatum
Birds are probably the primary long - distance dispersal agents of P. perfoliatum . Transport of seeds short distances by native ant species has been observed . This activity is probably encouraged by the presence of a tiny white food body ( elaiosome ) on the tip of the seed that may be attractive to the ants . These seed - carrying ants may play an important role in the survival and germination of the seeds of P. perfoliatum . Local bird populations are important for dispersal under utility lines , bird feeders , fence lines and other perching locations . Other animals observed eating its fruits are chipmunks , squirrel and deer .
Moth
The larvae of many species are used as food , particularly in Africa , where they are an important source of nutrition . The mopane worm , the caterpillar of Gonimbrasia belina , from the family Saturniidae , is a significant food resource in southern Africa . Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor ( Usta terpsichore ) . In one country alone , Congo , more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested . Some are sold not only in the local village markets , but are shipped by the ton from one country to another .
Ancient Greek cuisine
The consumption of fish and meat varied in accordance with the wealth and location of the household ; in the country , hunting ( primarily trapping ) allowed for consumption of birds and hares . Peasants also had farmyards to provide them with chickens and geese . Slightly wealthier landowners could raise goats , pigs , or sheep . In the city , meat was expensive except for pork . In Aristophanes ' day a piglet cost three drachmas , which was three days ' wages for a public servant . Sausages were common both for the poor and the rich . Archaeological excavations at Kavousi Kastro , Lerna , and Kastanas have shown that dogs were sometimes consumed in Bronze Age Greece , in addition to the more commonly - consumed pigs , cattle , sheep , and goats .
Caenorhabditis elegans
The different Caenorhabditis species occupy various nutrient - and bacteria - rich environments . They feed on the bacteria that develop in decaying organic matter ( microbivory ) . Soil lacks enough organic matter to support self - sustaining populations . C. elegans can survive on a diet of a variety of bacteria , but its wild ecology is largely unknown . Most laboratory strains were taken from artificial environments such as gardens and compost piles . More recently , C. elegans has been found to thrive in other kinds of organic matter , particularly rotting fruit . C. elegans can also use different species of yeast , including Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus kuetzingii , as sole source of food . Although a bacterivore , C. elegans can be killed by a number of pathogenic bacteria , including human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella enterica or Enterococcus faecalis .
Wild turkey
Turkeys have many vocalizations : `` gobbles '' , `` clucks '' , `` putts '' , `` purrs '' , `` yelps '' , `` cutts '' , `` whines '' , `` cackles '' , and `` kee - kees '' . In early spring , males older than 1 - year - old ( sometimes called gobblers or toms ) and , occasionally to a lesser extent , males younger than 1 - year - old ( sometimes called jakes ) gobble to announce their presence to females and competing males . The gobble can carry for up to a mile . Males also emit a low - pitched `` drumming '' sound ; produced by the movement of air in the air sack in the chest , similar to the booming of a prairie chicken . In addition they produce a sound known as the `` spit '' which is a sharp expulsion of air from this air sack . Hens `` yelp '' to let gobblers know their location . Gobblers often yelp in the manner of females , and hens can gobble , though they rarely do so . Immature males , called jakes , often yelp .
Mercury in fish
Certain countries have cultural differences that lead to more fish consumption and therefore more possible exposure to seafood methylmercury . In Ghana , the local population traditionally consumes large quantities of fish , leading to potentially dangerous amounts of mercury in the bloodstream . In the Amazonian Basin , during the rainy season , herbivorous fish dominate the diet of 72.2 % of the women selected from a particular Amazonian village . Analysis also shows increase of mercury content in the hair of humans who eat fish on a daily basis in the Amazon .
Edible bird's nest
The most heavily harvested nests are from the edible - nest swiftlet or white - nest swiftlet ( Aerodramus fuciphagus ) and the black - nest swiftlet ( Aerodramus maximus ) . The white nests and the red nests are supposedly rich in nutrients , which are traditionally believed to provide health benefits .
Puerto Rican cuisine
Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , orégano brujo , okra , tamarind , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) , many varieties of banana fruit , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all came to Puerto Rico from , or at least through , Africa . African slaves also introduced the deep - frying of food .
Oyster
Oysters can be eaten on the half shell , raw , smoked , boiled , baked , fried , roasted , stewed , canned , pickled , steamed , or broiled , or used in a variety of drinks . Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents , including juice . Butter and salt are often added . In the case of Oysters Rockefeller , preparation can be very elaborate . They are sometimes served on edible seaweed , such as brown algae .
Venus flytrap
Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey . This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism . With the Venus flytrap , prey is limited to beetles , spiders and other crawling arthropods . In fact , the Dionaea diet is 33 % ants , 30 % spiders , 10 % beetles , and 10 % grasshoppers , with fewer than 5 % flying insects . Given that Dionaea evolved from an ancestral form of Drosera ( carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap ) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear . Whilst Drosera consume smaller , aerial insects , Dionaea consume larger terrestrial bugs . Dionaea are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs . This gives Dionaea an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form .
Barn swallow
Predatory bats such as the greater false vampire bat are known to prey on barn swallows . Swallows at their communal roosts attract predators and several falcon species make use of these opportunities . Falcon species confirmed as predators include the peregrine falcon and the African hobby .
Rabbit
Rabbits are hindgut digesters . This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum . In rabbits , the cecum is about 10 times bigger than the stomach and it along with the large intestine makes up roughly 40 % of the rabbit 's digestive tract . The unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material ; the fibrous material is passed as feces , while the more nutritious material is encased in a mucous lining as a cecotrope . Cecotropes , sometimes called `` night feces '' , are high in minerals , vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit 's health . Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional requirements ; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach for digestion in the intestines . This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food .
House sparrow
House sparrows ' nests support a wide range of scavenging insects , including nest flies such as Neottiophilum praestum , Protocalliphora blowflies , and over 1,400 species of beetle . Eggs
Spider
Spiders can also be used as food . Cooked tarantula spiders are considered a delicacy in Cambodia , and by the Piaroa Indians of southern Venezuela -- provided the highly irritant hairs , the spiders ' main defense system , are removed first .
Loggerhead sea turtle
Juvenile loggerheads share the Sargassum habitat with a variety of other organisms . The mats of Sargassum contain as many as 100 different species of animals on which the juveniles feed . Some of the prey , such as ants , flies , bugs , leafhoppers , and beetles , are carried by the wind to these areas . plant prey of the mats include barnacles , small crab larvae , fish eggs , and plantonn colonies . Marine mammals and commercial fish , such as tuna , also inhabit the mats .
Economy of French Guiana
Agriculture - products : rice , manioc ( tapioca ) , sugar , cocoa , vegetables , bananas ; cattle , pigs , poultry
Chinese food therapy
In more systematic understandings , each medicine or food item has one of five flavors : sour , sweet , bitter , pungent ( or `` acrid '' ) , and salty . Besides describing the taste of food , each of these `` flavors '' purportedly has specific effects on particular viscera . The sour flavor , for instance , has `` constriction and emollient effects '' and `` can emolliate the liver and control diarrhea and perspiration '' , whereas `` bitter '' food can `` purge the heart ' fire ' , reduce excessive fluids , induce diarrhea , and reinforce the heart ' Yin ' '' .
Alkaloid
Most of the known functions of alkaloids are related to protection . For example , aporphine alkaloid liriodenine produced by the tulip tree protects it from parasitic mushrooms . In addition , the presence of alkaloids in the plant prevents insects and chordate animals from eating it . However , some animals are adapted to alkaloids and even use them in their own metabolism . Such alkaloid - related substances as serotonin , dopamine and histamine are important neurotransmitters in animals . Alkaloids are also known to regulate plant growth . One example of an organism that uses alkaloids for protection is the Utetheisa ornatrix , more commonly known as the ornate moth . Pyrrolizidine alkaloids render these larvae and adult moths unpalatable to many of their natural enemies like coccinelid beetles , green lacewings , insectivorous hemiptera and insectivorous bats . Another example of alkaloids being utilized occurs in the poison hemlock moth ( Agonopterix alstroemeriana ) . This moth feeds on its highly toxic and alkaloid - rich host plant poison hemlock ( Conium maculatum ) during its larval stage . A. asltroemeriana may benefit twofold from the toxicity of the naturally - occurring alkaloids , both through the unpalatability of the species to predators and through the ability of A. alstroemeriana to recognize Conium maculatum as the correct location for oviposition .
Mustang
While the BLM rates horses by animal unit ( AUM ) to eat the same amount of forage as a cow - calf pair , 1.0 , multiple studies of horse grazing patterns indicate that horses probably consume forage at a rate closer to 1.5 AUM . Modern rangeland management also recommends removing all livestock during the growing season to maximize recovery of the forage . Allowing livestock to graze year - round is not good for the range , and so mismanagement of feral herds can also degrade the range for the wildlife that shares the same area .
Thanksgiving dinner
Most Thanksgiving turkeys are stuffed with a bread - based mixture and roasted . Sage is the traditional herb added to the stuffing , along with chopped celery , carrots , and onions . Other ingredients , such as chopped chestnuts or other tree nuts , crumbled sausage or bacon , cranberries , raisins , or apples may be added to stuffing . If this mixture is prepared outside the bird , it may be known as dressing . Deep - fried turkey is rising in popularity due to its shorter preparation time , but comes with safety risks .
Brown bear
Fruits and berries are indispensable for brown bears in most areas as a high - energy food stuff for bears which is necessary to survive the hibernation cycle . The variety of fruits consumed is high , with most of the well - known , wild fruiting plants in temperate North America and Eurasia attracting brown bears in late summer and fall . Among the most prominent fruits found in their foods from through the range include many Prunus species including prunes and cherries , crowberries ( Empetrum nigrum ) , pears ( Pyrus ssp . ) , crabapples ( Malus ssp . ) , brambles ( Rubus fruticosus ) , raspberries ( Rubus idaeus ) , bearberries ( Arctostaphylos ssp . ) ( reportedly named for bears ' fondness for them ) , blueberries ( Vaccinium ssp . ) , lingonberries ( Vaccinium vitis - idaea ) and huckleberries ( Vaccinium parvifolium ) . Fruit appears to become more secondary in the diet in areas where hard masts and animal protein are abundant in late summer and fall , as these more protein - rich foods appear to be more nutritious for bears than carbohydrate - rich fruits are , despite their fondness for fruit . Even where fruit are commonly eaten , other foods must be eaten to meet nutritional requirements . It is estimated that a small female brown bear may need to eat nearly 30,000 berries each day in late summer / fall in order to subsist on a purely fruit - based diet .
Camel
When the camel exhales , water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water . Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies ' hydrated state without the need for drinking . Domesticated
Water buffalo
Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening . Many fodder crops are conserved as hay , chaffed , or pulped . Fodders include alfalfa , the leaves , stems or trimmings of banana , cassava , Mangelwurzel , esparto , Leucaena leucocephala and kenaf , maize , oats , Pandanus , peanut , sorghum , soybean , sugarcane , bagasse , and turnips . Citrus pulp and pineapple wastes have been fed safely to buffalo . In Egypt , whole sun - dried dates are fed to milk buffalo up to 25 % of the standard feed mixture .
History of Mexico
The diet of ancient central and southern Mexico was varied , including domesticated corn ( or maize ) , squashes such as pumpkin and butternut squash , common or pinto beans , tomatoes , peppers , cassavas , pineapples , chocolate , and tobacco . The Three Sisters ( corn , squash , and beans ) constituted the principal diet .
Black-eyed pea
In Egypt , black - eyed peas are called lobia . Cooked with onions , garlic , meat , and tomato juice , and served with Egyptian rice with some pastina called shaerya mixed in , it makes the most famous rice dish in Egypt .
Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea
Examples include Malamba , a sugar cane brew , and Osang , an African tea . Beer and palm wine , an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the Palmyra , and coconut palms are produced locally .
Consumption of Tide Pods
Following the meme 's rise to mainstream popularity , Consumer Reports published a story discussing the contents of laundry detergent pods and the consequences of ingesting them , which can include death . The story detailed that pods contain ethanol , hydrogen peroxide , and long - chain polymers , that when ingested can result in caustic burns to the lining of one 's mouth , as well as their esophagus , stomach , and other parts of their gastrointestinal tract . The Daily Meal cited one 2014 study that suggested that ingesting the detergent pods may cause a swallowing dysfunction that could require surgery to repair .
Red-tailed hawk
Hawks in urban areas are threatened by the use of rat traps and poisoned bait to kill rodents . This generally consists of warfarin cookies which induce internal bleeding in rats and mice , and a hawk that ingests rodents who have consumed rat poison can itself be affected .
Mercury in fish
In 2012 the European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) reported on chemical contaminants they found in the food of over 20 European countries . They established that fish meat and fish products were primarily responsible for methylmercury in the diet of all age classes . Particularly implicated were swordfish , tuna , cod , pike , whiting and hake . The EFSA recommend a tolerable weekly intake for methylmercury of 1.3 μg / kg body weight .
Primate
Many primates have anatomical specializations that enable them to exploit particular foods , such as fruit , leaves , gum or insects . For example , leaf eaters such as howler monkeys , black - and - white colobuses and sportive lemurs have extended digestive tracts which enable them to absorb nutrients from leaves that can be difficult to digest . Marmosets , which are gum eaters , have strong incisor teeth , enabling them to open tree bark to get to the gum , and claws rather than nails , enabling them to cling to trees while feeding . The aye - aye combines rodent - like teeth with a long , thin middle finger to fill the same ecological niche as a woodpecker . It taps on trees to find insect larvae , then gnaws holes in the wood and inserts its elongated middle finger to pull the larvae out . Some species have additional specializations . For example , the grey - cheeked mangabey has thick enamel on its teeth , enabling it to open hard fruits and seeds that other monkeys can not . The gelada is the only primate species that feeds primarily on grass . Hunting
Zimbabwe
Rice , pasta , and potato - based foods ( french fries and mashed potato ) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine . A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter , which is taken with thick gravy , mixed vegetables and meat . A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu , boiled and sundried maize , black - eyed peas known as nyemba , and bambara groundnuts known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura . Mutakura can also be the above ingredients cooked individually . One can also find local snacks , such as maputi ( roasted / popped maize kernels similar to popcorn ) , roasted and salted peanuts , sugar cane , sweet potato , pumpkin , and indigenous fruits , such as horned melon , gaka , adansonia , mawuyu , uapaca kirkiana , mazhanje ( sugar plum ) , and many others .
Centipede
Scolopendra gigantea , also known as the Amazonian giant centipede , is the largest existing species of centipede in the world , reaching over 30 cm ( 12 in ) in length . It is known to eat lizards , frogs , birds , mice , and even bats , catching them in midflight , as well as rodents and spiders .
Coffee
Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide . Of these , over a third are beetles , and over a quarter are bugs . Some 20 species of nematodes , 9 species of mites , and several snails and slugs also attack the crop . Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries , but their impact is minor compared to invertebrates . In general , arabica is the more sensitive species to invertebrate predation overall . Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals . Nematodes attack the roots , coffee borer beetles burrow into stems and woody material , and the foliage is attacked by over 100 species of larvae ( caterpillars ) of butterflies and moths .
Lion
Lions scavenge on carrion when the opportunity arises . They scavenge animals either dead from natural causes like diseases , or were killed by other predators , and keep a constant lookout for circling vultures , being keenly aware that they indicate an animal dead or in distress . In fact , most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by the hyenas instead of the lions . Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet . Predator
Mercury in fish
Species with characteristically low levels of mercury include shrimp , tilapia , salmon , pollock , and catfish ( FDA March 2004 ) . The FDA characterizes shrimp , catfish , pollock , salmon , sardines , and canned light tuna as low - mercury seafood , although recent tests have indicated that up to 6 percent of canned light tuna may contain high levels . A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in tuna meat is inversely related to the lipid content , suggesting that the lipid concentration within edible tuna tissues has a diluting effect on mercury content . These findings suggest that choosing to consume a type of tuna that has a higher natural fat content may help reduce the amount of mercury intake , compared to consuming tuna with a low fat content . Also , many of the fish chosen for sushi contain high levels of mercury .
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian cuisine remained remarkably stable over time ; indeed , the cuisine of modern Egypt retains some striking similarities to the cuisine of the ancients . The staple diet consisted of bread and beer , supplemented with vegetables such as onions and garlic , and fruit such as dates and figs . Wine and meat were enjoyed by all on feast days while the upper classes indulged on a more regular basis . Fish , meat , and fowl could be salted or dried , and could be cooked in stews or roasted on a grill . Karnak