vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of Bengal (1905)
In 1947 , Bengal was partitioned for the second time , solely on religious grounds , as part of the Partition of India following the formation of the nations India and Pakistan . In 1947 , East Bengal became East Pakistan , and in 1971 became the independent state of Bangladesh after a successful war of independence with West Pakistan .
Economy of India
The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations .
Economy of India
The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 .
East Pakistan
At the time of the Partition of British India , East Bengal had a plantation economy . The Chittagong Tea Auction was established in 1949 as the region was home to the world 's largest tea plantations . The East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association was established in 1954 . Many wealthy Muslim immigrants from India , Burma and former British colonies settled in East Pakistan . The Ispahani family , Africawala brothers and the Adamjee family were pioneers of industrialization in the region . Many of modern Bangladesh 's leading companies were born in the East Pakistan period .
Economic history of Italy
The Italian economy has had very variable growth . In the 1950s and early 1960s , the Italian economy was booming , with record high growth rates , including 6.4 % in 1959 , 5.8 % in 1960 , 6.8 % in 1961 , and 6.1 % in 1962 . This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several Italian businesspeople , the opening of new industries ( helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons , made for iron and steel , in the Po valley ) , re-construction and modernisation of most Italian cities , such as Milan , Rome and Turin , and the aid given to the country after World War II ( notably the Marshall Plan ) .
Economy of India
Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities .
Economy of India
The retail industry , excluding wholesale , contributed $482 billion ( 22 % of GDP ) and employed 249.94 million people ( 57 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The industry is the second largest employer in India , after agriculture . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 .
Automotive industry in India
However , growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s , due to nationalisation and the license raj , hampered the growth of Indian private sector .
Economy of India
The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee .
World War II
Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades .
Economy of India
New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) .
Economy of India
Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14
Economy of India
The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools .
Economy of India
the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 when the government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period .
Partition of India
The province of Bengal was divided into the two separate entities of West Bengal , awarded to the Dominion of India , and East Bengal , awarded to the Dominion of Pakistan . East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan in 1955 , and later became the independent nation of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 .
India
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5 % for several years prior to 2007 , India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century . Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985 ; India 's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030 . Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness , India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication , 24th in the banking sector , 44th in business sophistication , and 39th in innovation , ahead of several advanced economies , as of 2010 . With 7 of the world 's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India , the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States , as of 2009 . India 's consumer market , the world 's eleventh - largest , is expected to become fifth - largest by 2030 . However , hardly 2 % of Indians pay income taxes . Agricultural
History of India
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent ; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo - Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation ; the rise of Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism ; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than three millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent , including the growth of Muslim dominions during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers ; the advent of European traders and privateers , resulting in the establishment of British India ; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India .
History of India
1750 CE -- 1947 ) -- Independent India ( show ) Notes and references for table Notes Different periods are designated as `` classical Hinduism '' : Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE `` pre-classical '' . It 's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism ( Smart distinguishes `` Brahmanism '' from the Vedic religion , connecting `` Brahmanism '' with the Upanishads . ) , Jainism and Buddhism . For Smart , the `` classical period '' lasts from 100 to 1000 CE , and coincides with the flowering of `` classical Hinduism '' and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana - buddhism in India . For Michaels , the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of `` Ascetic reformism '' , whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of `` classical Hinduism '' , since there is `` a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions '' . Muesse discerns a longer period of change , namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE , which he calls the `` Classical Period '' . According to Muesse , some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism , namely karma , reincarnation and `` personal enlightenment and transformation '' , which did not exist in the Vedic religion , developed in this time . References Jump up ^ Khanna 2007 , p. xvii Jump up ^ Khanna 2007 , p. xvii Jump up ^ Misra 2004 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Kulke 2004 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Bentley Jump up ^ Khanna 2007 , p. xvii Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Stein Jump up ^ Smart 2003 , p. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 Jump up ^ Muesse 2011 Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Thapar Jump up ^ Thapar Jump up ^ Thapar Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels 2004 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Smart 2003 , p. 52 , 83 -- 86 Jump up ^ Smart 2003 , p.
India
Since 1991 , economic inequality between India 's states has consistently grown : the per - capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest . Corruption in India is perceived to have decreased . According to Corruption Perceptions Index , India ranked 76th out of 176 countries in 2016 , from 85th in 2014 .
History of India
After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire , Palaiyakkarar states emerged in Southern India ; and managed to weather invasions and flourished till the advent of the British . Around the 18th century , the Kingdom of Nepal was formed by Rajput rulers .
History of India
As a result of the three Carnatic Wars , the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India . The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras ; the Anglo - Mysore Wars ( 1766 -- 1799 ) and later the Anglo - Maratha Wars ( 1772 -- 1818 ) led to control of the vast regions of India . Ahom Kingdom of North - east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826 . Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo - Sikh War in 1849 ; however , Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state . The border dispute between Nepal and British India , which sharpened after 1801 , had caused the Anglo - Nepalese War of 1814 -- 16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence . In 1854 , Berar was annexed , and the state of Oudh was added two years later .
History of India
Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE . From the 3rd century BCE onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Tamil Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish . Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BCE and was exported to foreign countries . During the Classical period , various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years , among which the Gupta Empire stands out . This period , witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence , is known as the classical or `` Golden Age of India '' . During this period , aspects of Indian civilisation , administration , culture , and religion ( Hinduism and Buddhism ) spread to much of Asia , while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Middle East and the Mediterranean . Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia ( Greater India ) .
Industrial Revolution
Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about one - sixth those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India . Cotton
Automotive industry in India
In April -- October 2015 , overall automobile exports grew by 5.78 per cent . PVs , CVs , 3Ws , and 2Ws registered growth of 6.34 per cent , 17.95 per cent , 18.59 per cent , and 3.22 per cent , respectively , in April -- October 2015 , over April -- October 2014 .
Economy of India
Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium .
Economy of India
Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver
Economy of India
There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India .
Economic history of Italy
After 1964 , Italy maintained for a while a constant growth rate of above 8 % every year . Despite this , due to political , economical and social problems in the country during the late - 1960s and most of the 1970s , the economy went stagnant and entered its first recession after that of the late - 1940s . The problems included an increasingly high inflation rate , high energy prices ( Italy is highly dependent on foreign oil and natural gas resources ) . This economic recession went on into the early - 1980s until a reduction of public costs and spendings , tighter budgets and deficits , a steady economic growth , and a lowered inflation rate resulted in Italy left recession by 1983 as a result of this recovery plan . This plan led to an increasing GDP growth , lower inflation , and increased industrial / agricultural / commercial produce , exports and output , yet made the unemployment rate rise . A decrease in energy prices and lowered value of the dollar led to foreign exchange being liberalised and the economy to re-grow rapidly . As a matter of fact , in 1987 , Italy had a period when it surpassed the British economy , becoming the sixth in the world .
Green Revolution in India
The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased due to improved method & technology . The Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to overcome poor agricultural productivity . It started in India in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , which were developed by many scientists , including Indian geneticist M.S. Swaminathan , American agronomist Dr. Norman Borlaug , and others . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research also claims credit for Udit Singhal for developing rust resistant strains of wheat .
Economy of India
After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar .
Economic history of Italy
The economic history of Italy after 1861 can be divided in three main phases : an initial period of struggle after the unification of the country , characterised by high emigration and stagnant growth ; a central period of robust catch - up from the 1890s to the 1980s , interrupted by the Great Depression of the 1930s and the two world wars ; and a final period of sluggish growth that has been exacerbated by a double - deep recession following the 2008 global financial crush , and from which the country is slowly reemerging only in recent years .
Economy of India under the British Raj
Headrick argues that both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors , civil engineers , and even operating personnel , such as locomotive engineers . The government 's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London , shutting out most Indian firms . The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain . There were railway maintenance workshops in India , but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives . TISCO could not obtain orders for rails until the 1920s .
History of democracy
India became a Democratic Republic in 1950 after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1947 . After holding its first national elections in 1952 , India achieved the status of the world 's largest liberal democracy with universal suffrage which it continues to hold today . Most of the former British and French colonies were independent by 1965 and at least initially democratic ; those that were formerly part of the British Empire often adopted the Westminster parliamentary system . The process of decolonisation created much political upheaval in Africa and parts of Asia , with some countries experiencing often rapid changes to and from democratic and other forms of government .
Industrial Revolution
An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories .
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s , along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity , brought about a 39 % surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206 . The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief recession in 1949 and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War , the Greek Civil War , the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 and the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War .
India
Since its independence in 1947 , India has maintained cordial relations with most nations . In the 1950s , it strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned Movement . In the late 1980s , the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries : a peace - keeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 ; and an armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'état attempt in the Maldives . India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan ; the two nations have gone to war four times : in 1947 , 1965 , 1971 , and 1999 . Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir , while the fourth , the 1971 war , followed from India 's support for the independence of Bangladesh . After waging the 1962 Sino - Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan , India pursued close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union ; by the late 1960s , the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier .