vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Yellowstone River
An ExxonMobil pipeline which runs from Silver Tip , to Billings , Montana , ruptured about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Billings on Friday , July 1 , 2011 , at about 10 : 40 p.m. The resulting spill leaked an estimated 1,500 barrels of oil , equivalent to 63,000 US gallons ( 240,000 l ; 52,000 imp gal ) , into the Yellowstone River for 56 minutes before it was shut down . As a precaution against a possible explosion , officials in Laurel , Montana evacuated about 140 people on Saturday just after midnight , then allowed them to return at 4 a.m. Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer stated that `` The parties responsible will restore the Yellowstone River '' .
Boise, Idaho
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 80.05 square miles ( 207.33 km ) , of which , 79.36 square miles ( 205.54 km ) is land and 0.69 square miles ( 1.79 km ) is water . The city is drained by the Boise River . The City of Boise is considered part of the Treasure Valley .
History of Native Americans in the United States
Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A
First Nations
Those nations who managed to maintain their ownership of good lands often farmed successfully . Indigenous people living near the Cowichan and Fraser rivers , and those from Saskatchewan managed to produce good harvests . Since 1881 , those First Nations people living in the prairie provinces required permits from Indian Agents to sell any of their produce . Later the government created a pass system in the old Northwest Territories that required indigenous people to seek written permission from an Indian Agent before leaving their reserves for any length of time . Indigenous people regularly defied those laws , as well as bans on Sun Dances and potlatches , in an attempt to practice their culture .
Southwestern United States
The area also contains many of the nation 's largest cities and metropolitan areas , despite relatively low population density in rural areas . Phoenix is the sixth most populous cities in the country , and Albuquerque and Las Vegas are some of the fastest - growing cities in the United States . Also , the region as a whole has witnessed some of the highest population growth in the United States , and according to the US Census Bureau , in 2008 -- 2009 , Utah was the fastest growing state in America . As of the 2010 Census , Nevada was the fastest growing state in the United States , with an increase of 35.1 % in the last ten years . Additionally , Arizona ( 24.6 % ) , Utah ( 23.8 % ) , Texas ( 20.6 % ) , and Colorado ( 16.9 % ) were all in the top ten fastest growing states as well .
First Transcontinental Railroad
On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 .
Grand Canyon
There are approximately 41 reptile species in Grand Canyon National Park . Ten are considered common along the river corridor and include lizards and snakes . Lizard density tends to be highest along the stretch of land between the water 's edge and the beginning of the upland desert community . The two largest lizards in the canyon are gila monsters and chuckwallas . Many snake species , which are not directly dependent on surface water , may be found both within the inner gorge and the Colorado River corridor . Six rattlesnake species have been recorded in the park .
Amazon River
Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado , the `` city of gold '' and La Canela , the `` valley of cinnamon '' . He was accompanied by his second - in - command Francisco de Orellana . After 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) , the Coca River joined the Napo River ( at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana ) ; the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence . They continued downriver through an uninhabited area , where they could not find food . Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River , then known as Río de la Canela ( `` Cinnamon River '' ) and return with food for the party . Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola , they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north .
Grand Canyon
Nearly two billion years of Earth 's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted . While some aspects about the history of incision of the canyon are debated by geologists , several recent studies support the hypothesis that the Colorado River established its course through the area about 5 to 6 million years ago . Since that time , the Colorado River has driven the down - cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs , simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the much of the Civil War fighting taking place in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska .
Mississippi River
In 1913 , construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk , Iowa , the first dam below St. Anthony Falls . Built by a private power company ( Union Electric Company of St. Louis ) to generate electricity ( originally for streetcars in St. Louis ) , the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro - electric plants in the world at the time . The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids . Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1917 . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota , was completed in 1930 .
Meander
The term derives from the Meander River located in present - day Turkey and known to the Ancient Greeks as Μαίανδρος Maiandros ( Latin : Maeander ) , characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach . As a result , even in Classical Greece ( and in later Greek thought ) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding , such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas , as well as the geomorphological feature . Strabo said : ' ... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering . '
Southwestern United States
The Southwest is also home to some of the most prominent rodeos in North America . The Professional Bull Riders association has its headquarters in Pueblo , Colorado . The PBR World Finals are held annually in Las Vegas , which also hosts the National Finals Rodeo , which is the nation 's premier rodeo event . Other major rodeo events include the week - long Fiesta de los Vaqueros in Tucson , the World 's Oldest Rodeo in Prescott , Arizona , the Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo in El Paso , Texas , and the Rodeo de Santa Fe , one of the nation 's premier rodeos .
Mississippi River
Ojibwe : Misi - ziibi , Dakota : Mníšošethąka , Myaamia : Mihsi - siipiiwi , Cheyenne : Ma'xeé'ometāā'e , Kiowa : Xósáu , Arapaho : Beesniicie , Pawnee : Kickaátit Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument , Iowa Name origin : Ojibwe word misi - ziibi , meaning `` Great River '' , or gichi - ziibi , meaning `` Big River '' Nickname : `` Old Man River '' Country United States States Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , Louisiana Tributaries - left St. Croix River , Wisconsin River , Rock River , Illinois River , Kaskaskia River , Ohio River - right Minnesota River , Des Moines River , Missouri River , White River , Arkansas River Cities Saint Cloud , MN , Minneapolis , MN , St. Paul , MN , La Crosse , WI , Quad Cities , IA / IL , St. Louis , MO , Memphis , TN , Baton Rouge , LA , New Orleans , LA Source Lake
Parens patriae
Missouri v. Illinois , 180 U.S. 208 ( 1901 ) ( holding that Missouri was permitted to sue Illinois and a Chicago sanitation district on behalf of Missouri citizens to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the Mississippi River ) ; Kansas v. Colorado , 206 U.S. 46 ( 1907 ) ( holding that Kansas was permitted to sue as parens patriae to enjoin the diversion of water from an interstate stream ) ; Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co. , 206 U.S. 230 ( 1907 ) ( holding that Georgia was entitled to sue to enjoin fumes from a copper plant across the state border from injuring land in five Georgia counties ) ; New York v. New Jersey , 256 U.S. 296 ( 1921 ) ( holding that New York could sue to enjoin the discharge of sewage into the New York harbor ) ; Pennsylvania v. West Virginia , 262 U.S. 553 ( 1923 ) ( holding that Pennsylvania might sue to enjoin restraints on the commercial flow of natural gas ) ; North Dakota v. Minnesota , 263 U.S. 365 ( 1923 ) ( holding that Minnesota could sue to enjoin changes in drainage which increase the flow of water in an interstate stream ) .
Bullhead City, Arizona
Bullhead City is a city located on the Colorado River in Mohave County , Arizona , United States , roughly 90 mi ( 140 km ) south of Las Vegas , Nevada , and directly across the Colorado River from Laughlin , Nevada , whose casinos and ancillary services supply much of the employment for Bullhead City . Bullhead City is located on the southern border of Lake Mohave . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city is 39,540 . The nearby communities of Laughlin , Needles , California , Fort Mohave and Mohave Valley bring the Bullhead area 's total population to about 100,000 , making it the largest micropolitan area in Mohave County .
Mississippi River
The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis . Above the dam , the river 's elevation is 799 feet ( 244 m ) . Below the dam , the river 's elevation is 750 feet ( 230 m ) . This 49 - foot ( 15 m ) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams . The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete . Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River . The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall .
Missouri
Other nicknames for Missouri include `` The Lead State '' , `` The Bullion State '' , `` The Ozark State '' , `` The Mother of the West '' , `` The Iron Mountain State '' , and `` Pennsylvania of the West '' . It is also known as the `` Cave State '' because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state ( second to Tennessee ) . Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave .
Black Hills
The Black Hills ( Lakota : Ȟe Sápa ; Cheyenne : Moʼȯhta - voʼhonáaeva ; Hidatsa : awaxaawi shiibisha ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming , United States . Black Elk Peak ( formerly known as Harney Peak ) , which rises to 7,244 feet ( 2,208 m ) , is the range 's highest summit . The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest . The name `` Black Hills '' is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa . The hills were so - called because of their dark appearance from a distance , as they were covered in trees .
Bullhead City, Arizona
The earliest inhabitants of the Colorado River Valley were the Mojave people . The rich soil and plentiful water provided the valley 's natives with the necessities to create a prosperous farming community . According to Mojave legend , life began on Spirit Mountain , the highest peak visible from the Bullhead City area .
Great Basin
The Great Basin 's two most populous metropolitan areas are the Reno - Sparks metropolitan area to the west and Wasatch Front to the east . The region between these two areas is sparsely populated , but includes the smaller cities of Elko , Ely , Wendover , West Wendover , and Winnemucca . To the north are ; in California Susanville , in Oregon Burns and Hines , in Idaho Malad and in Wyoming Evanston . To the south are Cedar City , Tonopah , and Bishop and the very southern area of the basin has the communities of Pahrump , Palmdale , Victorville , and Palm Springs . Interstate Highways traversing the Great Basin are Interstate 80 ( I - 80 ) and I - 15 , and I - 70 and I - 84 have their respective endpoints within its boundaries . Other major roadways are U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) , US 50 , US 93 , US 95 and US 395 . The section of US 50 between Delta , Utah , and Fallon , Nevada , is nicknamed `` The Loneliest Road in America '' , and Nevada State Route 375 is designated the `` Extraterrestrial Highway '' . The Great Basin is traversed by several rail lines including the Union Pacific Railroad 's Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) through Reno and Ogden , Feather River Route , Central Corridor and Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad .
Mississippi River
Fort Madison Toll Bridge -- Connects Fort Madison , Iowa , and unincorporated Niota , Illinois ; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge ; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999 . Keokuk -- Hamilton Bridge -- Connects Keokuk , Iowa and Hamilton , Illinois ; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge . Bayview Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river , connecting the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois . Quincy Memorial Bridge -- Connects the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois , carrying eastbound U.S. 24 , the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges . Clark Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting West Alton , Missouri , and Alton , Illinois , also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program , Nova ; built in 1994 , carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river . This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area , replacing the Old Clark Bridge , a truss bridge built in 1928 , named after explorer William Clark . The
River Thames
In 2010 , the Thames won the world 's largest environmental award at the time , the $350,000 International Riverprize , presented at the International Riversymposium in Perth , WA in recognition of the substantial and sustained restoration of the river by many hundreds of organisations and individuals since the 1950s .
Afghanistan
Despite having numerous rivers and reservoirs , large parts of the country are dry . The endorheic Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world . Aside from the usual rainfall , Afghanistan receives snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains , and the melting snow in the spring season enters the rivers , lakes , and streams . However , two - thirds of the country 's water flows into the neighboring countries of Iran , Pakistan , and Turkmenistan . The state needs more than US $2 billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed .
River Thames
About 450,000 years ago , in the most extreme Ice Age of the Pleistocene , the Anglian , the furthest southern extent of the ice sheet was at Hornchurch in east London . It dammed the river in Hertfordshire , resulting in the formation of large ice lakes , which eventually burst their banks and caused the river to be diverted onto its present course through what is now London . Progressively , the channel was pushed south to form the St Albans depression by the repeated advances of the ice sheet .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges .
Pony Express
The route started at St. Joseph , Missouri on the Missouri River , it then followed what is modern - day U.S. Highway 36 ( US 36 the Pony Express Highway ) to Marysville , Kansas , where it turned northwest following Little Blue River to Fort Kearny in Nebraska . Through Nebraska it followed the Great Platte River Road , cutting through Gothenburg , Nebraska , clipping the edge of Colorado at Julesburg , Colorado , and passing Courthouse Rock , Chimney Rock , and Scotts Bluff , before arriving at Fort Laramie in Wyoming . From there it followed the Sweetwater River , passing Independence Rock , Devil 's Gate , and Split Rock , to Fort Caspar , through South Pass to Fort Bridger and then down to Salt Lake City . From Salt Lake City it generally followed the Central Nevada Route blazed by Captain James H. Simpson of the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1859 . This route roughly follows today 's US 50 across Nevada and Utah . It crossed the Great Basin , the Utah - Nevada Desert , and the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe before arriving in Sacramento . Mail was then sent via steamer down the Sacramento River to San Francisco . On a few instances when the steamer was missed , riders took the mail via horseback to Oakland , California .
Nile
The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey .
Canada–United States relations
Canada and the United States are the world 's largest trading partners . The two nations have the world 's longest shared border ( 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) ) , and also have significant interoperability within the defense sphere . Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes , environmental concerns , Canadian concern for the future of oil exports , and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism . Trade has continued to expand , especially following the 1988 FTA and North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) in 1994 which has further merged the two economies . Co-operation on many fronts , such as the ease of the flow of goods , services , and people across borders are to be even more extended , as well as the establishment of joint border inspection agencies , relocation of U.S. food inspectors agents to Canadian plants and vice versa , greater sharing of intelligence , and harmonizing regulations on everything from food to manufactured goods , thus further increasing the American - Canadian assemblage .