vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
Upon its first publication , a reviewer for the Cincinnati newspaper Daily Commercial called the poem `` unmixed and hopeless drivel '' and a disgrace to its publisher . Shortly after , on January 7 , 1860 , the Saturday Press published a response to that review titled `` All About a Mocking - Bird '' , celebrating Whitman 's poem . This article may have been written by Whitman himself .
James Russell Lowell
He returned to the United States by June 1885 , living with his daughter and her husband in Southboro , Massachusetts . He then spent time in Boston with his sister before returning to Elmwood in November 1889 . By this time , most of his friends were dead , including Quincy , Longfellow , Dana , and Emerson , leaving him depressed and contemplating suicide again . Lowell spent part of the 1880s delivering various speeches , and his last published works were mostly collections of essays , including Political Essays , and a collection of his poems Heartsease and Rue in 1888 . His last few years he traveled back to England periodically and when he returned to the United States in the fall of 1889 , he moved back to Elmwood with Mabel , while her husband worked for clients in New York and New Jersey . That year , Lowell gave an address at the centenary of George Washington 's inauguration . Also that year , the Boston Critic dedicated a special issue to Lowell on his seventieth birthday to recollections and reminiscences by his friends , including former presidents Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone as well as Alfred , Lord Tennyson and Francis Parkman .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
When old age shall this generation waste , Thou shalt remain , in midst of other woe Than ours , a friend to man , to whom thou sayst , `` Beauty is truth , truth beauty , '' -- that is all Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . ( lines 46 -- 50 )
Romanticism
The precursors of Romanticism in English poetry go back to the middle of the 18th century , including figures such as Joseph Warton ( headmaster at Winchester College ) and his brother Thomas Warton , Professor of Poetry at Oxford University . Joseph maintained that invention and imagination were the chief qualities of a poet . Thomas Chatterton is generally considered the first Romantic poet in English . The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762 , inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott . Both Chatterton and Macpherson 's work involved elements of fraud , as what they claimed was earlier literature that they had discovered or compiled was , in fact , entirely their own work . The Gothic novel , beginning with Horace Walpole 's The Castle of Otranto ( 1764 ) , was an important precursor of one strain of Romanticism , with a delight in horror and threat , and exotic picturesque settings , matched in Walpole 's case by his role in the early revival of Gothic architecture . Tristram Shandy , a novel by Laurence Sterne ( 1759 -- 67 ) introduced a whimsical version of the anti-rational sentimental novel to the English literary public .
Brontë family
The children became interested in writing from an early age , initially as a game which later matured into a passion . Although they all displayed a talent for narrative , it was the younger ones whose pastime it became to develop them . At the centre of the children 's creativity were twelve wooden soldiers which Patrick Brontë gave to Branwell at the beginning of June 1826 . These toy soldiers instantly fired their imaginations and they spoke of them as the Young Men , and gave them names . However , it was not until December 1827 that their ideas took written form , and the imaginary African kingdom of Glass Town came into existence , followed by the Empire of Angria . Emily and Anne created Gondal , an island continent in the North Pacific , ruled by a woman , after the departure of Charlotte in 1831 . In the beginning , these stories were written in little books , the size of a matchbox ( about 1.5 x 2.5 inches -- 3.8 x 6.4 cm ) , and cursorily bound with thread . The pages were filled with close , minute writing , often in capital letters without punctuation and embellished with illustrations , detailed maps , schemes , landscapes , and plans of buildings , created by the children according to their specialisations . The idea was that the books were of a size for the soldiers to read . The complexity of the stories matured as the children 's imaginations developed , fed by reading the three weekly or monthly magazines to which their father had subscribed , or the newspapers that were bought daily from John Greenwood 's local news and stationery store .
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland ) is an 1865 fantasy novel written by English mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dudgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll . It tells of a girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar , anthropomorphic creatures . The tale plays with logic , giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children . It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre . Its narrative course and structure , characters and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature , especially in the fantasy genre .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere ) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge , written in 1797 -- 98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads . Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss . Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads , it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature .
The Raven
Poe also refers to `` Aidenn '' , another word for the Garden of Eden , though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven .
Romanticism
Scottish `` national drama '' emerged in the early 1800s , as plays with specifically Scottish themes began to dominate the Scottish stage . Theatres had been discouraged by the Church of Scotland and fears of Jacobite assemblies . In the later eighteenth century , many plays were written for and performed by small amateur companies and were not published and so most have been lost . Towards the end of the century there were `` closet dramas '' , primarily designed to be read , rather than performed , including work by Scott , Hogg , Galt and Joanna Baillie ( 1762 -- 1851 ) , often influenced by the ballad tradition and Gothic Romanticism .
E. E. Cummings
Cummings returned to Paris in 1921 and lived there for two years before returning to New York . His collection Tulips and Chimneys was published in 1923 and his inventive use of grammar and syntax is evident . The book was heavily cut by his editor . XLI Poems was published in 1925 . With these collections , Cummings made his reputation as an avant garde poet .
Great Expectations
Harry Stone ( 1968 ) , Charles Dickens ' Uncollected Writings from Household Words 1850 -- 1859 , 1 and 2 , Indiana : Indiana University Press , ISBN 0713901209 F.R. & Q.D. Leavis ( 1970 ) , Dickens the Novelist , London : Chatto & Windus , ISBN 0701116447 A.E. Dyson ( 1970 ) , The Inimitable Dickens , London : Macmillan , ISBN 0333063287 Angus Wilson ( 1972 ) , The World of Charles Dickens , Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , ISBN 0140034889 Philip Collins ( 1975 ) , Charles Dickens : The Public Readings , Oxford : Clarendon Press Robert L. Patten ( 1978 ) , Charles Dickens and His Publishers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0198120761 Virginia Woolf ( 1986 ) , Andrew McNeillie , ed. , The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 , London : Hogarth Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 Harry Stone ( 1979 ) , Dickens and the Invisible World , Fairy Tales , Fantasy and Novel - Making , Bloomington and Londres : Indiana University . Press Michael Slater ( 1983 ) , Dickens and Women , London : J.M. Dent & Sons , Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 460 - 04248 - 3 Fred Kaplan ( 1988 ) , Dickens , A Biography , William Morrow & Co , ISBN 9780688043414 Norman Page ( 1988 ) , A Dickens Chronology , Boston : G.K. Hall and Co . Peter Ackroyd ( 1993 ) , Charles Dickens , London : Stock , ISBN 978 - 0099437093 Philip Collins ( 1996 ) , Charles Dickens , The Critical Heritage , London : Routletge About
Romanticism
In the United States , at least by 1818 with William Cullen Bryant 's `` To a Waterfowl '' , Romantic poetry was being published . American Romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving 's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1820 ) and Rip Van Winkle ( 1819 ) , followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper , with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already - exotic mythicized frontier peopled by `` noble savages '' , similar to the philosophical theory of Rousseau , exemplified by Uncas , from The Last of the Mohicans . There are picturesque `` local color '' elements in Washington Irving 's essays and especially his travel books . Edgar Allan Poe 's tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home , but the romantic American novel developed fully with the atmosphere and melodrama of Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter ( 1850 ) . Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination , as does the romantic realism of Walt Whitman . The poetry of Emily Dickinson -- nearly unread in her own time -- and Herman Melville 's novel Moby - Dick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature . By the 1880s , however , psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel . Influence
Romanticism
Brazilian Romanticism is characterized and divided in three different periods . The first one is basically focused on the creation of a sense of national identity , using the ideal of the heroic Indian . Some examples include José de Alencar , who wrote Iracema and O Guarani , and Gonçalves Dias , renowned by the poem `` Canção do Exílio '' ( Song of the Exile ) . The second period , sometimes called Ultra-Romanticism , is marked by a profound influence of European themes and traditions , involving the melancholy , sadness and despair related to unobtainable love . Goethe and Lord Byron are commonly quoted in these works . The third cycle is marked by social poetry , especially the abolitionist movement , and it includes Álvares de Azevedo and Castro Alves . Dennis
History of childhood
Sir Joshua Reynolds ' extensive children portraiture clearly demonstrate the new enlightened attitudes toward young children . His 1788 painting The Age of Innocence , emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite .
Lake District
The poet and his wife lie buried in the churchyard of Grasmere and very near to them are the remains of Hartley Coleridge ( son of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge ) , who himself lived for many years in Keswick , Ambleside and Grasmere . Robert Southey , the Poet Laureate and friend of Wordsworth ( who would succeed Southey as Laureate in 1843 ) , was a resident of Keswick for forty years ( 1803 -- 43 ) , and was buried in Crosthwaite churchyard . Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived for some time in Keswick , and also with the Wordsworths at Grasmere . From 1807 to 1815 John Wilson lived at Windermere . Thomas de Quincey spent the greater part of the years 1809 to 1828 at Grasmere , in the first cottage which Wordsworth had inhabited . Ambleside , or its environs , was also the place of residence both of Thomas Arnold , who spent there the vacations of the last ten years of his life and of Harriet Martineau , who built herself a house there in 1845 . At Keswick , Mrs Lynn Linton ( wife of William James Linton ) was born , in 1822 . Brantwood , a house beside Coniston Water , was the home of John Ruskin during the last years of his life . His assistant W.G. Collingwood the author , artist and antiquarian lived nearby , and wrote Thorstein of the Mere , set in the Norse period .
Republic of Ireland
Patricia Lynch ( 1898 -- 1972 ) was a prolific children 's author , while Eoin Colfer has been particularly successful in this genre in recent years . In the genre of the short story , which is a form favoured by many Irish writers , the most prominent figures include Seán Ó Faoláin , Frank O'Connor and William Trevor . Well known Irish poets include Patrick Kavanagh , Thomas McCarthy , Dermot Bolger , and Nobel Prize in Literature laureates William Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney ( born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin ) . Prominent writers in the Irish language are Pádraic Ó Conaire , Máirtín Ó Cadhain , Séamus Ó Grianna , and Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill .
Great Expectations
Dickens was pleased with the idea , calling it `` such a very fine , new and grotesque idea '' in a letter to Forster . He planned to write `` a little piece '' , a `` grotesque tragi - comic conception '' , about a young hero who befriends an escaped convict , who then makes a fortune in Australia and anonymously bequeaths his property to the hero . In the end , the hero loses the money because it is forfeited to the Crown . In his biography of Dickens , Forster wrote that in the early idea `` was the germ of Pip and Magwitch , which at first he intended to make the groundwork of a tale in the old twenty - number form . '' Dickens presented the relationship between Pip and Magwitch pivotal to Great Expectations but without Miss Havisham , Estella , or other characters he later created .
Education in ancient Rome
At between nine and twelve years of age , boys from affluent families would leave their ' litterator ' behind and take up study with a grammaticus , who honed his students ' writing and speaking skills , versed them in the art of poetic analysis and taught them Greek if they did not yet know it . Poetry analysis continued to use the same poems and poets the students were exposed to in Ludus , such as Phoenissae by Euripides . By this point , lower class boys would already be working as apprentices , and girls -- rich or poor -- would be focused on making themselves attractive brides and , subsequently , capable mothers .
History of childhood
The nature of childhood on the American frontier is disputed . One group of scholars , following the lead of novelists Willa Cather and Laura Ingalls Wilder , argue that the rural environment was salubrious . Historians Katherine Harris and Elliott West write that rural upbringing allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender , promoted family interdependence , and in the end produced children who were more self - reliant , mobile , adaptable , responsible , independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts . On the other hand , historians Elizabeth Hampsten and Lillian Schlissel offer a grim portrait of loneliness , privation , abuse , and demanding physical labor from an early age . Riney - Kehrberg takes a middle position . Over the 21st century , some sex - selection clinics have shown a preference for female children over male children .
Albatross (metaphor)
Also , the word albatross is used in Letter II , Volume One of Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , in which Robert Walton is speaking to his sister and states , `` ... but I shall kill no albatross ... '' , an allusion quite clearly referring to the poem by her close acquaintance , Coleridge . The novel was first published in 1818 , long before the term was introduced into the Oxford Dictionary .
Jephthah
Historia di Jephta , an oratorio by Giacomo Carissimi . Jephtes , sive votum , a tragedy by George Buchanan ( 1554 ) . Jefta , een offerbelofte , a play by Joost van den Vondel ( 1659 ) , translation of the play of Buchanan . Two Treatises of Government , A political and theological book John Locke ( 1689 ) challenging the divine right of kings , using Jephthah to demonstrate his `` appeal to heaven '' for changing government by the use of force in the absence of an earthly authority to petition to . See Book II , section 21 . This concept is extremely important in first amendment jurisprudence , and is one of the strangest arguments against temporary restraining orders that enjoin speech , also known as a prior restraint , because of how dangerous they are . See for example Milk Wagon Drivers v. Meadowmoor Dairies , Inc. 312 U.S. 287,293 ( 1941 ) . Jephté , an opera by Michel Pignolet de Montéclair ( 1732 ) . Jephtha , the oratorio by George Frideric Handel ( 1751 ) . Songs from Oratorio of Jephtha by John H. Hewitt ( 1845 ) . Jephtas Gelübde , an opera on the story by Meyerbeer . The Vow , an opera by Colin McAlpin . The story of Jephthah and his daughter is the subject of Lion Feuchtwanger 's historical novel , Jefta und seine Tochter ( 1957 ) , English translation , Jephta and His Daughter , also known as Jephthah and His Daughter , published 1958 In Hamlet , Polonius tells Hamlet `` If you call me Jephthah , my lord , I have a daughter I love passing well . '' The 2015 winner of the BP Portrait Award , Annabelle and Guy by Matan Ben - Cnaan was inspired by the story of Jephthah and his daughter . The 2008 novel Ever by Gail Carson Levine is based on the story of Jephthah 's daughter ; Judges 11 : 34 is quoted in the foreword , and the plot follows the story of a girl in a Bronze Age Middle Eastern -- inspired society whose father promises to sacrifice to his god the first person who congratulates him on his wife 's recovery from an illness .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Like many of Keats 's odes , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' discusses art and art 's audience . He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems , and works such as `` Ode to a Nightingale '' appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual . Keats reverses this when describing an urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to focus on representational art . He previously used the image of an urn in `` Ode on Indolence '' , depicting one with three figures representing Love , Ambition and Poesy . Of these three , Love and Poesy are integrated into `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' with an emphasis on how the urn , as a human artistic construct , is capable of relating to the idea of `` Truth '' . The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities : an attempt at courtship , the making of music , and a religious rite . The figures are supposed to be beautiful , and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic . Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator , the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images . The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem , which creates ambiguity in the poem 's final lines : `` ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . '' The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words , to whom they are speaking , and what is meant by the words , which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator .
Human Again (song)
The song is an upbeat waltz , with lyrics sung by several of the enchanted objects / house servants in the castle of the Beast , who are hopeful that now that he and Belle are getting closer to one another , they could fall in love and break the spell on their castle , which would restore all of them to human form . The song also expands the role of The Wardrobe , giving her a solo verse in the number . In the film , where it falls between `` Something There '' and `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` Human Again '' is primarily performed by Lumière ( Jerry Orbach ) , Cogsworth ( David Ogden Stiers ) , Mrs. Potts ( Angela Lansbury ) , and The Wardrobe ( Jo Anne Worley ) . Neither Belle nor the Beast sing in the song , but they are seen in a brief scene where Belle teaches the Beast to read starting with Romeo & Juliet ( King Arthur in the stage version and demo ) .
E. E. Cummings
They were imprisoned with other detainees in a large room . Cummings ' father failed to obtain his son 's release through diplomatic channels , and in December 1917 he wrote a letter to President Wilson . Cummings was released on December 19 , 1917 , and Brown was released two months later . Cummings used his prison experience as the basis for his novel , The Enormous Room ( 1922 ) , about which F. Scott Fitzgerald said , `` Of all the work by young men who have sprung up since 1920 one book survives -- The Enormous Room by ee cummings ... Those few who cause books to live have not been able to endure the thought of its mortality . ''
Sleeping Beauty
Besides Sun , Moon , and Talia , Basile included another variant of this Aarne - Thompson type , The Young Slave . The Grimms also included a second , more distantly related one , The Glass Coffin .
Humanism
Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans , known to the world as George Eliot , translated Strauss 's Das Leben Jesu ( `` The Life of Jesus '' , 1846 ) and Ludwig Feuerbach 's Das Wesen Christianismus ( `` The Essence of Christianity '' ) . She wrote to a friend :
James Russell Lowell
Maria was in poor health , and the couple moved to Philadelphia shortly after their marriage , thinking that her lungs could heal there . In Philadelphia , he became a contributing editor for the Pennsylvania Freeman , an abolitionist newspaper . In the spring of 1845 , the Lowells returned to Cambridge to make their home at Elmwood . They had four children , though only one ( Mabel , born 1847 ) survived past infancy . Blanche was born December 31 , 1845 , but lived only fifteen months ; Rose , born in 1849 , survived only a few months as well ; their only son Walter was born in 1850 but died in 1852 . Lowell was very affected by the loss of almost all of his children . His grief over the death of his first daughter in particular was expressed in his poem `` The First Snowfall '' ( 1847 ) . He again considered suicide , writing to a friend that he thought `` of my razors and my throat and that I am a fool and a coward not to end it all at once '' .
E. E. Cummings
Cummings ' work often does not proceed in accordance with the conventional combinatorial rules that generate typical English sentences ( for example , `` they sowed their is n't '' ) . In addition , a number of Cummings ' poems feature , in part or in whole , intentional misspellings , and several incorporate phonetic spellings intended to represent particular dialects . Cummings also made use of inventive formations of compound words , as in `` in Just '' which features words such as `` mud - luscious '' , `` puddle - wonderful '' , and `` eddieandbill . '' This poem is part of a sequence of poems titled Chansons Innocentes ; it has many references comparing the `` balloonman '' to Pan , the mythical creature that is half - goat and half - man . Literary critic R.P. Blackmur has commented that this use of language is `` frequently unintelligible because he ( Cummings ) disregards the historical accumulation of meaning in words in favour of merely private and personal associations . ''