vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
Water power , the world 's preceding supply of power , continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity . The steam engine , however , provided many benefits that could n't be realized by relying solely on water power , allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations ' dominant power source ( rising from 5 % to 80 % of the total power in the US from 1838 - 1860 ) . While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit ( with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills ) , others favor the potential for agglomeration . Steam engines made it possible to easily work , produce , market , specialize , viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways , and live in communities that were n't geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams . Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens . By promoting the agglomeration of individuals , local markets were established and often met with impressive success , cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized , the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place , finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive , direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization , and labor and capital were in rich supply . In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power , population growths were even seen to increase . These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale , further validating the economic importance of the steam engine .
Industrial Revolution
The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation .
Industrial Revolution
The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life .
History of women in the United States
The rapid growth of textile manufacturing in New England 1815 -- 1860 caused a shortage of workers . Recruiters were hired by mill agents to enlist young women . Between 1830 and 1850 , thousands of unmarried farm women moved from rural areas , where there was no paid employment , to the nearby mill villages . Farmers ' daughters worked to aid their families financially , save for marriage , and widen their horizons . As the textile industry grew , immigration also grew . By the 1850s the mill owners replaced all the Yankee girls with immigrants , especially Irish and French Canadians .
History of advertising
Advertising increased dramatically in the United States after 1870 as industrialization expanded the supply of manufactured products to a very large market . In order to profit from this higher rate of production , industry needed to recruit workers as consumers of factory products . It did so through the invention of mass marketing designed to influence the population 's economic behavior on a larger scale . Total advertising volume in the United States grew from about $200 million in 1880 to nearly $3 billion in 1920 .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Increasing industrialization outpaced the supply of laborers able or willing to work in dangerous , low - paying , and dead - end jobs . However , the demand for low or unskilled jobs drove wages up and attracted waves of Irish , Italian , Polish , Russian , and Jewish immigrants who could earn more in America than in their homelands .
Social development theory
The opening of sea trade further boosted demand for industrial production for export . Factory production increased many times when production was reorganized to use steam energy , combined with moving assembly lines , specialization , and division of labor . Thus , technological development was both a result of and a contributing factor to the overall development of society .
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income .
Industrial Revolution
The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution . Housing
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children .
Panic of 1837
The crisis followed a period of economic expansion from mid-1834 to mid-1836 . The prices of land , cotton , and slaves rose sharply in these years . The origins of this boom had many sources , both domestic and international . Because of the peculiar factors ( Specie Circular ) of international trade at the time , abundant amounts of silver were coming into the United States from Mexico and China . Land sales and tariffs on imports were also generating substantial federal revenues . Through lucrative cotton exports and the marketing of state - backed bonds in British money markets , the United States acquired significant capital investment from Great Britain . These bonds financed transportation projects in the United States . British loans , made available through Anglo - American banking houses like Baring Brothers , fueled much of the United States 's westward expansion , infrastructure improvements , industrial expansion , and economic development during the antebellum era .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The early technological and industrial development in the United States was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical , social , and economic factors . The relative lack of workers kept United States wages nearly always higher than corresponding British and European workers and provided an incentive to mechanize some tasks . The United States population had some semi-unique advantages in that they were former British subjects , had high English literacy skills , for that period ( over 80 % in New England ) , had strong British institutions , with some minor American modifications , of courts , laws , right to vote , protection of property rights and in many cases personal contacts among the British innovators of the Industrial Revolution . They had a good basic structure to build on . Another major advantage , which the British lacked , was no inherited aristocratic institutions . The eastern seaboard of the United States , with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard , provided many potential sites for constructing textile mills necessary for early industrialization . The technology and information on how to build a textile industry was largely provided by Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) who emigrated to New England in 1789 . He had studied and worked in British textile mills for a number of years and immigrated to the United States , despite restrictions against it , to try his luck with U.S. manufacturers who were trying to set up a textile industry . He was offered a full partnership if he could succeed -- he did . A vast supply of natural resources , the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers , often unmarried females , all aided early industrialization . The broad knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and Scientific revolution helped facilitate understanding for the construction and invention of new manufacturing businesses and technologies . A limited government that would allow them to succeed or fail on their own merit helped .
Industrial Revolution
Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry .
Confederate States of America
State governments pleaded with planters to grow less cotton and more food . Most refused . When cotton prices soared in Europe , expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich . The myth of omnipotent `` King Cotton '' died hard . The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas , making it a crime to grow an excess . But food shortages only worsened , especially in the towns .
Child labour
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century , there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour , including child labour . Industrial cities such as Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates . These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output . This process was replicated in other industrialising counties .
Industrial Revolution
Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy .
Social development theory
In medieval times , when guilds tightly controlled their members , medical progress was slow mainly because physicians were secretive about their remedies . When Denis Papin demonstrated his steam engine , German naval authorities refused to accept it , fearing it would lead to increased unemployment . John Kay , who developed a flying shuttle textile loom , was physically threatened by English weavers who feared the loss of their jobs . He fled to France where his invention was more favorably received .
Emancipation Proclamation
As a result of the Proclamation , the price of slaves in the Confederacy increased in the months after its issuance , with one Confederate from South Carolina opining in 1865 that `` now is the time for Uncle to buy some negro women and children . ''
Industrial Revolution
Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain .
Thirteen Colonies
Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies , and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor , particularly in the South . The population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750 , and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves . Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South , while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations . There were some slave revolts , such as the Stono Rebellion and the New York Conspiracy of 1741 , but these uprisings were suppressed .
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves , and the goods they transported . These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries , along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers . Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient . Steamboat
History of agriculture
Between the 16th century and the mid-19th century , Britain saw a large increase in agricultural productivity and net output . New agricultural practices like enclosure , mechanization , four - field crop rotation to maintain soil nutrients , and selective breeding enabled an unprecedented population growth to 5.7 million in 1750 , freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce , and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution . The productivity of wheat went up from about 19 bushels per acre in 1720 to around 30 bushels by 1840 , marking a major turning point in history . Jethro
Factory Acts
In 1829 , Parliament passed an ' Act to Amend the Laws relating to the employment of Children in Cotton Mills & Manufactories ' which relaxed formal requirements for the service of legal documents on millowners ( documents no longer had to specify all partners in the concern owning or running the mill ; it would be adequate to identify the mill by the name by which it was generally known ) . The Bill passed the Commons was subject to a minor textual amendment by the Lords ( adding the words ' to include ' ) and then received the Royal Assent without the Commons first being made aware of ( or agreeing to ) the Lords ' amendment . To rectify this inadvertent breach of privilege , a further Act ( making no other change to the Act already passed ) was promptly passed on the last day of the Parliamentary session .
Industrial Revolution
Prior to the Industrial Revolution most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as land owners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods .
History of agriculture
By AD 900 , developments in iron smelting allowed for increased production in Europe , leading to developments in the production of agricultural implements such as ploughs , hand tools and horse shoes . The carruca heavy plough improved on the earlier scratch plough , with the adoption of the Chinese mouldboard plough to turn over the heavy , wet soils of northern Europe . This led to the clearing of northern European forests and an increase in agricultural production , which in turn led to an increase in population . At the same time , some farmers in Europe moved from a two field crop rotation to a three field crop rotation in which one field of three was left fallow every year . This resulted in increased productivity and nutrition , as the change in rotations permitted nitrogen - fixing legumes such as peas , lentils and beans . Improved horse harnesses and the whippletree further improved cultivation .
Industrial Revolution
Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power .
Industrial Revolution
Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested ; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods .
Factory Acts
An Act to repeal the Laws relating to Apprentices and other young Persons employed in Cotton Factories and in Cotton Mills , and to make further Provisions in lieu thereof ( 1 & 2 Will . IV c39 )
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The demand for petroleum products increased rapidly after the turn of the century as families relied upon kerosene to heat and light their houses , industries relied upon lubricants for machinery , and the ever - more prevalent internal combustion engine demanded gasoline fuel . Between 1880 and 1920 , the amount of oil refined annually jumped from 26,000,000 barrels ( 4,100,000 m ) to 442 million . The discovery of large oil fields in Texas , Oklahoma , Louisiana , and California in the early 20th century touched off `` oil crazes '' and contributed to these states ' rapid industrialization . Because these previously agrarian western states lay outside of the various Standard Oil 's production and refining networks , cities like Long Beach , California , Dallas , Texas , and Houston , Texas emerged as major centers for refining and managing these new fields under companies like Sunoco , Texaco , and Gulf Oil .
Columbian Exchange
Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange . As is discussed in regard to the trans - Atlantic slave trade , the tobacco trade increased demand for free labor and spread tobacco worldwide . In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco , the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes ( 1493 -- 1588 ) noted that `` The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies , have taken up the same manner and use of tobacco that the Indians have '' . As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous peoples , they took with them the cultural practices related to tobacco , and spread them to additional regions . Therefore demand for tobacco grew in the course of the cultural exchanges and increased contacts among peoples .
Child labour
Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset , often brought about by economic hardship . The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income . In 19th - century Great Britain , one - third of poor families were without a breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment , obliging many children to work from a young age . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . A high number of children also worked as prostitutes . The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in debtor 's prison .
Gilded Age
Increased mechanization of industry is a major mark of the Gilded Age 's search for cheaper ways to create more product . Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that worker efficiency in steel could be improved through the use of very close observations with a stop watch to eliminate wasted effort . Mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers . Machine shops grew rapidly , and they comprised highly skilled workers and engineers . Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased , as their wage rates grew .
Modern history
An economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery . It began with the mechanization of the textile industries and the development of iron - making techniques , and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads , and then railways .
Gilded Age
During the 1870s and 1880s , the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history , with real wages , wealth , GDP , and capital formation all increasing rapidly . For example , between 1865 and 1898 , the output of wheat increased by 256 % , corn by 222 % , coal by 800 % and miles of railway track by 567 % . Thick national networks for transportation and communication were created . The corporation became the dominant form of business organization , and a scientific management revolution transformed business operations .
Industrial Revolution
The earliest attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less that that of cotton . Silk
Child labour
Besides the obligation , many children had to help support their families financially ; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century . By the end of the eighteenth century , 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14 . Due to this substantial shift in available workers , and the development of the industrial revolution , children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home . Yet , even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles , there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production .