vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Lakes region
Navigable terrain , waterways , and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region . The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development , with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization . John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil set precedents for centralized pricing , uniform distribution , and controlled product standards through Standard Oil , which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland . Cyrus McCormick 's Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into International Harvester in Chicago . Andrew Carnegie 's steel production integrated large - scale open - hearth and Bessemer processes into the world 's most efficient and profitable mills . The largest , most comprehensive monopoly in the world , United States Steel , consolidated steel production throughout the region . Many of the world 's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region .
Cherry blossom
In Japan , cherry blossoms symbolize clouds due to their nature of blooming en masse , besides being an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life , an aspect of Japanese cultural tradition that is often associated with Buddhist influence , and which is embodied in the concept of mono no aware . The association of the cherry blossom with mono no aware dates back to 18th - century scholar Motoori Norinaga . The transience of the blossoms , the exquisite beauty and volatility , has often been associated with mortality and graceful and readily acceptance of destiny and karma ; for this reason , cherry blossoms are richly symbolic , and have been utilized often in Japanese art , manga , anime , and film , as well as at musical performances for ambient effect . There is at least one popular folk song , originally meant for the shakuhachi ( bamboo flute ) , titled `` Sakura '' , and several pop songs . The flower is also represented on all manner of consumer goods in Japan , including kimono , stationery , and dishware . Cherry
Lion
The Asiatic lion is a common motif in Chinese art . They were first used in art during the late Spring and Autumn period ( fifth or sixth century BC ) , and became much more popular during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) , when imperial guardian lions started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection . Because lions have never been native to China , early depictions were somewhat unrealistic ; after the introduction of Buddhist art to China in the Tang Dynasty ( after the sixth century AD ) , lions usually were wingless , with shorter , thicker bodies , and curly manes . The lion dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture in which performers mimic a lion 's movements in a lion costume , often with musical accompaniment from cymbals , drums , and gongs . They are performed at Chinese New Year , the August Moon Festival and other celebratory occasions for good luck .
End of the Han dynasty
The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 AD , which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty 's last ruler , Emperor Xian . During this period , the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion ( 184 - 205 ) . Meanwhile , the Han Empire 's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo , and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords , some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court . Eventually , one of those warlords , Cao Cao , was able to gradually reunify the empire , ostensibly under Emperor Xian 's rule , but the empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself . Cao Cao 's efforts to completely reunite the Han empire were rebuffed at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 / 209 , when his armies were defeated by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei . The Han dynasty formally ended in 220 when Cao Cao 's son and heir , Cao Pi , pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favour . Cao Pi became the emperor of a new state , Cao Wei . A year later , in response to Cao Pi 's usurpation of the Han throne , Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han ; and in 229 , Sun Quan followed suit , declaring himself emperor of Eastern Wu . The period from Emperor Xian 's abdication in 220 to the partial reunification of China under the Jin dynasty in 265 was known as the Three Kingdoms era in Chinese history .
Silk Road
The Silk Road represents an early phenomenon of political and cultural integration due to inter-regional trade . In its heyday , it sustained an international culture that strung together groups as diverse as the Magyars , Armenians , and Chinese . The Silk Road reached its peak in the west during the time of the Byzantine Empire ; in the Nile - Oxus section , from the Sassanid Empire period to the Il Khanate period ; and in the sinitic zone from the Three Kingdoms period to the Yuan dynasty period . Trade between East and West also developed across the Indian Ocean , between Alexandria in Egypt and Guangzhou in China . Persian Sassanid coins emerged as a means of currency , just as valuable as silk yarn and textiles .
History of the Roman Empire
It is possible that an alleged Roman embassy from `` Daqin '' that arrived in Eastern Han China in 166 via a Roman maritime route into the South China Sea , landing at Jiaozhou ( northern Vietnam ) and bearing gifts for the Emperor Huan of Han ( r . 146 - 168 ) , was sent by Marcus Aurelius , or his predecessor Antoninus Pius ( the confusion stems from the transliteration of their names as `` Andun '' , Chinese : 安敦 ) . The embassy was perhaps simply a group of Roman merchants , not official diplomats . Other Roman embassies of the 3rd century supposedly visited China by sailing along the same maritime route . These were preceded by the appearance of Roman glasswares in Chinese tombs , the earliest piece found at Guangzhou ( along the coast of the South China Sea ) and dating to the 1st century BC . The earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century AD and appear to have come by way of the Silk Road through Central Asia . However , Roman golden medallions from the reign of Antoninus Pius , and possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius , have been discovered at Óc Eo ( in southern Vietnam ) , which was then part of the Kingdom of Funan near Chinese - controlled Jiaozhi ( northern Vietnam ) and the region where Chinese historical texts claim the Romans first landed before venturing further into China to conduct diplomacy . Furthermore , in his Geography ( c. 150 AD ) , Ptolemy described the location of the Golden Chersonese , now known as the Malay Peninsula , and beyond this a trading port called Kattigara . Ferdinand von Richthofen assumed this as Hanoi , yet the Roman and Mediterranean artefacts found at Óc Eo suggest this location instead .
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
Isoroku Yamamoto 's sleeping giant quotation is a film quote by the Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto regarding the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by forces of Imperial Japan .
House of Carrillo
The most famous military leader produced by the House of Carrillo is José Carrillo de Albornoz , 1st Duke of Montemar who was Viceroy of Sicily . He victoriously lead the Spanish forces at the Battle of Bitonto . Because of his services , he was ennobled by King Philip V of Spain .
Silk Road
The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction originally through regions of Eurasia connecting the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea . The Silk Road concept refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia with Africa , the Middle East and southern Europe . The overland Steppe route stretching through the Eurasian steppe is considered the ancestor to the Silk Road ( s ) .
Silk Road
Roman artisans began to replace yarn with valuable plain silk cloths from China and the Silla Kingdom in Gyeongju , Korea . Chinese wealth grew as they delivered silk and other luxury goods to the Roman Empire , whose wealthy Roman women admired their beauty . The Roman Senate issued , in vain , several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk , on economic and moral grounds : the import of Chinese silk caused a huge outflow of gold , and silk clothes were considered to be decadent and immoral .
Qing dynasty
By the early 20th century , mass civil disorder had begun in China , and it was growing continuously . To overcome such problems , Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors - general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty 's `` New Policies '' , also known as the `` Late Qing Reform '' . The edict paved the way for the most far - reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences , including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905 .
Cherry blossom
The Sakurakai or Cherry Blossom Society was the name chosen by young officers within the Imperial Japanese Army in September 1930 for their secret society established with the goal of reorganizing the state along totalitarian militaristic lines , via a military coup d'état if necessary .
Phoenix (constellation)
A curved line of stars comprising Alpha , Kappa , Mu , Beta , Nu and Gamma Phoenicis was seen as a boat by the ancient Arabs . French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and designated 27 stars with the Bayer designations Alpha through to Omega in 1756 . Of these , he labelled two stars close together Lambda , and assigned Omicron , Psi and Omega to three stars , which subsequent astronomers such as Benjamin Gould felt were too dim to warrant their letters . A different star was subsequently labelled Psi Phoenicis , while the other two designations fell out of use .
Constellation
Influenced by European astronomy during the late Ming Dynasty , more stars were depicted on the charts but retaining the traditional constellations ; new stars observed were incorporated as supplementary stars in old constellations in the southern sky which did not depict any of the traditional stars recorded by ancient Chinese astronomers . Further improvements were made during the later part of the Ming Dynasty by Xu Guangqi and Johann Adam Schall von Bell , the German Jesuit and was recorded in Chongzhen Lishu ( Calendrical Treatise of Chongzhen Period , 1628 ) . Traditional Chinese star maps incorporated 23 new constellations with 125 stars of the southern hemisphere of the sky based on the knowledge of western star charts ; with this improvement the Chinese Sky was integrated with the World astronomy .
History of Vietnam
The Lý dynasty is credited for laying down a concrete foundation for the nation of Vietnam . Leaving Hoa Lư , a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers , Lý Công Uẩn moved his court to the new capital in present - day Hanoi and called it Thăng Long ( Ascending Dragon ) . Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival . The third emperor of the dynasty , Lý Thánh Tông renamed the country `` Đại Việt '' ( 大越 , Great Viet ) . Successive Lý emperors continued to accomplish far - reaching feats : building a dike system to protect rice farms ; founding the Quốc Tử Giám , the first noble university ; holding regular examinations to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years ; organizing a new system of taxation ; establishing humane treatment of prisoners . Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection . The Lý dynasty also promoted Buddhism , yet maintained a pluralistic attitude toward the three main philosophical systems of the time : Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism .
Education in ancient Rome
Famous grammatici include Lucius Orbilius Pupillus , who still serves as the quintessential pedagogue that is n't afraid to flog or whip his students to drive a point home , and the freedman Marcus Verrius Flaccus , who gained imperial patronage and a widespread tutelage due to his novel practice of pitting students of similar age and ability against each other and rewarding the winner with a prize , usually an old book of some rarity .
Korea under Japanese rule
The first and the best - known general was Lieutenant General and Crown Prince Yi Un . The other six were graduates of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy . They were : Lieutenant General Jo Seonggeun ; Major General Wang Yushik ; Lieutenant General Viscount Yi Beyongmu ; Major General Yi Heedu ; Major General Kim Eungseon ( also military aide and personal guard to Prince Yi Un ) ; and Lieutenant General Hong Sa - ik , who was executed for war crimes committed while commanding the prison camps in the southern Philippines in 1944 -- 1945 . Lieutenant
Caesarean section
According to the ancient Chinese Records of the Grand Historian , Luzhong , a sixth - generation descendant of the Yellow Emperor , had six sons , all born by `` cutting open the body '' . The sixth son Jilian founded the House of Mi that ruled the State of Chu ( c. 1030 -- 223 BC ) .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim Hui people on their side failed , as many Chinese generals such as Bai Chongxi , Ma Hongbin , Ma Hongkui , and Ma Bufang were Hui . The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him . Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam Hu Songshan , who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese . Ma became chairman ( governor ) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army . He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations , and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an `` adversary '' by a Japanese agent .
Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac . It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd - century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations . Its name is Latin for the archer , and its symbol is ( Unicode U + 2650 ♐ ) , a stylized arrow . Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling - back a bow . It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus to the east .
Analects
According to the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang , there were two versions of the Analects that existed at the beginning of the Han dynasty : the `` Lu version '' and the `` Qi version '' . The Lu version contained twenty chapters , and the Qi version contained twenty - two chapters , including two chapters not found in the Lu version . Of the twenty chapters that both versions had in common , the Lu version had more passages . Each version had its own masters , schools , and transmitters . In the reign of Emperor Jing of Han ( r . 157 -- 141 BC ) , a third version ( the `` Old Text '' version ) was discovered hidden in a wall of the home then believed to be Confucius 's when the home was in the process of being destroyed by King Gong of Lu ( r . 153 -- 128 BC ) in order to expand the king 's palace . The new version did not contain the two extra chapters found in the Qi version , but it split one chapter found in the Lu and Qi versions in two , so it had twenty - one chapters , and the order of the chapters was different . The old text version got its name because it was written in characters not used since the earlier Warring States period ( i.e. before 221 BC ) , when it was assumed to have been hidden . According to the Han dynasty scholar Huan Tan , the old text version had four hundred characters different from the Lu version ( from which the received text of the Analects is mostly based ) , and it seriously differed from the Lu version in twenty - seven places . Of these twenty - seven differences , the received text only agrees with the old text version in two places .
Theatre of China
Theatre of China has a long and complex history . Today it is often called Chinese opera although this normally refers specifically to the more well - known forms such as Beijing Opera and Cantonese Opera , there have been many other forms of theatre in China .
Silk Road
While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region ( former territory of the Xiongnu ) , the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central steppe . The Tang dynasty ( along with Turkic allies ) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s . During Emperor Taizong 's reign alone , large campaigns were launched against not only the Göktürks , but also separate campaigns against the Tuyuhun , the oasis states , and the Xueyantuo . Under Emperor Taizong , Tang general Li Jing conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate . Under Emperor Gaozong , Tang general Su Dingfang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate , which was an important ally of Byzantine empire . After these conquests , the Tang dynasty fully controlled the Xiyu , which was the strategic location astride the Silk Road . This led the Tang dynasty to reopen the Silk Road .
Fingerprint
Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals , references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi ( reigned 1792 - 1750 BCE ) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested . During China 's Qin Dynasty , records have shown that officials took hand prints , foot prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene . In China , around 300 CE , handprints were used as evidence in a trial for theft . By 650 , the Chinese historian Kia Kung - Yen remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication . In his Jami al - Tawarikh ( Universal History ) , the Persian physician Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( also known as `` Rashideddin '' , 1247 -- 1318 ) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints , commenting : `` Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike . '' In Persia at this time , government documents may have been authenticated with thumbprints .
Islamic Golden Age
Throughout the 4th to 7th centuries , Christian scholarly work in the Greek and Syriac languages was either newly translated or had been preserved since the Hellenistic period . Among the prominent centers of learning and transmission of classical wisdom were Christian colleges such as the School of Nisibis and the School of Edessa , the pagan University of Harran and the renowned hospital and medical academy of Jundishapur , which was the intellectual , theological and scientific center of the Church of the East . The House of Wisdom was founded in Baghdad in 825 , modelled after the Academy of Gondishapur . It was led by Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq , with the support of Byzantine medicine . Many of the most important philosophical and scientific works of the ancient world were translated , including the work of Galen , Hippocrates , Plato , Aristotle , Ptolemy and Archimedes . Many scholars of the House of Wisdom were of Christian background .
Qing dynasty
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North Carolina
North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old - time music , and many recordings were made in the early 20th century by folk - song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford . Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helped solidify the sound of country music in the late 1920s , while the influential bluegrass musician Doc Watson also hailed from North Carolina . Both North and South Carolina are hotbeds for traditional rural blues , especially the style known as the Piedmont blues .
Samurai
Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord ( usually a daimyō ) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era . They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius ( 551 -- 479 BC ) and Mencius ( 372 -- 289 BC ) , which were required reading for the educated samurai class . The leading figures who introduced confucianism in Japan in the early Tokugawa period were Fujiwara Seika ( 1561 -- 1619 ) , Hayashi Razan ( 1583 -- 1657 ) and Matsunaga Sekigo ( 1592 -- 1657 ) .
Japanese honorifics
Shi ( 氏 ( し ) ) is used in formal writing , and sometimes in very formal speech , for referring to a person who is unfamiliar to the speaker , typically a person known through publications whom the speaker has never actually met . For example , the shi title is common in the speech of newsreaders . It is preferred in legal documents , academic journals , and certain other formal written styles . Once a person 's name has been used with shi , the person can be referred to with shi alone , without the name , as long as there is only one person being referred to .
Chinese Buddhism
Master Hsing Yun ( 1927 -- present ) is the founder of Fo Guang Shan monastery and lay organization the Buddha 's Light International Association . Born in Jiangsu Province in mainland China , he entered the Sangha at the age of 12 , and came to Taiwan in 1949 . He founded Fo Guang Shan monastery in 1967 , and the Buddha 's Light International Association in 1992 . These are among the largest monastic and lay Buddhist organizations in Taiwan from the late 20th to early 21st centuries . He advocates Humanistic Buddhism , which the broad modern Chinese Buddhist progressive attitude towards the religion .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Bacteriological weapons provided by Shirō Ishii 's units were also profusely used . For example , in 1940 , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague . During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials the accused , such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima , testified that , in 1941 , some 40 members of Unit 731 air - dropped plague - contaminated fleas on Changde . These attacks caused epidemic plague outbreaks . In the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign , of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with the disease , about 1,700 Japanese troops died when the biological weapons rebounded on their own forces .
Philosophical skepticism
Zhuang Zhou ( 庄子 , `` Master Zhuang '' ) was a famous ancient Chinese Taoism philospher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period . Zhuang Zhou demonstrated his skeptical thinking through several anecdotes in the preeminent work Zhuangzi that was attributed to him :
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie ( / kɑːrˈneɪɡi / kar - NAY - gee , but commonly / ˈkɑːrnəɡi / KAR - nə - ghee or / kɑːrˈnɛɡi / kar - NEG - ee ; November 25 , 1835 -- August 11 , 1919 ) was a Scottish - American industrialist , business magnate , and philanthropist .
Chinese Buddhism
In olden days Emperor Ming saw in a dream a god whose body had the brilliance of the sun and who flew before his palace ; and he rejoiced exceedingly at this . The next day he asked his officials : `` What god is this ? '' the scholar Fu Yi said : `` Your subject has heard it said that in India there is somebody who has attained the Dao and who is called Buddha ; he flies in the air , his body had the brilliance of the sun ; this must be that god . ''
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria , formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria ) by German researchers in 1839 . While their extract was somewhat effective , it also caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation , bleeding , diarrhea and even death when consumed in high doses .