vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fleetwood Mac
The bogus Fleetwood Mac consisted of Elmer Gantry ( vocals , guitar ) , Kirby Gregory ( guitar ) , Paul Martinez ( bass ) , John Wilkinson ( keyboards ) and Australian - born drummer Craig Collinge ( formerly of The Librettos , Procession and Third World War ) . The members of this group had apparently been told that Mick Fleetwood would join them on later dates , and claimed that Fleetwood had been involved in the early planning stages of the tour before dropping out .
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 22)
The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from popular musical icons .
American Idol
Towards the end of the season , Randy Jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers .
Like I'm Gonna Lose You
Girl group Fifth Harmony , with whom Trainor previously collaborated on their debut album Reflection , covered the song at the 2016 Billboard Women in Music ceremony , at which Trainor was supposed to perform but was unable to due to her vocal chords being damaged . The performance was one of the group 's last with their original lineup , before member Camila Cabello left the group in December of the same year . Trainor praised the group 's performance via social media after the ceremony .
Monday Night Football
ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series .
Christina Aguilera
In the run - up to the 2004 United States presidential election , Aguilera was featured on billboards for the `` Only You Can Silence Yourself '' online voter registration drive run by the nonpartisan , non-profit campaign `` Declare Yourself '' . In these political advertisements , shot by David LaChapelle , Aguilera was shown with her mouth sewn shut to symbolize the effects of not voting . In late 2007 , Aguilera became the spokesperson for `` Rock the Vote '' , through which she encouraged young people to vote in the 2008 presidential election . In 2005 , Aguilera donated her wedding gifts to American charities in support of Hurricane Katrina victims , and performed at `` Unite of the Stars '' concert for Unite Against Hunger in Johannesburg , South Africa and for the Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund at the Coca - Cola Dome .
Florida Georgia Line
The duo released their third studio album Dig Your Roots on August 29 , 2016 , featuring Tim McGraw , Ziggy Marley , and the Backstreet Boys . They are currently on their Dig Your Roots tour , with Ryan Follesé , Chris Lane , and Dustin Lynch .
Aerosmith
On January 20 , 2010 , Perry confirmed the band were about to audition for a new singer to replace Tyler . Perry said Tyler 's surgery to his legs would `` take him out of the picture '' for up to a year and a half , and in the meantime , the rest of the band wanted to continue performing . Perry also said that the band would be willing to continue working with Tyler in the future if the singer wanted to .
Infertility
In some cases , both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile , and the couple 's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions . In other cases , the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic ; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple can not conceive together without assistance .
Infertility
The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality . In men who have the necessary reproductive organs to procreate , infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to endocrine problems , drugs , radiation , or infection . There may be testicular malformations , hormone imbalance , or blockage of the man 's duct system . Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions , some may be indefinite . Infertility associated with viable , but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia . The sperm must provide the zygote with DNA , centrioles , and activation factor for the embryo to develop . A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis . Antisperm antibodies cause immune infertility .
Infertility
Another major cause of infertility in women may be the inability to ovulate . Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception . For example , polycystic ovarian syndrome is when the eggs only partially developed within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones . Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs . In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid ( Clomiphene citrate ) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries .
Infertility
For women , problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs . Infertility may be caused by blockage of the Fallopian tube due to malformations , infections such as chlamydia and / or scar tissue . For example , endometriosis can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the Fallopian tubes and / or around the ovaries . Endometriosis is usually more common in women in their mid-twenties and older , especially when postponed childbirth has taken place .
Infertility
In humans , infertility is the inability to become pregnant or carry a pregnancy to full term . There are many causes of infertility , including some that medical intervention can treat . Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility . Many more couples , however , experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year : estimates range from 12 % to 28 % . '' 20 - 30 % of infertility cases are due to male infertility , 20 - 35 % are due to female infertility , and 25 - 40 % are due to combined problems in both parts . In 10 - 20 % of cases , no cause is found . The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods . Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen , and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity .
Infertility
Due to the assumptions surrounding issues of hyper - fertility in developing countries , ethical controversy surrounds the idea of whether or not access to assisted reproductive technologies should comprise a critical aspect of reproductive health or at least , whether or not the distribution and access of such technologies should be subject to greater equity . However , as highlighted by Inhorn the overarching conceptualisation of infertility , to a great extent , disguises important distinctions that can be made within a local context , both demographically and epidemiological and moreover , that these factors are highly significant in the ethics of reproduction . An important factor , argues Inhorn , is the positioning of men within the paradigm of reproductive health , whereby because rates of general infertility mask differences between male and female infertility , men remain a largely invisible facet within the theorisation and discourse surrounding infertility , as well as the related treatments and biotechnologies . This is particularly significant given that male infertility accounts for more than half of all cases of infertility and moreover , it is evident that the attitudes and behaviours of men have profound implications for the reproductive health of both individuals and couples . For example , Inhorn notes that when couples in Egypt are faced with seemingly intractable infertility problems - due to a range of family and societal pressures that centre around the place of children in constituting the gender identity of men and women - it is often the women who is forced to seek continued treatment ; this continues to occur , even in known instances of male infertility and that the constant seeking of treatment frequently becomes iatrogenic for the women . Inhorn states that infertility often leads to `` marital demise , physical violence , emotional abuse , social exclusion , community exile , ineffective and iatrogenic therapies , poverty , old age insecurity , increased risk of HIV / AIDS , and death '' Significantly , Inhorn demonstrates that this phenomenon can not simply be explained by a lack of knowledge , rather it occurs in a complex interaction between the centrality of children in the male gender identity as a symbol of maturity and the relative lack of power of women in Egyptian society , whereby they effectively become scapegoats for a culturally accepted narrative as a site of blame for the lack of childlessness .
Infertility
ovulation problems ( e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome , PCOS , the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility . ) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age - related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility
Infertility
The following causes of infertility may only be found in females . For a woman to conceive , certain things have to happen : vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary ; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels ; and her hormones must be balanced .
Infertility
DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes , as caused by smoking , other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents ( such as radiation or chemotherapy ) or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8 - hydroxy - deoxyguanosine DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm , as caused by oxidative DNA damage , smoking , other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents ( such as drugs or chemotherapy ) or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species , fever or high testicular temperature . The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid and / or by the presence of double - strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay . General factors Diabetes mellitus , thyroid disorders , undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease , adrenal disease Hypothalamic - pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.5 and 95 % confidence interval of 1.1 -- 2.0 . Environmental factors Toxins such as glues , volatile organic solvents or silicones , physical agents , chemical dusts , and pesticides . Tobacco smokers are 60 % more likely to be infertile than non-smokers .
Infertility
Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility : Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae . There is a consistent association of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract syndromes . M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility .
Infertility
Inhorn states that infertility often leads to `` marital demise , physical violence , emotional abuse , social exclusion , community exile , ineffective and iatrogenic therapies , poverty , old age insecurity , increased risk of HIV / AIDS , and death '' Significantly , Inhorn demonstrates that this phenomenon can not simply be explained by a lack of knowledge , rather it occurs in a complex interaction between the centrality of children in the male gender identity as a symbol of maturity and the relative lack of power of women in Egyptian society , whereby they effectively become scapegoats for a culturally accepted narrative as a site of blame for the lack of childlessness . It should be emphasised that this is not simply an issue of `` women oppressed by men '' but rather , that men and women both share the burden of this narrative , but in different , unequal and highly complex ways . Therefore , while the notion that reproductive health is a ' women 's issue ' , may have powerful social currency , especially within popular discourse and indigenous systems of meaning , the reality of infertility suggests that medical and health paradigms have a significant part to play in challenging the validity of this entrenched belief . Moreover , the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention , medical or otherwise will be contingent on such outcomes and has an important part to play in the alleviation of gendered suffering , especially the burden imposed on women , who continue to suffer disproportionately from the effects of infertility .
Infertility
Infertility rates have increased by 4 % since the 1980s , mostly from problems with fecundity due to an increase in age . Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK . Most couples ( about 84 % ) who have regular sexual intercourse ( that is , every two to three days ) and who do not use contraception get pregnant within a year . About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years . Women become less fertile as they get older . For women aged 35 , about 94 % who have regular unprotected sexual intercourse get pregnant after three years of trying . For women aged 38 , however , only about 77 % . The effect of age upon men 's fertility is less clear . In people going forward for IVF in the UK , roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man , and about half due to problems with the woman . However , about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause . In Britain , male factor infertility accounts for 25 % of infertile couples , while 25 % remain unexplained . 50 % are female causes with 25 % being due to anovulation and 25 % tubal problems / other . In Sweden , approximately 10 % of couples wanting children are infertile . In approximately one third of these cases the man is the factor , in one third the woman is the factor , and in the remaining third the infertility is a product of factors on both parts .
Infertility
Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition , i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive .
Infertility
IVF is the most commonly used ART . It has been proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions , such as blocked or damaged tubes , endometriosis , repeated IUI failure , unexplained infertility , poor ovarian reserve , poor or even nil sperm count . Intracytoplasmic
Infertility
Despite this , infertility has profound effects on individuals in developing countries , as the production of children is often highly socially valued and is vital for social security and health networks as well as for family income generation . Infertility in these societies often leads to social stigmatization and abandonment by spouses . Infertility is , in fact , common in sub-Saharan Africa . Unlike in the West , secondary infertility is more common than primary infertility , being most often the result of untreated STIs or complications from pregnancy / birth .
Infertility
Infertility may have psychological effects . Partners may become more anxious to conceive , increasing sexual dysfunction . Marital discord often develops , especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions . Women trying to conceive often have depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer . Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the infertility lies with the man .
Infertility
Other factors that can affect a woman 's chances of conceiving include being overweight or underweight , or her age as female fertility declines after the age of 30 .
Infertility
In the US , up to 20 % of infertile couples have unexplained infertility . In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods . Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization , that it may not enter the fallopian tube , sperm may not be able to reach the egg , fertilization may fail to occur , transport of the zygote may be disturbed , or implantation fails . It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization . Also , polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility . However , a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible .
Infertility
`` Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age , '' whereas `` the epidemiological definition refers to `` trying for '' or `` time to '' a pregnancy , generally in a population of women exposed to '' a probability of conception . Currently , female fertility normally peaks at age 24 and diminishes after 30 , with pregnancy occurring rarely after age 50 . A female is most fertile within 24 hours of ovulation . Male fertility peaks usually at age 25 and declines after age 40 . The time needed to pass ( during which the couple tries to conceive ) for that couple to be diagnosed with infertility differs between different jurisdictions . Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity , rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic . Therefore , data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly . A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time ( often a short period , but definitions vary ) is sometimes said to be subfertile , meaning less fertile than a typical couple . Both infertility and subfertility are defined as the inability to conceive after a certain period of time ( the length of which vary ) , so often the two terms overlap .
Infertility
In many cultures , inability to conceive bears a stigma . In closed social groups , a degree of rejection ( or a sense of being rejected by the couple ) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment . Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether ; middle - class men are the most likely to respond in this way .
Estrogen
Estrogens are among the wide range of endocrine - disrupting compounds ( EDCs ) because they have high estrogenic potency . When an EDC makes its way into the environment , it may cause male reproductive dysfunction to wildlife . The estrogen excreted from farm animals makes its way into fresh water systems . During the germination period of reproduction the fish are exposed to low levels of estrogen which may cause reproductive dysfunction to male fish .
Infertility
`` Infertility is `` a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse ( and there is no other reason , such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea ) . Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child . Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy . Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman , but often there is no obvious underlying cause . ''
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are usually the main cause of PID . Data suggest that PID is often polymicrobial . Isolated anaerobes and facultative microorganisms have been obtained from the upper genital tract . N. gonorrhoeae has been isolated from fallopian tubes , facultative and anaerobic organisms were recovered from endometrial tissues .
Infertility
Infertility is the inability of a person , animal or plant to reproduce by natural means . It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult , except notably among certain eusocial species ( mostly haplodiploid insects ) .
Gynaecology
Cancer and pre-cancerous diseases of the reproductive organs including ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , cervix , vagina , and vulva Incontinence of urine Amenorrhoea ( absent menstrual periods ) Dysmenorrhoea ( painful menstrual periods ) Infertility Menorrhagia ( heavy menstrual periods ) ; a common indication for hysterectomy Prolapse of pelvic organs Infections of the vagina ( vaginitis ) , cervix and uterus ( including fungal , bacterial , viral , and protozoal ) UTI and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Premenstrual Syndrome Other vaginal diseases
Egg donation
Congenital absence of eggs Turner syndrome Gonadal dysgenesis Acquired reduced egg quantity / quality Oophorectomy Premature menopause Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Autoimmunity Advanced maternal age Compromised ovarian reserve Other Diseases of X-Sex linkage Repetitive fertilization or pregnancy failure Ovaries inaccessible for egg retrieval
Hormonal contraception
Slowing tubal motility and ova transport , which may interfere with fertilization . Endometrial atrophy and alteration of metalloproteinase content , which may impede sperm motility and viability , or theoretically inhibit implantation . Endometrial edema , which may affect implantation .
Hormonal contraception
There are two main types of hormonal contraceptive formulations : combined methods which contain both an estrogen and a progestin , and progestogen - only methods which contain only progesterone or one of its synthetic analogues ( progestins ) . Combined methods work by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus ; while progestogen - only methods reduce the frequency of ovulation , most of them rely more heavily on changes in cervical mucus . The incidence of certain side effects is different for the different formulations : for example , breakthrough bleeding is much more common with progestogen - only methods . Certain serious complications occasionally caused by estrogen - containing contraceptives are not believed to be caused by progestogen - only formulations : deep vein thrombosis is one example of this .
Female reproductive system
It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception ; otherwise , children would not resemble either or both of their parents . Four - hundred years later , Galen `` identified '' the source of ' female semen ' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs .
Germ cell
Part of a series on Sex Biological terms Sexual dimorphism Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex - determination system XY X0 ZW Z0 Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex Sexual reproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Copulation Human reproduction Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Sex portal Biology portal
Infertility
Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence on a five - year period . Practical measurement problems , however , exist for any definition , because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years .
Infertility
If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success , a visit to a physician or women 's health nurse practitioner ( WHNP ) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later . The doctor or WHNP may also be able to suggest lifestyle changes to increase the chances of conceiving .