vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Headquarters of the United Nations
Among the cities that have been proposed to house the headquarters of the United Nations are Saint Petersburg , Montreal , Dubai , Jerusalem , and Nairobi . Critics of the relocation say that the idea would be expensive and would also involve the withdrawal of the United States from the organization , and with it much of the agency 's funding . They also state that the proposals have never gone from being mere declarations .
Bank of America
In 1994 , BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago , which had become federally owned as part of the same oil industry debacle emanating from Oklahoma City 's Penn Square Bank , that had brought down numerous financial institutions including Seafirst . At the time , no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental , so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade . Illinois at that time regulated branch banking extremely heavily , so Bank of America Illinois was a single - unit bank until the 21st century . BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region . Pyramid
Korea under Japanese rule
The Japanese government conducted excavations of archeological sites and preserved artifacts found there . The Japanese administration also relocated some artifacts ; for instance , a stone monument ( hanja : 棕 蟬 縣 神 祠 碑 ) , which was originally located in the Liaodong Peninsula , was taken out of its context and moved to Pyongyang .
Macedonia (terminology)
Since the early stages of the Greek Revolution , the provisional government of Greece claimed Macedonia as part of Greek national territory , but the Treaty of Constantinople ( 1832 ) , which established a Greek independent state , set its northern boundary between Arta and Volos . When the Ottoman Empire started breaking apart , Macedonia was claimed by all members of the Balkan League ( Serbia , Montenegro , Greece and Bulgaria ) , and by Romania . Under the Treaty of San Stefano that ended the Russo - Turkish War , 1877 -- 78 the entire region , except Thessaloniki , was included in the borders of Bulgaria , but after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 the region was returned to the Ottoman Empire . The armies of the Balkan League advanced and occupied Macedonia in the First Balkan War in 1912 . Because of disagreements between the allies about the partition of the region , the Second Balkan War erupted , and in its aftermath the arbitrary region of Macedonia was split into the following entities , that existed or still exist in this region :
Warsaw
Headquarters of Polish government agencies in Warsaw Poland 's bicameral parliament , the Sejm and the Senate Chancellery of the Prime Minister Presidential Palace , the seat of the Polish president Supreme Court of Poland Supreme Administrative Court The seat of the administration of the Masovian Voivodeship Mostowski Palace , the seat of Warsaw 's police headquarters The main gate of the Ministry of Health Ministry of Agriculture
Berlin Wall
Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity .
Florida Keys
After various unsuccessful complaints and attempts to get a legal injunction against the blockade failed in federal court in Miami , on April 23 , 1982 , Key West mayor Dennis Wardlow and the city council declared the independence of the city of Key West , calling it the `` Conch Republic '' . After one minute of secession , he ( as `` Prime Minister '' ) surrendered to an officer of the Key West Naval Air Station ( NAS ) , and requested one billion ( $1,000,000,000 ) dollars in `` foreign aid '' .
Manhattan Project
Under Secretary Patterson gave his approval on 9 February , allocating $5 million for the acquisition of 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of land in the area . The federal government relocated some 1,500 residents of White Bluffs and Hanford , and nearby settlements , as well as the Wanapum and other tribes using the area . A dispute arose with farmers over compensation for crops , which had already been planted before the land was acquired . Where schedules allowed , the Army allowed the crops to be harvested , but this was not always possible . The land acquisition process dragged on and was not completed before the end of the Manhattan Project in December 1946 .
Mexico City
The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city , as a number of businesses , including banks and airlines , were privatized . He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City 's economic base , from manufacturing to services , as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico , or more commonly to the northern border . By contrast , corporate office buildings set their base in the city .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
On 18 October 1908 , the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony . Executive power went to the Belgian minister of colonial affairs , assisted by a Colonial Council ( Conseil Colonial ) ( both located in Brussels ) . The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo . In 1926 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville , some 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) further upstream into the interior .
Lithuania
As the Bolsheviks were pushing for Vilnius , the government was moved to Kaunas , which had become a provisional capital . According to the Lithuanian Constitution of 1928 and 1938 , the capital of the country was Vilnius . Trying to establish the statehood and draw state borders , Lithuania had to fight not only with the Bolsheviks , but also with the West Russian Volunteer Army or Bermontians and the Poles . Nationalist
Local government in the United States
City charters may be revoked either by the legislature or by a simple majority referendum of the city 's residents ; the latter last happened in 2004 , in Lithia Springs . Revocation by the legislature last occurred in 1995 , when dozens of cities were eliminated en masse for not having active governments , or even for not offering at least three municipal services required of all cities .
Reichstag fire
Shortly after 21 : 00 on 27 February 1933 , the Berlin Fire Department received a message that the Reichstag was on fire . Despite the best efforts of the firefighters , most of the building was gutted by the blaze . By 23 : 30 , the fire was put out . The firefighters and police inspected the ruins and found twenty bundles of flammable material ( firelighters ) unburned lying about . At the time the fire was reported , Adolf Hitler was having dinner with Joseph Goebbels at Goebbels ' apartment in Berlin . When Goebbels received an urgent phone call informing him of the fire , he regarded it as a `` tall tale '' at first and hung up . Only after the second call did he report the news to Hitler . Both left Goebbels ' apartment and arrived by car at the Reichstag , just as the fire was being put out . They were met at the site by Hermann Göring who told Hitler , `` This is Communist outrage ! One of the Communist culprits has been arrested . '' Hitler called the fire a `` sign from God '' and claimed it was a Fanal ( signal ) meant to mark the beginning of a Communist Putsch ( revolt ) . The next day , the Preussische Pressedienst ( Prussian Press Service ) reported that `` this act of incendiarism is the most monstrous act of terrorism carried out by Bolshevism in Germany '' . The Vossische Zeitung newspaper warned its readers that `` the government is of the opinion that the situation is such that a danger to the state and nation existed and still exists '' .
Central Intelligence Agency
The early track record of the CIA was poor , with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia , the Soviet blockade of Berlin , and the Soviet atomic bomb project . In particular , the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops . The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence . Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain , all compromised by Philby . Arlington Hall , the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysis , was compromised by Bill Weisband , a Russian translator and Soviet spy .
Megacity
Since the 2000s , the largest megacity has been the Greater Tokyo Area . The population of this urban agglomeration includes areas such as Yokohama and Kawasaki , and is estimated to be between 37 and 38 million . This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses . While the prefectures of Tokyo , Chiba , Kanagawa , and Saitama are commonly included in statistical information , the Japan Statistics Bureau only includes the area within 50 kilometers of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Offices in Shinjuku , thus arriving at a smaller population estimate . A characteristic issue of megacities is the difficulty in defining their outer limits and accurately estimating the populations .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
By 1763 the British government had an extreme shortage of money , though not as severe as that facing the French government . The collapse of the alliance with the Prussians ended that costly involvement , and by late 1762 the war around the world was winding towards a close . In Britain the new Bute Ministry had taken full control of government , following the departure of Newcastle in March 1762 after a power struggle . The government agreed to an armistice and began fresh negotiations with the French in Paris directed by the Duke of Bedford .
Andre Gunder Frank
Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s Frank taught at American universities . In 1962 he moved to Latin America , inaugurating a remarkable period of travel that confirmed his peripatetic tendencies . His most notable work during this time was his stint as Professor of Sociology and Economics at the University of Chile , where he was involved in reforms under the government of Salvador Allende . After Allende 's government was toppled by a coup d'état in 1973 , Frank fled to Europe , where he occupied a series of university positions . From 1981 until his retirement in 1994 he was professor in developmental economy at the University of Amsterdam .
Lithuania
Another large neighbor -- the Soviet Union also began preparing for the occupation of the Lithuania 's territory . On 7 October 1939 the Lithuanian delegation departed to Moscow where they later had to sign the Soviet -- Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty due to the unfavorable situation . The treaty resulted in five Soviet military bases with 20,000 troops established across Lithuania in exchange for the Lithuania 's historical capital Vilnius . According to the Lithuanian Minister of National Defence Kazys Musteikis , Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys initially told that Lithuanians refuses Vilnius Region as well as the Russian garrisons , however then nervous Joseph Stalin replied that `` No matter if you take Vilnius or not , the Russian garrisons will enter Lithuania anyway '' . He also informed Juozas Urbšys about the Soviet -- German secret protocols and showed maps of the spheres of influence . Two of the military bases with thousands of Soviet soldiers were established close to Kaunas in Prienai and Gaižiūnai . Despite regaining the beloved historical capital , the Presidency and the Government remained in Kaunas . Presidential
Moose
By the early 20th century , the very last strongholds of the European moose appeared to be in Fennoscandian areas and patchy tracts of Russia , with a few migrants found in what is now Estonia and Lithuania . The USSR and Poland managed to restore portions of the range within its borders ( such as the 1951 reintroduction into Kampinos National Park and the later 1958 reintroduction in Belarus ) , but political complications limited the ability to reintroduce it to other portions of its range . Attempts in 1930 and again in 1967 in marshland north of Berlin were unsuccessful . At present in Poland , populations are recorded in the Biebrza river valley , Kampinos , and in Białowieża Forest . It has migrated into other parts of Eastern Europe and has been spotted in eastern and southern Germany . Unsuccessful thus far in recolonizing these areas via natural dispersal from source populations in Poland , Belarus , Ukraine , Czech Republic and Slovakia , it appears to be having more success migrating south into the Caucasus . It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention .
Rwandan genocide
Rwanda and neighbouring Burundi were assigned to Germany by the Berlin Conference of 1884 , and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king . German policy was to rule the country through the Rwandan monarchy ; this system had the added benefit of enabling colonization with small European troop numbers . The colonists favoured the Tutsi over the Hutu when assigning administrative roles , believing them to be migrants from Ethiopia and racially superior . The Rwandan king welcomed the Germans , using their military strength to widen his rule . Belgian forces took control of Rwanda and Burundi during World War I , and from 1926 began a policy of more direct colonial rule . The Belgians modernised the Rwandan economy , but Tutsi supremacy remained , leaving the Hutu disenfranchised . In 1935 , Belgium introduced identity cards labelling each individual as either Tutsi , Hutu , Twa or Naturalised . While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutu to become honorary Tutsi , the identity cards prevented any further movement between the groups .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
When Mikhail Gorbachev succeeded Konstantin Chernenko as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985 , it signaled a dramatic change in Soviet foreign policy . Gorbachev put forth the doctrine of `` new political thinking '' , which in part pursued conciliatory policies toward the West instead of maintaining the Cold War status quo . The USSR ended its military occupation of Afghanistan , signed strategic arms reduction treaties with the United States , and allowed its satellite states in Eastern Europe to determine their own affairs . Post World War II issues about the status and borders of Germany were addressed in 1990 , when the Soviet Union , along with the USA , Britain and France , signed a treaty on German reunification with the two German governments .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union concentrated on its own recovery . It seized and transferred most of Germany 's industrial plants and it exacted war reparations from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria , using Soviet - dominated joint enterprises . It used trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the Soviet Union . Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states , and they followed orders from the Kremlin . Historian Mark Kramer concludes :
End of World War II in Europe
Hermann Göring 's surrender : On 6 May , Reichsmarshall and Hitler 's second - in - command , Hermann Göring , surrendered to General Carl Spaatz , who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe , along with his wife and daughter at the Germany - Austria border . He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive .
Cold War
In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism .
Munich Agreement
The Czechoslovaks were greatly dismayed with the Munich settlement . With Sudetenland gone to Germany , Czecho - Slovakia ( as the state was now renamed ) lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications . Without them its independence became more nominal than real . In fact , Edvard Beneš , the President of Czechoslovakia , had the military print the march orders for his army and put the press on standby for a declaration of war . Czechoslovakia also lost 70 % of its iron / steel , 70 % of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement .
Operation Barbarossa
The initial momentum of the German ground and air attack completely destroyed the Soviet organizational command and control within the first few hours , paralyzing every level of command from the infantry platoon to the Soviet High Command in Moscow . Moscow not only failed to grasp the magnitude of the catastrophe that confronted the Soviet forces in the border area , but Stalin 's first reaction was also disbelief . At around 07 : 15 , Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 2 , which announced the invasion to the Soviet Armed Forces , and called on them to attack Axis forces wherever they had violated the borders and launch air strikes into the border regions of German territory . At around 09 : 15 , Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 3 , signed by Marshal Semyon Timoshenko , which now called for a general counteroffensive on the entire front `` without any regards for borders '' that both men hoped would sweep the enemy from Soviet territory . Stalin 's order , which Timoshenko authorized , was not based on a realistic appraisal of the military situation at hand , but commanders passed it along for fear of retribution if they failed to obey ; several days passed before the Soviet leadership became aware of the enormity of the opening defeat .
Horn of Africa
Haile Selassie 's reign came to an end in 1974 , when a Soviet - backed Marxist - Leninist military junta , the Derg led by Mengistu Haile Mariam , deposed him , and established a one - party communist state , which was called the People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia . In July 1977 , the Ogaden War broke out after the government of President of Somalia Siad Barre sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali - inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia . By September 1977 , the Somali army controlled 90 % of the Ogaden , but was later forced to withdraw after Ethiopia 's Derg received assistance from the USSR , Cuba , South Yemen , East Germany and North Korea , including around 15,000 Cuban combat troops .
End of World War II in Europe
The Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic , hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government , the High Command and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . The assumption , for the purposes stated above , of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany . --
Erwin Rommel
Rommel had wrongly predicted that the collapse of the German line in Italy would be fast . On 21 November Hitler gave Kesselring overall command of the Italian theater , moving Rommel and Army Group B to Normandy in France with responsibility for defending the French coast against the long anticipated Allied invasion .
Israel
Under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu at the end of the 1990s , Israel withdrew from Hebron , and signed the Wye River Memorandum , giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority . Ehud Barak , elected Prime Minister in 1999 , began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit . During the summit , Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state . The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90 % of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital . Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks . After a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount , the Second Intifada began . Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks . Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election . During his tenure , Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier , ending the Intifada . By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed , mostly in suicide bombings . The Palestinian fatalities , from 2000 to 2008 , reached 4,791 killed by Israeli security forces , 44 killed by Israeli civilians , and 609 killed by Palestinians .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel requested reinforcements , but the OKW , then completing preparations for Operation Barbarossa , refused . General Friedrich Paulus , head of the Operations Branch of OKH , arrived on 25 April to review the situation . He was present for a second failed attack on the city on 30 April . On 4 May Paulus ordered that no further attempts should be made to take Tobruk via a direct assault . This order was not open to interpretation , and Rommel had no choice but to comply . Aware of this order from intelligence reports , Churchill urged Wavell to seize the initiative . While awaiting further reinforcements and a shipment of 300 tanks that were already on their way , Wavell launched a limited offensive code named Operation Brevity on 15 May . The British briefly seized Sollum , Fort Capuzzo , and the important Halfaya Pass , a bottleneck along the coast near the border between Libya and Egypt . Rommel soon forced them to withdraw . On 15 June Wavell launched Operation Battleaxe . The attack was defeated in a four - day battle at Sollum and Halfaya Pass , resulting in the loss of 98 British tanks . The Germans lost 12 tanks , while capturing and seriously damaging over 20 British tanks . The defeat resulted in Churchill replacing Wavell with General Claude Auchinleck as theatre commander . Rommel appointed Heinrich Kirchheim as commander of 5th Light Division on 16 May , became displeased and replaced him with Johann von Ravenstein on 30 May 1941 .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of prisoners of war . Within South Vietnam , a cease - fire was declared ( to be overseen by a multi-national , 1,160 - man International Control Commission force ) and both ARVN and PAVN / NLF forces would remain in control of the areas they then occupied , effectively partitioning South Vietnam . Both sides pledged to work toward a compromise political solution , possibly resulting in a coalition government . To maximize the area under their control , both sides in South Vietnam almost immediately engaged in land - grabbing military operations , which turned into flashpoints . The signing of the Accords was the main motivation for the awarding of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger and to leading North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho . A separate cease - fire had been installed in Laos in February . Five days before the signing of the agreement in Paris , President Lyndon Johnson , whose presidency had been tainted with the Vietnam issue , died .