vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the United Kingdom
The King declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 , after the German invasion of Poland . During the quiet period of `` phoney war '' , the British sent to France the most highly mechanized army in the world ; together with France they had more tanks than Germany , but fewer warplanes . The smashing German victory in Spring 1940 was due entirely to `` superior combat doctrine . Realistic training , imaginative battlefield leadership , and unparalleled initiative from generals down to sergeants . '' The British with the thinnest of margins rescued its main army from Dunkirk ( as well as many French soldiers ) , leaving all their equipment and war supplies behind . Winston Churchill came to power , promising to fight the Germans to the very end . The Germans threatened an invasion -- which the Royal Navy was prepared to repel . First the Germans tried to achieve air supremacy but were defeated by the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain in late summer 1940 . Japan declared war in December 1941 , and quickly seized Hong Kong , Malaya , Singapore , and Burma , and threatened Australia and India . Britain formed an alliance with the Soviet Union ( starting in 1941 ) and very close ties to the United States ( starting in 1940 ) . The war was very expensive . It was paid for by high taxes , by selling off assets , and by accepting large amounts of Lend Lease from the U.S. and Canada . The US gave $30 billion in munitions ; Canada also gave aid . ( The American and Canadian aid did not have to be repaid , but there were also American loans that were repaid . )
Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC . At the time , they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place . The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus ( or Poenicus ) , meaning `` Carthaginian '' , with reference to the Carthaginians ' Phoenician ancestry .
Axis powers
Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy , as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation . On the other hand , American destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the Battle of the Atlantic with German and Italian ships and submarines , and the immediate war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats . The US had effectively abandoned its strictly neutral stance in March 1941 with the beginning of Lend - Lease . The US destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine U-552 on 31 October 1941 . Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941 that Germany and Italy considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States . Plans for Rainbow Five had been published by the press early in December 1941 , and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR . Americans played key roles in financing and supplying the Allies , in the strategic bombardment of Germany , and in the final invasion of the European continent .
Wales
After economic growth in the first two decades of the 20th century , Wales ' staple industries endured a prolonged slump from the early 1920s to the late 1930s , leading to widespread unemployment and poverty in the south Wales valleys . For the first time in centuries , the population of Wales went into decline ; the scourge of unemployment only relented with the production demands of the Second World War . The Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) saw Welsh servicemen and women fight in all the major theatres of war , with some 15,000 of them killed . Bombing raids brought major loss of life as the German Air Force targeted the docks at Swansea , Cardiff and Pembroke . After 1943 , 10 % of Welsh conscripts aged 18 were sent to work in the coal mines , where there were labour shortages ; they became known as Bevin Boys . Pacifist numbers during both World Wars were fairly low , especially in the Second World War , which was seen as a fight against fascism . Of the political parties active in Wales , only Plaid Cymru took a neutral stance , on the grounds that it was an `` imperialist war '' . Late
Harry Patch
In July 2007 , marking the 90th anniversary of the beginning of the Battle of Passchendaele , Patch revisited the site of the battle in Flanders , to pay his respects to the fallen on both sides . He was accompanied by an historian , Richard van Emden . On this occasion , Patch described war as the `` calculated and condoned slaughter of human beings '' and said that `` war is n't worth one life . ''
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
During the war , France shouldered a financial burden similar to that of Great Britain , as debt from the American Revolutionary War was piled upon already existing debts from the Seven Years ' War . The French spent 1.3 billion livres on war costs . When the war ended , France had accumulated a debt of 3,315.1 million livres , a fortune at the time .
History of Native Americans in the United States
King Philip 's War , also called Metacom 's War or Metacom 's Rebellion , was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present - day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675 to 1676 . It continued in northern New England ( primarily on the Maine frontier ) even after King Philip was killed , until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678 . According to a combined estimate of loss of life in Schultz and Tougias ' King Philip 's War , The History and Legacy of America 's Forgotten Conflict ( based on sources from the Department of Defense , the Bureau of Census , and the work of Colonial historian Francis Jennings ) , 800 out of 52,000 English colonists of New England ( 1 out of every 65 ) and 3,000 out of 20,000 natives ( 3 out of every 20 ) lost their lives due to the war , which makes it proportionately one of the bloodiest and costliest in the history of America . More than half of New England 's 90 towns were assaulted by Native American warriors . One in ten soldiers on both sides were wounded or killed .
Surrender of Japan
I consider the Joint Proclamation a rehash of the Declaration at the Cairo Conference . As for the Government , it does not attach any important value to it at all . The only thing to do is just kill it with silence ( mokusatsu ) . We will do nothing but press on to the bitter end to bring about a successful completion of the war .
Allies of World War II
Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and the Union of South Africa . Colonies
American Revolution
Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption .
Casualties of the Iraq War
By November 2006 , there were reports of a significant deterioration of the Iraq health care system as a result of the war .
Military history of the United States
The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries ( primarily the United States and its principal allies ) to neutralize international terrorist groups ( primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups , including al - Qaeda ) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities . It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the United States . Since 2001 , terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas . U.S.
Causes of World War II
The United States reacted by seeking to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan on 1 August 1941 , demanding that Japan withdraw all troops from both China and Indochina . Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its oil , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum and oil products . Attack
History of the United Kingdom
The war had been won by Britain and its allies , but at a terrible human and financial cost , creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again . The League of Nations was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully , but these hopes were unfulfilled . The harsh peace settlement imposed on Germany would leave it embittered and seeking revenge .
Confederate States of America
The American Civil War became an American tragedy , what some scholars termed the `` Brothers ' War '' , pitting `` brother against brother , father against son , kin against kin of every degree '' .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Pennsylvania
Korean War
In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption .
American Revolutionary War
Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort . As the circulation of hard currency declined , the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers , France , Spain and the Netherlands , saddling the young nation with crippling debts . Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue . The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed , and the paper money became virtually worthless . The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental '' .
British Army during World War I
The cost of victory , however , was high . The official `` final and corrected '' casualty figures for the British Army -- including the Territorial Force -- were issued on 10 March 1921 . The losses for the period between 4 August 1914 and 30 September 1919 included 573,507 `` killed in action , died from wounds and died of other causes '' and 254,176 missing ( minus 154,308 released prisoners of war ) , for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing . Casualty figures also indicated that there were 1,643,469 wounded . For some , the fighting did not end in 1918 . The British Army dispatched troops to Russia during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , which was followed by the Anglo - Irish War in January 1919 and the Third Anglo - Afghan War in May 1919 . The Third Afghan War was followed by the 1920 conflict between British forces and Somaliland dervishes . Those not involved in fighting or occupation duties were demobilised . The demobilisation of 4,000,000 men that followed the end of the war had , within a year , reduced the British Army to 800,000 men ; by November 1920 , two years after the signing of the Armistice , this figure had fallen to 370,000 men .
World War I
Meanwhile , Germany was falling apart at home . Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell . Industrial output was half the 1913 levels . New
American Indian Wars
Both immigrant and native noncombatants suffered greatly during the war , and villages and food supplies were frequently destroyed during military expeditions . The largest of these expeditions was the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 , which razed more than 40 Iroquois villages .
French and Indian War
In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 .
Balkans
During the occupation the population suffered considerable hardship due to repression and starvation , to which the population reacted by creating a mass resistance movement . Together with the early and extremely heavy winter of that year ( which caused hundreds of thousands deaths among the poorly fed population ) , the German invasion had disastrous effects in the timetable of the planned invasion in Russia causing a significant delay , which had major consequences during the course of the war .
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in history -- more men , tanks , guns and aircraft were committed than had ever been deployed before in a single offensive . The invasion opened up the Eastern Front of World War II , the largest theater of war during that conflict , and it witnessed clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years that resulted in the deaths of more than 26 million Soviet people . More people died fighting on the Eastern Front than in all other fighting across the globe during World War II . Damage to both the economy and landscape was enormous for the Soviet Union as approximately 1,710 towns and 70,000 villages were razed .
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars ( Turkish : Balkan Savaşları , literally `` the Balkan Wars '' or Balkan Faciası , meaning `` the Balkan Tragedy '' ) consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913 . Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war ; one of the four , Bulgaria , suffered defeat in the second war . The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe . Austria - Hungary , although not a combatant , became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples . The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus served as a `` prelude to the First World War '' .
United States in World War I
Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers , a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an `` embarrassing obstacle '' in his State of the Union speech . Congress declared war on the Austro - Hungarian Empire on December 7 , 1917 , but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers . Thus , the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe , the Middle East , the Caucasus , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and the Pacific .
Axis powers
Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Finland were severed on 1 August 1941 , after the British bombed German forces in the Finnish village and port of Petsamo . The United Kingdom repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union , and declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941 , although no other military operations followed . War was never declared between Finland and the United States , though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the Ryti - Ribbentrop Agreement . Finnish
Causes of World War II
Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918 . Dissatisfactions of treaty provisions included the demilitarization of the Rhineland , the prohibition of unification with Austria ( including the Sudetenland ) and the loss of German - speaking territories such as Danzig and Eupen - Malmedy despite Wilson 's Fourteen Points , the limitations on the Reichswehr making it a token military force , the war - guilt clause , and last but not least the heavy tribute that Germany had to pay in the form of war reparations , which became an unbearable burden after the Great Depression . The most serious internal cause in Germany was the instability of the political system , as large sectors of politically active Germans rejected the legitimacy of the Weimar Republic .
Operation Barbarossa
As early as 1925 , Adolf Hitler vaguely declared in his political manifesto and autobiography Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union , asserting that the German people needed to secure Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) to ensure the survival of Germany for generations to come . On 10 February 1939 , Hitler told his army commanders that the next war would be `` purely a war of Weltanschauungen ... totally a people 's war , a racial war '' . On 23 November , once World War II had already started , Hitler declared that `` racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe , and with it , the world '' . The racial policy of Nazi Germany portrayed the Soviet Union ( and all of Eastern Europe ) as populated by non-Aryan Untermenschen ( `` sub-humans '' ) , ruled by Jewish Bolshevik conspirators . Hitler claimed in Mein Kampf that Germany 's destiny was to `` turn to the East '' as it did `` six hundred years ago '' ( see Ostsiedlung ) . Accordingly , it was stated Nazi policy to kill , deport , or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples , under the Generalplan Ost . The Germans ' belief in their ethnic superiority is evident in official German records and discernible in pseudoscientific articles in German periodicals at the time , which covered topics such as `` how to deal with alien populations '' .
Causes of World War II
Taking advantage of the situation , Thailand launched the Franco - Thai War in October 1940 . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor .
Spanish–American War
A war to free Cuba from Spanish despotism , corruption , and cruelty , from the filth and disease and barbarity of General ' Butcher ' Weyler 's reconcentration camps , from the devastation of haciendas , the extermination of families , and the outraging of women ; that would be a blow for humanity and democracy ... No one could doubt it if he believed -- and skepticism was not popular -- the exaggerations of the Cuban Junta 's propaganda and the lurid distortions and imaginative lies pervade by the `` yellow sheets '' of Hearst and Pulitzer at the combined rate of 2 million ( newspaper copies ) a day .
Soviet Union in World War II
The whole of the Soviet Union became dedicated to the war effort . The population of the Soviet Union was probably better prepared than any other nation involved in the fighting of World War II to endure the material hardships of the war . This is primarily because the Soviets were so used to shortages and coping with economic crisis in the past , especially during wartime -- World War I brought similar restrictions on food . Still , conditions were severe . World War II was especially devastating to Soviet citizens because it was fought on their territory and caused massive destruction . In Leningrad , under German siege , over one million people died of starvation and disease . Many factory workers were teenagers , women and the elderly . The government implemented rationing in 1941 and first applied it to bread , flour , cereal , pasta , butter , margarine , vegetable oil , meat , fish , sugar , and confectionery all across the country . The rations remained largely stable in other places during the war . Additional rations were often so expensive that they could not add substantially to a citizen 's food supply unless that person was especially well - paid . Peasants received no rations and had to make do with local resources that they farmed themselves . Most rural peasants struggled and lived in unbearable poverty , but others sold any surplus they had at a high price and a few became rouble millionaires , until a currency reform two years after the end of the war wiped out their wealth .
Western Front (World War I)
The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War . Following the outbreak of war in August 1914 , the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium , then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France . The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne . Following the Race to the Sea , both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches , stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France , which changed little except during early 1917 and in 1918 .
Operation Barbarossa
In autumn 1940 , high - ranking German officials drafted a memorandum on the dangers of an invasion of the Soviet Union . They said Ukraine , Belorussia and the Baltic States would end up as only a further economic burden for Germany . It was argued that the Soviets in their current bureaucratic form were harmless and that the occupation would not benefit Germany . Hitler disagreed with economists about the risks and told his right - hand man Hermann Göring , the chief of the Luftwaffe , that he would no longer listen to misgivings about the economic dangers of a war with Russia . It is speculated that this was passed on to General Georg Thomas , who had produced reports that predicted a net economic drain for Germany in the event of an invasion of the Soviet Union unless its economy was captured intact and the Caucasus oilfields seized in the first blow , and he consequently revised his future report to fit Hitler 's wishes . The Red Army 's ineptitude in the Winter War against Finland in 1939 -- 40 convinced Hitler of a quick victory within a few months . Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter , and therefore adequate preparations , such as the distribution of warm clothing and winterization of vehicles and lubricants , were not made .
World War I
World War I began as a clash of 20th - century technology and 19th - century tactics , with the inevitably large ensuing casualties . By the end of 1917 , however , the major armies , now numbering millions of men , had modernised and were making use of telephone , wireless communication , armoured cars , tanks , and aircraft . Infantry formations were reorganised , so that 100 - man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre ; instead , squads of 10 or so men , under the command of a junior NCO , were favoured .