vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mercury in fish
Mercury content in fish does not affect all populations equally . Certain ethnic groups , as well as young children , are more likely to suffer the effects of methyl mercury poisoning . In the United States , Wallace gathered data that indicated 16.9 % of women who self - identify as Native American , Asian , Pacific Islander , or multiracial exceed the recommended reference dose of mercury . A study done on children of the Faroe Islands near Great Britain showed neurological problems stemming from mothers consuming pilot whale meat during pregnancy . Regulation
Iodine-131
In the event of a radioiodine release , the ingestion of prophylaxis potassium iodide or iodate , if available , would rightly take precedence over perchlorate administration , and would be the first line of defense in protecting the population from a radioiodine release . However , in the event of a radioiodine release too massive and widespread to be controlled by the limited stock of iodide & iodate prophylaxis drugs , then the addition of perchlorate ions to the water supply , or distribution of perchlorate tablets , would serve as a cheap and efficacious second line of defense against carcinogenic radioiodine bioaccumulation .
Walt Disney World International Program
During their interview , participants fill out a role preference sheet and can indicate by order of preference the type of role they would like to apply for . Participants in the Cultural Representative program may apply for several positions , including : attractions , food and beverage , guest relations , and merchandise . Interesting to note during the application process is that if successful , the applicant 's employer may not be Disney but an ' Operating Participant ' , trading within Walt Disney World . Should one end up working for an Operating Participant , he / she will not be eligible for the same benefits as ' proper ' Disney Cast Members , such as a Maingate Pass and he / she must also pay an additional $90 -- 130 per week in rent . One will also not be entitled to the same health insurance and other perks such as Holiday Discount coupons or Trade Union support . The
Child care
Due to social pressure , parents of sick children in childcare may be willing to give unnecessary medical care to their children when advised to do so by childcare workers and even if it is against the advice of health care providers . In particular , children in childcare are more likely to take antibiotics than children outside of childcare .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
One of the primary reasons for spread of the disease is the low - quality , functioning health systems in the parts of Africa where the disease occurs . The risk of transmission is increased among those caring for people infected . Recommended measures when caring for those who are infected include medical isolation via the proper use of boots , gowns , gloves , masks and goggles , and sterilizing all equipment and surfaces .
Health care in the United States
Health care providers in the U.S. encompass individual health care personnel , health care facilities and medical products .
Virus
The Nobel Prize - winning biologist David Baltimore devised the Baltimore classification system . The ICTV classification system is used in conjunction with the Baltimore classification system in modern virus classification .
Lyme disease
Protective clothing includes a hat , long - sleeved shirt , and long pants tucked into socks or boots . Light - colored clothing makes the tick more easily visible before it attaches itself . People should use special care in handling and allowing outdoor pets inside homes because they can bring ticks into the house . People who work in areas with woods , bushes , leaf litter , and tall grass are at risk of becoming infected with Lyme at work . Employers can reduce the risk for employees by providing education on Lyme transmission and infection risks , and about how to check themselves for ticks on the groin , armpits , and hair . Work clothing used in risky areas should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer to kill any ticks .
Free clinic
Some pharmaceutical companies offer assistance programs for the drugs they manufacture . These programs allow those who are unable to pay for their medications to receive prescription drugs for free or at a greatly reduced cost . Many free clinics work to qualify patients on behalf of these programs . In some cases the clinic receive and then distribute the medications themselves , in others they verify that the patient is eligible for the program , and the medication is then shipped to the patient , or patient receives the medication from a local pharmacy .
Dental anesthesia
When considering the use of a local anaesthesia there are many factors which should be considered . In terms of contraindications associated with LA there are `` absolute '' and `` relative '' contraindications . When something is said to have an `` absolute '' contraindication this underlines that under no circumstance would that LA be selected to administer to that specific patient as it poses a potential life - threatening risk e.g. allergy . When the LA has a `` relative '' contraindication the administration of the LA is not preferable and should be avoided , but does not pose a life - threatening risk .
Diphtheria
Upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat Low - grade fever ( above 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) is rare ) An adherent , dense , grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the pharynx : in severe cases , it can extend to cover the entire tracheobronchial tree .
Millennials
Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work - life balance . Studies show nearly one - third of students ' top priority is to `` balance personal and professional life '' . The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 millennials place an importance on work - life balance , with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values . Studies also show a preference for work - life balance , which contrasts to the Baby Boomers ' work - centric attitude .
Health insurance in India
As name suggest These kind of health insurance plans are for older people in the family . It provide covers and protection from health issues during old age . According to IRDA guideline , Each insurer should provide cover up to age of 65 years .
Cell membrane
The cell membrane has large content of proteins , typically around 50 % of membrane volume These proteins are important for cell because they are responsible for various biological activities . Approximately a third of the genes in yeast code specifically for them , and this number is even higher in multicellular organisms . Membrane proteins consist of three main types : Integral proteins , peripheral proteins , and lipid - anchored proteins .
Medical device
The Medical Devices Bureau of Health Canada recognizes four classes of medical devices based on the level of control necessary to assure the safety and effectiveness of the device . Class I devices present the lowest potential risk and do not require a licence . Class II devices require the manufacturer 's declaration of device safety and effectiveness , whereas Class III and IV devices present a greater potential risk and are subject to in - depth scrutiny . A guidance document for device classification is published by Health Canada .
Social ecological model
This also includes possibly removing oneself from a potentially dangerous environment or avoiding a sick coworker . On the other hand , some environments are particularly conducive to health benefits . Surrounding oneself with physically fit people will potentially act as a motivator to become more active , diet , or work out at the gym . The government banning trans fat may have a positive top - down effect on the health of all individuals in that state or country . In human nutrition : used as a model for nutrition research and interventions . The social ecological model looks at multiple levels of influence on specific health behaviors . Levels include intrapersonal ( individual 's knowledge , demographics , attitudes , values , skills , behavior , self - concept , self - esteem ) , interpersonal ( social networks , social supports , families , work groups , peers , friends , neighbors ) , organizational ( norms , incentives , organizational culture , management styles , organizational structure , communication networks ) , community ( community resources , neighborhood organizations , folk practices , non-profit organizations , informal and formal leadership practices ) , and public policy level ( legislation , policies , taxes , regulatory agencies , laws ) Multi-level interventions are thought to be most effective in changing behavior . In public health : drawing upon this model to address the health of a nation 's population is viewed as critically important to the strategic alignment of policy and services across the continuum of population health needs , including the design of effective health promotion and disease prevention and control strategies . Thus also , in the development of universal health care systems , it is appropriate to recognize `` Health in All Policies '' as the overarching policy framework , with public health , primary health care and community services as the cross-cutting framework for all health and health - related services operating across the spectrum from primary prevention to long term care and end - stage conditions . Although this perspective is both logical and well grounded , the reality is different in most settings , and there is room for improvement everywhere . In politics : the act of politics is making decisions . A decision may be required of an individual , organization , community , or country . A decision a congressman makes affects anyone in his or her jurisdiction . If one makes the decision not to vote for the President of the United States , one has given oneself no voice in the election .
Over-the-counter drug
Schedule 1 : Requires a prescription for sale and are provided to the public by a licensed pharmacist . Schedule 2 : Does not require a prescription but requires an assessment by a pharmacist prior to sale . These drugs are kept in an area of the pharmacy where there is no public access and may also be referred to as `` behind - the - counter '' drugs . Schedule 3 : Does not require a prescription but must be kept in an area under the supervision of a pharmacist . These drugs are kept in an area of the retail outlet where self - selection is possible , but a pharmacist must be available to assist in the self - selection of medication if required . Unscheduled : Does not require a prescription and may be sold in any retail outlet .
National identification number
Companies are assigned an RIF ( Fiscal Information Registry ) number for taxable purposes . For physical persons , it is their ID number + checksum digit .
Chickenpox
Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) but not aspirin may be used to reduce fever . Aspirin use by someone with chickenpox may cause the serious , sometimes fatal disease of the liver and brain , Reye syndrome . People at risk of developing severe complications who have had significant exposure to the virus may be given intra-muscular varicella zoster immune globulin ( VZIG ) , a preparation containing high titres of antibodies to varicella zoster virus , to ward off the disease .
Soviet Union in World War II
Rottmann described medical care as `` marginal '' . A shortage of doctors , medical equipment and drugs meant those wounded often died , usually in immense pain . Morphine was unknown in the Red Army . Most Red Army soldiers had not received preventive inoculations and diseases were major problems with malaria , pneumonia , diphtheria , tuberculosis , typhus , dysentery , and meningitis in particular regularly sickening Red Army men . In the winter frostbite often sent soldiers to the medical system while in the spring and fall rains made trench foot a common aliment . The frontovik were paid once every month , but often did not receive their wages . All soldiers were exempt from taxes . In 1943 , a private was paid 600 roubles per month , a corporal 1,000 roubles , a junior sergeant 2,000 roubles and a sergeant 3,000 roubles . There was special pay for those serving in guards units , paratroopers , tank , anti-tank and those decorated for bravery in combat . Those units that greatly distinguished in combat had the prefix Guards attached to their unit title , a title of great respect and honor that brought better pay and rations . In the Imperial Russian Army , the elite was always the Imperial Guards Regiments , and the title Guards when applied to a military unit in Russia still has elitist connotations .
Virus
Viral epidemiology is the branch of medical science that deals with the transmission and control of virus infections in humans . Transmission of viruses can be vertical , which means from mother to child , or horizontal , which means from person to person . Examples of vertical transmission include hepatitis B virus and HIV , where the baby is born already infected with the virus . Another , more rare , example is the varicella zoster virus , which , although causing relatively mild infections in humans , can be fatal to the foetus and newborn baby .
Rob Schneider
Schneider has passionately fought the passage of two California laws , California Assembly Bill 2109 and California Senate Bill 277 , which both intended to make childhood vaccination exemptions harder to obtain . On September 28 , 2012 , Schneider and California State Assemblyman Tim Donnelly spoke at the `` Medical Freedom Rally '' , where they urged California Governor Jerry Brown to veto Assembly Bill 2109 , which would have made it more difficult for parents to utilize philosophical reasons for exemptions from mandatory childhood vaccinations . While the bill was not vetoed , Governor Brown added a signing message instructing the Department of Health to add a religious exemption and to make sure the process is not overly burdensome to parents . In 2015 , Schneider fought against California Senate Bill 277 , which removed exemptions to mandatory vaccinations due to personal beliefs , even leaving a phone message to California state Assemblywoman and bill co-author Lorena Gonzalez saying that he would spend money against her in her next re-election . Gonzalez , in an interview with The Washington Times , said that she found the message to be disturbing , but upon calling back , she said `` he was actually much nicer to me , but let 's be honest ... that is 20 mins of my life I 'll never get back arguing that vaccines do n't cause autism with Deuce Bigalow , male gigolo . # vaccinateyourkids . ''
Virus
Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections , where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host 's defence mechanisms . This is common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections . People chronically infected are known as carriers , as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus . In populations with a high proportion of carriers , the disease is said to be endemic .
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity therefore quantifies the avoiding of false negatives , and specificity does the same for false positives . For any test , there is usually a trade - off between the measures -- for instance , in airport security since testing of passengers is for potential threats to safety , scanners may be set to trigger alarms on low - risk items like belt buckles and keys ( low specificity ) , in order to increase the probability of identifying dangerous objects and minimize the risk of missing objects that do pose a threat ( high sensitivity ) . This trade - off can be represented graphically using a receiver operating characteristic curve . A perfect predictor would be described as 100 % sensitive , meaning all sick individuals are correctly identified as sick , and 100 % specific , meaning no healthy individuals are incorrectly identified as sick . In reality , however , any non-deterministic predictor will possess a minimum error bound known as the Bayes error rate .
Non-communicable disease
In order to better coordinate efforts around the globe , in 2009 the WHO announced the launch of the Global Non-communicable Disease Network ( NCDnet ) . NCDnet will consist of leading health organizations and experts from around the world in order to fight against diseases such as cancer , cardiovascular disease , and diabetes . Ala Alwan , assistant director - general for Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health at the WHO , said : `` integrating the prevention of non-communicable diseases and injuries into the national and global development agendas is not only achievable but also a priority for developing countries . ''
Water fluoridation
The critical period of exposure is between ages one and four years , with the risk ending around age eight . Fluorosis can be prevented by monitoring all sources of fluoride , with fluoridated water directly or indirectly responsible for an estimated 40 % of risk and other sources , notably toothpaste , responsible for the remaining 60 % . Compared to water naturally fluoridated at 0.4 mg / L , fluoridation to 1 mg / L is estimated to cause additional fluorosis in one of every 6 people ( 95 % CI 4 -- 21 people ) , and to cause additional fluorosis of aesthetic concern in one of every 22 people ( 95 % CI 13.6 -- ∞ people ) . Here , aesthetic concern is a term used in a standardized scale based on what adolescents would find unacceptable , as measured by a 1996 study of British 14 - year - olds . In many industrialized countries the prevalence of fluorosis is increasing even in unfluoridated communities , mostly because of fluoride from swallowed toothpaste . A 2009 systematic review indicated that fluorosis is associated with consumption of infant formula or of water added to reconstitute the formula , that the evidence was distorted by publication bias , and that the evidence that the formula 's fluoride caused the fluorosis was weak . In the U.S. the decline in tooth decay was accompanied by increased fluorosis in both fluoridated and unfluoridated communities ; accordingly , fluoride has been reduced in various ways worldwide in infant formulas , children 's toothpaste , water , and fluoride - supplement schedules .
Diphtheria
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( January 2018 )
Zimbabwe
At independence , the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority . The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage , access to health care , and contraceptive prevalence rate . Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have an achieved a good record of health development .
Christmas dinner
This focus on the family is common to all Filipino socio - economic classes and ethnic groups that observe Christmas in that most -- if not all -- members from branch or extended families in a clan are expected to partake of the Noche Buena . Relatives living abroad , especially OFWs , are highly encouraged to return home for the occasion , as it is the most important Filipino Christian holiday of the year . Most families prefer to exchange Christmas presents right after the dinner , in contrast to the Western custom of opening presents on Christmas morning .
Obesity in the United States
There has been an increase in obesity - related medical problems , including type II diabetes , hypertension , cardiovascular disease , and disability . In particular , diabetes has become the seventh leading cause of death in the United States , with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimating in 2008 that fifty - seven million adults aged twenty and older were pre-diabetic , 23.6 million diabetic , with 90 -- 95 % of the latter being type 2 - diabetic .
Vitamin A deficiency
As an oral form , the supplementation of vitamin A is effective for lowering the risk of morbidity , especially from severe diarrhea , and reducing mortality from measles and all - cause mortality . Studies have shown that vitamin A supplementation of children under five who are at risk of VAD can reduce all ‐ cause mortality by 23 per cent . Some countries where VAD is a public health problem address its elimination by including vitamin A supplements available in capsule form with National Immunization Days ( NIDs ) for polio eradication or measles . Additionally , the delivery of vitamin A supplements , during integrated child health events such as child health days , have helped ensure high coverage of vitamin A supplementation in a large number of least developed countries . Child health events enable many countries in West and Central Africa to achieve over 80 per cent coverage of vitamin A supplementation . According to UNICEF Data , in 2013 worldwide , 65 per cent of children between the ages of 6 and 59 months were fully protected with two high - dose vitamin A supplements . Vitamin A capsules cost about US $0.02 . The capsules are easy to handle ; they do n't need to be stored in a refrigerator or vaccine carrier . When the correct dosage is given , vitamin A is safe and has no negative effect on seroconversion rates for Oral Polio Vaccine or measles vaccine . However , because the benefit of vitamin A supplements is transient , children need them regularly every four to six months . Since NIDs provide only one dose per year , NIDs - linked vitamin A distribution must be complemented by other dose programs to maintain vitamin A in children Maternal high supplementation benefits both mother and breast - fed infant : high - dose vitamin A supplementation of the lactating mother in the first month postpartum can provide the breast - fed infant with an appropriate amount of vitamin A through breast milk . However , high - dose supplementation of pregnant women should be avoided because it can cause miscarriage and birth defects . Food fortification is also useful for improving VAD . A variety of oily and dry forms of the retinol esters , retinyl acetates and retinyl palmitate are available for food fortification of vitamin A. Margarine and oil are the ideal food vehicles for vitamin A fortification .
Serial killer
Family , or lack thereof , is the most prominent part of a child 's development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis . `` The serial killer is no different from any other individual who is instigated to seek approval from parents , sexual partners , or others . '' This need for approval is what influences children to attempt to develop social relationships with their family and peers , but if they are rejected or neglected , they are unable to do so . This results in the lowering of their self - esteem and helps develop their fantasy world , in which they are in control . According to the Hickey 's Trauma Control Model , the development of a serial killer is based on an early trauma followed by facilitators ( e.g. , alcohol , drugs , pornography , or other factors that constitute a facilitator , depending on individual circumstances ) and disposition ( an inability to attach being one common factor ) .
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization 's primary objective in natural and man - made emergencies is to coordinate with member states and other stakeholders to `` reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of disease and disability . ''