vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
End of the Han dynasty
Dong Zhuo arrived on the scene and found Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu . The young emperor appeared nervous and fearful , while the prince remained calm and composed , and gave orders to Dong Zhuo to escort them back to the palace . Dong Zhuo used the opportunity to seize control of state power and bring his army into the capital . Not long later , Dong Zhuo deposed Emperor Shao and replaced him with the Prince of Chenliu , who became known as Emperor Xian . Dong Zhuo dominated the imperial court and named himself `` Chancellor of State '' ( 相 國 ) , a title not held by anyone since the Western Han dynasty statesman Xiao He ; Dong Zhuo also granted himself the privilege of attending court without needing to disarm himself or remove his shoes .
Chinese Buddhism
During the Yuan Dynasty , the Mongol emperors made Esoteric Buddhism an official religion of China , and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court . A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread . When the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown and the Ming Dynasty was established , the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court , and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path .
Analects
Confucius 's discussions on the nature of the supernatural ( Analects 3.12 ; 6.20 ; 11.11 ) indicate that he believed while `` ghosts '' and `` spirits '' should be respected , they are best kept at a distance . Instead human beings should base their values and social ideals on moral philosophy , tradition , and a natural love for others . Confucius 's social philosophy largely depended on the cultivation of ren by every individual in a community . Later Confucian philosophers explained ren as the quality of having a kind manner , similar to the English words `` humane '' , `` altruistic '' , or `` benevolent '' , but , of the sixty instances in which Confucius discusses ren in the Analects , very few have these later meanings . Confucius instead used the term ren to describe an extremely general and all - encompassing state of virtue , one which no living person had attained completely . ( This use of the term ren is peculiar to the Analects . )
Famine
The period from 1850 to 1873 saw , as a result of the Taiping Rebellion , drought , and famine , the population of China drop by over 30 million people . China 's Qing Dynasty bureaucracy , which devoted extensive attention to minimizing famines , is credited with averting a series of famines following El Niño - Southern Oscillation - linked droughts and floods . These events are comparable , though somewhat smaller in scale , to the ecological trigger events of China 's vast 19th - century famines . Qing China carried out its relief efforts , which included vast shipments of food , a requirement that the rich open their storehouses to the poor , and price regulation , as part of a state guarantee of subsistence to the peasantry ( known as ming - sheng ) .
Ashoka
Buddhist legends state that Ashoka was bad - tempered and of a wicked nature . He built Ashoka 's Hell , an elaborate torture chamber described as a `` Paradisal Hell '' due to the contrast between its beautiful exterior and the acts carried out within by his appointed executioner , Girikaa . This earned him the name of Chanda Ashoka ( Caṇḍa Aśoka ) meaning `` Ashoka the Fierce '' in Sanskrit . Professor Charles Drekmeier cautions that the Buddhist legends tend to dramatise the change that Buddhism brought in him , and therefore , exaggerate Ashoka 's past wickedness and his piousness after the conversion .
Qing dynasty
With respect to these outer regions , the Qing maintained imperial control , with the emperor acting as Mongol khan , patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims . However , Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884 . During The Great Game era , taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China , Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire , and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria . The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered , and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang . The Kumul Khanate , which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757 , maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930 . In the early 20th century , Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty . The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet , resulting in the 1906 Anglo - Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China . The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet , while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet . Furthermore , similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier , the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century , officially known as the `` Three Northeast Provinces '' , and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces , making the total number of regional viceroys to nine .
Chinese Buddhism
A disciple of Amoghavajra , Huisu , secretly continued the lineage in China and has been passed on through one master per generation . In 1989 the 48th Maha - Acharya Master Huiling of the Chinese Esoteric School passed the teaching to the 49th Lineage Bearer Master Yu Tian Jian who revived the school .
Analects
Confucius 's political beliefs were rooted in his belief that a good ruler would be self - disciplined , would govern his subjects through education and by his own example , and would seek to correct his subjects with love and concern rather than punishment and coercion . `` If the people be led by laws , and uniformity among them be sought by punishments , they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame . If they are led by virtue , and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety , they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord '' ( Analects 2.3 ; see also 13.6 ) . Confucius 's political theories were directly contradictory to the Legalistic political orientations of China 's rulers , and he failed to popularize his ideals among China 's leaders within his own lifetime .
Modern history
The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions . Responding to these civil failures and discontent , the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways , such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906 , the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909 , and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910 . However , many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court , and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright . The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution .
Chinese Buddhism
The force of his own study , translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the Faxiang school in East Asia . Although the school itself did not thrive for a long time , its theories regarding perception , consciousness , karma , rebirth , etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools . Xuanzang 's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school . Xuanzang 's logic , as described by Kuiji , was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lack the necessary background in Indian logic . Another important disciple was the Korean monk Woncheuk .
Muhammad Yunus
In 1976 , during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University , Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person . Village women who made bamboo furniture had to take usurious loans to buy bamboo , and repay their profits to the lenders . Traditional banks did not want to make tiny loans at reasonable interest to the poor due to high risk of default . But Yunus believed that , given the chance , the poor will repay the money and hence microcredit was a viable business model . Yunus lent US $27 of his money to 42 women in the village , who made a profit of BDT 0.50 ( US $0.02 ) each on the loan . Thus , Yunus is credited with the idea of microcredit .
Sith
Darth Bane 's plan would come to fruition through Sheev Palpatine , a Senator , later Supreme Chancellor , of the Galactic Republic , and secretly a Dark Lord of the Sith ( `` Darth Sidious '' ) . By manipulating disgruntled factions within the Galactic Republic , Palpatine orchestrated a civil war . This conflict , known within the Star Wars universe as the `` Clone Wars , '' provided a justification for consolidating power in the Galactic Republic 's chief executive and assembling a large army of hastily cloned soldiers -- surreptitiously conditioned to obey certain key commands issued by Palpatine . Although the Jedi eventually discovered Palpatine 's identity as a Sith and attempted to arrest him , this action was anticipated by Palpatine , who successfully framed their actions as an attempted coup , providing in turn a pretext for annihilating the Jedi by activating `` Order 66 , '' one of the clone soldiers ' embedded protocols . In the course of effecting his designs , Palpatine also manipulated the Jedi 's most powerful initiate , Anakin Skywalker , into his service , by promising to teach Skywalker Dark Side techniques that could save the life of Padme Amidala , a Galactic Senator to whom Skywalker was secretly married in violation of Jedi rules , and whose death in childbirth Skywalker had preternaturally foreseen . In a tragic irony , Amidala 's sheer horror at discovering Skywalker 's collaboration with Sidious in destroying the Jedi would itself be the cause of her death during childbirth , though Sidious would trick Skywalker into believing that an episode of Skywalker 's physical abuse of Amidala had been the actual cause of her death . Skywalker 's subsequent emotional collapse would lead him to fully embrace the Dark Side of the Force and assume the persona of Darth Vader , Lord of the Sith .
Rainbow
In Song Dynasty China ( 960 -- 1279 ) , a polymath scholar - official named Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) hypothesised -- as a certain Sun Sikong ( 1015 -- 1076 ) did before him -- that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air . Paul Dong writes that Shen 's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction `` is basically in accord with modern scientific principles . ''
End of the Han dynasty
Emperor Ling died in 189 and was succeeded by his 13 - year - old son , Liu Bian ( born to Empress He ) , who became known as Emperor Shao . Empress He , now empress dowager , became regent to the young emperor , while her older brother , General - in - Chief He Jin , became the most powerful official in the imperial court . He Jin and Yuan Shao plotted to exterminate all the Ten Attendants , a group of ten influential eunuch officials in the court , but Empress Dowager He disapproved of their plan . In a fateful move , He Jin summoned Dong Zhuo , a warlord controlling the battle - tested Liang Province ( 涼 州 ; covering present - day Gansu ) , to march on the capital Luoyang to threaten Empress Dowager He into eliminating the Ten Attendants . After the eunuchs discovered He Jin 's plot , they lured him into the palace and murdered him . In response , Yuan Shao led the imperial guards on an indiscriminate massacre of the palace eunuchs . The surviving eunuchs kidnapped Emperor Shao and his younger brother , the eight - year - old Prince of Chenliu ( raised by his grandmother Empress Dowager Dong ) , and fled north towards the Yellow River , but were finally forced to commit suicide by throwing themselves into the river .
End of the Han dynasty
After Dong Zhuo withdrew to Chang'an , he maintained an even tighter grip on the government and cruelly dealt with all dissent against him . Interior Minister Wang Yun and a few other officials , including Huang Wan ( 黃 琬 ) , Shisun Rui ( 士 孫 瑞 ) , and Yang Zan ( 楊 瓚 ) , plotted to eliminate Dong Zhuo . They eventually persuaded Dong Zhuo 's foster son , Lü Bu , to join them . Lü Bu bore a grudge against Dong Zhuo because the latter almost killed him once during a fit of anger , and also because he was afraid that his secret affair with one of Dong Zhuo 's maids might be exposed . In May 192 , the conspirators , led by Lü Bu and Wang Yun , assassinated Dong Zhuo and slaughtered his clan .
History of Palau
The practice of mengol is one unique to the islands , and one that was greatly discouraged by all foreign administrations . In mengol young unmarried women from one village are sent to male clubhouses in another or other villages , whether enemy or ally , as a sign of peace or friendship . The actions of these mengol ranged from simple companionship of the men of the clubhouse , much like the Japanese geisha , to sexual favors . However , the mengol were not prostitutes , as even the unmarried daughters of clan heads could be sent off as mengol .
Analects
Throughout the Analects , Confucius 's students frequently request that Confucius define ren and give examples of people who embody it , but Confucius generally responds indirectly to his students ' questions , instead offering illustrations and examples of behaviours that are associated with ren and explaining how a person could achieve it . According to Confucius , a person with a well - cultivated sense of ren would speak carefully and modestly ( Analects 12.3 ) ; be resolute and firm ( Analects 12.20 ) , courageous ( Analects 14.4 ) , free from worry , unhappiness , and insecurity ( Analects 9.28 ; 6.21 ) ; moderate their desires and return to propriety ( Analects 12.1 ) ; be respectful , tolerant , diligent , trustworthy and kind ( Analects 17.6 ) ; and love others ( Analects 12.22 ) . Confucius recognized his followers ' disappointment that he would not give them a more comprehensive definition of ren , but assured them that he was sharing all that he could ( Analects 7.23 ) .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
It was his second major work on the sociology of religion , after The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Weber focused on those aspects of Chinese society that were different from those of Europe and Puritanism , and posed a question why capitalism did not develop in China . From the chronological perspective , he concentrated on early period of Chinese history ( Hundred Schools of Thought , Warring States period ) , during which major Chinese schools of thoughts ( Confucianism , Taoism ) were invented . In that period , he focused on the issues of Chinese urban development , Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom , and Chinese religion , as the areas in which Chinese development differed most distinctively from the European route .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
`` ... the `` superior '' man coveted ... a position , not a profit . ''
Muhammad Yunus
The allegations against Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were made in a context where some people began to question the effectiveness of microfinance , prompted by the actions of some for - profit microfinance institutions ( MFIs ) in India and Mexico . Coercion , peer pressure and physical harassment were reportedly used as loan repayment practices in some specific MFIs . Commercialization of microcredit prompted Yunus to state that he `` never imagined that one day microcredit would give rise to its own breed of loan sharks . ''
Forbidden City
By October , the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China , and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty . The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings , to emphasise `` Harmony '' rather than `` Supremacy '' , made the name plates bilingual ( Chinese and Manchu ) , and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace .
Chinese Buddhism
In the 5th century , the Chán ( Zen ) teachings began in China , traditionally attributed to the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma , a legendary figure . The school heavily utilized the principles found in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , a sūtra utilizing the teachings of Yogācāra and those of Tathāgatagarbha , and which teaches the One Vehicle ( Skt . Ekayāna ) to buddhahood . In the early years , the teachings of Chán were therefore referred to as the `` One Vehicle School . '' The earliest masters of the Chán school were called `` Laṅkāvatāra Masters '' , for their mastery of practice according to the principles of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism is a book written by Max Weber , a German economist and sociologist . It was first published in German under the title Konfuzianismus und Taoismus in 1915 and an adapted version appeared in 1920 . An English translation was published in 1951 and several editions have been released since .
Qing dynasty
The first seven years of the Shunzhi Emperor 's reign were dominated by the regent prince Dorgon . Because of his own political insecurity , Dorgon followed Hong Taiji 's example by ruling in the name of the emperor at the expense of rival Manchu princes , many of whom he demoted or imprisoned under one pretext or another . Although the period of his regency was relatively short , Dorgon cast a long shadow over the Qing dynasty .
Central Intelligence Agency
The return of the Shah to power , and the impression , cultivated by Allen Dulles , that an effective CIA had been able to guide that nation to friendly and stable relations with the west triggered planning for Operation PBSUCCESS , a plan to overthrow Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz . The plan was exposed in major newspapers before it happened after a CIA agent left plans for the coup in his Guatemala City hotel room .
History of Vietnam
In 40 AD , the Trưng Sisters led a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ( Vietnamese : Tô Định ) and recaptured 65 states ( including modern Guangxi ) . Trưng Trắc became the Queen ( Trưng Nữ Vương ) . In 43 AD , Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ( Vietnamese : Mã Viện ) with a large army to quell the revolt . After a long , difficult campaign , Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture . To this day , the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city .
Gobi Desert
The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities , notably deforestation , overgrazing , and depletion of water resources . China has tried various plans to slow the expansion of the desert , which have met with some small degree of success , but no major effects . The most recent project is called the Three - North Shelter Forest Program , huge strips of newly planted forests ; the government hopes the forests will help stabilize the soil , retain moisture , and act as a buffer against further desertification .
Qing dynasty
On December 31 , 1650 , Dorgon suddenly died during a hunting expedition , marking the official start of the Shunzhi Emperor 's personal rule . Because the emperor was only 12 years old at that time , most decisions were made on his behalf by his mother , Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang , who turned out to be a skilled political operator .
Ashoka
2 ) Another story aims to portray Ashoka as an evil person in order to convey the importance of his transformation into a good person upon adopting Buddhism . It begins by stating that due to Ashoka 's physical ugliness he was disliked by his father Bindusara . Ashoka wanted to become king and so he got rid of the heir by tricking him into entering a pit filled with live coals . He became famous as `` Ashoka the Fierce '' because of his wicked nature and bad temper . He is said to have subjected his ministers to a test of loyalty and then have 500 of them killed for failing it . He is said to have burnt his entire harem to death when certain women insulted him . He is supposed to have derived sadistic pleasure from watching other people suffer . And for this he built himself an elaborate and horrific torture chamber where he amused himself by torturing other people . The story then goes on to narrate how it was only after an encounter with a pious Buddhist monk that Ashoka himself transformed into `` Ashoka the pious '' . A Chinese traveler who visited India in the 7th century CE , XuanZang recorded in his memoirs that he visited the place where the supposed torture chamber stood .
Chinese Buddhism
Making duplications of Buddhist texts was considered to bring meritorious karma . Printing from individually carved wooden blocks and from clay or metal movable type proved much more efficient than hand copying and eventually eclipsed it . The Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) of 868 CE , a Buddhist scripture discovered in 1907 inside the Mogao Caves , is the first dated example of block printing . Arrival
Surrender of Japan
The Emperor met with the most senior Army and Navy officers . While several spoke in favor of fighting on , Field Marshal Shunroku Hata did not . As commander of the Second General Army , the headquarters of which had been in Hiroshima , Hata commanded all the troops defending southern Japan -- the troops preparing to fight the `` decisive battle '' . Hata said he had no confidence in defeating the invasion and did not dispute the Emperor 's decision . The Emperor asked his military leaders to cooperate with him in ending the war .
Ashoka
The Buddhist text Divyavadana describes Ashoka putting down a revolt due to activities of wicked ministers . This may have been an incident in Bindusara 's times . Taranatha 's account states that Chanakya , Bindusara 's chief advisor , destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made himself the master of all territory between the eastern and the western seas . Some historians consider this as an indication of Bindusara 's conquest of the Deccan while others consider it as suppression of a revolt . Following this , Ashoka was stationed at Ujain , the capital of Malwa , as governor .
Chinese Buddhism
During the Ming Dynasty , Hanshan Deqing was one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism . Like many of his contemporaries , he advocated the dual practice of the Chán and Pure Land methods , and advocated the use of the nianfo ( `` Mindfulness of the Buddha '' ) technique to purify the mind for the attainment of self - realization . He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading . He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator , and admired for his strict adherence to the precepts .