vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Frank Worsley
When the Second World War broke out in September 1939 , Worsley was keen to contribute to the war effort . His age of 67 prevented his recall to the Royal Navy Reserve . He eventually joined the International Red Cross and travelled to France where he lectured troops of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) during the Phoney War . He also sought support from the War Office to provide equipment to Swedish volunteers travelling to Finland to assist its countrymen in fighting the Russians during the brief Winter War . When another BEF was sent to Norway in April 1940 to help secure railway links to Sweden , the Red Cross , intending to have a unit in the country as well , appointed Worsley as its Advance Agent -- Norway . He was to prepare the way for the unit but after the Germans captured Narvik , it became too dangerous for the Red Cross to be involved . After a brief visit to Norway , Worsley returned to Britain . Worsley
Battle of Hampton Roads
The United States Navy 's greatest defeat until World War II caused panic in Washington . As Lincoln 's Cabinet met to discuss the disaster , the frightened Secretary of War Edwin Stanton told the others that the Virginia might attack East coast cities , and even shell the White House before the meeting ended . Welles assured his colleagues that they were safe as the ship could not traverse the Potomac River . He added that the Union also had an ironclad , and that it was heading to meet the Virginia .
Economic history of World War I
The economy of Algeria was severely disrupted . Internal lines of communication and transportation were disrupted , and shipments of the main export , cheap wine , had to be cut back . Crime soared as French forces were transferred to the Western Front , and there was rioting in the province of Batna . Shortages mounted , inflation soared , banks cut off credit , and the provincial government was ineffective . Finance
Second Sino-Japanese War
They Japanese performed `` bacterial experiments '' on the Oroqen people and forced opium on them which led to death and their population declining until only 1,000 remained . The Japanese banned Oroqen from communicating with other ethnicities , and forced them to hunt animals to them in exchange for starvation rations and unsuitable clothing which let them die from the weather . The Japanese also forced Oroqen adults older than 18 to take opium . After 2 Japanese troops were killed in Alihe by an Oroqen hunter , the Japanese poisoned 40 Oroqen to death . The Japanese forced Oroqen to fight for them in the war which led to a massive population derease of Oroqen people .
Western Front (World War I)
The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere . As a result , the terms of the peace were dictated by France , Britain and the United States , during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The result was the Treaty of Versailles , signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government . The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power . The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France , thus limiting the coal required by German industry . The Saar , which formed the west bank of the Rhine , would be demilitarised and controlled by Britain and France , while the Kiel Canal opened to international traffic . The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe . It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and disallowing a navy or air force . The navy was sailed to Scapa Flow under the terms of surrender but was later scuttled , under the order of German admirals , as a reaction to the treaty .
Conflict (narrative)
`` Man against nature '' conflict is an external struggle positioning the hero against an animal or a force of nature , such as a storm or tornado or snow . The `` man against nature '' conflict is central to Ernest Hemingway 's The Old Man and the Sea , where the protagonist contends against a marlin . It is also common in adventure stories , including Robinson Crusoe . Man vs. Wild not only takes its name from this conflict , but it is also a great example , featuring Bear Grylls and his attempts to keep nature at bay .
British Empire in World War II
It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese , and the largest surrender of British - led military personnel in history . About 80,000 British , Australian and Indian troops became prisoners of war , joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan campaign . Britain 's Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the `` worst disaster '' and `` largest capitulation '' in British history .
Conscription in the United States
The onset of the Cold War coincided with the time men born during the Great Depression began to reach military age . That the Depression had resulted in a substantial reduction of the birth rate was frequently pointed out by Hershey and other supporters of the draft to back up their doubts regarding the wisdom of returning to an all - volunteer military at a time when it was known that the number of men reaching military age was going to fall significantly . The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used . During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester .
Korean War
Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians .
The Dirty Dozen
A similarly named unit called the `` Filthy Thirteen '' was an airborne demolition unit documented in the eponymous book , and this unit 's exploits inspired the fictional account . Barbara Maloney , the daughter of John Agnew , a private in the Filthy Thirteen , told the American Valor Quarterly that her father felt that 30 % of the film 's content was historically correct , including a scene where officers are captured . Unlike the Dirty Dozen , the Filthy Thirteen were not convicts ; however , they were men prone to drinking and fighting and often spent time in the stockade .
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events January 3 -- 4 Battle of Behobeho . January 9 Battle of Rafa . The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai . Details January 11 -- March 13 British raid the Ancre . Details January 16 The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico , instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States . Details February 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details February 23 Second Battle of Kut . The British recapture the city . Details February 23 -- April 5 The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line . Details March 1 Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro - Hungarian Chief of Staff . Details March 8 -- 11 The British capture Baghdad . Details March 13 -- April 23 Samarrah Offensive , British capture much of Mesopotamia . March 15 Russia : Czar Nicholas II abdicates . A provisional government is appointed . Details March 17 Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot . March 26 First Battle of Gaza . The British attempt to capture the city fails . Details April -- October Stalemate in Southern Palestine . April 2 -- 3 Australians attack Noreuil . Details . April 6 The United States declares war on Germany . Details April 9 -- May 17 Second Battle of Arras . The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough . Details April 9 -- 12 The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 9 -- 14 First Battle of the Scarpe , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 10 -- 11 First Battle of Bullecourt , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 15 Battle of Lagnicourt , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 16 -- May 9 The Second Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Nivelle Offensive ) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
In September 1991 , severe fighting broke out in Mogadishu , which continued in the following months and spread throughout the country , with over 20,000 people killed or injured by the end of the year . These wars led to the destruction of Somalia 's agriculture , which in turn led to starvation in large parts of the country . The international community began to send food supplies to halt the starvation , but vast amounts of food were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders , who routinely exchanged it with other countries for weapons . An estimated 80 percent of the food was stolen . These factors led to even more starvation , from which an estimated 300,000 people died and another 1.5 million people suffered between 1991 and 1992 . In July 1992 , after a ceasefire between the opposing clan factions , the U.N. sent 50 military observers to watch the food 's distribution . US
Military history of the United States during World War II
On 31 December , the Germans launched their last major offensive of the war on the Western Front , Operation Nordwind , in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France . Against weakened American forces there , the Germans were able to push the Americans back to the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . On 25 January , Allied reinforcements from the Ardennes arrived , the German offensive was stopped and in fierce fighting the so - called Colmar Pocket was eliminated .
New Deal
As a result of the new prosperity , consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 % , from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944 . Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war . The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 % while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie . In addition , during the course of the war the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 ( in 1968 dollars ) fell by half .
Causes of World War II
Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11 , 1941 , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States . Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan 's declaration of war ; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic . This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated , formally entering the war in Europe .
American Indian Wars
Major Ethan Allen Hitchcock was subsequently among those who found the remains of the Dade party in February . In his journal he accounted for the discovery , then vented his bitter discontent with the conflict : `` The government is in the wrong , and this is the chief cause of the persevering opposition of the Indians , who have nobly defended their country against our attempt to enforce a fraudulent treaty . The natives used every means to avoid a war , but were forced into it by the tyranny of our government . ''
Causes of World War II
Meanwhile , the Axis in Europe had brought the Soviet Union into the war as an active belligerent by attacking eastwards in Operation Barbarossa ( June 1941 ) .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
Fear of a repeat of the events in Somalia shaped U.S. policy in subsequent years , with many commentators identifying the Battle of Mogadishu 's graphic consequences as the key reason behind the U.S. 's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 . According to the U.S. 's former deputy special envoy to Somalia , Walter Clarke : `` The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy . Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again . '' Likewise , during the Iraq War when four American contractors were killed in the city of Fallujah , then dragged through the streets and desecrated by an angry mob , direct comparisons by the American media to the Battle of Mogadishu led to the First Battle of Fallujah .
Battle of Towton
It is described as `` probably the largest and bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil '' , According to chroniclers , more than 50,000 soldiers from the Houses of York and Lancaster fought for hours amidst a snowstorm on that day , which was Palm Sunday . A newsletter circulated a week after the battle reported that 28,000 died on the battlefield .
Military history of Australia during World War I
At the outset of the war , Australia 's economy had been quite small and dependent largely upon agriculture and the resources industries for export earnings , while most manufactured products were imported from overseas . Almost immediately uncertainty over the continuation of foreign trade led to a rise in unemployment , indeed it was estimated that after only a couple of days of Britain having declared war , that up to 15,000 men had been retrenched in New South Wales alone due to concerns about the continued availability of foreign markets for Australian produce .
Military history of Australia during World War I
During World War I over 421,809 Australians served in the military with 331,781 serving overseas . Over 60,000 Australians lost their lives and 137,000 were wounded . As a percentage of forces committed , this equalled a casualty rate of almost 65 per cent , one of the highest casualty rates amongst the British Empire forces . The financial cost of the war to the Australian government was £ 188,480,000 .
World War I
Events leading to World War I Triple Alliance 1882 Franco - Russian Alliance 1894 Anglo - German naval arms race 1898 -- 1912 Venezuela Naval Blockade 1902 -- 1903 Entente Cordiale 1904 Russo - Japanese War 1904 -- 1905 First Moroccan Crisis 1905 -- 1906 Anglo - Russian Entente 1907 Bosnian crisis 1908 -- 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 Italo - Turkish War 1911 -- 1912 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914
First Battle of the Marne
The significance of the battle centres on its undermining of the Schlieffen Plan , which forced Germany to fight a two - front war against France and Russia -- the exact scenario that its strategists had long feared . Historian Richard Brooks claimed that , `` By frustrating the Schlieffen Plan , Joffre had won the decisive battle of the war , and perhaps of the century . ''
Buckingham Palace
By the Editor : The King and Queen have endured the ordeal which has come to their subjects . For the second time a German bomber has tried to bring death and destruction to the home of Their Majesties ... When this war is over the common danger which King George and Queen Elizabeth have shared with their people will be a cherished memory and an inspiration through the years .
Causes of World War II
During the period of the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) , the Kapp Putsch , an attempted coup d'état against the republican government , was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces . After this event , some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the NSDAP , while more moderate elements of militarism declined . The result was an influx of militarily - inclined men into the Nazi Party which , when combined with their racial theories , fueled irredentist sentiments and put Germany on a collision course for war with its immediate neighbors .
British Empire in World War II
The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and materiel was critical to the Allied war effort . From September 1939 to mid-1942 Britain led Allied efforts in almost every global military theatre . Commonwealth forces ( United Kingdom , Colonial , Imperial and Dominion ) , totalling close to 15 million serving men and women , fought the German , Italian , Japanese and other Axis armies , air forces and navies across Europe , Africa , Asia , and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic , Indian , Pacific and Arctic Oceans . Commonwealth forces fought in Britain , and across Northwestern Europe in the effort to slow or stop the Axis advance . Commonwealth airforces fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill over Britain , and its armies fought and destroyed Italian forces in North and East Africa and occupied several overseas colonies of German - occupied European nations . Following successful engagements against Axis forces , Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya , Italian Somaliland , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Iran , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Madagascar .
World State in Brave New World
The citizens of the World State use a calendar which takes the year 1908 AD ( `` 0 AF '' - `` After Ford '' ) as its epoch , as this was the first year in which the Model T automobile was produced by the Ford Motor Company . According to the novel , the `` Nine Years ' War '' broke out in Year 141 AF ( 2049 AD of the Gregorian calendar ) . Very little is revealed of the Nine Years ' War , but it can be inferred that the conflict broke out in Europe , affected most of the planet , and caused massive physical damage . It is repeatedly stated that chemical and biological weapons were heavily used during the war , particularly in mass air - raids against cities , similar to the portrayal of World War III . Following the war , which seems to have petered out rather than been ended by a decisive victory , the global economy collapsed and created an unprecedented worldwide economic crisis . To deal with the two catastrophes of the Nine Years ' War and the Great Economic Collapse , the new world leaders tried to forcibly impose their new ideologies on Earth 's populations . This met with widespread resistance , including large - scale riots at Golders Green and a massacre at the British Museum . Realising that they could not force people to adopt the new lifestyle , the World Controllers instead united the planet into the One World State and began a peaceful campaign of change . This campaign included the closing of museums , the suppression of almost all literature published before 150 AF ( 2058 AD ) , and the destruction of the few historical world monuments that had survived the Nine Years ' War . By the time the novel is set , the World State is fully established and almost all the people of Earth are citizens .
World War I
The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways , which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate .
Urban renewal
The 1917 Tudor Walters Committee Report into the provision of housing and post-war reconstruction in the United Kingdom , was commissioned by Parliament as a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during the War ; this was attributed to poor living conditions , a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period `` you can not expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes '' .
Results of the War of 1812
The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain 's North American colonies . After the war , British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired . Throughout the war , most of Canada 's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies , a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull , who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed .
Gilded Age
Interpreting the phenomena , historian Allan Nevins deplored `` The Moral Collapse in Government and Business : 1865 - 1873 . '' He argued that at war 's end society showed confusion and unsettlement as well as a hurried aggressive growth on the other . They :
Woodrow Wilson
In April 1917 , when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram , Wilson asked Congress to declare war in order to make `` the world safe for democracy . '' The United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies , although without a formal alliance . During the war , Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations , leaving military strategy to the generals , especially General John J. Pershing . Through the Selective Service Act , conscription sent 10,000 freshly trained soldiers to France per day by the summer of 1918 . On the home front , he raised income taxes , borrowing billions of dollars through the public 's purchase of Liberty Bonds . He set up the War Industries Board , promoted labor union cooperation , regulated agriculture and food production through the Lever Act , and took direct control of the nation 's railroad system . Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 , suppressing anti-draft activists . The crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919 -- 1920 . Early in 1918 , Wilson issued his principles for an end to the war , the Fourteen Points , and in 1919 , following an armistice , he traveled to Paris , promoting the formation of a League of Nations and concluding the Treaty of Versailles . Following his return from Europe , Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty , but suffered a severe stroke . The treaty was met with serious concern by Senate Republicans , and the Senate ultimately rejected the treaty . Due to his stroke , Wilson secluded himself in the White House , disability having diminished his power and influence , and he failed in his bid to win re-nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention . Wilson retired at the end of his presidency , and he died in 1924 .
Lithuania
Before it could fully recover , Lithuania was ravaged during the Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 1721 ) . The war , a plague , and a famine caused the deaths of approximately 40 % of the country 's population . Foreign powers , especially Russia , became dominant in the domestic politics of the Commonwealth . Numerous factions among the nobility used the Golden Liberties to prevent any reforms . Eventually , the Commonwealth was partitioned in 1772 , 1792 , and 1795 by the Russian Empire , Prussia , and Habsburg Austria . Jurgis
Spanish–American War
The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting .