vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Education in India
Following India 's independence a number of rules were formulated for the backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes of India , and in 1960 a list identifying 405 Scheduled Castes and 225 Scheduled Tribes was published by the central government . An amendment was made to the list in 1975 , which identified 841 Scheduled Castes and 510 Scheduled Tribes . The total percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes combined was found to be 22.5 % with the Scheduled Castes accounting for 17 % and the Scheduled Tribes accounting for the remaining 7.5 % . Following the report many Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes increasingly referred to themselves as Dalit , a Marathi language terminology used by BR Ambedkar which literally means `` oppressed '' .
Partition of India
The 1951 Census of Pakistan recorded that the largest number of Muslim refugees came from the East Punjab and nearby Rajputana states ( Alwar and Bharatpur ) . They were a number of 5,783,100 and constituted 80.1 % of Pakistan 's total refugee population . This was the effect of the retributive ethnic cleansing on both sides of the Punjab where the Muslim population of East Punjab was forcibly expelled like the Hindu / Sikh population in West Punjab .
Partition of India
The 2013 Google India advertisement Reunion ( about the Partition of India ) has had a strong impact in India and Pakistan , leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries . It went viral and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013 .
Labour in India
Between 1950 and 1970 , labour disputes nearly tripled in India , from an average of 1000 labour disputes per year , to an average of 3000 labour disputes per year . The number of labour relations issues within a year peaked in 1973 at 3,370 labour disputes . The number of workers who joined labour disputes within the same year , and stopped work , peaked in 1979 , at 2.9 million workers . The number of lost man - days from labour relation issues peaked in 1982 at 74.6 million lost man - days , or about 2.7 % of total man - days in organised sector . While the 1970s experienced a spike in labour unions and disputes , a sudden reduction in labour disputes was observed during 1975 -- 1977 , when Indira Gandhi , then prime minister , declared an emergency and amongst other things suspended many civil rights including the worker 's right to strike .
Partition of India
Data on the Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Princely states in East Punjab and Rajputana
History of India
Indians fought with distinction throughout the world , including in the European theatre against Germany , in North Africa against Germany and Italy , against the Italians in East Africa , in the Middle East against the Vichy French , in the South Asian region defending India against the Japanese and fighting the Japanese in Burma . Indians also aided in liberating British colonies such as Singapore and Hong Kong after the Japanese surrender in August 1945 . Over 87,000 Indian soldiers ( including those from modern day Pakistan , Nepal , and Bangladesh ) died in World War II .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
According to the Eleventh Five Year Plan ( 2007 -- 12 ) , the number of Indians living on less than $1 a day , called Below Poverty Line ( BPL ) , was 300 million that barely declined over the last three decades ranging from 1973 to 2004 , although their proportion in the total population decreased from 36 per cent ( 1993 -- 94 ) to 28 percent ( 2004 -- 05 ) , and the rural working class dependent on agriculture was unemployed for nearly 3 months per year . The UPA Government had planned to increase the number of working days from 100 to 150 before the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections in the country but failed .
Karachi
( show ) Population growth Year Pop . % ± 1729 250 -- 1838 14,000 5500.0 % 1842 15,000 7.1 % 1850 16,773 11.8 % 1856 22,227 32.5 % 1861 56,859 155.8 % 1881 73,560 29.4 % 1891 105,199 43.0 % 1901 136,297 29.6 % 1911 186,771 37.0 % 1921 244,162 30.7 % 1931 300,779 23.2 % 1941 435,887 44.9 % 1951 1,137,667 161.0 % 1961 2,044,044 79.7 % 1972 3,606,744 76.5 % 1981 5,437,984 50.8 % 1986 7,443,663 36.9 % 1998 9,802,134 31.7 % Source : † Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to large scale migration after independence in 1947 .
Swadeshi movement
The partition of the state intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under two administrations , but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal itself . In the new proposal , Bengal proper was to have 17 million Bengali and 37 million Oriya and Hindi speaking people . Also , the partition was meant to foster another kind of division -- this time on the basis of religion , i.e. between the Muslims and the Hindus . The Indian Nationalist clearly saw the design behind the partition and condemned it unanimously . The anti-partition and Swadeshi movement had begun .
Karachi
At the dawn of Pakistan 's independence in 1947 , Karachi was Sindh 's largest city with a population of over 400,000 . Despite communal violence across India and Pakistan , Karachi remained relatively peaceful compared to cities further north in Punjab . The city became the focus for the resettlement of Muslim Muhajirs migrating from India , leading to a dramatic expansion of the city 's population . This migration lasted until the 1960s . This immigration ultimately transformed the city 's demographics and economy .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In 1857 , the Bengal Army had 86,000 men , of which 12,000 were European , 16,000 Sikh and 1,500 Gurkha . There were 311,000 native soldiers in India altogether , 40,160 European soldiers and 5,362 officers . Fifty - four of the Bengal Army 's 74 regular Native Infantry Regiments mutinied , but some were immediately destroyed or broke up , with their sepoys drifting away to their homes . A number of the remaining 20 regiments were disarmed or disbanded to prevent or forestall mutiny . In total , only twelve of the original Bengal Native Infantry regiments survived to pass into the new Indian Army . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments mutinied .
Partition of India
The Government undertook a census of refugees in West Punjab in 1948 , which displayed their place of origin in India .
Economy of India under the British Raj
The newly independent but weak Union government 's treasury reported annual revenue of £ 334 million in 1950 . In contrast , Nizam Asaf Jah VII of south India was widely reported to have a fortune of almost £ 668 million then . About one - sixth of the national population were urban by 1950 . A US Dollar was exchanged at 4.97 Rupees .
Partition of India
Year Reason ( show ) Number 1947 Partition 344,000 1948 Hyderabad annexation by India 786,000 1950 1950 Barisal Riots 1,575,000 1956 Pakistan becomes Islamic Republic 320,000 1964 Riots over Hazratbal incident 693,000 1971 Bangladesh liberation war 1,500,000
Poverty in India
Estimates of poverty in India during the 1960s varied widely . Dandekar and Rath , on the behalf of then Indian government , estimated that the poverty rate in 1960s remained generally constant at 41 % . Ojha , in contrast , estimated that there were 190 million people ( 44 % ) in India below official poverty limit in 1961 , and that this below - poverty line number increased to 289 million people ( 70 % ) in 1967 . Bardhan also concluded that Indian poverty rates increased through the 1960s , reaching a high of 54 % . Those above the 1960s poverty level of Rs 240 per year , were in fragile economic groups as well and not doing well either . Minhas estimated that 95 % of India 's people lived on Rs 458 per year in 1963 - 64 , while the richest 5 % lived on an average of Rs 645 per year ( all numbers inflation adjusted to 1960 - 61 Rupee ) . 1970s
Indian Rebellion of 1857
At Meerut , a large military cantonment , 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British - manned guns . The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot .
Constitution of India
The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 .
Poverty in India
The Suresh Tendulkar Committee set up to look into the people living under the poverty line in India submitted its report in November 2009 . It provided a new method of calculating the poverty line based on per capita consumption expenditure per month or day . For rural areas , it was Rs 816 per month or Rs 27 per day . For urban areas , it was Rs 1000 per month or Rs 33 per day . Using this methodology , the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 354 million ( 29.6 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 269 million ( 21.9 % of the population ) . Reserve
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 1 April 1858 , the number of Indian soldiers in the Bengal army loyal to the Company was 80,053 . However large numbers were hastily raised in the Punjab and North - West Frontier after the outbreak of the Rebellion . The Bombay army had three mutinies in its 29 regiments , whilst the Madras army had none at all , although elements of one of its 52 regiments refused to volunteer for service in Bengal . Nonetheless , most of southern India remained passive , with only intermittent outbreaks of violence . Many parts of the region were ruled by the Nizams or the Mysore royalty , and were thus not directly under British rule .
Poverty in India
The Saxena Committee report , using data from 1972 to 2000 , separated calorific intake apart from nominal income in its economic analysis of poverty in India , and then stated that 50 % of Indians lived below the poverty line . The Planning Commission of India , in contrast , determined that the poverty rate was 39 % .
India
Life expectancy in India is at 68 years , with life expectancy for women being 69.6 years and for men being 67.3 . There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians . Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in the recent history of India . The number of Indians living in urban areas grew by 31.2 % between 1991 and 2001 . Yet , in 2001 , over 70 % still lived in rural areas . The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81 % in the 2001 Census to 31.16 % in the 2011 Census . The slowing down of the overall growth rate of population was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991 . According to the 2011 census , there are 53 million - plus urban agglomerations in India ; among them Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Bangalore , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad , in decreasing order by population . The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04 % : 65.46 % among females and 82.14 % among males . The rural - urban literacy gap , which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001 , dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011 . The improvement in literacy rate in rural area is two times that in urban areas . Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91 % literacy ; while Bihar the least with 63.82 % .
Green Revolution in India
Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s . Due to faulty distribution of food , and because farmers did not receive the true value for their labour , the majority of the population did not get enough food . Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem .
Partition of India
The Partition of British India split the former British province of Punjab between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan 's Punjab province ; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India 's East Punjab state ( later divided into Punjab , Haryana and Himachal Pradesh ) . Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west , and many Muslims lived in the east , and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence . Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide .
Education in India
Following independence , India viewed education as an effective tool for bringing social change through community development . The administrative control was effectively initiated in the 1950s , when , in 1952 , the government grouped villages under a Community Development Block -- an authority under national programme which could control education in up to 100 villages . A Block Development Officer oversaw a geographical area of 150 square miles ( 390 km ) which could contain a population of as many as 70,000 people .
The Emergency (India)
In September 1976 , Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilization programme to limit population growth . The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi 's role in the implementation of the programme is disputed , with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism , and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself . Rukhsana Sultana was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi 's close associates and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi 's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi . The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo vasectomy . Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve . There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too . In 1976 -- 1977 , the programme led to 8.3 million sterilisations , most of them forced , up from 2.7 million the previous year . The bad publicity led every government since 1977 to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary .
Partition of India
Most of Sindh 's prosperous middle class at the time of Partition was Hindu . At the time of Partition there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis , though most were concentrated in cities such as Hyderabad , Karachi , Shikarpur , and Sukkur . Hundreds of Hindus residing in Sindh were forced to migrate . Some anti-Hindu violence in Sindh was precipitated by the arrival of Muslim refugees from India with minimal local Muslim support for the rioters . Sindhi Hindus faced low scale rioting unlike the Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs who had to migrate from West Punjab .
Poverty in India
The 19th century and early 20th century saw increasing poverty in India during the colonial era . Over this period , the colonial government de-industrialized India by reducing garments and other finished products manufacturing by artisans in India , importing these from Britain 's expanding industry with 19th century industrial innovations , while simultaneously encouraging conversion of more land into farms , and of agricultural exports from India . Eastern regions of India along the Ganges river plains , such as those now known as eastern Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand and West Bengal , were dedicated to producing poppy and opium , which were then exported to southeast and east Asia particularly China , with the trade an exclusive monopoly first of East India Company , and later the colonial British institutions . The economic importance of this shift from industry to agriculture in India was large ; by 1850 , it created nearly 1,000 square kilometres of poppy farms in India in its fertile Ganges plains , led to two opium wars in Asia , with the second opium war fought between 1856 and 1860 . After China accepted opium trade , the colonial government dedicated more land exclusively to poppy , the opium agriculture in India rose from 1850 through 1900 , when over 500,000 acres of the most fertile Ganges basin farms were devoted to poppy cultivation , opium processing factories owned by colonial officials were expanded in Benares and Patna , and shipping expanded from Bengal to the ports of East Asia such as Hong Kong , all under exclusive monopoly of the British . By early 20th century , 3 out of 4 Indians were employed in agriculture , famines were common , and food consumption per capita declined in every decade . In London , the late 19th century British parliament debated the repeated incidence of famines in India , and the impoverishment of Indians due to this diversion of agriculture land from growing food staples to growing poppy for opium export under orders of the colonial British empire . Poverty
Economy of India
In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In Oudh alone , 150,000 Indians were estimated to have died during the war , with 100,000 of them being civilians . Places such as Delhi , Allahabad , Kanpur and Lucknow were all met with general massacre after they were recaptured by British forces .
April 2018 caste protests in India
The people from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC / ST ) protested against the Supreme Court order . Thousands of people took to the streets on 2 April 2018 , when a national strike was announced by representatives of the SC / ST caste groups in protest of the decision . The protests turned violent across several states in India as the protestors blocked trains , damaged property , and clashed with police and other civilians . There were also incidents involving arson , vandalism and gunfire . At least fourteen people were killed : nine in Madhya Pradesh , Three in Uttar Pradesh , two in Rajasthan ; hundreds of others were injured . Violent incidents were also reported in the states Punjab , Bihar , Jharkhand , Odisha , Gujarat , Haryana , Maharashtra and Delhi .
Caste system in India
Table 1 is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories , obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th ( 1999 -- 2000 ) and 61st Rounds ( 2004 -- 05 ) Round Survey The Other Backward Class ( OBCs ) were found to comprise 52 % of the country 's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980 , a figure which had shrunk to 41 % by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation 's survey took place .
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
Territory Arab and other population % Arab and other Jewish population % Jewish Total population Arab State 725,000 99 % 10,000 1 % 735,000 Jewish State 407,000 45 % 498,000 55 % 905,000 International 105,000 51 % 100,000 49 % 205,000 Total 1,237,000 67 % 608,000 33 % 1,845,000 Data from the Report of UNSCOP : 3 September 1947 : CHAPTER 4 : A COMMENTARY ON PARTITION
Reservation in India
A significant change began in 1978 when the Mandal Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes . The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census , thus estimating the group 's population at 52 per cent . In 1980 the commission 's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government . It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education , except where states already had more generous requirements . It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs .
Bangladesh Liberation War
The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May . The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh genocide . These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis , which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year . Bangladeshi media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly , from 5,000 -- 35,000 in Dacca , and 200,000 -- 3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole , although independent researchers , including the British Medical Journal , have put forward the figure ranging from between 125,000 and 505,000 . American political scientist Rudolph Rummel puts total deaths at 1.5 million . The atrocities have been referred to as acts of genocide .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate . The Pakistan Army , which had the backing of Islamists , created radical religious militias -- the Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams -- to assist it during raids on the local populace . Urdu - speaking Biharis in Bangladesh ( ethnic minority ) were also in support of Pakistani military . Members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder , deportation and genocidal rape . The capital Dhaka was the scene of numerous massacres , including the Operation Searchlight and Dhaka University massacre . An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighboring India , while 30 million were internally displaced . Sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu - speaking immigrants . An academic consensus prevails that the atrocities committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide .
Famine
Some British citizens , such as William Digby , agitated for policy reforms and famine relief , but Lord Lytton , the governing British viceroy in India , opposed such changes in the belief that they would stimulate shirking by Indian workers . The first , the Bengal famine of 1770 , is estimated to have taken around 10 million lives -- one - third of Bengal 's population at the time . Other notable famines include the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 , in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 , in which 1.25 to 10 million people died . The famines were ended by the 20th century with the exception of the Bengal famine of 1943 killing an estimated 2.1 million Bengalis during World War II .
Karnataka
( show ) Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1951 19,402,000 -- 1961 23,587,000 21.6 % 1971 29,299,000 24.2 % 1981 37,136,000 26.7 % 1991 44,977,000 21.1 % 52,850,562 17.5 % 2011 61,095,297 15.6 % Source : Census of India
Poverty in India
The different definitions and different underlying small sample surveys used to determine poverty in India , have resulted in widely different estimates of poverty from 1950s to 2010s . In 2012 , the Indian government stated 22 % of its population is below its official poverty limit . The World Bank , in 2011 based on 2005 's PPPs International Comparison Program , estimated 23.6 % of Indian population , or about 276 million people , lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity . According to United Nation 's Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) programme 270 millions or 21.9 % people out of 1.2 billion of Indians lived below poverty line of $1.25 in 2011 - 2012 .
History of India
The Indian indenture system was an ongoing system of indenture , a form of debt bondage , by which 3.5 million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labour for the ( mainly sugar ) plantations . It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920 . This resulted in the development of large Indian diaspora , which spread from the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Réunion and Mauritius ) to Pacific Ocean ( i.e. Fiji ) , as well as the growth of Indo - Caribbean and Indo - African population .