vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Silk Road
Trade on the Silk Road played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China , the Goguryeo kingdom ( Korea ) , Japan , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , opening long - distance political and economic relations between the civilizations . Though silk was certainly the major trade item exported from China , many other goods were traded , as well as religions , syncretic philosophies , and various technologies . Diseases , most notably plague , also spread along the Silk Routes . In addition to economic trade , the Silk Road was a route for cultural trade among the civilizations along its network .
Analects
( show ) Book Title Translation Notes 1 . Xue Er 學 而 Studying and Practicing 2 . Wei Zheng 為政 The practice of government This chapter explores the theme that political order is best gained through the non-coercive influence of moral self - cultivation rather than through force or excessive government regulation . 3 . Ba Yi 八 佾 Eight lines of eight dancers apiece Ba Yi was a kind of ritual dance practiced in the court of the Zhou king . In Confucius ' time , lesser nobles also began staging these dances for themselves . The main themes of this chapter are : criticism of ritual impropriety ( especially among China 's political leadership ) , and the need to combine learning with nature in the course moral self - cultivation . Chapters 3 -- 9 may be the oldest in the Analects . 4 . Li Ren 里仁 Living in brotherliness This chapter explores the theme of ren , its qualities , and the qualities of those who have it . A secondary theme is the virtue of filial piety . 5 . Gongye Chang 公 冶 長 Gongye Chang The main theme of this chapter is Confucius ' examination of others ' qualities and faults in order to illustrate the desirable course of moral self - cultivation . This chapter has traditionally been attributed to the disciples of Zigong , a student of Confucius . Gongye Chang was Confucius ' son - in - law . 6 . Yong Ye 雍也 There is Yong Yong is Ran Yong , also called Zhou Gong , a student of Confucius . 7 . Shu Er 述 而 Transmission Transmission , not invention ( of learning ) . 8 . Taibo 泰 伯 Taibo Wu Taibo was the legendary founder of the state of Wu . He was the oldest son of King Tai and the great - grandfather of King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty . 9 . Zi Han 子 罕 The Master shunned Confucius seldom spoke of advantage . 10 . Xiang Dang 鄉 黨 Among the Xiang and the Dang A `` xiang '' was a group of 12,500 families ; a `` dang '' a group of 500 families . This chapter is a collection of maxims related to ritual . 11 .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Because the pro-Soviet governor Sheng Shicai controlled Xinjiang , which was garrisoned with Soviet troops in Turfan , the Chinese government had to keep troops stationed there as well .
History of the Roman Empire
M.M. Opelius Macrinus was born in 164 at Caesarea . Although coming from a humble background that was not dynastically related to the Severan dynasty , he rose through the imperial household until , under the emperor Caracalla , he was made Prefect of the Praetorian Guard . On account of the cruelty and treachery of the emperor , Macrinus became involved in a conspiracy to kill him , and ordered the Praetorian Guard to do so . On April 8 , 217 , Caracalla was assassinated traveling to Carrhae . Three days later , Macrinus was declared Augustus .
Ashoka
Ashoka ruled for an estimated 36 years and died in 232 BCE . Legend states that during his cremation , his body burned for seven days and nights . After his death , the Mauryan dynasty lasted just fifty more years until his empire stretched over almost all of the Indian subcontinent . Ashoka had many wives and children , but many of their names are lost to time . His chief consort ( agramahisi ) for the majority of his reign was his wife , Asandhimitra , who apparently bore him no children .
Missouri
Well - known Missourians include U.S. President Harry S. Truman , Mark Twain , Walt Disney , Chuck Berry and Nelly . Some of the largest companies based in the state include Cerner , Express Scripts , Monsanto , Emerson Electric , Edward Jones , H&R Block , Wells Fargo Advisors and O'Reilly Auto Parts . Missouri has been called the `` Mother of the West '' and the `` Cave State '' ; however , Missouri 's most famous nickname is the `` Show Me State '' , as Missourians are known for being skeptical .
Chinese Buddhism
In Chinese Buddhism , lay practitioners have traditionally played an important role , and lay practice of Buddhism has had similar tendencies to those of monastic Buddhism in China . Many historical biographies of lay Buddhists are available , which give a clear picture of their practices and role in Chinese Buddhism . In addition to these numerous biographies , there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China .
One-child policy
Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s .
Chinese Buddhism
Due to the wide proliferation of Buddhist texts available in Chinese and the large number of foreign monks who came to teach Buddhism in China , much like new branches growing from a main tree trunk , various specific focus traditions emerged . Among the most influential of these was the practice of Pure Land Buddhism established by Hui Yuan , which focused on Amitābha Buddha and his western pure land of Sukhāvatī . Other early traditions were the Tiantai , Huayan and the Vinaya school . Such schools were based upon the primacy of the Lotus Sūtra , the Avataṃsaka Sūtra , and the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya , respectively , along with supplementary sūtras and commentaries . The Tiantai founder Zhiyi wrote several works that became important and widely read meditation manuals in China such as the `` Concise samatha - vipasyana '' , and the `` Great samatha - vipasyana . ''
Halley's Comet
The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles . It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai .
Hellenistic period
Ptolemy 's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC . All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy . Ptolemaic queens , some of whom were the sisters of their husbands , were usually called Cleopatra , Arsinoe , or Berenice . The most famous member of the line was the last queen , Cleopatra VII , known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey , and later between Octavian and Mark Antony . Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest .
When a Snail Falls in Love
Ji Bai is a stone - faced team leader of the Violent Crime Unit . Xu Xu is a new intern specializing in offender profiling . Tasked with solving a series of crimes that are somehow mysteriously connected , the two develop feelings for each other . Xu Xu draws comic panels of their relationship , portraying herself as a snail and Ji as a lion .
Islamic Golden Age
Many Muslims went to China to trade , and these Muslims began to have a great economic influence on the country . Muslims virtually dominated the import / export industry by the time of the Sung dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the ravages of a protracted war were staggering , and the war left the Nationalists severely weakened , and their policies left them unpopular . Meanwhile , the war strengthened the Communists both in popularity and as a viable fighting force . At Yan'an and elsewhere in the communist controlled areas , Mao Zedong was able to adapt Marxism -- Leninism to Chinese conditions . He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them , eating their food , and thinking their thoughts .
Carthage
The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of an empire dominating the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC . The legendary Queen Dido is regarded as the founder of the city , though her historicity has been questioned . According to accounts by Timaeus of Tauromenium , she purchased from a local tribe the amount of land that could be covered by an oxhide . Cutting the skin into strips , she laid out her claim and founded an empire that would become , through the Punic Wars , the only existential threat to the Roman Empire until the coming of the Vandals several centuries later .
Qing dynasty
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late 16th century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organising `` Banners '' , military - social units that included Jurchen , Han Chinese and Mongol elements . Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into a unified entity , which he renamed as the Manchus . By 1636 , his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty , the Qing . In 1644 , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital , Beijing . Rather than serve them , Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Resistance from the Southern Ming and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories led by Wu Sangui extended the conquest of China proper for nearly four decades and was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor ( r . 1661 -- 1722 ) . The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Inner Asia . The early rulers maintained their Manchu ways , and while their title was Emperor , they used Bogd khaan to the Mongols , and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism . They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus . They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in dealing with neighboring territories .
Qing dynasty
Zeng Guofan had no prior military experience . Being a classically educated official , he took his blueprint for the Xiang Army from the Ming general Qi Jiguang , who , because of the weakness of regular Ming troops , had decided to form his own `` private '' army to repel raiding Japanese pirates in the mid-16th century . Qi Jiguang 's doctrine was based on Neo-Confucian ideas of binding troops ' loyalty to their immediate superiors and also to the regions in which they were raised . Zeng Guofan 's original intention for the Xiang Army was simply to eradicate the Taiping rebels . However , the success of the Yongying system led to its becoming a permanent regional force within the Qing military , which in the long run created problems for the beleaguered central government .
Chola dynasty
Song dynasty reports record that an embassy from Chulian ( Chola ) reached the Chinese court in 1077 , and that the king of the Chulian at the time , Kulothunga I , was called Ti - hua - kia - lo . This embassy was a trading venture and was highly profitable to the visitors , who returned with copper coins in exchange for articles of tribute , including glass and spices . Probably , the motive behind Rajendra 's expedition to Srivijaya was the protection of the merchants ' interests .
Shakespeare's reputation
Through the 19th century , a roll call of legendary actors ' names all but drown out the plays in which they appear : Sarah Siddons ( 1755 -- 1831 ) , John Philip Kemble ( 1757 -- 1823 ) , Henry Irving ( 1838 -- 1905 ) , and Ellen Terry ( 1847 -- 1928 ) . To be a star of the legitimate drama came to mean being first and foremost a `` great Shakespeare actor '' , with a famous interpretation of , for men , Hamlet , and for women , Lady Macbeth , and especially with a striking delivery of the great soliloquies . The acme of spectacle , star , and soliloquy Shakespeare performance came with the reign of actor - manager Henry Irving at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in London from 1878 -- 99 . At the same time , a revolutionary return to the roots of Shakespeare 's original texts , and to the platform stage , absence of scenery , and fluid scene changes of the Elizabethan theatre , was being effected by William Poel 's Elizabethan Stage Society .
Islamic Golden Age
For Islamic scholars , Indian and Greek physicians and medical researchers Sushruta , Galen , Mankah , Atreya , Hippocrates , Charaka , and Agnivesa were pre-eminent authorities . In order to make the Indian and Greek tradition more accessible , understandable , and teachable , Islamic scholars ordered and made more systematic the vast Indian and Greco - Roman medical knowledge by writing encyclopedias and summaries . Sometimes , past scholars were criticized , like Rhazes who criticized and refuted Galen 's revered theories , most notably , the Theory of Humors and was thus accused of ignorance . It was through 12th - century Arabic translations that medieval Europe rediscovered Hellenic medicine , including the works of Galen and Hippocrates , and discovered ancient Indian medicine , including the works of Sushruta and Charaka . Works such as Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine were translated into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe . During the 15th and 16th centuries alone , The Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty - five times . It was used as a standard medical textbook through the 18th century in Europe .
Written Chinese
Chinese characters are called hànzì in Mandarin , after the Han Dynasty of China ; in Japanese , this was pronounced kanji . In modern written Japanese , kanji are used for most nouns , verb stems , and adjective stems , while hiragana are used for grammatical elements and miscellaneous words that have no common kanji rendition ; katakana are used for transliteration of loanwords from other languages , the names of plants , animals and certain scientific or technical words , onomatopoeia and emphasis . The Jōyō kanji , a list of kanji for common use standardized by the Japanese government , contains 2,136 characters -- about half the number of characters commanded by literate Chinese .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Some scholars , such as Jared Diamond , believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire , it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline . In 1528 , Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire . He could trace his lineage back to a `` stranger king '' named Manco Cápac , the mythical founder of the Inca clan , who according to tradition emerged from a cave in a region called Pacariqtambo .
Axis powers
Mengjiang was a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia . It was nominally ruled by Prince Demchugdongrub , a Mongol nobleman descended from Genghis Khan , but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military . Mengjiang 's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936 , following the Japanese occupation of the region .
End of the Han dynasty
In 199 , Gongsun Zan was defeated by Yuan Shao at the Battle of Yijing and he committed suicide by setting himself on fire . Gongsun Zan 's territories , which extended to the northern boundaries of the Han dynasty 's empire , were completely annexed by Yuan Shao . Yuan Shao then turned his attention south towards Cao Cao , who was an emerging power in central China . Yuan formed an alliance with Liu Biao and was intent on attacking Cao Cao .
Great Depression
The Great Depression has been the subject of much writing , as authors have sought to evaluate an era that caused both financial and emotional trauma . Perhaps the most noteworthy and famous novel written on the subject is The Grapes of Wrath , published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck , who was awarded both the Nobel Prize for literature and the Pulitzer Prize for the work . The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought , economic hardship , and changes in the agricultural industry occur during the Great Depression . Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression . Additionally , Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird is set during the Great Depression . Margaret Atwood 's Booker prize - winning The Blind Assassin is likewise set in the Great Depression , centering on a privileged socialite 's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary . The era spurred the resurgence of social realism , practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs , especially the Federal Writers ' Project in the U.S.
Standard Oil
Standard Oil 's production increased so rapidly it soon exceeded US demand and the company began viewing export markets . In the 1890s , Standard Oil began marketing kerosene to China 's large population of close to 400 million as lamp fuel . For its Chinese trademark and brand Standard Oil adopted the name Mei Foo ( Chinese : 美孚 ) , ( which translates to American Trust ) . Mei Foo also became the name of the tin lamp that Standard Oil produced and gave away or sold cheaply to Chinese farmers , encouraging them to switch from vegetable oil to kerosene . Response was positive , sales boomed and China became Standard Oil 's largest market in Asia . Prior to Pearl Harbor , Stanvac was the largest single US investment in SE Asia .
Forbidden City
To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines -- the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple ( Chinese : 太 廟 ; pinyin : Tàimiào ) and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan ( Chinese : 社 稷 壇 ; pinyin : Shèjìtán ) , where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors and the spirit of the nation , respectively . Today , these are the Beijing Labouring People 's Cultural Hall and Zhongshan Park ( commemorating Sun Yat - sen ) respectively .
Mars
Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed `` Mars Fever '' . In 1899 , while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab , inventor Nikola Tesla observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet , possibly Mars . In a 1901 interview Tesla said :
Analects
During the late Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) the importance of the Analects as a philosophy work was raised above that of the older Five Classics , and it was recognized as one of the `` Four Books '' . The Analects has been one of the most widely read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years , and continues to have a substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today .
Music of France
Jean - Baptiste Lully , who had become well known for composing ballets for Louis XIV , began creating a French version of the Italian opera seria , a kind of tragic opera known as tragédie lyrique or tragédie en musique - see ( French lyric tragedy ) . His first was Cadmus from 1673 . Lully 's forays into operatic tragedy were accompanied by the pinnacle of French theatrical tragedy , led by Corneille and Racine .
Sith
Darth Plagueis ( Hego Damask ) was a male Muun Dark Lord of the Sith first referenced in Star Wars : Episode III - Revenge of the Sith , then appeared as the protagonist of the non canonical novel Star Wars : Darth Plagueis . He was the master of Darth Sidious , who claimed that Plagueis 's abilities in the Force grew to such an extent that he could create life by influencing microscopic force - sensitive entities called `` midi - chlorians , '' and even save people from dying . The novel reveals that Plagueis maintained a public influence as a member of the Intergalactic Banking Clan ( which served as one of the Separatist groups during the Clone Wars ) until he was eventually killed in his sleep by Sidious . Darth
Olympic Games
The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance , featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus ( whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia ) and Pelops , divine hero and mythical king of Olympia . Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis . The winners of the events were admired and immortalised in poems and statues . The Games were held every four years , and this period , known as an Olympiad , was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement . The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games , which included the Pythian Games , the Nemean Games , and the Isthmian Games .
Subhas Chandra Bose
The last aeroplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Bose . The Mitsubishi Ki - 21 twin - engine heavy bomber that Bose boarded at Saigon airport around 2 PM on 17 August 1945 . Clipping from Japanese newspaper , published on 23 August 1945 . A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the Renkōji Temple , Tokyo . Bose 's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda .
History of the Roman Empire
The running of the Empire during this time was mainly left to his grandmother and mother ( Julia Soamias ) . Seeing that her grandson 's outrageous behavior could mean the loss of power , Julia Maesa persuaded Elagabalus to accept his cousin Alexander Severus as Caesar ( and thus the nominal Emperor - to - be ) . However , Alexander was popular with the troops , who viewed their new Emperor with dislike : when Elagabalus , jealous of this popularity , removed the title of Caesar from his nephew , the enraged Praetorian Guard swore to protect him . Elagabalus and his mother were murdered in a Praetorian Guard camp mutiny .
Republic (Plato)
The Republic ( Greek : Πολιτεία , Politeia ; Latin : Res Publica ) is a Socratic dialogue , written by Plato around 380 BC , concerning justice ( δικαιοσύνη ) , the order and character of the just city - state , and the just man . It is Plato 's best - known work , and has proven to be one of the world 's most influential works of philosophy and political theory , both intellectually and historically .
End of the Han dynasty
Only after Liu Bei 's defeat did Yuan Shao start implementing his plan to attack Cao Cao , but this time Tian Feng opposed his decision , saying that their opportunity had passed . Yuan Shao became annoyed with Tian Feng and had Tian imprisoned , after which he led his army south to attack Cao Cao . At the Battle of Boma , Yuan Shao 's general Yan Liang was slain by Guan Yu while another of Yuan 's generals , Wen Chou , was killed in action against Cao Cao 's forces . The morale of Yuan Shao 's army was greatly affected by the loss of the two generals .
Qing dynasty
In the wake of these external defeats , the Guangxu Emperor initiated the Hundred Days ' Reform of 1898 . Newer , more radical advisers such as Kang Youwei were given positions of influence . The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganize the bureaucracy , restructure the school system , and appoint new officials . Opposition from the bureaucracy was immediate and intense . Although she had been involved in the initial reforms , the Empress Dowager stepped in to call them off , arrested and executed several reformers , and took over day - to - day control of policy . Yet many of the plans stayed in place , and the goals of reform were implanted .
Axis powers
Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China , which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia . When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the Wang Jingwei government in March 1940 , Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation . Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army , which occupied its territory , Prince Demchugdongrub had his own independent army .