vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sarah
`` For it is written that Abraham had two sons , one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman . His son by the slave woman was born in the ordinary way ; but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a promise . These things may be taken figuratively , for the women represent two covenants . One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves : This is Hagar . Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem , because she is in slavery with her children . But the Jerusalem that is above is free , and she is our mother ... Now you , brothers , like Isaac , are children of promise ... Therefore , brothers , we are not children of the slave woman , but of the free woman . ''
Brontë family
These fictional worlds were the product of fertile imagination fed by reading , discussion , and a passion for literature . Far from suffering from the negative influences that never left them and which were reflected in the works of their later , more mature years , the Brontë children absorbed them with open arms . The
James Russell Lowell
A Fable for Critics was one of Lowell 's most popular works , published anonymously in 1848 . It proved a popular satire , and the first 3,000 copies sold out quickly . In it , he took good - natured jabs at his contemporary poets and critics -- but not all the subjects were pleased . Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as part genius and `` two - fifths sheer fudge '' ; he reviewed the work in the Southern Literary Messenger and called it `` ' loose ' -- ill - conceived and feebly executed , as well in detail as in general ... we confess some surprise at his putting forth so unpolished a performance . '' Lowell offered his New York friend Charles Frederick Briggs all the profits from the book 's success ( which proved relatively small ) , despite his own financial needs .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes .
James Russell Lowell
In 1849 , Lowell said of himself , `` I am the first poet who has endeavored to express the American Idea , and I shall be popular by and by . '' Poet Walt Whitman said : `` Lowell was not a grower -- he was a builder . He built poems : he did n't put in the seed , and water the seed , and send down his sun -- letting the rest take care of itself : he measured his poems -- kept them within formula . '' Fellow Fireside Poet John Greenleaf Whittier praised Lowell by writing two poems in his honor and calling him `` our new Theocritus '' and `` one of the strongest and manliest of our writers -- a republican poet who dares to speak brave words of unpopular truth '' . British author Thomas Hughes referred to Lowell as one of the most important writers in the United States : `` Greece had her Aristophanes ; Rome her Juvenal ; Spain has had her Cervantes ; France her Rabelais , her Molière , her Voltaire ; Germany her Jean Paul , her Heine ; England her Swift , her Thackeray ; and America has her Lowell . '' Lowell 's satires and use of dialect were an inspiration for writers like Mark Twain , William Dean Howells , H.L. Mencken , and Ring Lardner .
Novel
Later works like Samuel Beckett 's trilogy Molloy ( 1951 ) , Malone Dies ( 1951 ) and The Unnamable ( 1953 ) , as well as Julio Cortázar 's Rayuela ( 1963 ) and Thomas Pynchon 's Gravity 's Rainbow ( 1973 ) all make use of the stream - of - consciousness technique . On the other hand , Robert Coover is an example of those authors , who the 1960s , fragmented their stories and challenged time and sequentiality as fundamental structural concepts . Chinua
Philosophical skepticism
The autobiography Ghazali wrote towards the end of his life , The Deliverance From Error ( Al - munqidh min al - ḍalāl ; several English translations ) is considered a work of major importance . In it , Ghazali recounts how , once a crisis of epistemological skepticism was resolved by `` a light which God Most High cast into my breast ... the key to most knowledge , '' he studied and mastered the arguments of Kalam , Islamic philosophy , and Ismailism . Though appreciating what was valid in the first two of these , at least , he determined that all three approaches were inadequate and found ultimate value only in the mystical experience and spiritual insight ( Spiritual intuitive thought -- Firasa and Nur ) he attained as a result of following Sufi practices . William James , in Varieties of Religious Experience , considered the autobiography an important document for `` the purely literary student who would like to become acquainted with the inwardness of religions other than the Christian '' , comparing it to recorded personal religious confessions and autobiographical literature in the Christian tradition .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
The books have strong themes of moral relativism , as the Baudelaires become more confused during the course of the series about the difference between right and wrong , feeling they have done wicked things themselves and struggling with the question of whether the end justifies the means . In the final book , in an allusion to the Book of Genesis , a snake offers the children a life - giving apple ( which the other characters in The End refuse to eat despite the fact that it is a cure for a fatal illness ) .
To Autumn
According to Bewell , the landscape of `` To Autumn '' presents the temperate climate of rural England as a healthful alternative to disease - ridden foreign environments . Though the `` clammy '' aspect of `` fever '' , the excessive ripeness associated with tropical climates , intrude into the poem , these elements , less prominent than in Keats 's earlier poetry , are counterbalanced by the dry , crisp autumnal air of rural England . In presenting the particularly English elements of this environment , Keats was also influenced by contemporary poet and essayist Leigh Hunt , who had recently written of the arrival of autumn with its `` migration of birds '' , `` finished harvest '' , `` cyder ( ... ) making '' and migration of `` the swallows '' , as well as by English landscape painting and the `` pure '' English idiom of the poetry of Thomas Chatterton .
Great Expectations
Robert L. Patten estimates that All the Year Round sold 100,000 copies of Great Expectations each week , and Mudie , the largest circulating library , which purchased about 1,400 copies , stated that at least 30 people read each copy . Aside from the dramatic plot , the Dickensian humour also appealed to readers . Dickens wrote to Forster in October 1860 that `` You will not have to complain of the want of humour as in the Tale of Two Cities , '' an opinion Forster supports , finding that `` Dickens 's humour , not less than his creative power , was at its best in this book . '' Moreover , according to Paul Schlicke , readers found the best of Dickens 's older and newer writing styles .
Ring a Ring o' Roses
A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles `` Ring a ring o'roses '' in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions ( with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action ) :
E. E. Cummings
Despite Cummings 's familiarity with avant - garde styles ( undoubtedly affected by the Calligrammes of French poet Apollinaire , according to a contemporary observation ) , much of his work is quite traditional . Many of his poems are sonnets , albeit often with a modern twist . He occasionally used the blues form and acrostics . Cummings ' poetry often deals with themes of love and nature , as well as the relationship of the individual to the masses and to the world . His poems are also often rife with satire .
Joy to the World
Watts ' 1719 preface says the verses `` ... are fitted to the Tunes of the Old PSALM - BOOK '' and includes the instruction `` sing all entitled COMMON METER '' . In the late 1700 's Joy to the World was printed together with music several times .
Republic (Plato)
In his 1934 Plato und die Dichter ( Plato and the Poets ) , as well as several other works , Hans - Georg Gadamer describes the utopic city of the Republic as a heuristic utopia that should not be pursued or even be used as an orientation - point for political development . Rather , its purpose is said to be to show how things would have to be connected , and how one thing would lead to another -- often with highly problematic results -- if one would opt for certain principles and carry them through rigorously . This interpretation argues that large passages in Plato 's writing are ironic , a line of thought initially pursued by Kierkegaard . Popper
E. E. Cummings
While his poetic forms and themes share an affinity with the Romantic tradition , Cummings ' work universally shows a particular idiosyncrasy of syntax , or way of arranging individual words into larger phrases and sentences . Many of his most striking poems do not involve any typographical or punctuation innovations at all , but purely syntactic ones .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
The poem is one of several `` Great Odes of 1819 '' , which includes `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , and `` Ode to Psyche '' . Keats found earlier forms of poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose , and the collection represented a new development of the ode form . He was inspired to write the poem after reading two articles by English artist and writer Benjamin Haydon . Keats was aware of other works on classical Greek art , and had first - hand exposure to the Elgin Marbles , all of which reinforced his belief that classical Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues , which forms the basis of the poem .
Hamlet
Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . ''
Windsor Castle
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert made Windsor Castle their principal royal residence , despite Victoria complaining early in her reign that the castle was `` dull and tiresome '' and `` prison - like '' , and preferring Osborne and Balmoral as holiday residences . The growth of the British Empire and Victoria 's close dynastic ties to Europe made Windsor the hub for many diplomatic and state visits , assisted by the new railways and steamships of the period . Indeed , it has been argued that Windsor reached its social peak during the Victorian era , seeing the introduction of invitations to numerous prominent figures to `` dine and sleep '' at the castle . Victoria took a close interest in the details of how Windsor Castle was run , including the minutiae of the social events . Few visitors found these occasions comfortable , both due to the design of the castle and the excessive royal formality . Prince Albert died in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle in 1861 and was buried in the Royal Mausoleum built at nearby Frogmore , within the Home Park . The prince 's rooms were maintained exactly as they had been at the moment of his death and Victoria kept the castle in a state of mourning for many years , becoming known as the `` Widow of Windsor '' , a phrase popularised in the famous poem by Rudyard Kipling . The Queen shunned the use of Buckingham Palace after Albert 's death and instead used Windsor Castle as her residence when conducting official business near London . Towards the end of her reign , plays , operas , and other entertainments slowly began to be held at the castle again , accommodating both the Queen 's desire for entertainment and her reluctance to be seen in public .
Brontë family
The writing that had begun so early never left the family . Charlotte had ambition like her brother ( though Branwell was kept at a distance from her project ) and wrote to the poet laureate Robert Southey to submit several poems of his style ; she received a hardly encouraging reply after several months . Southey , still illustrious although his star has somewhat waned , was one of the great figures of English Romanticism , with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and shared the prejudice of the times : literature , or more particularly poetry ( for women had been publishing fiction and enjoying critical , popular and economic success for over a century by this time ) , was considered a man 's business , and not an appropriate occupation for ladies .
Charles Dickens
Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best - known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G.K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters .
Great Expectations
In Great Expectations , the true values are childhood , youth , and heart . The heroes of the story are the young Pip , a true visionary , and still developing person , open , sensible , who is persecuted by soulless adults . Then the adolescent Pip and Herbert , imperfect but free , intact , playful , endowed with fantasy in a boring and frivolous world . Magwitch is also a positive figure , a man of heart , victim of false appearances and of social images , formidable and humble , bestial but pure , a vagabond of God , despised by men . There is also Pip 's affectional friend Joe , the enemy of the lie . Finally , there are women like Biddy .
Our Casuarina Tree
Our Casuarina Tree is a poem published in 1881 by Toru Dutt , an Indian poet . It is a perfect example of craftsmanship.In this poem Toru Dutt celebrates the majesty of the Casuarina Tree and remembers her happy childhood days spent under it and revives her memories with her beloved siblings . It still remains one of the more popular poems in modern Indian literature .
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl , who died in 1990 . Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor , but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and , in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone , seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl , including the one in top place . The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American , R.L. Stine . Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example , the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍ -- ‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley , who treated Harry as a servant . However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation , able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside .
The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film .
Education reform
Jean - Jacques Rousseau has been called the father of the child - study movement . It has been said that Rousseau `` discovered '' the child ( as an object of study ) .
Welsh language
The Aberystwyth Welsh School ( Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth ) was founded in 1939 by Sir Ifan ap Owen Edwards , the son of O.M. Edwards , as the first Welsh Primary School . The headteacher was Norah Isaac . Ysgol Gymraeg is still a very successful school , and now there are Welsh language primary schools all over the country . Ysgol Glan Clwyd was established in Rhyl in 1955 as the first Welsh language school to teach at the secondary level . Sign
Elgin Marbles
A parliamentary committee investigating the situation concluded that the monuments were best given `` asylum '' under a `` free government '' such as the British one . In 1810 , Elgin published a defence of his actions which silenced most of his detractors , although the subject remained controversial . John Keats viewed them when privately exhibited in London , hence his two sonnets about the marbles . Notable supporters of Elgin included the painter Benjamin Robert Haydon .
United Kingdom
Britain 's oldest known poem , Y Gododdin , was composed in Yr Hen Ogledd ( The Old North ) , most likely in the late 6th century . It was written in Cumbric or Old Welsh and contains the earliest known reference to King Arthur . From around the seventh century , the connection between Wales and the Old North was lost , and the focus of Welsh - language culture shifted to Wales , where Arthurian legend was further developed by Geoffrey of Monmouth . Wales 's most celebrated medieval poet , Dafydd ap Gwilym ( fl. 1320 -- 1370 ) , composed poetry on themes including nature , religion and especially love . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age . Until the late 19th century the majority of Welsh literature was in Welsh and much of the prose was religious in character . Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh - language novelist , publishing Rhys Lewis in 1885 . The best - known of the Anglo - Welsh poets are both Thomases . Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-20th century . He is remembered for his poetry -- his `` Do not go gentle into that good night ; Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse -- and for his `` play for voices '' , Under Milk Wood . The influential Church in Wales `` poet - priest '' and Welsh nationalist R.S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996 . Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts .
Pulitzer Prize
Edward Albee , Drama Archibald MacLeish , Poetry ( 2 ) and Drama Edwin Arlington Robinson , Poetry Carl Sandburg , Poetry ( 2 ) and History Robert Penn Warren , Poetry ( 2 ) and Fiction Thornton Wilder , Drama ( 2 ) and the Novel
The Tyger
The `` Songs of Experience '' were written as a contrary to the `` Songs of Innocence '' -- a central tenet in Blake 's philosophy , and central theme in his work . The struggle of humanity is based on the concept of the contrary nature of things , Blake believed , and thus , to achieve truth one must see the contraries in innocence and experience . Experience is not the face of evil but rather another facet of that which created us . Kazin says of Blake , `` Never is he more heretical than ... where he glories in the hammer and fire out of which are struck ... the Tyger '' . Rather than believing in war between good and evil or heaven and hell , Blake thought each man must first see and then resolve the contraries of existence and life . In `` The Tyger '' he presents a poem of `` triumphant human awareness '' and `` a hymn to pure being '' , according to Kazin .
Adam and Eve
In Stephen Schwartz 's musical Children of Eden , `` Father '' ( God ) creates Adam and Eve at the same time and considers them His children . They even assist Him in naming the animals . When Eve is tempted by the serpent and eats the forbidden fruit , Father makes Adam choose between Him and Eden , or Eve . Adam chooses Eve and eats the fruit , causing Father to banish them into the wilderness and destroying the Tree of Knowledge , from which Adam carves a staff . Eve gives birth to Cain and Abel , and Adam forbids his children from going beyond the waterfall in hopes Father will forgive them and bring them back to Eden . When Cain and Abel grow up , Cain breaks his promise and goes beyond the waterfall , finding the giant stones made by other humans , which he brings the family to see , and Adam reveals his discovery from the past : during their infancy , he discovered these humans , but had kept it secret . He tries to forbid Cain from seeking them out , which causes Cain to become enraged and he tries to attack Adam , but instead turns his rage to Abel when he tries to stop him and kills him . Later , when an elderly Eve tries to speak to Father , she tells how Adam continually looked for Cain , and after many years , he dies and is buried underneath the waterfall . Eve also gave birth to Seth , which expanded hers and Adam 's generations . Finally , Father speaks to her to bring her home . Before she dies , she gives her blessings to all her future generations , and passes Adam 's staff to Seth . Father embraces Eve and she also reunited with Adam and Abel . Smaller casts of the American version usually have the actors cast as Adam and Eve double as Noah and Mama Noah .
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
Older Musical settings of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' . This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info ) This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article .
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Tatar criticizes Bettelheim 's views : `` ( His ) reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales , that is , in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child . While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes `` Cinderella '' does , it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just ' trying out ' things that do not belong to you . ''
The Coquette
Foster 's tale has been read on the one hand as a `` novel for providing a subversive message about the ways in which the lives of women even of the elite are subject to narrow cultural constraints '' and , on the other hand , as an instructive novel that `` comes down on the side of the ideology of Republican motherhood and the women 's sphere , a sphere that celebrated those women who with appropriate sentiment and rationality accepted their `` place '' in the world . Foster 's epistolary narrative allows for the development of multiple points of view and for a variety of readings . Rather than being presented as a one - sided coquette , the development of Eliza 's character through her letter writing allows for a reading of Eliza as both `` victim '' and `` transgressor '' of society 's norms .