vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of India
Secretary of State for India , Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact - finding trip through India the previous winter . After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain , and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian population could vote in future elections , the Government of India Act of 1919 ( also known as the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms ) was passed in December 1919 . The new Act enlarged both the provincial and Imperial legislative councils and repealed the Government of India 's recourse to the `` official majority '' in unfavorable votes . Although departments like defence , foreign affairs , criminal law , communications , and income - tax were retained by the Viceroy and the central government in New Delhi , other departments like public health , education , land - revenue , local self - government were transferred to the provinces . The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new dyarchical system , whereby some areas like education , agriculture , infrastructure development , and local self - government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures , and ultimately the Indian electorates , while others like irrigation , land - revenue , police , prisons , and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council . The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil service and the army officer corps .
Ashoka
Ashoka ( English : / əˈʃoʊkə / ; IAST : Aśoka ; died 232 BCE ) was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty , who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE . He was the grandson of the founder of the Maurya Dynasty , Chandragupta Maurya , who had created one of the largest empires in ancient India and then , according to Jain sources , renounced it all to become a Jain monk . One of India 's greatest emperors , Ashoka expanded Chandragupta 's empire , and reigned over a realm that stretched from present - day Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east . It covered the entire Indian subcontinent except for parts of present - day Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Kerala . The empire 's capital was Pataliputra ( in Magadha , present - day Patna ) , with provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujjain .
Independence Day (India)
Independence Day is annually celebrated on 15 August , as a national holiday in India commemorating the nation 's independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947 , the UK Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act 1947 transferring legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly . India still retained King George VI as head of state until its transition to full republican constitution . India attained independence following the Independence Movement noted for largely nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Independence coincided with the partition of India , in which the British India was divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan ; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties , and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to religious violence . On 15 August 1947 , the Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi . On each subsequent Independence Day , the prime minister customarily raises the flag and gives an address to the nation .
All-India Muslim League
On 28 January 1933 , Choudhary Rahmat Ali , founder of the Pakistan National Movement , voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled `` Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? '' The word ' P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail . `` Pakistan ' is both a Persian and an Urdu word . It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands ; that is , Punjab , Afghania , Kashmir , Sindh and Balochistan . It means the land of the Pure '' .
Nationalist Movements in India
The mass movements failed in their primary objective , achieving independence for India , as they were often called off before they naturally concluded . However they sparked nationalist sentiment with the Indian populace , figures like Mahatama Gandhi united a nation behind his non-violent philosophy and undoubtedly put crucial pressure on the British occupation . While in the later years of the Raj economic factors like the reversing trade fortunes between Britain and India and the cost of fielding the Indian armed forces abroad lumped on the British tax payer by the 1935 Government of India act , had mounting implication for British administration , united resistance further drew light on the growing disparity of the British failures to achieve solidarity over India . Indeed , Nationalist Movements in India were merely another notch on Britain 's ever scarred grip over its Raj , faced with a magnitude of issues , mass Movements attributed to but were not solely responsible for India 's independence in 1947 .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Other British accounts state that indiscriminate punitive measures were taken in early June , two weeks before the murders at the Bibighar ( but after those at both Meerut and Delhi ) , specifically by Lieutenant Colonel James George Smith Neill of the Madras Fusiliers , commanding at Allahabad while moving towards Cawnpore . At the nearby town of Fatehpur , a mob had attacked and murdered the local European population . On this pretext , Neill ordered all villages beside the Grand Trunk Road to be burned and their inhabitants to be killed by hanging . Neill 's methods were `` ruthless and horrible '' and far from intimidating the population , may well have induced previously undecided sepoys and communities to revolt .
Subroto Mukerjee
On returning to India in 1954 , Mukerjee took over as the Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Air Force on 1 April 1954 , in the rank of Air Marshal . When the Change in Designation Act , 1955 , was passed , the title of `` Commander - in - Chief '' was replaced by Chief of the Air Staff , IAF . Thus Mukerjee became the first Indian Commander - in - Chief as well as Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force .
Bangladesh Liberation War
He urged his people to turn every house into a fort of resistance . He closed his speech saying , `` Our struggle is for our freedom . Our struggle is for our independence . '' This speech is considered the main event that inspired the nation to fight for its independence . General Tikka Khan was flown into Dacca to become Governor of East Bengal . East - Pakistani judges , including Justice Siddique , refused to swear him in .
All-India Muslim League
At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state , including Sindh , Punjab , Baluchistan , the North West Frontier Province and Bengal , that would be `` wholly autonomous and sovereign '' . The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions . The Lahore Resolution , moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A.K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940 , and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan 's first constitution . Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement . This was the last attempt to reach a single - state solution . First
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857 -- 58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 miles northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859 . The rebellion is known by many names , including the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and India 's First War of Independence .
Quit India Movement
The Indian nationalists had very little international support . They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence , in principle , and believed the U.S. was an ally . However , after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard , the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort . The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians .
History of India
Ruled by three dynasties Varmanas ( c. 350 -- 650 CE ) , Mlechchha dynasty ( c. 655 -- 900 CE ) and Kamarupa - Palas ( c. 900 -- 1100 CE ) , from their capitals in present - day Guwahati ( Pragjyotishpura ) , Tezpur ( Haruppeswara ) and North Gauhati ( Durjaya ) respectively . All three dynasties claimed their descent from Narakasura , an immigrant from Aryavarta . In the reign of the Varman king , Bhaskar Varman ( c. 600 -- 650 CE ) , the Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited the region and recorded his travels . Later , after weakening and disintegration ( after the Kamarupa - Palas ) , the Kamarupa tradition was somewhat extended till c. 1255 CE by the Lunar I ( c. 1120 -- 1185 CE ) and Lunar II ( c. 1155 -- 1255 CE ) dynasties . Pallava
Subhas Chandra Bose
In 1927 , after being released from prison , Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence . In late December 1928 , Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta . His most memorable role was as General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) Congress Volunteer Corps . Author Nirad Chaudhuri wrote about the meeting :
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
The Viceroy began organising the transfer of power to a Congress - League coalition . But in a `` provocative speech '' on 10 July 1946 Nehru was quoted in the press as saying `` We are not bound by a single thing except that we have decided to go into the Constituent Assembly '' . By this Nehru effectively `` torpedoed '' any hope for a united India . Having been `` duped in such a way '' , Jinnah withdrew the Muslim League 's acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on 17 July .
Governor General of Canada
Prior to 1952 , all Governors General of Canada were members of the peerage . Typically , individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer , either by inheriting the title , such as the Duke of Devonshire , or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right , as was the case with the Viscount Alexander of Tunis . None were life peers , the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general . John Buchan was , in preparation for his appointment as governor general , made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V , six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy . The Leader of His Majesty 's Loyal Opposition at the time , William Lyon Mackenzie King , felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner ; however , George V insisted he be represented by a peer . With the appointment of Vincent Massey as governor general in 1952 , governors general ceased to be members of the peerage ; successive governments since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated ( in 1934 ) principles of the 1919 Nickle Resolution .
Partition of India
1707 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Tarkhan Dynasty , c. 1554 -- 1591 CE Dir State , c. 1626 -- c. 1947 Modern ( show ) Kalhora Dynasty , c. 1701 -- c. 1783 CE Durrani Empire , c. 1747 -- c. 1826 CE Talpur Dynasty , c. 1783 -- c. 1843 CE Khanate of Kalat , c. 1794 -- c. 1947 CE Kharan , c. 1801 -- c. 1947 CE Las Bela , c. 1802 -- c. 1947 CE Misl , c. 1716 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE State of Bahawalpur , c. 1802 -- c. 1849 CE Yusufzai State of Swat , c. 1802 -- c. 1947 CE Phulra , c. 1828 -- c. 1947 CE Makran , c. 1828 -- c. 1947 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Pakistan , c. 1947 CE -- present Dominion of Pakistan , c. 1947 -- 1956 CE Islamic Republic , c. 1956 CE -- present History of provinces ( show ) Azad Jammu & Kashmir Balochistan East Pakistan Gilgit - Baltistan Islamabad Capital Territory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Portal
Quit India Movement
`` In 1942 also , there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many . At that time too , the routine work of the Sangh continued . Sangh decided not to do anything directly . ' Sangh is the organization of inactive people , their talks have no substance ' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks . ' ''
Vallabhbhai Patel
Patel was also criticised by supporters of Subhas Chandra Bose for acting coercively to put down politicians not supportive of Gandhi . Socialist politicians such as Jaya Prakash Narayan and Asoka Mehta criticised him for his personal proximity to Indian industrialists such as the Birla and Sarabhai families . It is said that Patel was friendly towards capitalists while Nehru believed in the state controlling the economy . Also , Patel was more inclined to support the West in the emerging Cold War .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
A united India did not exist at that time in political , cultural , or ethnic terms ; The rebellion was put down with the help of other Indian soldiers drawn from the Madras Army , the Bombay Army and the Sikh regiments ; 80 % of the East India Company forces were Indian ; Many of the local rulers fought amongst themselves rather than uniting against the British ; Many rebel Sepoy regiments disbanded and went home rather than fight ; Not all of the rebels accepted the return of the Mughals ; The King of Delhi had no real control over the mutineers ; The revolt was largely limited to north and central India . Whilst risings occurred elsewhere they had little impact because of their limited nature ; A number of revolts occurred in areas not under British rule , and against native rulers , often as a result of local internal politics ; The revolt was fractured along religious , ethnic and regional lines . The
Early Nationalists
In 1890 , Government employees were forbidden to participate in deliberations with the Early Nationalists or attend their meetings . Realising that the growing unity of the Indians posed a major threat to their rule , the British pushed their policy of divide and rule further . They encouraged Sayyid Ahmed Khan , Raja Shiva Prasad of Benaras ( now Varanasi ) , and other pro-British individuals to start an anti-Early Nationalist movement . They sowed seeds of communalism between the Hindus and the Muslims on the one hand and between the Indian masses and their leaders on the other . They followed a policy of granting minor concessions to put down the growth of nationalism . However , their policy of repression and hostility only served to make the Early Nationalists more powerful .
Caste system in India
Eleanor Nesbitt , a professor of History and Religions in India , states that the colonial government hardened the caste - driven divisions in British India not only through its caste census , but with a series of laws in early 20th century . The British colonial officials , for instance , enacted laws such as the Land Alienation Act in 1900 and Punjab Pre-Emption Act in 1913 , listing castes that could legally own land and denying equivalent property rights to other census - determined castes . These acts prohibited the inter-generational and intra-generational transfer of land from land - owning castes to any non-agricultural castes , thereby preventing economic mobility of property and creating consequent caste barriers in India .
Vallabhbhai Patel
Some historians and admirers of Patel such as Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India and industrialist J.R.D. Tata have expressed the opinion that Patel would have made a better Prime Minister for India than Nehru . These admirers and Nehru 's critics cite Nehru 's belated embrace of Patel 's advice regarding the UN and Kashmir and the integration of Goa by military action and Nehru 's rejection of Patel 's advice on China . Proponents of free enterprise cite the failings of Nehru 's socialist policies as opposed to Patel 's defence of property rights and his mentorship of what was to be later known as the Amul co-operative project . However , A.G. Noorani , in comparing Nehru and Patel , writes that Nehru had a broader understanding of the world than Patel .
History of India
In January 1946 , a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services , starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain . The mutinies came to a head with mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay in February 1946 , followed by others in Calcutta , Madras , and Karachi . The mutinies were rapidly suppressed . Also in early 1946 , new elections were called in India and in eight of the eleven provinces Congress candidates won . Dead
Non-cooperation movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule . It was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre . It aimed to resist British rule in India through non-violent means , or `` Ahinsa '' . Protesters would refuse to buy British goods , adopt the use of local handcrafts and picket liquor shops . The ideas of Ahinsa and nonviolence , and Gandhi 's ability to rally hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian independence , were first seen on a large scale in this movement through the summer of 1920 . Gandhi feared that the movement might lead to popular violence . The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1 August 1920 .
Quit India Movement
`` Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress . He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it , but that according to him could not be done only by persecution ... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... ''
Vallabhbhai Patel
As Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March , Patel was arrested in the village of Ras and was put on trial without witnesses , with no lawyer or journalists allowed to attend . Patel 's arrest and Gandhi 's subsequent arrest caused the Salt Satyagraha to greatly intensify in Gujarat -- districts across Gujarat launched an anti-tax rebellion until and unless Patel and Gandhi were released . Once released , Patel served as interim Congress president , but was re-arrested while leading a procession in Mumbai . After the signing of the Gandhi -- Irwin Pact , Patel was elected president of Congress for its 1931 session in Karachi -- here the Congress ratified the pact and committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and civil liberties . It advocated the establishment of a secular nation with a minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom. Patel used his position as Congress president to organise the return of confiscated land to farmers in Gujarat . Upon the failure of the Round Table Conference in London , Gandhi and Patel were arrested in January 1932 when the struggle re-opened , and imprisoned in the Yeravda Central Jail . During this term of imprisonment , Patel and Gandhi grew close to each other , and the two developed a close bond of affection , trust , and frankness . Their mutual relationship could be described as that of an elder brother ( Gandhi ) and his younger brother ( Patel ) . Despite having arguments with Gandhi , Patel respected his instincts and leadership . In prison , the two discussed national and social issues , read Hindu epics , and cracked jokes . Gandhi taught Patel Sanskrit . Gandhi 's secretary , Mahadev Desai , kept detailed records of conversations between Gandhi and Patel . When Gandhi embarked on a fast - unto - death protesting the separate electorates allocated for untouchables , Patel looked after Gandhi closely and himself refrained from partaking of food . Patel was later moved to a jail in Nasik , and refused a British offer for a brief release to attend the cremation of his brother Vithalbhai , who had died in 1934 . He was finally released in July of the same year .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground , near Calcutta , 29 - year - old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company , declared that he would rebel against his commanders . Informed about Pandey 's behaviour Sergeant - Major James Hewson went to investigate , only to have Pandey shoot at him . Hewson raised the alarm . When his adjutant Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest , Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh 's horse instead .
All-India Muslim League
In the 1940s , Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid - e-Azam ( lit . Great Leader ) . In the Constituent Assembly of India 's elections of 1946 , the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims ( and about 89.2 % of Muslim votes ) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan , and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted . Congress , led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India .
History of India
During the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , India was controlled by the United Kingdom , with the British holding territories in India including over five hundred autonomous Princely States ; British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939 . The British Raj , as part of the Allied Nations , sent over two and a half million volunteer soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers . Additionally , several Indian Princely States provided large donations to support the Allied campaign during the War . India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the China Burma India Theatre . Indian
Nationalist Movements in India
To add fuel to the fire Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905 , and there was a massive opposition from the people of Bengal . Initially the partition plan was opposed through press campaign . The total follower of such techniques led to the boycott of British goods and the people of India pledged to use only swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth . Imported garments were viewed with hate . At many places , public burnings of foreign cloth were organized . Shops selling foreign cloths were closed . The cotton textile industry is rightly described as swadeshi industry . The period witnessed the growth of swadeshi textile mills . Swadeshi factories came into existence everywhere .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
An eagerly awaited heavy siege train joined the besieging force , and from 7 September , the siege guns battered breaches in the walls and silenced the rebels ' artillery . An attempt to storm the city through the breaches and the Kashmiri Gate was launched on 14 September . The attackers gained a foothold within the city but suffered heavy casualties , including John Nicholson . The British commander wished to withdraw , but was persuaded to hold on by his junior officers . After a week of street fighting , the British reached the Red Fort . Bahadur Shah Zafar had already fled to Humayun 's tomb . The British had retaken the city . Capture