vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rainwater harvesting
Generally , check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata . The water percolation in the water - impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and overburden using ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining . Thus , local aquifers can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season .
Anticyclone
The existence of upper - level ( altitude ) high pressure allows upper level divergence which leads to surface convergence . If a capping mid-level ridge does not exist , this leads to free convection and the development of showers and thunderstorms if the lower atmosphere is humid . Because a positive feedback loop develops between the convective tropical cyclone and the upper level high , the two system are strengthened . This loop stops once ocean temperatures cool to below 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) , reducing the thunderstorm activity , which then weakens the upper level high pressure system .
Rainwater harvesting
Instead of using the roof for catchment , the RainSaucer , which looks like an upside - down umbrella , collects rain straight from the sky . This decreases the potential for contamination and makes potable water for developing countries a potential application . Other applications of this free - standing rainwater collection approach are sustainable gardening and small - plot farming .
Tap and die
Both tools can be used to clean up a thread , which is called chasing . However , using an ordinary tap or die to clean threads will generally result in the removal of some material , which will result in looser and weaker threads . Because of this , threads are typically cleaned using special taps and dies made for this purpose , which are known as chasers . Chasers are made of softer materials and are not capable of cutting new threads , however they are still tighter fitting than actual fasteners and are fluted like regular taps and dies ( to provide a means for debris like dirt and rust to escape ) . One particularly common use is for automotive spark plug threads , which often suffer from corrosion and a buildup of carbon .
Telephone exchange
When a subscriber 's phone is off - hook , it presents an electrical resistance across the line which causes current to flow through the telephone and wires to the central office . In a manually operated switchboard , this current flowed through a relay coil , and actuated a buzzer or a lamp on the operator 's switchboard , signaling the operator to perform service .
Tropical cyclone
In addition to environmental steering , a tropical cyclone will tend to drift slowly poleward and westward , a motion known as `` beta drift '' . This motion is due to the superposition of a vortex , such as a tropical cyclone , onto an environment in which the Coriolis force varies with latitude , such as on a sphere or beta plane . It is induced indirectly by the storm itself , the result of a feedback between the cyclonic flow of the storm and its environment .
Meander
Scroll - bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography on the inside of the bends . The topography is generally parallel to the meander , and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes , which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop , in a process called lateral accretion . Scroll - bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward . These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system , where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down , depositing smaller material with time ( Batty 2006 ) . Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits . There are two distinct patterns of scroll - bar depositions ; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point - bar scroll pattern . When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point - bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave .
Electromagnet
If an ordinary switch is used to control the winding current , this can cause sparks at the terminals of the switch . This does n't occur when the magnet is switched on , because the voltage is limited to the power supply voltage , but when it is switched off , the energy in the magnetic field is suddenly returned to the circuit , causing a large voltage spike and an arc across the switch contacts , which can damage them . With small electromagnets a capacitor is often used across the contacts , which reduces arcing by temporarily storing the current . More often a diode is used to prevent voltage spikes by providing a path for the current to recirculate through the winding until the energy is dissipated as heat . The diode is connected across the winding , oriented so it is reverse - biased during steady state operation and does n't conduct . When the supply voltage is removed , the voltage spike forward - biases the diode and the reactive current continues to flow through the winding , through the diode and back into the winding . A diode used in this way is called a flyback diode .
Tropical cyclone
There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size . The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind , the radius of 34 - knot wind ( i.e. gale force ) , the radius of outermost closed isobar ( ROCI ) , and the radius of vanishing wind . An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone 's relative vorticity field decreases to 1 × 10 s .
Wind turbine
These are drag - type devices with two ( or more ) scoops that are used in anemometers , Flettner vents ( commonly seen on bus and van roofs ) , and in some high - reliability low - efficiency power turbines . They are always self - starting if there are at least three scoops .
Meander
A point bar , which is also known as a meander bar , is a fluvial bar that is formed by the slow , often episodic , addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank . This process is called lateral accretion . Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or floods when the point bar is submerged . Typically , the sediment consists of either sand , gravel , or a combination of both . The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments . Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar . For example , it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top . The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand , rocks and debris has been eroded , swept , and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend . On the inside bend , this sediment and debris is eventually deposited on the slip - off slope of a point bar .
River Welland
Plans to re-route the outfall along a new channel which would meet the River Witham at The Scalp , near Boston , were authorised in 1794 , but the money could not be raised at the time , due to the financial crisis caused by the French Wars . Grundy 's shorter channel had been finished by 1810 , improving both drainage and navigation . James Walker reported in 1835 on further improvements , making the recommendation that the river below Spalding should be constrained between high banks , so that the scouring action of the water would dredge its own channel . Rather than excavating , which he estimated would cost £ 70,000 , he suggested using fascines made of thorn branches , around which silt would be deposited . Such a scheme would only cost £ 13,000 , and the work went on for many years . The effects of the embankments had resulted in the bed of the river below Fosdyke being around 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) lower by 1845 . In 1867 , the River Welland Outfall Act enabled the trustees to raise money to repair the walls where the tide had washed away some of the fill behind the fascines . A dredger was employed between 1889 and 1890 , which had been invented by a Mr Harrison , the superintendent of works .
Switch
In a switch where the contacts remain in one state unless actuated , such as a push - button switch , the contacts can either be normally open ( abbreviated `` n.o. '' or `` no '' ) until closed by operation of the switch , or normally closed ( `` n.c. '' or `` nc '' ) and opened by the switch action . A switch with both types of contact is called a changeover switch or double - throw switch . These may be `` make - before - break '' ( `` MBB '' or shorting ) which momentarily connects both circuits , or may be `` break - before - make '' ( `` BBM '' or non-shorting ) which interrupts one circuit before closing the other .
Field-effect transistor
In an n - channel ' depletion - mode ' device , a negative gate - to - source voltage causes a depletion region to expand in width and encroach on the channel from the sides , narrowing the channel . If the active region expands to completely close the channel , the resistance of the channel from source to drain becomes large , and the FET is effectively turned off like a switch ( see right figure , when there is very small current ) . This is called ' pinch - off ' , and the voltage at which it occurs is called the ' pinch - off voltage ' . Conversely , a positive gate - to - source voltage increases the channel size and allows electrons to flow easily ( see right figure , when there is a conduction channel and current is large ) .
National Flood Insurance Program
For multiple properties or a larger area , an application for a Letter of Map Revision can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and / or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study . A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill ( LOMR - F ) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans , usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain . A Conditional Letter of Map Revision ( CLOMR ) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill ( CLOMR - F ) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made , especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act .
Phone connector (audio)
Whirlwind Line Balancer / Splitters do not use the sleeve as a conductor on their unbalanced 6.35 mm / ⁄ in TRS phone input . Tip and ring are wired to the transformer 's two terminals ; the sleeve is not connected .
Tropical cyclone
A third component of motion that occurs relatively infrequently involves the interaction of multiple tropical cyclones . When two cyclones approach one another , their centers will begin orbiting cyclonically about a point between the two systems . Depending on their separation distance and strength , the two vortices may simply orbit around one another or else may spiral into the center point and merge . When the two vortices are of unequal size , the larger vortex will tend to dominate the interaction , and the smaller vortex will orbit around it . This phenomenon is called the Fujiwhara effect , after Sakuhei Fujiwhara .
Grip (job)
Big Ben -- Refers to a cheeseborough clamp with a 11⁄8 inch pin attached and can be used for several options , including along with a pipe to create a temporary overhead grid .
Tropical cyclone
The near - surface wind field of a tropical cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards . At the outer edge of the storm , air may be nearly calm ; however , due to the Earth 's rotation , the air has non-zero absolute angular momentum . As air flows radially inward , it begins to rotate cyclonically ( counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere , and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere ) in order to conserve angular momentum . At an inner radius , air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere . This radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall , and has the strongest near - surface winds of the storm ; consequently , it is known as the radius of maximum winds . Once aloft , air flows away from the storm 's center , producing a shield of cirrus clouds .
Bottom bracket
Thompson bottom brackets are rare . The design is similar to a typical hub bearing and theoretically supports the load better , but is hard to seal effectively against dirt and water .
Switch
Contact bounce ( also called chatter ) is a common problem with mechanical switches and relays . Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals . When the contacts strike together , their momentum and elasticity act together to cause them to bounce apart one or more times before making steady contact . The result is a rapidly pulsed electric current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current . The effect is usually unimportant in power circuits , but causes problems in some analogue and logic circuits that respond fast enough to misinterpret the on ‐ off pulses as a data stream .
Phone connector (audio)
Phone connectors with three conductors are also commonly used as unbalanced audio patch points ( or insert points , or simply inserts ) , with the output on many mixers found on the tip ( left channel ) and the input on the ring ( right channel ) . This is often expressed as `` tip send , ring return '' . Other mixers have unbalanced insert points with `` ring send , tip return '' . One advantage of this system is that the switch contact within the panel socket , originally designed for other purposes , can be used to close the circuit when the patch point is not in use . An advantage of the tip send patch point is that if it is used as an output only , a 2 - conductor mono phone plug correctly grounds the input . In the same fashion , use of a `` tip return '' insert style allows a mono phone plug to bring an unbalanced signal directly into the circuit , though in this case the output must be robust enough to withstand being grounded . Combining send and return functions via single ⁄ in TRS connectors in this way is seen in very many professional and semi-professional audio mixing desks , due to the halving of space needed for insert jack fields which would otherwise need two jacks , one for send and one for return . The tradeoff is that unbalanced signals are more prone to buzz , hum and outside interference .
Anticyclone
The development of anticyclones aloft occurs in warm core cyclones such as tropical cyclones when latent heat caused by the formation of clouds is released aloft increasing the air temperature ; the resultant thickness of the atmospheric layer increases high pressure aloft which evacuates their outflow .
Spider
Females of the water spider Argyroneta aquatica build underwater `` diving bell '' webs that they fill with air and use for digesting prey , molting , mating and raising offspring . They live almost entirely within the bells , darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it . A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as `` webs '' , detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling .
Thunderstorm
A back - building thunderstorm , commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side ( usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere ) , such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction . Though the storm often appears stationary on radar , or even moving upwind , this is an illusion . The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new , more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side , replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind . When this happens , catastrophic flooding is possible . In Rapid City , South Dakota , in 1972 , an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area , resulting in devastating flash flooding . A similar event occurred in Boscastle , England , on 16 August 2004 .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
Trailing suction hopper dredger is a ship that has a full sailing capacity used to maintain navigable waterways , deepening the maritime canals that are threatened to become silted , to construct new land elsewhere or to replace sand eroded by storms or wave action on the beaches . This made possible by large powerful pumps and engines able to suck sand , clay , silt and gravel .
River Thames
In the early 1980s a pioneering flood control device , the Thames Barrier , was opened . It is closed to tides several times a year to prevent water damage to London 's low - lying areas upstream ( the 1928 Thames flood demonstrated the severity of this type of event ) .
Tap and die
Bottoming tap or plug tap The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost no taper -- between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical . This feature enables a bottoming tap to cut threads to the bottom of a blind hole . A bottoming tap is usually used to cut threads in a hole that has already been partially threaded using one of the more tapered types of tap ; the tapered end ( `` tap chamfer '' ) of a bottoming tap is too short to successfully start into an unthreaded hole . In the US , they are commonly known as bottoming taps , but in Australia and Britain they are also known as plug taps .
Environmental impact of irrigation
Flood - recession cropping may be seriously affected by the upstream interception of river water for irrigation purposes .
Switch
Knife switches consist of a flat metal blade , hinged at one end , with an insulating handle for operation , and a fixed contact . When the switch is closed , current flows through the hinged pivot and blade and through the fixed contact . Such switches are usually not enclosed . The knife and contacts are typically formed of copper , steel , or brass , depending on the application . Fixed contacts may be backed up with a spring . Several parallel blades can be operated at the same time by one handle . The parts may be mounted on an insulating base with terminals for wiring , or may be directly bolted to an insulated switch board in a large assembly . Since the electrical contacts are exposed , the switch is used only where people can not accidentally come in contact with the switch or where the voltage is so low as to not present a hazard .
Rules of netball
The lob pass is executed by throwing the ball in a high arc , with the ball initially being held behind the head and being released above the head . The drop pass is similar to the lob pass . The major difference is with the catcher : a lob pass is for a catcher who is stretching to get away from a defender , while a drop pass is for a catcher who will move into free space to receive the ball . These two passes are sometimes referred to as throw - up passes . The purpose of the lob and drop passes is to get around a defender and reach a teammate who is moving away from the passer . The lob pass is used because it is very accurate and covers both long and short distances .
High-voltage direct current
The electrodes are usually located some tens of kilometers from the stations and are connected to the stations via a medium - voltage electrode line . The design of the electrodes themselves depends on whether they are located on land , on the shore or at sea . For the monopolar configuration with earth return , the earth current flow is unidirectional , which means that the design of one of the electrodes ( the cathode ) can be relatively simple , although the design of anode electrode is quite complex .
Telephone exchange
Manual service is a condition in which a human telephone operator routes calls inside an exchange without the use of a dial . Dial service is when an exchange routes calls by a switch interpreting dialed digits . A telephone switch is the switching equipment of an exchange . A concentrator is a device that concentrates traffic , be it remote or co-located with the switch . An off - hook condition represents a circuit that is in use , e.g. , when a phone call is in progress . An on - hook condition represents an idle circuit , i.e. no phone call is in progress . A wire center is the area served by a particular switch or central office .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
Maintaining the depth of a harbor , canal or waterway . Constant delivery of sand for land reclamation or beach nourishment .
Trailing suction hopper dredger
One , or more , rearward extending suction pipes One or more , Dredging pumps to create an under pressure in order to suck the substance into the hopper Transportation tubes to transport the substance from the pipes to the hopper An overflow to discharge the redundant water overboard Degassing installation to extract any possible gas from the substance in order to reduce damage and increase fluency
Rainwater harvesting
Contemporary system designs require an analysis of not only the economic and technical performance of a system , but also the environmental performance . Lifecycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a precut or systems , from cradle - to - grave of its lifetime . Devkota et al. , developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting , and found that the building design ( e.g. , dimensions ) and function ( e.g. , educational , residential , etc . ) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system . The Economic and Environmental Analysis of Sanitations Technologies , EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types .
Spider web
Some spiders manage to use the signaling - snare technique of a web without spinning a web at all . Several types of water - dwelling spiders rest their feet on the water 's surface in much the same manner as an orb - web user . When an insect falls onto the water and is ensnared by surface tension , the spider can detect the vibrations and run out to capture the prey .
Tropical cyclone
A subtropical cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a tropical cyclone and some characteristics of an extratropical cyclone . They can form in a wide band of latitudes , from the equator to 50 ° . Although subtropical storms rarely have hurricane - force winds , they may become tropical in nature as their cores warm . From an operational standpoint , a tropical cyclone is usually not considered to become subtropical during its extratropical transition .
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing freshwater - flooded forests without losing the income from the used , submerged land . The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure . This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water for domestic , industrial , and irrigation needs .
Switch
The effects of contact bounce can be eliminated by use of mercury - wetted contacts , but these are now infrequently used because of the hazard of mercury release . Alternatively , contact circuit voltages can be low - pass filtered to reduce or eliminate multiple pulses from appearing . In digital systems , multiple samples of the contact state can be taken at a low rate and examined for a steady sequence , so that contacts can settle before the contact level is considered reliable and acted upon . Bounce in SPDT switch contacts signals can be filtered out using a SR flip - flop ( latch ) or Schmitt trigger . All of these methods are referred to as ' debouncing ' .