vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Macedonia (terminology)
What appeared to go unquestioned in Greece nevertheless was whether there was indeed substance in the claims of FYROM that their citizens do feel members of a distinct ' Macedonian ' nationality . To answer this appropriately , neither the decades of persistent indoctrination ( during Tito 's time ) should be left out of consideration , nor Greece 's violent struggle since 1991 in contrast to her complacency for the 45 years before this . If it was a common bond that the people in Skopje wanted , they found it by claiming this name and rallying the whole population in a united resistance front under a common cause against pugnacious Greece . After this bitter and protracted struggle , even the ones in FYROM who might have not initially been infused with any distinct Macedonian ethnic identity must be feeling very Macedonian now , thanks to Greece
Hawaii
Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili ʻuokalani , and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation . The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal , with the Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty . The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation .
Chartism
There were ( radical ) associations all over the county , but there was a great lack of cohesion . One wanted the ballot , another manhood suffrage and so on ... The radicals were without unity of aim and method , and there was but little hope of accomplishing anything . When , however , the People 's Charter was drawn up ... clearly defining the urgent demands of the working class , we felt we had a real bond of union ; and so transformed our Radical Association into local Chartist centres ...
Equal Rights Amendment
The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) and ERAmerica , a coalition of almost 80 organizations , led the pro-ERA efforts . Between 1972 and 1982 , ERA supporters held rallies , petitioned , picketed , went on hunger strikes , and performed acts of civil disobedience . On July 9 , 1978 , NOW and other organizations hosted a national march in Washington D.C. , which garnered over 100,000 supporters , and was followed by a Lobby Day on July 10 . On June 6 , 1982 , NOW sponsored marches in states that had not passed the ERA including Florida , Illinois , North Carolina , and Oklahoma . Key feminists of the time , such as Gloria Steinem , spoke out in favor of the ERA , arguing that ERA opposition was based on gender myths that overemphasized difference and ignored evidence of unequal treatment between men and women .
Nation state
Typically , irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements . When they are adopted by a state , they typically result in tensions , and actual attempts at annexation are always considered a casus belli , a cause for war . In many cases , such claims result in long - term hostile relations between neighbouring states . Irredentist movements typically circulate maps of the claimed national territory , the greater nation state . That territory , which is often much larger than the existing state , plays a central role in their propaganda .
Apartheid
The Bisho massacre on 7 September 1992 brought matters to a head . The Ciskei Defence Force killed 29 people and injured 200 when they opened fire on ANC marchers demanding the reincorporation of the Ciskei homeland into South Africa . In the aftermath , Mandela and de Klerk agreed to meet to find ways to end the spiralling violence . This led to a resumption of negotiations .
Partition of India
Massive population exchanges occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the Partition . `` The population of undivided India in 1947 was approx 390 million . After partition , there were 330 million people in India , 30 million in West Pakistan , and 30 million people in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . '' Once the lines were established , about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority . The 1951 Census of Pakistan identified the number of displaced persons in Pakistan at 7,226,600 , presumably all Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India . Similarly , the 1951 Census of India enumerated 7,295,870 displaced persons , apparently all Hindus and Sikhs who had moved to India from Pakistan immediately after the Partition . The two numbers add up to 14.5 million . Since both censuses were held about 3.6 years after the Partition , the enumeration included net population increase after the mass migration .
Partition of India
According to the 1951 Census of India , 2 % of India 's population were refugees ( 1.3 % from West Pakistan and 0.7 % from East Pakistan ) . Delhi received the largest number of refugees for a single city -- the population of Delhi grew rapidly in 1947 from under 1 million ( 917,939 ) to a little less than 2 million ( 1,744,072 ) during the period 1941 -- 1951 . The refugees were housed in various historical and military locations such as the Purana Qila , Red Fort , and military barracks in Kingsway Camp ( around the present Delhi University ) . The latter became the site of one of the largest refugee camps in northern India with more than 35,000 refugees at any given time besides Kurukshetra camp near Panipat . The camp sites were later converted into permanent housing through extensive building projects undertaken by the Government of India from 1948 onwards . A number of housing colonies in Delhi came up around this period like Lajpat Nagar , Rajinder Nagar , Nizamuddin East , Punjabi Bagh , Rehgar Pura , Jangpura and Kingsway Camp . A number of schemes such as the provision of education , employment opportunities , and easy loans to start businesses were provided for the refugees at the all - India level .
India
According to a Walk Free Foundation report in 2016 , there were an estimated 18.3 million people in India , or 1.4 % of the population , living in the forms of modern slavery , such as bonded labour , child labour , human trafficking , and forced begging , among others . According to the 2011 census , there were 10.1 million child labourers in the country , a decline of 2.6 million from 12.6 million child labourers in 2001 .
Partition of India
A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of the Punjab , using the data provided by the 1931 and 1951 Census has led to an estimate of 1.26 million missing Muslims who left western India but did not reach Pakistan . The corresponding number of missing Hindus / Sikhs along the western border is estimated to be approximately 0.84 million . This puts the total of missing people , due to Partition - related migration along the Punjab border , to around 2.23 million .
Partition of India
The population in the Tharparkar district in the Sind province of West Pakistan was 80 % Hindu and 20 % Muslim at the time of independence in 1947 . During the Indo - Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971 , the Hindu upper castes and their retainers fled to India . This led to a massive demographic shift in the district . In 1978 India gave citizenship to 55,000 Pakistanis . By the time of the 1998 census of Pakistan , Muslims made up 64.42 % of the population and Hindus 35.58 % of the population in Tharparkar .
Partition of India
The partition displaced between 10 and 12 million people along religious lines , creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions ; there was large - scale violence , with estimates of loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million . The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present .
India
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report , India is the world 's second-most populous country . Its population grew by 17.64 % during 2001 -- 2011 , compared to 21.54 % growth in the previous decade ( 1991 -- 2001 ) . The human sex ratio , according to the 2011 census , is 940 females per 1,000 males . The median age was 27.6 as of 2016 . The first post-colonial census , conducted in 1951 , counted 361.1 million people . Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the `` Green Revolution '' have caused India 's population to grow rapidly . India continues to face several public health - related challenges .
Swadeshi movement
The official reason given for the decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million ( about a quarter of the population of British India ) had become too big to be administered .
Partition of India
The remaining 3.3 million ( 22.6 % of the displaced persons ) were in the east : 2.6 million moved from East Pakistan to India and 0.7 million moved from India to East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) ; thus net migration in the east was 1.9 million into India .
Partition of India
The migration of Hindus from East Pakistan to India continued unabated after partition . The 1951 census in India recorded that 2.523 million refugees arrived from East Pakistan , of which 2.061 million migrated to West Bengal while the rest migrated to Assam , Tripura and other states . These refugees arrived in waves and did not come solely at partition . By 1973 their number reached over 6 million . The following data displays the major waves of refugees from East Pakistan and the incidents which precipitated the migrations .
Partition of India
The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude , and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border . Estimates of the number of deaths vary , with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000 . Virtually no Muslim survived in East Punjab ( except in Malerkotla ) and virtually no Hindu or Sikh survived in West Punjab .
Partition of India
In the aftermath of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , 3,500 Muslim families migrated from the Indian part of the Thar Desert to the Pakistani section of the Thar Desert . 400 families were settled in Nagar after the 1965 war and an additional 3000 settled in the Chachro taluka in Sind province of West Pakistan . The government of Pakistan provided each family with 12 acres of land . According to government records this land totalled 42,000 acres .
Partition of India
Both sides promised each other that they would try to restore women abducted and raped during the riots . The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted , and the Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted during riots . By 1949 , there were governmental claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan . By 1954 , there were 20,728 Muslim women recovered from India and 9,032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan . Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to go back to India , fearing that they would never be accepted by their family , a fear mirrored by Muslim women .
Partition of India
Tens of thousands of Muslims were driven to refugee camps regardless of their political affiliations and numerous historic sites in Delhi such as the Purana Qila , Idgah and Nizamuddin were transformed into refugee camps . At the culmination of the tensions in Delhi 330,000 Muslims were forced to flee the city to Pakistan . The 1951 Census registered a drop of the Muslim population in the city from 33.22 % in 1941 to 5.33 % in 1951 .
History of India
During Company rule in India and the British Raj , famines in India , often attributed to El Niño and failed policies of British colonial government , were some of the worst ever recorded , including the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died , the Great Bengal famine of 1770 where up to 10 million people died , the Indian famine of 1899 -- 1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died , and the Bengal famine of 1943 where up to 3.8 million people died . The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India . Despite persistent diseases and famines , the population of the Indian subcontinent , which stood at up to 200 million in 1750 , had reached 389 million by 1941 .
Poverty in India
Year Total Population ( millions ) 50 % lived on ( ₹ / year ) 95 % lived on ( ₹ / year ) 1956 - 57 359 180 443 1961 - 62 445 204 498 1967 - 68 514 222 512
Partition of India
In 1959 , the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) published a report stating that from 1951 to 1956 , a total of 650,000 Muslims from India relocated to West Pakistan . However , Visaria ( 1969 ) raised doubts about the authenticity of the claims about Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan , since the 1961 Census of Pakistan did not corroborate these figures . However , the 1961 Census of Pakistan did incorporate a statement suggesting that there had been a migration of 800,000 people from India to Pakistan throughout the previous decade . Of those who had left for Pakistan , most never came back .
Economy of India
The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 .
Karachi
At the end of the 19th century , Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000 . By the dawn of Pakistan 's independence in 1947 , the city had an estimated population of 400,000 . The city 's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India . Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia .
Partition of India
In the wake of unprecedented violent attacks unleashed against them in 1947 , 100,000 Muslim Meos from Alwar and Bharatpur was forced to flee their homes and an estimated 30,000 Meos are said to have been massacred . On 17 November , a column of 80,000 Meo refugees went on their way to Pakistan . However , 10,000 stopped travelling due to the risk of trying to reach and settle in Pakistan .
Poverty in India
The Asian Development Bank estimates India 's population to be at 1.28 billion with an average growth rate , from 2010 - 2015 , at 1.3 % . In 2014 , 49.9 % of the population aged 15 years and above were employed . However , there are still 21.9 % of the population who live below the national poverty line . The World Poverty Clock shows real - time poverty trends in India , which are based on the latest data , of the World Bank , among others .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 490,000 km ( 189,000 mi ) and a population of nearly 78.5 million . It comprised West Bengal with a Hindu majority and East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority . It included the Hindi - speaking regions of Bihar , the Odia - speaking regions of Odisha as well as the Assamese - speaking region of Assam , making it a huge administrative entity . Moreover , the capital , Calcutta , was also the capital of the entire British India . With the growing efforts of the Indian freedom fighters to secure the independence of India , Lord Curzon decided to address both these problems by partitioning Bengal into two entities , which would result in a Muslim - majority in the eastern half , and a Hindu - majority in the western half . This he hoped would reduce the administrative pressures .
Partition of India
About 11.2 million ( 77.4 % of the displaced persons ) were in the west , with the Punjab accounting for most of it : 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan , and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India ; thus the net migration in the west from India to West Pakistan ( now Pakistan ) was 1.8 million .
Famine
`` Population growth worsened the plight of the peasantry . As a result of peace and improved sanitation and health , the Indian population rose from perhaps 100 million in 1700 to 300 million by 1920 . While encouraging agricultural productivity , the British also provided economic incentives to have more children to help in the fields . Although a similar population increase occurred in Europe at the same time , the growing numbers could be absorbed by industrialization or emigration to the Americas and Australia . India enjoyed neither an industrial revolution nor an increase in food growing . Moreover , Indian landlords had a stake in the cash crop system and discouraged innovation . As a result , population numbers far outstripped the amount of available food and land , creating dire poverty and widespread hunger . '' -- - Craig A. Lockard , Societies , Networks , and Transitions
Partition of India
Migration from other regions of India were as follows : Bihar , West Bengal and Orissa , 700,300 or 9.8 % ; UP and Delhi 464,200 or 2.4 % ; Gujarat and Bombay , 160,400 or 2.2 % ; Bhopal and Hyderabad 95,200 or 1.2 % ; and Madras and Mysore 18,000 or 0.2 % .
Partition of India
The 1951 census in Pakistan recorded 671,000 refugees in East Pakistan , the majority of which came from West Bengal . The rest were from Bihar . According to the ILO in the period 1951 -- 1956 , half a million Indian Muslims migrated to East Pakistan . By 1961 the numbers reached 850,000 . In the aftermath of the riots in Ranchi and Jamshedpur , Biharis continued to migrate to East Pakistan well into the late sixties and added up to around a million . Crude estimates suggest that about 1.5 million Muslims migrated from West Bengal and Bihar to East Bengal in the two decades after partition .
Poverty in India
As per the methodology of the Suresh Tendulkar Committee report , the population below the poverty line in India in 2009 - 2010 was 354 million ( 29.6 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 269 million ( 21.9 % of the population ) . The Rangarajan Committee said in 2014 that the population below the poverty line in 2009 - 2010 was 454 million ( 38.2 % of the population ) and that in 2011 - 2012 was 363 million ( 29.5 % of the population ) . Deutsche Bank Research estimated that there are nearly 300 million people who are middle class . If former trends continue , India 's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 % in 2016 to 8.5 % by 2020 . In 2015 , around 170 million people , or 12.4 % , lived in poverty ( defined as $1.90 ( Rs 123.5 ) ) , a reduction from 29.8 % in 2009 .
Caste system in India
The population then comprised about 200 million people , across five major religions , and over 500,000 agrarian villages , each with a population between 100 and 1,000 people of various age groups , which were variously divided into numerous castes . This ideological scheme was theoretically composed of around 3,000 castes , which in turn was claimed to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups .
The Emergency (India)
According to Amnesty International , 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi 's Emergency . Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 40,000 of them came from India 's two percent Sikh minority .
Partition of India
On 6 December 1947 , communal violence broke out in Ajmer in India , precipitated by an argument between Sindhi Hindu refugees and local Muslims in the Dargah Bazaar . Violence in Ajmer again broke out in the middle of December with stabbings , looting and arson resulting in mostly Muslim casualties . Many Muslims fled across the Thar Desert to Sindh in Pakistan . This sparked further anti-Hindu riots in Hyderabad , Sindh . On 6 January anti-Hindu riots broke out in Karachi , leading to an estimate of 1100 casualties . 776,000 Sindhi Hindus fled to India . The arrival of Sindhi Hindu refugees in North Gujarat 's town of Godhra sparked the March 1948 riots there which led to an emigration of Muslims from Godhra to Pakistan .
Partition of India
However thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Punjab poured into the city . This created an atmosphere of upheavals as anti-Muslim pogroms rocked the historical stronghold of Indo - Islamic culture and politics . Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru estimated 1000 casualties in the city . However other sources claimed that the casualty rate had been 20 times higher . Gyanendra Pandey 's more recent account of the Delhi violence puts the figure of Muslim casualties in Delhi as being between 20,000 -- 25,000 .
Poverty in India
From late 19th century through early 20th century , under British colonial rule , poverty in India intensified , peaking in the 1920s . Famines and diseases killed millions each time . After India gained its independence in 1947 , mass deaths from famines were prevented . Rapid economic growth since 1991 , has led to sharp reductions in extreme poverties in India . However , those above poverty line live a fragile economic life .
Education in India
The number of literate women among the female population of India was between 2 -- 6 % from the British Raj onwards to the formation of the Republic of India in 1947 . Concerted efforts led to improvement from 15.3 % in 1961 to 28.5 % in 1981 . By 2001 literacy for women had exceeded 50 % of the overall female population , though these statistics were still very low compared to world standards and even male literacy within India . Recently the Indian government has launched Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy . This mission aims to bring down female illiteracy by half of its present level .
Poverty in India
These poverty alleviation goals were theoretical , with administrative powers resident in the British Empire . Poverty ravaged India . In 1943 , for example , despite rising agricultural output in undivided South Asia , the Bengal famine killed millions of Indians from starvation , disease and destitution . Destitution was so intense in Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , Jharkhand and Orissa , that entire families and villages were `` wiped out '' of existence . Village artisans , along with sustenance farming families , died from lack of food , malnutrition and a wave of diseases . The 1943 famine was not an isolated tragedy . Devastating famines impoverished India every 5 to 8 years in late 19th century and the first half of 20th century . Between 6.1 and 10.3 million people starved to death in British India during the 1876 - 1879 famine , while another 6.1 to 8.4 million people died during 1896 - 1898 famine . The Lancet reported 19 million died from starvation and consequences of extreme poverty in British India , between 1896 and 1900 . Sir MacDonnell observed the suffering and poverty in 1900 , and noted , `` people died like flies '' in Bombay .
Labour in India
About 7 per cent of the 400 million - strong workforce were employed in the formal sector ( comprising government and corporates ) in 2000 contributing 60 per cent of the nominal GDP of the nation . The Trade Unions Act 1926 provided recognition and protection for a nascent Indian labour union movement . The number of unions grew considerably after independence , but most unions are small and usually active in only one firm .