vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Lakes region
The prospects of fur monopolies and discovery of a fabled Northwest Passage to Asia generated sporadic but intense competition among the three most powerful northwest Europe imperial nations to control the territory . A century and a half of naval and land wars among France , The Netherlands and Britain resulted finally in British control of the region , from the Ohio River to the Arctic , and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi . Beyond the region , North American claims remained disputed among Britain , France , Spain and Russia .
Hudson River
During the eighteenth century , the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving , the first internationally acclaimed American author . In the nineteenth century , the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting , an American pastoral style , as well as the concepts of environmentalism and wilderness . The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal , which , when completed in 1825 , became an important transportation artery for the early - 19th - century United States .
Michigan
The Ojibwe were established in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula and northern and central Michigan , and also inhabited Ontario , northern Wisconsin , southern Manitoba , and northern and north - central Minnesota . The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern , western and southern Michigan , but also in southern Ontario , northern Ohio and eastern Wisconsin , while the Potawatomi were in southern and western Michigan , in addition to northern and central Indiana , northern Illinois , southern Wisconsin and southern Ontario . Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan , in the south and east , were the Mascouten , the Menominee , the Miami , the Sac ( or Sauk ) , and the Fox , and the non-Algonquian Wyandot , who are better known by their French name , the Huron .
Yosemite National Park
The 1,189 sq mi ( 3,080 km ) park is roughly the size of the U.S. state of Rhode Island and contains thousands of lakes and ponds , 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) of streams , 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) of hiking trails , and 350 miles ( 560 km ) of roads . Two federally designated Wild and Scenic Rivers , the Merced and the Tuolumne , begin within Yosemite 's borders and flow westward through the Sierra foothills , into the Central Valley of California . On average , about 4 million people visit the park each year , with most visitor use concentrated in the seven - square - mile ( 18 km ) area of Yosemite Valley .
Michigan
The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west . The Porcupine Mountains , which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world , rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan . The surface on either side of this range is rugged . The state 's highest point , in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette , is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet ( 603 m ) . The peninsula is as large as Connecticut , Delaware , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants . They are sometimes called `` Yoopers '' ( from `` U.P.'ers '' ) , and their speech ( the `` Yooper dialect '' ) has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century . The
Colonial history of the United States
New France was the vast area centered on the Saint Lawrence river , Great Lakes , Mississippi River and other major tributary rivers that was explored and claimed by France starting in the early 17th century . It was composed of several colonies : Acadia , Canada , Newfoundland , Louisiana , Île - Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) , and Île Saint Jean ( present - day Prince Edward Island ) . These colonies came under British or Spanish control after the French and Indian War , though France briefly re-acquired a portion of Louisiana in 1800 . The United States would gain much of New France in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , and the U.S. would acquire another portion of French territory with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The remainder of New France became part of Canada , with the exception of the French island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon .
War of 1812
The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role .
Great Lakes
Pleasure boats can also enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York . The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie ( at Buffalo , New York ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario ( at Oswego , New York ) .
Great Lakes region
Britain , fearing that fast American settlement could lead to annexation of its western provinces , countered with The Constitution Act of 1791 , granting limited self - government to Canadian provinces , and creating two new provinces out of Canada : Lower Canada ( today 's Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( Ontario ) .
Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
The Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers flow very close to each other in the northwestern corner of Middle Tennessee and Western Kentucky , separated by a rather narrow and mostly low ridge . The area of land that separates the two bodies of water by only a few miles became known as `` Between the Rivers '' since at least the 1830s or 1840s . After the Cumberland River was impounded in the 1960s and a canal was constructed between the two lakes , Land Between the Lakes became the largest inland peninsula in the United States . Downstream from this area , the courses of the two rivers diverge again , with the mouth of the Cumberland emptying into the Ohio River approximately 4 mi ( 7 km ) from that of the Tennessee .
Great Salt Lake
Record high water levels in the 1980s caused a large amount of property damage for owners on the eastern side of the Great Salt Lake , and the water started to erode the base of Interstate Highway 80 . In response , the State of Utah built the West Desert Pumping Project on the western side of the lake . This project consists of a pumping station at Hogup Ridge , containing three pumps with a combined capacity of moving 1,500,000 US gallons per minute ( 95 m / s ) ; an inlet canal ; and an outlet canal . Also , there are 25 miles ( 40 km ) of dikes and a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) access road between the town of Lakeside and the pumping station .
Nile
The Nile leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile .
Great Lakes
The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man - made alterations and canals . The St. Marys River , including the Soo Locks , connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron . The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron ( which are hydrologically one ) . The St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair . The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie . The Niagara River , including Niagara Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Welland Canal , bypassing the Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . The Saint Lawrence River and the Saint Lawrence Seaway connect Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , which connects to the Atlantic Ocean .
Algonquian peoples
The French and later English encountered the Maliseet of present - day Maine , Quebec and New Brunswick ; the Abenaki of Quebec , Vermont and New Hampshire ; the Mi'kmaq band governments of the Maritime provinces lived primarily on fishing . Further north are the Betsiamite , Atikamekw , Anishinaabe and Montagnais / Naskapi ( Innu ) . The Beothuk people of Newfoundland are also believed to have been Algonquian , but their last known speaker died in the early 19th century . Few records of their language or culture remain .
Great Lakes
During settlement , the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight . Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825 . By 1848 , with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago , direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes . With these two canals an all - inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans .
Mississippi River
The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) .
Rocky Mountains
After 1802 , American fur traders and explorers ushered in the first widespread Caucasian presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel . The more famous of these include Americans William Henry Ashley , Jim Bridger , Kit Carson , John Colter , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Andrew Henry , and Jedediah Smith . On July 24 , 1832 , Benjamin Bonneville led the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using South Pass in the present State of Wyoming . Similarly , in the wake of Mackenzie 's 1793 expedition , fur trading posts were established west of the Northern Rockies in a region of the northern Interior Plateau of British Columbia which came to be known as New Caledonia , beginning with Fort McLeod ( today 's community of McLeod Lake ) and Fort Fraser , but ultimately focused on Stuart Lake Post ( today 's Fort St. James ) .
Ottawa
Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal . The older part of the city ( including what remains of Bytown ) is known as Lower Town , and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers . Across the canal to the west lies Centretown and Downtown Ottawa , which is the city 's financial and commercial hub and home to the Parliament of Canada and numerous federal government department headquarters , notably the Privy Council Office . On 29 June 2007 , the Rideau Canal , which stretches 202 km ( 126 mi ) to Kingston , Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area , was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Lake Michigan
Sports fishing includes salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout and walleye being major catches . In the late 1960s , successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan 's charter fishing industry .
Lake Michigan
With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century , Lake Michigan became part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities , such as Green Bay , on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries .
Mississippi River
Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present , blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , Illinois , diverting it to its present channel farther to the west , the current western border of Illinois . The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin , Illinois . South of Hennepin , to Alton , Illinois , the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage . View
Alaska
Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere . Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America ; about 500 miles ( 800 km ) of British Columbia ( Canada ) separates Alaska from Washington . It is technically part of the continental U.S. , but is sometimes not included in colloquial use ; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S. , often called `` the Lower 48 '' . The capital city , Juneau , is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system .
History of Pennsylvania
The western portions of Pennsylvania were among disputed territory between the colonial British and French during the French and Indian War ( the North American component of the Seven Years ' War ) . The French had established numerous fortified sites in Pennsylvania , including Fort Le Boeuf , Fort Presque Isle , Fort Machault , and the pivotal Fort Duquesne , located near the present site of Pittsburgh . Many Indian tribes were allied with the French because of their long trading history and opposition to the expansion of the British colonies . The conflict began near the present site of Uniontown , Pennsylvania when a company of Virginia militia under the command of George Washington ambushed a French force at the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 . Washington retreated to Fort Necessity and surrendered to a larger French force at the Battle of Fort Necessity . In 1755 , the British sent Braddock Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne , but the expedition ended in failure after the British lost the Battle of the Monongahela near present - day Braddock , Pennsylvania . In 1758 , the British sent the Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne . The French won the Battle of Fort Duquesne , but after the battle the outnumbered French force demolished Fort Duquesne and retreated from the area . Fighting in North America had mostly come to an end by 1760 , but the war continued until the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . Britain 's victory in the war helped secure Pennsylvania 's frontier , as the Ohio Country came under formal British control . Although New France was no more , the French would deal their British rivals a major blow in the American Revolution by aiding the rebel cause .
Lake District
Only one of the lakes in the Lake District is called by that name , Bassenthwaite Lake . All the others such as Windermere , Coniston Water , Ullswater and Buttermere are meres , tarns and waters , with mere being the least common and water being the most common . The major lakes and reservoirs in the National Park are given below .
Ojibwe
The Ojibwe people set the agenda with European - Canadian leaders by signing detailed treaties before they allowed many European settlers into their western areas . In 1745 , they adopted guns from the British to defeat the Dakota people in the Lake Superior area , pushing them to the south and west .
Territorial evolution of the United States
The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan . The federal description then said it should go east from there , whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay , essentially the western tip of Lake Erie . The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state 's borders , combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography , as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended , would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip . November 3 , 1803 The border between Tennessee and Virginia was resurveyed and established , ending the dispute over that part of the border . The border between Kentucky and Tennessee , despite following the original survey , remained vaguely defined .
River Mersey
The wooded suburban stretch of the river from above Howley Weir to Woolston is also used for recreational and competitive rowing , operated from the Warrington Rowing Club .
Lake District
The Northern Fells are a clearly defined range of hills contained within a 13 km ( 8 mi ) diameter circle between Keswick in the south west and Caldbeck in the north east . They culminate in the 931 m ( 3,054 ft ) peak of Skiddaw . Other notable peaks are Blencathra ( also known as Saddleback ) ( 868 m ( 2,848 ft ) ) and Carrock Fell . Bassenthwaite Lake occupies the valley between this massif and the North Western Fells . North
Alaska
Southwest Alaska is a sparsely inhabited region stretching some 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland from the Bering Sea . Most of the population lives along the coast . Kodiak Island is also located in Southwest . The massive Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta , one of the largest river deltas in the world , is here . Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are considered part of Southwest , with the remaining portions included with the Aleutian Islands ( see below ) . North
Lake Kariba
Lake Kariba is the world 's largest man - made lake and reservoir by volume . It lies 1300 kilometres upstream from the Indian Ocean , along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . Lake Kariba was filled between 1958 and 1963 following the completion of the Kariba Dam at its northeastern end , flooding the Kariba Gorge on the Zambezi River .
Nile
The Nile has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum .
Yosemite National Park
In 1903 , a dam in the northern portion of the park was proposed . Located in the Hetch Hetchy Valley , its purpose was to provide water and hydroelectric power to San Francisco . Muir and the Sierra Club opposed the project , while others , including Gifford Pinchot , supported it . In 1913 , the U.S. Congress authorized the O'Shaughnessy Dam through passage of the Raker Act . O'Shaughnessy
Great Salt Lake
While the lake was well known by local Native Americans , it entered written history through the records of Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , who learned of its existence from the Timpanogos Utes in 1776 . No name was given to it at the time , and it was not shown on the map by Bernardo Miera y Pacheco , the cartographer for the expedition . In 1824 , it was observed , apparently independently , by Jim Bridger and Etienne Provost . Shortly thereafter other trappers saw it and walked around it .
Great Salt Lake
The high salinity in parts of the lake makes them uninhabitable for all but a few species , including brine shrimp , brine flies , and several forms of algae . The brine flies have an estimated population of over one hundred billion and serve as the main source of food for many of the birds which migrate to the lake . However , the fresh - and salt - water wetlands along the eastern and northern edges of the Great Salt Lake provide critical habitat for millions of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in western North America . These marshes account for approximately 75 % of the wetlands in Utah . Some of the birds that depend on these marshes include : Wilson 's phalarope , red - necked phalarope , American avocet , black - necked stilt , marbled godwit , snowy plover , western sandpiper , long - billed dowitcher , tundra swan , American white pelican , white - faced ibis , California gull , eared grebe , peregrine falcon , bald eagle , plus large populations of various ducks and geese .
Ojibwe
) Slate Falls First Nation Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians ( Historical ) Pikangikum First Nation Poplar Hill First Nation Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Saulteaux First Nation Shawanaga First Nation Southeast Tribal Council Berens River First Nation Bloodvein First Nation Brokenhead First Nation Buffalo Point First Nation ( Saulteaux ) Hollow Water First Nation Black River First Nation Little Grand Rapids First Nation Pauingassi First Nation ( Saulteaux ) Poplar River First Nation Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Wabaseemoong Independent Nation Wabauskang First Nation Wabun Tribal Council Beaverhouse First Nation Brunswick House First Nation Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation Matachewan First Nation Mattagami First Nation Wahgoshig First Nation Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation Wahnapitae First Nation Walpole Island First Nation Washagamis Bay First Nation Whitefish Bay First Nation Whitefish Lake First Nation Whitefish River First Nation Whitesand First Nation Whitewater Lake First Nation Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation
Ojibwe
Nation Lac La Croix First Nation Lac Seul First Nation Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe Bad River Chippewa Band Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Keweenaw Bay Indian Community L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Sokaogon Chippewa Community St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians Magnetawan First Nation Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux Fond du Lac Band of Lake
St. Johns River
The Ocklawaha River flows north and joins the St. Johns as the largest tributary , and one of significant historical importance . The Ocklawaha ( also printed as Oklawaha ) drainage basin expands through Orange , Lake , Marion , and Alachua Counties , comprising a total of 2,769 square miles ( 7,170 km ) . Ocala , Gainesville , and the northern suburbs of the Orlando metropolitan area are included in this basin . There are two headwaters for the Ocklawaha : a chain of lakes , the largest of which is Lake Apopka in Lake County , and the Green Swamp near Haines City in Polk County , drained by the Palatlakaha River . The Silver River , fed by one of Florida 's most productive springs expelling 54,000,000 US gallons ( 200,000,000 L ) daily , is located about midway along the 96 - mile ( 154 km ) Ocklawaha .