vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Comparison of American football and rugby league
American football has one further method of scoring which does not exist in rugby league . If a ball carrier is tackled in their own endzone ( in - goal area ) with the ball or steps out the back of the end zone with the ball , this results in a safety which scores 2 points for the opposing team . In rugby league this does not result in any points but causes the team in possession to kick the ball back to the opposition from under the posts .
American Sign Language
American Sign Language is growing in popularity among many states . Many people in high school and colleges desire to take it as a foreign language , but until recently , it was not a creditable foreign language elective . The issue was that many did n't consider it a foreign language . ASL users , however , have a very distinct culture and way they interact when talking . Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are conveying . They also have their own sentence structure which sets the language apart .
Football
Rugby football Rugby union Mini rugby a variety for children . Rugby sevens and Rugby tens -- variants for teams of reduced size . Rugby sevens ; Fiji v Wales at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne Rugby league -- often referred to simply as `` league '' , and usually known simply as `` football '' or `` footy '' in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland . Rugby league sevens and Rugby league nines -- variant for teams of reduced size . Beach rugby -- rugby played on sand Touch rugby -- generic name for forms of rugby football which do not feature tackles , one variant has been formalised Tag Rugby -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Gridiron football American football -- called `` football '' in the United States and Canada , and `` gridiron '' in Australia and New Zealand . Nine - man football , eight - man football , six - man football -- variants played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full teams . Flag football -- non-contact variant in which a flag attached to a player is removed to indicate a tackle . Street football / backyard football -- played without equipment or official fields and with simplified rules Touch football -- non-tackle variants Canadian football -- called simply `` football '' in Canada ; `` football '' in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context . All of the variants listed for American football are also attested for Canadian football . Indoor football , arena football -- indoor variants See
Comparison of American football and rugby league
A similar concept in rugby league is the penalty goal . Following the award of the penalty , the attacking team may opt to kick for goal rather than advance the ball by hand or punting . This scores 2 points in league . The penalty goal is similar to a field goal in American football in that the ball is kicked from the ground and may be held by a teammate ( although almost never is ) , but it can not be charged down . The nearest equivalent in American football is the rarely used fair catch kick .
Women's association football
We think they are far more elegant than the traditional shorts and furthermore they are more comfortable because the shorts are made for men . It 's more about being elegant , not sexy . Female football is not so popular at the moment . In the Netherlands there 's an image that it 's more for men , but we hope that can change .
American football
On a kickoff , the ball is placed at the 35 - yard line of the kicking team in professional and college play and at the 40 - yard line in high school play . The ball may be drop - kicked or place - kicked . If a place kick is chosen , the ball can be placed on the ground or on a tee , and a holder may be used in either case . On a safety kick , the kicking team kicks the ball from their own 20 - yard line . They can punt , drop - kick or place - kick the ball , but a tee may not be used in professional play . Any member of the receiving team may catch or advance the ball , and the ball may be recovered by the kicking team once it has gone at least ten yards and has touched the ground or has been touched by any member of the receiving team .
Colombo
Rugby is also a popular sport at the club and school level . Colombo has its own local football team Colombo FC and the sport is being developed as a part of the FIFA Goal program .
American football
A PAT is most commonly attempted from the two - or three - yard line , depending on the level of play . If scored by a placekick or dropkick through the goal posts , it is worth one point , and is typically called the extra point . Conversely , a team may elect to run a single play from scrimmage and attempt , once again , to achieve what would normally be considered a touchdown . In such a case , a successful attempt is called the two - point conversion and is worth two points . For the 2015 season , the NFL adopted a rules on PATs that stated during an extra point the placekick must be hiked from the 15 - yard line and on extra points if the kick is blocked and the opposing team returns it into the end zone or if during a two - point conversion the ball is fumbled or intercepted and returned to the end zone the opposing team will score two points . No points are awarded on a failed extra point or two - point conversion attempt . In general , the extra point is almost always successful in professional play and is only slightly less successful at amateur levels , while the two - point conversion is a much riskier play with a higher probability of failure ; accordingly , extra point attempts are far more common than two - point conversion attempts .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards ( 110 m ) long by 53 ⁄ yards ( 48.8 metres ) wide . Near each end of the field is a goal line , which are 100 yards ( 91 m ) apart . A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards ( 9.1 m ) beyond each goal line . Yard lines cross the field every 5 yards ( 4.6 m ) , two rows of hash marks run parallel to the side lines near the middle of the field . At the back of each end zone , there are two goal posts that are 18.5 feet ( 5.6 m ) apart ( 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) in high school ) . The posts are connected by a crossbar 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) from the ground and may be in the shape of the letter ' H ' or the letter ' Y ' .
Football
At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed . Most of the delegates supported this , but F.M. Campbell , the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer , objected . He said : `` hacking is the true football '' . However , the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA . After the final meeting on 8 December , the FA published the `` Laws of Football '' , the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as Association Football . The term `` soccer '' , in use since the late 19th century , derives from an Oxford University abbreviation of `` Association '' .
National Football League on television
The television rights to the NFL are the most expensive rights of not only any American sport , but any American entertainment property . With the fragmentation of audiences due to the increased specialization of broadcast and cable TV networks , sports remain one of the few entertainment properties that not only can guarantee a large and diversified audience , but a live one .
Football
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games , some of which involved the use of the feet . The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as `` ἐπίσκυρος '' ( Episkyros ) or `` φαινίνδα '' ( phaininda ) , which is mentioned by a Greek playwright , Antiphanes ( 388 -- 311 BC ) and later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 AD ) . These games appear to have resembled rugby football . The Roman politician Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BC ) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber 's shop . Roman ball games already knew the air - filled ball , the follis . Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA .
American football rules
A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked , drop kicked , or free kicked after a fair catch or awarded fair catch ( High School or NFL only ) between the goal posts behind the opponent 's end zone . The most common type of kick used is the place kick . For a place kick , the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder , who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked . Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over . If a field goal is missed , the ball is returned to the original line of scrimmage ( in the NFL , to the spot of the kick ; in high school , to the 20 - yard line if the ball enters the end zone , or otherwise where the ball becomes dead after the kick ) or to the 20 - yard line if that is further from the goal line , and possession is given to the other team . If the ball does not go out of bounds , the other team may catch the kicked ball and attempt to advance it , but this is usually not advantageous . One official is positioned under each goalpost ; if either one rules the field goal no good , then the field goal is unsuccessful . A successful field goal is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head . A team that successfully kicks a field goal kicks off to the opposing team on the next play .
Football
Keepie uppie ( keep up ) -- the art of juggling with a football using the feet , knees , chest , shoulders , and head . Footbag -- several variations using a small bean bag or sand bag as a ball , the trade marked term hacky sack is sometimes used as a generic synonym . Freestyle football -- participants are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill . Based
American football rules
A free kick is a down which does not occur from scrimmage . The kicking team begins behind the ball , while the receiving team must remain at least 10 yards downfield before the ball is kicked .
Football
There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston , Nottinghamshire . This is the first description of a `` kicking game '' and the first description of dribbling : `` ( t ) he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot - ball game . It is one in which young men , in country sport , propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground , and that not with their hands but with their feet ... kicking in opposite directions '' The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football pitch , stating that : `` ( t ) he boundaries have been marked and the game had started .
Football
Over the years , Canada absorbed some of the developments in American football in an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby - oriented game . In 1903 , the Ontario Rugby Football Union adopted the Burnside rules , which implemented the line of scrimmage and down - and - distance system from American football , among others . Canadian football then implemented the legal forward pass in 1929 . American and Canadian football remain different codes , stemming from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side has not .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
A down ends , and the ball becomes dead , after any of the following :
Football
The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid - or late - 19th century . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls , lawn tennis , etc . The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world 's first lawnmower in 1830 . This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals , playing fields , pitches , grass courts , etc .
American football
The three types of scrimmage kicks are place kicks , drop kicks , and punts . Only place kicks and drop kicks can score points . The place kick is the standard method used to score points , because the pointy shape of the football makes it difficult to reliably drop kick . Once the ball has been kicked from a scrimmage kick , it can be advanced by the kicking team only if it is caught or recovered behind the line of scrimmage . If it is touched or recovered by the kicking team beyond this line , it becomes dead at the spot where it was touched . The kicking team is prohibited from interfering with the receiver 's opportunity to catch the ball , and the receiving team has the option of signaling for a fair catch . This prohibits the defense from blocking into or tackling the receiver , but the play ends as soon as the ball is caught and the ball may not be advanced .
American football
The football itself is an oval ball , similar to the balls used in rugby or Australian rules football . At all levels of play , the football is inflated to ​ 12 ⁄ to ​ 13 ⁄ pounds per square inch ( psi ) and weighs 14 to 15 ounces ( 397 to 425 grams ) ; beyond that , the exact dimensions vary slightly . In professional play the ball has a long axis of 11 to ​ 11 ⁄ inches , a long circumference of 28 to ​ 28 ⁄ inches , and a short circumference of 21 to ​ 21 ⁄ inches , while in college and high school play the ball has a long axis of ​ 10 ⁄ to ​ 11 ⁄ inches , a long circumference of ​ 27 ⁄ to ​ 28 ⁄ inches , and a short circumference of ​ 20 ⁄ to ​ 21 ⁄ inches .
American football rules
A free kick is also used to restart the game following a safety . The team that was trapped in its own end zone , therefore conceding two points to the other team , kicks the ball from its own 20 - yard line . This can be a place kick ( in the NFL , a tee can not be used ) , drop kick or punt .
Monday Night Football
Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics .
Football
In 1995 , rugby union became an `` open '' game , that is one which allowed professional players . Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared -- and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification -- the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future .
Football
`` a football '' , in the sense of a ball rather than a game , was first mentioned in 1486 . This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners ' Book of St Albans . It states : `` a certain rounde instrument to play with ... it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn ' pila pedalis ' , a fotebal . '' a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526 . women playing a form of football was first described in 1580 by Sir Philip Sidney in one of his poems : `` ( a ) tyme there is for all , my mother often sayes , When she , with skirts tuckt very hy , with girles at football playes . '' the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . In 1584 and 1602 respectively , John Norden and Richard Carew referred to `` goals '' in Cornish hurling . Carew described how goals were made : `` they pitch two bushes in the ground , some eight or ten foote asunder ; and directly against them , ten or twelue ( twelve ) score off , other twayne in like distance , which they terme their Goales '' . He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players . the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day 's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ( performed circa 1600 ; published 1659 ) : `` I 'll play a gole at camp - ball '' ( an extremely violent variety of football , which was popular in East Anglia ) . Similarly in a poem in 1613 , Michael Drayton refers to `` when the Ball to throw , And drive it to the Gole , in squadrons forth they goe '' .
Samoa
The main sports played in Samoa are rugby union , Samoan cricket and netball . Rugby union is the national football code of Samoa . In Samoan villages , volleyball is also popular .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In both codes , if the ball is caught by an opposition player this results in an interception and possession changes hands .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
Meanwhile , in England a schism developed in rugby football between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby . In 1895 , this resulted in the formation of a break - away sport , rugby league , which permitted player payments . At first , the two rugby codes differed only in how they were administered ; over time , their playing rules diverged to the point that they are now distinctly different forms of football .
Football
Australia 's association football governing body changed its name in 2005 from using `` soccer '' to `` football '' New Zealand 's governing body renamed itself in 2007 , saying `` the international game is called football . '' Samoa changed from `` Samoa Football ( Soccer ) Federation '' to `` Football Federation Samoa '' in 2009 .
Football
King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word `` football '' , in 1409 , when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for `` foteball '' .
Football
The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football . These included free kicks , corner kicks , handball , throw - ins and the crossbar . By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England . At this time a series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877 .
Football (ball)
The Australasian National Rugby League and European Super League use balls made by Steeden . Steeden is also sometimes used in Australia as a noun to describe the ball itself .
Football
In the 16th century , the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as `` calcio storico '' ( `` historic kickball '' ) in the Piazza Santa Croce . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football . For example , calcio players could punch , shoulder charge , and kick opponents . Blows below the belt were allowed . The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise . In 1580 , Count Giovanni de ' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra ' l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino . This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game . The game was not played after January 1739 ( until it was revived in May 1930 ) .
Michigan
Collegiate sports in Michigan are popular in addition to professional sports . The state 's two largest athletic programs are the Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans , which play in the NCAA Big Ten Conference . Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor , home to the Michigan Wolverines football team , is the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the second - largest stadium worldwide behind Rungrado May Day Stadium in Pyongyang , North Korea .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
In American football , players are allowed to ' block ' players without the ball , within certain restrictions . This is not permitted in rugby league and would be considered ' obstruction ' . Players not in possession of the ball may not interfere with each other .
American football
There are two main ways that the offense can advance the ball : running and passing . In a typical play , the quarterback calls the play , and the center passes the ball backwards and under their legs to the quarterback in a process known as the snap . The quarterback then either hands the ball off to a back , throws the ball or runs with it . The play ends when the player with the ball is tackled or goes out of bounds , or a pass hits the ground without a player having caught it . A forward pass can only be legally attempted if the passer is behind the line of scrimmage . In the NFL , a down also ends if the runner 's helmet comes off .
Comparison of American football and rugby league
By running with the ball , also known as rushing . One ball - carrier can hand the ball to another ; this is known as a handoff . By passing the ball forwards to a teammate . This can only be performed once on a down , and can not be attempted after the ball crosses the line of scrimmage . The illegal forward pass rule has changed several times , with the current NFL rule being that the passer 's entire person must be beyond the line of scrimmage for a forward pass to be illegal . The passer ( most often the quarterback but not always so ) can therefore straddle the line of scrimmage , or even be mostly beyond it , but still legally pass the ball , regardless of where the ball is in relation to the line of scrimmage .
American football
Football games are played on a rectangular field that measures 120 yards ( 110 m ) long and 53.33 yards ( 48.76 m ) wide . Lines marked along the ends and sides of the field are known respectively as the end lines and sidelines , and goal lines are marked 10 yards ( 9.1 m ) inward from each end line . Weighted pylons are placed on the inside corner of the intersections of the goal lines and end lines .
12th man (football)
The presence of fans can have a profound impact on how the teams perform , an element in the home advantage . Namely , the home team fans would like to see their team win the game . Thus these fans will often create loud sounds or chant in hopes of distracting , demoralizing and confusing the opposing team while they have possession of the ball ; or to persuade a referee to make a favorable decision . Noises are made by shouting , whistling , stomping and various other techniques . In American football , the sideline is sometimes also referred to as the `` 12th man '' or `` 12th defender '' : since a player is considered down when he steps out of bounds , the sideline effectively acts as an extra defender . This usage is less common than the one referring to the fans .
Football
The hockey game bandy has rules partly based on the association football rules and is sometimes nicknamed as ' winter football ' .
Football helmet
The football helmet is a piece of protective equipment used mainly in American football and Canadian football . It consists of a hard plastic shell with thick padding on the inside , a face mask made of one or more plastic - coated metal bars , and a chinstrap . Each position has a different type of face mask to balance protection and visibility , and some players add polycarbonate visors to their helmets , which are used to protect their eyes from glare and impacts . Helmets are a requirement at all levels of organized football , except for non-tackle variations such as flag football . Although they are protective , players can and do still suffer head injuries such as concussions .
American football
In Colombia the FECOFA ( Colombian Federation of American Football ) was created . Recently it formalized a strategic alliance with FLAG FOOTBALL COLOMBIA to join efforts and work together looking for the growth and development of American football in all its modalities .
Football
Apart from Rugby football , the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school 's playing fields . However , many of them are still played at the schools which created them ( see Surviving UK school games below ) .