vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Matterhorn
As far as I know , at the moment of the accident no one was actually moving . I can not speak with certainty , neither can the Taugwalders , because the two leading men were partially hidden from our sight by an intervening mass of rock . Poor Croz had laid aside his axe , and in order to give Mr. Hadow greater security was absolutely taking hold of his legs and putting his feet , one by one , into their proper positions . From the movements of their shoulders it is my belief that Croz , having done as I have said , was in the act of turning round to go down a step or two himself ; at this moment Mr. Hadow slipped , fell on him , and knocked him over .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
A serious diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain arose late in 1861 . The Union Navy intercepted a British mail ship , the Trent , on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys en route to Europe . The incident aroused public outrage in Britain ; the government of Lord Palmerston protested vehemently , while the American public cheered . Lincoln ended the crisis , known as the Trent Affair , by releasing the two diplomats , who had been seized illegally .
Battle of Long Island
It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed . I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom , where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed . The army was then lying in the field in front of the house ... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom . General Howe wore a camlet cloak over his regimentals . After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar , which was given him , he entered into familiar conversation with my father , and among other things said , `` I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass . '' My father replied , `` We belong to the other side , General , and ca n't serve you against our duty . '' General Howe replied , `` That is alright ; stick to your country , or stick to your principles , but Howard , you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill . '' My father made some further objection , but was silenced by the general , who said , `` You have no alternative . If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head . A
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . ''
Industrial Revolution
In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration .
Restoration (England)
It was into this atmosphere that Monck , the governor of Scotland under the Cromwells , marched south with his army from Scotland . Lambert 's army began to desert him , and he returned to London almost alone . Monck marched to London unopposed . The Presbyterian members , excluded in Pride 's Purge of 1648 , were recalled , and on 24 December the army restored the Long Parliament . Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before Parliament to answer for his conduct . On 3 March 1660 , Lambert was sent to the Tower of London , from which he escaped a month later . He tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the `` Good Old Cause '' to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill , but he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby , a participant in the regicide of Charles I who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime . Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody on Guernsey in 1694 ; Ingoldsby was indeed pardoned .
Constitution of the United Kingdom
The prime minister and all other Ministers normally serve concurrently as members of the House of Commons or House of Lords , and are obliged by collective responsibility to cast their Parliamentary votes for the Government 's position , regardless of their personal feelings or the interests of their constituents . The prime minister is normally a member of the House of Commons . The last prime minister to be a member of the House of Lords was Alec Douglas - Home ; however , he resigned from the Lords and became a member of the Commons shortly after his appointment as prime minister in 1963 ( for about two weeks he served as prime minister despite belonging to neither House ) . The last prime minister to serve a full administration from the House of Lords was Robert Cecil , 3rd Marquess of Salisbury , who served until 1902 .
Spanish Armada
In retaliation , Philip planned an expedition to invade England in order to overthrow Elizabeth and reinstate Catholicism . Through this , it would end the English material support for the United Provinces -- the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule -- and cut off English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements in the New World . The King was supported by Pope Sixtus V , who treated the invasion as a crusade , with the promise of a subsidy should the Armada make land .
Anthony Eden
In November 1928 , with Austen Chamberlain away on a voyage to recover his health , Eden had to speak for the government in a debate on a recent Anglo - French naval agreement , replying to Ramsay MacDonald ( then Leader of the Opposition ) . According to Austen Chamberlain , he would have been promoted to his first ministerial job , Under - Secretary at the Foreign Office , if the Conservatives had won the 1929 election .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
Cabinet Office files released in 2013 show that on or before 5 December 1936 , the Home Secretary , Sir John Simon , had ordered the General Post Office ( which controlled British telephone services ) to intercept `` telephone communications between Fort Belvedere and Buckingham Palace on the one hand and the continent of Europe on the other '' .
English Civil War
With the help of the Scots , Parliament won at Marston Moor ( 2 July 1644 ) , gaining York and the north of England . Cromwell 's conduct in this battle proved decisive , and demonstrated his potential as both a political and an important military leader . The defeat at the Battle of Lostwithiel in Cornwall , however , marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south - west of England . Subsequent fighting around Newbury ( 27 October 1644 ) , though tactically indecisive , strategically gave another check to Parliament .
Atlantic slave trade
On 27 November 2006 , British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain 's role in the African slavery trade . However African rights activists denounced it as `` empty rhetoric '' that failed to address the issue properly . They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort . Blair again apologized on March 14 , 2007 .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In 1697 , William formed a homogeneous Whig ministry . Known as the Junto , this government is often cited as the first true Cabinet because its members were all Whigs , reflecting the majority composition of the Commons .
Westminster system
A president , monarch , or governor - general might possess clearly significant reserve powers . Examples of the use of such powers include the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 and the Canadian King - Byng Affair in 1926 . The Lascelles Principles were an attempt to create a convention to cover similar situations , but have not been tested in practice . Because of differences in their written constitutions , the formal powers of monarchs , governors - general , and presidents vary greatly from one country to another . However , as sovereigns and governors - general are not elected , and some presidents may not be directly elected by the people , they are often shielded from any public disapproval stemming from unilateral or controversial use of their powers .
English Civil War
Ordinary people took advantage of the dislocation of civil society during the 1640s to derive advantages for themselves . The contemporary guild democracy movement won its greatest successes among London 's transport workers , notably the Thames watermen . Rural communities seized timber and other resources on the sequestrated estates of royalists and Catholics , and on the estates of the royal family and the church hierarchy . Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates . The old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the First Civil War in 1646 , and more especially after the restoration of monarchy in 1660 . But some gains were long - term . The democratic element introduced in the watermen 's company in 1642 , for example , survived , with vicissitudes , until 1827 .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne .
English Civil War
In the summer of 1642 these national troubles helped to polarise opinion , ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take . Opposition to Charles also arose owing to many local grievances . For example , the imposition of drainage schemes in The Fens negatively affected the livelihood of thousands of people after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts . Many regarded the King as indifferent to public welfare , and this played a role in bringing a large part of eastern England into the Parliamentarian camp . This sentiment brought with it people such as the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell , each a notable wartime adversary of the King . Conversely , one of the leading drainage contractors , the Earl of Lindsey , was to die fighting for the King at the Battle of Edgehill .
Clan Munro
In June 1745 , a month after the battle of Fontenoy , Sir Robert Munro , 6th Baronet of Foulis was `` rewarded '' by an appointment to succeed General Ponsonby as Colonel of the English 37th Regiment of Foot . When the Jacobite Rising broke out , his friends in the Highlands hoped for his presence among them . One wrote that it would have been `` the greatest service to His Majesty and the common cause '' , but it was not to be . The Munros supported the British government during the Jacobite uprisings .
War of 1812
Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London .
Whigs (British political party)
Whigs Leader ( s ) Robert Walpole William Pitt the Elder George Grenville Charles James Fox Charles Grey William Lamb John Russell Henry J. Temple Founded 1678 ( 1678 ) Dissolved 6 June 1859 ( 1859 - 06 - 06 ) Preceded by Roundheads Merged into Liberal Party Ideology Anti-Catholicism Classical liberalism Constitutional monarchy Laissez - faire Radicalism Rule of law Separation of powers Religion Protestantism ( Catholic emancipation ) Colours Blue Buff Politics of United Kingdom Political parties Elections
Battle of Towton
Although Henry was at large in Scotland with his son , the battle put an end ( for the time being ) to disputes over the country 's state of leadership since the Act of Accord . The English people were assured that there was now one true king -- Edward . He turned his attention to consolidating his rule over the country , winning over the people and putting down the rebellions raised by the few remaining Lancastrian diehards . He knighted several of his supporters and elevated several of his gentry supporters to the peerage ; Fauconberg was made the Earl of Kent . Warwick benefited from Edward 's rule after the battle . He received parts of Northumberland 's and Clifford 's holdings , and was made `` the king 's lieutenant in the North and admiral of England . '' Sir David ap Mathew ( Sir David Mathew ) of Llandaff ( 1400 -- 1484 ) , a loyal Yorkist and Seneschal , was named Grand Standard Bearer of England , and is credited with saving the life of Edward IV in the battle ; as a result , he was granted the right to use ' Towton ' on the Mathew family arms .
Cornwallis in India
After serving for several years as the Master of the Ordnance , he was asked by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to serve as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland as well as its Commander - in - Chief after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 broke out . While the rebellion was mostly put down before his arrival , he oversaw the mopping up of the remaining pockets of rebellion and successfully defeated a French invasion intended to foment further rebellious activity . He then worked to secure the passage by the Irish Parliament of the 1800 Act of Union , which joined the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . He resigned his posts when the king refused to support Catholic emancipation , which he viewed as a key element for securing an enduring peace in Ireland .
Indentured servitude
Indentured servitude was also used by various English and British governments as a punishment for defeated foes in rebellions and civil wars . Oliver Cromwell sent into enforced indentured service thousands of prisoners captured in the 1648 Battle of Preston and the 1651 Battle of Worcester . King James II acted similarly after the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 , and use of such measures continued also in the 18th Century .
Anthony Eden
In July 1962 Eden made front - page news by commenting that `` Mr Selwyn Lloyd has been horribly treated '' when the latter was dismissed as Chancellor in the reshuffle known as the `` Night of the Long Knives '' . In August 1962 , at a dinner party , he had a `` slanging match '' with Nigel Birch , who as Secretary of State for Air had not wholeheartedly supported the Suez Invasion . In 1963 Eden initially favoured Hailsham for the Conservative leadership but then supported Home as a compromise candidate .
Trent Affair
Public reaction in the United States was to celebrate the capture and rally against Britain , threatening war . In the Confederate States , the hope was that the incident would lead to a permanent rupture in Anglo - American relations and possibly even war or at least diplomatic recognition by Britain . Confederates realized their independence potentially depended on intervention by Britain and France . In Britain , the public disapproved of this violation of neutral rights and insult to their national honor . The British government demanded an apology and the release of the prisoners , and took steps to strengthen its military forces in Canada and the Atlantic .
Arthur Phillip
Phillip insisted that no retaliation be taken to avenge his own non-fatal spearing . Convict John MacIntyre had been fatally speared during a hunting expedition by unknown aborigines apparently without provocation . MacIntyre swore on his death bed that he had done them no harm , but marine officer Watkin Tench was suspicious of the claim . Tench was sent on a punitive expedition but finding no Aborigines other than Bennelong took no action .
Anthony Eden
In 1944 Eden went to Moscow to negotiate with the Soviet Union at the Tolstoy Conference . Eden also opposed the Morgenthau Plan to deindustrialise Germany . After the Stalag Luft III murders , he vowed in the House of Commons to bring the perpetrators of the crime to `` exemplary justice '' , leading to a successful manhunt after the war by the Royal Air Force Special Investigation Branch .
Trent Affair
Wikisource has original text related to this article : British proclamation of neutrality in the American Civil War
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
The Confederacy , such as President Jefferson Davis , believed from the beginning in `` King Cotton '' : British dependence on cotton for its large textile industry would lead to diplomatic recognition and mediation or military intervention . The Confederates had not sent out agents ahead of time to ascertain if the King Cotton policy would be effective . Instead , by popular demand , not government action , shipments of cotton to Europe were ended in spring 1861 . When the Confederate diplomats arrived , they tried to convince British leaders that the US naval blockade was an illegal paper blockade . Historian Charles Hubbard writes :
War of the Austrian Succession
The French scheme to invade Britain was arranged in combination with the Jacobite leaders , and soldiers were to be transported from Dunkirk . In February 1744 , a French fleet of twenty sail of the line entered the English Channel under Jacques Aymar , comte de Roquefeuil , before the British force under Admiral John Norris was ready to oppose him . But the French force was ill - equipped , the admiral was nervous , his mind dwelt on all the misfortunes which might possibly happen , and the weather was bad . De Roquefeuil came up almost as far as The Downs , where he learnt that Sir John Norris was at hand with twenty - five sail of the line , and thereupon precipitately retreated . The military expedition prepared at Dunkirk to cross under cover of De Roquefeuil 's fleet naturally did not start . The utter weakness of the French at sea , due to long neglect of the fleet and the bankrupt state of the treasury , was shown during the Jacobite rising of 1745 , when France made no attempt to profit by the distress of the British government .
History of the United Kingdom
Historically , the aristocracy was divided between Conservatives and Liberals . However , when Gladstone committed to home rule for Ireland , Britain 's upper classes largely abandoned the Liberal party , giving the Conservatives a large permanent majority in the House of Lords . High Society in London , following the Queen , largely ostracized home rulers , and Liberal clubs were badly split . Joseph Chamberlain took a major element of upper - class supporters out of the Party and into a third party called `` Liberal Unionism '' that collaborated with and eventually merged into the Conservative party . The Gladstonian liberals in 1891 adopted The Newcastle Programme that included home rule for Ireland , disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales and Scotland , tighter controls on the sale of liquor , major extension of factory regulation , and various democratic political reforms . The Programme had a strong appeal to the Nonconformist middle - class Liberal element , which felt liberated by the departure of the aristocracy . Queen
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Benjamin Disraeli and William Ewart Gladstone developed this new role further by projecting `` images '' of themselves to the public . Known by their nicknames `` Dizzy '' and the `` Grand Old Man '' , their colourful , sometimes bitter , personal and political rivalry over the issues of their time -- Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism , expansion of the franchise , labour reform , and Irish Home Rule -- spanned almost twenty years until Disraeli 's death in 1881 . Documented by the penny press , photographs and political cartoons , their rivalry linked specific personalities with the Premiership in the public mind and further enhanced its status . Gladstone
Trent Affair
Palmerston , who believed he had received a verbal agreement from Adams that British vessels would not be interfered with , reportedly began the emergency cabinet meeting by throwing his hat on the table and declaring , `` I do n't know whether you are going to stand this , but I 'll be damned if I do . '' The Law Officers ' report was read and confirmed that Wilkes actions were :
United Kingdom
In the early 19th century , the British - led Industrial Revolution began to transform the country . Gradually political power shifted away from the old Tory and Whig landowning classes towards the new industrialists . An alliance of merchants and industrialists with the Whigs would lead to a new party , the Liberals , with an ideology of free trade and laissez - faire . In 1832 Parliament passed the Great Reform Act , which began the transfer of political power from the aristocracy to the middle classes . In the countryside , enclosure of the land was driving small farmers out . Towns and cities began to swell with a new urban working class . Few ordinary workers had the vote , and they created their own organisations in the form of trade unions .