vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vermont
In 2015 , Vermont was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 42nd best state in which to do business . It was 32nd in 2007 , and 30th in 2006 . In 2008 an economist said that the state had `` a really stagnant economy , which is what we are forecasting for Vermont for the next 30 years . '' In May 2010 Vermont 's 6.2 % unemployment rate was the fourth lowest in the nation . This rate reflects the second sharpest decline among the 50 states since the prior May .
North Carolina
North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities , from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains . North Carolina offers fall colors , freshwater and saltwater fishing , hunting , birdwatching , agritourism , ATV trails , ballooning , rock climbing , biking , hiking , skiing , boating and sailing , camping , canoeing , caving ( spelunking ) , gardens , and arboretums . North Carolina has theme parks , aquariums , museums , historic sites , lighthouses , elegant theaters , concert halls , and fine dining .
Catawba River
In April 2008 the environmental group American Rivers named the Catawba - Wateree River `` the most endangered river in America . '' Reasons cited for the river 's condition are the drought , the presence of 11 hydroelectric dams , global warming , and unchecked development along its banks .
Rocky Mountains
Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied and abundant . Minerals found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , silver , tungsten , and zinc . The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal , natural gas , oil shale , and petroleum . For example , the Climax mine , located near Leadville , Colorado , was the largest producer of molybdenum in the world . Molybdenum is used in heat - resistant steel in such things as cars and planes . The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers . The Coeur d'Alene mine of northern Idaho produces silver , lead , and zinc . Canada 's largest coal mines are near Fernie , British Columbia and Sparwood , British Columbia ; additional coal mines exist near Hinton , Alberta , and in the Northern Rockies surrounding Tumbler Ridge , British Columbia .
Snake River
Much of the return flows do not issue directly back into the Snake River , but rather feed the Snake River Aquifer underneath the Snake River Plain . Water diverted from the river for irrigation , after absorbing any surface pollutants , re-enters the ground and feeds the aquifer . Although the aquifer has maintained its level , it has become increasingly laced with contaminants . Water in the aquifer eventually travels to the west side of the Snake River Plain and re-enters the river as springs . Throughout much of the Snake River Plain and Hells Canyon , excessive sediment is also a recurring problem . In December 2007 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) issued a permit requiring owners of fish farms along the Snake River to reduce their phosphorus discharge by 40 % . Pollutant levels in Hells Canyon upstream of the Salmon River confluence , including that of water temperature , dissolved nutrients , and sediment , are required to meet certain levels .
River Mersey
Salmon have returned to the river and have been seen jumping at Woolston and Howley Weirs between September and November . Salmon parr and smolt have been caught in the Mersey 's tributaries , the River Goyt and the River Bollin . Atlantic grey seals from Liverpool Bay occasionally venture into the estuary along with bottlenose dolphin and harbour porpoise . Otter pawprints have been observed near Fiddlers Ferry . Other fish in the estuary include Cod , Whiting , Dab , Plaice and Flounder . Dogfish , Mackerel and Tope feed on Shrimp and Whitebait in the estuary . For ducks , the estuary is important to Shelducks and Teal . Waders include Redshank , Black - tailed godwit , Dunlin , Pintail and Turnstone .
River Mersey
In 2009 it was announced that the river is `` cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution '' and is `` now considered one of the cleanest ( rivers ) in the UK '' .
Indus River
The Indus River ( also called the Sindhū ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia . Originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar , the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , towards Gilgit - Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges , and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan .
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The royal forests continued to diminish in size and decline in economic importance in the years after the Black Death . Royal enforcement of forest rights and laws became harder after 1348 and certainly after 1381 , and by the 15th century the royal forests were a `` shadow of their former selves '' in size and economic significance . In contrast , the English fishing industry continued to grow , and by the 15th century domestic merchants and financiers owned fleets of up to a hundred fishing vessels operating from key ports . Herring remained a key fishing catch , although as demand for herring declined with rising prosperity , the fleets began to focus instead on cod and other deep - sea fish from the Icelandic waters . Despite being critical to the fishing industry , salt production in England diminished in the 15th century due to competition from French producers . The use of expensive freshwater fish ponds on estates began to decline during this period , as more of the gentry and nobility opted to purchase freshwater fish from commercial river fisheries .
Alaska
In northern Southeast Alaska , the White Pass and Yukon Route also partly runs through the state from Skagway northwards into Canada ( British Columbia and Yukon Territory ) , crossing the border at White Pass Summit . This line is now mainly used by tourists , often arriving by cruise liner at Skagway . It was featured in the 1983 BBC television series Great Little Railways .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The lumber industry continued to grow throughout the latter half of the 19th century , with progressively larger spring drives and consequent dangers to navigation on the river above Stillwater . Logs were frequently caught in log jams at the narrow Dalles of the St. Croix River , and in 1883 the blockade was so severe it took almost two months before the flow of logs was re-established . At its peak in 1890 , logging in the St. Croix River valley produced 450,000,000 board feet ( 1,100,000 m ) of lumber and logs . The lumber industry continued until the last major log drive in 1912 marked the end of the rich white pine forests of the area .
Henry Hudson
The gulf or bay discovered by Hudson is twice the size of the Baltic Sea , and its many large estuaries afford access to otherwise landlocked parts of Western Canada and the Arctic . This allowed the Hudson 's Bay Company to exploit a lucrative fur trade along its shores for more than two centuries , growing powerful enough to influence the history and present international boundaries of Western North America . Hudson Strait became the entrance to the Arctic for all ships engaged in the historic search for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic side ( though modern voyages take more northerly routes ) .
History of rail transport in the United States
With its extensive river system the United States supported a large array of horse - drawn or mule - drawn barges on canals and paddle wheel steamboats on rivers that competed with railroads after 1815 until the 1870s . The canals and steamboats lost out because of the dramatic increases in efficiency and speed of the railroads , which could go almost anywhere year round . The railroads were faster and went to many places a canal would be impractical or too expensive to build or a natural river never went . Railroads also had better scheduling since they often could go year round , more or less ignoring the weather . Canals and river traffic were cheaper if you lived on or near a canal or river that was n't frozen over part of the year ; but only a few did . Long distance transport of goods by wagon to a canal or river was slow and expensive . A railroad to a city made it an inland `` port '' that often prospered or turned a town into a city .
Adams–Onís Treaty
The United States claimed essentially the same region on the basis of ( 1 ) the voyage of Robert Gray up the Columbia River in 1792 , ( 2 ) the United States Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 -- 1806 , and ( 3 ) the establishment of Fort Astoria on the Columbia River in 1811 . On 20 October 1818 , the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 was signed setting the border between British North America and the United States east of the Continental Divide along the 49th parallel north and calling for joint Anglo - American occupancy west of the Great Divide . The Anglo - American Convention ignored the Nootka Convention of 1794 which gave Spain joint rights in the region . The Convention also ignored Russian settlements in the region . The United States referred to this region as the Oregon Country , while the United Kingdom referred to the region as the Columbia District .
River Welland
The River Welland is a lowland river in the east of England , some 65 miles ( 105 km ) long . It drains part of the Midlands eastwards to The Wash . The river rises in the Hothorpe Hills , at Sibbertoft in Northamptonshire , then flows generally northeast to Market Harborough , Stamford and Spalding , to reach The Wash near Fosdyke . It is a major waterway across the part of the Fens called South Holland , and is one of the Fenland rivers which were laid out with washlands . There are two channels between widely spaced embankments with the intention that flood waters would have space in which to spread while the tide in the estuary prevented free egress . However , after the floods of 1947 , new works such as the Coronation Channel were constructed to control flooding in Spalding and the washes are no longer used solely as pasture , but may be used for arable farming .
Indus River
Palla fish Tenualosa ilisha of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river . The population of fish in the river is moderately high , with Sukkur , Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres -- all in the lower Sindh course . But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity . Located southeast of Karachi , the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world 's most important ecological regions . Here the river turns into many marshes , streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels . Here marine fishes are found in abundance , including pomfret and prawns .
United States
In 1774 , the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez , entered and anchored in an inlet of Nootka Sound , Vancouver Island , in present - day British Columbia . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska , the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest .
Rocky Mountains
Much of the mountain range is protected by public parks and forest lands and is a popular tourist destination , especially for hiking , camping , mountaineering , fishing , hunting , mountain biking , skiing , and snowboarding .
Lake District
In recent years , some important changes have been made to fisheries byelaws covering the north west region of England , to help protect some of the rarest fish species . In 2002 , the Environment Agency introduced a new fisheries byelaw , banning the use of all freshwater fish as live or dead bait in 14 of the lakes in the Lake District . Anglers not complying with the new byelaw can face fines of up to £ 2,500 . There are 14 lakes in the Lake District which are affected . These are : Bassenthwaite Lake , Brothers Water , Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Derwent Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Red Tarn , Thirlmere , Ullswater , Wast Water and Windermere .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Cod , supplemented by herring and lobster , was the economic mainstay until the late 20th century . Around 1900 the average annual export of dried cod - fish over a term of years was about 120,000,000 kilograms , with a value five and six million dollars . The cod were caught on the shores of the island , along the Labrador coast and especially on `` the Banks . '' These Banks stretch for about 300 m. in a south - east direction towards the centre of the North Atlantic ; depths range from 15 to 80 fathoms ( 25 -- 150 meters ) . In 1901 , 28 % of the labor force were engaged in the catching and curing of fish , compared to 31 % in 1857 . They used 1550 small boats , with a tonnage of 54,500 . The cod were taken by the hook - and - line , the seine , the cod - net or gill - net , the cod - trap and the bultow ; Brazil and Spain were the largest customers . Whales
Delaware River
The Clean Water Act explains the importance of low pollution for human and species health . One of the sectors in the Clean Water Act explains how conditions of the river should be stable enough for human fishing and swimming . Even though the river has had success with the cleanup of pollution , the Delaware River still does not meet that standard of swimmable or fishable conditions in the Philadelphia / Chester region .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing . Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish ; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes . Throughout history , fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments . According to the bi-national ( U.S. and Canadian ) resource book , The Great Lakes : An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book : `` The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes ( 66,000 long tons ; 74,000 short tons ) ( 147 million pounds ) . ''
Midwestern United States
Marquette and Jolliet soon realized that the Mississippi could not possibly be the Northwest Passage because it flowed south . Nevertheless , the journey continued . They recorded much of the wildlife they encountered . They turned around at the junction of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River and headed back .
Nile
The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The
Ojibwe
The Ojibwe live in groups ( otherwise known as `` bands '' ) . Most Ojibwe , except for the Great Plains bands , lived a sedentary lifestyle , engaging in fishing and hunting to supplement the women 's cultivation of numerous varieties of maize and squash , and the harvesting of manoomin ( wild rice ) . Their typical dwelling was the wiigiwaam ( wigwam ) , built either as a waginogaan ( domed - lodge ) or as a nasawa'ogaan ( pointed - lodge ) , made of birch bark , juniper bark and willow saplings . Vintage
Cross River gorilla
A more recent phenomenon of the commercialization of bushmeat hunting has caused a large impact on the population . The hunting seems to be more intense within the lowlands and may have contributed to the concentration of gorillas within the highlands and their small population sizes . Despite laws preventing hunting it still persists due to local consumption and trade to other countries . The laws are rarely effectively enforced and due to the nature of the Cross River gorillas state any hunting has a large impact on the population and their survival . All hunting in the population is unsustainable .
Brown bear
One other key relationship occurs between brown bears and Oncorhynchus species occurs with the grizzly bear and the cutthroat trout ( O. clarki ) in the Rockies such as around Yellowstone . Here this species was consumed in considerable numbers although , like the whitebark pine nut , this food source has declined due to invasive species introduced by man , i.e. invasive trout which are outcompeting cutthroat trout . The now extinct California grizzly bear was also a fairly specialized Onocorhynchus predator in California 's mountain streams and rivers , principally of rainbow trout ( O. mykiss ) . Outside of Pacific - based salmonids , predatory relationships between brown bears and fish are uncommon . Predation on broad whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ) and longnose suckers ( Catostomus catostomus ) has been reported in sub-Arctic Canada and northern pike ( Esox lucius ) and grayling ( Thymallus thymallus ) in Siberia , plus other older records of brown bears hunting miscellaneous freshwater fish in Eurasia .
Bald eagle
With regulations in place and DDT banned , the eagle population rebounded . The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada , particularly near large bodies of water . In the early 1980s , the estimated total population was 100,000 individuals , with 110,000 -- 115,000 by 1992 ; the U.S. state with the largest resident population is Alaska , with about 40,000 -- 50,000 , with the next highest population the Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000 -- 30,000 in 1992 . Obtaining a precise count of bald eagles population is extremely difficult . The most recent data submitted by individual states was in 2006 , when 9789 breeding pairs were reported . For some time , the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states was in Florida , where over a thousand pairs have held on while populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use . Today , the contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota with an estimated 1,312 pairs , surpassing Florida 's most recent count of 1,166 pairs . 23 , or nearly half , of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100 breeding pairs of bald eagles . In Washington State , there were only 105 occupied nests in 1980 . That number increased by about 30 per year , so that by 2005 there were 840 occupied nests . 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nests . Further population increases in Washington may be limited by the availability of late winter food , particularly salmon .
Snake River
Aside from aquatic species , much of the Snake River watershed supports larger animals including numerous species of mammals , birds , amphibians , and reptiles . Especially in the headwaters and the other mountainous areas strewn throughout the watershed , the gray wolf , grizzly bear , wolverine , mountain lion and Canada lynx are common . It has been determined that there are 97 species of mammals in the upper part of the Snake River , upstream from the Henrys Fork confluence . Pronghorn and bighorn sheep are common in the area drained by the `` lost streams of Idaho '' , several rivers and large creeks that flow south from the Rocky Mountains and disappear into the Snake River Aquifer . About 274 bird species , some endangered or threatened , use the Snake River watershed , including bald eagle , peregrine falcon , whooping crane , greater sage - grouse , and yellow - billed cuckoo . Barrow 's goldeneye are a species of bird that occurs commonly along the lower section of the Snake River . In
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The river has been home to people for thousands of years . A bison kill site in May Township , Washington County , Minnesota is believed to be about 4,000 years old . An Oneota village from about 1200 A.D. has been studied by archaeologists .
George Washington Bridge
For traffic from further away , such as traffic between New England ( and points north / east ) and Pennsylvania ( and points south / west ) , Interstate 84 , which crosses the Hudson on the Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge , is often used as an alternative rather than either the GWB or the Tappan Zee Bridge , as it avoids the inner New York metropolitan area and is a less congested route .
Fur trade
The most profitable furs were those of sea otters , especially the northern sea otter , Enhydra lutris kenyoni , which inhabited the coastal waters between the Columbia River to the south and Cook Inlet to the north . The fur of the Californian southern sea otter , E. l. nereis , was less highly prized and thus less profitable . After the northern sea otter was hunted to local extinction , maritime fur traders shifted to California until the southern sea otter was likewise nearly extinct . The British and American maritime fur traders took their furs to the Chinese port of Guangzhou ( Canton ) , where they worked within the established Canton System . Furs from Russian America were mostly sold to China via the Mongolian trading town of Kyakhta , which had been opened to Russian trade by the 1727 Treaty of Kyakhta .
Grand Canyon
Jacob Hamblin , a Mormon missionary , was sent by Brigham Young in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon . Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers , he found the Crossing of the Fathers , and the locations what would become Lees Ferry in 1858 and Pearce Ferry ( later operated by , and named for , Harrison Pearce ) -- only the latter two sites suitable for ferry operation . He also acted as an advisor to John Wesley Powell before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon , serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party . William
Alaska
The Trans - Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels ( 330,000 m ) of crude oil per day , more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States . Additionally , substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska 's bituminous , sub-bituminous , and lignite coal basins . The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet ( 2,420 km ) of undiscovered , technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope . Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers . Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well . Alaska
Hudson River
The most discussed pollution of the Hudson River is General Electric 's contamination of the river with polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) between 1947 and 1977 . This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river or drank the water . In response to this contamination , activists protested in various ways . Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem . Environmental activism led to passage of the federal Clean Water Act as well as federal government designation of the river as a Superfund site . Other kinds of pollution , including mercury contamination and sewage dumping , have also caused problems .