vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Confederate States of America
The eleven states had produced $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860 , chiefly from local grist - mills , and lumber , processed tobacco , cotton goods and naval stores such as turpentine . The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore , Wheeling , Louisville and St. Louis , that were never under Confederate control . The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South . Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners , the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons . The soldiers suffered from reduced rations , lack of medicines , and the growing shortages of uniforms , shoes and boots . Shortages were much worse for civilians , and the prices of necessities steadily rose .
Confederate States of America
By 1860 , sectional disagreements between North and South relate primarily to the maintenance or expansion of slavery in the United States . Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that `` leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence '' . Although most white Southerners did not own slaves , the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited in indirect ways from the slave society . For struggling yeomen and subsistence farmers , the slave society provided a large class of people ranked lower in the social scale than they . Secondary differences related to issues of free speech , runaway slaves , expansion into Cuba , and states ' rights .
American Civil War
The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral .
Confederate States of America
The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth . Most were concentrated in `` black belt '' plantation areas ( because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves . ) For decades there had been widespread fear of slave revolts . During the war extra men were assigned to `` home guard '' patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection . Historian William Barney reports , `` no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War . '' Nevertheless , slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence , and when union forces were nearby , many ran off to join them .
Confederate States of America
The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war . Outside investment was essential , especially in railroads . One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery :
United States
With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America ( the `` South '' ) , while the federal government ( the `` Union '' ) maintained that secession was illegal . In order to bring about this secession , military action was initiated by the secessionists , and the Union responded in kind . The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . The South fought for the freedom to own slaves , while the Union at first simply fought to maintain the country as one united whole . Nevertheless , as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , the main purpose of the war from the Union 's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery . Indeed , when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865 , each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment , which prohibited slavery .
Turning point of the American Civil War
On September 3 , 1861 , Confederate General Leonidas Polk extended his defensive line north from Tennessee when Gideon Pillow occupied Columbus , Kentucky ( in response to Ulysses S. Grant 's occupation of Belmont , Missouri , directly across the Mississippi River ) . Polk followed this by moving through the Cumberland Gap and occupying parts of southeastern Kentucky . This violation of state neutrality enraged many of its citizens ; the state legislature , overriding the veto of the governor , requested assistance from the federal government . Kentucky was never again a safe area of operation for Confederate forces . Ironically , Polk 's actions were not directed by the Confederate government . Thus , almost by accident , the Confederacy was placed at an enormous strategic disadvantage . Indeed , the early Union successes in the Western Theater ( the locale of all their successful large - scale non-naval initiatives until 1864 ) can be directly tied to Polk 's blunder .
United States presidential election, 1860
Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials . The first came from trade with the enemy . `` Vast amounts of war supplies '' came through Kentucky , and thereafter , western armies were `` to a very considerable extent '' provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private traders . But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by Admiral Porter 's river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers north -- south and east -- west . Overseas blockade running then came to be of `` outstanding importance '' . On April 17 , President Davis called on privateer raiders , the `` militia of the sea '' , to make war on U.S. seaborne commerce . Despite noteworthy effort , over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship , materials and marine construction .
History of Arkansas
After General Benjamin Butler decided to treat slaves flocking to his Union lines as contraband of war , plantation owners began moving their slaves far away from Union armies . Some planters moved south to Brazil during the war , including Arkansans . Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1862 that stated if their master was fighting for the South ; a slave could gain freedom by crossing behind Union lines . Following the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam , the Emancipation Proclamation defined the impetus of further fighting to be slavery . This kept the United Kingdom out of the war , who were rumored to ready to help the Confederate cause but did not want to be viewed as promoting slavery . Many slaves sought freedom in the North , but arrived only to work on plantations for meager wages since cotton was still an important commodity .
Tariff
The American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) was fought over the issue of tariffs as well as slavery . The agrarian interests of the South were opposed to any protection , while the manufacturing interests of the North wanted to maintain it . The fledgling Republican Party led by Abraham Lincoln , who called himself a `` Henry Clay tariff Whig '' , strongly opposed free trade , and implemented a 44 - percent tariff during the Civil War -- in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort , and to protect favored industries In 1847 , he declared : `` Give us a protective tariff , and we shall have the greatest nation on earth '' .
Modern history
The American Civil War came when seven ( later eleven ) Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America ( the Confederacy ) . Led by Jefferson Davis , they fought against the U.S. federal government ( the Union ) under President Abraham Lincoln , which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states in the north .
Confederate States of America
The Confederacy adopted a tariff or tax on imports of 15 % , and imposed it on all imports from other countries , including the United States . The tariff mattered little ; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy 's ports , and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North . The Confederate government in its entire history collected only $3.5 million in tariff revenue . The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money , which led to high inflation . The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization , but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids .
Confederate States of America
During the campaign for president in 1860 , some secessionists threatened disunion should Lincoln ( who opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories ) be elected , most notably William L. Yancey . Yancey toured the North calling for secession as Stephen A. Douglas toured the South calling for union in the event of Lincoln 's election . To the Secessionists the Republican intent was clear : to contain slavery within its present bounds , and , eventually , to eliminate it entirely . A Lincoln victory presented them with a momentous choice ( as they saw it ) , even before his inauguration -- `` the Union without slavery , or slavery without the Union '' . Causes
Border states (American Civil War)
Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the Deep South , where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations . In contrast to the near - unanimity of voters in the seven cotton states in the lower South , which held the highest number of slaves , the border slave states were bitterly divided about secession and were not eager to leave the Union . Border Unionists hoped that a compromise would be reached , and they assumed that Lincoln would not send troops to attack the South . Border secessionists paid less attention to the slavery issue in 1861 , since their states ' economies were based more on trade with the North than on cotton . Their main concern in 1861 was federal coercion ; some residents viewed Lincoln 's call to arms as a repudiation of the American traditions of states ' rights , democracy , liberty , and a republican form of government . Secessionists insisted that Washington had usurped illegitimate powers in defiance of the Constitution , and thereby had lost its legitimacy . After Lincoln issued a call for troops , Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina promptly seceded and joined the Confederacy . A secession movement began in western Virginia , where most farmers were yeomen and not slaveholders , to break away and remain in the Union .
American Civil War
While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left
American Civil War
Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war largely to protect a southern society of which slavery was an integral part . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . In particular , southerners feared a repeat of `` the horrors of Santo Domingo '' , in which nearly all white people -- including men , women , children , and even many sympathetic to abolition -- were killed after the successful slave revolt in Haiti . Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase `` a disease in the public mind '' used by critics of this idea , and proposes it contributed to the segregation in the Jim Crow era following emancipation . These fears were exacerbated by the recent attempts of John Brown to instigate an armed slave rebellion in the South .
American Civil War
Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . ''
American Civil War
Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the `` slaveholding states '' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution .
Confederate States of America
The immediate catalyst for secession was the victory of the Republican Party and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in the 1860 elections . American Civil War historian James M. McPherson suggested that , for the Southerners , the most ominous feature of the Republican victories in the Congressional and Presidential elections of 1860 was the magnitude of those victories . Republicans captured over 60 percent of the Northern vote , and won three - fourths of its Congressional delegations . The Southern press said that such Republicans represented the anti-slavery portion of the North , `` a party founded on the single sentiment ... of hatred of African slavery '' , and now the controlling power in national affairs . The `` Black Republican party '' could overwhelm conservative Yankees . The New Orleans Delta said of the Republicans , `` It is in fact , essentially , a revolutionary party '' to overthrow slavery .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
The Confederate States came into existence when seven of the 15 slave states protested the election of Republican President Lincoln whose his party cleat committed to the containment of slavery geographically and the weakening of slaveowners ' political power . However , slavery was the cornerstone of the South 's plantation economy although it was repugnant to the moral sensibilities of most people in Britain , which had abolished slavery in its Empire in 1833 . Until the fall of 1862 , the immediate end of slavery was not an issue in the war ; in fact , some Union states ( Kentucky , Maryland , Missouri , Delaware , and what became West Virginia ) allowed slavery . In 1861 , Missouri had sought to extradite an escaped slave from Canada to face trial for a murder committed in his flight for which some in Britain falsely believed the punishment was to be burned alive .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter
American Civil War
Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 .
American Civil War
Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that :
American Civil War
Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America .
American Civil War
Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
War was unlikely in any event , as the United States was providing Britain with over 40 % of its wheat ( `` corn '' ) imports during the war years , and suspension would have caused severe disruption to its food supply . Britain imported about 25 - 30 % of its grain , and poor crops in 1861 and 1862 in France made Britain even more dependent on shiploads from New York City . Furthermore , British banks and financial institutions in the City of London had financed many projects such as railways in the US . There were fears that war would result in enormous financial losses as investments were lost and loans defaulted on .
American Civil War
The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 .
Territorial evolution of the United States
Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington . Disputes : March 28 , 1861 Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north . Disputes : April 12 , 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War . Disputes : April 17 , 1861 Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops to respond , Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st ( along the Eastern Shore ) , 7th ( near Washington , D.C. ) , and 10th , 11th , and 12th ( in the northwest of the state ) congressional districts maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : May 6 , 1861 Arkansas proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 7 , 1861 Virginia was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : May 16 , 1861 Kentucky declared itself neutral in the American Civil War . no change to map May 20 , 1861 Arkansas was admitted to the Confederate States . North Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 21 , 1861 North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States . The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect , which sources say took place on this date ; the only primary source found so far is a statement from Jefferson Davis on July 20 stating that the proclamation had been made . Disputes : June 6 , 1861 Robert Williamson Steele , governor of Jefferson Territory , declared the territory disbanded and handed over the government to the first governor of Colorado Territory . Unofficial change : June 8 , 1861 Tennessee proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 2nd , 3rd , and 4th congressional districts in the central part of the state maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : June 25 , 1861 The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling as the legitimate government of Virginia . July 2 , 1861 Tennessee was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : August 1 , 1861 Following Confederate victory in the First Battle of Mesilla , Arizona Territory was proclaimed as part of the Confederate States . Disputes : September 13 , 1861 Following the Confederate occupation of Columbus , Kentucky , on September 3 , 1861 , the state abandoned neutrality and aligned with the Union government .
Whiskey Rebellion
Historian Steven Boyd argued that the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion prompted anti-Federalist westerners to finally accept the Constitution and to seek change by voting for Republicans rather than resisting the government . Federalists , for their part , came to accept the public 's role in governance and no longer challenged the freedom of assembly and the right to petition .