vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of tennis
The Women 's Tennis Association , formed in 1973 , is the principal organizing body of women 's professional tennis , organizing the worldwide , professional WTA Tour . From 1984 -- 98 , the finals matches of the championship event were best - of - five , uniquely among women 's tournaments . In 1999 , the finals reverted to best - of - three . The WTA Tour Championships are generally considered to be the women 's fifth most prestigious event ( after the four Grand Slam tournaments . ) Sponsors have included Virginia Slims ( 1971 -- 78 ) , Avon ( 1979 -- 82 ) , Virginia Slims again ( 1983 -- 94 ) , J.P. Morgan Chase ( 1996 -- 2000 ) , Sanex ( 2001 ) Home Depot ( 2002 ) , and Sony Ericsson ( 2006 ) .
Williams sisters
After the initial controversy , neither Williams sister played the tournament in Indian Wells for 14 years . The Women 's Tennis Association currently classifies the Indian Wells tournament as a Premier Mandatory event for all eligible players . Exceptions are made when players engage in tournament promotions , but Venus and Serena both declined to promote the tournament ; WTA Tour CEO Larry Scott agreed he would not , promotionally , `` put them in a position that is going to be awkward , '' and tournament director Charlie Pasarell has stated he would accept the WTA tour 's ruling .
Women's association football
In June 2011 , Iran forfeited an Olympic qualification match in Jordan , after trying to take to the field in hijabs and full body suits . FIFA awarded a default 3 -- 0 win to Jordan , explaining that the Iranian kits were `` an infringement of the Laws of the Game '' , due to safety concerns . The decision provoked strong criticism from Mahmoud Ahmadinejad while Iranian officials alleged that the actions of the Bahraini match delegate had been politically motivated . In July 2012 , FIFA approved the wearing of hijab in future matches .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Two other matches commonly referred to as a `` battle of the sexes '' include a match held four months earlier in 1973 between Riggs and Margaret Court , over the best of three sets , and one in 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova , over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player , dubbed `` The Battle of Champions '' .
Mercy rule
In international baseball competition and the World Baseball Classic ( WBC ) , games are ended when one team is ahead by 10 runs , once at least seven completed innings are played by the trailing team . In women 's competition , the same applies after five innings of a seven - inning game .
Women's association football
Prior to the 1991 establishment of the FIFA Women 's World Cup , several unofficial world tournaments took place in the 1970s and 1980s , including the FIFA 's Women 's Invitation Tournament 1988 , which was hosted in China .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Another event dubbed a `` Battle of the Sexes '' took place during the 1998 Australian Open between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters . Venus and Serena Williams had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world 's top 200 , so Braasch , then ranked 203rd , challenged them both . Braasch was described by one journalist as `` a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager '' . The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park , after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two shandies . He first took on Serena and after leading 5 -- 0 , beat her 6 -- 1 . Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious , this time winning 6 -- 2 . Braasch said afterwards , `` 500 and above , no chance '' . He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game `` fun '' . Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier , and that men put spin on the ball that the women ca n't handle . The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350 .
Height in sports
Lindsay Davenport 1.89 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , Maria Sharapova 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) , Venus Williams 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , and Dinara Safina 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , are successful tall players on the women 's side .
Williams sisters
Both players have won four gold medals at the Summer Olympic Games , one each in singles and three in doubles -- all won together -- the most of any tennis players . Venus has also won a silver in mixed doubles at the 2016 Rio Olympics . As a duo , they have also completed the Career Golden Slam in doubles , twice . Between the two of them , they have completed the Boxed Set , winning all four grand slams in singles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . They won all of the mixed doubles titles in 1998 to go along with their titles in singles and women 's doubles .
Women's association football
Following the FA ban on women 's teams on 5 December 1921 , the English Ladies ' Football Association was formed . A silver cup was donated by the first president of the association , Len Bridgett . A total of 24 teams entered the first competition in the spring of 1922 . The winners were Stoke Ladies who beat Doncaster and Bentley Ladies 3 - 1 on 24 June 1922 .
Olympic Games
Women were first allowed to compete at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , but at the 1992 Summer Olympics 35 countries were still fielding all - male delegations . This number dropped rapidly over the following years . In 2000 , Bahrain sent two women competitors for the first time : Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli . In 2004 , Robina Muqimyar and Fariba Rezayee became the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics . In 2008 , the United Arab Emirates sent female athletes ( Maitha Al Maktoum competed in taekwondo , and Latifa Al Maktoum in equestrian ) to the Olympic Games for the first time . Both athletes were from Dubai 's ruling family .
Women's association football
In 1970 an Italian ladies football federation , known as Federazione Femminili Italiana Gioco Calcia or FFIGC , ran a `` World Championships '' tournament in Rome supported by the Martini and Rossi strong wine manufacturers , entirely without the involvement of FIFA or any of the common National associations . This event was at least partly played by clubs . But a somewhat more successful World Championships with national teams was hosted by Mexico the following year . The final ( won by Denmark ) was played at the famous Estadio Azteca , the largest arena in the entire Americas north of the Panama Canal at the time , in front of no less than 112.500 attenders .
FIFA World Cup
The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition .
Williams sisters
Note : Serena Williams did not play at the 2004 Olympics because of injury . Venus partnered with American Chanda Rubin and lost in the first - round to eventual gold - medalists Sun Tiantian and Li Ting .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
In tennis , `` Battle of the Sexes '' is a term that has been used to describe various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman ( or , in one case , a doubles match between two men and two women ) . Most famously , the term is used for a nationally televised match in 1973 , held at the Houston Astrodome , between 55 - year - old Bobby Riggs and 29 - year - old Billie Jean King , which King won in three sets . The match attracted massive attention and was viewed by an estimated 90 million people around the world . King 's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women 's tennis .
Curling
Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person .
Olympic Games
In 2008 , Ali Al - Ahmed , director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs , likewise called for Saudi Arabia to be barred from the Games , describing its ban on women athletes as a violation of the International Olympic Committee charter . He noted : `` For the last 15 years , many international nongovernmental organisations worldwide have been trying to lobby the IOC for better enforcement of its own laws banning gender discrimination ... While their efforts did result in increasing numbers of women Olympians , the IOC has been reluctant to take a strong position and threaten the discriminating countries with suspension or expulsion . '' In July 2010 , The Independent reported : `` Pressure is growing on the International Olympic Committee to kick out Saudi Arabia , who are likely to be the only major nation not to include women in their Olympic team for 2012 ... Should Saudi Arabia ... send a male - only team to London , we understand they will face protests from equal rights and women 's groups which threaten to disrupt the Games '' .
Jockey
During the 1850s amateur `` ladies only '' events held in Victoria , Australia , women were not permitted to ride as professional jockeys or on professional tracks .
Women's association football
In 1937 and 1938 , the Dick , Kerr 's Ladies F.C. played Edinburgh City Girls in the `` Championship of Great Britain and the World '' . Dick Kerr won the 1937 and 38 competitions with 5 - 1 score lines . The 1939 competition however was a more organised affair and the Edinburgh City Girls beat Dick Kerr in Edinburgh 5 - 2 . The City Girls followed this up with a 7 - 1 demolition of Glasgow Ladies Ladies in Falkirk to take the title .
Olympic Games
At the 2012 Olympic Games in London , Great Britain , for the first time in Olympic history , every country competing included female athletes . Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation ; Qatar , four ; and Brunei , one ( Maziah Mahusin , in the 400m hurdles ) . Qatar made one of its first female Olympians , Bahiya al - Hamad ( shooting ) , its flagbearer at the 2012 Games , and runner Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain became the first Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the 1500 m race .
List of Olympic female gymnasts for the United States
Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896 . American female gymnasts have participated in every Olympic Games since 1936 except for 1980 . A total of 83 female gymnasts have represented the United States . American women have won 48 medals at the Olympics -- 9 in team all - around , 8 in individual all - around , 4 in vault , 8 in uneven bars , 10 in balance beam , and 9 in floor exercise . The medals include 28 golds . The U.S. has medaled in the team all - around in every Summer Olympics since 1992 , winning golds in 1996 , 2012 , and 2016 .
Eating disorder
Elite athletes have a significantly higher rate in eating disorders . Female athletes in sports such as gymnastics , ballet , diving , etc. are found to be at the highest risk among all athletes . Women are more likely than men to acquire an eating disorder between the ages of 13 -- 30 . 0 -- 15 % of those with bulimia and anorexia are men . Cultural
Rules of netball
If the ball touches the ground outside the court boundaries , then a member of the team that was not the last to touch the ball before it went out is able to throw the ball back into the court to restart play .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
On May 27 , 1921 Bill Tilden and Suzanne Lenglen played a match at Saint Cloud , France . It was only a single set but Tilden prevailed 6 -- 0 . When later asked about the match , Lenglen said , `` Someone won 6 -- 0 , but I do n't recall who it was . ''
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Riggs had been one of the world 's top tennis players in the 1940s ; he was ranked year - end World No. 1 three times and had won six major titles during his career . After he retired from professional tennis in 1951 , Riggs remained a master promoter of himself and of tennis . In 1973 , he opined that the female game was inferior and that even at his current age of 55 he could still beat any of the top female players .
Mercy rule
Most state high school associations ( where games are seven innings ) use the IBAF Women 's rule after five innings have been played by the trailing team ; some associations further the rule by ending a game after either three or four innings if the lead is at least 15 runs . For softball , the rule is 12 after three innings and 10 after five . However , since the home team has the last at - bat , the rules usually allow visiting teams to score an unlimited number of runs in the top half of an inning . That can be prevented by invoking the rule only after the home team has completed its half of the inning .
Saudi Arabia
Obesity is a problem among middle and upper class Saudis who have domestic servants to do traditional work but , until 2018 , were forbidden to drive and so are limited in their ability to leave their home . As of April 2014 , Saudi authorities in the education ministry have been asked by the Shoura Council to consider lifting a state school ban on sports for girls with the proviso that any sports conform to Sharia rules on dress and gender segregation , according to the official SPA news agency .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King , but when she declined , Margaret Court stepped in . At the time , Court was 30 years old and in the midst of earning her seventh year - end ranking as World No. 1 female player in the world . On the day of their match on May 13 , 5,000 fans came to the Mother 's Day match in Ramona , California . Televised by CBS Sports , Riggs descended the stadium steps and presented Court with Mother 's Day flowers , which she accepted while curtsying . Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance . His quick victory ( 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 ) landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time .
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Tottenham 's women 's team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies . They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991 -- 92 season and played in the London and South East Women 's Regional Football League ( then fourth tier of the game ) . They won promotion after topping the league in 2007 -- 08 . In the 2016 -- 17 season they won the FA Women 's Premier League Southern Division and a subsequent playoff , gaining promotion to the FA Women 's Super League 2 .
Clay court
The most successful currently active female player on clay is Serena Williams , who won the French Open thrice , in 2002 , 2013 and 2015 . In 2013 , Williams went undefeated throughout the clay court season , winning five titles on the surface .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
In 2013 , Andy Murray responded to a Twitter user who asked whether he would consider challenging Serena Williams , saying , `` I 'd be up for it . Why not ? '' Williams also reacted positively to the suggestion , remarking `` That would be fun . I doubt I 'd win a point , but that would be fun . ''
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
October 26 , 1975 a Challenge of the Sexes event was held in Mission Viejo , CA televised on CBS . It involved male and female athletes from various sports , such as Laura Baugh and Jane Blalock vs. Hale Irwin and Doug Sanders in golf , and Jerry West vs. Karen Logan in basketball . The tennis event pitted future Wimbledon champion Virginia Wade vs. Björn Borg , and Nastase vs. Evonne Goolagong . A single set was played where the men were limited to one serve and the women had the added area of the alleys for shot placement . Borg , Wade , and Goolagong entered the court in standard attire and demeanor , while Nastase entered wearing a dress . With Martina Navratilova also in the packed audience , Borg defeated Wade 6 -- 3 , but Goolagong defeated Nastase 7 -- 5 .
Clay court
The definition of `` clay - court specialist '' has varied , with some placing players such as Thomas Muster , Gustavo Kuerten , and Juan Carlos Ferrero in that category , even though these players have won tournaments ( including Masters Series events ) on other surfaces . However , since these players won major titles only at the French Open , they are sometimes labeled as such . Other players , such as Sergi Bruguera , Albert Costa and Gastón Gaudio were French Open champions who won all or very nearly all of their career titles on clay . Among female players , there have been very few whose best results were confined exclusively to clay . Virginia Ruzici , Anastasia Myskina , Iva Majoli , Sue Barker , Ana Ivanovic , Francesca Schiavone , and Jelena Ostapenko are the only female players to have won major titles at only the French Open since the beginning of the open era .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Former NCAA champion Phil Neer played a two - set match against Helen Wills on January 28 , 1933 , in San Francisco . Neer had been ranked nationally as high as No. 20 and had occasionally played mixed doubles with Wills . Wills had won at Wimbledon the year prior . Though Neer was only 32 , Wills won the match 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 .
Mercy rule
In regular season or conference tournament NCAA and NAIA college baseball , the IBAF rule may be implemented . Most NCAA conferences limit the rule to the final day of a series , for travel reasons , or primarily during conference tournaments where four to five games are played in a day , in order to allow the next game to start . The rule is not allowed in NCAA tournament play ( regionals , super regionals and College World Series ) , in which all games must be at least nine innings .
History of women in the United States
One of the most famous feminist media events , aside from the 1968 Miss America protest , was the tennis match known as the `` Battle of the Sexes . '' In this match , on September 20 , 1973 , in Houston , Texas , women 's tennis champion Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , before a worldwide television audience estimated at almost 50 million . 55 - year - old former tennis champion Bobby Riggs had defeated Australian tennis player Margaret Court earlier that year , and he was an outspoken opponent of feminism , saying for example , `` If a woman wants to get in the headlines , she should have quintuplets , '' `` and calling himself a `` male chauvinist pig '' .
Apartheid
In 1971 , Vorster altered his policies even further by distinguishing multiracial from multinational sport . Multiracial sport , between teams with players of different races , remained outlawed ; multinational sport , however , was now acceptable : international sides would not be subject to South Africa 's racial stipulations .
History of tennis
Gladys Heldman , American publisher of World Tennis magazine , responded with a separate women 's tour under the sponsorship of Virginia Slims cigarettes . In 1971 and 1972 the WT Women 's Pro Tour offered nearly ten times the prize money of other pro women 's tennis events . The USLTA initially would not sanction the tour ; however , the two groups determined to give Virginia Slims the individual events , and the USLTA the tour , thus resolving the conflict . In 1973 , the U.S. Open made history by offering equal prize money to men and women . Billie Jean King , the most visible advocate for the women 's cause , earned over $100,000 in 1971 and 1972 .
Mexico City
Mexico City 's golf courses have hosted Women 's LPGA action , and two Men 's Golf World Cups . Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues .
Masters Tournament
On April 4 , 2018 , prior to the 2018 tournament , new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women 's amateur championship beginning in 2019 . The first two rounds will be held at the Champion 's Retreat club in Evans , Georgia , with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National ( the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament ) . Ridley stated that `` it was the right time for the women 's game . I thought for us to have the greatest impact on women 's golf that we needed to be committed to do it here at Augusta National , and I also wanted to be able to tell all of you about it today . '' Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour 's Dinah Shore major ( which has invited top amateur players to compete ) , Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan , and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women 's golf would be a `` win '' for the LPGA over time .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
King viewed the match as more than a publicity stunt , feeling that beating Riggs was important both for women 's tennis and for the women 's liberation movement as a whole . She said later , `` I thought it would set us back 50 years if I did n't win that match . It would ruin the women 's tour and affect all women 's self - esteem . '' She believed that she had a destiny to work for gender equality in sports .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
A few critics were less than impressed by King 's victory ; she was 26 years younger , and some experts claimed that it was more an age versus youth game . According to Jack Kramer , `` I do n't think Billie Jean played all that well . She hit a lot of short balls which Bobby could have taken advantage of had he been in shape . I would never take anything away from Billie Jean -- because she was smart enough to prepare herself properly -- but it might have been different if Riggs had n't kept running around . It was more than one woman who took care of Bobby Riggs in Houston . '' Before the match , however , King had forced the American television network ABC to drop Kramer as a commentator . King said , `` He does n't believe in women 's tennis . Why should he be part of this match ? He does n't believe in half of the match . I 'm not playing . Either he goes -- or I go . ''
Women's association football
In 2008 , FIFA instituted an under - 17 world championship . The inaugural event , held in New Zealand , was won by North Korea . The current champions at this level are North Korea , who won in Jordan in 2016 .
Women's empowerment
Strengthening women 's access to property inheritance and land rights is another method used to economically empower women . This would allow them better means of asset accumulation , capital , and bargaining power needed to address gender inequalities . Often , women in developing and underdeveloped nations are legally restricted from their land on the sole basis of gender . Having a right to their land gives women a sort of bargaining power that they would n't normally have ; in turn , they gain more opportunities for economic independence and formal financial institutions .
Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
On August 23 , 1985 , at age 67 , Riggs returned to the tennis spotlight when he partnered with Vitas Gerulaitis , at the time a top - 20 player , to launch another challenge to female players . He challenged Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver to a doubles match . Navratilova said that she accepted because she believed she and Pam had no weaknesses when playing doubles , and that they were going to ' do a Billie ' and win , especially given Riggs ' age . The match took place at The Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City , New Jersey . Riggs ' health had deteriorated somewhat from his last outing as he was now deaf in addition to his poor eyesight . Moreover , because Riggs was a finesse player and not a power player , the women expected that defeating him would be easier than a retired power player . Riggs ' return was short lived when the women won 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 .