vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Barn owl
Barn owls are not particularly territorial but have a home range inside which they forage . For males in Scotland this has a radius of about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from the nest site and an average size of about 300 hectares . Female home ranges largely coincide with that of their mates . Outside the breeding season , males and females usually roost separately , each one having about three favoured sites in which to conceal themselves by day , and which are also visited for short periods during the night . Roosting sites include holes in trees , fissures in cliffs , disused buildings , chimneys and haysheds and are often small in comparison to nesting sites . As the breeding season approaches , the birds move back to the vicinity of the chosen nest to roost . Being
Bird nest
Soil plays a different role in the burrow nest ; here , the eggs and young -- and in most cases the incubating parent bird -- are sheltered under the earth . Most burrow - nesting birds excavate their own burrows , but some use those excavated by other species and are known as secondary nesters ; burrowing owls , for example , sometimes use the burrows of prairie dogs , ground squirrels , badgers or tortoises , China 's endemic white - browed tits use the holes of ground - nesting rodents and common kingfishers occasionally nest in rabbit burrows . Burrow nests are particularly common among seabirds at high latitudes , as they provide protection against both cold temperatures and predators . Puffins , shearwaters , some megapodes , motmots , todies , most kingfishers , the crab plover , miners and leaftossers are among the species which use burrow nests .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
As a hippopotamus , Gloria is another animal in the Central Park Zoo and was one of the many attractions , drawing crowds that enjoyed seeing her swim about in her water tank . She would also receive the star treatment as one of the zoo 's main attractions and attend Marty 's birthday party . At this party , Marty announced his wish upon blowing out the candles on his cake : to go to the wild . Gloria , Alex and Melman tried to have Marty come to his senses by telling him life out in the wilds was savage and difficult , whereas life in the zoos was adequate . Marty was unhappy at hearing this , and Gloria told Alex to go to console Marty . Later that night , Marty acted out his wish and headed straight for the Terminal Station to take a train and go to Connecticut , where Marty heard wide open spaces were found . Gloria urged both Alex and Melman to come with her to find Marty and bring him back before any people would notice . They were found , regardless , along with Mason and Phil , the two chimps , and a troupe of secretive penguins , all ending up tranquilized with darts .
House sparrow
The house sparrow originated in the Middle East and spread , along with agriculture , to most of Eurasia and parts of North Africa . Since the mid-19th century , it has reached most of the world , chiefly due to deliberate introductions , but also through natural and shipborne dispersal . Its introduced range encompasses most of North America , Central America , southern South America , southern Africa , part of West Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and islands throughout the world . It has greatly extended its range in northern Eurasia since the 1850s , and continues to do so , as was shown by the colonisations around 1990 of Iceland and Rishiri Island , Japan . The extent of its range makes it the most widely distributed wild bird on the planet .
Wild turkey
Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer - hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures , fields , orchards and seasonal marshes . They seemingly can adapt to virtually any dense native plant community as long as coverage and openings are widely available . Open , mature forest with a variety of interspersion of tree species appear to be preferred . In the Northeast of North America , turkeys are most profuse in hardwood timber of oak - hickory ( Quercus - Carya ) and forests of red oak ( Quercus rubra ) , beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) , cherry ( Prunus serotina ) and white ash ( Fraxinus americana ) . Best ranges for turkeys in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont sections have an interspersion of clearings , farms , and plantations with preferred habitat along principal rivers and in cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) and tupelo ( Nyssa sylvatica ) swamps . In Appalachian and Cumberland plateaus , birds occupy mixed forest of oaks and pines on southern and western slopes , also hickory with diverse understories . Bald cypress and sweet gum ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) swamps of s . Florida ; also hardwood of Cliftonia ( a heath ) and oak in north - central Florida . Lykes Fisheating Creek area of s . Florida has up to 51 % cypress , 12 % hardwood hammocks , 17 % glades of short grasses with isolated live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) ; nesting in neighboring prairies . Original habitat here was mainly longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ) with turkey oak ( Quercus laevis ) and slash pine ( Pinus caribaea ) `` flatwoods , '' now mainly replaced by slash pine plantations .
Platypus
Outside the mating season , the platypus lives in a simple ground burrow , the entrance of which is about 30 cm ( 12 in ) above the water level . After mating , the female constructs a deeper , more elaborate burrow up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) long and blocked at intervals with plugs ( which may act as a safeguard against rising waters or predators , or as a method of regulating humidity and temperature ) . The male takes no part in caring for its young , and retreats to his year - long burrow . The female softens the ground in the burrow with dead , folded , wet leaves , and she fills the nest at the end of the tunnel with fallen leaves and reeds for bedding material . This material is dragged to the nest by tucking it underneath her curled tail .
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs ( genus Cynomys ) are herbivorous burrowing rodents native to the grasslands of North America . The five species are : black - tailed , white - tailed , Gunnison 's , Utah , and Mexican prairie dogs . They are a type of ground squirrel , found in the United States , Canada and Mexico . In Mexico , prairie dogs are found primarily in the northern states , which lie at the southern end of the Great Plains : northeastern Sonora , north and northeastern Chihuahua , northern Coahuila , northern Nuevo León , and northern Tamaulipas . In the United States , they range primarily to the west of the Mississippi River , though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales . Despite the name , they are not canines .
Polar bear
When the ice floes are at their minimum in the fall , ending the possibility of hunting , each pregnant female digs a maternity den consisting of a narrow entrance tunnel leading to one to three chambers . Most maternity dens are in snowdrifts , but may also be made underground in permafrost if it is not sufficiently cold yet for snow . In most subpopulations , maternity dens are situated on land a few kilometers from the coast , and the individuals in a subpopulation tend to reuse the same denning areas each year . The polar bears that do not den on land make their dens on the sea ice . In the den , she enters a dormant state similar to hibernation . This hibernation - like state does not consist of continuous sleeping ; however , the bear 's heart rate slows from 46 to 27 beats per minute . Her body temperature does not decrease during this period as it would for a typical mammal in hibernation .
Royal corgis
The corgis enjoy a privileged life in Buckingham Palace . They reside in the Corgi Room , and continue to sleep in elevated wicker baskets . The Queen tends to the corgis in her kennel herself . She also chooses the sires of litters that are bred in her kennel . The corgis have an extensive menu at the palace which includes fresh rabbit and beef , served by a gourmet chef . At Christmas , the Queen makes stockings for pets full of toys and delicacies such as biscuits . In 1999 , one of Queen Elizabeth 's royal footmen was demoted from Buckingham Palace for his `` party trick of pouring booze into the corgis ' food and water '' and watching them `` staggering about '' with relish .
Red panda
A community - managed forest in Ilam District of eastern Nepal is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities , including homestays . Villagers in the high - altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community - conserved forest area of 200 km ( 77 sq mi ) at an altitude of 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft ) to over 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) .
Sahara
Other animals include the monitor lizards , hyrax , sand vipers , and small populations of African wild dog , in perhaps only 14 countries and red - necked ostrich . Other animals exist in the Sahara ( birds in particular ) such as African silverbill and black - faced firefinch , among others . There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad .
Mars, Incorporated
The report documents how in several national parks and other protected areas , 90 % or more of the land mass has been converted to cocoa . Less than four percent of Ivory Coast remains densely forested , and the chocolate companies ' laissez - faire approach to sourcing has driven extensive deforestation in Ghana as well . In Ivory Coast , deforestation has pushed chimpanzees into just a few small pockets , and reduced the country 's elephant population from several hundred thousand to about 200 - 400 .
Where the Wild Things Are (film)
The Wild Things introduce themselves as Carol , Ira , Judith , Alexander , Douglas , the Bull , and K.W. Soon , they all end up piling on one another before going to sleep , with Max at the center . Carol takes Max on a tour of the island , showing him a model he built depicting what he wishes the island looked like . Inspired by this , Max orders the construction of an enormous fort , with Carol in charge of construction . When K.W. brings her two owl friends Bob and Terry to the fort , a disagreement ensues , as Carol feels they are outsiders ( Max had said earlier that if any outsiders entered the fort , they would `` have their brains automatically cut out '' ) . To release their frustrations , Max divides the tribe into `` good guys '' and `` bad guys '' for a dirt clod fight , but Alexander is hurt during the game . After an argument between K.W. and Carol , K.W. leaves once again .
Barn swallow
The barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ) is the most widespread species of swallow in the world . It is a distinctive passerine bird with blue upperparts and a long , deeply forked tail . It is found in Europe , Asia , Africa and the Americas . In Anglophone Europe it is just called the swallow ; in Northern Europe it is the only common species called a `` swallow '' rather than a `` martin '' .
Cross River gorilla
The Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary was created by the Cameroonian government on April 3 , 2008 as part of the IUCN 's cross river gorilla action plan . It protects 19.44 km of land , and is located between the forests of Mbulu and Nijikwa in western Cameroon . It consists of rugged , mountainous terrain and represents the highest altitudinal extent of the Cross River gorilla 's distribution , with the highest point at 2,037 metres ( 6,683 ft ) above sea level . Only about half of its land is a prime gorilla habitat , while the rest includes grassland or cultivation not suitable for the species . Due to its sanctuary status , it was expected to be provided with a conservator and eco-guards to enforce wildlife laws within its perimeters .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Dr. David M. Maurice ( 1922 - 2002 ) , an eye specialist and semi-retired adjunct professor at Columbia University , proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea , and that aqueous humor , the liquid between cornea and iris , was stagnant if not stirred . Among the supportive evidences , he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant , oxygen from iris had to reach cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor , which was not sufficient . According to the theory , when the animal is awake , eye movement ( or cool environmental temperature ) enables the aqueous humor to circulate . When the animal is sleeping , REM provides the much - needed stir to aqueous humor . This theory is consistent with the observation that fetuses , as well as eye - sealed newborn animals , spend much time in REM sleep , and that during a normal sleep , a person 's REM sleep episodes become progressively longer deeper into the night . However , owls have REM sleep , but do not move their head more than in non-REM sleep and is well known that owls ' eyes are nearly immobile .
Sleep
Some societies display a fragmented sleep pattern in which people sleep at all times of the day and night for shorter periods . In many nomadic or hunter - gatherer societies , people will sleep on and off throughout the day or night depending on what is happening . Plentiful artificial light has been available in the industrialized West since at least the mid-19th century , and sleep patterns have changed significantly everywhere that lighting has been introduced . In general , people sleep in a more concentrated burst through the night , going to sleep much later , although this is not always the case .
Lundy
Lundy is home to an unusual range of mammals , almost all introduced , including a distinct breed of wild pony , the Lundy pony . Until recently , Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat ( Rattus rattus ) could be found regularly . In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary . It has since been eradicated on the island , in order to protect the nesting seabirds .
Alternative energy
Biomass briquettes are being developed in the developing world as an alternative to charcoal . The technique involves the conversion of almost any plant matter into compressed briquettes that typically have about 70 % the calorific value of charcoal . There are relatively few examples of large scale briquette production . One exception is in North Kivu , in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo , where forest clearance for charcoal production is considered to be the biggest threat to Mountain Gorilla habitat . The staff of Virunga National Park have successfully trained and equipped over 3500 people to produce biomass briquettes , thereby replacing charcoal produced illegally inside the national park , and creating significant employment for people living in extreme poverty in conflict affected areas . Biogas
Feral pig
One common story about the feral pig population on Flinders Island is that pigs were released when the ship City of Foo Chow went ashore on the northeast coast of the island in March 1877 . On Flinders Island , feral pigs usually invade agricultural areas adjacent to the national park and east - coast swamps . Farmers consider damage caused by the pigs to be minor , as it is restricted to rooting in pasture adjacent to scrub - land edges . The total pasture area damaged each year is estimated to be less than 50 hectares . Feral pigs are reported to visit paddocks where ewes are lambing , but no lambs being killed have been reported . However , pigs being omnivores , they scavenge any carcasses left near the scrub - land . In the Strzelecki National Park on the island , the ecosystem has been severely damaged ; extensive rooting in the gullies led to water erosion and loss of regenerating forest plants . Bracken fern ( Pteridium esculentum ) flourishes in this damaged environment and dominates large areas forming dense stands to about 4 m which prevent light reaching the forest floor .
Feral pig
Domestic pigs were first introduced to the Americas in the 16th century . Christopher Columbus intentionally released domestic swine in the West Indies during his second voyage to provide future expeditions with a freely available food supply . Hernando de Soto is known to have introduced Eurasian domestic swine to Florida in 1539 , although Juan Ponce de León may have introduced the first pigs into mainland Florida in 1521 .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep ( REM sleep , REMS ) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds , distinguishable by random / rapid movement of the eyes , accompanied with low muscle tone throughout the body , and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly .
Hippocampus
Studies on freely moving rats and mice have shown many hippocampal neurons to act as place cells that cluster in place fields , and these fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a particular location . This place - related neural activity in the hippocampus has also been reported in monkeys that were moved around a room whilst in a restraint chair . However , the place cells may have fired in relation to where the monkey was looking rather that to its actual location in the room . Over many years , many studies have been carried out on place - responses in rodents , that have given a large amount of information . Place cell responses are shown by pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and by granule cells in the dentate gyrus . Other cells in smaller proportion are inhibitory interneurons and these often show place - related variations in their firing rate which are much weaker . There is little if any spatial topography in the representation ; in general , cells lying next to each other in the hippocampus have uncorrelated spatial firing patterns . Place cells are typically almost silent when a rat is moving around outside the place field but reach sustained rates as high as 40 Hz , when the rat is near the center . Neural activity sampled from 30 to 40 randomly chosen place cells carries enough information to allow a rat 's location to be reconstructed with high confidence . The size of place fields varies in a gradient along the length of the hippocampus , with cells at the dorsal end showing the smallest fields , cells near the center showing larger fields , and cells at the ventral tip showing fields that cover the entire environment . In some cases , the firing rate of hippocampal cells depends not only on place but also on the direction a rat is moving , the destination toward which it is traveling , or other task - related variables . The firing of place cells is timed in relation to local theta waves , a process termed phase precession .
Respiratory system
The trachea is an area of dead space : the oxygen - poor air it contains at the end of exhalation is the first air to re-enter the posterior air sacs and lungs . In comparison to the mammalian respiratory tract , the dead space volume in a bird is , on average , 4.5 times greater than it is in mammals of the same size . Birds with long necks will inevitably have long tracheae , and must therefore take deeper breaths than mammals do to make allowances for their greater dead space volumes . In some birds ( e.g. the whooper swan , Cygnus cygnus , the white spoonbill , Platalea leucorodia , the whooping crane , Grus americana , and the helmeted curassow , Pauxi pauxi ) the trachea , which some cranes can be 1.5 m long , is coiled back and forth within the body , drastically increasing the dead space ventilation . The purpose of this extraordinary feature is unknown .
Wild turkey
Wild turkeys are omnivorous , foraging on the ground or climbing shrubs and small trees to feed . They prefer eating acorns , nuts and other hard mast of various trees , including hazel , chestnut , hickory , and pinyon pine as well as various seeds , berries such as juniper and bearberry , roots and insects . Turkeys also occasionally consume amphibians and small reptiles such as lizards and snakes . Poults have been observed eating insects , berries , and seeds . Wild turkeys often feed in cow pastures , sometimes visit back yard bird feeders , and favor croplands after harvest to scavenge seeds on the ground . Turkeys are also known to eat a wide variety of grasses .
Mourning dove
The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little , with three in the United States or Canada . The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles . It has recently invaded the Florida Keys . The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America , as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas . The western subspecies is found in western North America , including parts of Mexico . The Panamanian subspecies is located in Central America . The Clarion Island subspecies is found only on Clarion Island , just off the Pacific coast of Mexico .
Red panda
The red panda is protected in all range countries , and hunting is illegal . Beyond this , conservation efforts are highly variable between countries :
Rapid eye movement sleep
Some researchers argue that the perpetuation of a complex brain process such as REM sleep indicates that it serves an important function for the survival of mammalian and avian species . It fulfills important physiological needs vital for survival to the extent that prolonged REM sleep deprivation leads to death in experimental animals . In both humans and experimental animals , REM sleep loss leads to several behavioral and physiological abnormalities . Loss of REM sleep has been noticed during various natural and experimental infections . Survivability of the experimental animals decreases when REM sleep is totally attenuated during infection ; this leads to the possibility that the quality and quantity of REM sleep is generally essential for normal body physiology . Further , the existence of a `` REM rebound '' effect suggests the possibility of a biological need for REM sleep .
Lion
In the Pleistocene , lions were the most widespread large land mammals and ranged throughout Eurasia , Africa and North America . Today , the lion occurs in fragmented populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and one in western India . It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996 , as populations in African range countries declined by about 43 % since the early 1990s . Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas . Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood , habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern . The Asiatic lion and the West African lion are listed as Endangered and Critically Endangered , respectively .
Subsistence agriculture
In this type of farming people migrate along with their animals from one place to another in search of fodder for their animals . Generally they rear cattle , sheep , goats , camels and / or yaks for milk , skin , meat and wool . This way of life is common in parts of central and western Asia , India , east and south - west Africa and northern Eurasia . Examples are the nomadic Bhotiyas and Gujjars of the Himalayas . They carry their belongings , such as tents , etc ... , on the backs of donkeys , horses , and camels . In mountainous regions , like Tibet and The Andes , Yak and Llama are reared . Reindeer are the livestock in arctic and sub-arctic areas . Sheep , goats , and camels are common animals , and cattle and horses are also important ...