vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
West African Ebola virus epidemic
From August through December 2014 , a total of 10 patients with Ebola were treated in US hospitals ; of these patients , 8 survived . In March 2015 , the CDC interviewed the survivors ; they all reported having had at least one adverse symptom during their recovery period . The symptoms ranged from mild ( e.g. hair loss ) to more severe complications requiring re-hospitalization or treatment . The most frequently reported symptoms were lethargy or fatigue , joint pain , and hair loss . Sixty - three percent reported having eye problems including two who were diagnosed with uveitis , 75 % reported psychological or cognitive symptoms , and 38 % reported neural difficulties . Although most symptoms resolved or improved over time , only one survivor reported complete resolution of all symptoms .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
On 12 July 1993 , a U.S. - led operation was launched on what was believed to be a safe house where Aidid was hiding in Mogadishu . During the 17 - minute combat operation , U.S. Cobra attack helicopters fired 16 TOW missiles and thousands of 20 - millimeter cannon rounds into the compound , killing 60 people . The number of Somali fatalities was disputed . Abdi Qeybdiid , Aidid 's interior minister , claimed 73 dead , including women and children who had been in the safe house . The reports Jonathan Howe got after the attack placed the number of dead at 20 , all men . The International Committee of the Red Cross set the number of dead at 54 . Aidid was not present .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
The death toll and monetary losses arising from this widespread disaster are not certain . Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published , ranging between 1,000 and 6,000 killed . Different sources have estimated the monetary cost ranged from US $ 400 million to 800 million ( or $3.31 billion to $6.62 billion today , adjusted for inflation ) .
Rwandan genocide
Rwandan genocide Part of Rwandan Civil War Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial Location Rwanda Date 7 April -- 15 July 1994 Target Tutsi population , Twa , and moderate Hutus Attack type Genocide , mass murder Deaths 500,000 -- 1,000,000 Perpetrators Hutu - led government , Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias
World War II casualties
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000 . Detailed by country : China 12,392,000 ; Indochina 1,500,000 ; Korea 500,000 ; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000 ; Malaya and Singapore 100,000 ; Philippines 500,000 ; Burma 170,000 ; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000 , 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians ; Timor 60,000 ; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000 .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Associated Press used the Health Ministry tally and other data ( including counts of casualties for 2003 -- 2004 , and after March 1 , 2009 , from hospital sources and media reports , in major part the Iraq Body Count ) to estimate that more than 110,600 Iraqis were killed from the start of the war to April 2009 . Experts interviewed by the AP found this estimate to be credible and an `` important baseline '' although necessarily an estimate because of unrecorded deaths , especially in inaccessible areas . While mass graves discovered over time shed more light on deaths in the Iraq War , the AP noted that `` how many remain will never be known . ''
Rwandan genocide
Following the RPF victory , approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighbouring countries , particularly Zaire , fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide . The camps were crowded and squalid , and thousands of refugees died in disease epidemics , including cholera and dysentery . The camps were set up by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime , including many leaders of the genocide , who began rearming in a bid to return to power in Rwanda .
Casualties of the Iraq War
A June 25 , 2006 , Los Angeles Times article , `` War 's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000 '' , reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted `` mostly of civilians '' but probably also included security forces and insurgents . It added that , `` Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion , when there was no functioning Iraqi government , and continued spotty reporting nationwide since . '' Here is how the Times got its number : `` The Baghdad morgue received 30,204 bodies from 2003 through mid-2006 , while the Health Ministry said it had documented 18,933 deaths from ' military clashes ' and ' terrorist attacks ' from April 5 , 2004 , to June 1 , 2006 . Together , the toll reaches 49,137 . However , samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50,000 . The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion . ''
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear due to several factors , including confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The figures below are from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Credible estimates of Iraq War casualties range from 151,000 violent deaths as of June 2006 ( per the Iraq Family Health Survey ) to 461,000 total deaths as of June 2011 ( per PLOS Medicine 2013 ) , over 60 % of them violent . Other disputed estimates , such as the 2006 Lancet study and the 2007 Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) survey -- which likely overestimate mortality -- put the numbers as high as 655,000 total deaths as of June 2006 ( over 90 % of them violent ) and 1.2 million violent deaths as of August 2007 respectively . Meanwhile , body counts -- which likely underestimate mortality -- put the numbers as low as 110,600 violent deaths as of April 2009 .
Rwandan genocide
Category Number of survivors Very vulnerable survivors 120,080 Shelterless 39,685 Orphans living in households headed by children 28,904 Widows 49,656 Disabled during the genocide 27,498 Children and youth with no access to school 15,438 Graduates from high school with no access to higher education 8,000
Aftermath of the Korean War
There has been some confusion over the previously reported number of 54,589 Korean War deaths . In 1993 , this number was divided by the Defense Department into 33,686 battle deaths , 2,830 non-battle deaths , and 17,730 deaths of Defense Department personnel outside the Korean theatre . There were also 8,142 U.S. personnel listed as Missing In Action ( MIA ) during the war . U.S. casualties in the war are fewer than in the Vietnam War , but they occurred over three years as opposed to 15 years ( 1960 to 1975 ) in Vietnam . However , advances in medical services such as the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital and the use of rapid transport of the wounded to them such as with helicopters led to a lower death rate for U.N. forces than in previous wars .
George Washington Bridge
In 2012 , a record 18 people threw themselves off the bridge to their deaths , with 43 suicide attempts overall . In 2014 and 2015 , there were also 18 deaths reported . In 2014 , there were 74 people were stopped by the Port Authority police , while the next year , another 86 people were stopped by the Port Authority police . In 2016 , there were 12 reported deaths , a decrease from previous years , while 70 people were stopped by the Port Authority police .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The IBC site states : `` it should be noted that many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media . '' The IBC website currently states that , `` Further analysis of the WikiLeaks ' Iraq War Logs may add 12,000 civilian deaths . '' Iraq Family Health Survey Iraq Family Health Survey for the World Health Organization . On January 9 , 2008 , the World Health Organization reported the results of the `` Iraq Family Health Survey '' published in The New England Journal of Medicine . The study surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence ( 95 % uncertainty range , 104,000 to 223,000 ) from March 2003 through June 2006 . Employees of the Iraqi Health Ministry carried out the survey . See also farther down : Iraq Family Health Survey . Opinion Research Business Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) poll conducted August 12 -- 19 , 2007 , estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War . The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths . A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household ( living under their roof ) were killed due to the Iraq War . 22 % of the respondents had lost one or more household members . ORB reported that `` 48 % died from a gunshot wound , 20 % from the impact of a car bomb , 9 % from aerial bombardment , 6 % as a result of an accident and 6 % from another blast / ordnance . '' United Nations The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent deaths occurred in 2006 , based on data from morgues , hospitals , and municipal authorities across Iraq . Lancet studies The Lancet study 's figure of 654,965 excess deaths through the end of June 2006 is based on household survey data . The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths . That also includes those due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poorer healthcare , etc. 601,027 deaths ( range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were estimated to be due to violence . 31 % of those were attributed to the Coalition , 24 % to others , 46 % unknown .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraq Body Count project ( IBC ) documented a higher number of civilian deaths up to the end of the major combat phase ( May 1 , 2003 ) . In a 2005 report , using updated information , the IBC reported that 7,299 civilians are documented to have been killed , primarily by U.S. air and ground forces . There were 17,338 civilian injuries inflicted up to May 1 , 2003 . The IBC says its figures are probably underestimates because : `` many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media . ''
Vietnam War
According to figures from internal PAVN / PLAF figures released by the Vietnamese government there was 849,018 military deaths on the PAVN / NLF side during the war . The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975 . This figure includes battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laotian Civil War and Cambodian Civil War in which the PAVN was a major participant and 30 -- 40 % of the figure are non-combat deaths , but does not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraqi political party People 's Kifah , or Struggle Against Hegemony ( PK ) said that its survey conducted between March and June 2003 throughout the non-Kurdish areas of Iraq tallied 36,533 civilians killed in those areas by June 2003 . While detailed town - by - town totals were given by the PK spokesperson , details of methodology are very thin and raw data is not in the public domain . A still-less - detailed report on this study appeared some months later on Al Jazeera 's website , and covered casualties up to October 2003 .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
It has been estimated that more than 40,000 people per year seek medical attention for carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States . 95 % of carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in the United States are due to gas space heaters . In many industrialized countries carbon monoxide is the cause of more than 50 % of fatal poisonings . In the United States , approximately 200 people die each year from carbon monoxide poisoning associated with home fuel - burning heating equipment . Carbon monoxide poisoning contributes to the approximately 5613 smoke inhalation deaths each year in the United States . The CDC reports , `` Each year , more than 500 Americans die from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning , and more than 2,000 commit suicide by intentionally poisoning themselves . '' For the 10 - year period from 1979 to 1988 , 56,133 deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning occurred in the United States , with 25,889 of those being suicides , leaving 30,244 unintentional deaths . A report from New Zealand showed that 206 people died from carbon monoxide poisoning in the years of 2001 and 2002 . In total carbon monoxide poisoning was responsible for 43.9 % of deaths by poisoning in that country . In South Korea , 1,950 people had been poisoned by carbon monoxide with 254 deaths from 2001 through 2003 . A report from Jerusalem showed 3.53 per 100,000 people were poisoned annually from 2001 through 2006 . In Hubei , China , 218 deaths from poisoning were reported over a 10 - year period with 16.5 % being from carbon monoxide exposure .
History of West Africa
From 1967 - 1969 large scale famine occurred in Biafra and Nigeria due to a government blockade of the Breakaway territory . It is estimated that 1.5 million people died of starvation due to this famine . Additionally , drought and other government interference with the food supply caused 500 thousand Africans to perish in Central and West Africa . Famine recurred in the 1970s and 1980s , when the west African Sahel suffered drought and famine . The Sahelian famine was associated with the slowly growing crisis of pastoralism in Africa , which has seen livestock herding decline as a viable way of life over the last two generations .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Globally about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases of gonorrhea occurred in 2008 . The number of cases of PID however , is not clear . It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young women yearly . In the United States PID is estimated to affect about one million people yearly . A type of intrauterine device ( IUD ) known as the Dalkon shield led to increased rates of PID in the 1970s . Current IUDs are not associated with this problem after the first month .
Chernobyl disaster
Fred Mettler , a radiation expert at the University of New Mexico , puts the number of worldwide cancer deaths outside the highly contaminated zone at `` perhaps '' 5000 , for a total of 9000 Chernobyl - associated fatal cancers , saying `` the number is small ( representing a few percent ) relative to the normal spontaneous risk of cancer , but the numbers are large in absolute terms '' . The same report outlined studies based in data found in the Russian Registry from 1991 to 1998 that suggested that `` of 61,000 Russian workers exposed to an average dose of 107 mSv about 5 % of all fatalities that occurred may have been due to radiation exposure . ''
West African Ebola virus epidemic
A study published in December 2014 found that transmission of the Ebola virus occurs principally within families , in hospitals and at funerals . The data , gathered during three weeks of contact tracing in August , showed that the third person in any transmission chain often knew both the first and second person . The authors estimated that between 17 % and 70 % of cases in West Africa were unreported -- far fewer than had been estimated in prior projections . The study concluded that the epidemic would not be as difficult to control as feared , if rapid , vigorous contact tracing and quarantines were employed .
Great Barrier Reef
Some 67 % of corals died in the reef 's worst - hit northern section , the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said . Loss
Rwandan genocide
The infrastructure and economy of the country had suffered greatly during the genocide . Many buildings were uninhabitable , and the former regime had carried with them all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country . Human resources were also severely depleted , with over 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the population having been killed or fled . Many of the remainder were traumatised : most had lost relatives , witnessed killings or participated in the genocide . The long - term effects of war rape in Rwanda for the victims include social isolation , sexually transmitted diseases , unwanted pregnancies and babies , with some women resorting to self - induced abortions . The army , led by Paul Kagame , maintained law and order while the government began the work of rebuilding the country 's structures .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
The earliest figure for the population of the village is from the census of 1344 , which recorded 508 dwellings or `` hearths '' . As there were typically 4.5 inhabitants per dwelling , this represented around 2,000 inhabitants , a very large village for the time . The figure was not surpassed until the 20th century . After 1344 there are no further records until 1500 , when the population was 1,600 . In the 17th century there were several epidemics of bubonic plague and by 1694 the population had dropped to 558 . During the 18th century the population of the village doubled , reaching 1,471 in 1866 , but when the phylloxera devastated the vineyards the population dropped by a quarter to 1,095 in 1891 . The population was 2,179 in 2012 .
World War II casualties
postwar 1945 -- 1992 borders ) 14,612,000 46,000 to 35,000 294,000 to 320,000 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 8,017 Denmark 3,795,000 6,000 6,000 0.16 2,000 Dutch East Indies 69,435,000 11,500 300,000 2,400,000 to 4,000,000 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 4.3 to 5.76 NA Egypt 16,492,000 1,100 1,100 0.00 NA Estonia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,134,000 34,000 ( in both Soviet & German armed forces ) 49,000 83,000 7.3 NA Ethiopia 17,700,000 15,000 85,000 100,000 0.56 NA Finland 3,700,000 83,000 to 95,000 2,000 85,000 to 95,000 2.30 to 2.57 50,000 France ( including colonies ) 41,680,000 210,000 390,000 600,000 1.44 390,000 French Indochina 24,664,000 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 1,000,000 to 2,200,000 4.05 to 8.11 NA Germany 69,300,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 ( see table below ) 7,300,000 Greece 7,222,000 35,100 171,800 300,000 to 600,000 507,000 to 807,000 7.02 to 11.17 47,290 Guam 22,800 1,000 to 2,000 1,000 to 2,000 4.39 to 8.77 NA Hungary ( figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938 -- 41 ) 9,129,000 200,000 264,000 464,000 5.08 89,313 Iceland 118,900 200 200 0.17 NA India 377,800,000 87,000 2,100,000 2,200,000 .
Casualties of the Iraq War
An October 20 , 2003 , study by the Project on Defense Alternatives at Commonwealth Institute in Cambridge , Massachusetts , estimated that for March 19 , 2003 , to April 30 , 2003 , the `` probable death of approximately 11,000 to 15,000 Iraqis , including approximately 3,200 to 4,300 civilian noncombatants . ''
Soweto uprising
Images of the riots spread all over the world , shocking millions . The photograph of Hector Pieterson 's dead body , as captured by photojournalist Sam Nzima , caused outrage and brought down international condemnation on the Apartheid government .
Hurricane Irma
The storm caused catastrophic damage in Barbuda , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Anguilla , and the Virgin Islands as a Category 5 hurricane . The hurricane caused at least 134 deaths : one in Anguilla ; one in Barbados ; three in Barbuda ; four in the British Virgin Islands ; 10 in Cuba ; 11 in the French West Indies ; one in Haiti ; three in Puerto Rico ; four on the Dutch side of Sint Maarten ; 92 in the contiguous United States , and four in the U.S. Virgin Islands . Hurricane Irma was the top Google searched term in the US and globally in 2017 .
Diphtheria
In 1949 , 68 of 606 children died after diphtheria immunization due to improper manufacture of aluminum phosphate toxoid .
South Africa
In May 2008 , riots left over 60 people dead . The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions estimates over 100,000 people were driven from their homes . The targets were mainly migrants and refugees seeking asylum , but a third of the victims were South African citizens . In a 2006 survey , the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2008 reported over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa , almost four times as many as the year before . These people were mainly from Zimbabwe , though many also come from Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities . While xenophobia is still a problem , recent violence has not been as widespread as initially feared .
Hurricane Katrina
The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28 , as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge , most likely from dehydration . An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans , the largest number being at the Memorial Medical Center where 45 corpses were recovered . Some 200 patients at the Charity Hospital were n't evacuated until Friday September 2 , having been without power or fresh water for five days . While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome , only six deaths were confirmed there , with four of these originating from natural causes , one from a drug overdose , and one a suicide . At the Convention Center , four bodies were recovered . One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The survey notes that although car bombs received more significant press internationally , gunshot wounds were responsible for the majority ( 63 % ) of violent deaths . The study also estimated that 35 % of violent deaths were attributed to the Coalition , and 32 % to militias . Cardiovascular conditions accounted for about half ( 47 % ) of nonviolent deaths , chronic illnesses 11 % , infant or childhood deaths other than injuries 12.4 % , non-war injuries 11 % , and cancer 8 % . Ali al - Shemari ( previous Iraqi Health Minister ) Concerning war - related deaths ( civilian and non-civilian ) , and deaths from criminal gangs , Iraq 's Health Minister Ali al - Shemari said that since the March 2003 invasion between 100,000 and 150,000 Iraqis had been killed . `` Al - Shemari said on Thursday ( November 9 , 2006 ) that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals -- though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total . '' For more info see farther down at Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006 . Costs of War Project 176,000 -- 189,000 people were killed in violence in the Iraq war , including 134,000 civilians ( using Iraq Body Count 's figures ) , according to the findings of the Costs of War Project , a team of 30 economists , anthropologists , political scientists , legal experts , and physicians assembled by Brown University and the Watson Institute to study the effects of wars involving the United States since 2001 . The project also examined the economic costs of the Iraq war , as well as the human and economic cost of war in Afghanistan and Pakistan .
Berlin Wall
During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin . The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed .
Osage Nation
The Osage and Quapaw suffered extensive losses due to smallpox in 1801 - 1802 . Historians estimate up to 2,000 Osage died in the epidemic .