vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
March 17 -- Major rally outside the U.S. Embassy in London 's Grosvenor Square turned to a riot with 86 people injured and over 200 arrested . Over 10,000 had rallied peacefully in Trafalgar Square but met a police barricade outside the embassy . A UK Foreign Office report claimed that the rioting had been organized by 100 members of the German SDS who were `` acknowledged experts in methods of riot against the police . '' In March , Gallup poll reported that 49 % of respondents felt involvement in the war was an error . April 17 -- National media films the anti-war riot that breaks out in Berkeley , California . The over-reaction by the police in Berkeley is shown in Berlin and Paris , sparking reactions in those cities . On April 26 , 1968 , a million college and high school students boycotted class to show opposition to the war . April 27 -- an anti-war march in Chicago organized by Rennie Davis and others ended with police beating many of the marchers , a precursor to the police riots later that year at the Democratic Convention . During the 1968 Democratic National Convention , held August 26 -- August 29 in Chicago , anti-war protesters marched and demonstrated throughout the city . Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley brought to bear 23,000 police and National Guardsman upon 10,000 protestors . Tensions between police and protesters quickly escalated , resulting in a `` police riot . '' Eight leading anti-war activists were indicted by the U.S. Attorney and prosecuted for conspiracy to riot ; the convictions of the Chicago Seven were subsequently overturned on appeal . August -- Gallup poll shows 53 % said it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam . Among the academic or scholarly groups was the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars , founded in 1968 by graduate students and junior faculty in Asian studies .
World War I
The social disruption and widespread violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire , mostly in Ukraine . An estimated 60,000 -- 200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities .
Letter from Birmingham Jail
In closing the letter , King criticized the clergy 's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently . Recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people , and , as public relations , helped `` to preserve the evil system of segregation . '' Not only is it wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends , but also `` to use moral means to preserve immoral ends . '' Instead of the police , King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham , `` for their sublime courage , their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation . One day the South will recognize its real heroes . ''
Apartheid
In the 1970s , the Black Consciousness Movement was created by tertiary students influenced by the Black Power movement in the US . BC endorsed black pride and African customs and did much to alter the feelings of inadequacy instilled among black people by the apartheid system . The leader of the movement , Steve Biko , was taken into custody on 18 August 1977 and was beaten to death in detention .
Fair trade
The current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s . Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism : radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge . The slogan at the time , `` Trade not Aid '' , gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Black antiwar groups opposed the war for similar reasons as white groups , but often protested in separate events and sometimes did not cooperate with the ideas of white antiwar leadership . They harshly criticized the draft because poor and minority men were usually most affected by conscription . In 1965 and 1966 , Afro - Americans comprised 25 percent of combat deaths , more than twice their proportion of the population . As a result , black enlisted men themselves protested and began the resistance movement among veterans . After taking measures to reduce the fatalities , apparently in response to widespread protest , the military brought the proportion of blacks down to 12.6 percent of casualties .
Humanism
In modern times , humanist movements are typically non-religious movements aligned with secularism , and today humanism typically refers to a nontheistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
By the time of its conclusion , many of the controversial ideas that once had defined SNCC 's radicalism had become widely accepted among African Americans .
Kent State shootings
In the fall of 1968 , the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) and a campus Black Student Organization staged a sit - in to protest police recruiters on campus . 250 black students walked off campus in a successful amnesty bid for the protesters .
Soweto uprising
For the state the uprising marked the most fundamental challenge yet to apartheid and the economic ( see below ) and political instability it caused was heightened by the strengthening international boycott . It was a further 14 years before Nelson Mandela was released , but at no point was the state able to restore the relative peace and social stability of the early 1970s as black resistance grew .
First Nations
Although not without conflict , Euro - Canadians ' early interactions with First Nations , Métis , and Inuit populations were less combative compared to the often violent battles between colonists and native peoples in the United States . Combined with later economic development , this relatively non-combative history has allowed First Nations peoples to have an influence on Canadian national culture , while preserving their own identities .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Gruesome images of two anti-war activists who set themselves on fire in November 1965 provided iconic images of how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral . On November 2 , 32 - year - old Quaker Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon . On November 9 , 22 - year - old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte did the same in front of United Nations Headquarters in New York City . Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier ( and ongoing ) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam . 1967
We Didn't Start the Fire
`` We Did n't Start the Fire '' ( 1989 ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' lists historical events in stream of consciousness . Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Freedom of religion in the United States
Historically , the Latter Day Saint movement , which is often called Mormonism , has been the victim of religious violence beginning with reports by founder Joseph Smith immediately after his First Vision 1820 and continuing as the movement grew and migrated from its inception in western New York to Ohio , Missouri , and Illinois . The violence culminated when Smith was assassinated by a mob of 200 men in Carthage Jail in 1844 . Joseph Smith had surrendered himself previously to the authorities , who failed to protect him . As a result of the violence they were faced with in the East , the Mormon pioneers , led by Brigham Young , migrated westwards and eventually founded Salt Lake City , and many other communities along the Mormon Corridor .
Great Migration (African American)
The primary factors for migration among southern African - Americans were segregation , an increase in the spread of racist ideology , widespread lynching ( nearly 3,500 African - Americans were lynched between 1882 and 1968 ) , and lack of social and economic opportunities in the South . There were also factors that pulled migrants to the north , such as labor shortages in northern factories brought about by World War I , resulting in thousands of jobs in steel mills , railroads , meatpacking plants , and the automobile industry . The pull of jobs in the north was strengthened by the efforts of labor agents sent by northern businessmen to recruit southern workers . Northern companies offered special incentives to encourage black workers to relocate , including free transportation and low - cost housing .
Kent State shootings
The Kent State incident forced the National Guard to re-examine its methods of crowd control . The only equipment the guardsmen had to disperse demonstrators that day were M1 Garand rifles loaded with . 30 - 06 FMJ ammunition , 12 Ga. pump shotguns , bayonets , and CS gas grenades . In the years that followed , the U.S. Army began developing less lethal means of dispersing demonstrators ( such as rubber bullets ) , and changed its crowd control and riot tactics to attempt to avoid casualties amongst the demonstrators . Many of the crowd - control changes brought on by the Kent State events are used today by police and military forces in the United States when facing similar situations , such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots and civil disorder during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .
Boston Tea Party
The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes . The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773 . Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues . The familiar `` no taxation without representation '' argument , along with the question of the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies , remained prominent . Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be `` equal to a tax '' and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it . Some regarded the purpose of the tax program -- to make leading officials independent of colonial influence -- as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights . This was especially true in Massachusetts , the only colony where the Townshend program had been fully implemented .
Southern United States
The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow laws across the South . A second migration appears to be underway , with African Americans from the North moving to the South in record numbers . While race relations are still a contentious issue in the South , the region surpasses the rest of the country in many areas of integration and racial equality . According to 2003 report by researchers at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee , Virginia Beach , Charlotte , Nashville - Davidson , and Jacksonville were the four most integrated of the nation 's fifty largest cities , with Memphis at number six . Southern states tend to have a low disparity in incarceration rates between blacks and whites relative to the rest of the country .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Another Mother for Peace group founded . January 14 -- 20,000 -- 30,000 people staged a `` Human Be-In '' in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco , near the Haight - Ashbury neighborhood that had become the center of hippie activity . In February , about 2,500 members of Women Strike for Peace ( WSP ) marched to the Pentagon . This was a peaceful protest that became rowdier when the demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . February 8 -- Christian groups opposed to the war staged a nationwide `` Fast for Peace . '' February 23 -- The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' by Noam Chomsky as a special supplement . March 12 -- A three - page anti-war ad appeared in The New York Times bearing the signatures of 6,766 teachers and professors . The advertisement spanned two and a quarter pages in Section 4 , The Week in Review . The advertisement itself cost around $16,500 and was sponsored by the Inter-University Committee for Debate on Foreign Policy . March 17 -- a group of antiwar citizens marched to the Pentagon to protest American involvement in Vietnam . March 25 -- Martin Luther King Jr. , a leader of the civil rights movement , led a march of 5,000 against the war in Chicago . April 4 -- Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech in New York City . `` America rejected Ho Chi Minh 's revolutionary government seeking self - determination ... '' ( See details here . ) On April 15 , 400,000 people organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam marched from Central Park to the UN building in New York City to protest the war , where they were addressed by critics of the war such as Benjamin Spock , Martin Luther King , event initiator and director James Bevel , Harry Belafonte , and Jan Barry Crumb , a veteran of the war . On the same date 100,000 , including Coretta Scott King , marched in San Francisco . On April 24 , Abbie Hoffman led a small group of protesters against both the war and capitalism who interrupted the New York Stock Exchange , causing chaos by throwing fistfuls of both real and fake dollars down from the gallery .
Labor history of the United States
U.S. courts were less hospitable to union activities during the 1920s than in the past . In this decade , corporations used twice as many court injunctions against strikes than any comparable period . In addition , the practice of forcing employees ( by threat of termination ) to sign yellow - dog contracts that said they would not join a union was not outlawed until 1932 .
History of Mexico
The 1924 presidential election was not a demonstration of free and fair elections , but the incumbent Obregón did not stand for re-election , thereby acknowledging that revolutionary principle , and he completed his presidential term still alive , the first since Porfirio Díaz . Candidate Calles embarked on the first populist presidential campaign in the nation 's history , as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice , more education , additional labor rights , and democratic governance . Calles indeed tried to fulfill his promises during his populist phase ( 1924 -- 26 ) , and then began a repressive anti-Catholic phase ( 1926 -- 28 ) . Obregón 's stance toward the church appears pragmatic , since there were many other issues for him to deal with , but his successor Calles , a vehement anticlerical , took on the church as an institution and religious Catholics when he succeeded to the presidency , bringing about violent and bloody conflict known as the Cristero War . Cristero
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Committee for NonViolent Action ( CNVA ) -- radical pacifist organization that `` blended philosophical anarchism with Gandhian pacifism . '' The organization used civil disobedience in direct action against military action . Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy ( SANE ) -- liberal international organization that was founded in 1957 by a group of nuclear pacifists . They attempted to increase public opinion in favor of their cause in an attempt to influence policy makers to halt atmospheric nuclear testing and reversing the arms race and the Cold War . Another committee was called SNCC -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . Black Women Enraged -- a Harlem antiwar movement . National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union ( NBAWADU ) -- led by Gwen Patton and formed from black members of SNCC and socialist parties . National Black Draft Counselors ( NBDC ) -- led by Pat Berg and created to help young black men avoid being drafted . Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) -- founded in 1919 after World War I and provided women with an early entry into the antiwar movement . The League of Women Voters -- founded in 1920 , was one of the first groups to call for an end to military involvement in Vietnam . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur -- popularized the use of kneel - ins and prayer to end the war and stop its escalation . Bay Area Asian Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) Asian Americans for Action Third World Liberation Front ( TWLF ) - Some Asian American student organizations under this were : Filipino American Collegiate ( PACE ) , Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , and Chinese for Social Action ( ICSA ) Vietnam Veterans Against the War American Writers and Artists Against the War in Vietnam Americans for Democratic Action FTA -- a group whose initials either stand for Free the Army or Fuck the Army , depending on the situation , was led by Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland . Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam ( CALCAV ) WIN ( Workshop in Nonviolence ) Magazine editors and staff included Maris Cakars , Marty Jezer , Paul Johnson , Susan Kent Cakars and Tad Richards .
History of Arkansas
Life as a slave was unbearable . Though quite dangerous , some slaves would leave their plantations late at night to meet with slaves on other plantations to worship and comfort each other . These meetings were clandestine . Very few planters gave permission to their slaves to have these meetings . Often slaves were threatened if they did n't work fast enough . They had to work in horrible conditions , with broken tools , even when they did n't understand instructions at the threat of violence . Sometimes conditions were so horrific that slaves would run away at the risk of being tortured and / or murdered if caught . Rarely slaves who were desperate would resort to stealing food or clothes from their master though these things would also end in violence towards the slaves . Slaves ' churches often preached the message of Moses and the Exodus . The largest form of rebellion was the slave family . Although slave marriages were illegal , many informal relationships were honored by plantation owners who thought a family would keep the slaves from rebelling . Planters often used threats against the slave 's family such as selling members away , torture , rape and even murder as methods of quelling rebellion . Relationships also happened between slaves on different plantations and between slaves and their owners . Nothing made the slave experience more bearable . The planters had ultimate control over their slaves and helped perpetuate slavery .
History of Colombia
Meanwhile , individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrilla command , though most of the guerrilla 's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm , as that was not a requirement of the process at that point in time . Tension soon significantly increased , as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease - fire . Political violence against FARC and UP members ( including presidential candidate Jaime Pardo ) was blamed on drug lords and also on members of the security forces ( to a much lesser degree on the argued inaction of Betancur administration ) . Members of the government and security authorities increasingly accused the FARC of continuing to recruit guerrillas , as well as kidnapping , extorting and politically intimidating voters even as the UP was already participating in politics .
Swadeshi movement
Fines were inflicted on anyone found using foreign sugar . Foreign cigarettes were bought and burnt in the streets , Brahmins refused to assist any religious ceremonies in houses where European salt and sugar were used and Marwaris were warned of importing foreign articles . All these bonfires however affected the economy of the people . To burn ' Manchester - made goods ' bought at a high price literally affects the people but swept by national enthusiasm , people continued to eschew and burn foreign goods .
Biafra
In July 2006 the Center for World Indigenous Studies reported that government sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of Onitsha , because of a shoot - to - kill policy directed toward Biafran loyalists , particularly members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra ( MASSOB ) .
Trail of Tears
In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
By early 1967 , SNCC was approaching bankruptcy as liberal funders refused to support its overt militancy . Carmichael voluntarily stepped down as chair in May 1967 . H. Rap Brown , later known as Jamil Abdullah Al - Amin , replaced him as the head of SNCC . Brown renamed the group the Student National Coordinating Committee and supported violence , which he described as `` as American as cherry pie '' . He resigned as chair of SNCC in 1968 , after being indicted for inciting to riot in Cambridge , Maryland , in 1967 . In 1968 , Carmichael was expelled from the group completely by the new program secretary , Phil Hutchings , when Carmichael refused to resign from the Black Panther Party . Carmichael , along with Rap Brown and James Forman , had tried to foster an alliance between SNCC and the Panthers , but it proved to be a failure .
Rwandan genocide
From mid-1993 , the Hutu Power movement represented a third major force in Rwandan politics , in addition to Habyarimana 's government and the traditional moderate opposition . Apart from the CDR , there was no party that was exclusively part of the Power movement . Instead , almost every party was split into `` moderate '' and `` Power '' wings , with members of both camps claiming to represent the legitimate leadership of that party . Even the ruling party contained a Power wing , consisting of those who opposed Habyarimana 's intention to sign a peace deal . Several radical youth militia groups emerged , attached to the Power wings of the parties ; these included the Interahamwe , which was attached to the ruling party , and the CDR 's Impuzamugambi . The youth militia began actively carrying out massacres across the country . The army trained the militias , sometimes in conjunction with the French , who were unaware of their true purpose .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Though the United Nations condemned the human rights violations during and following Operation Searchlight , it failed to defuse the situation politically before the start of the war .
Culture
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models , and spurring or enabling generative action . These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change . For example , the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations , altering both gender and economic structures . Environmental conditions may also enter as factors . For example , after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age , plants suitable for domestication were available , leading to the invention of agriculture , which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics .
Sociological theory
Collective behavior / collective action theories ( 1950s ) Relative deprivation theory ( 1960s ) Value - added theory ( 1960s ) Resource mobilization / political process theory ( 1970s ) Frame analysis theory ( 1970s ) New social movement theory ( 1980s ) New cultural theory ( 1990s ) -- James M. Jasper , Jeff Goodwin et al .
Midwestern United States
National reaction to the events in Kansas demonstrated how deeply divided the country had become . The Border Ruffians were widely applauded in the South , even though their actions had cost the lives of numerous people . In the North , the murders committed by Brown and his followers were ignored by most and lauded by a few .