vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korea under Japanese rule
`` During the early period of Japanese rule , the Japanese government attempted to completely integrate the Korean economy with Japan , and thus introduced many modern economic and social institutions and invested heavily in infrastructure , including schools , railroads and utilities . Most of these physical facilities remained in Korea after the Liberation . The Japanese government played an even more active role in developing Korea than it had played in developing the Japanese economy in the late nineteenth century . Many programs drafted in Korea in the 1920s and 1930s originated in policies drafted in Japan during the Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) . The Japanese government helped to mobilize resources for development and provided entrepreneurial leadership for these new enterprises . Colonial economic growth was initiated through powerful government efforts to expand the economic infrastructure , to increase investment in human capital through health and education and to raise productivity . ''
History of United States foreign policy
Political scientist Roberta Wohlstetter explores why all American intelligence agencies failed to predict the attack on Pearl Harbor . The basic reason was that the Japanese plans were a very closely held secret . The attack fleet kept radio silence and was not spotted by anyone en route to Hawaii . There were air patrols over Hawaii , but they were too few and too ineffective to scan a vast ocean . Japan Navy spread false information -- using fake radio signals -- to indicate the main fleet was in Japanese waters , and suggested their main threat was north toward Russia . The U.S. had MAGIC , which successfully cracked the Japanese diplomatic code . However , the Japanese Foreign Ministry and its diplomats were deliberately never told about the upcoming attack , so American intelligence was wasting its time trying to discover secrets through MAGIC American intelligence expected attacks against British and Dutch possessions , and were looking for those clues . At Pearl Harbor , they focused on predicting local sabotage . There was no overall American intelligence center -- the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was formed during . In 1941 no one coordinated the masses of information coming in from the Army , Navy , and State department , and from British and Dutch allies . The system of notification was flawed , so the what the sender thought was an urgent message did not appear urgent to the recipient . After the attack , congressional investigators identify and link together all sorts of small little signals pointing to an attack , while they discarded signals pointing in other directions . Even in hindsight there was so much confusion , noise , and poor coordination that Wohlstetter concludes no accurate predictions of the attack on Pearl Harbor was at all likely before December 7 .
Cold War
Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' .
Causes of the Great Depression
Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as : `` imposing tariffs , import quotas , and exchange controls '' . These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations , causing a major deduction during the depression . Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism . Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions , while other countries condensed `` trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '' :
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan aid was mostly used for the purchase of goods from the United States . The European nations had all but exhausted their foreign exchange reserves during the war , and the Marshall Plan aid represented almost their sole means of importing goods from abroad . At the start of the plan , these imports were mainly much - needed staples such as food and fuel , but later the purchases turned towards reconstruction needs as was originally intended . In the latter years , under pressure from the United States Congress and with the outbreak of the Korean War , an increasing amount of the aid was spent on rebuilding the militaries of Western Europe . Of the some $13 billion allotted by mid-1951 , $3.4 billion had been spent on imports of raw materials and semi-manufactured products ; $3.2 billion on food , feed , and fertilizer ; $1.9 billion on machines , vehicles , and equipment ; and $1.6 billion on fuel .
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
The origin of American economic involvement in the Middle East , particularly with regards to oil , dates back to 1928 with the signing of the Red Line Agreement . This was preceded by the founding of the Turkish Petroleum Company , which was created with the intention of exploring and extracting oil within the Ottoman Empire . Eventually , after the discovery of a large oil field in Iraq in 1928 , the issue of distribution arose . Each of the large powers -- France , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- worried about being edged out by the other two . The Red Line Agreement was eventually signed , giving the Near East Development Corporation , the Anglo - Persian Oil Company , Royal Dutch / Shell , and the Compagnie Française des Pétroles each 23.75 % of any oil that was produced by the Turkish Petroleum Company . The Near East Development Corporation represented American interests and included Jersey Standard Oil , Socony - Vacuum Oil Company , Gulf Oil , the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company , and Atlantic Refining . The remaining 5 % share went to an Armenian businessman , Calouste Gulbenkian , who had previously owned shares within TPC . The more important provision of the Red Line Agreement was that none of the four parties could develop any oilfields from the Suez Canal to the Iran , with the exception of Kuwait ( the area that the TPC had jurisdiction over ) , unless that party gained support and approval from the other three . Thus , the United States broke into the oil market in Iraq and later into the rest of the Middle East . Eventually , due to the aligning of Prime Minister Rashid al - Gilani with Germany , the West , particularly Great Britain , gained open access to Iraq . However , WWII left the UK weakened and unable to retain its dominance in the region , and as such the Truman and Roosevelt administrations were able to achieve their top priority , monopolizing oil in the region .
Jeffersonian democracy
Similarly , Jefferson was against international trade . He believed that not only would economic dependence on Europe diminish the virtue of the republic , but that the U.S. had an abundance of natural resources that Americans should be able to cultivate and use to tend to their own needs . Furthermore , exporting goods by merchant ships created risks of capture by foreign pirates and armies , which would require an expensive navy for protection .
Tariff
According to Michael Lind , protectionism was America 's de facto policy from the passage of the Tariff of 1816 to World War II , `` switching to free trade only in 1945 '' . It has been argued that one of the underlying motivations for the American Revolution itself was a desire to industrialize , and reverse the trade deficit with Britain , which had grown by a factor of ten in the space of a few decades , from £ 67,000 ( 1721 -- 30 ) to £ 739,000 ( 1761 -- 70 ) .
Surrender of Japan
We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city . We shall destroy their docks , their factories , and their communications . Let there be no mistake ; we shall completely destroy Japan 's power to make war . It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam . Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum . If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth ...
Pearl Harbor
The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 as supplemented by Convention on December 6 , 1884 , the Reciprocity Treaty was made by James Carter and ratified it in 1887 . On January 20 , 1887 , the United States Senate allowed the Navy to exclusive right to maintain a coaling and repair station at Pearl Harbor . ( The US took possession on November 9 that year ) . The Spanish -- American War of 1898 and the desire for the United States to have a permanent presence in the Pacific both contributed to the decision .
Hawaii
Hawaii 's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy . Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year , such as areas of California , Arizona and Florida , Hawaii 's residents can be considered to be subject to a `` Sunshine tax '' . This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs , a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well . The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii , a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act , or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 . This trade regulation prohibits any foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports -- a practice known as cabotage . Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia , then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland , and Hawaii also receives the same goods . Being located in the central Pacific Ocean , right between major Pacific shipping lanes , it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian - bound goods in Honolulu , before continuing on to the mainland . However , this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports . Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign `` flags of convenience '' such as Liberia , Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea , allowing them to avoid the more stringent , and thus more costly , regulations of developed nations ' ports , the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act . Instead , those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast , where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian - bound , Asian - manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50 % . This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii 's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen , and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much , much higher than it would otherwise be .
War of 1812
the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy .
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
The American perspective on Iran was originally one of indifference yet eventually grew into something much more intrusive in the 1940s . America 's relationship with Iran grew with the deterioration of Iran 's relationship with the British owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company . In 1948 , Britain received more profits from oil production in Iran than Iran did . The United States therefore feared that this unbalanced relationship would push the Iranians towards the Soviets in what would be a great loss in the perpetual Cold War struggle as well as the elimination of access to Iranian oil . Thus , the United States became much more directly involved in Iranian affairs and oil . The National Security Council of the United States urged the United Kingdom to resolve the oil dispute before decisive actions were taken by the Iranians . Eventually , this conflict over oil revenues led to the full nationalization of oil by Prime Minister Mosaddeq in 1951 . This resulted in the Iranian coupe of 1953 in which the American CIA and British MI6 performed a joint operation overthrowing the democratically elected Mosaddeq in what is known as Operation Ajax .
History of United States foreign policy
A serious diplomatic dispute with the United States erupted over the `` Trent Affair '' in late 1861 . Public opinion in the Union called for war against Britain , but Lincoln gave in and sent back the diplomats his Navy had illegally seized .
History of the United States (1945–64)
At the center of middle - class culture in the 1950s was a growing demand for consumer goods ; a result of the postwar prosperity , the increase in variety and availability of consumer products , and television advertising . America generated a steadily growing demand for better automobiles , clothing , appliances , family vacations and higher education .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
As a result of rising tensions with Great Britain , a number of laws collectively known as the Embargo Act of 1807 were enacted . Britain and France were at war ; the U.S. was neutral and trading with both sides . Both sides tried to hinder American trade with the other . Jefferson 's goal was to use economic warfare to secure American rights , instead of military warfare . Initially , these acts sought to punish Great Britain for its violation of American rights on the high seas ; among these was the impressment of those sailors off American ships , sailors who claimed to be American citizens but not in the opinion or to the satisfaction of the Royal Navy , ever on the outlook for deserters . The later Embargo Acts , particularly those of 1807 -- 1808 period , were passed in an attempt to stop Americans , and American communities , that sought to , or were merely suspected of possibility wanting to , defy the embargo . These Acts were ultimately repealed at the end of Jefferson 's second , and last , term . A modified version of these Acts would return for a brief time in 1813 under the presidential administration of Jefferson 's successor , James Madison .
Canada–United States relations
American attempts in the mid-1930s to integrate British Columbia into a united West Coast military command had aroused Canadian opposition . Fearing a Japanese invasion of Canada 's vulnerable coast , American officials urged the creation of a united military command for an eastern Pacific Ocean theater of war . Canadian leaders feared American imperialism and the loss of autonomy more than a Japanese invasion . In 1941 , Canadians successfully argued within the PJBD for mutual cooperation rather than unified command for the West Coast . Newfoundland
Truman Doctrine
For years , Britain had supported Greece , but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement . In February 1947 , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government . The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region . The effect was to end the Greek revolt , and in 1952 , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO , a military alliance , to guarantee their stability .
Surrender of Japan
In keeping with the custom of a new government declaring its purposes , following the May meetings the Army staff produced a document , `` The Fundamental Policy to Be Followed Henceforth in the Conduct of the War , '' which stated that the Japanese people would fight to extinction rather than surrender . This policy was adopted by the Big Six on June 6 . ( Tōgō opposed it , while the other five supported it . ) Documents submitted by Suzuki at the same meeting suggested that , in the diplomatic overtures to the USSR , Japan adopt the following approach :
Trent Affair
With all of the negative news , the official response from France also arrived . Dayton had already told Seward of his own meeting with Thouvenel , in which the French foreign minister had told him that Wilkes ' actions were `` a clear breach of international law '' but that France would `` remain a spectator in any war between the United States and England . '' A direct message was received on Christmas Day from Thouvenel ( it was actually delivered during the cabinet meeting ) urging that the United States release the prisoners and in so doing affirm the rights of neutrals on the seas that France and the United States had repeatedly argued against Great Britain .
Foreign trade of the United States
The growing importance of international trade led to the establishment of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative in 1963 by Executive Order 11075 , originally called The Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
One of the real impetuses for United States entering the Industrial Revolution was the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807 , the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 14 ) and the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 15 ) which cut off supplies of new and cheaper Industrial revolution products from Britain . The lack of access to these goods all provided a strong incentive to learn how to develop the industries and to make their own goods instead of simply buying the goods produced by Britain .
History of Native Americans in the United States
The United States was eager to expand , to develop farming and settlements in new areas , and to satisfy land hunger of settlers from New England and new immigrants . The national government initially sought to purchase Native American land by treaties . The states and settlers were frequently at odds with this policy . George
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles during the Wilson administration marked the dominance of isolationism in American foreign policy . Despite Roosevelt 's Wilsonian background , he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment . The isolationist movement was bolstered in the early to mid-1930s by Senator Gerald Nye and others who succeeded in their effort to stop the `` merchants of death '' in the U.S. from selling arms abroad . This effort took the form of the Neutrality Acts ; the president asked for , but was refused , a provision to give him the discretion to allow the sale of arms to victims of aggression . Focused on domestic policy , Roosevelt largely acquiesced to Congress 's non-interventionist policies in the early - to - mid 1930s . In the interim , Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini proceeded to overcome Ethiopia , and the Italians joined Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler in supporting General Francisco Franco and the Nationalist cause in the Spanish Civil War . As that conflict drew to a close in early 1939 , Roosevelt expressed regret in not aiding the Spanish Republicans . When Japan invaded China in 1937 , isolationism limited Roosevelt 's ability to aid China , despite atrocities like the Nanking Massacre and the USS Panay incident . The
American Revolution
During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished .
Pearl Harbor
From the conclusion of the Civil War , to the purchase of Alaska , to the increased importance of the Pacific states , the projected trade with countries in Asia and the desire for a duty - free market for Hawaiian staples , Hawaiian trade expanded . In 1865 , the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast and Hawaii . Lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands , `` a locality of great and increasing interest and importance . '' This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan . As a result , the United States claimed Midway Island . The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his annual report of 1868 , that in November 1867 , 42 American flags flew over whaleships and merchant vessels in Honolulu to only six of other nations . This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters . It also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulu 's . In the following year , Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1 , 1869 , to deepen the approaches to this harbor . Astronaut
Foreign trade of the United States
Hamilton explained that despite an initial `` increase of price '' caused by regulations that control foreign competition , once a `` domestic manufacture has attained to perfection ... it invariably becomes cheaper . '' George Washington signed the Tariff Act of 1789 , making it the Republic 's second ever piece of legislation . Increasing the domestic supply of manufactured goods , particularly war materials , was seen as an issue of national security . Washington and Hamilton believed that political independence was predicated upon economic independence .
Foreign policy of the United States
Two - thirds of the world 's proven oil reserves are estimated to be found in the Persian Gulf . Despite its distance , the Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II . Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies , and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies . Many U.S. strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply , and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia , a kingdom with large oil reserves .
Technology during World War II
The Axis countries had serious shortages of petroleum from which to make liquid fuel . The Allies had much more petroleum production . Germany , long before the war , developed a process to make synthetic fuel from coal . Synthesis factories were principal targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II .
Axis powers
Korea was a Japanese protectorate and dependency formally established by the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 .