vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ode to the West Wind
Whereas the cantos one to three began with `` O wild West Wind '' and `` Thou '' ( 15 , 29 ) and were clearly directed to the wind , there is a change in the fourth canto . The focus is no more on the `` wind '' , but on the speaker who says `` If I ... '' ( 43 -- 44 ) . Until this part , the poem has appeared very anonymous and was only concentrated on the wind and its forces so that the author of the poem was more or less forgotten . Pirie calls this `` the suppression of personality '' which finally vanishes at that part of the poem . It becomes more and more clear that what the author talks about now is himself . That this must be true , shows the frequency of the author 's use of the first - person pronouns `` I '' ( 43 -- 44 , 48 , 51 , 54 ) , `` my '' ( 48 , 52 ) , and `` me '' ( 53 ) . These pronouns appear nine times in the fourth canto . Certainly the author wants to dramatise the atmosphere so that the reader recalls the situation of canto one to three . He achieves this by using the same pictures of the previous cantos in this one . Whereas these pictures , such as `` leaf '' , `` cloud '' , and `` wave '' have existed only together with the wind , they are now existing with the author . The author thinks about being one of them and says `` If I were a ... '' ( 43 ff . ) . Shelley here identifies himself with the wind , although he knows that he can not do that , because it is impossible for someone to put all the things he has learned from life aside and enter a `` world of innocence '' . That Shelley is deeply aware of his closedness in life and his identity shows his command in line 53 . There he says `` Oh , lift me up as a wave , a leaf , a cloud '' ( 53 ) . He knows that this is something impossible to achieve , but he does not stop praying for it . The only chance Shelley sees to make his prayer and wish for a new identity with the Wind come true is by pain or death , as death leads to rebirth . So , he wants to `` fall upon the thorns of life '' and `` bleed '' ( 54 ) .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
However , when Lyrical Ballads was reprinted , Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge 's objections , writing :
Oliver Twist
In Oliver Twist , Dickens mixes grim realism with merciless satire to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th - century England and to criticise the harsh new Poor Laws . Oliver , an innocent child , is trapped in a world where his only options seem to be the workhouse , a life of crime symbolised by Fagin 's gang , a prison , or an early grave . From this unpromising industrial / institutional setting , however , a fairy tale also emerges . In the midst of corruption and degradation , the essentially passive Oliver remains pure - hearted ; he steers away from evil when those around him give in to it , and in proper fairy - tale fashion , he eventually receives his reward -- leaving for a peaceful life in the country , surrounded by kind friends . On the way to this happy ending , Dickens explores the kind of life an outcast , orphan boy could expect to lead in 1830s London .
Romanticism
Although after union with England in 1707 Scotland increasingly adopted English language and wider cultural norms , its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation . Allan Ramsay ( 1686 -- 1758 ) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature , as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry , helping to develop the Habbie stanza as a poetic form . James Macpherson ( 1736 -- 96 ) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation . Claiming to have found poetry written by the ancient bard Ossian , he published translations that acquired international popularity , being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the Classical epics . Fingal , written in 1762 , was speedily translated into many European languages , and its appreciation of natural beauty and treatment of the ancient legend has been credited more than any single work with bringing about the Romantic movement in European , and especially in German literature , through its influence on Johann Gottfried von Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . It was also popularised in France by figures that included Napoleon . Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic , but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience .
Romanticism
This view of nationalism inspired the collection of folklore by such people as the Brothers Grimm , the revival of old epics as national , and the construction of new epics as if they were old , as in the Kalevala , compiled from Finnish tales and folklore , or Ossian , where the claimed ancient roots were invented . The view that fairy tales , unless contaminated from outside literary sources , were preserved in the same form over thousands of years , was not exclusive to Romantic Nationalists , but fit in well with their views that such tales expressed the primordial nature of a people . For instance , the Brothers Grimm rejected many tales they collected because of their similarity to tales by Charles Perrault , which they thought proved they were not truly German tales ; Sleeping Beauty survived in their collection because the tale of Brynhildr convinced them that the figure of the sleeping princess was authentically German . Vuk Karadžić contributed to Serbian folk literature , using peasant culture as the foundation . He regarded the oral literature of the peasants as an integral part of Serbian culture , compiling it to use in his collections of folk songs , tales , and proverbs , as well as the first dictionary of vernacular Serbian . Similar projects were undertaken by the Russian Alexander Afanasyev , the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe , and the Englishman Joseph Jacobs . The
Andrew Carnegie
In 1881 , Carnegie took his family , including his 70 - year - old mother , on a trip to the United Kingdom . They toured Scotland by coach , and enjoyed several receptions en route . The highlight was a return to Dunfermline , where Carnegie 's mother laid the foundation stone of a Carnegie library which he funded . Carnegie 's criticism of British society did not mean dislike ; on the contrary , one of Carnegie 's ambitions was to act as a catalyst for a close association between English - speaking peoples . To this end , in the early 1880s in partnership with Samuel Storey , he purchased numerous newspapers in England , all of which were to advocate the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of `` the British Republic '' . Carnegie 's charm , aided by his wealth , afforded him many British friends , including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone .
Flowers for Algernon
The short story and the novel share many similar plot points , but the novel expands significantly on Charlie 's developing emotional state as well as his intelligence , his memories of childhood , and the relationship with his family .
Andrew Carnegie
Later in life , Carnegie 's firm opposition to religion softened . For many years he was a member of Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church , pastored from 1905 to 1926 by Social Gospel exponent Henry Sloane Coffin , while his wife and daughter belonged to the Brick Presbyterian Church . He also prepared ( but did not deliver ) an address in which he professed a belief in `` an Infinite and Eternal Energy from which all things proceed '' . Records exist of a short period of correspondence around 1912 -- 1913 between Carnegie and ` Abdu'l - Bahá , the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh , founder of the Bahá'í Faith . In these letters , one of which was published in the New York Times in full text , Carnegie is extolled as a `` lover of the world of humanity and one of the founders of Universal Peace '' .
Charles Dickens
Dickens is often described as using idealised characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals . The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1841 ) was received as extraordinarily moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde . `` You would need to have a heart of stone '' , he declared in one of his famous witticisms , `` not to laugh at the death of little Nell . '' G.K. Chesterton , stated : `` It is not the death of little Nell , but the life of little Nell , that I object to '' , arguing that the maudlin effect of his description of her life owed much to the gregarious nature of Dickens 's grief , his `` despotic '' use of people 's feelings to move them to tears in works like this .
A Tale of Two Cities
I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name , a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine . I see him winning it so well , that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his . I see the blots I threw upon it , faded away . I see him , fore-most of just judges and honoured men , bringing a boy of my name , with a forehead that I know and golden hair , to this place -- then fair to look upon , with not a trace of this day 's disfigurement -- and I hear him tell the child my story , with a tender and a faltering voice .
One Thousand and One Nights
The Nights continued to be a favourite book of many British authors of the Romantic and Victorian eras . According to A.S. Byatt , `` In British Romantic poetry the Arabian Nights stood for the wonderful against the mundane , the imaginative against the prosaically and reductively rational . '' In their autobiographical writings , both Coleridge and de Quincey refer to nightmares the book had caused them when young . Wordsworth and Tennyson also wrote about their childhood reading of the tales in their poetry . Charles Dickens was another enthusiast and the atmosphere of the Nights pervades the opening of his last novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1870 ) .
Ring a Ring o' Roses
Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway 's 1881 edition of Mother Goose ; or , the Old Nursery Rhymes :
Flowers for Algernon
The ideas for Flowers for Algernon developed over 14 years and were inspired by events in Keyes 's life , starting in 1945 with Keyes 's conflict with his parents who were pushing him through a pre-medical education despite his desire to pursue a writing career . Keyes felt that his education was driving a wedge between him and his parents , and this led him to wonder what would happen if it were possible to increase a person 's intelligence .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
I entirely agree , then , with Professor Brooks in his explication of the Ode , that ' Beauty is truth ' ... is to be considered as a speech ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate ' to the Urn . I am uneasy , however , about his final reference to ' the world - view ... ' For the poem as a whole is equally an utterance by a dramatically presented speaker , and none of its statements is proffered for our endorsement as a philosophical generalization of unlimited scope . They are all , therefore , to be apprehended as histrionic elements which are ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate , ' for their inherent interest as stages in the evolution of an artistically ordered ... experience of a credible human being .
To Autumn
`` To Autumn '' employs poetical techniques which Keats had perfected in the five poems written in the Spring of the same year , but departs from them in some aspects , dispensing with the narrator and dealing with more concrete concepts . There is no dramatic movement in `` To Autumn '' as there is in many earlier poems ; the poem progresses in its focus while showing little change in the objects it is focusing on . There is , in the words of Walter Jackson Bate , `` a union of process and stasis '' , `` energy caught in repose '' , an effect that Keats himself termed `` stationing '' . At the beginning of the third stanza he employs the dramatic Ubi sunt device associated with a sense of melancholy , and questions the personified subject : `` Where are the songs of Spring ? ''
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Bridges believed that the final lines redeemed an otherwise bad poem . Arthur Quiller - Couch responded with a contrary view and claimed that the lines were `` a vague observation -- to anyone whom life has taught to face facts and define his terms , actually an uneducated conclusion , albeit most pardonable in one so young and ardent . '' The debate expanded when I. A. Richards , an English literary critic who analysed Keats 's poems in 1929 , relied on the final lines of the `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to discuss `` pseudo-statements '' in poetry :
Charles Dickens
In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically good that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets . While later novels also centre on idealised characters ( Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit ) , this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens 's goal of poignant social commentary . Dickens 's fiction , reflecting what he believed to be true of his own life , makes frequent use of coincidence , either for comic effect or to emphasise the idea of providence . For example , Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper - class family that rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group . Such coincidences are a staple of 18th - century picaresque novels , such as Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , which Dickens enjoyed reading as a youth .
London Bridge
The nursery rhyme `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' has been speculatively connected to several of the bridge 's historic collapses . Rennie 's Old London Bridge is a prominent landmark in T.S. Eliot 's masterpiece `` The Waste Land '' , wherein he compares the shuffling commuters across London Bridge to the hell - bound souls of Dante 's Limbo . Gary P. Nunn 's song `` London Homesick Blues '' includes the lyrics , `` Even London Bridge has fallen down , and moved to Arizona , now I know why . '' London Bridge is named in the World War II song `` The King is Still in London '' by Roma Campbell - Hunter & Hugh Charles .
Charles Dickens
Dickens honoured the figure of Christ -- though some claim he may have denied his divinity . Notwithstanding , Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian . His son , Henry Fielding Dickens , described Dickens as someone who `` possessed deep religious convictions '' . In the early 1840s Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity , and Robert Browning remarked that `` Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian . '' Writer Gary Colledge , however , asserted that he `` never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism '' . He also wrote a religious work called The Life of Our Lord ( 1849 ) , which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ , written with the purpose of inculcating his faith to his children and family .
To Autumn
During the spring of 1819 , Keats wrote many of his major odes : `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , and `` Ode to Psyche '' . After the month of May , he began to pursue other forms of poetry , including the verse tragedy Otho the Great in collaboration with friend and roommate Charles Brown , the second half of Lamia , and a return to his unfinished epic Hyperion . His efforts from spring until autumn were dedicated completely to a career in poetry , alternating between writing long and short poems , and setting himself a goal to compose more than fifty lines of verse each day . In his free time he also read works as varied as Robert Burton 's Anatomy of Melancholy , Thomas Chatterton 's poetry , and Leigh Hunt 's essays .
Mary Had a Little Lamb
In the 1830s , Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses , starting with `` Mary had a little lamb , little lamb , little lamb , Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Keats 's metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style . The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion ( the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line ) , which was common in his earlier works . However , Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet . Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line . The word choice represents a shift from Keats 's early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter , Germanic words . In the second stanza , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , which emphasizes words containing the letters `` p '' , `` b '' , and `` v '' , uses syzygy , the repetition of a consonantal sound . The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance , which is found in very few English poems . Within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , an example of this pattern can be found in line 13 ( `` Not to the sensual ear , but , more endear 'd '' ) where the `` e '' of `` sensual '' connects with the `` e '' of `` endear 'd '' and the `` ea '' of `` ear '' connects with the `` ea '' of `` endear 'd '' . A more complex form is found in line 11 ( `` Heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard '' ) with the `` ea '' of `` Heard '' connecting to the `` ea '' of `` unheard '' , the `` o '' of `` melodies '' connecting to the `` o '' of `` those '' and the `` u '' of `` but '' connecting to the `` u '' of `` unheard '' .
To Autumn
Harold Bloom , in 1961 , described `` To Autumn '' as `` the most perfect shorter poem in the English language . '' Following this , Walter Jackson Bate , in 1963 , claimed that `` ( ... ) each generation has found it one of the most nearly perfect poems in English . '' Later , in 1973 , Stuart Sperry wrote , `` ' To Autumn ' succeeds through its acceptance of an order innate in our experience -- the natural rhythm of the seasons . It is a poem that , without ever stating it , inevitably suggests the truth of ' ripeness is all ' by developing , with a richness of profundity of implication , the simple perception that ripeness is fall . '' In 1981 , William Walsh argued that `` Among the major Odes ( ... ) no one has questioned the place and supremacy of ' To Autumn ' , in which we see wholly realized , powerfully embodied in art , the complete maturity so earnestly laboured at in Keats 's life , so persuasively argued about in his letters . '' Literary critic and academic Helen Vendler , in 1988 , declared that `` in the ode ' To Autumn , ' Keats finds his most comprehensive and adequate symbol for the social value of art . ''
To Autumn
Others , like Harold Bloom , have emphasized the `` exhausted landscape '' , the completion , the finality of death , although `` Winter descends here as a man might hope to die , with a natural sweetness '' . If death in itself is final , here it comes with a lightness , a softness , also pointing to `` an acceptance of process beyond the possibility of grief . '' The progress of growth is no longer necessary ; maturation is complete , and life and death are in harmony . The rich description of the cycle of the seasons enables the reader to feel a belonging `` to something larger than the self '' , as James O'Rourke expresses it , but the cycle comes to an end each year , analogous to the ending of single life . O'Rourke suggests that something of a fear of that ending is subtly implied at the end of the poem , although , unlike the other great odes , in this poem the person of the poet is entirely submerged , so there is at most a faint hint of Keats 's own possible fear .
Ecclesiastes
Title ( 1 : 1 ) Initial poem ( 1 : 2 -- 11 ) I : Kohelet 's investigation of life ( 1 : 12 -- 6 : 9 ) II : Kohelet 's conclusions ( 6 : 10 -- 11 : 6 ) Introduction ( 6 : 10 -- 12 ) A : Man can not discover what is good for him to do ( 7 : 1 -- 8 : 17 ) B : Man does not know what will come after him ( 9 : 1 -- 11 : 6 ) Concluding poem ( 11 : 7 -- 12 : 8 ) Epilogue ( 12 : 9 -- 14 )
Our Casuarina Tree
Our Casuarina Tree is an autobiographical poem . While living abroad , she is pining for the scenes of her native land and reliving the memories of childhood . In the first part of the poem the poet depicts the Casuarina Tree trailed by a creeper vine like a huge python , winding round and round with the rough trunk , sunken deep with scars . It reached to the height touching the very summit of stars . The Casuarina Tree stood alone unaccompanied in the compound . It was wearing the scarf of the creeper hung with crimson cluster of flowers among the boughs accompanied by the bird and hives of bees humming around . the tree is dear to the poet because it is the solo bond between the poets past and present , when she recalls it a chain of pleasant and poignant memories to her mind and again she tastes the flavour of her childhood . In her imagination she is again transported to the golden age and hears the same cries , laughter and noise of her sweet departed playmates , this tree reminds of her siblings who used to play with her under this Casuarina Tree .
The Happy Prince and Other Tales
The Happy Prince and Other Tales ( sometimes called The Happy Prince and Other Stories ) is a collection of stories for children by Oscar Wilde first published in May 1888 . It contains five stories : `` The Happy Prince '' , `` The Nightingale and the Rose '' , `` The Selfish Giant '' , `` The Devoted Friend '' , and `` The Remarkable Rocket '' .
A Series of Unfortunate Events
While the books are marketed primarily to children , they are written with adult readers in mind as well ; the series features numerous references more likely to make sense to adults , such as allusions to Monty Python ( the Baudelaire children 's uncle Monty has a large snake collection , including a python , and a reference to the Self Defense Against Fresh Fruit sketch ) .
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane
Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane was on the New York Times and Book Sense Bestseller lists . It was also a Book Sense Children 's Pick for 2005 . The book has received several other awards as well . In 2005 , it was a Connecticut Book Award Finalist and a Cooperative Children 's Book Center recommended book . In 2007 , it was nominated for the Sequoyah Children 's Book Award , but did not win .
Great Expectations
Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel ; a bildungsroman that depicts the personal growth and personal development of an orphan nicknamed Pip . It is Dickens 's second novel , after David Copperfield , to be fully narrated in the first person . The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens 's weekly periodical All the Year Round , from 1 December 1860 to August 1861 . In October 1861 , Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
`` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is organized into ten - line stanzas , beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme and ending with a Miltonic sestet ( 1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE , 2nd stanza CDECED , and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE ) . The same overall pattern is used in `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , and `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( though their sestet rhyme schemes vary ) , which makes the poems unified in structure as well as theme . The word `` ode '' itself is of Greek origin , meaning `` sung '' . While ode - writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe , antistrophe , and epode , the form by Keats 's time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry . Keats 's odes seek to find a `` classical balance '' between two extremes , and in the structure of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , these extremes are the symmetrical structure of classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry . The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature , and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes .