vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Trent Affair
The issue of diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy , however , remained alive . It was considered further throughout 1862 by the British and French governments within the context of formally extending an offer , difficult to refuse , for mediation of the war . As the war in America intensified and the bloody results of the Battle of Shiloh became known , the humanitarian reasons for European intervention seemed to have more merit . However the Emancipation Proclamation announced in September , 1862 , made it clear that the issue of slavery was now at the forefront of the war . At first the British reaction to the Battle of Antietam and the preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation was that this would only create a slave rebellion within the South as the war itself became progressively more violent . Only in November 1862 did the momentum for European intervention reverse course .
St. Augustine, Florida
Florida joined the Confederacy after the Civil War began in 1861 , and Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months , although it was barely defended . The Union conducted a blockade of shipping . In 1862 Union troops gained control of St. Augustine and controlled it through the rest of the war . With the economy already suffering , many residents fled .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
A long - term issue was a British shipyard ( John Laird and Sons ) building two warships for the Confederacy , including the CSS Alabama , over vehement protests from the US . Known as the Alabama Claims , the controversy was resolved after the Civil War when the US was awarded $15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by the warships .
Confederate States of America
Neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation . The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in both Kentucky ( December 10 , 1861 ) and Missouri ( November 28 , 1861 ) and laid claim to those states , granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag . Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri .
American Civil War
On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson
Secession in the United States
The most famous secession movement was the case of the Southern states of the United States . Secession from the United States was accepted in eleven states ( and failed in two others ) . The seceding states joined together to form the Confederate States of America ( CSA ) . The eleven states of the CSA , in order of secession , were : South Carolina ( seceded December 20 , 1860 ) , Mississippi ( seceded January 9 , 1861 ) , Florida ( seceded January 10 , 1861 ) , Alabama ( seceded January 11 , 1861 ) , Georgia ( seceded January 19 , 1861 ) , Louisiana ( seceded January 26 , 1861 ) , Texas ( seceded February 1 , 1861 ) , Virginia ( seceded April 17 , 1861 ) , Arkansas ( seceded May 6 , 1861 ) , North Carolina ( seceded May 20 , 1861 ) , and Tennessee ( seceded June 8 , 1861 ) . Secession was declared by its supporters in Missouri and Kentucky , but did not become effective as it was opposed by their pro-Union state governments . This secession movement brought about the American Civil War . The position of the Union was that the Confederacy was not a sovereign nation -- and never had been , but that `` the Union '' was always a single nation by intent of the states themselves , from 1776 onward -- and thus that a rebellion had been initiated by individuals . Historian Bruce Catton described President Abraham Lincoln 's April 15 , 1861 , proclamation after the attack on Fort Sumter , which defined the Union 's position on the hostilities :
Confederate States of America
The CSA was overwhelmingly Protestant . Both free and enslaved populations identified with evangelical Protestantism . Baptists and Methodists together formed majorities of both the white and the slave population ( see Black church ) . Freedom of religion and separation of church and state were fully ensured by Confederate laws . Church attendance was very high and chaplains played a major role in the Army .
History of Native Americans in the United States
Many Native Americans served in the military during the Civil War , on both sides . By fighting with the whites , Native Americans hoped to gain favor with the prevailing government by supporting the war effort . Cherokee
American Civil War
Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform .
Oklahoma
All Five Civilized Tribes supported and signed treaties with the Confederate military during the American Civil War . The Cherokee Nation had an internal civil war . Slavery in Indian Territory was not abolished until 1866 .
Jamestown, Virginia
During the American Civil War , in 1861 , Confederate William Allen , who owned the Jamestown Island , occupied Jamestown with troops he raised at his own expense with the intention of blockading the James River and Richmond from the Union Navy . He was soon joined by Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones , who directed the building of batteries and conducted ordnance and armor tests for the first Confederate ironclad warship , CSS Virginia , which was under construction at the Gosport Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth in late 1861 and early 1862 . Jamestown had a peak force of 1,200 men .
American Civil War
Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller .
Border states (American Civil War)
In the Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) , most Indian tribes owned black slaves , and they sided with the Confederacy . It had promised them an Indian state if victorious in the war . But some tribes and bands sided with the Union . A bloody civil war resulted in the territory , with severe hardships for all residents .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Confederate States in the American Civil War South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Border states Delaware Maryland West Virginia Kentucky Missouri Dual governments Missouri Kentucky West Virginia Virginia Tennessee Territories Arizona Territory Indian Territory
Cherokee
The American Civil War was devastating for both East and Western Cherokee . The Eastern Band , aided by William Thomas , became the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders , fighting for the Confederacy in the American Civil War . Cherokee in Indian Territory divided into Union and Confederate factions , with most supporting the Confederacy .
Turning point of the American Civil War
The Battle of Antietam , fought September 17 , 1862 , was the bloodiest single day of conflict in American military history . But it also had two strategic consequences . Although considered a tactical draw between the Army of the Potomac and the much smaller Army of Northern Virginia , it marked the end of Robert E. Lee 's invasion of the North . One of his goals was to entice the slave - holding state of Maryland to join the Confederacy , or at least recruit soldiers there . He failed in that objective ; he also failed in marshaling Northern fears and opinions to pressure a settlement to the war .
Confederate States of America
Arkansas 's secession ordinance primarily revolved around strong objection to the use of military force to maintain the Union as its motivating factor . Prior to the outbreak of war , the Arkansas Convention had on March 20 given as their first resolution : `` The people of the Northern States have organized a political party , purely sectional in its character , the central and controlling idea of which is hostility to the institution of African slavery , as it exists in the Southern States ; and that party has elected a President ... pledged to administer the Government upon principles inconsistent with the rights and subversive of the interests of the Southern States . ''
Trent Affair
R.M.T. Hunter of Virginia was the new Confederate Secretary of State . His instructions to Mason and Slidell were to emphasize the stronger position of the Confederacy now that it had expanded from seven to eleven states , with the likelihood that Maryland , Missouri , and Kentucky would also eventually join the new nation . An independent Confederacy would restrict the industrial and maritime ambitions of the United States and lead to a mutually beneficial commercial alliance between Great Britain , France , and the Confederate States . A balance of power would be restored in the Western Hemisphere as the United States ' territorial ambitions would be restricted . They were to liken the Confederate situation to Italy 's struggles for independence which Britain had supported , and were to quote Russell 's own letters which justified that support . Of immediate importance , they were to make a detailed argument against the legality of the Union blockade . Along with their formal written instructions , Mason and Slidell carried a number of documents supporting their positions .
Military history of the United States
The North initially sought a quick victory by trying to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond , Virginia , not far from the U.S. capital at Washington , D.C. The South hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene , or else by exhausting the North 's willingness to fight . The Confederates under General Robert E. Lee skillfully and tenaciously defended their capital until the very end , while the North struggled to find any general to match .
Border states (American Civil War)
In Virginia , Kentucky and Missouri , there were both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments . West Virginia was formed in 1862 -- 63 after unionists from the northwestern counties of Virginia then occupied by the Union Army had set up a loyalist ( `` restored '' ) state government of Virginia . Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state . Though every slave state except South Carolina contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies ( South Carolina Unionists fought in units from other Union states ) , the split was most severe in these border states . Sometimes men from the same family fought on opposite sides . About 170,000 border state men ( including African Americans ) fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army .
Confederate States of America
The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the `` Provisional '' or `` Volunteer Army '' . State governors resisted concentrating a national effort . Several wanted a strong state army for self - defense . Others feared large `` Provisional '' armies answering only to Davis . When filling the Confederate government 's call for 100,000 men , another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted `` for the duration '' or twelve - month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses .
Confederate States of America
Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by some counties in East Tennessee were checked by martial law . Although slave - holding Delaware and Maryland did not secede , citizens from those states exhibited divided loyalties . Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . But overall , 24,000 men from Maryland joined the Confederate armed forces , compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces .
Tar Heel
'' In Congress on February 10 , 1875 , an African American representative from South Carolina stated that some whites were `` the class of men thrown up by the war , that rude class of men I mean , the ' tar ‐ heels ' and the ' sand ‐ hillers , ' and the ' dirt eaters ' of the South -- it is with that class we have all our trouble ... '' Tar Heel was used in the 1884 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , which reported that the people who lived in the region of pine forests were `` far superior to the tar heel , the nickname of the dwellers in barrens . '' In Congress in 1878 , Rep. David B. Vance , trying to persuade the government to pay one of his constituents , J.C. Clendenin , for building a road , described Clendenin in glowing phrases , concluding with : `` He is an honest man ... he is a tar ‐ heel . '' In Pittsboro on December 11 , 1879 , the Chatham Record informed its readers that Jesse Turner had been named to the Arkansas Supreme Court . The new justice was described as `` a younger brother of our respected townsman , David Turner , Esq. , and we are pleased to know that a fellow tar ‐ heel is thought so much of in the state of his adoption . '' John R. Hancock of Raleigh wrote Sen. Marion Butler on January 20 , 1899 , to commend him for his efforts to obtain pensions for Confederate veterans . This was an action , Hancock wrote , `` we Tar Heels , or a large majority of us , do most heartily commend . '' The New York Tribune stated on September 20 , 1903 , regarding some North Carolinians , that `` the men really like to work , which is all but incomprehensible to the true ' tar heel ' . '' On August 26 , 1912 , The New York Evening Post identified Josephus Daniels and Thomas J. Pence as two Tar Heels holding important posts in Woodrow Wilson 's campaign .
Confederate States of America
During the four years of its existence under trial by war , the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad . None were ever officially recognized by a foreign government . The United States government regarded the southern states in rebellion and so refused any formal recognition of their status .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
State of Tennessee Nickname ( s ) : The Volunteer State Flag Great Seal Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted . Capital Nashville Largest City Memphis Admission to confederacy July 2 , 1861 ( 11th ) Population 1,109,801 total 834,802 free 275,719 slave Forces supplied total 135,812 Confederate soldiers , 31,092 Union white soldiers , and 6,777 Union black soldiers Governor Isham G. Harris ( 1861 -- 1862 ) Senators Landon Carter Haynes Gustavus Adolphus Henry Representatives List Restored to the Union July 24 , 1866
World War I
World War I ( WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War , the Great War , or the War to End All Wars , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . More than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history . Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war ( including the victims of a number of genocides ) , a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents ' technological and industrial sophistication , and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare . It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history , and paved the way for major political changes , including revolutions in many of the nations involved . Unresolved rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War only twenty - one years later .
Victoria Cross
In 1854 , after 39 years of peace , Britain found itself fighting a major war against Russia . The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting , and the dispatches of William Howard Russell described many acts of bravery and valour by British servicemen that went unrewarded .
Gimme Shelter
Well , it 's a very rough , very violent era . The Vietnam War . Violence on the screens , pillage and burning . And Vietnam was not war as we knew it in the conventional sense . The thing about Vietnam was that it was n't like World War II , and it was n't like Korea , and it was n't like the Gulf War . It was a real nasty war , and people did n't like it . People objected , and people did n't want to fight it ... That 's a kind of end - of - the - world song , really . It 's apocalypse ; the whole record 's like that .
World War I
The war had profound consequences on the health of soldiers . Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilized from 1914 to 1918 , 8 million were killed , 7 million were permanently disabled , and 15 million were seriously injured . Germany lost 15.1 % of its active male population , Austria - Hungary lost 17.1 % , and France lost 10.5 % . In Germany , civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime , due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that weakened resistance to disease . By the end of the war , starvation caused by famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon . Between 5 and 10 million people died in the Russian famine of 1921 . By 1922 , there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I , the Russian Civil War , and the subsequent famine of 1920 -- 1922 . Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution ; by the 1930s , the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians . Thousands more emigrated to France , England , and the United States .
World War I
that war should be avoided at almost any cost , that war would solve nothing , that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin , and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated . In our ignorance I , and many of us , felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments , but during the next four years , those of us who survived the holocaust -- probably not more than one - quarter of us -- learned how right the General 's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it .
Surrender of Japan
I have given serious thought to the situation prevailing at home and abroad and have concluded that continuing the war can only mean destruction for the nation and prolongation of bloodshed and cruelty in the world . I can not bear to see my innocent people suffer any longer ...
Harry Patch
When the war ended , I do n't know if I was more relieved that we 'd won or that I did n't have to go back . Passchendaele was a disastrous battle -- thousands and thousands of young lives were lost . It makes me angry . Earlier this year , I went back to Ypres to shake the hand of Charles Kuentz , Germany 's only surviving veteran from the war . It was emotional . He is 107 . We 've had 87 years to think what war is . To me , it 's a licence to go out and murder . Why should the British government call me up and take me out to a battlefield to shoot a man I never knew , whose language I could n't speak ? All those lives lost for a war finished over a table . Now what is the sense in that ? --
American Revolutionary War
Food supplies were frequently in terrible condition , infested with mould , weevils , worms , and maggots . Provisions were frequently destroyed by rats , and their containers were too fragile to sustain a long ocean voyage or the rigors of campaigning . The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean , where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil . British troops stationed in America were often on the verge of starvation .
World War I
A generation of innocent young men , their heads full of high abstractions like Honour , Glory and England , went off to war to make the world safe for democracy . They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals . Those who survived were shocked , disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences , and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans , but the old men at home who had lied to them . They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war , and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance .
German declaration of war against the United States
The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever increasing measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war , provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3 , 1939 , has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II . On December 8 , 2017 , fourteen UN soldiers and five Congolese regular soldiers were killed in a rebel attack at Semuliki in Beni territory . The rebels were thought to be Allied Democratic Forces . UN investigations confirmed that aggressor in the December attack . Government
World War I
In Canada , Maclean 's magazine in October 1914 wrote , `` Some wars name themselves . This is the Great War . '' During the interwar period ( 1918 -- 1939 ) , the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English - speaking countries .