vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Grand Canyon
Between 2003 and 2011 , 2,215 mining claims had been requested that are adjacent to the canyon , including claims for uranium mines . Mining has been suspended since 2009 , when U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar withdrew 1 million acres ( 4,000 km ) from the permitting process , pending assessment of the environmental impact of mining . Critics of the mines are concerned that , once mined , the uranium will leach into the water of the Colorado River and contaminate the water supply for up to 18 million people . Salazar 's so - called `` Northern Arizona Withdrawal '' is a 20 - year moratorium on new mines , but allows existing mines to continue . In 2012 , the federal government stopped new mines in the area , which was upheld by the U.S. District Court for Arizona in 2014 , but appealed by the National Mining Association , joined by the state of Arizona under Attorney General Mark Brnovich as well as Utah , Montana and Nevada . National Mining Association v. Jewell is pending before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as of September 2015 .
Blue Nile
Although a number of European explorers contemplated tracing the course of the Blue Nile from its confluence with the White Nile to Lake Tana , its gorge , which begins a few kilometres inside the Ethiopian border , has discouraged all attempts since Frédéric Cailliaud 's attempt in 1821 . The first serious attempt by a non-local to explore this reach of the river was undertaken by the American W.W. Macmillan in 1902 , assisted by the Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen ; Jenssen would proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sailed downstream from Lake Tana . However , Jenssen 's boats were blocked by the rapids at Famaka short of the Sudan - Ethiopian border , and Macmillan 's boats were wrecked shortly after they had been launched . Macmillan encouraged Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again in 1905 , but he was forced to stop 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) short of Lake Tana . R.E. Cheesman , who records his surprise on arriving in Ethiopia at finding that the upper waters of `` one of the most famous of the rivers of the world , and one whose name was well known to the ancients '' was in his lifetime `` marked on the map by dotted lines '' , managed to map the upper course of the Blue Nile between 1925 -- 1933 . He did this not by following the river along its banks and through its impassable canyon , but following it from the highlands above , travelling some 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) by mule in the adjacent country . New
United States
The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world .
Yosemite National Park
Glacial systems reached depths of up to 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) and left their marks in the Yosemite area . The longest glacier in the Yosemite area ran down the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne River for 60 miles ( 97 km ) , passing well beyond Hetch Hetchy Valley . Merced Glacier flowed out of Yosemite Valley and into the Merced River Gorge. Lee Vining Glacier carved Lee Vining Canyon and emptied into Lake Russel ( the much - enlarged ice age version of Mono Lake ) . Only the highest peaks , such as Mount Dana and Mount Conness , were not covered by glaciers . Retreating glaciers often left recessional moraines that impounded lakes such as the 5.5 miles ( 9 km ) long Lake Yosemite ( a shallow lake that periodically covered much of the floor of Yosemite Valley ) .
Rocky Mountains
Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the Oregon Trail beginning in the 1840s . The Mormons began to settle near the Great Salt Lake in 1847 . From 1859 to 1864 , gold was discovered in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , and British Columbia , sparking several gold rushes bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains ' first major industry . The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the Union Army during the American Civil War . The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , and Yellowstone National Park was established as the world 's first national park in 1872 . Meanwhile , a transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871 . Though political complications pushed its completion to 1885 , the Canadian Pacific Railway eventually followed the Kicking Horse and Rogers Passes to the Pacific Ocean . Canadian railway officials also convinced Parliament to set aside vast areas of the Canadian Rockies as Jasper , Banff , Yoho , and Waterton Lakes National Parks , laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day . Glacier National Park ( MT ) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the Great Northern Railway . While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns , conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold . U.S. President Harrison established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891 -- 92 . In 1905 , U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt extended the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve to include the area now managed as Rocky Mountain National Park . Economic development began to center on mining , forestry , agriculture , and recreation , as well as on the service industries that support them . Tents and camps became ranches and farms , forts and train stations became towns , and some towns became cities .
Narmada River
the spillway discharging capacity , at 3,070,000 cu ft / s ( 87,000 m / s ) , is the third highest in the world With 1133 m3 / s ( 40,000 ft3 / s ) capacity at the head regulator and 532 kilometres ( 331 mi ) length ( 458 kilometres ( 285 mi ) in Gujarat and 74 kilometres ( 46 mi ) in Rajasthan ) with 75,000 kilometres ( 47,000 mi ) length of distribution system including field channel , the Narmada Main Canal is the largest irrigation canal in the world . The project aims at supplying 3571 , 000 m3 / day of drinking water ( 2900 , 000 m3 / day for domestic consumption and 671,000 m3 / day for industrial consumption ) to 8215 villages and 135 towns in Gujarat , which are suffering from acute shortage of water . Also , the project aims to provide drinking water facilities to a population of about 1,371,000 in 1107 villages and two towns in Jalore district and Barmer district of Rajasthan . It has the lowest ratio of submergence to area irrigated , 1.65 % of CCA against an average of 4 to 5 % of other major irrigation projects .
American Indian Wars
Gold discoveries continued to trigger violent conflict between prospectores and indigenous peoples . Beginning in 1858 , the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush in British Columbia drew large numbers of miners , many from Washington , Oregon , and California , culminating in the Fraser Canyon War . Although this conflict occurred in what is now Canada , the militias involved were formed mostly of Americans . Due to the discovery of gold in Idaho and Oregon in the 1860s , similar conflicts arose that culminated in the Bear River Massacre in 1863 and Snake War from 1864 to 1868 .
Arizona
Located in northern Arizona , the Grand Canyon is a colorful , deep , steep - sided gorge , carved by the Colorado River . The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park -- one of the first national parks in the United States . President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area as a National Park , often visiting to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the scenery . The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years , and is about 277 miles ( 446 km ) long , ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles ( 6 to 29 km ) and attains a depth of more than 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) . Nearly two billion years of the Earth 's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross .
Denver
Since 1974 , Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use by hikers and cyclists . The main stem of the South Platte River Greenway runs along the South Platte from Chatfield Reservoir 35 miles ( 56 km ) into Adams County in the north . The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclamation projects in the U.S. , winning , for example , the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001 .
Southwestern United States
The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert . Bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau , its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada , and the northwestern corner of Arizona . In terms of topography , the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert , which lies just to its north . Within the region , Las Vegas is the most populous city ; other significant areas of human habitation include Laughlin and Pahrump in Nevada , and Lake Havasu City , Kingman , and Bullhead City in Arizona . The Mojave is the smallest , driest and hottest desert within the United States . The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually , and its elevation ranges from 3000 to 6000 feet above sea level . The most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree , which grow as tall as 40 feet , and are thought to live almost 1000 years . Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage , both only found in the Mojave , as well as the creosote bush . The
Boise, Idaho
The far - east end of Warm Springs was once known as Barber Town , featuring a hotel with hot springs nestled into the foothills . It now has some new residential developments , with easy access to Highway 21 , which leads to the south - central Idaho mountains , the Boise River , the Boise Foothills , Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation , and the Idaho Shakespeare Festival . Southeast
Boise, Idaho
The Boise - Nampa metropolitan area , also known as the Treasure Valley , includes five counties with a combined population of 664,422 , the most populous metropolitan area in Idaho . It contains the state 's three largest cities ; Boise , Nampa , and Meridian . Boise is the third most populous metropolitan area and city in the United States ' Pacific Northwest region , behind Seattle and Portland .
Nile
On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed .
Helsinki
The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by 120 km ( 75 mi ) long Päijänne Water Tunnel , one of the world 's longest continuous rock tunnels .
River Thames
Its longest artificial secondary channel ( cut ) , the Jubilee River , was built between Maidenhead and Windsor for flood relief and completed in 2002 .
Nile
In September 2005 , the Ascend the Nile Expedition including three explorers from Britain and New Zealand become the first to have travelled the river from its mouth to its `` true source '' deep in Rwanda 's Nyungwe rainforest . The Team including Cam McLeay , Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 90 days travelling to the now determined southern-most source of the Nile covering approximately 5310 kilometres . During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA ( Lord 's Resistance Army ) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition .
Great Basin
The hydrographic Great Basin is a 209,162 - square - mile ( 541,730 km ) area that drains internally . All precipitation in the region evaporates , sinks underground or flows into lakes ( mostly saline ) . As observed by Fremont , creeks , streams , or rivers find no outlet to either the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean . The region is bounded by the Wasatch Mountains to the east , the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges to the west , and the Snake River Basin to the north . The south rim is less distinct . The Great Basin includes most of Nevada , half of Utah , substantial portions of Oregon and California and small areas of Idaho , Wyoming , and Mexico . The term `` Great Basin '' is slightly misleading ; the region is actually made up of many small basins . The Great Salt Lake , Pyramid Lake , and the Humboldt Sink are a few of the `` drains '' in the Great Basin . The Salton Sink is another closed basin within the Great Basin .
Nile
Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia .
Southwestern United States
The geography of the region is mainly made up by four features : the Mojave , Sonoran , and Chihuahuan Deserts , and the Colorado Plateau ; although there are other geographical features as well , such as a portion of the Great Basin Desert . The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area , while the plateau ( which is largely made up of high desert ) is the main feature north of the Mogollon Rim . The two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River , running in the northern and western areas , and the Rio Grande , running in the east , north to south . The
Geography of Illinois
Illinois is mainly bounded by rivers , and the Illinois River bisects the state . A few rivers , including the Fox and Rock Rivers enter the State from Wisconsin . The Iroquois and Kankakee arise in Indiana , but lose their identity before reaching the Mississippi . The North Fork of the Vermilion River arises in Indiana , but joins the Vermilion , which exits the state before joining the Wabash River in Indiana . Other rivers include the Ohio River , the Kaskaskia River , the Sangamon River and the Chicago River .
Narmada River
It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west ( longest west flowing river ) , along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River . It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges . The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti . The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys , but between different ranges . It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh ( 1,077 km ( 669.2 mi ) ) , and Maharashtra , ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) , ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) ( actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra ( 39 km ( 24.2 mi ) ) and then the border between Maharastra and Gujarat ( 74 km ( 46.0 mi ) ) and in Gujarat ( 161 km ( 100.0 mi ) ) .
Blue Nile
According to materials published by the Central Statistical Agency , the Blue Nile has a total length of 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , of which 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) are inside Ethiopia . The Blue Nile flows generally south from Lake Tana and then west across Ethiopia and northwest into Sudan . Within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of its source at Lake Tana , the river enters a canyon about 400 km ( 250 mi ) long . This gorge is a tremendous obstacle for travel and communication from the north half of Ethiopia to the southern half . The power of the Blue Nile may best be appreciated at the Blue Nile Falls , which are 45 metres ( 148 ft ) high , located about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) downstream of Lake Tana .
Yellowstone River
Native American anger at settler intrusion into the hunting grounds led to Red Cloud 's War . The conflict was settled with the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 , by which the US granted the territory of the Black Hills and the Powder River Country to the Lakota people . This region included the drainages of the Big Horn , Powder and Tongue rivers . The discovery of gold in 1874 in the Black Hills , however , attracted thousands of miners who invaded the sacred grounds , and conflicts broke out with the Sioux .
Nile
On 30 April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee became the first to navigate the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda .
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
On April 13 , 2010 , the state of Washington filed suit to prevent the closing of Yucca Mountain , since this would slow efforts to clean up Hanford Nuclear Reservation . South Carolina , Aiken County ( the location of Savannah River site ) and others joined Washington . The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit dismissed the suit in July 2011 , saying the Nuclear Regulatory Commission had not ruled on the withdrawal of the license application . Washington and South Carolina filed another lawsuit on July 29 .
Yellowstone River
The new competition and violence led to the Great Sioux War of 1876 - 77 . The US sent in troops to protect the miners , although they had violated the treaty , and to defeat the Sioux . In 1876 , Colonel John Gibbon led a column of men from Fort Ellis near Bozeman , Montana and traveled down the Yellowstone to meet up with General Alfred Terry 's Dakota Column , which had traveled upstream from North Dakota . Terry formed a base of operations at the mouth of Rosebud Creek on the Yellowstone , but the US miscalculated the strength of the Lakota who had gathered by the thousands along the river . Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer departed from Rosebud Creek with the 7th Cavalry on the expedition that ended in his complete defeat by the Lakota and Cheyenne at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . The army ferried its survivors down the Yellowstone to Fort Abraham Lincoln on the Missouri River .
Alaska
One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel , an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Anchorage at Portage . At 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) , the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America until 2007 . The tunnel is the longest combination road and rail tunnel in North America .
First Transcontinental Railroad
After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 .
Venezuela
The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America 's Andes mountain range . Pico Bolívar , the nation 's highest point at 4,979 m ( 16,335 ft ) , lies in this region . To the south , the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls , the world 's highest waterfall , as well as tepuis , large table - like mountains . The country 's center is characterized by the llanos , which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east . The Orinoco , with its rich alluvial soils , binds the largest and most important river system of the country ; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America . The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
The Sandia Peak Tramway , located adjacent to Albuquerque , is the world 's second - longest passenger aerial tramway . It also has the world 's third - longest single span . It stretches from the Northeast edge of the city to the crestline of the Sandia Mountains . Elevation at the top of the tramway is roughly 10,300 ft ( 3,100 m ) . above sea level .
Grand Canyon
In 1857 , Edward Fitzgerald Beale was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from Fort Defiance , Arizona to the Colorado River . He led a small party of men in search of water on the Coconino Plateau near the canyon 's south rim . On September 19 , near present - day National Canyon , they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as `` ... a wonderful canyon four thousand feet deep . Everyone ( in the party ) admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity . ''
Godavari River
The Godavari River is one of the rivers whose water energy is least harnessed for generating hydro electricity . The 600 MW capacity Upper Indravati hydro power station is the biggest hydro power station which diverts Godavari River water to the Mahanadi River basin . The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations .
Amazon River
The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin . One of the world 's largest species of snake , the anaconda spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface . The caiman , which is related to alligators and other crocodilians , also inhabits the Amazon as do varieties of turtles . Fish