vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Precedent
A court may consider the ruling of a higher court that is not binding . For example , a district court in the United States First Circuit could consider a ruling made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as persuasive authority . Horizontal
4K resolution
4K resolution , also called 4K , refers to a horizontal screen display resolution in the order of 4,000 pixels . There are several different 4K resolutions in the fields of digital television and digital cinematography . In television and consumer media , 4K UHD or UHD - 1 is the dominant 4K standard . In the movie projection industry , Digital Cinema Initiatives ( DCI 4K ) is the dominant 4K standard .
Bootstrapping
A media bootstrap is the process whereby a story or meme is deliberately ( but artificially ) produced by self and peer - referential journalism , originally within a tight circle of media content originators , often commencing with stories written within the same media organization . This story is then expanded into a general media `` accepted wisdom '' with the aim of having it accepted as self - evident `` common knowledge '' by the reading , listening and viewing publics . The key feature of a media bootstrap is that as little hard , verifiable , external evidence as possible is used to support the story , preference being given to the citation ( often unattributed ) of other media stories , i.e. `` journalists interviewing journalists '' .
Standardized test
The term `` normative assessment '' refers to the process of comparing one test - taker to his or her peers . A norm - referenced test ( NRT ) is a type of test , assessment , or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population . The estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and other relevant data from a sample drawn from the population . This type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other students taking this test . A criterion - referenced test ( CRT ) is a style of test which uses test scores to show whether or not test takers performed well on a given task , not how well they performed compared to other test takers . Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion - referenced tests . In this case , the objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material .
Centrifugal force
Within this view of physics , any other phenomenon that is usually attributed to centrifugal force can be used to identify absolute rotation . For example , the oblateness of a sphere of freely flowing material is often explained in terms of centrifugal force . The oblate spheroid shape reflects , following Clairaut 's theorem , the balance between containment by gravitational attraction and dispersal by centrifugal force . That the Earth is itself an oblate spheroid , bulging at the equator where the radial distance and hence the centrifugal force is larger , is taken as one of the evidences for its absolute rotation .
Correlation does not imply causation
In logic , the technical use of the word `` implies '' means `` is a sufficient circumstance for '' . This is the meaning intended by statisticians when they say causation is not certain . Indeed , p implies q has the technical meaning of the material conditional : if p then q symbolized as p → q . That is `` if circumstance p is true , then q follows . '' In this sense , it is always correct to say `` Correlation does not imply causation . ''
Speed limits in the United States
A criticism of the `` exceeding speed limits '' definition of speeding is twofold :
Negative and positive rights
Presumably , if a person has positive rights it implies that other people have positive duties ( to take certain actions ) ; whereas negative rights imply that others have negative duties ( to avoid certain other actions ) . Philosopher Henry Shue is skeptical ; he believes that all rights ( regardless of whether they seem more `` negative '' or `` positive '' ) requires both kinds of duties at once . In other words , Shue says that honouring a right will require avoidance ( a `` negative '' duty ) but also protective or reparative actions ( `` positive '' duties ) . The negative positive distinction may be a matter of emphasis ; it is therefore unhelpful to describe any right as though it requires only one of the two types of duties .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
Can someone give an example of `` Furthermore , like the mean , the mode of a probability distribution can be ( plus or minus ) infinity '' ? -- Rumping 00 : 07 , 7 September 2007 ( UTC )
Magick (Thelema)
Consecration is an equally important magical operation . It is essentially the dedication , usually of a ritual instrument or space , to a specific purpose . In Magick , Book 4 ( ch. 13 ) , Crowley writes :
Negative number
The negative version of a positive number is referred to as its negation . For example , − 3 is the negation of the positive number 3 . The sum of a number and its negation is equal to zero :
Mercantilism
Hume famously noted the impossibility of the mercantilists ' goal of a constant positive balance of trade . As bullion flowed into one country , the supply would increase , and the value of bullion in that state would steadily decline relative to other goods . Conversely , in the state exporting bullion , its value would slowly rise . Eventually it would no longer be cost - effective to export goods from the high - price country to the low - price country , and the balance of trade would reverse . Mercantilists fundamentally misunderstood this , long arguing that an increase in the money supply simply meant that everyone gets richer .
Bible citation
These things I have spoken to you , so that in Me you may have peace . In the world you have tribulation , but take courage ; I have overcome the world . ( John 16 : 33 NASB ) These things I have spoken to you , so that in Me you may have peace . In the world you have tribulation , but take courage ; I have overcome the world . -- John 16 : 33 NASB
Particle in a box
The energy levels increase with n 2 ( \ displaystyle n ^ ( 2 ) ) , meaning that high energy levels are separated from each other by a greater amount than low energy levels are . The lowest possible energy for the particle ( its zero - point energy ) is found in state 1 , which is given by
Lord
Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority , control , or power over others acting like a master , a chief , or a ruler . The appellation can also denote certain persons who hold a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom , or are entitled to courtesy titles . The collective `` Lords '' can refer to a group or body of peers .
Ablative (Latin)
Nouns and pronouns in this construction are always accompanied by the preposition cum : cum eīs , `` with them '' ; cum amīcīs vēnērunt , `` They came with friends . '' Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparative adjectives and words implying comparison : aliquot ante annīs `` a few years earlier '' ( lit . `` earlier by a few years '' ) . Ablative of specification denotes the thing in respect to which something is specified : maior nātū `` older by birth '' . Ablative of description or of quality is an ablative modified by an adjective or genitive that expresses a quality that something has : vir summā virtūte `` a gentleman of highest virtue '' .
Potentiality and actuality
In his philosophy , Aristotle distinguished two meanings of the word dunamis . According to his understanding of nature there was both a weak sense of potential , meaning simply that something `` might chance to happen or not to happen '' , and a stronger sense , to indicate how something could be done well . For example , `` sometimes we say that those who can merely take a walk , or speak , without doing it as well as they intended , can not speak or walk '' . This stronger sense is mainly said of the potentials of living things , although it is also sometimes used for things like musical instruments .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
In rhetoric , an anaphora ( Greek : ἀναφορά , `` carrying back '' ) is a rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses , thereby lending them emphasis . In contrast , an epistrophe ( or epiphora ) is repeating words at the clauses ' ends . The combination of anaphora and epistrophe results in symploce .
Sensitivity and specificity
In information retrieval , the positive predictive value is called precision , and sensitivity is called recall . Unlike the Specificity vs Sensitivity tradeoff , these measures are both independent of the number of true negatives , which is generally unknown and much larger than the actual numbers of relevant and retrieved documents . This assumption of very large numbers of true negatives versus positives is rare in other applications .
Relative deprivation
Relative deprivation is the lack of resources to sustain the diet , lifestyle , activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong . Measuring relative deprivation allows an objective comparison between the situation of the individual or group compared to the rest of society . Relative deprivation may also emphasise the individual experience of discontent when being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled , however emphasizing the perspective of the individual makes objective measurement problematic .
Keeping up with the Joneses
Keeping up with the Joneses is an idiom in many parts of the English - speaking world referring to the comparison to one 's neighbor as a benchmark for social class or the accumulation of material goods . To fail to `` keep up with the Joneses '' is perceived as demonstrating socio - economic or cultural inferiority . The phrase originated in a comic strip of the same name .
Meander
' ... this process of making meanders seems to be a self - intensifying process ... in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank , which results in greater curvature ... '
Emancipation Proclamation
Perhaps in rejecting the critical dualism -- Lincoln as individual emancipator pitted against collective self - emancipators -- there is an opportunity to recognise the greater persuasiveness of the combination . In a sense , yes : a racist , flawed Lincoln did something heroic , and not in lieu of collective participation , but next to , and enabled , by it . To venerate a singular -- Great Emancipator ' may be as reductive as dismissing the significance of Lincoln 's actions . Who he was as a man , no one of us can ever really know . So it is that the version of Lincoln we keep is also the version we make .
Hyperinflation
In the monetary model , hyperinflation is a positive feedback cycle of rapid monetary expansion . It has the same cause as all other inflation : money - issuing bodies , central or otherwise , produce currency to pay spiraling costs , often from lax fiscal policy , or the mounting costs of warfare . When business people perceive that the issuer is committed to a policy of rapid currency expansion , they mark up prices to cover the expected decay in the currency 's value . The issuer must then accelerate its expansion to cover these prices , which pushes the currency value down even faster than before . According to this model the issuer can not `` win '' and the only solution is to abruptly stop expanding the currency . Unfortunately , the end of expansion can cause a severe financial shock to those using the currency as expectations are suddenly adjusted . This policy , combined with reductions of pensions , wages , and government outlays , formed part of the Washington consensus of the 1990s .
Terror management theory
People desire to think of themselves as beings of value and worth with a feeling of permanence , a concept in psychology known as self - esteem . This feeling counters the cognitive dissonance created by an individual 's realization that they may be no more important than any other living thing . Becker refers to high self - esteem as heroism :
Normative
Normative generally means relating to an evaluative standard . Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as good or desirable or permissible and others as bad or undesirable or impermissible . A norm in this normative sense means a standard for evaluating or making judgments about behavior or outcomes . Normative is sometimes also used , somewhat confusingly , to mean relating to a descriptive standard : doing what is normally done or what most others are expected to do in practice . In this sense a norm is not evaluative , a basis for judging behavior or outcomes ; it is simply a fact or observation about behavior or outcomes , without judgment . Many researchers in this field try to restrict the use of the term normative to the evaluative sense and refer to the description of behavior and outcomes as positive , descriptive , predictive , or empirical .
Ablative (Latin)
It can also be used for the whole to which a certain number belongs or is a part . Example : ex eīs ūnus `` one of them '' .
Homonym
there - `` The bow shot the arrow there . '' , He said as He pointed . `` The bow shot the arrow there . '' , She said as She pointed . their - `` It was their bow and arrow . '' the Mother said . they 're - They 're not going to get to shoot the bow again after puncturing the tire on Daddy 's car . ( Contraction of They and Are . )
Magic in Harry Potter
The counter-skill to Legilimency is Occlumency ( and its user , known as an Occlumens ) , by which one can compartmentalize one 's emotions , or prevent a Legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one 's spoken words or actions . An advanced form of Occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an Occlumens ' own head while blocking all other true memories , so if a Legilimens , even a highly skilled one , were to attempt to read the mind , he or she would find false memories only and believe everything was right .
Native Son
Bigger Thomas : The protagonist of the novel , Bigger commits two ghastly crimes and is put on trial for his life . He is convicted and sentenced to the electric chair . His acts give the novel action but the real plot involves Bigger 's reactions to his environment and his crime . Through it all , Bigger struggles to discuss his feelings , but he can neither find the words to fully express himself nor does he have the time to say them . However , as they have been related through the narration , Bigger -- typical of the `` outsider '' archetype -- has finally discovered the only important and real thing : his life . Though too late , his realization that he is alive -- and able to choose to befriend Mr. Max -- creates some hope that men like him might be reached earlier .
Precedent
In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent , but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it , thereby limiting the scope of the precedent .
Something New (How I Met Your Mother)
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Symbol
Jared Elisha defined symbolism that is something that stands for another , it can be place , object , or a person
Supply (economics)
The law of supply dictates that all other things remaining equal , an increase in the price of the good in question results in an increase in quantity supplied . In other words , the supply curve slopes upwards . However , there are exceptions to the law of supply . Not all supply curves slope upwards .
Andrew Carnegie
Man does not live by bread alone . I have known millionaires starving for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all that is human in man , and I know workmen , and many so - called poor men , who revel in luxuries beyond the power of those millionaires to reach . It is the mind that makes the body rich . There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else . Money can only be the useful drudge of things immeasurably higher than itself . Exalted beyond this , as it sometimes is , it remains Caliban still and still plays the beast . My aspirations take a higher flight . Mine be it to have contributed to the enlightenment and the joys of the mind , to the things of the spirit , to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness and light . I hold this the noblest possible use of wealth .
Pluto (mythology)
This cosmogony interprets Hesiod allegorically , and so the heaviest element is identified not as the Earth , but as the netherworld of Pluto . ( In modern geochemistry , plutonium is the heaviest primordial element . ) Supposed etymologies are used to make sense of the relation of physical process to divine name ; Plouton is here connected to plêthos ( abundance ) .
Negative number
This will lead to an additive zero of the form ( a , a ) , an additive inverse of ( a , b ) of the form ( b , a ) , a multiplicative unit of the form ( a + 1 , a ) , and a definition of subtraction
Aggregate demand
Beyond Y ∗ ( \ displaystyle Y ^ ( * ) ) , this gets more intense , so that price increases dominate . Worse , output levels greater than Y ∗ ( \ displaystyle Y ^ ( * ) ) can not be sustained for long . The A S ( \ displaystyle AS ) is a short - term relationship here . If the economy persists in operating above potential , the A S ( \ displaystyle AS ) curve will shift to the left , making the increases in real output transitory .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
... We can not dedicate , we can not consecrate , we can not hallow this ground . -- President Abraham Lincoln , from his Gettysburg Address
Negative number
Negative numbers can be thought of as resulting from the subtraction of a larger number from a smaller . For example , negative three is the result of subtracting three from zero :
Trent Affair
Good God , what 's got into you all ? What in Hell do you mean by deserting now the great principles of our fathers ; by returning to the vomit of that dog Great Britain ? What do you mean by asserting now principles against which every Adams yet has protested and resisted ? You 're mad , all of you .
Japanese honorifics
Sama ( 様 ( さま ) ) is a more respectful version for people of a higher rank than oneself or divine , toward one 's guests or customers ( such as a sports venue announcer addressing members of the audience ) , and sometimes toward people one greatly admires . It is seemingly said to be the origin word for `` - san '' but there is no major evidence otherwise . Deities such as the native Shinto kami and the Christian God , are referred to as kami - sama , meaning `` Revered spirit - sama '' . When used to refer to oneself , sama expresses extreme arrogance ( or self - effacing irony ) , as in praising one 's self to be of a higher rank , as with ore - sama ( 俺 様 , `` my esteemed self '' ) .
Murti
On account of subtleness of Time , this is the proof of its reality ; On account of it the Time is demonstrated . Because without proof , the assumption which is to be proved , is not admissible ; But , that which is itself to be proved or demonstrated , when one comprehends it in its parts , becomes the ground of proof , through which it brings itself into consciousness ( in the inductive way ) . --
Japanese honorifics
Senpai ( 先輩 ( せん ぱい ) ) is used to address or refer to one 's elder colleagues in a school , dojo , or sports club . So at school , the students in higher grades than oneself are senpai . Teachers are not senpai , but rather they are `` Sensei . '' Neither are students of the same or lower grade : they are referred to as kōhai . In a business environment , those with more experience are senpai .
Thermal expansion
Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance . When a substance is heated , the kinetic energy of its molecules increases . Thus , the molecules begin vibrating / moving more and usually maintain a greater average separation . Materials which contract with increasing temperature are unusual ; this effect is limited in size , and only occurs within limited temperature ranges ( see examples below ) . The relative expansion ( also called strain ) divided by the change in temperature is called the material 's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature .
Original sin
That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . --
Negative number
The minus sign `` − '' signifies the operator for both the binary ( two - operand ) operation of subtraction ( as in y − z ) and the unary ( one - operand ) operation of negation ( as in − x , or twice in − ( − x ) ) . A special case of unary negation occurs when it operates on a positive number , in which case the result is a negative number ( as in − 5 ) .
Vaishnavism
Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth . For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil , and for the establishment of righteousness , I come into being age after age . --
Native Son
A line from the trial speech by Bigger Thomas ' lawyer , Boris Max , is woven into the plot of Lemony Snicket 's book , The Penultimate Peril ( 2005 ) : `` Richard Wright , an American novelist of the realist school , asks a famous unfathomable question ... ' Who knows when some slight shock , ' he asks , ' disturbing the delicate balance between social order and thirsty aspiration , shall send the skyscrapers in our cities toppling ? ' ... So when Mr. Wright asks his question , he might be wondering if a small event , such as a stone dropping into a pond , can cause ripples in the system of the world , and tremble the things that people want , until all this rippling and trembling brings down something enormous , ... ''
Recursion (computer science)
Many computer programs must process or generate an arbitrarily large quantity of data . Recursion is one technique for representing data whose exact size the programmer does not know : the programmer can specify this data with a self - referential definition . There are two types of self - referential definitions : inductive and coinductive definitions . Further
Precedent
The first is the rule that a decision made by a superior court , or by the same court in an earlier decision , is binding precedent that the court itself and all its inferior courts are obligated to follow . The second is the principle that a court should not overturn its own precedent unless there is a strong reason to do so and should be guided by principles from lateral and inferior courts . The second principle , regarding persuasive precedent , is an advisory one that courts can and do ignore occasionally .
Friedrich Engels
You have paid more heed to other people , to strangers , and have taken no account of your mother 's pleas . God alone knows what I have felt and suffered of late . I was trembling when I picked up the newspaper and saw therein that a warrant was out for my son 's arrest .
Apple of my eye
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : Apple ( section 6 B) `` the particular object of a person 's affection or regard Jump up ^ `` Apple of one 's eye '' . The Word Detective . Retrieved 15 August 2015 .