vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cadejo
In popular etymology , the name cadejo is thought to have derived from the Spanish word `` cadena '' , meaning `` chain '' ; the cadejo is at times represented as dragging a chain behind him . There is a fairly large member of the weasel family , the tayra , which in common speech is called a cadejo and is cited as a possible source of the legend .
Pluto (mythology)
Plūtō ( ( ˈpluːtoː ) ; genitive Plūtōnis ) is the Latinized form of the Greek Plouton . Pluto 's Roman equivalent is Dis Pater , whose name is most often taken to mean `` Rich Father '' and is perhaps a direct translation of Plouton . Pluto was also identified with the obscure Roman Orcus , like Hades the name of both a god of the underworld and the underworld as a place . The borrowed Greek name Pluto is sometimes used for the ruler of the dead in Latin literature , leading some mythology handbooks to assert misleadingly that Pluto was the Roman counterpart of Hades . Pluto ( Pluton in French and German , Plutone in Italian ) becomes the most common name for the classical ruler of the underworld in subsequent Western literature and other art forms .
French horn
The name `` French horn '' is found only in English , first coming into use in the late 17th century . At that time , French makers were preeminent in the manufacture of hunting horns , and were credited with creating the now - familiar , circular `` hoop '' shape of the instrument . As a result , these instruments were often called , even in English , by their French names : trompe de chasse or cor de chasse ( the clear modern distinction between trompes , trumpets , and cors , horns , did not exist at that time ) . German makers first devised crooks to make such horns playable in different keys -- so musicians came to use `` French '' and `` German '' to distinguish the simple hunting horn from the newer horn with crooks , which in England was also called by the Italian name corno cromatico ( chromatic horn ) . More recently , `` French horn '' is often used colloquially , though the adjective has normally been avoided when referring to the European orchestral horn , ever since the German horn began replacing the French - style instrument in British orchestras around 1930 . The International Horn Society has recommended since 1971 that the instrument be simply called the horn .
Jockey
Another possible origin is the Gaelic word eachaidhe , a `` horseman '' , ( pronounced YACH - ee - yuh in late medieval times , with the ch pronounced as in German ) . The Irish name `` Eochaid '' ( YO - ked ) is related to `` each '' ( yek ) , horse , and is usually translated as `` horse rider '' . This is phonetically very similar to `` jockey ''
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Congo River itself was named by early European sailors after the Kingdom of Kongo and its Bantu inhabitants , the Kongo people , when they encountered them in the 16th century . The word Kongo comes from the Kongo language ( also called Kikongo ) . According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson `` It is probable that the word ' Kongo ' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root konga , ' to gather ' ( trans ( itive ) ) . '' The modern name of the Kongo people , Bakongo was introduced in the early 20th century .
Red panda
In modern Chinese , the red panda is called xiăoxióngmāo ( 小 熊猫 / 小 熊貓 , lesser or small panda ) , or 红 熊猫 / 紅 熊貓 ( hóngxióngmāo , red panda ) . In contrast , the giant panda is called dàxióngmāo ( 大 熊猫 / 大 熊貓 , giant or big panda ) , or simply xióngmāo ( 熊猫 / 熊貓 , panda , literally bear - cat ) .
Barn owl
The barn owl was one of several species of bird first described in 1769 by the Tyrolean physician and naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his Anni Historico - Naturales . He gave it the scientific name Strix alba . As more species of owl were described , the genus name Strix came to be used solely for the wood owls in the typical owl family Strigidae , and the barn owl became Tyto alba in the barn owl family Tytonidae . The name literally means `` white owl '' , from the onomatopoeic Ancient Greek tyto ( τυτώ ) for an owl -- compare English `` hooter '' -- and Latin alba , `` white '' . The bird is known by many common names which refer to its appearance , call , habitat , or its eerie , silent flight : white owl , silver owl , demon owl , ghost owl , death owl , night owl , rat owl , church owl , cave owl , stone owl , monkey - faced owl , hissing owl , hobgoblin or hobby owl , dobby owl , white - breasted owl , golden owl , scritch owl , screech owl , straw owl , barnyard owl , and delicate owl . `` Golden owl '' might also refer to the related golden masked owl ( T. aurantia ) . `` Hissing owl '' and , particularly in the UK and in India , `` screech owl '' , refers to the piercing calls of these birds . The latter name is also applied to a different group of birds , the screech - owls in the genus Megascops .
GEICO advertising campaigns
Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements . Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the `` little piggy who cried ' wee wee wee ' all the way home '' ( referencing the famous nursery rhyme `` This Little Piggy '' ) being driven home by a friend 's mother , squealing along the way . While Maxwell was originally intended as a one - time character , the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech - savvy , informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO - related objects .
Super Why!
Princess Pea -- Princess Pea was named after the children 's story `` The Princess and the Pea '' ; it is shown in the episode The Princess and The Pea that the princess in that story was Pea 's mother and the prince in that story was her father . However , in this case , `` Pea '' is her surname . She is dark skinned with large brown eyes and curly dark brown hair , wears a lavender princess dress and loves to dance . When she enters , she says , `` Princess Pea at your service ! '' Her superhero form is Princess Presto and in this form , she wears a pink gown . Her symbol is a star because she always takes her Magic Spelling Wand with her . She has `` spelling power '' focuses on spelling .
Thymus
The thymus was known to the ancient Greeks , and its name comes from the Greek word θυμός ( thumos ) , meaning `` anger '' , or `` heart , soul , desire , life '' , possibly because of its location in the chest , near where emotions are subjectively felt ; or else the name comes from the herb thyme ( also in Greek θύμος or θυμάρι ) , which became the name for a `` warty excrescence '' , possibly due to its resemblance to a bunch of thyme .
Munchkin
It is also possible that the term came from the Romanian word for laborer , `` muncitor '' , replacing the Romanian suffix of agency , `` - itor '' , with the English suffix of ( kind , sort , and ) class identification , `` - kin '' . `` Munci '' is the Romanian verb `` to labor '' and is pronounced / MOOHN - ch / .
Apollo
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas ( x-ap - pa - li - u-na - aš ) is attested in the Manapa - Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian ( and certainly the Etruscan ) Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun . The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus ( `` mouse Apollo '' ) by Chryses , the Trojan priest of Apollo , with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks ( the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is apotropaic , meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague ) .
Boötes
The name Boötes was first used by Homer in his Odyssey as a celestial reference point for navigation , described as `` late - setting '' or `` slow to set '' , translated as the `` Plowman '' . Exactly whom Boötes is supposed to represent in Greek mythology is not clear . According to one version , he was a son of Demeter , Philomenus , twin brother of Plutus , a ploughman who drove the oxen in the constellation Ursa Major . This is corroborated by the constellation 's name , which itself means `` ox - driver '' or `` herdsman . '' The ancient Greeks saw the asterism now called the `` Big Dipper '' or `` Plough '' as a cart with oxen . This influenced the name 's etymology , derived from the Greek for `` noisy '' or `` ox - driver '' . Another myth associated with Boötes tells that he invented the plow and was memorialized for his ingenuity as a constellation .
Kick the bucket
The theory favoured by the OED relates to the alternative definition of a bucket as a beam or yoke that can be used to hang or carry things on . The `` bucket '' may refer to the beam on which slaughtered pigs are suspended . The animals may struggle on the bucket , hence the expression . The word `` bucket '' still can be used today to refer to such a beam in the Norfolk dialect . It is thought that this definition came from the French word trébuchet or buque , meaning balance . William Shakespeare used the word in this sense in his play Henry IV Part II where he says :
Apollo
Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors . Thus , the Greeks most often associated Apollo 's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι ( apollymi ) , `` to destroy '' . Plato in Cratylus connects the name with ἀπόλυσις ( apolysis ) , `` redemption '' , with ἀπόλουσις ( apolousis ) , `` purification '' , and with ἁπλοῦν ( ( h ) aploun ) , `` simple '' , in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name , Ἄπλουν , and finally with Ἀειβάλλων ( aeiballon ) , `` ever - shooting '' . Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα ( apella ) , which means `` assembly '' , so that Apollo would be the god of political life , and he also gives the explanation σηκός ( sekos ) , `` fold '' , in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds . In the ancient Macedonian language πέλλα ( pella ) means `` stone , '' and some toponyms may be derived from this word : Πέλλα ( Pella , the capital of ancient Macedonia ) and Πελλήνη ( Pellēnē / Pallene ) .
Binomial nomenclature
The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin , depending on the declension of the noun . Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are - ii or - i in the singular and - orum in the plural , and for feminine nouns - ae in the singular and - arum in the plural . The noun may be part of a person 's name , often the surname , as in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii , the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii , or the olive - backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni . The meaning is `` of the person named '' , so that Magnolia hodgsonii means `` Hodgson 's magnolia '' . The - ii or - i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man ( not the same one ) ; had Hodgson been a woman , hodgsonae would have been used . The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually ( if ever ) the person who created the name ; for example Anthus hodgsoni was named by Charles Wallace Richmond , in honour of Hodgson . Rather than a person , the noun may be related to a place , as with Latimeria chalumnae , meaning `` of the Chalumna River '' . Another use of genitive nouns is in , for example , the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli , where coli means `` of the colon '' . This formation is common in parasites , as in Xenos vesparum , where vesparum means `` of the wasps '' , since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps .
Barn swallow
The barn swallow was described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Hirundo rustica , characterised as H. rectricibus , exceptis duabus intermediis , macula alba notatîs . Hirundo is the Latin word for `` swallow '' ; rusticus means `` of the country '' . This species is the only one of that genus to have a range extending into the Americas , with the majority of Hirundo species being native to Africa . This genus of blue - backed swallows is sometimes called the `` barn swallows '' .
Dodo
The etymology of the word dodo is unclear . Some ascribe it to the Dutch word dodoor for `` sluggard '' , but it is more probably related to Dodaars , which means either `` fat - arse '' or `` knot - arse '' , referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end . The first record of the word Dodaars is in Captain Willem Van West - Zanen 's journal in 1602 . The English writer Sir Thomas Herbert was the first to use the word dodo in print in his 1634 travelogue , claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese , who had visited Mauritius in 1507 . Another Englishman , Emmanuel Altham , had used the word in a 1628 letter , in which he also claimed the origin was Portuguese . The name `` dodar '' was introduced into English at the same time as dodo , but was only used until the 18th century . As far as is known , the Portuguese never mentioned the bird . Nevertheless , some sources still state that the word dodo derives from the Portuguese word doudo ( currently doido ) , meaning `` fool '' or `` crazy '' . It has also been suggested that dodo was an onomatopoeic approximation of the bird 's call , a two - note pigeon - like sound resembling `` doo - doo '' .
Binomial nomenclature
In modern usage , the first letter of the first part of the name , the genus , is always capitalized in writing , while that of the second part is not , even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place . Similarly , both parts are italicized when a binomial name occurs in normal text ( or underlined in handwriting ) . Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox ( named after botanist Thomas Drummond ) is now written as Phlox drummondii .
Binomial nomenclature
( Plant ) Amaranthus retroflexus L. -- `` L . '' is the standard abbreviation for `` Linnaeus '' ; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name . ( Plant ) Hyacinthoides italica ( L . ) Rothm . -- Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica ; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides . ( Animal ) Passer domesticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) -- the original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica ; unlike the ICN , the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus to be given .
Taxonomy (biology)
An `` authority '' may be placed after a scientific name . The authority is the name of the scientist or scientists who first validly published the name . For example , in 1758 Linnaeus gave the Asian elephant the scientific name Elephas maximus , so the name is sometimes written as `` Elephas maximus Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The names of authors are frequently abbreviated : the abbreviation L. , for Linnaeus , is commonly used . In botany , there is , in fact , a regulated list of standard abbreviations ( see list of botanists by author abbreviation ) . The system for assigning authorities differs slightly between botany and zoology . However , it is standard that if a species ' name or placement has been changed since the original description , the original authority 's name is placed in parentheses .
Computer mouse
The plural for the small rodent is always `` mice '' in modern usage . The plural of a computer mouse is `` mouses '' and `` mice '' according to most dictionaries , but `` mice '' being more common . The first recorded plural usage is `` mice '' ; the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use , and earlier uses include J.C.R. Licklider 's `` The Computer as a Communication Device '' of 1968 .
Brisket
According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language , Second Edition , the term derives from the Middle English brusket which comes from the earlier Old Norse brjósk , meaning cartilage . The cut overlies the sternum , ribs , and connecting costal cartilages .
Platypus
In the animated series Phineas and Ferb , the title characters own a pet platypus , named Perry , who unknown to them , is a secret agent . The choice of a platypus was inspired by media underuse , as well as to exploit the animal 's striking appearance . As a character , Perry has been well received by both fans and critics .
Cranberry
The name cranberry derives from `` craneberry '' , first named by early European settlers in America who felt the expanding flower , stem , calyx , and petals resembled the neck , head , and bill of a crane . Another name used in northeastern Canada is mossberry . The traditional English name for Vaccinium oxycoccos , fenberry , originated from plants found growing in fen ( marsh ) lands . In 17th - century New England cranberries were sometimes called `` bearberries '' as bears were often seen feeding on them . Annual
Red panda
Major General Thomas Hardwicke 's 1821 presentation of an article titled `` Description of a new Genus of the Class Mammalia , from the Himalaya Chain of Hills Between Nepaul and the Snowy Mountains '' at the Linnean Society in London is usually regarded as the moment the red panda became a bona fide species in Western science . Hardwicke proposed the name `` wha '' and explained : `` It is frequently discovered by its loud cry or call , resembling the word ' Wha ' , often repeating the same : hence is derived one of the local names by which it is known . It is also called Chitwa . '' Hardwicke 's paper was not published until 1827 , by which time Frédéric Cuvier had published his description and a figure . Hardwicke 's originally proposed taxonomic name was removed from the 1827 publication of his paper with his permission , and naming credit is now given to Cuvier .
Bothrops asper
The generic name , Bothrops , comes from the Greek words bothros and ops , which mean `` pit '' and `` face '' ( or `` eye '' ) , respectively . This is a reference to these snakes ' highly sensitive heat - detecting pit organs . The specific epithet , asper , which is a Latin word meaning `` rough '' or `` harsh '' , may allude to the species ' keeled dorsal scales .
Red panda
The red panda 's local names differ from place to place . The Lepcha call it sak nam . In Nepal , it is called bhalu biralo ( bear - cat ) and habre . The Sherpa people of Nepal and Sikkim call it ye niglva ponva and wah donka . The word wậː is Sunuwari meaning bear ; in Tamang language , a small , red bear is called tāwām . In the Kanchenjunga region of eastern Nepal , the Limbus know red pandas as kaala ( literally `` dark '' ) because of their underside pelage ; villagers of Tibetan origin call them hoptongar .
Name of France
The name of the Franks itself is said to come from the Proto - Germanic word * frankon which means `` javelin , lance '' . Another proposed etymology is that Frank means `` the free men '' , based on the fact that the word frank meant `` free '' in the ancient Germanic languages . However , rather than the ethnic name of the Franks coming from the word frank ( `` free '' ) , it is more probable that the word frank ( `` free '' ) comes from the ethnic name of the Franks , the connection being that only the Franks , as the conquering class , had the status of freemen .
Moose
Confusingly , the word `` elk '' is used in North America to refer to a different animal , Cervus canadensis , which is also called by the Algonkian indigenous name , `` wapiti '' . The British began colonizing America in the 17th century , and found two common species of deer for which they had no names . The wapiti appeared very similar to the red deer of Europe ( which itself was almost extinct in Southern Britain ) although it was much larger and was not red . The moose was a rather strange - looking deer to the colonists , and they often adopted local names for both . In the early days of American colonization , the wapiti was often called a grey moose and the moose was often called a black moose , but early accounts of the animals varied wildly , adding to the confusion .
Dodo
Another account from that voyage , perhaps the first to mention the dodo , states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins . The meaning may not have been derived from penguin ( the Portuguese referred to them as `` fotilicaios '' at the time ) , but from pinion , a reference to the small wings . The crew of the Dutch ship Gelderland referred to the bird as `` Dronte '' ( meaning `` swollen '' ) in 1602 , a name that is still used in some languages . This crew also called them `` griff - eendt '' and `` kermisgans '' , in reference to fowl fattened for the Kermesse festival in Amsterdam , which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius .
Red fox
The word `` fox '' comes from Old English , which derived from Proto - Germanic * fuhsaz . Compare with West Frisian foks , Dutch vos , and German Fuchs . This , in turn , derives from Proto - Indo - European * puḱ - ' thick - haired ; tail ' . Compare to the Hindi pū̃ch ' tail ' , Tocharian B päkā ' tail ; chowrie ' , and Lithuanian paustìs ' fur ' . The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox 's Welsh name , llwynog , literally ' bushy ' , from llwyn ' bush ' . Likewise , Portuguese : raposa from rabo ' tail ' , Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà ' tail ' , and Ojibwa waagosh from waa , which refers to the up and down `` bounce '' or flickering of an animal or its tail .
French name
Adding a particule was one way for people of non-noble origins to pretend they were nobles . In the 19th century wealthy commoners buying nobility titles were derisively called Monsieur de Puispeu , a pun on depuis peu meaning `` since recently '' . Similarly , during the French Revolution , when being associated with the nobility was unfashionable and even risky , some people dropped the de from their name , or omitted the mention of their feudal titles ( see image ) .
Prince Hamlet
The name Hamlet occurs in the form Amleth in a 13th - century book of Danish History written by Saxo Grammaticus , popularised by François de Belleforest as L'histoire tragique d'Hamlet , and appearing in the English translation as `` Hamblet '' . The story of Amleth is assumed to originate in Old Norse or Icelandic poetry from several centuries earlier . Saxo has it as Amlethus , the Latin form of the old Jutish Amlethæ . In terms of etymology the Old Icelandic name Amlóði comes from the Icelandic noun Amlooi , meaning ' fool , ' suggestive of the way that Hamlet acts in the play . Later these names were incorporated into Irish dialect as Amlodhe . As phonetic laws took their course the name 's spelling changed eventually leaving it as Amlaidhe . This Irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story . The root of this name is ' furious , raging , wild ' .
Name of France
Before being named France , the land was called Gaul ( Latin : Gallia ; French : Gaule ) . This name continued to be used even after the beginning of the reign of the Franks ' Kings Clovis I , Charles Martel , Pepin the Short , and Charlemagne . In fact , for as long as the cultural elites of Europe used Latin predominantly , the name Gallia continued to be used alongside the name France . In English usage , the words Gaul and Gaulish are used synonymously with Latin Gallia , Gallus and Gallicus . However the similarity of the names is probably coincidental ; the English words are borrowed from French Gaule and Gaulois , which appear to have been borrowed themselves from Germanic walha - , the usual word for the non-Germanic - speaking peoples ( Celtic - speaking and Latin - speaking indiscriminately ) . The Germanic w is regularly rendered as gu / g in French ( cf . guerre = war , garder = ward ) , and the diphthong au is the regular outcome of al before a following consonant ( cf . cheval ~ chevaux ) . Gaule or Gaulle can hardly be derived from Latin Gallia , since g would become j before a ( cf . gamba > jambe ) , and the diphthong au would be incomprehensible ; the regular outcome of Latin Gallia would have been * Jaille in French. ( 3 ) ( 4 )