vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tariff
If a country 's resources were not fully utilized , production and consumption could be increased at the national level without participating in international trade . The whole raison d'être of international trade would disappear , as would the possible gains . In this case , a State could even earn more by refraining from participating in international trade and stimulating domestic production , as this would allow it to employ more labour and capital and increase national income . Moreover , any adjustment mechanism underlying the theory no longer works if unemployment exists .
Serial killer
Already mentioned was the task force , FBI 2008 , Keppel 1989 which provides for a flexible , organized , framework for jurisdictions depending on the needs of the investigation . Unfortunately due to the need to commit resources ( manpower , money , equipment , etc . ) for long periods of time it can be an unsustainable option .
Cinema of the Philippines
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Controversial Filipino Films . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 )
Education reform
Related reforms attempted to develop similar classical results by concentrating on `` why '' , and `` which '' questions neglected by classical education . Abstract , introspective answers to these questions can theoretically compress large numbers of facts into relatively few principles . This path was taken by some Transcendentalist educators , such as Amos Bronson Alcott . In the early modern age , Victorian schools were reformed to teach commercially useful topics , such as modern languages and mathematics , rather than classical subjects , such as Latin and Greek .
Quality of life
Identity and engagement Creativity and recreation Memory and projection Belief and ideas Gender and generations Enquiry and learning Wellbeing and health
Gambler's fallacy
Roney and Trick argue that a solution to the problems caused by the gambler 's fallacy could be , instead of teaching individuals about the nature of randomness , training people to treat each event as if it is a beginning and not a continuation of previous events . It is their belief that this would prevent people from gambling when they are losing in the vain hope that their chances of winning are due to increase .
Education reform
The movement to use computers more in education naturally includes many unrelated ideas , methods , and pedagogies since there are many uses for digital computers . For example , the fact that computers are naturally good at math leads to the question of the use of calculators in math education . The Internet 's communication capabilities make it potentially useful for collaboration , and foreign language learning . The computer 's ability to simulate physical systems makes it potentially useful in teaching science . More often , however , debate of digital education reform centers around more general applications of computers to education , such as electronic test - taking and online classes .
Containment
In the words of the Federalist ( No. 28 ) `` The means to be employed must be proportioned to the extent of the mischief . '' The mischief may be a global war or it may be a Soviet campaign for limited objectives . In either case we should take no avoidable initiative which would cause it to become a war of annihilation , and if we have the forces to defeat a Soviet drive for limited objectives it may well be to our interest not to let it become a global war .
Black Sabbath
It 's quite different recording now . We 've all done so much in between . In ( the early ) days there was no mobile phone ringing every five seconds . When we first started , we had nothing . We all worked for the same thing . Now everybody has done so many other things . It 's great fun and we all have a good chat , but it 's just different , trying to put an album together .
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Instead of reading from the Torah , some Humanist Jews prefer a research paper on a topic in Jewish history to mark their coming of age . Secular Jewish Sunday schools and communities -- including those affiliated with the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations and the Arbeiter Ring ( Workmen 's Circle ) -- encourage the youngsters to select any topic that interests them and relates to the Jewish part of their identities .
Carbon dioxide
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 )
Theory of mind
An open question is if other animals besides humans have a genetic endowment and social environment that allows them to acquire a theory of mind in the same way that human children do . This is a contentious issue because of the problem of inferring from animal behavior the existence of thinking or of particular thoughts , or the existence of a concept of self or self - awareness , consciousness and qualia . One difficulty with non-human studies of Theory of Mind is the lack of sufficient numbers of naturalistic observations , giving insight into what the evolutionary pressures might be on a species ' development of theory of mind .
Plant breeding
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 )
Morality
... if we adopt the principle of universality : if an action is right ( or wrong ) for others , it is right ( or wrong ) for us . Those who do not rise to the minimal moral level of applying to themselves the standards they apply to others -- more stringent ones , in fact -- plainly can not be taken seriously when they speak of appropriateness of response ; or of right and wrong , good and evil . In fact , one of the , maybe the most , elementary of moral principles is that of universality , that is , If something 's right for me , it 's right for you ; if it 's wrong for you , it 's wrong for me . Any moral code that is even worth looking at has that at its core somehow .
New trade theory
The models developed predicted the national specialization - by - industry observed in the industrial world ( movies in Hollywood , watches in Switzerland , etc . ) . The model also showed how path - dependent industrial concentrations can sometimes lead to monopolistic competition or even situations of oligopoly .
Terror management theory
TMT posits that religion was created as a means for humans to cope with their own mortality . Supporting this , arguments in favor of life after death , and simply being religious , reduce the effects of mortality salience on worldview defense . Thoughts of death have also been found to increase religious beliefs . At an implicit , subconscious level , this is the case even for people who claim to be nonreligious .
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
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Hip hop
Scholars argue that hip hop can have an empowering effect on youth . While there is misogyny , violence , and drug use in rap music videos and lyrics , hip hop also displays many positive themes of self - reliance , resilience , and self - esteem . These messages can be inspiring for a youth living in poverty . A lot of rap songs contain references to strengthening the African American community promoting social causes . Social workers have used hip hop to build a relationship with at - risk youth and develop a deeper connection with the child . Hip hop has the potential to be taught as a way of helping people see the world more critically , be it through forms of writing , creating music , or social activism . The lyrics of hip hop have been used to learn about literary devices such as metaphor , imagery , irony , tone , theme , motif , plot , and point of view .
Utilitarianism
It is true there are cases in which , if we confine ourselves to the effects of the first order , the good will have an incontestable preponderance over the evil . Were the offence considered only under this point of view , it would not be easy to assign any good reasons to justify the rigour of the laws . Every thing depends upon the evil of the second order ; it is this which gives to such actions the character of crime , and which makes punishment necessary . Let us take , for example , the physical desire of satisfying hunger . Let a beggar , pressed by hunger , steal from a rich man 's house a loaf , which perhaps saves him from starving , can it be possible to compare the good which the thief acquires for himself , with the evil which the rich man suffers ? ... It is not on account of the evil of the first order that it is necessary to erect these actions into offences , but on account of the evil of the second order .
Social media
In the book Networked -- The New Social Operating System by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman , the two authors reflect on mainly positive effects of social media and other Internet - based social networks . According to the authors , social media are used to document memories , learn about and explore things , advertise oneself and form friendships as well as the growth of ideas from the creation of blogs , podcasts , videos and gaming sites . For instance , they claim that the communication through Internet based services can be done more privately than in real life . Furthermore , Rainie and Wellman discuss that everybody has the possibility to become a content creator . Content creation provides networked individuals opportunities to reach wider audiences . Moreover , it can positively affect their social standing and gain political support . This can lead to influence on issues that are important for someone . As a concrete example of the positive effects of social media , the authors use the Tunisian revolution in 2011 , where people used Facebook to gather meetings , protest actions , etc . Rainie and Wellman ( Ibid ) also discuss that content creation is a voluntary and participatory act . What is important is that networked individuals create , edit , and manage content in collaboration with other networked individuals . This way they contribute in expanding knowledge . Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation .
Social exchange theory
The first proposition : the Success Proposition states that behavior that creates positive outcomes is likely to be repeated . The second proposition : the Stimulus Proposition believes that if an individual 's behavior is rewarded in the past , the individual will continue the previous behavior . The third proposition : the Value proposition believes that if the result of a behavioral action is considered valuable to the individual , it is more likely for that behavior to occur . The fourth proposition : the Deprivation - satiation proposition believes that if an individual has received the same reward several times , the value of that reward will diminish . The fifth proposition discusses when emotions occur due to different reward situations . Those who receive more than they expect or do not receive anticipated punishment will be happy and will behave approvingly .
Terror management theory
Several critiques have been proposed against TMT from evolutionary psychologists -- for reasons including that fear is an adaptive response in individuals ' that has come about as a result of natural selection ; without these adaptations human beings would have never been able to avoid maladaptive situations . Thus , it is unlikely that people would have psychological ways of slowing - down anxiety . In response , TMT theorists argue that this critique is mixing up fear related to immediate danger with anxiety related to thoughts of threats that will or may occur eventually . TMT is talking about the protection that self - esteem and cultural worldviews offer against the threat of unavoidable death in the future . While anxiety may be adaptive in avoiding entering a dangerous place ( e.g. because a predator may be waiting ) , this does n't mean that anxiety must be adaptive in all cases . For a more comprehensive review of TMT and evolutionary psychology , see Landau et al. , 2007 . Similar evolutionary critiques have been raised by researchers exploring uncertainty and unknowns ( see for reviews , ) .
Big Five personality traits
There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness . Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin .
Consciousness
Thanks to developments in technology over the past few decades , consciousness has become a significant topic of interdisciplinary research in cognitive science , with significant contributions from fields such as psychology , anthropology , neuropsychology and neuroscience . The primary focus is on understanding what it means biologically and psychologically for information to be present in consciousness -- that is , on determining the neural and psychological correlates of consciousness . The majority of experimental studies assess consciousness in humans by asking subjects for a verbal report of their experiences ( e.g. , `` tell me if you notice anything when I do this '' ) . Issues of interest include phenomena such as subliminal perception , blindsight , denial of impairment , and altered states of consciousness produced by alcohol and other drugs , or spiritual or meditative techniques .
PageRank
The eigenvalue problem was suggested in 1976 by Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin , who worked on scientometrics ranking scientific journals , in 1977 by Thomas Saaty in his concept of Analytic Hierarchy Process which weighted alternative choices , and in 1995 by Bradley Love and Steven Sloman as a cognitive model for concepts , the centrality algorithm .
Behavioral theories of depression
In social problem solving therapy , therapists help individuals develop adaptive coping mechanisms for daily life stresses , such as confrontation and discomfort , within a social environment . Emphasis is placed on manipulating the individual 's responses to social stressors , as well as ways to avoid excessively stressful social situations . There is no pre-determined set of adaptive behaviors , rather , coping mechanisms are created on an individual basis . Problem
Working memory
Little is known about which genes are related to the functioning of working memory . Within the theoretical framework of the multi-component model , one candidate gene has been proposed , namely ROBO1 for the hypothetical phonological loop component of working memory .
Negative and positive rights
James P. Sterba makes similar criticisms . He holds that any right can be made to appear either positive or negative depending on the language used to define it . He writes :
Probability
Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling . The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions . Governments apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation , entitlement analysis ( Reliability theory of aging and longevity ) , and financial regulation .
OSI model
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2017 )
Carbon dioxide
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 )
Scientific method
It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown . Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the hypothesis is true . If the outcome is already known , it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the hypothesis .
Philosophical zombie
Chalmers ' argument is logically valid : if its premises are true then the conclusion must be true . However , other philosophers dispute that its premises are true . For example , is such a world really possible ? Chalmers states that `` it certainly seems that a coherent situation is described ; I can discern no contradiction in the description . '' This leads to the questions of the relevant notion of `` possibility '' : is the scenario described in premise 3 possible in the sense that is suggested in premise 2 ? Most physicalist responses deny that the premise of a zombie scenario is possible .
Social development theory
The dawning of this phase in Europe led to exploratory voyages across the seas leading to the discovery of new lands and an expansion of sea trade . Equally important , society at this time began to more effectively harness the power of money . Commerce took over from agriculture , and money replaced land as the most productive resource . The center of life shifted from the countryside to the towns where opportunities for trade and business were in greater abundance .
Time
The wide array of distinctions in the way different groups think about time leads to the broader question that different groups may also think about other abstract concepts in different ways as well , such as causality and number .
Social media
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 )
Migration in China
Scholars from a wide variety of fields have recommended policy changes in order to deal with the social issues created by floating populations of migrant workers in China . Some scholars believe that `` public policies reducing the cost ( including the opportunity cost ) of education for rural people could help filling the endowment gap between rural migrants and urban residents in the labor market . '' Additionally , scholars have recommended that `` new policy initiatives concerning the issue of education and migrant children are sorely needed . '' Public health scholars recommend that `` because health insurance schemes will remain limited for the foreseeable future , attention should focus on providing affordable health care to both uninsured migrants and the urban poor . '' In light of the migrant worker Foxconn suicides , labor scholars have recommended that `` the government should redistribute income and guarantee benefits to rural residents and migrant workers to improve living standards . '' Those studying labor mobility believe that `` the artificial restrictions under which rural - urban migrants work in the cities , i.e. the prohibition on or impediments to urban settlement , restricted access to skilled jobs , and the system of short - term contracts , may have generated an excessively high migrant mobility rate . ''
Mental calculation
When the above situation does not apply , the problem can sometimes be modified :
Nation state
Globalization especially has helped to bring about the discussion about the disappearance of nation states , as global trade and the rise of the concepts of a ' global citizen ' and a common identity have helped to reduce differences and ' distances ' between individual nation states , especially with regards to the internet .
Social media
In a 2014 study , high school students ages 18 and younger were examined in an effort to find their preference for receiving news . Based on interviews with 61 teenagers , conducted from December 2007 to February 2011 , most of the teen participants reported reading print newspapers only `` sometimes , '' with fewer than 10 % reading them daily . The teenagers instead reported learning about current events from social media sites such as Facebook , MySpace , YouTube , and blogs . Another study showed that social media users read a set of news that is different from what newspaper editors feature in the print press . Using nanotechnology as an example , a study was conducted that studied tweets from Twitter and found that some 41 % of the discourse about nanotechnology focused on its negative impacts , suggesting that a portion of the public may be concerned with how various forms of nanotechnology are used in the future . Although optimistic - sounding and neutral - sounding tweets were equally likely to express certainty or uncertainty , the pessimistic tweets were nearly twice as likely to appear certain of an outcome than uncertain . These results imply the possibility of a preconceived negative perception of many news articles associated with nanotechnology . Alternatively , these results could also imply that posts of a more pessimistic nature that are also written with an air of certainty are more likely to be shared or otherwise permeate groups on Twitter . Similar biases need to be considered when the utility of new media is addressed , as the potential for human opinion to over-emphasize any particular news story is greater despite the general improvement in addressed potential uncertainty and bias in news articles than in traditional media .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
I ca n't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here . Too much blood has been spilled . I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves . The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working - class movement .
History of evolutionary thought
The idea of an extended evolutionary synthesis is to extend the 20th century modern synthesis to include concepts and mechanisms such as multilevel selection theory , transgenerational epigenetic inheritance , niche construction and evolvability -- though several different such syntheses have been proposed , with no agreement on what exactly would be included .
Democracy
Later theories stressed the relevance of education and of human capital -- and within them of cognitive ability to increasing tolerance , rationality , political literacy and participation . Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished :
Elephant in the room
The term refers to a question , problem , solution , or controversial issue which is obvious to everyone who knows about the situation , but which is deliberately ignored because to do otherwise would cause great embarrassment , sadness , or trigger arguments or is simply taboo . The idiom can imply a value judgment that the issue ought to be discussed openly , or it can simply be an acknowledgment that the issue is there and not going to go away by itself .
Columbian Exchange
It appears to me , that the people are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians , as they appear to have no religion . They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them . If it please our Lord , I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses , that they may learn our language .
Cluedo
It has been suggested that this article ( which conflates the board game and the franchise it created ) be split into articles titled Cluedo ( franchise ) and Cluedo . ( Discuss ) ( December 2017 ) For
Guns N' Roses
There 's a lot of Chinese democracy movements , and it 's something that there 's a lot of talk about , and it 's something that will be nice to see . It could also just be like an ironic statement . I do n't know , I just like the sound of it . ( The album has ) a lot of different sounds . There 's some heavy songs , there 's a lot of aggressive songs , but they 're all in different styles and different sounds . It is truly a melting pot .
Waiting for Godot
Broadly speaking , existentialists hold that there are certain fundamental questions that every human being must come to terms with if they are to take their subjective existences seriously and with intrinsic value . Questions such as life , death , the meaning of human existence and the place of ( or lack of ) God in that existence are among them . By and large , the theories of existentialism assert that conscious reality is very complex and without an `` objective '' or universally known value : the individual must create value by affirming it and living it , not by simply talking about it or philosophising it in the mind . The play may be seen to touch on all of these issues .
Water fluoridation
Those opposed argue that water fluoridation has no or little cariostatic benefits , may cause serious health problems , is not effective enough to justify the costs , and pharmacologically obsolete , while some argue that the practice presents a conflict between the common good and individual rights .