vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Labour in India
Between 2004 and 2011 , India has experienced a decline in unionised labour . The number of labour disputes has dropped to 400 annually over the same period , compared with over 1,000 in the 1990s . The annual number of man - days lost to labour disputes in early 1990s averaged around 27 million ; by 2010 , while Indian economy has grown significantly and Indian labour force has expanded , the average number of man - days lost has dropped by about 30 % . The downward trend continues both in terms of number of disputes and lost man - days per dispute . For example , India experienced 249 disputes in the first 5 months of 2010 , and 101 disputes in 2012 over the same period .
History of India
In the aftermath , all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown , which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces . The Crown controlled the Company 's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India , which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families . There were officially 565 princely states in 1947 , but only 21 had actual state governments , and only three were large ( Mysore , Hyderabad and Kashmir ) . They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947 -- 48 .
Reservation in India
After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favour of the Scheduled Tribes ( ST ) , Scheduled Castes ( SC ) and Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) .
Partition of India
Due to religious persecution in Pakistan , Hindus continue to flee to India . Most of them tend to settle in the state of Rajasthan in India . According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data , just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013 . In May 2014 , a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz ( PML - N ) , Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani , revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year . Since India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention it refuses to recognise Pakistani Hindu migrants as refugees .
India
Despite economic growth during recent decades , India continues to face socio - economic challenges . In 2006 , India contained the largest number of people living below the World Bank 's international poverty line of US $1.25 per day , the proportion having decreased from 60 % in 1981 to 42 % in 2005 ; under its later revised poverty line , it was 21 % in 2011 . 30.7 % of India 's children under the age of five are underweight . According to a Food and Agriculture Organization report in 2015 , 15 % of the population is undernourished . The Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates .
Partition of India
Alwar and Bharatpur were two princely states of Rajputana ( modern day Rajasthan ) which were the scene of a bloody confrontation between the dominant , land - holding community of Hindu Jats and the cultivating community of Muslim Meos from May 1947 onwards . Well - organised bands of Hindu Jats , Ahirs and Gujars started attacking Muslim Meos in April 1947 . By June more than fifty Muslim villages had been destroyed after attacks by all sides . The Muslim League was outraged and demanded that the Viceroy provide Muslim troops . Accusations emerged in June of the involvement of Indian State Forces from Alwar and Bharatpur in the destruction of Muslim villages both inside their states and in British India .
Kargil War
The Government of India responded with Operation Vijay , a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops . However , because of the nature of the terrain , division and corps operations could not be mounted ; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the regimental or battalion level . In effect , two divisions of the Indian Army , numbering 20,000 , plus several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone . The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the military operation on the Kargil - Drass sector was thus close to 30,000 . The number of infiltrators , including those providing logistical backup , has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict . This figure includes troops from Pakistan - administered Kashmir who provided additional artillery support .
Caste system in India
Assumptions about the caste system in Indian society , along with its nature , evolved during British rule . Corbridge concludes that British policies of divide and rule of India 's numerous princely sovereign states , as well as enumeration of the population into rigid categories during the 10 - year census , particularly with the 1901 and 1911 census , contributed towards the hardening of caste identities .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The final large - scale military uprising in the Punjab took place on 9 July , when most of a brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi . They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross the Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours , the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island . Three days later , Nicholson annihilated the 1,100 trapped sepoys in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat .
Poverty in India
Poverty is a significant issue in India , despite being one of the fastest - growing economies in the world , clocked at a growth rate of 7.11 % in 2015 , and a sizable consumer economy . The World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions on May 2014 , to its poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide . According to this revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million people lived in India . In other words , India with 17.5 % of total world 's population , had 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2011 . As of 2014 , 58 % of the total population were living on less than $3.10 per day . According to the Modified Mixed Reference Period ( MMRP ) concept proposed by World Bank in 2015 , India 's poverty rate for period 2011 - 12 stood at 12.4 % of the total population , or about 172 million people ; taking the revised poverty line as $1.90 . India
Karachi
Prior to Pakistan 's independence in 1947 , the population of the city was estimated to be 50 % Muslim , 40 % Hindu , with the remaining 10 % primarily Christians ( both British and native ) , with a small numbers of Jews . Following the independence of Pakistan , much of Karachi 's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Muslim refugees from India in turn settled in the city . The city continued to attract migrants from throughout Pakistan , who were overwhelmingly Muslim , and city 's population nearly doubled again in the 1950s . As a result of continued migration , over 96.5 % of the city currently is estimated to be Muslim .
Forestry in India
Some 500,000 square kilometres , about 17 % of India 's land area , were regarded as Forest Area in the early 1990s . In FY 1987 , however , actual forest cover was 640,000 square kilometres . Some claim , that because more than 50 % of this land was barren or bushland , the area under productive forest was actually less than 350,000 square kilometres , or approximately 10 % of the country 's land area .
India
The 2011 census reported that the religion in India with the largest number of followers was Hinduism ( 79.80 % of the population ) , followed by Islam ( 14.23 % ) ; the remaining were Christianity ( 2.30 % ) , Sikhism ( 1.72 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.70 % ) , Jainism ( 0.36 % ) and others ( 0.9 % ) . India has the world 's largest Hindu , Sikh , Jain , Zoroastrian , and Bahá'í populations , and has the third - largest Muslim population -- the largest for a non-Muslim majority country .
Partition of India
Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims in Punjab and Bengal legislative assemblies would meet and vote for partition . If a simple majority of either group wanted partition , then these provinces would be divided . Sind and Baluchistan were to make their own decision . The fate of North West Frontier Province and Sylhet district of Assam was to be decided by a referendum . India would be independent by 15 August 1947 . The separate independence of Bengal was ruled out . A boundary commission to be set up in case of partition .
Baby boom
In addition , there was steady immigration , especially from former French colonies in North Africa . The population of France grew from 40.5 million in 1946 to nearly 50 million in 1968 and just under 60 million by 1999 . The farm population declined sharply , from 35 % of the workforce in 1945 to under 5 % by 2000 . By 2004 , France had the second highest birthrate in Europe , behind only Ireland .
History of India
The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large - scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company 's rule . The rebels were disorganised , had differing goals , and were poorly equipped , led , and trained , and had no outside support or funding . They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it . The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again .
Environmental issues in India
According to NASA groundwater declines are highest on Earth between 2002 and 2008 in northern India . Agricultural productivity is dependent on irrigation . A collapse of agricultural output and severe shortages of potable water may influence 114 million residents in India . In July 2012 , about 670 million people or 10 % of the world 's population lost power blame on the severe drought restricting the power delivered by hydroelectric dams .
Partition of India
West Punjab received the largest number of refugees ( 73.1 % ) , mainly from East Punjab and its contiguous areas . East Bengal received the second largest number of refugees , 699,100 , who constituted 9.7 % of the total Muslim refugee population in Pakistan . 66.69 % of the refugees in East Bengal originated from West Bengal , 14.50 % from Bihar and 11.84 % from Assam .
Poverty in India
These colonial policies moved unemployed artisans into farming , and transformed India as a region increasingly abundant in land , unskilled labour and low productivity , and scarce in skilled labour , capital and knowledge . On an inflation adjusted 1973 Rupee basis , the average income of Indian agrarian labourer was Rs. 7.20 per year in 1885 , against an inflation adjusted poverty line of Rs. 23.90 per year . Thus , not only was the average income below poverty line , the intensity of poverty was severe . The intensity of poverty increased from 1885 to 1921 , then began a reversal . However , the absolute poverty rates continued to be very high through the 1930s . The colonial policies on taxation and its recognition of land ownership claims of zamindars and mansabdars , or Mughal era nobility , made a minority of families wealthy , while it weakened the ability of poorer peasants to command land and credit . The resulting rising landlessness and stagnant real wages intensified poverty .
History of India
At the end of the Rigvedic period , the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent , into the western Ganges plain . It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas , or social classes . This social structure was characterised both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India , but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure . During this period , many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into Janapadas ( monarchical , state - level polities ) .
India
Vital to India 's self - image as an independent nation was its constitution , completed in 1950 , which put in place a secular and democratic republic . It has remained a democracy with civil liberties , an active Supreme Court , and a largely independent press . Economic liberalisation , which was begun in the 1990s , has created a large urban middle class , transformed India into one of the world 's fastest - growing economies , and increased its geopolitical clout . Indian movies , music , and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture . Yet , India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty , both rural and urban ; by religious and caste - related violence ; by Maoist - inspired Naxalite insurgencies ; and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India . It has unresolved territorial disputes with China and with Pakistan . The India -- Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998 . India 's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world 's newer nations ; however , in spite of its recent economic successes , freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved .
Economy of India
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $880 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $570 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank .
Labour in India
In 1997 , India had about 59,000 trade unions registered with the government of India . Of these only 9,900 unions filed income and expenditure reports and claimed to represent 7.4 million workers . The state of Kerala at 9,800 trade unions had the highest number of registered unions , but only few filed income and expenditure reports with the government of India . The state of Karnataka had the fastest growth in number of unions between the 1950s to 1990s .
Swadeshi movement
It is difficult to form an accurate estimate of the effect of the Boycott movement on the import of foreign goods in Bengal , as no exact statistics are available . It appears , however , from the official and confidential Police reports that for the first two or three years , there was a serious decline in the import of British goods , particularly cloth .
Environmental issues in India
Other data suggest that population density has little correlation to environmental quality and human quality of life . India 's population density , in 2011 , was about 368 human beings per square kilometre . Many countries with population density similar or higher than India enjoy environmental quality as well as human quality of life far superior than India . For example : Singapore ( 7148 / km ) , Hong Kong ( 6349 / km ) , South Korea ( 487 / km ) , Netherlands ( 403 / km ) , Belgium ( 355 / km ) , England ( 395 / km ) and Japan ( 337 / km ) .
Famine
The exact number of famine deaths during 1958 -- 61 is difficult to determine , and estimates range from 18 to at least 42 million people , with a further 30 million cancelled or delayed births . It was only when the famine had wrought its worst that Mao reversed agricultural collectivisation policies , which were effectively dismantled in 1978 . China has not experienced a famine of the proportions of the Great Leap Forward since 1961 .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The Department of Posts , operating as India Post , is a government - operated postal system , simply referred to within India as `` the post office '' . With its far - flung reach and its presence in remote areas , the Indian postal service provides many services such as small savings banking and financial services . As of 31 March 2011 , the Indian Postal Service has 154,866 post offices , of which 139,040 ( 89.78 % ) are in rural areas and 15,826 ( 10.22 % ) are in urban areas . It has 25,464 departmental POs and 129,402 ED BPOs . At the time of independence , there were 23,344 post offices , which were primarily in urban areas . Thus , the network has registered a sevenfold growth since Independence , with the expansion primarily in rural areas . On an average , a post office serves an area of 21.23 sq ; km and a population of 7,114 people . India is believed to have the most widely distributed system in the world ( China has 57,000 , Russia 41,000 and the United States 38,000 offices ) . This proliferation of offices results from India 's history of having many disparate postal systems , eventually unified in the Indian Union after Independence .
History of India
By 1942 , neighbouring Burma was invaded by Japan , which by then had already captured the Indian territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Japan gave nominal control of the islands to the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October 1943 , and in the following March , the Indian National Army with the help of Japan crossed into India and advanced as far as Kohima in Nagaland . This advance on the mainland of South Asia reached its farthest point on India territory , retreating from the Battle of Kohima in June and from that of Imphal on 3 July 1944 .
Karnataka
According to the 2011 census of India , the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 ( 50.7 % ) were male and 30,128,640 ( 49.3 % ) were female , or 1000 males for every 973 females . This represents a 15.60 % increase over the population in 2001 . The population density was 319 per km and 38.67 % of the people lived in urban areas . The literacy rate was 75.36 % with 82.47 % of males and 68.08 % of females being literate. 84.00 % of the population were Hindu , 12.92 % were Muslim , 1.87 % were Christian , 0.72 % were Jains , 0.16 % were Buddhist , 0.05 % were Sikh and 0.02 % were belonging to other religions and 0.27 % of the population did not state their religion .
Human rights and development
South - eastern Asia is the first developing region to reach the hunger reduction target ahead of 2015 . Undernourished people in the total population of the region decreased from 29.6 % in 1990 - 1992 to 10.9 % in 2010 - 2012 . However , globally the slowing of growth brings continual job losses . Unemployment has increased by 28 million since 2007 , and an estimated 39 million people have dropped out of the labour market , leaving 67 million people without jobs as a result of the global financial crisis . Though the number of workers living with their families on less than $1.25 a day has declined dramatically over the past decade by 294 million , new estimates show that 60.9 % of workers in the developing world still live on less than $4 a day .
Partition of India
Thousands of Hindus , located in the districts of East Bengal which were awarded to Pakistan , found themselves being attacked and this religious persecution forced hundreds of thousands of Hindus from East Bengal to seek refuge in India . The huge influx of Hindu refugees into Calcutta affected the demographics of the city . Many Muslims left the city for East Pakistan and some of their homes and properties were occupied by the refugee families .
Cold War
In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties .
Labour in India
Year Public Sector ( in millions ) Private Sector ( in millions ) Live ( Unemployment ) Register ( in millions ) 13.63 6.79 9.78 1980 15.48 7.40 17.84 1985 17.68 7.37 30.13 19.06 7.68 36.30 1995 19.43 8.51 37.43 2000 19.14 8.65 42.00 2005 18.19 8.77 41.47 17.55 11.45 40.17
Partition of India
The Muslim League 's demands for a separate state were thus conceded . The Congress ' position on unity was also taken into account while making Pakistan as small as possible . Mountbatten 's formula was to divide India and at the same time retain maximum possible unity .
Economy of India under the British Raj
In 1951 , forty - two separate railway systems , including thirty - two lines owned by the former Indian princely states , were amalgamated to form a single unit named Indian Railways . The existing rail systems were abandoned in favor of zones in 1951 and a total of six zones came into being in 1952 .
India
India is a federation composed of 29 states and 7 union territories . All states , as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi , have elected legislatures and governments , both patterned on the Westminster model . The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators . In 1956 , under the States Reorganisation Act , states were reorganised on a linguistic basis . Since then , their structure has remained largely unchanged . Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts . The districts , in turn , are further divided into tehsils and ultimately into villages .
Poverty in India
Poverty alleviation has been a driver for India 's Planning Commission 's Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand of the Perspective Planning Division . This division , in 1979 , took into account differences in calorie requirements for different age groups , activity levels , and sex . They determined that the average rural dweller needed around 2400 calories , and those in urban areas required about 2100 calories per person per day . To satisfy the food requirement , the Task Force estimated that a consumer spending in 1973 -- 74 of Rs. 49.09 per person per month in rural areas and Rs. 56.64 in urban areas was appropriate measure to estimate its poverty line .
Poverty in India
Minhas published his estimates of poverty rates in 1950s India as cyclical and a strong function of each year 's harvest . Minhas disagreed with the practice of using calories as the basis for poverty estimation and proposed a poverty line based on real expenditure per year ( Rs 240 per annum ) . In 1956 - 57 , a good harvest year , he computed India 's poverty rate to be 65 % ( 215 million people ) . For 1960 , Minhas estimated the poverty to be 59 % . 1960s
Partition of India
In September -- November 1947 in the Jammu region of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , a large number of Muslims were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab . The impetus for this violence was partly provided by the influx of a large number of Hindu and Sikh refugees since March 1947 , who brought with them `` harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities '' , to Jammu from West Punjab . The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs , aided and abetted by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh . Observers state that Hari Singh 's aim was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population , in order to ensure a Hindu majority in the region .