vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is considered a Cold War - era proxy war by some US perspectives . The majority of Americans believe the war was unjustified . The war would last roughly 19 years and would also form the Laotian Civil War as well as the Cambodian Civil War , which also saw all three countries become communist states in 1975 .
Peninsular War
The Peninsular War is regarded as one of the first people 's wars , significant for the emergence of large - scale guerrilla warfare . It is from this conflict that the English language borrowed the word . The Spanish War of Independence was one of the most successful partisan wars in history . This guerrilla warfare was costly for both sides ; the guerrillas troubled the French troops , but they frightened their own countrymen with forced conscription and looting . Many of the partisans were either fleeing the law or trying to get rich . Later in the war the authorities tried to make the guerrillas reliable , and many of them formed regular army units such as Espoz y Mina 's `` Cazadores de Navarra '' .
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815 . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right .
War of 1812
Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom
Korean War
The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North .
Balkan Wars
Citizens of Turkey regard the Balkan Wars as a major disaster ( Balkan harbi faciası ) in the nation 's history . The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish - dominated European territories created a psycho - traumatic event amongst many Turks that is said to have triggered the ultimate collapse of the empire itself within five years . Nazım Pasha , Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army , was held responsible for the failure and was assassinated on 23 January 1913 during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état .
War of 1812
An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson 's administration did effectively demobilize the country at the war 's end . A plan to form a commission for the purpose was abandoned in the face of Republican control the Senate , which complicated the appointment of commission members . Instead , Wilson favored the prompt dismantling of wartime boards and regulatory agencies . Demobilization was chaotic and violent ; four million soldiers were sent home with little planning , little money , few benefits , and other vague promises . A wartime bubble in prices of farmland burst , leaving many farmers deeply in debt after they purchased new land . There were social tensions as veterans tried to find jobs , and existing workers struggled to protect theirs , as well as to gain better wages and conditions . Major strikes in the steel , coal , and meatpacking industries disrupted the economy in 1919 . These conditions were catalysts for outbreaks of racial animosity that erupted in serious race riots of ethnic whites against blacks in Chicago , Omaha , and two dozen other major cities in the North ; it was called the Red Summer of 1919 .
Munich Agreement
England has been offered a choice between war and shame . She has chosen shame , and will get war .
Nine Years' War
The Nine Years ' War ( 1688 -- 97 ) -- often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg -- was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria , the Holy Roman Empire , the Dutch Republic , Spain , England and Savoy . It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas , Ireland , North America and in India . It is sometimes considered the first global war . The conflict encompassed the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite risings in Scotland , where William III and James II struggled for control of England and Ireland , and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indian allies , today called King William 's War by Americans .
Modern history
Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications ( separated by a `` No man 's land '' ) running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland . On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing , although the scale of the conflict was just as large . Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and -- for the first time -- from the air . More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields , and nearly that many more in the participating countries ' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts . Notably , more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities . The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war , severe overcrowding in barracks , wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings , and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic .
Vietnam War
President Lyndon B. Johnson declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48 to 36 percent . LBJ 's escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps cost 30,000 American lives by that point and was regarded to have destroyed his presidency . Refusal to send more U.S. troops to Vietnam was also seen as Johnson 's admission that the war was lost . As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted , `` the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead . '' Soviet
World War I
From the time of its start until the approach of World War II , the First World War was called simply the World War or the Great War and thereafter the First World War or World War I . At the time , it was also sometimes called `` the war to end war '' or `` the war to end all wars '' due to its then - unparalleled scale and devastation .
Surrender of Japan
It goes without saying that it is unbearable for me to see the brave and loyal fighting men of Japan disarmed . It is equally unbearable that others who have rendered me devoted service should now be punished as instigators of the war . Nevertheless , the time has come to bear the unbearable ...
Munich Agreement
We have suffered a total and unmitigated defeat ... you will find that in a period of time which may be measured by years , but may be measured by months , Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi régime . We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude ... we have sustained a defeat without a war , the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road ... we have passed an awful milestone in our history , when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged , and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies : `` Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting '' . And do not suppose that this is the end . This is only the beginning of the reckoning . This is only the first sip , the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigour , we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time .
Twenty Negro Law
From this time on till the end of the war , a soldier was simply a machine , a conscript . It was mighty rough on rebels . We cursed the war , we cursed Bragg , we cursed the Southern Confederacy . All our pride and valor had gone , and we were sick of war and the Southern Confederacy .
United States declaration of war on Japan
On December 8 , 1941 , the United States Congress declared war ( Public Law 77 - 328 , 55 STAT 795 ) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country 's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day . It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier , but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message -- the high - security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it , which slowed down the process -- it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack . Following the U.S. declaration , Japan 's allies , Germany and Italy , declared war on the United States , bringing the United States fully into World War II .
German declaration of war against the United States
When Pearl Harbor happened , we ( Roosevelt 's advisors ) were desperate ... We were all in agony . The mood of the American people was obvious -- they were determined that the Japanese had to be punished . We could have been forced to concentrate all our efforts on the Pacific , unable from then on to give more than purely peripheral help to Britain . It was truly astounding when Hitler declared war on us three days later . I can not tell you our feelings of triumph . It was a totally irrational thing for him to do , and I think it saved Europe . ''
German declaration of war against the United States
On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched an attack on the US naval and army base on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , beginning a war between Japan and the United States . Japan had not informed its ally , Germany , in advance of the attack , although the Japanese ambassador had informed the German Foreign Minister , Joachim von Ribbentrop , at the beginning of December that relations between the US and the Japanese Empire were at a breaking point , and that war was imminent . He was instructed to ask Germany for commitment to declare war under the terms of the Tripartite Pact should that occur . Hitler and Ribbentrop had been urging Japan to attack and take over Singapore from the British , on the theory that doing so would not only hurt the UK , but would also serve to help keep the US out of the war . Closeup
American Indian Wars
The Dakota War of 1862 ( more commonly called the Sioux Uprising of 1862 in older authorities and popular texts ) was the first major armed engagement between the U.S. and the Sioux . After six weeks of fighting in Minnesota , led mostly by Chief Taoyateduta ( aka , Little Crow ) , records conclusively show that more than 500 U.S. soldiers and settlers died in the conflict , though many more may have died in small raids or after being captured . The number of Sioux dead in the uprising is mostly undocumented , but after the war , 303 Sioux were convicted of murder and rape by U.S. military tribunals and sentenced to death . Most of the death sentences were commuted by President Lincoln , but on December 26 , 1862 , in Mankato , Minnesota , 38 Dakota Sioux men were hanged in what is still today the largest penal mass execution in U.S. history .
German declaration of war against the United States
On 11 December 1941 , four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire , Nazi Germany declared war against the United States , in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II . The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler , apparently offhand , almost without consultation . Later that day , the United States declared war on Germany .
Quito
In 1932 , the Four Days ' War broke out . This was a civil war that followed the election of Neptalí Bonifaz and the subsequent realization that he carried a Peruvian passport . On February 12 , 1949 , a realistic broadcast of H.G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds led to citywide panic and the deaths of more than twenty people who died in fires set by mobs .
Military history of the United States during World War II
On 11 December 1941 , Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy .
Surrender of Japan
Moreover , the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb , the power of which to do damage is , indeed , incalculable , taking the toll of many innocent lives . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization .
The War Prayer
`` The War Prayer , '' a short story or prose poem by Mark Twain , is a scathing indictment of war , and particularly of blind patriotic and religious fervor as motivations for war . The structure of the work is simple : An unnamed country goes to war , and patriotic citizens attend a church service for soldiers who have been called up . The people call upon their God to grant them victory and protect their troops . Suddenly , an `` aged stranger '' appears and announces that he is God 's messenger . He explains to them that he is there to speak aloud the second part of their prayer for victory , the part which they have implicitly wished for but have not spoken aloud themselves : the prayer for the suffering and destruction of their enemies . What follows is a grisly depiction of hardships inflicted on war - torn nations by their conquerors . The story ends with the man being ignored .
Hundred Years' War
... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone . Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land . The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men . They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages . In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies ; rather did they trample it underfoot , robbing and pillaging the peasants ' goods ... From the Chronicles of Jean de Venette
History of the United Kingdom
The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control . Dangerfield ( 1935 ) identified the `` strange death of liberal England '' as the multiple crisis that hit simultaneously in 1910 -- 1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis , labor unrest , the women 's suffrage movements , and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament . At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Northern Ireland . No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold .
American Indian Wars
The American Indian Wars , Canadian Indian Wars or Indian Wars , were the multiple armed conflicts of European governments and colonists , and later American and Canadian settlers or the American and Canadian governments , against the native peoples of North America . These conflicts occurred in the current boundaries of the United States and Canada from the time of earliest colonial settlements until 1924 . In many cases , wars resulted from competition for resources and land ownership as Europeans and later Americans and Canadians encroached onto territory which had been traditionally inhabited by Native Americans . Warfare and raiding also took place as a result of conflicts between European governments and later the United States and Canada . These governments enlisted Native Americans tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other 's settlements and their Native American allies .
World War I
Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . --
Israel
On 6 October 1973 , as Jews were observing Yom Kippur , the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights , that opened the Yom Kippur War . The war ended on 25 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10 -- 35,000 lives in about 20 days . An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war , but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign . In July 1976 an airliner was hijacked during its flight from Israel to France by Palestinian guerrillas and landed at Entebbe , Uganda . Israeli commandos carried out an operation in which 102 out of 106 Israeli hostages were successfully rescued .
History of the United Kingdom
The media called it a `` people 's war '' -- a term that caught on and signified the popular demand for planning and an expanded welfare state . The Royal family played major symbolic roles in the war . They refused to leave London during the Blitz and were indefatigable in visiting troops , munition factories , dockyards , and hospitals all over the country . All social classes appreciated how the royals shared the hopes , fears and hardships of the people .
List of films considered the worst
The war movie Inchon , directed by Terence Young and starring Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur , was meant to depict the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War . Producer Mitsuharu Ishii was a senior member of the Japanese branch of the Unification Church , whose leader , Sun Myung Moon , claimed he had the film made to show MacArthur 's spirituality and connection to God and the Japanese people . Its eventual production cost of $46 million resulted in a $5 million box office gross , and The New York Times review written by Vincent Canby calls the movie `` the most expensive B - movie ever '' . The Washington Post described Inchon as `` one of the biggest commercial disasters in film history '' . Every conceivable kind of problem plagued production , including labor issues , the U.S. military withdrawing support due to the film 's Unification Church connection , weather and natural disasters , customs difficulties , expensive directorial blunders , and the original director ( Andrew McLaglen ) quitting before the start of production . Olivier 's performance was roundly panned and he was awarded the 1982 Golden Raspberry award for Worst Actor . The film itself took the 1982 Razzies for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay , and Young 's direction earned him a tie for Worst Director of 1982 . A number of reviewers at various media outlets described Inchon as the worst film ever made , including The Washington Post , Newsweek , TV Guide , and the Canadian Press . Inchon was later profiled in multiple books on worst in film , including The Hollywood Hall of Shame by Harry and Michael Medved , and The Worst Movies of All Time by Michael Sauter . To date , Inchon has never been released on home video in the United States .
British Army during World War I
At the front , soldiers were in constant danger from artillery shells , mortar bombs and bullets and as the war progressed they also faced aerial attack . Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war , making life comparatively easy . Other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity . However , quiet sectors still amassed daily casualties through snipers , artillery fire and disease . The harsh conditions , where trenches were often wet and muddy and the constant company of lice and rats which fed on unburied bodies , often carried disease . Many troops suffered from trench foot , trench fever and trench nephritis . They could also contract frostbite in the winter months and heat exhaustion in the summer . The men were frequently wet and extremely muddy , or dry and exceedingly dusty . Food could not usually be cooked in the front line trenches as any smoke would draw enemy fire , hot food had to be carried along communication trenches in clumsy `` hayboxes '' , sometimes arriving late or not at all .
Axis powers
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies . This action remained largely symbolic ( at least from the Bulgarian perspective ) , until August 1943 , when Bulgarian air defense and air force attacked Allied bombers , returning ( heavily damaged ) from a mission over the Romanian oil refineries . This turned into a disaster for the citizens of Sofia and other major Bulgarian cities , which were heavily bombed by the Allies in the winter of 1943 -- 1944 .
End of World War II in Europe
It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation -- the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state .