vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Snake River
The World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) divides the Snake River 's watershed into two freshwater ecoregions : the `` Columbia Unglaciated '' ecoregion and the `` Upper Snake '' ecoregion . Shoshone Falls marks the boundary between the two . The WWF placed the ecoregion boundary about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) downriver from Shoshone Falls in order to include the Big Wood River ( the main tributary of the Malad River ) in the Upper Snake ecoregion , because the Wood River is biologically distinct from the rest of the downriver Snake . Shoshone Falls has presented a total barrier to the upstream movement of fish for 30,000 to 60,000 years . As a result , only 35 % of the fish fauna above the falls , and 40 % of the Wood River 's fish fauna , are shared with the lower Snake River .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Other native sport fish , including westslope cutthroat trout and Montana grayling , have been under catch - and - release - only fishing rules since 1973 . This is the first time mountain whitefish have been placed under such rules in Yellowstone National Park . The new rule gives mountain whitefish equal status to the other native sport fish in the park .
Monongahela River
The upper drainage area of the river basin is renowned for its water sports / hobbies of whitewater kayaking ( and in some cases whitewater rafting ) opportunities . The land here is of a very rugged plateau type which allows streams to gather sufficient water volume before they fall off the plateau and create challenging rapids . Some of the best known specific stream locations for this include :
Federalist Era
Perhaps most importantly , Pinckney 's Treaty conceded unrestricted access of the entire Mississippi River to Americans , opening much of the Ohio River Valley for settlement and trade . Agricultural produce could now flow on flatboats down the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers to the Mississippi River and on to New Orleans and Europe . Spain and the United States also agreed to protect the vessels of the other party anywhere within their jurisdictions and to not detain or embargo the other 's citizens or vessels . The treaty also guaranteed navigation of the entire length of the river for both the United States and Spain . The treaty represented a major victory for Washington 's western policy , and placated many of the critics of the Jay Treaty .
Gulf of Mexico
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Hudson Valley
After Henry Hudson realized that the Hudson River was not the Northwest Passage , the Dutch began to examine the region for potential trading opportunities . Dutch explorer and merchant Adriaen Block led a voyage up the lower Hudson River , the East River , and out into Long Island Sound . This voyage determined that the fur trade would be profitable in the region . As such , the Dutch established the colony of New Netherland .
Boise, Idaho
A number of recreational opportunities are available in Boise , including extensive hiking and biking in the foothills to the immediate north of downtown . Much of this trail network is part of Hull 's Gulch and can be accessed by 8th street . An extensive urban trail system called the Boise River Greenbelt runs along the river and through Pierce Park . The Boise River itself is a common destination for fishing , swimming and rafting .
Colonial history of the United States
By the mid-18th century in New England , shipbuilding was a staple , particularly as the North American wilderness offered a seemingly endless supply of timber . ( By comparison , Europe 's forests had been depleted , and most timber had to be purchased from Scandinavia . ) The British crown often turned to the inexpensive yet strongly built American ships . There was a shipyard at the mouth of almost every river in New England .
First Transcontinental Railroad
A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 .
Atlantic Ocean
In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 . Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 . Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species . Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered . Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished . Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing . Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition . In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished . Banks
Roanoke Colony
There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period . Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men , two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc , under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco . Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river , the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County , North Carolina .
Bald eagle
Even eagles living in relatively arid regions still typically rely primarily on fish as prey . In Sonora ( Mexico ) and Arizona , 77 % and over 73 % , respectively , of prey remains at the nests were from fish , largely various catfish and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) . Prey fish targeted by bald eagles are often quite large . When experimenters offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in California , fish measuring 34 to 38 cm ( 13 to 15 in ) were taken 71.8 % of the time by parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm ( 9.1 to 10.8 in ) were chosen only 25 % of the time . At nests around Lake Superior , the remains of fish ( mostly suckers ) were found to average 35.4 cm ( 13.9 in ) in total length . In the Columbia River estuary , most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure between 30 and 60 cm ( 12 and 24 in ) in length , and carp flown with ( laboriously ) were up to 86 cm ( 34 in ) in length . A
Alaska
Alaska 's well - developed state - owned ferry system ( known as the Alaska Marine Highway ) serves the cities of southeast , the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula . The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers . The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham , Washington and Prince Rupert , British Columbia , in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway . The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway .
Ship
Fishing boats are generally small , often little more than 30 meters ( 98 ft ) but up to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) for a large tuna or whaling ship . Aboard a fish processing vessel , the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port . Special purpose vessels have special gear . For example , trawlers have winches and arms , stern - trawlers have a rear ramp , and tuna seiners have skiffs . In 2004 , 85,800,000 tonnes ( 84,400,000 long tons ; 94,600,000 short tons ) of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery . Anchoveta represented the largest single catch at 10,700,000 tonnes ( 10,500,000 long tons ; 11,800,000 short tons ) . That year , the top ten marine capture species also included Alaska pollock , Blue whiting , Skipjack tuna , Atlantic herring , Chub mackerel , Japanese anchovy , Chilean jack mackerel , Largehead hairtail , and Yellowfin tuna . Other species including salmon , shrimp , lobster , clams , squid and crab , are also commercially fished . Modern commercial fishermen use many methods . One is fishing by nets , such as purse seine , beach seine , lift nets , gillnets , or entangling nets . Another is trawling , including bottom trawl . Hooks and lines are used in methods like long - line fishing and hand - line fishing . Another method is the use of fishing trap .
Yellowstone River
Highway 89 Bridge to Big Timber This section starts about five miles to the east of Livingston , just off Interstate 90 , where Highway 89 turns north , toward White Sulphur Springs . This lower river , from here on down through Big Timber is similar to the water around Livingston , but the riffles and pools are farther apart so there is more unproductive water . The fish populations are not as high as in the upper river and water through town , but there are some very large rainbows and browns to be caught in this stretch . In late summer , wind gusting across hayfields blows a lot of grasshoppers in the river which creates explosive reactions from big fish .
Oklahoma
Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma : the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa . The state 's only port handling international cargo , the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean - going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year . Both ports are on the McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System , which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers , contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world .
Meander
The line of maximum depth , or channel , is the thalweg or thalweg line . It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders . The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles . The meander arc length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander . The river length is the length along the centerline .
Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River is a tributary of the Missouri River , approximately 692 miles ( 1,114 km ) long , in the western United States . Considered the principal tributary of the upper Missouri , the river and its tributaries drain a wide area stretching from the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park across the mountains and high plains of southern Montana and northern Wyoming .
Snake River
People have been living along the Snake River for at least 11,000 years . Historian Daniel S. Meatte divides the prehistory of the western Snake River Basin into three main phases or `` adaptive systems '' . The first he calls `` Broad Spectrum Foraging '' , dating from 11,500 to 4,200 years before present . During this period people drew upon a wide variety of food resources . The second period , `` Semisedentary Foraging '' , dates from 4,200 -- 250 years before present and is distinctive for an increased reliance upon fish , especially salmon , as well as food preservation and storage . The third phase , from 250 to 100 years before present , he calls `` Equestrian Foragers '' . It is characterized by large horse - mounted tribes that spent long amounts of time away from their local foraging range hunting bison . In the eastern Snake River Plain there is some evidence of Clovis , Folsom , and Plano cultures dating back over 10,000 years ago .
River Welland
The river as far as Stamford was used by the Romans for navigation , as it formed part of a system including the Car Dyke , which ran along the western edge of the Fens and crossed the river near the modern Folly River . Navigation to Stamford was improved by the canal . Boats used on the canal were small lighters , around 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) wide , capable of carrying from seven to fourteen tons , and normally worked in trains of four vessels . With the arrival of the railways , river trade declined . The Midland Railway reached Peterborough in 1846 , and opened their line to Melton Mowbray , passing through Stamford , in 1848 . Carriage of coal on the upper river stopped , and the locks deteriorated . By April 1863 , all traffic had ceased , and Stamford Corporation tried to sell the line at auction , but failed because their ownership of it was disputed .
Long Island Sound
Lobsters have suffered diseases of unknown cause , but recreational fishing improved dramatically in the last 10 years due , in large part , to restoring a key component in the food chain , menhaden ( a.k.a. `` bunker '' ) fish which are a mainstay of striped bass and other pelagic fish . The ban of netting of bunker - which were over-fished in the late 1990s - has significantly improved the quality and volume of the striped bass population in Long Island Sound .
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound has historically had rich recreational and commercial fishing , including oysters , lobsters , scallops , blue crabs , tuna flounder , striped bass , and bluefish . However , in recent years the western part of the sound has become increasingly deficient of marine life . The fishing and lobster industries have encouraged efforts to identify the cause of the dead water and rectify the problem .
Hudson River
According to the NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program , about 220 species of fish , including 173 native species , currently are found in the Hudson River . These include striped bass , the most important game fish in the Hudson . Estimates of the striped bass population in the Hudson range to nearly 100 million fish . American eels also live in the river before reaching breeding age ; for much of this stage they are known as glass eels because of the transparency of their bodies . The fish are the only catadromous species in the Hudson 's estuary .
St. Johns River
The towns and cities along the lower basin of the river are some of the oldest in Florida , and their histories have centered on the river . Both Palatka and Green Cove Springs have been popular tourist destinations in the past . Several smaller locations along the river sprang up around ferry landings , but when rail lines and then Interstate highways were constructed closer to the Atlantic Coast , many of the towns experienced significant economic decline , and ferry landings were forgotten .
St. Johns River
Confederate Captain John William Pearson named his militia after the Ocklawaha River called the Ocklawaha Rangers in the American Civil War . Prior to the civil war , Pearson ran a successful health resort in Orange Springs . After the civil war Pearson 's Orange Springs resort declined in popularity due to the increasing attention to nearby Silver Springs -- the source of the Silver River -- at the turn of the 20th century , popularizing the Ocklawaha . Georgia - born poet Sidney Lanier called it `` the sweetest waterlane in the world '' in a travel guide he published in 1876 . The river gave Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings access to the St. Johns from her homestead at Orange Lake . The region served as a major fishing attraction until a decline in water quality occurred in the 1940s , and since then further degradation of the river and its sources have occurred . In particular , Lake Apopka earned the designation of Florida 's most polluted lake following a chemical spill in 1980 that dumped DDE in it . It has experienced chronic algal blooms caused by citrus farm fertilizer and wastewater runoff from nearby farms .
Monongahela River
Youghiogheny River at Ohiopyle , Pennsylvania Youghiogheny River at Friendsville , Maryland Cheat River at Albright , West Virginia Tygart River at Belington , West Virginia
Agriculture in Sudan
Fishing was largely carried out by the traditional sector for subsistence . An unknown number of small operators also used the country 's major reservoirs in the more populated central region and the rivers to catch fish for sale locally and in nearby larger urban centers . The few modern fishing ventures , mainly on Lake Nubia ( Nasser ) and in the Red Sea , were small .
Lake Michigan
Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries . The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes , worth about $13 million in 2003 . Michigan 's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe - licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa - Ottawa Resource Authority ( CORA ) and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission ( GLIFWC ) , which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters , and 45 state - licensed commercial fishing enterprises . The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) . The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds ( 5,000,000 kg ) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds ( 3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg ) . The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04 / lb. to as low as $. 40 / lb during periods of high production .
Atlantic Ocean
In 1497 John Cabot became the first to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of Atlantic cod off Newfoundland . Referred to as `` Newfoundland Currency '' this discovery supplied mankind with some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock , mackerel , and lobster . From the 1950s to the 1970s the introduction of European and Asian distant - water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and number of exploited species . It also expanded the exploited areas from near - shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep - water species such as redfish , Greenland halibut , witch flounder , and grenadiers . Overfishing in the area was recognised as early as the 1960s but , because this was occurring on international waters , it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made . In the early 1990s this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery . The population of a number of deep - sea fishes also collapsed in the process , including American plaice , redfish , and Greenland halibut , together with flounder and grenadier .
St. Johns River
Using an unofficial nickname of `` The River City '' , Jacksonville has a culture centered on the St. Johns . An annual footrace named the Gate River Run accepts 18,000 participants who travel a course along and over the river twice . The largest kingfishing tournament in the U.S. is held on a St. Johns tributary , where sport fishers concentrate on king mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla ) , cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) , dolphin ( Coryphaena hippurus ) and Wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri ) . The home stadium for the Jacksonville Jaguars faces the river , as does most of the commercial center of downtown . Seven bridges span the St. Johns at Jacksonville ; all of them allow tall ships to pass , although some restrict passing times when train or automobile traffic is heavy .
Yellowstone River
Many of the early expeditions to the area that would later become Yellowstone National Park traveled along the Yellowstone River , including the Cook -- Folsom -- Peterson Expedition and the Washburn - Langford - Doane Expedition . In the early 1870s , the Northern Pacific Railroad attempted to extend rail service along the Yellowstone to Livingston from Bismarck , North Dakota , a route proposed to cross the last of the Lakota buffalo hunting grounds . This route was finally completed in 1883 . By the early 20th century , Northern Pacific was providing train service along the river to the north entrance of the park near Gardiner .
Alaska
The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people 's seafaring society , although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians . Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik , while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska . The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much - contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase .
Algonquian peoples
From April through October , natives hunted migratory birds and their eggs : Canada geese , brant , mourning doves and others . In July and August they gathered strawberries , raspberries , blueberries and nuts . In September , they split into small groups and moved up the streams to the forest . There , the men hunted beaver , caribou , moose and white - tailed deer .
Mercury in fish
A 2014 USGS survey of mercury levels in the United States water system found that methylmercury concentrations in fish were typically highest in wetland areas including the coastal plain streams in the Southeast . Fish methylmercury levels were also high in the Western US , but only in streams that had been mined for mercury or gold .
Yellowstone River
Yellowstone River Conservation District Council - The council 's purpose is to provide local leadership , assistance , and guidance for the wise use and conservation of the Yellowstone River 's natural resources . Trout Unlimited -- Trout Unlimited 's mission is to conserve , protect and restore North America 's coldwater fisheries and their watersheds . Western Watersheds Project -- The mission of Western Watersheds Project is to protect and restore western watersheds and wildlife through education , public policy initiatives and litigation . Montana River Action -- The clean flowing waters of Montana belong to the people and are held in trust by the State for a pollution - free healthful environment guaranteed by our Montana Constitution . Montana River Action 's mission is to protect and restore rivers , streams and other water bodies .
Missouri
North of , and in some cases just south of , the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa , Nebraska , and Kansas . Here , rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River . Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi , Missouri , and Meramec Rivers . Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains , a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains . This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves . The
Bullhead City, Arizona
The stretch of the Colorado River between Hoover Dam and Lake Mohave is mostly tame but offers a few white water rafting opportunities . If you decide not to hire a guide , permits are required to launch below Hoover Dam and can be obtained through the United States Bureau of Reclamation . Rafting supplies , canoes , kayak rentals and guided kayaking tours are available in Bullhead City . On Lake Mohave , scuba divers can explore Black Canyon , which has excellent diving conditions . Advanced divers can check out Ringbolt Rapids , where swift water makes for an additional challenge . Work Barge on the Arizona side has a 38 - foot ( 12 m ) tow barge that sank in 1946 . Cabinsite Point has two boat wrecks to view .