vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hudson River
The Dutch subsequently began to colonize the region , establishing the colony of New Netherland , including three major fur - trading outposts : New Amsterdam , Wiltwyck , and Fort Orange . New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River , and would later become known as New York City . Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River , and would later become Kingston . Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck , and later became known as Albany . The Dutch West India Company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony . In 1647 , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took over management of the colony , and surrendered it in 1664 to the British , who had invaded the largely - defenseless New Amsterdam . New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York , after the Duke of York .
Hudson River
The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain 's employ , Estêvão Gomes , who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525 . Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was Rio de Montaigne . Later , they generally termed it the Noortrivier , or `` North River '' , the Delaware River being known as the Zuidrivier , or `` South River '' . Other occasional names for the Hudson included : Manhattes rieviere `` Manhattan River '' , Groote Rivier `` Great River '' , and de grootte Mouritse reviere , or `` the Great Mouritse River '' ( Mourits is a Dutch surname ) . The translated name North River was used in the New York metropolitan area up until the early 1900s , with limited use continuing into the present day . The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic , especially below the Tappan Zee . The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river 's southern portion , such as the North River piers , North River Tunnels , and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant . It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham in 1740 .
Hudson Valley
The Dutch West India Company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony . New Amsterdam quickly became the colony 's most important city , operating as its capital and its merchant hub . The other outposts functioned as settlements in the wilderness . At first , the colony was made up of mostly single adventures looking to make money , but over time the region transitioned into maintaining family households . New economic activity in the form of food , tobacco , timber , and slaves was eventually incorporated into the colonial economy .
Hudson River
Parkland surrounds much of the Hudson River ; prominent parks include Battery Park and Liberty State Park at the river 's mouth , Riverside Park in Manhattan , Croton Point Park , Bear Mountain State Park , Storm King State Park and the Hudson Highlands , Moreau Lake State Park , and its source in the High Peaks Wilderness Area .
Dutch East India Company
Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay , so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward , traveling close along the shore . He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage . This effort was foiled by sandy shoals , and the Halve Maen continued north . After passing Sandy Hook , Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay . ( Unbeknownst to Hudson , the narrows had already been discovered in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano ; today , the bridge spanning them is named after him . ) Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route , so he sailed up the major river which later bore his name : the Hudson . He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later , at the site of present - day Troy , New York .
Henry Hudson
In 1607 and 1608 , Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a rumored Northeast Passage to Cathay ( present - day China ) via a route above the Arctic Circle . In 1609 he landed in North America and explored the region around the modern New York metropolitan area , looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . He sailed up the Hudson River , which was later named for him , and thereby laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region .
Hudson River
Hudson River The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain Country United States States New York , New Jersey Tributaries - left Boreas River , Schroon River , Batten Kill , Hoosic River , Kinderhook Creek , Roeliff Jansen Kill , Wappinger Creek , Croton River - right Cedar River , Indian River , Sacandaga River , Mohawk River , Normans Kill , Catskill Creek , Esopus Creek , Rondout Creek / Wallkill River City See Populated places on the Hudson River Source Near or at Lake Tear of the Clouds or near or at Henderson Lake ( See Sources ) - location Adirondack Mountains , New York , United States - elevation 4,590 ft ( 1,399 m ) - coordinates 44 ° 7 ′ 4 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 4 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.11778 ° N 73.91778 ° W ﻿ / 44.11778 ; - 73.91778 `` Mount Marcy , NY '' 1 : 25,000 quadrangle , USGS Mouth Upper New York Bay - location Jersey City , New Jersey and Lower Manhattan , New York , United States - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 11 '' N 74 ° 01 ′ 34 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.70306 ° N 74.02611 ° W ﻿ / 40.70306 ; - 74.02611 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 11 '' N 74 ° 01 ′ 34 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.70306 ° N 74.02611 ° W ﻿ / 40.70306 ; - 74.02611 Length 315 mi ( 507 km ) Depth 61.6 m ( 202 ft ) Basin 14,000 sq mi ( 36,260 km ) Discharge for Lower New York Bay , max and min at Green Island - average 21,900 cu ft / s ( 620 m / s ) - max 215,000 cu ft / s ( 6,088 m / s ) - min 882 cu ft / s ( 25 m / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Troy 15,000 cu ft / s ( 425 m / s ) The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers and their watersheds
Hudson Valley
The Dutch settled three major outposts : New Amsterdam , Wiltwyck , and Fort Orange . New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River , and would later become known as New York City . Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River between New Amsterdam and Fort Orange . That outpost would later become Kingston . Fort Orange was the outpost that was the furthest up the Hudson River . That outpost would later become known as Albany .
Hudson Valley
In the early 19th century , popularized by the stories of Washington Irving , the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region inhabited by the remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York ( see , e.g. , The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ) . The area is associated with the Hudson River School , a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870 .
Hudson River
Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and consequent reduction of wastewater discharges , and sediment removal operations , which have continued into the 21st century .
Delaware River
The magnitude of the commerce of Philadelphia has made the improvements of the river below that port of great importance . Small improvements were attempted by Pennsylvania as early as 1771 . Commerce was once important on the upper river , primarily prior to railway competition ( 1857 ) .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley ( also known as the Hudson River Valley ) comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U.S. state of New York , from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County . Depending upon the definition delineating its boundaries , the Hudson Valley encompasses a growing metropolis which is home to between 3 and 3.5 million residents centered along the north - south axis of the Hudson River .
Hudson Valley
Hudson River crossings in the Hudson Valley region from north to south include the Tappan Zee Bridge between South Nyack in Rockland County and Tarrytown in Westchester County , the Bear Mountain Bridge between Cortlandt in Westchester County and Stony Point in Rockland County , the Newburgh - Beacon Bridge between Newburgh in Orange County and Beacon in Dutchess County , the Mid-Hudson Bridge between Poughkeepsie in Dutchess County and Highland in Ulster County , the Kingston - Rhinecliff Bridge between Rhinecliff in Dutchess County and Kingston in Ulster County , and the Rip Van Winkle Bridge between Hudson in Columbia County and Catskill in Greene County . The Walkway Over the Hudson is a pedestrian bridge which parallels the Mid-Hudson Bridge and was formerly a railroad bridge .
Fox River (Wisconsin)
The Fox - Wisconsin Waterway 's importance continued into the 1850s , when the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company built locks and dams on the Fox and a canal to connect it to the Wisconsin River at Portage . The company was hoping to establish Green Bay as a port city to rival Chicago by making the Fox - Wisconsin Waterway into the principal shipping route between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River . This goal was never achieved , as the Upper Fox remained too shallow for significant shipping even after damming and dredging . In addition , the lakes that the narrow , winding stream flows through were frozen solid for five months every year .
Hudson River
The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape , while further north , the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to Poughkeepsie . They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north . The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present - day Kingston to Lake Champlain , with their capital located near present - day Albany .
Hudson River
Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery , exploration , and settlement in America in the 19th century . The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a pastoral setting . The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness , which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity . The school characterizes the artistic body , its New York location , its landscape subject matter , and often its subject , the Hudson River . In general , Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God , though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction . Their reverence for America 's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson . The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School , while painters Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley proved attractive for railroads , once technology progressed to the point where it was feasible to construct the required bridges over tributaries . The Troy and Greenbush Railroad was chartered in 1845 and opened that same year , running a short distance on the east side between Troy and Greenbush , now known as East Greenbush ( east of Albany ) . The Hudson River Railroad was chartered the next year as a continuation of the Troy and Greenbush south to New York City , and was completed in 1851 . In 1866 the Hudson River Bridge opened over the river between Greenbush and Albany , enabling through traffic between the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central Railroad west to Buffalo . When the Poughkeepsie Bridge opened in 1889 , it became the longest single - span bridge in the world .
Henry Hudson
While exploring the river , Hudson had traded with several native groups , mainly obtaining furs . His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there when a trading post was established at Albany in 1614 . New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island became the capital of New Netherland in 1625 .
History of New York (state)
In 1825 the Erie Canal opened , securing the state 's economic dominance . Its impact was enormous : one source stated , `` Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes , the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state , created a vast economic hinterland for New York City , and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state 's interior . '' In that year western New York transitioned from `` frontier '' to settled area . By this time , all counties and most municipalities had incorporated , approximately matching the state 's is organized today . In 1831 , the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad started the country 's first successful regularly -- scheduled steam railroad service .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived . The Algonquins lived along the Hudson River , with the three subdivisions of that group being the Lenape ( also known as the Delaware Indians ) , the Wappingers , and the Mahicans . The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape Indians . In fact , the Lenape Indians were the people that waited for the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano onshore , traded with Henry Hudson , and sold the island of Manhattan . Further north , the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to Poughkeepsie . They lived a similar lifestyle to the Lenape , residing in various villages along the river . They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north . The Mahicans lived in the northern valley from present - day Kingston to Lake Champlain , with their capital located near present - day Albany .
Hudson Valley
On October 3 , 2009 the Poughkeepsie - Highland Railroad Bridge reopened as the Walkway over the Hudson . It is a pedestrian walkway over the Hudson River that opened as part of the Hudson River Quadricentennial Celebrations , and it connects over 25 miles of existing pedestrian trails .
Hudson Valley
The first railroad in New York , the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad , opened in 1831 between Albany and Schenectady on the Mohawk River , enabling passengers to bypass the slowest part of the Erie Canal .
History of New York (state)
New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century , including the first steamboat line in 1807 , the Erie Canal in 1825 , and America 's first regularly scheduled rail service in 1831 . These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes .
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley is one of the oldest winemaking and grape - growing regions in the United States , with roots established as early as 1677 , and has experienced a resurgence in viticulture in the 21st century . Many wineries are located in the Hudson Valley , offering wine - tasting and other tours . Numerous wine festivals are held in the Hudson Valley , with themes often varying by season . Rhinebeck is home to the Hudson Valley Wine & Food Fest , hosted at the Dutchess County Fairgrounds .
New Amsterdam
The presentation of the legacy of the unique culture of 17th - century New Amsterdam remains a concern of preservationists and educators . The National Park Service celebrated in 2009 the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson 's 1609 voyage on behalf of the Dutch with the New Amsterdam Trail .
Hudson Valley
Amtrak serves Yonkers , Croton - Harmon , Poughkeepsie , Rhinecliff - Kingston , and Hudson along the eastern shores of the Hudson River , as well as New Rochelle in southeastern Westchester County .
Hudson Valley
During the last ice age , the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island . Near the end of the last ice age , the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River , from a large glacial lake called Lake Iroquois . Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake . Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson ; these are now part of the Rome Sand Plains .
History of New York (state)
Large manors were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century , including Livingston , Cortlandt , Philipsburg , and Rensselaerswyck . The manors represented more than half of the colony 's undeveloped land . The Province of New York thrived during this time , its economy strengthened by Long Island and Hudson Valley agriculture , in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the Port of New York ; the colony was a breadbasket and lumberyard for the British sugar colonies in the Caribbean . New York 's population grew substantially during this century : from the first colonial census ( 1698 ) to the last ( 1771 ) , the province grew ninefold , from 18,067 to 168,007 .
Delaware River
In 1609 , the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson . Hudson , an English navigator , was hired to find a western route to Cathay ( present - day China ) , but his discoveries set the stage for Dutch colonization of North America in the 17th century . Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the lower section of river and Delaware Bay . Both colonial powers called the river the South River , compared to the Hudson River , which was known as the North River . After the English expelled the Dutch and took control of the New Netherland colony in 1664 , the river was renamed Delaware after Sir Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and the Virginia colony 's first royal governor who defended the colony during the First Anglo - Powhatan War .
Hudson Valley
As a result of the strategy , numerous battles were fought along the river , including several in the Hudson Valley . George Washington 's Continental Army had retreated north to White Plains , New York in 1776 , as the British pursued him and his army . While the British advanced towards him , Washington decided to take a stand in White Plains . In October 1776 , Howe 's army advanced from New Rochelle , and Scarsdale . Washington set up defensive positions in the hills around the village . When the British attacked , the British managed to break the Continental 's defenses at Chatterton Hill , now known as Battle Hill . Once the British managed to reach the top of the hill , Washington was forced to retreat . The main positive for Washington after this battle was that he managed to avoid being enveloped by the British Army . Washington ordered his men to retreat across the Hudson River , eventually reaching New Jersey and Pennsylvania . Because Washington was able to preserve what was left of his army , this retreat would eventually lead to the successful surprise attacks on Trenton , New Jersey and Princeton , New Jersey in December of the same year . Fort Washington in Upper Manhattan later fell after this retreat .
Hudson Valley
Hudson River School paintings reflect three themes of America in the 19th century : discovery , exploration , and settlement . The paintings also depict the American landscape as a pastoral setting , where human beings and nature coexist peacefully . Hudson River School landscapes are characterized by their realistic , detailed , and sometimes idealized portrayal of nature , often juxtaposing peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness , which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity . In general , Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God , though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction . They took as their inspiration such European masters as Claude Lorrain , John Constable and J.M.W. Turner . Their reverence for America 's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson . The Düsseldorf school of painting had a direct influence on the Hudson River School .
Hudson River
Counties Hamilton Essex Warren Washington Saratoga Albany Rensselaer Greene Columbia Ulster Dutchess Putnam Orange Rockland Westchester Bronx Bergen , NJ Hudson , NJ New York Source : The
Dutch colonization of the Americas
In 1614 , Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson River in the Tyger , and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust , becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat in order to gain access to Long Island Sound . Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor . Upon his return to Amsterdam in 1614 , Block compiled a map , and applied the name ' New Netherland ' for the first time to the area between English Virginia and French Canada , where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government . Block quickly ascended and became Manhattan 's first monopolist . Area
Hudson River
The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley . In 1993 , IBM closed two of its plants in East Fishkill and Kingston due to IBM losing $16 billion over the previous three years . The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984 , and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort . In 1996 , the North Tarrytown GM Plant closed . In response to the plant closures , towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies . IBM maintained a Poughkeepsie mainframe unit , and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well . Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased . Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant . The
Hudson Valley
Under British colonial rule , the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub , with manors being developed on the east side of the river . At these manors , landlords rented out land to their tenants , letting them take a share of the crops grown while keeping and selling the rest of the crops . Tenants were often kept at a subsistence level so that the landlord could minimize his costs . They also held immense political power in the colony due to driving such a large proportion of the agricultural output . Meanwhile , land west of Hudson River contained smaller landholdings with many small farmers living off the land . A large crop grown in the region was grain , which was largely shipped downriver to New York City , the colony 's main seaport , for export back to Great Britain . In order to export the grain , colonial merchants were given monopolies to grind the grain into flour and export it . Grain production was also at high levels in the Mohawk River Valley .
History of immigration to the United States
The Dutch , primarily driven by the United East Indian Company , first established settlements along the Hudson River in New York starting about 1626 . Wealthy Dutch patroons set up large landed estates along the Hudson River and brought in farmers who became renters . Others established rich trading posts to trade with Native Americans and started cities such as New Amsterdam ( now New York City ) and Albany , New York . After the British took over and renamed the colony New York , Germans ( from the Palatine ) , and Yankees ( from New England ) began arriving .