vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Osage Nation
As a result of the murders and increasing problems with trying to protect Osage oil wealth , in 1925 Congress passed legislation limiting inheritance of headrights only to those heirs of half or more Osage ancestry . In addition , they extended the tribal control of mineral rights for another 20 years ; later legislation gave the tribe continuing communal control indefinitely . Today , headrights have been passed down primarily among descendants of the Osage who originally possessed them . But the Bureau of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) has estimated that 25 % of headrights are owned by non-Osage people , including other American Indians , non-Indians , churches , and community organizations . It continues to pay royalties on mineral revenues on a quarterly basis .
Kennedy family
In addition , Joseph Sr. and Rose 's daughter , Eunice , founded the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ( a part of the National Institutes of Health ) , and founded the Special Olympics . A granddaughter , Maria Shriver , was married to Arnold Schwarzenegger , the actor and bodybuilder who later served as California governor ; as First Lady of California , she was instrumental in creating the California Museum for History , Women and the Arts ( now the California Museum ). . Other descendants of Joseph and Rose Kennedy have been active as lawyers , authors , and activists on behalf of those with physical and intellectual challenges .
John C. Calhoun
In January 1811 , Calhoun married Floride Bonneau Colhoun , a first cousin once removed . She was the daughter of wealthy United States Senator and lawyer John E. Colhoun , a leader of Charleston high society . The couple had ten children over eighteen years : Andrew Pickens Calhoun , Floride Pure Calhoun , Jane Calhoun , Anna Maria Calhoun , Elizabeth Calhoun , Patrick Calhoun , John Caldwell Calhoun Jr. , Martha Cornelia Calhoun , James Edward Calhoun , and William Lowndes Calhoun . Three of them , Floride Pure , Jane , and Elizabeth , died in infancy . Calhoun 's fourth child , Anna Maria , married Thomas Green Clemson , founder of Clemson University in South Carolina .
Superfecundation
In 2001 , a case of spontaneous monopaternal superfecundation was reported after a woman undergoing IVF treatments gave birth to quintuplets after only two embryos were implanted . Genetic testing supported that the twinning was not a result of the embryos splitting , and that all five boys shared the same father .
Standard Oil
The Standard Oil Trust was controlled by a small group of families . Rockefeller stated in 1910 : `` I think it is true that the Pratt family , the Payne -- Whitney family ( which were one , as all the stock came from Colonel Payne ) , the Harkness - Flagler family ( which came into the company together ) and the Rockefeller family controlled a majority of the stock during all the history of the company up to the present time . ''
Collagen
Chondrodysplasias -- Skeletal disorder believed to be caused by a mutation in type 2 collagen , further research is being conducted to confirm this .
BRCA1
This DNA repair function is essential ; mice with loss - of - function mutations in both BRCA1 alleles are not viable , and as of 2015 only two adults were known to have loss - of - function mutations in both alleles ; both had congenital or developmental issues , and both had cancer . One was presumed to have survived to adulthood because one of the BRCA1 mutations was hypomorphic .
Gene
Evolutionary biologists have subsequently modified this concept , such as George C. Williams ' gene - centric view of evolution . He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition : `` that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency . '' In this view , the molecular gene transcribes as a unit , and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit . Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins .
Name change
The first kind comes from the father 's first name , which means that the particular person is the child of . For example , a name such as ibn Abdullah means `` son of Abdullah '' , or bint Abdullah means `` daughter of Abdullah '' . Father descendant names can be chained , meaning that an individual can have the name of their father , followed by their paternal grandfather , followed by the father of that grandfather , to indicate a patrilineal lineage . The second kind is associated with clan , tribal or ethnic affiliation and is also solely dependant on the person 's patrilineal line . In Islamic family law , the individual is required to keep the clan , tribal or ethnic affiliation of their father where it is known , whether the child be illegitimate , staying with their mother after divorce or adopted .
Mitochondrion
Uniparental inheritance leads to little opportunity for genetic recombination between different lineages of mitochondria , although a single mitochondrion can contain 2 -- 10 copies of its DNA . For this reason , mitochondrial DNA is usually thought to reproduce by binary fission . What recombination does take place maintains genetic integrity rather than maintaining diversity . However , there are studies showing evidence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA . It is clear that the enzymes necessary for recombination are present in mammalian cells . Further , evidence suggests that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination . The data are a bit more controversial in humans , although indirect evidence of recombination exists . If recombination does not occur , the whole mitochondrial DNA sequence represents a single haplotype , which makes it useful for studying the evolutionary history of populations .
Punnett square
The way in which the B and b alleles interact with each other to affect the appearance of the offspring depends on how the gene products ( proteins ) interact ( see Mendelian inheritance ) . This can include lethal effects and epistasis ( where one allele masks another , regardless of dominant or recessive status ) .
Romance languages
Sometimes triplets arise : Latin articulus `` joint '' > Portuguese artículo `` joint , knuckle '' ( learned ) , artigo `` article '' ( semi-learned ) , artelho `` ankle '' ( inherited ; archaic and dialectal ) . In many cases , the learned word simply displaced the original popular word : e.g. Spanish crudo `` crude , raw '' ( Old Spanish cruo ) ; French légume `` vegetable '' ( Old French leüm ) ; Portuguese flor `` flower '' ( Galician - Portuguese chor ) . The learned loan always looks more like the original than the inherited word does , because regular sound change has been bypassed ; and likewise , the learned word usually has a meaning closer to that of the original . In French , however , the stress of the learned loan may be on the `` wrong '' syllable , whereas the stress of the inherited word always corresponds to the Latin stress : e.g. Latin vipera vs. French vipère , learned loan , and guivre / vouivre , inherited .
Cousin marriage
The 19th - century academic debate on cousin marriage developed differently in Europe and America . The writings of Scottish deputy commissioner for lunacy Arthur Mitchell claiming that cousin marriage had injurious effects on offspring were largely contradicted by researchers such as Alan Huth and George Darwin . In fact , Mitchell 's own data did not support his hypotheses and he later speculated that the dangers of consanguinity might be partly overcome by proper living . Later studies by George Darwin found results that resemble those estimated today . His father , Charles Darwin , who did marry his first cousin , had initially speculated that cousin marriage might pose serious risks , but perhaps in response to his son 's work , these thoughts were omitted from a later version of the book they published . When a question about cousin marriage was eventually considered in 1871 for the census , according to George Darwin , it was rejected on the grounds that the idle curiosity of philosophers was not to be satisfied . Ancient
German Shepherd
Canine hip dysplasia ( CHD ) is an orthopedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint , resulting in pain , inflammation , lameness , and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint . German shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35 % of veterinary cases associated with the disorder .
Gene
Sixteen years later , in 1905 , Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the term ' gene ' and William Bateson that of ' genetics ' while Eduard Strasburger , amongst others , still used the term ' pangene ' for the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity .
Chernobyl disaster
The World Health Organization states , `` children conceived before or after their father 's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies '' . This statistically insignificant increase was also seen by independent researchers analyzing the children of the Chernobyl liquidators .
Framingham Heart Study
Because of these exciting genomic results , the Framingham Heart Study has been described as `` on its way to becoming the gold standard for cardiovascular genetic epidemiology '' .
Mitochondrion
A number of changes can occur to mitochondria during the aging process . Tissues from elderly patients show a decrease in enzymatic activity of the proteins of the respiratory chain . However , mutated mtDNA can only be found in about 0.2 % of very old cells . Large deletions in the mitochondrial genome have been hypothesized to lead to high levels of oxidative stress and neuronal death in Parkinson 's disease .
Genetic recombination
During meiosis in eukaryotes , genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes . This may be followed by information transfer between the chromosomes . The information transfer may occur without physical exchange ( a section of genetic material is copied from one chromosome to another , without the donating chromosome being changed ) ( see SDSA pathway in Figure ) ; or by the breaking and rejoining of DNA strands , which forms new molecules of DNA ( see DHJ pathway in Figure ) .
Neuroanatomy of memory
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei which are located in the medial temporal lobe , above the thalamus and connected to the cerebral cortex . Specifically , the basal ganglia includes the subthalamic nucleus , substantia nigra , the globus pallidus , the ventral striatum and the dorsal striatum , which consists of the putamen and the caudate nucleus . The basic functions of these nuclei deal with cognition , learning , and motor control and activities . The basal ganglia are also associated with learning , memory , and unconscious memory processes , such as motor skills and implicit memory . Particularly , one division within the ventral striatum , the nucleus accumbens core , is involved in the consolidation , retrieval and reconsolidation of drug memory .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Veterinary geneticists and cardiologists have developed breeding guidelines to eliminate early - onset mitral valve disease in the breed , but it is unclear if a statistically significant number of breeders follow these guidelines . The chairperson of the UK CKCS Club said in 2009 : `` There are many members who are still not prepared to health check their breeding stock , and of those who do , it would appear that many would not hesitate to breed from affected animals . '' The MVD breeding protocol recommends that parents should be at least 2.5 years old and heart clear , and their parents ( i.e. , the puppy 's grandparents ) should be heart clear until age 5 .
Myelin
Research to repair damaged myelin sheaths is ongoing . Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies . While results in mice have been encouraging ( via stem cell transplantation ) , whether this technique can be effective in replacing myelin loss in humans is still unknown . Cholinergic treatments , such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( AChEIs ) , may have beneficial effects on myelination , myelin repair , and myelin integrity . Increasing cholinergic stimulation also may act through subtle trophic effects on brain developmental processes and particularly on oligodendrocytes and the lifelong myelination process they support . By increasing oligodendrocyte cholinergic stimulation , AChEIs , and other cholinergic treatments , such as nicotine , possibly could promote myelination during development and myelin repair in older age . Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors such as lithium chloride have been found to promote myelination in mice with damaged facial nerves . Cholesterol is a necessary nutrient for the myelin sheath .
A Cure for Wellness
A patient named Victoria Watkins , as well as residents of the nearby town , tell Lockhart the story of the spa , which was built on the ruins of a castle , once owned by a baron 200 years ago . The baron desired an heir of pure blood , and married his sister . When the baron learned she was infertile , he began performing hellish experiments on the peasants in order to find a way to cure her infertility . He succeeded , but after finding the bodies of his victims , the peasants stormed the castle and set it on fire . The baron 's pregnant sister was captured by the peasants and the baby was cut from her womb before she was burned . Although the peasants tossed the baby into the local aquifer , it somehow survived .
Scabies
Other treatments include lindane , benzyl benzoate , crotamiton , malathion , and sulfur preparations . Lindane is effective , but concerns over potential neurotoxicity have limited its availability in many countries . It is banned in California , but may be used in other states as a second - line treatment . Sulfur ointments or benzyl benzoate are often used in the developing world due to their low cost ; Some 10 % sulfur solutions have been shown to be effective , and sulfur ointments are typically used for at least a week , though many people find the odor of sulfur products unpleasant . Crotamiton has been found to be less effective than permethrin in limited studies . Crotamiton or sulfur preparations are sometimes recommended instead of permethrin for children , due to concerns over dermal absorption of permethrin .
Phosphene
In recent years , researchers have successfully developed experimental brain -- computer interfaces or neuroprostheses that stimulate phosphenes to restore vision to people blinded through accidents . Notable successes include the human experiments by William H. Dobelle and Mark Humayun and animal research by Dick Normann .
Diphtheria
In 1890 , Shibasaburo Kitasato and Emil von Behring immunized guinea pigs with heat - treated diphtheria toxin . The first cure of a person with diphtheria is dated to the 1891 Christmas holiday in Berlin . Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in medicine in 1901 for his work on diphtheria .
Thalidomide
There is no conclusive evidence that thalidomide or lenalidomide is useful to bring about or maintain remission in Crohn 's disease .
A Cure for Wellness
Lockhart investigates his suspicions and discovers the transfusion wing of the spa is a front for macabre medical experiments . The water from the local aquifer possesses unique properties . It is very toxic to humans , but has life restoring properties to the eels living in the water . The baron had devised a process to filter the water through the bodies of humans , and distill the water into life giving essence . Volmer uses the patients as filters for this process . This `` cure '' is ingested by Volmer , Hannah , and others in order to gain vastly lengthened lifespans . Lockhart also realizes that his leg is n't broken , and that he is being forcefully kept by Dr. Volmer . Volmer then subjects Lockhart to nightmarish treatments that warp his mind , until he believes he is insane . Hannah realizes this change and gives Lockhart back his ballerina . The ballerina was given to Lockhart by his mother and helps break him out of his delirium .
Nutrition and cognition
Oral nicotinamide has been promoted as an over-the - counter drug for the treatment of Alzheimer 's dementia . Conversely , no clinically significant effect has been found for the drug , as nicotinamide administration has not been found to promote memory functions in patients with mild to moderate dementia of either Alzheimers ' , vascular , or fronto - temporal types . This evidence suggests that nicotinamide may treat dementia as related to pellegra , but administration does not effectively treat other types of dementia . Though treatment with niacin does little to alter the effects of Alzheimer 's dementia , niacin intake from foods is inversely associated with the disease .
Substantia nigra
MPTP , is a neurotoxin specific to dopaminergic cells in the brain , specifically in the substantia nigra . MPTP was brought to the spotlight in 1982 when heroin users in California displayed Parkinson 's - like symptoms after using MPPP contaminated with MPTP . The patients , who were rigid and almost completely immobile , responded to levodopa treatment . No remission of the Parkinson 's - like symptoms was reported , suggesting irreversible death of the dopaminergic neurons . The proposed mechanism of MPTP involves disruption of mitochondrial function , including disruption of metabolism and creation of free radicals .
Retina
This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death .
Scabies
A number of medications are available to treat those infected , including permethrin , crotamiton , and lindane creams and ivermectin pills . Sexual contacts within the last month and people who live in the same house should also be treated at the same time . Bedding and clothing used in the last three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer . As the mite does not live for more than three days away from human skin , more washing is not needed . Symptoms may continue for two to four weeks following treatment . If after this time symptoms continue , retreatment may be needed .
Flint water crisis
Platinum Equity 's FlintNOW Foundation , in conjunction with Huntington Bank , started a $25 million economic development program that will loan aid money to Flint businesses affected by the water crisis .
Substantia nigra
Soon after , MPTP was tested in animal models for its efficacy in inducing Parkinson 's disease ( with success ) . MPTP induced akinesia , rigidity , and tremor in primates , and its neurotoxicity was found to be very specific to the substantia nigra pars compacta . In other animals , such as rodents , the induction of Parkinson 's by MPTP is incomplete or requires much higher and frequent doses than in primates . Today , MPTP remains the most favored method to induce Parkinson 's disease in animal models .
Testosterone
Testosterone may prove to be an effective treatment in female sexual arousal disorders , and is available as a dermal patch . There is no FDA approved androgen preparation for the treatment of androgen insufficiency ; however , it has been used off - label to treat low libido and sexual dysfunction in older women . Testosterone may be a treatment for postmenopausal women as long as they are effectively estrogenized . Romantic
Venus flytrap
Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an herbal remedy , sometimes as the prime ingredient of a patent medicine named `` Carnivora '' . According to the American Cancer Society , these products are promoted in alternative medicine as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including HIV , Crohn 's disease and skin cancer , but `` available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract '' .
Phenolphthalein
Despite concerns regarding its carcinogenicity , the use of phenolphthalein as a laxative is unlikely to cause ovarian cancer . Phenolphthalein has been found to inhibit human cellular calcium influx via store - operated calcium entry ( SOCE , see Calcium release activated channel § Structure ) . This is effected by its inhibiting thrombin and thapsigargin , two activators of SOCE that increase intracellular free calcium .
Substantia nigra
Inactivation of the substantia nigra could prove to be a possible treatment for cocaine addiction . In a study of cocaine - dependent rats , inactivation of the substantia nigra via implanted cannulae greatly reduced cocaine addiction relapse .
Ben & Jerry's
In 1989 , Ben & Jerry 's revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH ( recombinant bovine growth hormone ) in all their products . This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production , but Ben & Jerry 's does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment .
Kitty Walker
In season 4 , it is known that Kitty has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma , which will bring the family closer than ever . She starts chemotherapy , then considers stopping it in lieu of herbal remedies and positive thinking . She discovers hair loss from the treatment and shaves her head . She , Robert and Evan all move in with Nora during Kitty 's treatment so she can help with Evan during Kitty 's weakened state . Though the cancer is seemingly awful news it seems to bring Kitty and Robert closer and repairs their relationship . On the day of Justin and Rebecca 's wedding Kitty learns that the chemotherapy has not worked and that in fact her cancer has spread . However , she purposely neglects to tell Robert and her family because she does n't want to spoil the occasion . During the ceremony as she is reading a poem by e.e. cummings , Kitty passes out and her family rushes to her aid . Justin reveals that she is n't breathing and starts mouth - to - mouth resuscitation . Kitty is resuscitated at the hospital where her doctor reveals that her cancer has indeed advanced and spread and suggests a dangerous bone marrow transplant , which Kitty favors but Nora does n't .