vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States budget process
This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture , the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission , and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . This function does not include DOE 's national security activities , which are in Function 050 ( National Defense ) , or its basic research and science activities , which are in Function 250 ( General Science , Space and Technology ) . 300 Natural Resources and Environment Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement ; recreation and wildlife areas ; and the development and management of the nation 's land , water , and mineral resources . It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies : Agriculture , Commerce , Interior , Transportation , the Army Corps of Engineers , and the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 350 Agriculture Function 350 includes farm income stabilization , agricultural research , and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture . The discretionary programs include research and education programs , economics and statistics services , administration of the farm support programs , farm loan programs , meat and poultry inspection , and a portion of the Public Law ( P.L. ) 480 international food aid program . The mandatory programs include commodity programs , crop insurance , and certain farm loans . 370 Commerce and Housing Credit Function 370 includes mortgage credit , the Postal Service , deposit insurance , and other advancement of commerce ( the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function ) . The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal National Mortgage Association ( Fannie Mae ) , the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) , the Government National Mortgage Association ( Ginnie Mae ) , and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture . The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks , thrifts , and credit unions . Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function . Finally , the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , the Federal Trade Commission , the Federal Communications Commission , and the majority of the Small Business Administration . 400 Transportation Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation , including programs for highways , mass transit , aviation , and maritime activities . This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security : the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration .
Trafficking of children
Children may be trafficked for the purposes of adoption , particularly international adoption . Children are sourced from orphanages or kidnapped , or parents may be tricked , cajoled or coerced into relinquishing custody . Disreputable international adoption agencies then arrange international adoptions , charging high fees to prospective adoptive parents . The Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in regard to Intercountry Adoption is an international agreement designed to protect children from such exploitation and to assist in preventing such illegal intercountry adoptions . Causes
United States budget process
Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs . Certain programs , because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills , are termed `` appropriated entitlements . '' This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction , since the programs , such as Food Stamps , would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted .
Supreme Court of India
Officers of the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) , officers other All India Services , and other civil servants not required to follow oral instructions , as they ' undermine credibility ' . Civil Services Board ( CSB ) , headed by the Cabinet Secretary at national level , and Chief Secretary at state level , be set up to recommend transfer / postings of the officers of the All India Services ( IAS , IFoS and IPS ) . Transfers of Group ' B ' officers to be done by Head of Department ( HoDs ) . No interference of Ministers in state , other than the Chief Minister , in transfer / postings of civil servants .
United States presidential primary
Each party determines how many delegates it allocates to each state . Along with those `` pledged '' delegates chosen during the primaries and caucuses , state delegations to both the Democratic and Republican conventions also include `` unpledged '' delegates who have a vote . For Republicans , they consist of the three top party officials who serve At Large from each state and territory . Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called `` superdelegates '' , who are party leaders and elected officials ( PLEO ) . If no single candidate has secured an absolute majority of delegates ( including both pledged and unpledged ) , then a `` brokered convention '' occurs : all pledged delegates are `` released '' after the first round of voting and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate , and then additional rounds take place until there is a winner with an absolute majority .
Lobbying in the United States
Inside lobbying , or sometimes called direct lobbying , describes efforts by lobbyists to influence legislation or rule - making directly by contacting legislators and their assistants , sometimes called staffers or aides . Outside lobbying , or sometimes indirect lobbying , includes attempts by interest group leaders to mobilize citizens outside the policymaking community , perhaps by public relations methods or advertising , to prompt them to pressure public officials within the policymaking community . One example of an outside lobbying effort is a film entitled InJustice , made by a group promoting lawsuit reform . Some lobbyists are now are using social media to reduce the cost of traditional campaigns , and to more precisely target public officials with political messages .
Law
Cynicism over `` officialdom '' is still common , and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to private enterprise motivated by profit . In fact private companies , especially large ones , also have bureaucracies . Negative perceptions of `` red tape '' aside , public services such as schooling , health care , policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
At the local level , the church leadership are drawn from the laity and work on a part - time volunteer basis without stipend . Like all members , they are asked to donate a tithe of 10 percent of their income to the church . An exception to that rule is for LDS missionaries , who work at the local level and are paid basic living expenses from a fund that receives contributions from their families or home congregations . But , prospective missionaries are encouraged to contribute the cost of their missions to this fund themselves when possible . Members volunteer general custodial work for local church facilities . Interior
Wild turkey
Males may be seen courting in groups , often with the dominant male gobbling , spreading their tail feathers ( strutting ) , drumming / booming and spitting . In a study , the average dominant male that courted as part of a pair of males fathered six more eggs than males that courted alone . Genetic analysis of pairs of males courting together shows that they are close relatives , with half of their genetic material being identical . The theory behind the team - courtship is that the less dominant male would have a greater chance of passing along shared genetic material than if it were courting alone .
Electoral College (United States)
Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection
Internal Revenue Service
The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is the revenue service of the United States federal government . The government agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury , and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue , who is appointed to a five - year term by the President of the United States . The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code , the main body of federal statutory tax law of the United States . The duties of the IRS include providing tax assistance to taxpayers and pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings . The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs , and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act .
Political action committee
Groups with an ideological mission , single - issue groups , and members of Congress and other political leaders may form `` non-connected PACs '' . These organizations may accept funds from any individual , connected PAC , or organization . As of January 2009 , there were 1,594 non-connected PACs , the fastest - growing category . Leadership
Polistes carolina
During the founding phase of the colony cycle , many foundresses leave their nests and join another . Foundresses that move most frequently join the nest of a full sister , yet do not increase their reproductive rank upon joining a new nest . The moving foundress usually lays her eggs at her previous nest , so joining a new nest is a surprising behavior as the offspring will not be directly related to her . These moving foundresses help care for the offspring , which has been shown to be very important for the survival of the colony . Colonies with subordinate foundresses have a much higher success rate and higher productivity than solitary colonies .
Account planning
Having a planner on the account has led to more integration within the agency and better teamwork in trying to combine the needs of the client , the demands of the market , and the expectations of the consumer . The planner has brought an added dimension of understanding to the process of developing ads , by stimulating discussion about : purchasing decisions , the brand consumer relationship , and how the advertising is working in specific conditions . Helping to win new business : by instilling confidence in the prospective client as a result of a comprehensive and disciplined approach . Defining more tightly - focused strategies : the result of an enhanced understanding of the consumer . Stimulating creative development : the result of more productive contrast between the creative department and the consumer . Helping to sell ads : by explaining the way they work . The quality and creativity of advertising in the UK has grown in line with account planning , thus proving that the function has helped , rather than hinder this trend .
Political party
In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid . International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance . Support can be purely financial or otherwise . Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos , party constitutions and campaigning skills . Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party . Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party , such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution . Other donors work on a more neutral basis , where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients . There have been calls by leading development think - tanks , such as the Overseas Development Institute , to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest - driven donors to improve governance .
Carnegie Corporation of New York
Initially , grants followed the pattern of Carnegie 's personal philanthropies . Until 1917 , gifts for the construction of public libraries and for the purchase of church organs were continued . The other Carnegie organizations in the United States also received substantial grants for their programs , as did universities , colleges , schools , and general educational agencies . In his letter of gift to his original trustees , Carnegie wrote ( employing the simplified spelling he favored ) : `` Conditions upon erth inevitably change ; hence , no wise man will bind Trustees forever to certain paths , causes or institutions . I disclaim any intention of doing so . On the contrary , I giv my Trustees full authority to change policy or causes hitherto aided , from time to time , when this , in their opinion , has become necessary or desirable . They shall best conform to my wishes by using their own judgement . '' Thus , over the years , the corporation 's priorities for grant making have changed , while always remaining educational .
Public administration
Waugh argues that public administration requires an understanding of different administrative structures and a comparison of different public administration models . The literature to build this base of knowledge is scattered and often hard to obtain . The lack or ill - formed use of comparative public administration has been detrimental for many countries , including the United States . Fred Riggs a political scientist , states that `` comparisons to the United States also can be problematic , because of the tendency of many American scholars to presume the American organizational structures and processes are models for other nations to emulate , which was a failing of early developmental administrative studies . '' In this , he claims the misuse and misapplication of comparative public administration has led to it being underdeveloped .
Public administration
In 1971 , Professor William Niskanen proposed a rational choice variation which he called the `` budget - maximizing model '' . He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to increase the budgets of their units ( to enhance their stature ) , thereby contributing to state growth and increased public expenditure . Niskanen served on President Reagan 's Council of Economic Advisors ; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and increased privatization . However , budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality . A range of pluralist authors have critiqued Niskanen 's universalist approach . These scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated by considerations of the public interest .
Ellis Island
State / Local levels which handles institutionalization and sterilization of those considered defective as well as the education of the public , marriage laws , and social pressures such as fitter family and better baby contests . Immigration control , the screening of immigrants for defects , was notably supported by Harry Laughlin , superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1939 , who stated that this was where the `` federal government must cooperate . ''
Christmas traditions
Gift giving in Nigeria often involves money and the flow of gifts from the more fortunate to the less fortunate . After the `` successful '' visitors have come from their towns , cities , and even overseas , they are given time to settle in . Afterwards , local relatives begin approaching them asking for assistance of some kind , whether financial or not . Financial donations and elaborately wrapped gifts may be given out at lavish parties , weddings , and ceremonies ; sometimes the money is scattered in the air to be grabbed by the others or stuck onto the sweaty foreheads of those dancing .
United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution .
Democratic Party (United States)
Each state also has a state committee , made up of elected committee members as well as ex-officio committee members ( usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies ) , which in turn elects a chair . County , town , city , and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level . State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction , oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses , and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law . Rarely do they have much funding , but in 2005 , DNC Chairman Dean began a program ( called the `` 50 State Strategy '' ) of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full - time professional staffers .
Public administration
Gulick developed a comprehensive , generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method , efficiency , professionalism , structural reform , and executive control . Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym ; POSDCORB , which stands for planning , organizing , staffing , directing , coordinating , reporting , and budgeting . Fayol developed a systematic , 14 - point treatment of private management . Second - generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences . A single , generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible . With the general theory , the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations . The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick . The politics - administration dichotomy remained the centre of criticism . 1950s
Santa Claus
Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations , and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures . An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for expatriate and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing , People 's Republic of China , Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi , Finland , and the People 's Republic of China Postal System 's Beijing International Post Office . Parents can order a personalized `` Santa letter '' to be sent to their child , often with a North Pole postmark . The `` Santa Letter '' market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than retail stores .
Political action committee
According to FEC advisories , Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties . This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in quid pro quo bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder . However , it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media . 2012
United States budget process
Finally , the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Commodity Futures Trading Commission , the Federal Trade Commission , the Federal Communications Commission , and the majority of the Small Business Administration . 400 Transportation Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation , including programs for highways , mass transit , aviation , and maritime activities . This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security : the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration . In addition , this function includes several small transportation - related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . 450 Community and Regional Development Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions , promote rural development , and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters . This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant , Department of Agriculture rural development programs , the Bureau of Indian Affairs , the Federal Emergency Management Agency , and other disaster mitigation and community development - related programs . It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program . 500 Education , Training , Employment , and Social Services Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education , social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services , and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor . It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , the Smithsonian Institution , the National Gallery of Art , the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts , the National Endowment for the Arts , and the National Endowment for the Humanities . 550 Health Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs . Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities , national biomedical research , protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment , providing health services for under - served populations , and promoting training for the health care workforce . Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Health Resources and Services Administration , and the Food and Drug Administration . The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid , the State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP ) , federal and retirees ' health benefits , and health care for Medicare - eligible military retirees .
Internal Revenue Service
The IRS has its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , and does most of its computer programming in Maryland . It currently operates five submission processing centers which process returns sent by mail and returns filed electronically via E-file . Different types of returns are processed at the various centers with some centers processing individual returns and others processing business returns .
Labour in India
Over 94 percent of India 's working population is part of the unorganised sector . In local terms , organised sector or formal sector in India refers to licensed organisations , that is , those who are registered and pay GST . These include the publicly traded companies , incorporated or formally registered entities , corporations , factories , shopping malls , hotels , and large businesses . Unorganised sector , also known as own account enterprises , refers to all unlicensed , self - employed or unregistered economic activity such as owner manned general stores , handicrafts and handloom workers , rural traders , farmers , etc .