vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rabbit
Rabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their surroundings . For instance , in Mediterranean Europe , rabbits are the main prey of red foxes , badgers , and Iberian lynxes . If confronted by a potential threat , a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others in the warren with powerful thumps on the ground . Rabbits have a remarkably wide field of vision , and a good deal of it is devoted to overhead scanning . They survive predation by burrowing , hopping away in a zig - zag motion , and , if captured , delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs . Their strong teeth allow them to eat and to bite in order to escape a struggle . The longest - lived rabbit on record , a domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania , died at age 18 . The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter ; the average longevity of an eastern cottontail , for instance , is less than one year . Rabbit
Rapid eye movement sleep
The sentinel hypothesis of REM sleep was put forward by Frederick Snyder in 1966 . It is based upon the observation that REM sleep in several mammals ( the rat , the hedgehog , the rabbit , and the rhesus monkey ) is followed by a brief awakening . This does not occur for either cats or humans , although humans are more likely to wake from REM sleep than from NREM sleep . Snyder hypothesized that REM sleep activates an animal periodically , to scan the environment for possible predators . This hypothesis does not explain the muscle paralysis of REM sleep ; however , a logical analysis might suggest that the muscle paralysis exists to prevent the animal from fully waking up unnecessarily , and allowing it to return easily to deeper sleep .
Barn owl
Barn owls living in tropical regions can breed at any time of year , but some seasonality in nesting is still evident . Where there are distinct wet and dry seasons , egg - laying usually takes place during the dry season , with increased rodent prey becoming available to the birds as the vegetation dies off . In arid regions , such as parts of Australia , breeding may be irregular and may happen in wet periods , triggered by temporary increases in the populations of small mammals . In temperate climates , nesting seasons become more distinct and there are some seasons of the year when no egg - laying takes place . In Europe and North America , most nesting takes place between March and June when temperatures are increasing . The actual dates of egg - laying vary by year and by location , being correlated with the amount of prey - rich foraging habitat around the nest site and often with the phase of the rodent abundance cycle . An increase in rodent populations will usually stimulate the local barn owls to begin nesting ; thus , even in the cooler parts of its range , two broods are often raised in a good year .
Agama (lizard)
Agamas originally lived in forest and bush across Africa , but have since adapted to live in villages and compounds where their habitat has been cleared . They live inside the thatch of huts and other small spaces , emerging only to feed . If caught out in the open , agamas are able to run quickly on their hind legs to reach shelter . The desert agama can still be found in the dry areas of North Africa . Despite their name , they avoid bare sand .
Guinea pig
Cavy clubs and associations dedicated to the showing and breeding of guinea pigs have been established worldwide . The American Cavy Breeders Association , an adjunct to the American Rabbit Breeders ' Association , is the governing body in the United States and Canada . The British Cavy Council governs cavy clubs in the United Kingdom . Similar organizations exist in Australia ( Australian National Cavy Council ) and New Zealand ( New Zealand Cavy Council ) . Each club publishes its own standard of perfection and determines which breeds are eligible for showing .
Rapid eye movement sleep
In the ultradian sleep cycle an organism alternates between deep sleep ( slow , large , synchronized brain waves ) and paradoxical sleep ( faster , desynchronized waves ) . Sleep happens in the context of the larger circadian rhythm , which influences sleepiness and physiological factors based on timekeepers within the body . Sleep can be distributed throughout the day or clustered during one part of the rhythm : in nocturnal animals , during the day , and in diurnal animals , at night . The organism returns to homeostatic regulation almost immediately after REM sleep ends .
Thar Desert
Some wildlife species , which are fast vanishing in other parts of India , are found in the desert in large numbers such as the blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ) , chinkara ( Gazella bennettii ) and Indian wild ass ( Equus hemionus khur ) in the Rann of Kutch . They have evolved excellent survival strategies , their size is smaller than other similar animals living in different conditions , and they are mainly nocturnal . There are certain other factors responsible for the survival of these animals in the desert . Due to the lack of water in this region , transformation of the grasslands into cropland has been very slow . The protection provided to them by a local community , the Bishnois , is also a factor . Other mammals of the Thar Desert include a subspecies of red fox ( Vulpes vulpes pusilla ) and the caracal . Peacock
Rapid eye movement sleep
Recognition of different types of sleep can be seen in the literature of ancient India and Rome . Observers have long noticed that sleeping dogs twitch and move but only at certain times .
Barbados
Barbados is also the host to the green monkey . The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal to the Volta River . It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north - western Africa , and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts , Nevis , Saint Martin , and Barbados . It was introduced to the West Indies in the late 17th century when slave trade ships travelled to the Caribbean from West Africa .
Ear
African bush elephant Loxodonta africana Fennec fox ( desert regions ) Vulpes zerda Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus Domestic rabbit -- French Lop breed Oryctolagus cuniculus Half
Red panda
The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas , and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east . Its easternmost limit is the Qinling Mountains of the Shaanxi Province in China . Its range includes southern Tibet , Sikkim and Assam in India , Bhutan , the northern mountains of Burma , and in south - western China , in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and the Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan . It may also live in south - west Tibet and northern Arunachal Pradesh , but this has not been documented . Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene . The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct , rather than continuous . A disjunct population inhabits the Meghalaya Plateau of north - eastern India .
Feral pig
In the U.S. , the problems caused by feral pigs are exacerbated by the small number of species which prey on them . Predators such as bobcats and coyotes may occasionally take feral piglets or weakened animals , but are not large enough to challenge a full - grown boar that can grow to three times their weight . In Florida , feral pigs make up a significant portion of the Florida panther 's diet . Other potential predators include the gray wolf , cougar , jaguar , red wolf , black bear , and grizzly bear . Unfortunately , each keystone predator presents problems : the jaguar is extirpated from California and the Southwest . The grizzly , while native to most of the American West , is gone from the states that have large feral pig populations , namely Texas , Arizona , California , and New Mexico ; and the species has a very slow reproductive rate . Wolf numbers are small and expected to remain so as they slowly repopulate their range ; only a few individuals thus far have been recorded as inhabiting California , in spite of thousands of square miles of good habitat . The cougar is present in most of the West , but is gone from the East , with no known populations east of Minnesota in the north , and very thin numbers east of Houston in the South . The black bear is both predator and competitor , but in most areas , probably may not impact feral pig populations enough to control them . Programs do exist to protect the weakened numbers of large predators in the US , but it is expected to take a very long time for these animals to naturally repopulate former habitat . Hunting
Joshua Tree National Park
Many animals make their homes in Joshua Tree . Birds , lizards , and ground squirrels are most likely to be seen because they are largely active during the day . However , it is at night that desert animals come out to roam . Mostly nocturnal animals include snakes , bighorn sheep , kangaroo rats , coyotes , lynx , and black - tailed jackrabbits .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Lesions of the pons to prevent atonia have induced functional `` REM behavior disorder '' in animals .
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel
The Japanese dwarf flying squirrel is nocturnal , and during the day it rests in holes in trees . It eats seeds , fruit , tree leaves , buds and bark . It can leap from tree to tree using a gliding membrane called its patagium . The patagium works as a wingsuit enabling it to maneuver and glide through the air .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Ioannis Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well - known defensive mechanism , the tonic immobility reflex . This reflex , also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning , functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal so that it appears dead . Tsoukalas argues that the neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep ; for example , both reactions exhibit brainstem control , paralysis , hypocampal theta rhythm , and thermoregulatory changes .
Lion
In the area of Pendjari National Park , almost all West African males are maneless or have very weak manes . Maneless male African lions have also been reported from Senegal , from Sudan 's Dinder National Park , and from Tsavo East National Park in Kenya . The original male white lion from Timbavati was also maneless . The testosterone hormone has been linked to mane growth ; therefore , castrated lions often have minimal to no mane , as the removal of the gonads inhibits testosterone production . Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported from northern Botswana .
Atlas Mountains
The mountains are home to a number of plant and animal species unique in Africa , often more like those of Europe ; many of them are endangered and some have already gone extinct . Examples include the Barbary macaque , the Atlas bear ( Africa 's only native bear ; now extinct ) , the Barbary leopard , the Barbary stag , Barbary sheep , the Barbary lion ( extinct in the wild ) , the Atlas Mountain badger , the North African elephant ( extinct ) , the North African aurochs ( extinct ) , Cuvier 's gazelle , the Northern bald ibis , dippers , the Atlas mountain viper , the Atlas cedar , the European black pine , and the Algerian oak .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Conservationists have particularly worried about primates . The Congo is inhabited by several great ape species : the common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , the bonobo ( Pan paniscus ) , the eastern gorilla ( Gorilla beringei ) , and possibly the western gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ) . It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild . Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction . Because of hunting and habitat destruction , the chimpanzee , the bonobo and the gorilla , each of whose populations once numbered in the millions , have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas , 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos . Gorillas , chimpanzees , and bonobos are all classified as endangered by the World Conservation Union , as well as the okapi , which is also native to the area .
Red deer
The European red deer is found in southwestern Asia ( Asia Minor and Caucasus regions ) , North Africa and Europe . The red deer is the largest non-domesticated land mammal still existing in Ireland . The Barbary stag ( which resembles the western European red deer ) is the only member of the deer family represented in Africa , with the population centred in the northwestern region of the continent in the Atlas Mountains . As of the mid-1990s , Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria were the only African countries known to have red deer .
Mourning dove
Outside the breeding season , mourning doves roost communally in dense deciduous trees or in conifers . During sleep , the head rests between the shoulders , close to the body ; it is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as in many other species . During the winter in Canada , roosting flights to the roosts in the evening , and out of the roosts in the morning , are delayed on colder days .
Guinea pig
Mange mites ( Trixacarus caviae ) are a common cause of hair loss , and other symptoms may also include excessive scratching , unusually aggressive behavior when touched ( due to pain ) , and , in some instances , seizures . Guinea pigs may also suffer from `` running lice '' ( Gliricola porcelli ) , a small , white insect which can be seen moving through the hair ; their eggs , which appear as black or white specks attached to the hair , are sometimes referred to as `` static lice '' . Other causes of hair loss can be due to hormonal upsets caused by underlying medical conditions such as ovarian cysts .
Red panda
The international studbook is currently managed at the Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands . In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group , they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America , the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe , and other captive - breeding programs in Australia , India , Japan , and China . In 2009 , Sarah Glass , curator of red pandas and special exhibits at the Knoxville Zoo in Knoxville , Tennessee , was appointed as coordinator for the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan . The Knoxville Zoo has the largest number of captive red panda births in the Western Hemisphere ( 101 as of August 2011 ) . Only the Rotterdam Zoo has had more captive births worldwide .
Brown bear
Many people hold the belief some brown bears may be present in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco but there have been none sighted in the last century . In addition to the native Atlas bear the Romans apparently imported bears from Spain for spectacles with some escaping and founding a population in Africa , though it is doubtful that they still persist today .
Red fox
Outside the breeding season , most red foxes favour living in the open , in densely vegetated areas , though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather . Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes , ravines , bluffs , steep banks of water bodies , ditches , depressions , gutters , in rock clefts and neglected human environments . Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils . Dens built among tree roots can last for decades , while those dug on the steppes last only several years . They may permanently abandon their dens during mange outbreaks , possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease . In the Eurasian desert regions , foxes may use the burrows of wolves , porcupines and other large mammals , as well as those dug by gerbil colonies . Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes , badgers , marmots and corsac foxes , red fox dens are not overly complex . Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows , which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment . The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards ( 40 -- 45 ° ) and broadens into a den , from which numerous side tunnels branch . Burrow depth ranges from 0.5 -- 2.5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in -- 8 ft 2 in ) , rarely extending to ground water . The main passage can reach 17 m ( 56 ft ) in length , standing an average of 5 -- 7 m ( 16 -- 23 ft ) . In spring , red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements , first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs , throwing the discarded soil over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) from the burrow . When kits are born , the discarded debris is trampled , thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food . They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers . Unlike badgers , which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in latrines , red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens. > The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9.8 hours per day .
Prairie dog
In mid-2003 , due to cross-contamination at a Madison , Wisconsin - area pet swap from an unquarantined Gambian pouched rat imported from Ghana , several prairie dogs in captivity acquired monkeypox , and subsequently a few humans were also infected . This led the CDC and FDA to issue a joint order banning the sale , trade , and transport within the United States of prairie dogs ( with a few exceptions ) . The disease was never introduced to any wild populations . The European Union also banned importation of prairie dogs in response . While largely seen by exotic pet owners and vendors as unfair , the monkeypox scare was not the only zoonosis incident associated with prairie dogs .
Golden lion tamarin
The golden lion tamarin has a very limited distribution range , as over time they have lost all but 2 % -- 5 % of their original habitat in Brazil . Today , this tamarin is confined to three small areas of the tropical rain forest in southeastern Brazil : Poço das Antas Biological Reserve , Fazenda União Biological Reserve , private land through the Reintroduction Program . The first population estimate made in 1972 approximated the count at between 400 and 500 . By 1981 the population was reduced to less than 200 . Surveys from as recently as 1995 suggested that there may only have been at most 400 golden lion tamarins left in the wild ; they have made a nice comeback and now number 3200 in the wild . Tamarins live along the far southeast border of the country in the municipalities of Silva Jardim , Cabo Frio , Saquarema , and Araruama . However , they have been successfully reintroduced to the municipalities of Rio das Ostras , Rio Bonito , and Casimiro de Abreu . Tamarins live in coastal lowland forests less than 300 m ( 984 ft ) above sea level . They can be found in hilltop forests and swamp forests .
Wetland
Monotremes such as the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus ) is found in eastern Australia living in freshwater rivers or lakes . Much like the beaver , the platypus creates dams and burrows for shelter and protection . The platypus swims through the use of webbed feet . The platypus feeds on insect larvae , worms , or other freshwater insects hunting mainly by night by the use of their bill . It turns up mud on the bottom of the lake or river , and with the help of the electroreceptors located on the bill , unearths freshwater insects . The platypus stores their findings in special pouches behind their bill and consumes its prey upon returning to the surface .
Rapid eye movement sleep
Neural activity during REM sleep seems to originate in the brain stem , especially the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus . REM sleep is punctuated and immediately preceded by PGO ( ponto - geniculo - occipital ) waves , bursts of electrical activity originating in the brain stem . ( PGO waves have long been measured directly in cats but not in humans because of constraints on experimentation ; however comparable effects have been observed in humans during `` phasic '' events which occur during REM sleep , and the existence of similar PGO waves is thus inferred . ) These waves occur in clusters about every 6 seconds for 1 -- 2 minutes during the transition from deep to paradoxical sleep . They exhibit their highest amplitude upon moving into the visual cortex and are a cause of the `` rapid eye movements '' in paradoxical sleep . Other muscles may also contract under the influence of these waves . Forebrain
Cross River gorilla
Cross River gorillas reside in small populations split from other sub-populations of the species . They occupy roughly 14 apparently geographically separated areas in a landscape of approximately 12,000 km ( 4,600 sq mi ) of rugged terrain spanning the Nigeria -- Cameroon border region with population sizes estimated at 75 -- 110 in Nigeria , and 125 -- 185 in Cameroon . Other sources of degradation such as hunting posed a much higher threat but habitat loss is now posing a much bigger threat to the species and their survival . Populations reside in areas of undisturbed dense forest which is scarce due to human occupation or use for natural resources . The Takamanda National Park and the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary are where most of the surviving members reside . Nest distribution was clearly influenced by anthropogenic factors within the sanctuary , with the disturbed southern section of the park avoided . Even though current wildlife laws regarding the areas are in place Cross River gorillas will not nest in areas near humans . Conservation and Eco-guards are empowered , by the government , to enforce wildlife laws within the sanctuary . A planned superhighway to the west of Ekuri community forest was rerouted in 2017 , as the highway and its buffer zone would have had a significant impact on the remaining habitat .
Barn owl
The barn owl is the most widespread landbird species in the world , occurring in every continent except Antarctica . Its range includes all of Europe ( except Fennoscandia and Malta ) , most of Africa apart from the Sahara , the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia , Australia , many Pacific Islands , and North , Central and South America . In general it is considered to be sedentary , and indeed many individuals , having taken up residence in a particular location , remain there even when better foraging areas nearby become vacant . In the British Isles , the young seem largely to disperse along river corridors and the distance travelled from their natal site averages about 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) . Barn
Hippocampus
During sleep or during resting , when an animal is not engaged with its surroundings , the hippocampal EEG shows a pattern of irregular slow waves , somewhat larger in amplitude than theta waves . This pattern is occasionally interrupted by large surges called sharp waves . These events are associated with bursts of spike activity lasting 50 to 100 milliseconds in pyramidal cells of CA3 and CA1 . They are also associated with short - lived high - frequency EEG oscillations called `` ripples '' , with frequencies in the range 150 to 200 Hz in rats , and together they are known as sharp waves and ripples. Sharp waves are most frequent during sleep when they occur at an average rate of around 1 per second ( in rats ) but in a very irregular temporal pattern . Sharp waves are less frequent during inactive waking states and are usually smaller . Sharp waves have also been observed in humans and monkeys . In macaques , sharp waves are robust but do not occur as frequently as in rats .
Red panda
Deforestation can inhibit the spread of red pandas and exacerbate the natural population subdivision by topography and ecology , leading to severe fragmentation of the remaining wild population . Fewer than 40 animals in four separate groups share resources with humans in Nepal 's Langtang National Park , where only 6 % of 1,710 km ( 660 sq mi ) is preferred red panda habitat . Although direct competition for food with domestic livestock is not significant , livestock can depress bamboo growth by trampling .