vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid .
Curling
The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . The
Easter Island
The large stone statues , or moai , for which Easter Island is famous , were carved in the period 1100 -- 1680 AD ( rectified radio - carbon dates ) . A total of 887 monolithic stone statues have been inventoried on the island and in museum collections . Although often identified as `` Easter Island heads '' , the statues have torsos , most of them ending at the top of the thighs , although a small number are complete figures that kneel on bent knees with their hands over their stomachs . Some upright moai have become buried up to their necks by shifting soils .
Diamond
Approximately 130,000,000 carats ( 26,000 kg ) of diamonds are mined annually , with a total value of nearly US $9 billion , and about 100,000 kg ( 220,000 lb ) are synthesized annually .
Great Salt Lake
The Utah Geological Survey , on the other hand , states `` the lake contains 11 recognized islands , although this number varies depending on the level of the lake . Seven islands are in the southern portion of the lake and four in the northwestern portion . ''
Curling
Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) .
Curling
Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter .
Great Pyramid of Giza
Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great
Moai
All but 53 of the more than 900 moai known to date were carved from tuff ( a compressed volcanic ash ) from Rano Raraku , where 394 moai in varying states of completion are still visible today . There are also 13 moai carved from basalt , 22 from trachyte and 17 from fragile red scoria . At the end of carving , the builders would rub the statue with pumice .
Sea of Galilee
During a routine sonar scan in 2003 ( finding published in 2013 ) , archaeologists discovered an enormous conical stone structure . The structure , which has a diameter of around 230 feet ( 70 m ) , is made of boulders and stones . The ruins are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old , and are about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) underwater . The estimated weight of the monument is over 60,000 tons . Researchers explain that the site resembles early burial sites in Europe and was likely built in the early Bronze Age .
Cahokia
The original site contained 120 earthen mounds over an area of 6 square miles ( 16 km ) , of which 80 remain today . To achieve that , thousands of workers over decades moved more than an `` estimated 55 million cubic feet ( 1,600,000 m ) of earth in woven baskets to create this network of mounds and community plazas . Monks Mound , for example , covers 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) , rises 100 ft ( 30 m ) , and was topped by a massive 5,000 sq ft ( 460 m ) building another 50 ft ( 15 m ) high . ''
Apothecaries' system
In the Romance speaking part of Europe the scruple was divided in 24 grains , in the rest of Europe in 20 grains . Notable exceptions were Venice and Sicily , where the scruple was also divided in 20 grains .
Great Pyramid of Giza
At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors .
Hōryū-ji
There is no record , on the other hand , as to who exactly were the people that have engaged in the constructing of Hōryū - ji , although the Nihon Shoki records the existence of 46 temples in 624 . The bracket work of Hōryū - ji resembles that of the partial remainder of a miniature Baekje gilt bronze pagoda .
History of the Isle of Wight
The Longstone near Mottistone ( the standing stone on the hill later becoming an Anglo - Saxon meeting place , this ' moot - stone ' giving name to the nearby settlement ) is one of the only three surviving Neolithic ( New Stone Age ) sites , along with a long barrow on Afton Down and a ' mortuary enclosure ' on Tennyson Down .
Easter Island
Petroglyphs are pictures carved into rock , and Easter Island has one of the richest collections in all Polynesia . Around 1,000 sites with more than 4,000 petroglyphs are catalogued . Designs and images were carved out of rock for a variety of reasons : to create totems , to mark territory , or to memorialize a person or event . There are distinct variations around the island in the frequency of themes among petroglyphs , with a concentration of Birdmen at Orongo . Other subjects include sea turtles , Komari ( vulvas ) and Makemake , the chief god of the Tangata manu or Birdman cult .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage .
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles ( 14 km ) at its longest point into Gwinnett County . Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as `` the largest exposed piece of granite in the world '' . This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration . Stone Mountain , though often called a pink granite dome , actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite .
Atom
For 80 of the chemical elements , at least one stable isotope exists . As a rule , there is only a handful of stable isotopes for each of these elements , the average being 3.2 stable isotopes per element . Twenty - six elements have only a single stable isotope , while the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten , for the element tin . Elements 43 , 61 , and all elements numbered 83 or higher have no stable isotopes .
Japanese swordsmithing
When the rough blade is completed , the swordsmith turns the blade over to a polisher called a togishi , whose job it is to refine the shape of a blade and improve its aesthetic value . The entire process takes considerable time , in some cases easily up to several weeks . Early polishers used three types of stone , whereas a modern polisher generally uses seven . The modern high level of polish was not normally done before around 1600 , since greater emphasis was placed on function over form . The polishing process almost always takes longer than even crafting , and a good polish can greatly improve the beauty of a blade , while a bad one can ruin the best of blades . More importantly , inexperienced polishers can permanently ruin a blade by badly disrupting its geometry or wearing down too much steel , both of which effectively destroy the sword 's monetary , historic , artistic , and functional value .
Colosseum
The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) of travertine stone which were set without mortar ; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps . However , it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries , with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes . The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall . The remainder of the present - day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall . The
Ancient Egyptian deities
The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other deities who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian Leitz says there are `` thousands upon thousands '' of Egyptian deities .
Missouri
Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations , 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 synagogues , 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids , 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples , 7,000 Hindus in 17 temples , 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations , 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples , 5 Sikh temples , a Zoroastrian temple , a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans .
Hyde Park, London
The Standing Stone is a 7 - tonne ( 7.7 - ton ) monolith at the centre of the Dell , to the east of Hyde Park . Made of Cornish stone , it was originally part of a drinking fountain , though an urban legend was established , claiming it was brought from Stonehenge by Charles I .
Nickel
Identified land - based resources throughout the world averaging 1 % nickel or greater comprise at least 130 million tons of nickel ( about the double of known reserves ) . About 60 % is in laterites and 40 % in sulfide deposits .
Stone Mountain
The minerals within the rock include quartz , plagioclase feldspar , microcline and muscovite , with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline . The tourmaline is mostly black in color , and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals , but much larger , euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain 's numerous , cross-cutting felsic dikes . Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma .
Chinese Buddhism
During the Song Dynasty , in 1021 CE , it is recorded that there were 458,855 Buddhist monks and nuns actively living in monasteries . The total number of monks was 397,615 , while the total number of nuns was recorded as 61,240 .
Axial skeleton
At birth the majority of humans have 33 separate vertebrae . However , during normal development several vertebrae fuse together , leaving a total of 24 , in most cases . The confusion about whether or not there are 32 - 34 vertebrae stems from the fact that the two lowest vertebrae , the sacrum and the coccyx , are single bones made up of several smaller bones which have fused together . This is how the vertebrae are counted : 24 separate vertebrae and the sacrum , formed from 5 fused vertebrae and the coccyx , formed from 3 - 5 fused vertebrae . If you count the coccyx and sacrum each as one vertebra , then there are 26 vertebrae . If the fused vertebrae are all counted separately , then the total number of vertebrae comes to between 32 and 34 .
Radioactive decay
then the number of nuclei of B , i.e. the number of decayed A nuclei , is
Great Pyramid of Giza
The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza .
Ashoka
According to Buddhist legend , particularly the Mahaparinirvana , the relics of the Buddha had been shared among eight countries following his death . Ashoka endeavoured to take back the relics and share them among 84.000 stupas . This story is amply depicted in the reliefs of Sanchi and Bharhut . According to the legend , Ashoka obtain the ashes from seven of countries , but failed to take the ashes from the Nagas at Ramagrama , who were able to keep them . This scene is depicted on the tranversal portion of the southern gateway at Sanchi . King
Diamond
Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called bourses . There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world . Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain ; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses , after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer . Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry , or sold unset ( `` loose '' ) . According to the Rio Tinto Group , in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US $9 billion as rough diamonds , US $14 billion after being cut and polished , US $28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry , and US $57 billion in retail sales . Cutting
Cremation
At present there are four crematoria in operation at BIRKENAU , two large ones , I and II , and two smaller ones , III and IV . Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts , i.e. , : ( A ) the furnace room ; ( B ) the large halls ; and ( C ) the gas chamber . A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces , each having four openings . Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and a half the bodies are completely burned . This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies ... Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle , but their capacity is only half as large . Thus the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at BIRKENAU amounts to about 6,000 daily . A
Indigenous Australian art
Stone arrangements in Australia range from the 50m - diameter circles of Victoria , with 1m - high stones firmly embedded in the ground , to the smaller stone arrangements found throughout Australia , such as those near Yirrkala which depict accurate images of the praus used by Macassan Trepang fishermen and spear throwers .
Hawaii
In addition to the eight main islands , the state has many smaller islands and islets . Ka ʻula is a small island near Ni ʻihau . The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small , older islands to the northwest of Kaua ʻi that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll ; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains . Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets , such as Molokini , which are either volcanic , marine sedimentary or erosional in origin .
Curling
The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The
Shofar
Alternatively , although fewer opinions are satisfied , some communities sound a single series of Tashrat - Tashat - Tarat without trebling . This may also fulfill the required total of thirty blasts , if tekiah is counted as one note , shevarim three , and teruah nine .
Nickel
Mine production and reserves ( in metric tons ) 2016 ( estimated ) 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Reserves Australia 206,000 222,000 245,000 234,000 246,000 215,000 19,000,000 Botswana NA NA NA NA NA 26,000 NA Brazil 142,000 160,000 102,000 138,000 139,000 209,000 10,000,000 Canada 255,000 235,000 235,000 223,000 205,000 220,000 2,900,000 China 90,000 92,900 100,000 95,000 93,300 89,800 2,500,000 Colombia 36,800 40,400 81,000 75,000 84,000 76,000 1,100,000 Cuba 56,000 56,400 50,400 66,000 68,200 71,000 5,500,000 Dominican Republic NA NA NA 15,800 15,200 21,700 NA Guatemala 58,600 52,400 38,400 NA NA NA 1,800,000 Indonesia 168,500 130,000 177,000 440,000 228,000 290,000 4,500,000 Madagascar 48,000 45,500 40,300 29,300 8,250 5,900 1,600,000 New Caledonia 205,000 186,000 178,000 164,000 132,000 131,000 6,700,000 Philippines 500,000 554,000 523,000 446,000 424,000 270,000 4,800,000 Russia 256,000 269,000 239,000 275,000 255,000 267,000 7,600,000 South Africa 50,000 56,700 55,000 51,200 45,900 44,000 3,700,000 United States 25,000 27,200 4,300 NA NA NA 160,000 Other countries 150,000 157,000 377,000 377,000 273,000 103,000 6,500,000 World total ( rounded ) 2,250,000 2,280,000 2,450,000 2,630,000 2,220,000 1,940,000 78,000,000
Ancient Egypt
Mathematical notation was decimal , and based on hieroglyphic signs for each power of ten up to one million . Each of these could be written as many times as necessary to add up to the desired number ; so to write the number eighty or eight hundred , the symbol for ten or one hundred was written eight times respectively . Because their methods of calculation could not handle most fractions with a numerator greater than one , they had to write fractions as the sum of several fractions . For example , they resolved the fraction two - fifths into the sum of one - third + one - fifteenth . Standard tables of values facilitated this . Some common fractions , however , were written with a special glyph -- the equivalent of the modern two - thirds is shown on the right .
Korea under Japanese rule
According to the South Korean government , there are 75,311 cultural artifacts that were taken from Korea . Japan has 34,369 , the United States has 17,803 , and France had several hundred , which were seized in the French campaign against Korea and loaned back to Korea in 2010 without an apology . In 2010 , Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan expressed `` deep remorse '' for the removal of artifacts , and arranged an initial plan to return the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty and over 1,200 other books , which was carried out in 2011 .
Hawaii
Christianity : 351,000 ( 29 % ) Buddhism : 110,000 ( 9 % ) Judaism : 10,000 ( 1 % ) Other : 100,000 ( 10 % ) Unaffiliated : 650,000 ( 51 % )
Solomon's Temple
The Ulam , or porch , acted as an entrance before the Temple on the east ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ; 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ; 9 : 7 ) . This was 20 cubits long ( corresponding to the width of the Temple ) and 10 cubits deep ( 1 Kings 6 : 3 ) . ( ESV 2 Chr. 3 : 4 ) notes that this porch was 120 cubits high . The description does not specify whether a wall separated it from the next chamber . In the porch stood the two pillars Jachin and Boaz ( 1 Kings 7 : 21 ; 2 Kings 11 : 14 ; 23 : 3 ) , which were 18 cubits in height . Chambers