vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Evidence of common descent
Natural selection is observed in contemporary human populations , with recent findings demonstrating that the population at risk of the severe debilitating disease kuru has significant over-representation of an immune variant of the prion protein gene G127V versus non-immune alleles . Scientists postulate one of the reasons for the rapid selection of this genetic variant is the lethality of the disease in non-immune persons . Other reported evolutionary trends in other populations include a lengthening of the reproductive period , reduction in cholesterol levels , blood glucose and blood pressure .
One-drop rule
It is a scientific fact that there is not one full - blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention . Every member has in him a certain mixture of ... colored blood ... It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation , of scandal , horror , feud , and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote , perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood . The doors would be open to scandal , malice , and greed .
Nosebleed
Alcohol ( due to vasodilation ) Anemia Blood dyscrasias Connective tissue disease Drugs -- aspirin , fexofenadine , warfarin , clopidogrel , prasugrel , isotretinoin , desmopressin and others Envenomation by mambas , taipans , kraits , and death adders Chronic liver disease -- cirrhosis causes deficiency of factor II , VII , IX , & X Heart failure ( due to an increase in venous pressure ) Hematological malignancy ( such as leukemia ) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Pregnancy ( rare , due to hypertension and hormonal changes ) Vascular disorders Vitamin C and vitamin K deficiency Von Willebrand 's disease Hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( Osler - Weber - Rendu syndrome ) , a rare disease that runs in families Mediastinal compression by tumours ( raised venous pressure ) Hemophilia Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Autophagy
Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder partially caused by the cell death of brain and brain stem cells in many nuclei like the substantia nigra . There are several genetic mutations implicated in the disease , including loss of function PINK1 and Parkin . Loss of function in these genes can lead to damaged mitochondrial accumulation and protein aggregates than can lead to cellular degeneration . Mitochondria is involved in Parkinson 's disease . In idiopathic Parkinson 's disease , the disease is commonly caused by dysfunctional mitochondria , cellular oxidative stress , autophagic alterations and the aggregation of proteins . These can lead to mitochondrial swelling and depolarization .
Lead poisoning
The painter Caravaggio might have died of lead poisoning . Bones with high lead levels were recently found in a grave thought likely to be his . Paints used at the time contained high amounts of lead salts . Caravaggio is known to have exhibited violent behavior , as caused by lead poisoning .
Air pollution in the United States
Indoor air pollution , caused by kerosene space heaters , cooking , wall paints , second hand smoke and more , are also known to have an association with the cardiovascular diseases . This increased risk of cardiovascular diseases by indoor air pollution disproportionately affects the people in the United States . The prevalence of being exposed to secondhand smoke is higher in African American population and lower income population , especially in those who live below the poverty level . On the other hand , the risk of fatal cardiovascular diseases is higher in African American men and women than white men and women . For example , 25 % of African American men have 6.67 % or greater increased risk of fatal cardiovascular disease while only 10 % of the white men have the same level of increased risk . Furthermore , one county - level study found that median income and education level were the most significant factors associated with the cardiovascular diseases mortality disparities in the United States .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Although this action has been popularly reported as ending the outbreak , the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline , as explained by Snow :
Phosphofructokinase 1
A genetic mutation in the PFKM gene results in Tarui 's disease , which is a glycogen storage disease where the ability of certain cell types to utilize carbohydrates as a source of energy is impaired .
Myocardial infarction
`` Silent '' myocardial infarctions can happen without any symptoms at all . These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms , using blood enzyme tests , or at autopsy after a person has died . Such silent myocardial infarctions represent between 22 and 64 % of all infarctions , and are more common in the elderly , in those with diabetes mellitus and after heart transplantation . In people with diabetes , differences in pain threshold , autonomic neuropathy , and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms . In heart transplantation , the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient .
Semen
Semen can transmit many sexually transmitted diseases and pathogens , including viruses like HIV and Ebola . Swallowing semen carries no additional risk other than those inherent in fellatio . This includes transmission risk for sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus ( HPV ) or herpes , especially for people with bleeding gums , gingivitis or open sores . Viruses in semen survive for a long time once outside the body .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The medical director of a hospital in Liberia reported that he was seeing health problems in patients who had been in recovery for as long as nine months . Problems he was seeing included chronic pain , sometimes so severe that walking was difficult ; eye problems , including uveitis ; and headaches as the most common physical symptoms . `` They 're still very severe and impacting their life every day . These patients will need medical care for months and maybe years . '' A physician from the Kenema hospital in Sierra Leone reported similar health difficulties .
World Health Organization
Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of `` disease , disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases , mental disorders , violence and injuries , and visual impairment '' . The Division of Noncommunicable Diseases for Promoting Health through the Life - course Sexual and Reproductive Health has published the magazine , Entre Nous , across Europe since 1983 .
Atlantic slave trade
The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside America . Approximately 1.2 -- 2.4 million Africans died during their transport to the New World . More died soon upon their arrival . The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved .
Pleurisy
Hemothorax can put pressure on the lung and force it to collapse . It also can cause shock , a state of hypoperfusion in which an insufficient amount of blood is able to reach the organs .
Apoptosis
Apoptosis An etoposide - treated DU145 prostate cancer cell exploding into a cascade of apoptotic bodies . The sub images were extracted from a 61 - hour time - lapse microscopy video , created using quantitative phase - contrast microscopy . The optical thickness is color - coded . With increasing thickness , color changes from gray to yellow , red , purple and finally black . See the video at The Cell : An Image Library Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
Helium
Death caused by helium is rare . The first media - recorded case was that of a 15 - year - old girl from Texas who died in 1998 from helium inhalation at a friend 's party ; the exact type of helium death is unidentified .
Atlantic slave trade
The savage nature of the trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures . The following figures do not include deaths of enslaved Africans as a result of their labour , slave revolts , or diseases suffered while living among New World populations .
Germ theory of disease
However , Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and , later , of typhoid fever . Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases , especially viruses such as polio , herpes simplex , HIV , and hepatitis C. As a specific example , all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects , and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Among the fatalities was Samuel Brisbane , a former adviser to the Liberian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare , described as `` one of Liberia 's most high - profile doctors '' . In July 2014 , leading Ebola doctor Sheik Umar Khan from Sierra Leone also died in the outbreak . In August , a well - known Nigerian physician , Ameyo Adadevoh , died . Mbalu Fonnie , a licensed nurse - midwife and nursing supervisor at the Kenema hospital in Sierra Leone , with over 30 years of experience , died after contracting Ebola while caring for a fellow nurse who was pregnant and had the disease . Fonnie was also a co-author of a study that analyzed the genetics of the Ebola virus ; five others contracted Ebola and died while working on the same study .
Respiratory system
Pre-term babies who are unable to manufacture surfactant have lungs that tend to collapse each time they breathe out . Unless treated , this condition , called respiratory distress syndrome , is fatal . Basic scientific experiments , carried out using cells from chicken lungs , support the potential for using steroids as a means of furthering development of type II alveolar cells . In fact , once a premature birth is threatened , every effort is made to delay the birth , and a series of steroid injections is frequently administered to the mother during this delay in an effort to promote lung maturation . Contributions
Medical diagnosis
Even during an already ongoing diagnostic procedure , there can be an indication to perform another , separate , diagnostic procedure for another , potentially concomitant , disease or condition . This may occur as a result of an incidental finding of a sign unrelated to the parameter of interest , such as can occur in comprehensive tests such as radiological studies like magnetic resonance imaging or blood test panels that also include blood tests that are not relevant for the ongoing diagnosis .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Over the next three days , 127 people on or near Broad Street died . During the next week , three quarters of the residents had fled the area . By 10 September , 500 people had died and the mortality rate was 12.8 percent in some parts of the city . By the end of the outbreak , 616 people had died .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize ( there were sporadic reports ) , other outbreaks have been reported . At least 13 people have died of scrub typhus while 240 people have been taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until Sept 2016 .
Vitiligo
The cause is typically unknown . It is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility that is triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs . This results in the destruction of skin pigment cells . Risk factors include a family history of the condition or other autoimmune diseases , such as hyperthyroidism , alopecia areata , and pernicious anemia . It is not contagious . Vitiligo is classified into two main types : segmental and non-segmental . Most cases are non-segmental , meaning they affect both sides ; and in these cases , the affected area of the skin typically expands with time . About 10 % of cases are segmental , meaning they mostly involve one side of the body ; and in these cases , the affected area of the skin typically does not expand with time . Diagnosis can be confirmed by tissue biopsy .
Boxer (dog)
According to a UK Kennel Club health survey , cancer accounts for 38.5 % of Boxer deaths , followed by old age ( 21.5 % ) , cardiac ( 6.9 % ) and gastrointestinal ( 6.9 % ) related issues . The breed is particularly predisposed to mast cell tumours , a cancer of the immune system . Median lifespan was 10.25 years . Responsible breeders use available tests to screen their breeding stock before breeding , and in some cases throughout the life of the dog , in an attempt to minimize the occurrence of these diseases in future generations .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
Anointing of the Sick has often been postponed until someone is on the point of dying , so much so that , in spite of the fact that , in all celebrations of this sacrament , the liturgy prays for recovery of the health of the sick person if that would be conducive to his salvation , Anointing of the Sick has been thought to be exclusively for the dying and has been called Extreme Unction ( Final Anointing ) .
Mitochondrion
Damage and subsequent dysfunction in mitochondria is an important factor in a range of human diseases due to their influence in cell metabolism . Mitochondrial disorders often present themselves as neurological disorders , including autism . They can also manifest as myopathy , diabetes , multiple endocrinopathy , and a variety of other systemic disorders . Diseases caused by mutation in the mtDNA include Kearns - Sayre syndrome , MELAS syndrome and Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy . In the vast majority of cases , these diseases are transmitted by a female to her children , as the zygote derives its mitochondria and hence its mtDNA from the ovum . Diseases such as Kearns - Sayre syndrome , Pearson syndrome , and progressive external ophthalmoplegia are thought to be due to large - scale mtDNA rearrangements , whereas other diseases such as MELAS syndrome , Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy , myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers ( MERRF ) , and others are due to point mutations in mtDNA .
Lead poisoning
While this study suggests that consumption of wild game meat can adversely affect PbB , no participant had PbB higher than the CDC recommended threshold of 10μg / dl -- the level at which CDC recommends case management ; and the geometric mean PbB among this study population ( 1.17 μg / dl ) was lower than the overall population geometric mean PbB in the United States ( 1.60 μg / dl ) . The clinical significance of low PbB in this sample population and the small quantitative increase of 0.30 μg / dl in PbB associated with wild game consumption should be interpreted in the context of naturally occurring PbB .
Thymus
A thymus may be transplanted , however , this approach is problematic due to donor requirements and matching tissue with the patient .
Medicare (United States)
They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant .
Brigham and Women's Hospital
In 1954 , the hospital became the location for the first ever successful kidney transplant , performed by Joseph Murray , on Richard Herrick .
Heart
The first successful heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town . This marked an important milestone in cardiac surgery , capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large . However , long - term survival rates of patients were initially very low . Louis Washkansky , the first recipient of a donated heart , died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks . The American surgeon Norman Shumway has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques , along with pioneers Richard Lower , Vladimir Demikhov and Adrian Kantrowitz . As of March 2000 , more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide .
Retina
Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder . Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success . At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera .
Kidney
Generally , humans can live normally with just one kidney , as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive . Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease . Renal replacement therapy , in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation , is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell nuclear transplantation has become a focus of study in stem cell research . The aim of carrying out this procedure is to obtain pluripotent cells from a cloned embryo . These cells genetically matched the donor organism from which they came . This gives them the ability to create patient specific pluripotent cells , which could then be used in therapies or disease research .
Standard of care
4 . A recipient of pro bono ( free ) services ( either legal or medical ) is entitled to expect the same standard of care as a person who pays for the same services , to prevent an indigent person from being entitled to only substandard care .
Egg donation
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My Sister's Keeper (novel)
Anna is usually willing to donate whatever Kate needs , but when she turns 13 , she is told that she will have to donate one of her kidneys due to Kate 's kidney failure . The surgery required for both Kate and Anna would be major ; it is not guaranteed to work , as the stress of the operation may kill Kate anyway , and the loss of a kidney could have a serious impact on Anna 's life . Anna petitions for medical emancipation with the help of lawyer Campbell Alexander , so she will be able to make her own decisions regarding her medical treatment and the donation of her kidney .
Egg donation
Egg donors are first recruited , screened , and give consent prior to participation in the IVF process . Once the egg donor is recruited , she undergoes IVF stimulation therapy , followed by the egg retrieval procedure . After retrieval , the ova are fertilized by the sperm of the male partner ( or sperm donor ) in the laboratory , and , after several days , the best resulting embryo ( s ) is / are placed in the uterus of the recipient , whose uterine lining has been appropriately prepared for embryo transfer beforehand . The recipient is usually , but not always , the person who requested the service and then will carry and deliver the pregnancy and keep the baby .
Kidney
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 )
Martie Maguire
Now that I have children , I see those embryos as possible children . So I have to think about what my options are if there are leftovers again . I could keep them in storage , and maybe they will help my children some day . Or I can try to donate them to stem cell research . I do n't think I could give them to another family . I would always worry : what if it 's an abusive family ? What if they do n't get enough love ?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
One vision for successful stem cell therapies is to create custom stem cell lines for patients . Each custom stem cell line would consist of a collection of identical stem cells each carrying the patient 's own DNA , thus reducing or eliminating any problems with rejection when the stem cells were transplanted for treatment . For example , to treat a man with Parkinson 's disease , a cell nucleus from one of his cells would be transplanted by SCNT into an egg cell from an egg donor , creating a unique lineage of stem cells almost identical to the patient 's own cells . ( There would be differences . For example , the mitochondrial DNA would be the same as that of the egg donor . In comparison , his own cells would carry the mitochondrial DNA of his mother . )
Retina
MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London showed in 2006 that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed using the electron microscope that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Potentially millions of patients could benefit from stem cell therapy , and each patient would require a large number of donated eggs in order to successfully create a single custom therapeutic stem cell line . Such large numbers of donated eggs would exceed the number of eggs currently left over and available from couples trying to have children through assisted reproductive technology . Therefore , healthy young women would need to be induced to sell eggs to be used in the creation of custom stem cell lines that could then be purchased by the medical industry and sold to patients . It is so far unclear where all these eggs would come from .
Egg donation
An alternative to egg donation in some couples , especially those in whom the male partner can not provide viable sperm , is embryo donation . Embryo donation is the use of embryos remaining after a couple 's IVF treatments have been completed , to another individual or couple , followed by the placement of those embryos into the recipient woman 's uterus , to facilitate pregnancy and childbirth . Embryo donation is more cost - effective than egg donation on a `` per live birth '' basis . Another study has found that embryos created for one couple , using an egg donor , are often made available for donation to another couple if the first couple chooses not to use them .
Egg donation
A donor registry is a registry to facilitate donor conceived people , sperm donors and egg donors to establish contact with genetic kindred . They are mostly used by donor conceived people to find genetic half - siblings from the same egg - or sperm donor .
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
In genetics and developmental biology , somatic cell nuclear transfer ( SCNT ) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell . The technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte ( egg cell ) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic ( body ) cell . It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning . Dolly the Sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal . In January 2018 , a team of scientists in Shanghai announced the successful cloning of two female crab - eating macaques ( named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua ) from fetal nuclei . `` Therapeutic cloning '' refers to the potential use of SCNT in regenerative medicine ; this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells ( ESC ) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use , though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are .