vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Respiratory system
There is , however , a complication that increases the volume of air that needs to be inhaled per minute ( respiratory minute volume ) to provide the same amount of oxygen to the lungs at altitude as at sea level . During inhalation the air is warmed and saturated with water vapor during its passage through the nose passages and pharynx . Saturated water vapor pressure is dependent only on temperature . At a body core temperature of 37 ° C it is 6.3 kPa ( 47.0 mmHg ) , irrespective of any other influences , including altitude . Thus at sea level , where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa , the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor ( 6.3 kPa ) , nitrogen ( 74.0 kPa ) , oxygen ( 19.7 kPa ) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases ( a total of 100 kPa ) . In dry air the partial pressure of O at sea level is 21.0 kPa ( i.e. 21 % of 100 kPa ) , compared to the 19.7 kPa of oxygen entering the alveolar air . ( The tracheal partial pressure of oxygen is 21 % of ( 100 kPa -- 6.3 kPa ) = 19.7 kPa ) . At the summit of Mt . Everest ( at an altitude of 8,848 m or 29,029 ft ) the total atmospheric pressure is 33.7 kPa , of which 7.1 kPa ( or 21 % ) is oxygen . The air entering the lungs also has a total pressure of 33.7 kPa , of which 6.3 kPa is , unavoidably , water vapor ( as it is at sea level ) . This reduces the partial pressure of oxygen entering the alveoli to 5.8 kPa ( or 21 % of ( 33.7 kPa -- 6.3 kPa ) = 5.8 kPa ) . The reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air is therefore substantially greater than the reduction of the total atmospheric pressure at altitude would suggest ( on Mt Everest : 5.8 kPa vs. 7.1 kPa ) .
The Mountain Between Us (film)
Most of the filming took place in Canada , on the border of Alberta and British Columbia . Abu - Assad has described the locations as having very cold temperatures , and tough and harsh filming conditions . Many scenes were shot on a mountaintop , and he and the crew had to drive 40 minutes before reaching the film 's base camp . When the weather was okay , they could board the helicopter to reach their destination along with their supplies .
Fingerprint
Although experts are often more comfortable relying on their instincts , this reliance does not always translate into superior predictive ability . For example , in the popular Analysis , Comparison , Evaluation , and Verification ( ACE - V ) paradigm for fingerprint identification , the verification stage , in which a second examiner confirms the assessment of the original examiner , may increase the consistency of the assessments . But while the verification stage has implications for the reliability of latent print comparisons , it does not assure their validity . --
Communications satellite
In applications that require a large number of ground antennas , such as DirecTV distribution , the savings in ground equipment can more than outweigh the cost and complexity of placing a satellite into orbit . Examples
International Financial Reporting Standards
Comparative information is required for the prior reporting period ( IAS 1.36 ) . An entity preparing IFRS accounts for the first time must apply IFRS in full for the current and comparative period although there are transitional exemptions ( IFRS1. 7 ) .
4K resolution
The main advantage of recording video at the 4K standard is that fine spatial detail is resolved well . If the final video quality is reduced to 2K from a 4K recording , more detail is apparent than would have been achieved from a 2K recording . Increased fineness and contrast is then possible with output to DVD and Blu - ray . Some cinematographers choose to record at 4K when using the Super 35 film format to offset any resolution loss which may occur during video processing .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult . The terrain and climate of the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction , and the distances are enormous across this vast country . Chronic economic mismanagement and internal conflicts have led to long - term under - investment . Rail
The dress
There is currently no consensus on the precise perceptual mechanisms that explain why the dress elicits such apparently stable , discordant and bimodal color perceptual distributions within groups of viewers , though the distributions themselves have been confirmed and characterized in controlled experiments described below . There are currently no synthetic stimuli that have been constructed to replicate the effect in the remarkably clear way the original image does .
Solar cell
Due to the significant interest in the bifacial technology , a recent study has investigated the performance and optimization of bifacial solar modules worldwide . The results indicate that , across the globe , ground - mounted bifacial modules can only offer ~ 10 % gain in annual electricity yields compared to the monofacial counterparts for a ground albedo coefficient of 25 % ( typical for concrete and vegetation groundcovers ) . However , the gain can be increased to ~ 30 % by elevating the module 1 m above the ground and enhancing the ground albedo coefficient to 50 % . Sun et al. also derived a set of empirical equations that can optimize bifacial solar modules analytically .
History of photography
The first widely used method of color photography was the Autochrome plate , a process inventors and brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière began working on in the 1890s and commercially introduced in 1907 . It was based on one of Louis Ducos du Hauron 's ideas : instead of taking three separate photographs through color filters , take one through a mosaic of tiny color filters overlaid on the emulsion and view the results through an identical mosaic . If the individual filter elements were small enough , the three primary colors of red , blue , and green would blend together in the eye and produce the same additive color synthesis as the filtered projection of three separate photographs . A
United States news media and the Vietnam War
As the war lengthened and the withdrawals continued , the two sides became more and more antagonistic toward one another and they battled constantly over the issues of combat refusals and the drug and morale problems of American troops . Fatigue with the war and each other have been cited for this escalating antagonism . Although MACV officially remained dedicated to providing evenly balanced public affairs information , the situation was exacerbated by the manpower drawdowns at the Public Affairs Office itself .
Korean War
Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare .
Speed of light
None of these options , however , allow information to be transmitted faster than c . It is impossible to transmit information with a light pulse any faster than the speed of the earliest part of the pulse ( the front velocity ) . It can be shown that this is ( under certain assumptions ) always equal to c .
Universal joint
A constraint on the x ^ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 1 ) ) and x ^ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) _ ( 2 ) ) vectors is that since they are fixed in the gimbal , they must remain at right angles to each other . This is so when their dot product equals zero :
Natural gas
During extraction , storage , transportation , and distribution , natural gas is known to leak into the atmosphere , particularly during the extraction process . A Cornell University study in 2011 demonstrated that the leak rate of methane may be high enough to jeopardize its global warming advantage over coal . This study was criticized later for its over-estimation of methane leakage values . Preliminary results of some air sampling from airplanes done by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration indicated higher - than - estimated methane releases by gas wells in some areas , but the overall results showed methane emissions in line with previous EPA estimates
Iran hostage crisis
When the helicopters encountered two dust storms along the way to the refueling point , the second more severe than the first , the pilot of No. 5 turned back because the mine - laying helicopters were not equipped with terrain - following radar . The report found that the pilot could have continued to the refueling point if he had been told that better weather awaited him there , but because of the command for radio silence , he did not ask about the conditions ahead . The report also concluded that `` there were ways to pass the information '' between the refueling station and the helicopter force `` that would have small likelihood of compromising the mission '' -- in other words , that the ban on communication had not been necessary at this stage .
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Studies show that the EPOC effect exists after both anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise . Such comparisons are problematic , however , in that it is difficult to equalize and subsequently compare workloads between the two types of exercise . For exercise regimens of comparable duration and intensity , aerobic exercise burns more calories during the exercise itself , but the difference is partly offset by the higher increase in caloric expenditure that occurs during the EPOC phase after anaerobic exercise . Anaerobic exercise in the form of high - intensity interval training was also found in one study to result in greater loss of subcutaneous fat , even though the subjects expended fewer than half as many calories during exercise . Whether this result was caused by the EPOC effect has not been established , and the caloric content of the participants ' diet was not controlled during this particular study period .
Positron emission tomography
Time - of - flight ( TOF ) PET : For modern systems with a higher time resolution ( roughly 3 nanoseconds ) a technique called `` Time - of - flight '' is used to improve the overall performance . Time - of - flight PET makes use of very fast gamma - ray detectors and data processing system which can more precisely decide the difference in time between the detection of the two photons . Although it is technically impossible to localize the point of origin of the annihilation event exactly ( currently within 10 cm ) thus image reconstruction is still needed , TOF technique gives a remarkable improvement in image quality , especially signal - to - noise ratio . Complete
MAP sensor
The engine requires the same mass of fuel in both conditions because the mass of air entering the cylinders is the same .
Speed of sound
Altitude Temperature m / s km / h mph kn Sea level 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 340 1,225 761 661 11,000 m − 20,000 m ( Cruising altitude of commercial jets , and first supersonic flight ) − 57 ° C ( − 70 ° F ) 295 1,062 660 573 29,000 m ( Flight of X-43A ) − 48 ° C ( − 53 ° F ) 301 1,083 673 585
Eyepiece
If a diagonal or Barlow lens is used before the eyepiece , the eyepiece 's field of view may be slightly restricted . This occurs when the preceding lens has a narrower field stop than the eyepiece 's , causing the obstruction in the front to act as a smaller field stop in front of the eyepiece . The precise relationship is given by
Great Wall of China
A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) .
Operation Safed Sagar
By July all the remaining intruders had withdrawn and the operation was ended , being declared a success by the IAF in having achieved its primary objectives . However , there has also been criticism of the methods initially used and the type of planes being unsuitable to the terrain that resulted in early losses . ( 1 ) This is believed by many in the air force as coming as a wake up call to upgrade the aging fleet of craft ( especially the attack aircraft and helicopters ) to better enable them to fight in the mountainous region . But , in the context of the war and in light of the poor information available on the infiltrations , the Indian Air Force was able to coordinate well with the Army and provide air support to the recapture of most the posts before Pakistan decided to withdraw its remaining troops .
Private (rank)
In the Royal Canadian Air Force , the rank is called Aviator and is also broken into three levels : aviator ( recruit ) , aviator ( basic ) and aviator ( trained ) . The rank is in most regards identical to the army rank of Private . The insignia for aviator ( trained ) is a propeller .
Operation Barbarossa
By August , as the serviceability and the quantity of the Luftwaffe 's inventory steadily diminished due to combat , demand for air support only increased as the VVS recovered . The Luftwaffe found itself struggling to maintain local air superiority . With the onset of bad weather in October , the Luftwaffe was on several occasions forced to halt nearly all aerial operations . The VVS , although faced with the same weather difficulties , had a clear advantage thanks to the prewar experience with cold - weather flying , and the fact that they were operating from intact airbases and airports . By December , the VVS had matched the Luftwaffe and was even pressing to achieve air superiority over the battlefields .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
The term `` vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre '' shall include but not be limited to : ( i ) a vessel engaged in laying , servicing , or picking up a navigation mark , submarine cable or pipeline ; ( ii ) a vessel engaged in dredging , surveying or underwater operations ; ( iii ) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons , provisions or cargo while underway ; ( iv ) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft ; ( v ) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations ; ( vi ) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course . ( h ) The term `` vessel constrained by her draught '' means a power - driven vessel which , because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water , is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following . ( i ) The word `` underway '' means that a vessel is not at anchor , or made fast to the shore , or aground . ( j ) The words `` length '' and `` breadth '' of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth . ( k ) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other . ( l ) The term `` restricted visibility '' means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog , mist , falling snow , heavy rainstorms , sandstorms , or other similar causes . ( m ) The term `` Wing - In - Ground ( WIG ) craft '' means a multimodal craft which , in its main operational mode , flies in close proximity to the surface by using surface - effect action .
Air mass
Another convention utilizing these symbols is the indication of modification or transformation of one type to another . For instance , an Arctic air mass blowing out over the Gulf of Alaska may be shown as `` cA - mPk '' . Yet another convention indicates the layering of air masses in certain situations . For instance , the overrunning of a polar air mass by an air mass from the Gulf of Mexico over the Central United States might be shown with the notation `` mT / cP '' ( sometimes using a horizontal line as in fraction notation ) .
Chinese marriage
Since the late 1990s , it has become popular to create an elaborate wedding album , often taken at a photography studio . The album usually consists of many pictures of the bride and groom taken at various locations with many different outfits . In Singapore , these outfits often include wedding outfits belonging to different cultures , including Arab and Japanese wedding outfits . In contrast to Western wedding pictures , the Chinese wedding album will not contain pictures of the actual ceremony and wedding itself .
Ant-Man and the Wasp
DNEG worked on over 500 shots including the effects for Ghost , which were shared with the other vendors , the third act chase sequence , and the final Ghost fight as Hank and Janet are coming back from the Quantum Realm . While DNEG had worked on the `` macro-photography '' sequences in Ant - Man , they did not take the same approach on this film for similar sequences . One issue DNEG faced was getting a camera to seem small enough to capture the small actions . Though some of the film was shot with a Frazier lens that provides extra depth of field , DNEG would still need to `` re-project the road higher and `` raise the floor level '' to simulate a tiny sized camera `` . As the third act chase sequence was mainly shot in Atlanta , while being set in San Francisco , DNEG VFX Supervisor Alessandro Ongaro noted it required `` extensive environment work '' with background elements in some of shots not being able to be salvaged at all . DNEG ultimately created 130 unique environments for the chase . Clear Angle aided DNEG with the Lidar surveying and photography of San Francisco , and were able to get their information for Lombard Street down to the millimeter resolution .
Sound barrier
In October 2014 , Alan Eustace , a senior vice president at Google , broke Baumgartner 's record for highest sky - dive and also broke the sound barrier in the process .
Mount Everest
Before leaving Camp 4 Jon Krakauer heard Weathers calling for help from his tent . Weathers ' condition had not improved and an immediate descent to a lower elevation was deemed essential . A helicopter rescue was considered but was out of the question : Camp 4 was higher than the rated ceiling of any available helicopter and in any case would be extraordinarily dangerous . Eventually a rescue was organised thanks to a lieutenant colonel of the Nepalese Army who conducted the second - highest known helicopter medical evacuation up to that time .
Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop CS2 brought the Vanishing Point and Image Warping tools . Vanishing Point makes tedious graphic and photo retouching endeavors much simpler by letting users clone , paint and transform image objects while maintaining visual perspective . Image Warping makes it easy to digitally distort an image into a shape by choosing on - demand presets or by dragging control points .
Ultraviolet
Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm . Slightly yellow UV - blocking filters are often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure by UV rays . For photography in the near UV , special filters may be used . Photography with wavelengths shorter than 350 nm requires special quartz lenses which do not absorb the radiation . Digital cameras sensors may have internal filters that block UV to improve color rendition accuracy . Sometimes these internal filters can be removed , or they may be absent , and an external visible - light filter prepares the camera for near - UV photography . A few cameras are designed for use in the UV .
Chroma key
The depth of field used to record the scene in front of the coloured screen should match that of the background . This can mean recording the actors with a larger depth of field than normal .
Adobe Photoshop
CS4 features smoother panning and zooming , allowing faster image editing at a high magnification . The interface is more simplified with its tab - based interface making it cleaner to work with . Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine allowing the conversion of gradient maps to 3D objects , adding depth to layers and text , and getting print - quality output with the new ray - tracing rendering engine . It supports common 3D formats ; the new Adjustment and Mask Panels ; Content - aware scaling ( seam carving ) ; Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options . The Content - aware scaling allows users to intelligently size and scale images , and the Canvas Rotation tool makes it easier to rotate and edit images from any angle .
Mount Everest
In 2014 , a team financed and led by mountaineer Wang Jing used a helicopter to fly from South base camp to Camp 2 to avoid the Khumbu Icefall , and thence climbed to the Everest summit . This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb . Nepal ended up investigating Wang , who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp 2 , admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp , over the Khumbu Icefall . In August 2014 , however , she stated that she had flown to Camp 2 because the icefall was impassable . `` If you do n't fly to Camp II , you just go home , '' she said in an interview . In that same interview she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact .
Red-eye effect
Using bounce flash in which the flash head is aimed at a nearby pale colored surface such as a ceiling or wall or at a specialist photographic reflector . This both changes the direction of the flash and ensures that only diffused flash light enters the eye . Placing the flash away from the camera 's optical axis ensures that the light from the flash hits the eye at an oblique angle . The light enters the eye in a direction away from the optical axis of the camera and is refocused by the eye lens back along the same axis . Because of this the retina will not be visible to the camera and the eyes will appear natural . Taking pictures without flash by increasing the ambient lighting , opening the lens aperture , using a faster film or detector , or reducing the shutter speed . Using the red - eye reduction capabilities built into many modern cameras . These precede the main flash with a series of short , low - power flashes , or a continuous piercing bright light triggering the pupil to contract . ( This should not be confused with the autofocus assist beam , which uses a series of flashes for focus instead . ) Having the subject look away from the camera lens . Increase the lighting in the room so that the subject 's pupils are more constricted .
Actor
Pioneering film directors in Europe and the United States recognized the different limitations and freedoms of the mediums of stage and screen by the early 1910s . Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid 1910s , as the differences between stage and screen became apparent . Due to the work of directors such as DW Griffith , cinematography became less stage - like , and the then - revolutionary close up shot allowed subtle and naturalistic acting . In America , D.W. Griffith 's company Biograph Studios , became known for its innovative direction and acting , conducted suit the cinema rather than the stage . Griffith realized that theatrical acting did not look good on film and required his actors and actresses to go through weeks of film acting training .