vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korean War
By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River .
Second Sino-Japanese War
American and Canadian - born Chinese were recruited to act as covert operatives in Japanese - occupied China ( Canadian - born Chinese who had not been granted citizenship were trained by the British army ) . Employing their racial background as a disguise , their mandate was to blend in with local citizens and wage a campaign of sabotage . Activities focused on destruction of Japanese transportation of supplies ( signaling bomber destruction of railroads , bridges ) . Chinese forces invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina and captured Mount Song . The British and Commonwealth forces had their operation in Mission 204 which attempted to provide assistance to the Chinese Nationalist Army . The first phase in 1942 under command of SOE achieved very little , but lessons were learned and a second more successful phase , commenced in February 1943 under British Military command , was conducted before the Japanese Operation Ichi - Go offensive in 1944 compelled evacuation .
Berlin Wall
GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War .
World War II
In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war .
Allies of World War II
In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats .
Chinese Tributary System
Thailand was always subordinate to China as a vassal or a tributary state since the Sui dynasty until the Taiping Rebellion of the late Qing dynasty in the mid-19th century . The Sukhothai Kingdom established official relations with the Yuan dynasty during the reign of King Ram Khamhaeng . Wei Yuan , the 19th century Chinese scholar , considered Thailand to be the strongest and most loyal of China 's Southeast Asian tributaries , citing the time when Thailand offered to directly attack Japan to divert the Japanese in their planned invasions of Korea and the Asian mainland , as well as other acts of loyalty to the Ming dynasty . Thailand was welcoming and open to Chinese immigrants , who dominated commerce and trade , and achieved high positions in the government .
End of the Han dynasty
Immediately after the Battle of Red Cliffs , Sun Quan 's forces under Zhou Yu 's command pressed on another attack on Cao Cao , leading to the Battle of Jiangling . On the other hand , Liu Bei used the opportunity to attack the four commanderies of Wuling , Changsha , Lingling and Guiyang in southern Jing Province and bring them under his control . By early 209 , Cao Cao had lost most of Jing Province to the allies .
Golden Horde
There is a point of view , much propagated by Lev Gumilev , that the Horde and Russian polities entered into a defensive alliance against the Teutonic knights and pagan Lithuanians . Proponents point to the fact that the Mongol court was frequented by Russian princes , notably Yaroslavl 's Feodor the Black , who boasted his own ulus near Sarai , and Novgorod 's Alexander Nevsky , the sworn brother ( or anda ) of Batu 's successor Sartaq Khan . A Mongol contingent supported the Novgorodians in the Battle of the Ice and Novgorodians paid taxes to the Horde .
Modern history
Even though Japan had been fighting in China since 1937 , the conventional view is that the war began on September 1 , 1939 , when Nazi Germany invaded Poland , the Drang nach Osten . Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany , even though the fighting was confined to Poland . Pursuant to a then - secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17 , 1939 , to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe .
Qing dynasty
The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673 -- 1674 . The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories , since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt , while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui , so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese ( non-Banner ) instead of the Eight Banners , to fight and crush the Three Feudatories . Wu Sangui 's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army , made out of defected Ming soldiers .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Chinese armies allied to Japan had only 78,000 people in 1938 , but had grown to around 649,640 men by 1943 , and reached a maximum strength of 900,000 troops before the end of the war . Almost all of them belonged to Manchukuo , Provisional Government of the Republic of China ( Beijing ) , Reformed Government of the Republic of China ( Nanking ) and the later Nanking Nationalist Government ( Wang Jingwei regime ) . These collaborator troops were mainly assigned to garrison and logistics duties in their own territories , and were not fielded in combat very often because of low morale and Japanese distrust . In general , they fared very poorly in skirmishes against both Chinese NRA and Communist forces , although there were some individual collaborationist units that had some success against them .
Korean War
After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 .
Berlin Wall
Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall . He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial
Axis powers
The Axis powers ( German : Achsenmächte ; Italian : Potenze dell'Asse ; Japanese : 枢軸 国 Sūjikukoku ) , also known as the Axis and the Rome -- Berlin -- Tokyo Axis , were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces . The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies , but did not completely coordinate their activity .
World War II
In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies .
Second Sino-Japanese War
As the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing , Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat back to Manchuria , before he was assassinated by the Kwantung Army in 1928 . His son , Zhang Xueliang , took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria . Later in the same year , Zhang decided to declare his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanking under Chiang Kai - shek , and consequently , China was nominally reunified under one government .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After 1940 , the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories , and tried to solve its occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favourable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered , most prominently the Nanking Nationalist Government headed by former KMT premier Wang Jingwei . However , atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army , as well as Japanese refusal to delegate any real power , left the puppets very unpopular and largely ineffective . The only success the Japanese had was to recruit a large Collaborationist Chinese Army to maintain public security in the occupied areas .
End of the Han dynasty
After taking control over the imperial court in Chang'an , Li Jue , Guo Si and Fan Chou did as they pleased without showing any regard for the welfare of the state . Concurrently , provincial warlords all over China battled each other to expand their territories or further their personal interests . Some of those warlords were friendly with Li Jue 's forces , while others remained hostile to them , even though all of them nominally acknowledged Emperor Xian as the sovereign ruler of China .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
With this stronger force the Japanese Army announced on 21 December the beginning of large scale anti-bandit operations in Manchuria to quell a growing resistance movement by the local Chinese population in Liaoning and Kirin provinces .
History of United States foreign policy
Adolf Hitler and Franco mutually disliked one another , and Franco repeatedly manipulated Hitler for his own benefit during World War Two . Franco sheltered Jewish refugees escaping through France and never turned over the Spanish Jews to Nazi Germany as requested , and when during the Second World War the Blue Division was dispatched to help the Germans , it was forbidden to fight against the Allies , and was limited only to fighting the Soviet .
Bangladesh Liberation War
As a long - standing ally of Pakistan , the People 's Republic of China reacted with alarm to the evolving situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan and Pakistani - controlled Kashmir . Believing that just such an Indian attack was imminent , Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it . The Chinese did not , however , respond to this encouragement , because unlike the 1962 Sino - Indian War when India was caught entirely unaware , this time the Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino - Indian border to guard against such an eventuality . China instead threw its weight behind demands for an immediate ceasefire .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of ( and developed contingency plans for ) since the 1920s , though tensions did not begin to grow seriously until Japan 's 1931 invasion of Manchuria . Over the next decade , Japan continued to expand into China , leading to all - out war between those countries in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland ; the `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . Pearl
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
On 13 October , General Chang Hai - peng ordered three regiments of the Hsingan Reclamation Army under General Xu Jinglong north to take the capital of Heilongjiang province at Qiqihar . Some elements in the city offered to peacefully surrender the old walled town , and Chang advanced cautiously to accept . However his advance guard was attacked by General Dou Lianfang 's troops , and in a savage fight with an engineer company defending the north bank , were sent fleeing with heavy losses . During this fight the Nenjiang railroad bridge was dynamited by troops loyal to General Ma Zhanshan to prevent its use .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
During the 1930s , Japan 's increasingly expansionist policies brought it into renewed conflict with its neighbors , Russia and China ( Japan had fought the First Sino - Japanese War with China in 1894 -- 95 and the Russo - Japanese War with Russia in 1904 -- 05 ; Japan 's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts ) . In March 1933 , Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in response to international condemnation of its conquest of Manchuria and subsequent establishment of the Manchukuo puppet government . On January 15 , 1936 , Japan withdrew from the Second London Naval Disarmament Conference because the United States and Great Britain refused to grant the Japanese Navy parity with theirs . A second war between Japan and China began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 .
Qing dynasty
In 1856 , Qing authorities , in searching for a pirate , boarded a ship , the Arrow , which the British claimed had been flying the British flag , an incident which led to the Second Opium War . In 1858 , facing no other options , the Xianfeng Emperor agreed to the Treaty of Tientsin , which contained clauses deeply insulting to the Chinese , such as a demand that all official Chinese documents be written in English and a proviso granting British warships unlimited access to all navigable Chinese rivers .
End of the Han dynasty
In 193 , armed conflict broke out between the northern warlords Liu Yu and Gongsun Zan . Liu Yu strongly opposed warfare while Gongsun Zan continuously waged war against Yuan Shao . Liu Yu and Gongsun Zan made accusations against each other in their respective memorials to Emperor Xian . Eventually , Liu Yu was unable to tolerate Gongsun Zan and attacked the latter , but was defeated and killed .
Modern history
On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side . China also joined the Allies , as eventually did most of the rest of the world . China was in turmoil at the time , and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla - type warfare . By the beginning of 1942 , the major combatants were aligned as follows : the British Commonwealth , the United States , and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy ; and the British Commonwealth , China , and the United States were fighting Japan . The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II . From then through August 1945 , battles raged across all of Europe , in the North Atlantic Ocean , across North Africa , throughout Southeast Asia , throughout China , across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan .
Second Sino-Japanese War
After the Xi'an Incident , Chiang stopped his offensive against the Chinese Red Army . Communists were then incorporated into the NRA to form the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army , although their de facto commander was still Mao Zedong . Communists also led a large number of militias during the war .
Korean War
Acting on Secretary of State Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' .
Spratly Islands dispute
Japanese scholar Taoka Shunji criticised Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe for trying to falsely portray China as a threat to Japan , and that it was invading its neighbours like the Philippines , and pointed out that the Spratly islands were not part of the Philippines when the US acquired the Philippines from Spain in the Treaty of Paris in 1898 . Taoka stated that the Japanese ruled Taiwan when Taiwan had annexed the Spratly islands in 1938 , and the US - ruled Philippines did not challenge the move and never asserted that it was their territory . He also pointed out that other countries did not need to do full land reclamation since they already control islands and that the reason China engaged in extensive land reclamation is because they needed it to build airfields since China only has control over reefs .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Prior to the war , Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation , with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials . More than half of German arms exports during its rearmament period were to China . Germany sent military advisers such as Alexander von Falkenhausen to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces . Some divisions began training to German standards and were to form the core of modernized forces in the NRA . While 30 German - trained divisions were proposed originally , the plan failed to materialize as Germany withdrew its support in 1938 in favor of an alliance with Japan against the Soviet Union .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Despite the stubborn Aztec resistance organized by their new emperor , Cuauhtémoc , the cousin of Moctezuma II , Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco fell on 13 August 1521 , during which the Emperor was captured trying to escape the city in a canoe . The siege of the city and its defense had both been brutal . Largely because he wanted to present the city to his king and emperor , Cortés had made several attempts to end the siege through diplomacy , but all offers were rejected . During the battle , the defenders cut the beating hearts from seventy Spanish prisoners - of - war at the altar to Huitzilopochtli , an act that infuriated the Spaniards .
France–Vietnam relations
Following the defeat of China by Great Britain in the Opium War , emperor Minh Mạng attempted to build an alliance with European powers by sending a delegation under the mandarin Ton That Tuong in 1840 . They were received in Paris by Prime Minister Marshal Soult and the Commerce Minister , but they were shunned by King Louis - Philippe . This came after the Paris Foreign Missions Society and the Vatican had urged a rebuke for an `` enemy of the religion '' . The embassy offered in vain a trade monopoly for France , in exchange for the promise of military support in case of an attack by another country . An attempt to make a treaty with America also failed when Minh Mạng died in 1841 .
Meroë
Hebrew oral tradition avers that Moses , in his younger years , had led an Egyptian military expedition into Sudan ( Kush ) , as far as the city of Meroë , which was then called Saba . The city was built near the confluence of two great rivers and was encircled by a formidable wall , and governed by a renegade king . To ensure the safety of his men who traversed that desert country , Moses had invented a stratagem whereby the Egyptian army would carry along with them baskets of sedge , each containing an ibis , only to be released when they approached the enemy 's country . The purpose of the birds was to kill the deadly serpents that lay all about that country . Having successfully laid siege to the city , the city was eventually subdued by betrayal of the king 's daughter , who had agreed to deliver the city unto Moses on condition that he would consummate a marriage with her , under the solemn assurance of an oath .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Opposing forces , October 1 , 1939 Chinese Japanese Northern Front Central Front Southern Front Total Northern Front Central Front Southern Front Total Infantry divisions 75 99 31 205 15 11 28 Infantry brigades 34 38 9 15 Cavalry divisions 11 0 12 0 0 0 0 Cavalry brigades 10 0 0 10 0 Artillery brigades 0 0 0 0 0 Ind . arty . regiments unknown unknown unknown 38 AAA regiments unknown unknown unknown 5 0 Other AAA units 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mortar regiments 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tank regiments unknown unknown unknown 0 6 Ind. tank battalions unknown unknown unknown Rail regiments unknown unknown unknown 0 5 Ind. engineer regiments unknown unknown unknown 7 5 5 11 Mechanized brigades 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ind . MG battalions 0 0 0 0 8 Independent battalions 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Lt. ind . arty . regiments unknown unknown unknown 6 0 0 0 0 Separate armored groups 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ind . mtn . arty . regiments 0 0 0 0 0 Field artillery ( excluding mortars ) unknown unknown unknown 2,036 1,565 1,353 344 3,262 Tanks and AFVs unknown unknown unknown 207 342 505 95 942 Aircraft unknown unknown unknown 220 390 500 190 1,080 Personnel 788,000 856,000 154,000 2,257,000 485,000 420,000 110,000 1,015,000
Samurai
The thunderstorms of 1274 and the typhoon of 1281 helped the samurai defenders of Japan repel the Mongol invaders despite being vastly outnumbered . These winds became known as kami - no - Kaze , which literally translates as `` wind of the gods '' . This is often given a simplified translation as `` divine wind '' . The kami - no - Kaze lent credence to the Japanese belief that their lands were indeed divine and under supernatural protection .