vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Wikipedia:Citing sources
URL of the web page -- that is the URL of the web page where the referenced content can be found , not , e.g. , the main page of a website when the content is on a subpage of that website ( see Wikipedia : Shallow references ) name of the author ( s ) title of the article within quotation marks translated title of the article in square brackets after the title if not in English title or domain name of the website publisher , if known date of publication page number ( s ) ( if applicable ) the date you retrieved ( or accessed ) the web page ( required if the publication date is unknown ) Sound
Dyatlov Pass incident
Despite its fictional narrative , Matveyeva 's book remains the largest source of documentary materials ever made available to the public regarding the incident . In addition , the pages of the case files and other documentaries ( in photocopies and transcripts ) are gradually being published on a web forum for enthusiastic researchers .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
Google Books allows book pages to be linked to directly if both the book and the individual pages have been made available for preview . These can be written in a number of ways , with or without citation templates :
War of 1812
Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States .
First day of school
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Primary election
For the 2010 general election , the Conservative Party used open primaries to select two candidates for Member of Parliament . Further open primaries were used to select some Conservative candidates for the 2015 general election , and there are hopes other parties may nominate future candidates in this way .
United States Congress
Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras , with considerable overlap , and included the formative era ( 1780s -- 1820s ) , the partisan era ( 1830s -- 1900s ) , the committee era ( 1910s -- 1960s ) , and the contemporary era ( 1970s -- today ) .
Sustainability
The history of sustainability traces human - dominated ecological systems from the earliest civilizations to the present day . This history is characterized by the increased regional success of a particular society , followed by crises that were either resolved , producing sustainability , or not , leading to decline .
Lead poisoning
The consumption of sapa as having a role in the fall of the Roman Empire was used in a theory proposed by geochemist Jerome Nriagu to state that `` lead poisoning contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire '' . In 1984 , John Scarborough , a pharmacologist and classicist , criticized the conclusions drawn by Nriagu 's book as `` so full of false evidence , miscitations , typographical errors , and a blatant flippancy regarding primary sources that the reader can not trust the basic arguments . ''
Wikipedia:Citing sources
A footnote may also contain a relevant exact quotation from the source . This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense . A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference . Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible .
History of women in the United States
This is a history of women in the United States since 1776 , and of the Thirteen Colonies before that . The reliable sources on the topic were thin before the 1960s . Since then the study of women 's history has been a major scholarly and popular field , with many scholarly books and articles , museum exhibits , and courses in schools and universities . The roles of women were long ignored in textbooks and popular histories . By the 1960s , women were being presented as successful as male roles . An early feminist approach underscored their victimization and inferior status at the hands of men . In the 21st century writers have emphasized the distinctive strengths displayed inside the community of women , with special concern for minorities among women .
Great Depression
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Lithuania
There is a great deal of Lithuanian literature written in Latin , the main scholarly language of the Middle Ages . The edicts of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas is the prime example of the literature of this kind . The Letters of Gediminas are another crucial heritage of the Lithuanian Latin writings .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
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Samurai
Some samurai had buke bunko , or `` warrior library '' , a personal library that held texts on strategy , the science of warfare , and other documents that would have proved useful during the warring era of feudal Japan . One such library held 20,000 volumes . The upper class had Kuge bunko , or `` family libraries '' , that held classics , Buddhist sacred texts , and family histories , as well as genealogical records .
Byzantine law
In accordance with the late Roman legal tradition , the main source of law ( fons legum ) in Byzantium remained the enactments of the emperors . The latter initiated some major codifications of the Roman law , but they also issued their own `` new laws '' , the Novels ( `` Novellae '' , `` Νεαραὶ '' ) . In early Byzantine ( late Roman ) era the legislative interest of the emperors intensified , and laws were now regulating the main aspects of public , private , economic and social life . For example , Constantine I was the first to regulate divorce and Theodosius I intervened in faith issues , imposing a specific version of the Creed . From Diocletian to Theodosius I , namely during approximately 100 years , more than 2,000 laws were issued . Justinian alone promulgated approximately 600 laws . Gradually , the legislative enthusiasm receded , but still some of the laws of later emperors , such as Leo III 's Novels , are of particular importance . Custom continued to play a limited role as a secondary source of law , but written legislation had a precedence .
Colonial history of the United States
The First Great Awakening was the nation 's first major religious revival , occurring in the middle of the 18th century , and it injected new vigor into Christian faith . It was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s , leaving a permanent impact on American religion . Jonathan Edwards was a key leader and a powerful intellectual in colonial America . George Whitefield came over from England and made many converts .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
If your source is not available online , it should be available in reputable libraries , archives , or collections . If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable , any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available ( though not necessarily reliable ) : providing an ISBN or OCLC number ; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source ( the work , its author , or its publisher ) ; or directly quoting the material on the talk page , briefly and in context .
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden
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North Africa
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Repatriation (cultural heritage)
As further justification for colonial rule , the archaeological discoveries also shaped the way European colonialists identified with the artifacts and the ancient people who made them . In the case of Egypt , colonial Europe 's mission to bring the glory and magnificence of ancient Egypt closer to Europe and incorporate it into knowledge of world history , or better yet , European history placed ancient Egypt in a new spotlight . With the archaeological discoveries , ancient Egypt was adopted into the Western historical narrative and came to take on a significance that had up until that time been reserved for ancient Greek and Roman civilization . The French revolutionaries justified the large - scale and systematic looting of Italy in 1796 by viewing themselves as the political successors of Rome , in the same way that ancient Romans saw themselves as the heirs of Greek civilization ; by the same token , the appropriation of ancient Egyptian history as European history further legitimated Western colonial rule over Egypt . But while ancient Egypt became patrimony of the West , modern Egypt remained a part of the Muslim world . The writings of European archaeologists and tourists illustrate the impression that modern Egyptians were uncivilized , savage , and the antithesis of the splendor of ancient Egypt .
Exploitation colonialism
Exploitation was often reinforced by colonial European geographers who implemented theories such as environmental determinism , which suggested warmer climates produced less civilized people . These theories were among the scholarly canon that helped legitimize colonial activity and expansion into overseas territories .
Exploitation colonialism
Exploitation colonialism is the national economic policy of conquering a country to exploit its population as labour and its natural resources as raw material . The practice of exploitation colonialism contrasts with settler colonialism , the policy of conquering a country to establish a branch of the metropole ( motherland ) . A reason for which a country might practice exploitation colonialism is the immediate financial gain produced by the low - cost extraction of raw materials by means of a native people , usually administered by a colonial government .
Exploitation colonialism
Geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel suggested that the survival of empire relied on its ability to expand its control and influence around the world . By implying a correlation between colonial expansion and national success , geographers were able to produce a sense of nationalism within many European nations . Their influence created a sense of pride that was able to reassure subjects that their nation 's activity abroad was beneficial to not only them , but that their presence was necessary within the territories being occupied .
Exploitation colonialism
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Exploitation colonialism
The geopolitics of an Imperialist power determine which of these colonial practices it will follow . In the example of the British Empire , colonists settled mainly in northern North America and in Australia , where the native populations declined due to disease and violence in the course of establishing a facsimile society of the metropole . Whereas the densely populated countries of the British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) , in the Indian subcontinent , and the British occupation of Egypt and South Africa , as well as the island of Barbados , were ruled by a small populace of colonial administrators ( colonial government ) that redirected the local economies to exploitation management to supply the metropole with food , raw materials , and some finished goods .
Ecological imperialism
Ecological imperialism is the theory advanced first by Alfred Crosby that European settlers were successful in colonization of other regions because of their accidental or deliberate introduction of animals , plants , and disease leading to major shifts in the ecology of the colonized areas and to population collapses in the endemic peoples . The many pathogens they carried with them adversely affected the native populations of North America , Australia , and Africa , and were far more destructive than weaponry : it is estimated that disease wiped out up to 90 percent of indigenous people in some locations .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Artifacts are a part of a universal human history and encyclopedic museums like the British Museum , Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art cultivate the dissemination of knowledge , tolerance , and broad cultural understanding . Artifacts were frequently excavated or uncovered by looters , who brought to light a piece of artwork that would otherwise never have been seen ; foreign - led excavation teams have uncovered items that contribute to cultural knowledge and understanding . Nationalist retentionist cultural property laws claiming ownership are founded on constructed boundaries of modern nations with weak connections to the culture , spirit , and race to the ancient peoples who produced those antiquities . Cultural identities are dynamic , inter-related and overlapping so no modern nation - state can claim cultural property as their own or else they are promoting a sectarian view of culture . Having artwork disseminated around the world encourages international scholarly and professional exchange . Encyclopedic museums are located in cosmopolitan cities such as London , Paris and New York , and if the artworks were to be moved , they would be seen by far fewer people . If the Rosetta Stone were to be moved from The British Museum to The Cairo Museum , the number of people who view it would drop from about 5.5 million visitors to 2.5 million visitors a year .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Encyclopedic museums such as the British Museum , Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art were established as repositories for looted art during imperial and colonial rule , and thus are located in metropolitan cities out of view and reach of the cultures from which they were appropriated . Precedence of repatriated art has already been set in many cases but the artworks that museums currently refuse to repatriate are the most valuable and famous artworks . Foreign - led excavations have justified colonial rule ; in the pursuit of obtaining knowledge about the artifacts , there was a need to establish control over the artifacts and the countries where they were located . The argument that art is a part of a universal human history is a derivative of colonial discourse that appropriated ancient art of other cultures into the Western historical narrative . The encyclopedic museums that house much of the world 's artworks and artifacts are located in Western cities and privilege European scholars , professionals and people . The argument that artwork will not be protected outside of the Western world is hypocritical as much of the artwork transported out of colonized countries was crudely removed and damaged and sometimes lost in transportation . The Elgin marbles for example , were also damaged during the cleaning and `` preservation '' process . Art is best appreciated and understood in its original historical and cultural context . Moreover the Napried , one of the ships commissioned by di Cesnola to transport approximately 35,000 pieces of antiquities that he had collected from Cyprus , was lost at sea carrying about 5,000 pieces in its cargo . Art taken out of the country as a spoil of war , looting , imperialism , and colonialism is unethical , even if it is n't reflected in legislation . The possession of artwork taken under these conditions is a form of continued colonialism . The lack of existing legal recourse for claiming the return of illicitly appropriated cultural property is a result of colonization . Cultural property is a symbol of cultural heritage and identity and the appropriation of historical artworks is an affront to a nation 's pride .
Mali Empire
In the 1960s , archaeological work at Niani village , reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire , by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Museums furnished by colonial looting have largely shaped the way a nation imagines its dominion , the nature of the human beings under its power , the geography of the land , and the legitimacy of its ancestors , working to suggest a process of political inheriting . It is necessary to understand the paradoxical way in which the objects on display at museums are tangible reminders of the power held by those who gaze at them . Eliot Colla describes the structure of the Egyptian sculpture room in the British Museum as an assemblage that `` form ( s ) an abstract image of the globe with London at the center '' . The British Museum , as Colla describes , presents a lesson of human development and progress : `` the forward march of human civilization from its classical origins in Greece and Rome , through Renaissance Italy , to modern - day London '' .
Ancient Egypt
Although the European colonial occupation of Egypt destroyed a significant portion of the country 's historical legacy , some foreigners left more positive marks . Napoleon , for example , arranged the first studies in Egyptology when he brought some 150 scientists and artists to study and document Egypt 's natural history , which was published in the Description de l'Égypte .
Sociological theory
Post-colonial theory is a post-modern approach that consists of the reactions to and the analysis of colonialism .
Maya civilization
The final two decades of the 19th century saw the birth of modern scientific archaeology in the Maya region , with the meticulous work of Alfred Maudslay and Teoberto Maler . By the early 20th century , the Peabody Museum was sponsoring excavations at Copán and in the Yucatán Peninsula . In the first two decades of the 20th century , advances were made in deciphering the Maya calendar , and identifying deities , dates , and religious concepts . Since the 1930s , archaeological exploration increased dramatically , with large - scale excavations across the Maya region .
First Nations
The history of colonization is complex , varied according to the time and place . France and Britain were the main colonial powers involved , though the United States also began to extend its territory at the expense of indigenous people as well .
Philippines
Regarding the relations of early Philippine polities with the various state - level polities of Indonesia and Malaysia , legendary accounts often mention the interaction of early Philippine polities with the Srivijaya empire , but there is not much archeological evidence to definitively support such a relationship . Considerable evidence exists , on the other hand , for extensive trade with the Majapahit empire .
Karachi
Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites discovered by a team from Karachi University on the Mulri Hills constitute one of the most important archaeological discoveries made in Sindh during the last 50 years . The earliest inhabitants of the Karachi region are believed to have been hunter - gatherers , with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites .
State of nature
Societies existing before or without a political state are currently studied in such fields as paleolithic history , and the anthropological subfields of archaeology , cultural anthropology , social anthropology , and ethnology , which investigate the social and power - related structures of indigenous and uncontacted peoples living in tribal communities .
Kenya
During excavations at Lake Turkana in 1984 , paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey assisted by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy , a 1.6 - million - year - old fossil belonging to Homo erectus . Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill . Later work at the former site was undertaken by Glynn Isaac .
Repatriation (cultural heritage)
Repatriation is the return of art or cultural heritage , usually referring to ancient or looted art , to their country of origin or former owners ( or their heirs ) . The disputed cultural property items are physical artifacts of a group or society that were taken from another group usually in an act of looting , whether in the context of imperialism , colonialism or war . The contested objects range widely from sculptures and paintings to monuments and human remains .
Indirect rule
Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule .
Pre-Columbian era
Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified , culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000 - year period before the visits to the New World by Christopher Columbus . Mesoamerican is the adjective generally used to refer to that group of pre-Columbian cultures . This refers to an environmental area occupied by an assortment of ancient cultures that shared religious beliefs , art , architecture , and technology in the Americas for more than three thousand years .
Pre-Columbian era
The theory of pre-Columbian contact across the South Pacific Ocean between South America and Polynesia has received support from several lines of evidence , although solid confirmation remains elusive . A diffusion by human agents has been put forward to explain the pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of several cultivated plant species native to South America , such as the bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) or sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) . Direct archaeological evidence for such pre-Columbian contacts and transport have not emerged . Similarities noted in names of edible roots in Maori and Ecuadorian languages ( `` kumari '' ) and Melanesian and Chilean ( `` gaddu '' ) have been inconclusive .
Meroë
The centralized control of production within the Meroitic empire and distribution of certain crafts and manufactures may have been politically important with their iron industry and pottery crafts gaining the most significant attention . The Meroitic settlements were oriented in a savannah orientation with the varying of permanent and less permanent agricultural settlements can be attributed to the exploitation of rainlands and savannah - oriented forms of subsistence .
Roanoke Colony
The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found , as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 .
Mesolithic
In the archaeology of the Americas , an Archaic or Meso - Indian period , following the Lithic stage , somewhat equates to the Mesolithic .
Indo-Roman trade relations
The replacement of Greek kingdoms by the Roman empire as the administrator of the eastern Mediterranean basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land based trading routes . Strabo 's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known from his time .