vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of India
The civilisation was primarily located in modern - day India ( Gujarat , Haryana , Punjab and Rajasthan provinces ) and Pakistan ( Sindh , Punjab , and Balochistan provinces ) . Historically part of Ancient India , it is one of the world 's earliest urban civilisations , along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt . Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley , the Harappans , developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft ( carneol products , seal carving ) , and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin .
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
It will serve the cause of science and society with distinction through first rate research , generation of appropriate technologies and development of human resources . In fact , the Green Revolution was born in the fields of IARI and its graduates constitute the core of the quality human resource in India 's agricultural research and education . The Institute has all along been adjusting and improving its policies , plans and programmes to effectively respond to the needs and opportunities of the nation . During the fifties , the advancement of scientific disciplines constituted the core programme and provided the base for its fast expansion in the 1960s and 1970s in all its three interactive areas , namely , research , education and extension . Besides basic research , applied and commodity research gained great importance resulting in the development of several popular high yielding varieties of almost all major crops and their associated management technologies , which brought about an unprecedented increase in the national food and agricultural production .
Green Revolution in India
Agriculture was basically for subsistence and , therefore , less agricultural product was offered for sale in the market . Hence , the need was felt to encourage the farmers to increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for sale in the market . The new methods in agriculture increased the yield of rice and wheat , which reduced India 's dependence on food imports .
Green Revolution in India
The introduction of high - yielding varieties ( HYV ) of seeds and the increased quality of fertilizers and irrigation technique led to the increase in production to make the country self - sufficient in food grains , thus improving agriculture in India . The methods adopted included the use of high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of seeds with modern farming methods .
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
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Social development theory
Prior to the Green Revolution , Indian agriculture was largely based on subsistence - level farming , which did not generate sufficient production to meet the country 's food requirements . In the past , this led to periodic food shortages and famines , which were managed by huge imports from abroad . The Green Revolution was an attempt to break out of this condition and increase food production to make the country self - sufficient .
Education reform
Another motivation for reform is the desire to address socio - economic problems , which many people see as having significant roots in lack of education . Starting in the 20th century , people have attempted to argue that small improvements in education can have large returns in such areas as health , wealth and well - being . For example , in Kerala , India in the 1950s , increases in women 's health were correlated with increases in female literacy rates . In Iran , increased primary education was correlated with increased farming efficiencies and income . In both cases some researchers have concluded these correlations as representing an underlying causal relationship : education causes socio - economic benefits . In the case of Iran , researchers concluded that the improvements were due to farmers gaining reliable access to national crop prices and scientific farming information .
Poverty in India
The World Bank 's Global Monitoring Report for 2014 - 15 on the Millennium Development Goals says India has been the biggest contributor to poverty reduction between 2008 and 2011 , with around 140 million or so lifted out of absolute poverty . Since the early 1950s , Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self - sufficiency in food production . These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities , particularly food at controlled prices , available throughout the country . These efforts prevented famines , but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980 .
Social development theory
The Green Revolution in India is a good example of a planned development initiative that brings out all the essential features of the development process . Until 1960 agriculture in India did not differ markedly from what it had been during the colonial period beginning 200 years ago . The Green Revolution is usually described as the introduction of hybrid varieties of wheat and rice , but the adoption of hybrids alone is not sufficient to explain the phenomenal achievements of the Green Revolution . Success was made possible by a comprehensive and well - coordinated program involving multiple changes in the way society managed the production of food .
Green Revolution in India
The eighth plan aimed at making high - yielding varieties available to the whole country and developing more productive strains of other crops . The Green Revolution created wide regional and interstate disparities . The plan was implemented only in areas with assured supplies of water and the means to control it , large inputs of fertilizers , and adequate farm credit . These inputs were easily available in at least parts of the states of Punjab , Haryana , and western Uttar Pradesh ; thus , yields increased most in these states . In other states , such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , in areas where these inputs were not assured , the results were limited or negligible , leading to considerable variation in crop yields within these states . The Green Revolution also increased income disparities : higher income growth and reduced incidence of poverty were found in the states where yields increased the most and lower income growth and little change in the incidence of poverty in other states .
Forestry in India
Despite these local criminal and corruption issues , satellite data analysis and a 2010 FAO report finds India has added over 4 million hectares of forest cover , a 7 % increase , between 1990 and 2010 .
Green Revolution in India
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period of time when agriculture in India changed to an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as high yielding variety ( HYV ) seeds , tractors , pump sets , etc . Green revolution was started by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan . The key leadership role played by the Indian agricultural scientist Vehla Swaminathan Banda together with many others including GS Kalkat , Proff . M. M Sharan earned him the popularly used title ' Father of Green Revolution of India ' . The Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to try to overcome poor agricultural productivity . Within India , this started in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , for developing rust resistant strains of wheat .
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
The National Institutional Ranking Framework ( NIRF ) ranked Indian Agricultural Research Institute 23 overall in India and 15 among universities in India in 2017 .
Climate of India
Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water . In some parts of India , the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages , resulting in below - average crop yields . This is particularly true of major drought - prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra , northern Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Western Orissa , Gujarat , and Rajasthan . In the past , droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines . These include the Bengal famine of 1770 , in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died ; the 1876 -- 1877 famine , in which over five million people died ; the 1899 famine , in which over 4.5 million died ; and the Bengal famine of 1943 , in which over five million died from starvation and famine - related illnesses .
South Africa
The South African agricultural industry contributes around 10 % of formal employment , relatively low compared to other parts of Africa , as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6 % of GDP for the nation . Due to the aridity of the land , only 13.5 % can be used for crop production , and only 3 % is considered high potential land .
Green Revolution in India
Due to traditional agricultural practices , low productivity , and a growing population , often food grains were imported -- draining scarce foreign reserves . It was thought that with the increased production due to the Green Revolution , the government could maintain buffer stock and India can achieve self - sufficiency and self - reliability .
Subsistence agriculture
In intensive subsistence agriculture , the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour . Climate , with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permits growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot . Farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough , for their local consumption , while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods . It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns . In the most intensive situation , farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies . Such fields are found in densely populated parts of Asia , such as in The Philippines . They may also intensify by using manure , artificial irrigation and animal waste as fertilizer . Intensive subsistence farming is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south , southwest , and east Asia .
Forestry in India
Chipko movement , at the very least , suggests that forests in India are an important and integral resource for communities that live within these forests , or survive near the fringes of these forests .
Midwestern United States
Agriculture is one of the biggest drivers of local economies in the Midwest , accounting for billions of dollars worth of exports and thousands of jobs . The area consists of some of the richest farming land in the world . The region 's fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of grain and cereal crops , including corn , wheat , soybeans , oats , and barley , to become known today as the nation 's `` breadbasket . ''
Green Revolution in India
Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva notes that this is the `` second Green Revolution '' . The first Green Revolution , she suggests , was mostly publicly - funded ( by the Indian Government ) . This new Green Revolution , she says , is driven by private ( and foreign ) interest - notably MNCs like Monsanto . Ultimately , this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India 's farmland .
Environmental issues in India
There is a long history of study and debate about the interactions between population growth and the environment . According to a British thinker Malthus , for example , a growing population exerts pressure on agricultural land , causing environmental degradation , and forcing the cultivation of land of higher as well as poorer quality . This environmental degradation ultimately reduces agricultural yields and food availability , famines and diseases and death , thereby reducing the rate of population growth .
Forestry in India
Indian forests are more than trees and an economic resource . They are home to some of earth 's unique flora and fauna .
Kenya
Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) , after the service sector . In 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for 24 % of GDP , as well as for 18 % of wage employment and 50 % of revenue from exports . The principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee . Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya 's exports . The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather - related fluctuations . Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid -- for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya 's intermittent droughts .
Caste system in India
Economic inequality seems to be related to the influence of inherited social - economic stratification . A 1995 study notes that the caste system in India is a system of exploitation of poor low - ranking groups by more prosperous high - ranking groups . A report published in 2001 note that in India 36.3 % of people own no land at all , 60.6 % own about 15 % of the land , with a very wealthy 3.1 % owning 15 % of the land . A study by Haque reports that India contains both the largest number of rural poor , and the largest number of landless households on the planet . Haque also reports that over 90 percent of both scheduled castes ( low - ranking groups ) and all other castes ( high - ranking groups ) either do not own land or own land area capable of producing less than $1000 per year of food and income per household . However , over 99 percent of India 's farms are less than 10 hectares , and 99.9 percent of the farms are less than 20 hectares , regardless of the farmer or landowner 's caste . Indian government has , in addition , vigorously pursued agricultural land ceiling laws which prohibit anyone from owning land greater than mandated limits . India has used this law to forcibly acquire land from some , then redistribute tens of millions of acres to the landless and poor of the low - caste . Haque suggests that Indian lawmakers need to reform and modernise the nation 's land laws and rely less on blind adherence to land ceilings and tenancy reform .
Lebanon
The agricultural sector employs 12 % of the total workforce . Agriculture contributed to 5.9 % of the country 's GDP in 2011 . Lebanon 's proportion of cultivable land is the highest in the Arab world , Major produce includes apples , peaches , oranges , and lemons .
Education in India
Education in rural India is valued differently from in an urban setting , with lower rates of completion . An imbalanced sex ratio exists within schools with 18 % of males earning a high school diploma compared with only 10 % of females . The estimated number of children who have never attended school in India is near 10 crore which reflects the low completion levels . This is the largest concentration in the world of youth who have n't enrolled in school .
Environmental issues in India
India 's population growth adds pressure to environmental issues and its resources . Rapid urbanization has caused a buildup of heavy metals in the soil of the city of Ghaziabad , and these metals are being ingested through contaminated vegetables . Heavy metals are hazardous to people 's health and are known carcinogens .
Republic of Ireland
Agriculture accounts for about 64 % of the total land area . This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats , in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements . The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods , such as pesticide and fertiliser use , has placed pressure on biodiversity .
Subsistence agriculture
In some areas of tropical Africa , at least , such smaller fields may be ones in which crops are grown on raised beds . Thus farmers practicing ' slash and burn ' agriculture are often much more sophisticated agriculturalists than the term `` slash and burn '' subsistence farmers suggest .
Wetland
Even though the damaging impact of large scale shrimp farming on the coastal ecosystem in many Asian countries has been widely recognized for quite some time now , it has proved difficult to check in absence of other employment avenues for people engaged in such occupation . Also burgeoning demand for shrimps globally has provided a large and ready market for the produce .
Climate of India
Climate - related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property . Droughts , flash floods , cyclones , avalanches , landslides brought on by torrential rains , and snowstorms pose the greatest threats . Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms , which usually track from north to south ; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions . Hail is also common in parts of India , causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat .
Forestry in India
Between 1990 and 2010 , as evidenced by satellite data , India has reversed the deforestation trend . FAO reports India 's rate of forest addition has increased in recent years , and as of 2010 , it is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest cover .
Famine
The cyclical occurrence of famine has been a mainstay of societies engaged in subsistence agriculture since the dawn of agriculture itself . The frequency and intensity of famine has fluctuated throughout history , depending on changes in food demand , such as population growth , and supply - side shifts caused by changing climatic conditions . Famine was first eliminated in Holland and England during the 17th century , due to the commercialization of agriculture and the implementation of improved techniques to increase crop yields .
Poverty in India
Since the 1950s , the Indian government and non-governmental organisations have initiated several programs to alleviate poverty , including subsidising food and other necessities , increased access to loans , improving agricultural techniques and price supports , promoting education and family planning . These measures have helped eliminate famines , cut absolute poverty levels by more than half , and reduced illiteracy and malnutrition .
Climate of India
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that , if the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition , climate - related factors could cause India 's GDP to decline by up to 9 % . Contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice , production of which could fall by 40 % . Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to , among other factors , submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) . Such shifts are not new . Earlier in the Holocene epoch ( 4,800 -- 6,300 years ago ) , parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes ; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation , which coincided with stronger monsoons . Kashmir 's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6 -- 3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago .
Green Revolution in India
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Climate of India
Monsoon rains impact the health of the Indian economy ; as Indian agriculture employs 600 million people and comprises 20 % of the national GDP , good monsoons correlate with a booming economy . Weak or failed monsoons ( droughts ) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth . Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables , rivers .
Environmental issues in India
Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning , fuel adulteration , vehicle emission and traffic congestion . Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud , which is causing the monsoon to be delayed . India is the world 's largest consumer of fuelwood , agricultural waste and biomass for energy purposes . Traditional fuel ( fuelwood , crop residue and dung cake ) dominates domestic energy use in rural India and accounts for about 90 % of the total . In urban areas , this traditional fuel constitutes about 24 % of the total . Fuel wood , agri waste and biomass cake burning releases over 165 million tonnes of combustion products into India 's indoor and outdoor air every year . These biomass - based household stoves in India are also a leading source of greenhouse emissions contributing to climate change .
History of agriculture
It was not until after 9,500 BC that the eight so - called founder crops of agriculture appear : first emmer and einkorn wheat , then hulled barley , peas , lentils , bitter vetch , chick peas and flax . These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) sites in the Levant , although wheat was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale . At around the same time ( 9400 BC ) , parthenocarpic fig trees were domesticated .
Education in India
Secular institutions cropped up along Buddhist monasteries . These institutions imparted practical education , e.g. medicine . A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 500 BCE to 400 CE . The important urban centres of learning were Nalanda ( in modern - day Bihar ) and Manassa in Nagapur , among others . These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as Buddhist Páli literature , logic , páli grammar , etc . Chanakya , a Brahmin teacher , was among the most famous teachers , associated with founding of Mauryan Empire .
India
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots . One of 17 megadiverse countries , it hosts 8.6 % of all mammalian , 13.7 % of all avian , 7.9 % of all reptilian , 6 % of all amphibian , 12.2 % of all piscine , and 6.0 % of all flowering plant species . About 21.2 % of the country 's landmass is covered by forests ( tree canopy density > 10 % ) , of which 12.2 % comprises moderately or very dense forests ( tree canopy density > 40 % ) . Endemism is high among plants , 33 % , and among ecoregions such as the shola forests . Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands , Western Ghats , and North - East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya . Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India ; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India ; and the babul - dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain . The medicinal neem , widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies , is a key Indian tree . The luxuriant pipal fig tree , shown on the seals of Mohenjo - daro , shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment .
History of agriculture
In the Middle Ages , both in the Islamic world and in Europe , agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants , including the introduction of sugar , rice , cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al - Andalus . After 1492 , the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize , potatoes , sweet potatoes , and manioc to Europe , and Old World crops such as wheat , barley , rice , and turnips , and livestock including horses , cattle , sheep , and goats to the Americas .