vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korean War
Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors .
Korean War
Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance .
Marshall Plan
The USSR did establish COMECON as a riposte to the Marshall Plan to deliver aid for Eastern Bloc countries , but this was complicated by the Soviet efforts to manage their own recovery from the war . The members of Comecon looked to the Soviet Union for oil ; in turn , they provided machinery , equipment , agricultural goods , industrial goods , and consumer goods to the Soviet Union . Economic recovery in the East was much slower than in the West , resulting in the formation of the shortage economies and a gap in wealth between East and West . Finland , which USSR forbade to join the Marshall Plan and which was required to give large reparations to the USSR , saw its economy recover to pre-war levels in 1947 . France , which received billions of dollars through the Marshall Plan , similarly saw its average income per person return to almost pre-war level by 1949 . By mid-1948 industrial production in Poland , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Czechoslovakia had recovered to a level somewhat above pre-war level .
Korea under Japanese rule
Korean migration had increased after World War I and accelerated after 1930 ; in 1939 , there were 981,000 Koreans living in Japan as immigrants . Japan
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the war , the British embassy in Washington reported that Americans regarded the Japanese as `` a nameless mass of vermin '' ; caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human , e.g. monkeys , were common . A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13 % of the U.S. public were in favor of `` killing off '' all Japanese people .
Cold War
The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth .
Great Depression
At the time of the Depression , the Soviet economy was growing steadily , fuelled by intensive investment in heavy industry . The apparent economic success of the Soviet Union at a time when the capitalist world was in crisis led many Western intellectuals to view the Soviet system favorably . Jennifer Burns wrote :
Axis powers
Among the three major Axis powers , Japan had the lowest per capita income , while Germany and Italy had an income level comparable to the United Kingdom .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered from France by Japan in 1939 . Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan 's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan 's jurisdiction . The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control from Japan after the 1945 surrender of Japan , since the Allied powers assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area .
Aftermath of the Korean War
The aftermath of the Korean War set the tone for Cold War tension between all the superpowers . The Korean War was important in the development of the Cold War , as it showed that the two superpowers , United States and Soviet Union , could fight a `` limited war '' in a third country . The `` limited war '' or `` proxy war '' strategy was a feature of conflicts such as the Vietnam War and the Soviet War in Afghanistan , as well as Angola , Greece , and wars in the Middle East .
World War II
The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands .
Korea under Japanese rule
The combination of immigrants and forced laborers during World War II brought the total to over 2 million by the end of the war , according to estimates by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . In 1946 , some 1,340,000 ethnic Koreans were repatriated to Korea , with 650,000 choosing to remain in Japan , where they now form the Zainichi Korean community . A 1982 survey by the Korean Youth Association showed that conscripted laborers accounts for 13 percent of first - generation Zainichi Koreans . Kuniaki
Axis powers
The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military , beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932 . These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition . Burma
Soviet Union in World War II
While the Germans pressed forward , Stalin was confident of an eventual Allied victory over Germany . In September 1941 , Stalin told British diplomats that he wanted two agreements : ( 1 ) a mutual assistance / aid pact and ( 2 ) a recognition that , after the war , the Soviet Union would gain the territories in countries that it had taken pursuant to its division of Eastern Europe with Hitler in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . The British agreed to assistance but refused to agree to the territorial gains , which Stalin accepted months later as the military situation had deteriorated somewhat by mid-1942 . In November 1941 , Stalin rallied his generals in a speech given underground in Moscow , telling them that the German blitzkrieg would fail because of weaknesses in the German rear in Nazi - occupied Europe and the underestimation of the strength of the Red Army , and that the German war effort would crumble against the Anglo - American - Soviet `` war engine '' . On 6 November 1941 , Stalin addressed the Soviet Union for the second time ( the first was on 2 July 1941 ) .
Korean War
On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Chinese Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people . Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force . With skillful organization and propaganda , the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945 .
Cold War
The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides involved in the conflict , although there were major regional wars , known as proxy wars , supported by the two sides . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party of the Soviet Union , who in turn were led by a leader , with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the West , staunchly democratic and capitalist with a free press and independent organizations . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker : the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race .
Soviet Union in World War II
During the rapid German advances in the early months of the war , nearly reaching the cities of Moscow and Leningrad , the bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation . Agricultural production was interrupted , with grain harvests left standing in the fields that would later cause hunger reminiscent of the early 1930s . In one of the greatest feats of war logistics , factories were evacuated on an enormous scale , with 1523 factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the Caucasus , Central Asian , Ural , and Siberian regions . In general , the tools , dies and production technology were moved , along with the blueprints and their management , engineering staffs and skilled labour .
Soviet Union in World War II
While the Germans made huge advances in 1941 , killing millions of Soviet soldiers , at Stalin 's direction the Red Army directed sizable resources to prevent the Germans from achieving one of their key strategic goals , the attempted capture of Leningrad . They held the city at the cost of more than a million Soviet soldiers in the region and more than a million civilians , many of whom died from starvation .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Another popular view among critics of the bombings , originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits .
Soviet Union in World War II
Part of a series on the History of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ) 1917 -- 1927 Revolutionary Beginnings Revolution Civil War New Economic Policy 1922 Treaty National delimitation 1927 -- 1953 Stalinist rule Socialism in One Country Great Purge Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 ( Holodomor Kazakhstan famine of 1932 - 1933 ) World War II ( Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Great Patriotic War Operation Barbarossa Occupation of the Baltic states Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Battle of Berlin Soviet invasion of Manchuria ) Soviet deportations Soviet famine of 1946 -- 47 Cold War Korean War 1953 -- 1964 Post-Stalin era Berlin blockade 1954 transfer of Crimea Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences We will bury you 9 March riots Wage reforms Cuban Revolution Sino - Soviet split Space program Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 -- 1982 Brezhnev era Brezhnev Doctrine Era of Stagnation 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests Prague Spring Vietnam War ( Laotian Civil War Operation Menu Cambodian Civil War Fall of Saigon ) Six - Day War Détente Yom Kippur War Dirty War Wars in Africa ( Angolan War of Independence Angolan Civil War Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War South African Border War Rhodesian Bush War ) Cambodian - Vietnamese War Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 Summer Olympics Olympic boycotts ( 1980 Olympic boycott 1984 Olympic boycott ) Polish strike Death and funeral of Brezhnev 1982 -- 1991 Leadership changes and collapse Invasion of Grenada Glasnost Perestroika Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Singing Revolution ( Estonian Sovereignty Declaration Baltic Way Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia ) Revolutions of 1989 ( Pan-European picnic Die Wende Peaceful Revolution Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution End of communist rule in Hungary Romanian Revolution German reunification ) Dissolution ( Jeltoqsan Nagorno - Karabakh War 9 April tragedy Black January Osh riots War of Laws Dushanbe riots January Events The Barricades Referendum Union of Sovereign States August Coup Ukrainian independence ( referendum ) Belavezha Accords Alma - Ata Protocol ) History of Russia Moscow Kiev Minsk Former Soviet Republics Soviet leadership 1 . Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal
Axis powers
In September 1940 , Vichy France was forced to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina , a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation . French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand , Malaya , and the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , under Japanese sponsorship , the Empire of Vietnam and the Kingdom of Kampuchea were proclaimed as Japanese puppet states .
Cold War
Various events before the Second World War demonstrated the mutual distrust and suspicion between the Western powers and the Soviet Union , apart from the general philosophical challenge that communism posed towards capitalism . There was Western support of the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian Civil War , the Soviet funding of the 1926 United Kingdom general strike causing Britain to break relations with the Soviet Union , Stalin 's 1927 declaration of peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries `` receding into the past , '' conspiratorial allegations during the 1928 Shakhty show trial of a planned British - and French - led coup d'état , the American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933 and the Stalinist Moscow Trials of the Great Purge , with allegations of British , French , Japanese and Nazi German espionage . However , both the US and the USSR were generally isolationist between the two world wars .
Spratly Islands dispute
The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered by Japan in 1939 . Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan 's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan 's jurisdiction .
Axis powers
Manchukuo , in the northeast region of China , had been a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria since the 1930s . It was nominally ruled by Puyi , the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty , but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military , in particular the Kwantung Army . While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic Manchus , the region had a Han Chinese majority .
Surrender of Japan
When the Russians invaded Manchuria , they sliced through what had once been an elite army and many Russian units only stopped when they ran out of gas . The Soviet 16th Army -- 100,000 strong -- launched an invasion of the southern half of Sakhalin Island . Their orders were to mop up Japanese resistance there , and then -- within 10 to 14 days -- be prepared to invade Hokkaido , the northernmost of Japan 's home islands . The Japanese force tasked with defending Hokkaido , the 5th Area Army , was under strength at two divisions and two brigades , and was in fortified positions on the east side of the island . The Soviet plan of attack called for an invasion of Hokkaido from the west . The Soviet declaration of war also changed the calculation of how much time was left for maneuver . Japanese intelligence was predicting that U.S. forces might not invade for months . Soviet forces , on the other hand , could be in Japan proper in as little as 10 days . The Soviet invasion made a decision on ending the war extremely time sensitive . --
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
After the failed coup attempt on August 1991 , Cuban leaders , feeling they had less to lose , began to openly criticize the reforms in the U.S.S.R. An editorial in Granma several days after the coup wrote , `` in the Soviet Union , politicians favor the process of privatization and the acceleration to the market economy . These positions have resulted in the development of these events . ''
Hyperinflation
Malaya and Singapore were under Japanese occupation from 1942 until 1945 . The Japanese issued banana money as the official currency to replace the Straits currency issued by the British . During that time , the cost of basic necessities increased drastically . As the occupation proceeded , the Japanese authorities printed more money to fund their wartime activities , which resulted in hyperinflation and a severe depreciation in value of the banana note .
Philippines
After World War II , the Philippines was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia , next only to Japan . In the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken . The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos as the regime spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility . The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic recession . Only in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to recover .
Soviet Union in World War II
The bulk of Soviet fighting took place on the Eastern Front -- including a continued war with Finland -- but it also invaded Iran ( August 1941 ) in cooperation with the British and late in the war attacked Japan ( August 1945 ) , with which the Soviets had border wars earlier up until in 1939 .
Space Race
For its part , the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion . Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941 , the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally , the United States , which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons . The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II , and it could use them again against the Soviet Union , laying waste to its cities and military centers . Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union , and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory , in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) in order to counter the perceived American threat . Soviet
Cold War
However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure .
Second Sino-Japanese War
On July 21 , Japan occupied the southern part of French Indochina ( southern Vietnam and Cambodia ) , contravening a 1940 `` gentlemen 's agreement '' not to move into southern French Indochina . From bases in Cambodia and southern Vietnam , Japanese planes could attack Malaya , Singapore , and the Dutch East Indies . As the Japanese occupation of northern French Indochina in 1940 had already cut off supplies from the West to China , the move into southern French Indochina was viewed as a direct threat to British and Dutch colonies . Many principal figures in the Japanese government and military ( particularly the navy ) were against the move , as they foresaw that it would invite retaliation from the West . Free
History of Vietnam
The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control and the French Empire reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century , followed by an occupation by the Japanese Empire . Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II , and the country was proclaimed a republic .
Cold War
In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress .
Allies of World War II
The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war .