vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of India
There is a paucity of films related to the independence and partition . Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence , partition and the aftermath include Nemai Ghosh 's Chinnamul ( Bengali ) ( 1950 ) , Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Lahore ( 1948 ) , Chhalia ( 1956 ) , Nastik ( 1953 ) . George Cukor 's Bhowani Junction ( 1956 ) , Ritwik Ghatak 's trilogy of Meghe Dhaka Tara ( Bengali ) ( 1960 ) / Komal Gandhar ( Bengali ) ( 1961 ) / Subarnarekha ( Bengali ) ( 1962 ) ; later films include Garm Hava ( 1973 ) and Tamas ( 1987 ) . From the late 1990s onwards , more films on this theme were made , including several mainstream ones , such as Earth ( 1998 ) , Train to Pakistan ( 1998 ) ( based on the aforementined book ) , Hey Ram ( 2000 ) , Gadar : Ek Prem Katha ( 2001 ) , Khamosh Pani ( 2003 ) , Pinjar ( 2003 ) , Partition ( 2007 ) , Madrasapattinam ( 2010 ) and Viceroy 's House ( 2017 ) . The biographical films Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Jinnah ( 1998 ) and Sardar ( 1993 ) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay . A Pakistani drama Daastan , based on the novel Bano , highlights the plight of Muslim girls who were abducted and raped during partition .
History of India
One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism , leading Indians to seek first `` self - rule '' and later `` complete independence '' . However , historians are divided over the causes of its rise . Probable reasons include a `` clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests '' , `` racial discriminations '' , and `` the revelation of India 's past '' . Lala
History of India
The time between the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE and the end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE is referred to as the `` Classical '' period of India . It can be divided in various sub-periods , depending on the chosen periodisation . Classical period begins after the decline of the Maurya Empire , and the corresponding rise of the Satavahana dynasty , beginning with Simuka , from 230 BCE . The Gupta Empire ( 4th -- 6th century ) is regarded as the `` Golden Age '' of Hinduism , although a host of kingdoms ruled over India in these centuries . Also , the Sangam literature flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE in southern India . During this period , India 's economy is estimated to have been the largest in the world , having between one - third and one - quarter of the world 's wealth , from 1 CE to 1000 CE .
Economy of India under the British Raj
A commonly cited legend is that in the early 19th century , the East India Company ( EIC ) , had cut off the hands of hundreds of weavers in Bengal in order to destroy the indigenous weaving industry in favour of British textile imports ( some anecdotal accounts say the thumbs of the weavers of Dacca were removed ) . However this is generally considered to be a myth , originating from William Bolts ' 1772 account where he alleges that a number of silk spinners had cut off their own thumbs in protest at poor working conditions .
Indian rupee
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1835
Economy of India
Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) .
Forestry in India
In 1952 , the government nationalised the forests which were earlier with the zamindars . India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry . Over the years , many rules and regulations were introduced by India . In 1980 , the Conservation Act was passed , which stipulated that the central permission is required to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area . Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense . These nationalisation wave and laws intended to limit deforestation , conserve biodiversity , and save wildlife . However , the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed . Neither investment aimed at sustainable forestry nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry . Deforestation increased , biodiversity diminished and wildlife dwindled . India 's rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi , and use the forests near them for sustenance .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
However , around 1670 a combination of politico - military upheavals ( wars with France and England ) and adverse economic developments ( a break in the upward secular trend of price levels ) brought the Dutch economic boom to an abrupt end . This caused a retrenchment of the Dutch economy in the period up to 1713 , in which the industrial sector was partly dismantled and growth in trade leveled off . The economy struck out in new directions , including whaling , colonial plantations in Suriname , and new types of trade with Asia . However , these riskier ventures often failed to bring commensurate gains . The VOC embarked on a period of profitless growth . The financial strength proved more durable , enabling the Netherlands to play the role of a major power in the European conflicts around the turn of the 18th century by hiring mercenary armies and subsidizing its allies .
Zimbabwe
After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009 , the Zimbabwean economy rebounded . GDP grew by 8 -- 9 % a year between 2009 and 2012 . In November 2010 , the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as `` completing its second year of buoyant economic growth '' . By 2014 , Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered .
Maldives
The development of tourism fostered the overall growth of the country 's economy . It created direct and indirect employment and income generation opportunities in other related industries . The first tourist resorts were opened in 1972 with Bandos island resort and Kurumba Village ( the current name is Kurumba Maldives ) , which transformed the Maldives economy . The
Economy of India under the British Raj
A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832 . The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837 . It was called Red Hill Railway . It was used for freight transport only . A few more short lines were built in 1830s and 1840s but they did not interconnect and were used for freight transport only . The East India Company ( and later the colonial government ) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to five percent during the initial years of operation . The companies were to build and operate the lines under a 99 - year lease , with the government having the option to buy them earlier . In 1854 Governor - General Lord Dalhousie formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India . Encouraged by the government guarantees , investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established , leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India .
History of India
Traces of a Neolithic culture have been alleged to be submerged in the Gulf of Khambat in India , radiocarbon dated to 7500 BCE . Neolithic agricultural cultures sprang up in the Indus Valley region around 5000 BCE , in the lower Gangetic valley around 3000 BCE , represented by the Bhirrana findings ( 7570 -- 6200 BCE ) in Haryana , India as well as Mehrgarh findings ( 7000 -- 5000 BCE ) in Balochistan , Pakistan ; and later in Southern India , spreading southwards and also northwards into Malwa around 1800 BCE . The first urban civilisation of the region began with the Indus Valley Civilisation .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
The five year plans immediately after independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through sectoral programmes . The first five - year plan focused on agricultural production as a way of addressing poverty while second and third plans focused on massive state led investments for employment generation in public sector . While these policies did some policy generation , they did not have enough strength to effect a sweeping effect .
Kenya
The economy has seen much expansion , seen by strong performance in tourism , higher education and telecommunications , and acceptable post-drought results in agriculture , especially the vital tea sector . Kenya 's economy grew by more than 7 % in 2007 , and its foreign debt was greatly reduced . But this changed immediately after the disputed presidential election of December 2007 , following the chaos which engulfed the country .
Portuguese Mozambique
Portuguese population 's rapid exodus left the Mozambican economy in disarray . In addition , after the independence day on 25 June 1975 , the eruption of the Mozambican Civil War ( 1977 -- 92 ) destroyed the remaining wealth and left the former Portuguese Overseas Province in a state of absolute disrepair .
History of India
During the late period of this civilisation , signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BCE , most of the cities were abandoned . However , the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly , and some elements of the Indus Civilisation may have survived , especially in the smaller villages and isolated farms . The Indian Copper Hoard Culture is attributed to this time , associated in the Doab region with the Ochre Coloured Pottery .
Economy of India under the British Raj
During the First World War , the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain , Mesopotamia , and East Africa . With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed , maintenance became much more difficult ; critical workers entered the army ; workshops were converted to making artillery ; some locomotives and cars were shipped to the Middle East . The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand . By the end of the war , the railways had deteriorated badly . In the Second World War the railway 's rolling stock was diverted to the Middle East , and the railway workshops were converted into munitions workshops . This crippled the railways .
Economy of India
India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $37 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $75 billion ) by 2018 .
Economy of India
India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage .
Economy of India
The financial services industry contributed $809 billion ( 37 % of GDP ) and employed 14.17 million people ( 3 % of the workforce ) in 2016 , and the banking sector contributed $407 billion ( 19 % of GDP ) and employed 5.5 million people ( 1 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies .
Poverty in India
Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades , its growth has been uneven when comparing social groups , economic groups , geographic regions , and rural and urban areas . For the year 2015 - 16 , the GSDP growth rates of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh was higher than Maharashtra , Odisha or Punjab . Though , GDP growth rate matters a lot economically , however , the debate is moving towards another consensus in India where unhealthy infatuation with GDP growth matters less and holistic development or all inclusive growth matters more .
History of the United States (1945–64)
The American economy grew dramatically in the post-war period , expanding at a rate of 3.5 % per annum between 1945 and 1970 . During this period of prosperity , many incomes doubled in a generation , described by economist Frank Levy as `` upward mobility on a rocket ship . '' The substantial increase in average family income within a generation resulted in millions of office and factory workers being lifted into a growing middle class , enabling them to sustain a standard of living once considered to be reserved for the wealthy . As noted by Deone Zell , assembly line work paid well , while unionized factory jobs served as `` stepping - stones to the middle class . '' By the end of the Fifties , 87 % of all American families owned at least one T.V. , 75 % owned cars , and 60 % owned their homes . By 1960 , blue - collar workers had become the biggest buyers of many luxury goods and services . In addition , by the early 1970s , post-World War II American consumers enjoyed higher levels of disposable income than those in any other country .
Maldives
The mechanisation of the traditional fishing boat called dhoni in 1974 was a major milestone in the development of the fisheries industry . A fish canning plant was installed on Felivaru in 1977 , as a joint venture with a Japanese firm . In 1979 , a Fisheries Advisory Board was set up with the mandate of advising the government on policy guidelines for the overall development of the fisheries sector . Manpower development programmes began in the early 1980s , and fisheries education was incorporated into the school curriculum . Fish aggregating devices and navigational aids were located at various strategic points . Moreover , the opening up of the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) of the Maldives for fisheries has further enhanced the growth of the fisheries sector .
History of India
After the turn of the 19th century , Governor - General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories . This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation . The subsidiary alliances created the princely states or native states of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs .
Indian rupee
After independence , the Government of India mint , minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen , historical and religious figures . In the years 2010 and 2011 for the first time ever ₹ 75 , ₹ 150 and ₹ 1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of the Reserve Bank of India , the 150th birth anniversary of the birth of Rabindranath Tagore and 1000 years of the Brihadeeswarar Temple , respectively . In 2012 a ₹ 60 coin was also issued to commemorate 60 years of the Government of India Mint , Kolkata . ₹ 100 coin was also released commemorating the 100th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi 's return to India . Commemorative coins of ₹ 125 were released on 4 September 2015 and 6 December 2015 to honour the 125th anniversary of the births of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and B.R. Ambedkar , respectively .
Green Revolution in India
848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India
History of India
The 18th century saw the whole of Rajputana virtually subdued by the Marathas . The Second Anglo - Maratha War distracted the Marathas from 1807 to 1809 , but afterwards Maratha domination of Rajputana resumed . In 1817 , the British went to war with the Pindaris , raiders who were based in Maratha territory , which quickly became the Third Anglo - Maratha War , and the British government offered its protection to the Rajput rulers from the Pindaris and the Marathas . By the end of 1818 similar treaties had been executed between the other Rajput states and Britain . The Maratha Sindhia ruler of Gwalior gave up the district of Ajmer - Merwara to the British , and Maratha influence in Rajasthan came to an end . Most of the Rajput princes remained loyal to Britain in the Revolt of 1857 , and few political changes were made in Rajputana until Indian independence in 1947 . The Rajputana Agency contained more than 20 princely states , most notable being Udaipur State , Jaipur State , Bikaner State and Jodhpur State .
History of India
After the First Anglo - Sikh War in 1846 , under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar , the British government sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh and the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , the second largest princely state in British India , was created by the Dogra dynasty .
Indian rupee
The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee -- also known as the Persian Gulf rupee ( XPGR ) -- as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India ( Amendment ) Act of 1 May 1959 . The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India 's foreign reserves from gold smuggling . After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966 , those countries still using it -- Oman , Qatar , and the Trucial States ( which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971 ) -- replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies . Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 with Kuwaiti dinar and in 1965 with Bahraini dinar , respectively .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The First Stamp of Independent India was issued on 21 November 1947 . It depicts the Indian Flag with the patriots ' slogan , Jai Hind ( Long Live India ) , on the top right hand corner . It was valued at three and one - half annas .
War of 1812
In the United States , the economy grew every year 1812 -- 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Prices were 15 % higher -- inflated -- in 1815 compared to 1812 , an annual rate of 4.8 % . The national economy grew 1812 -- 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Hundreds of new banks were opened ; they largely handled the loans that financed the war since tax revenues were down . Money that would have been spent on foreign trade was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British factory - made products were not for sale . This gave a major boost to the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company , built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 .
Automotive industry in India
From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s saw no new models but the country continued with 2 decade old designs forcing government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray .
Indian general election, 2014
The price of onions , a staple in Indian cuisine , faced a dramatic increase . In the lead up to the election , consumer price inflation increased more than expected while , paradoxically , industrial production fell by more than expected causing a dilemma amid slowing growth . The price of salt was also indicative of general food inflation .
History of India
Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was united under the Gupta Empire ( c. 320 -- 550 CE ) . This period has been called the Golden Age of India ; and was marked by extensive achievements in science , technology , engineering , art , dialectic , literature , logic , mathematics , astronomy , religion , and philosophy that crystallised the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture . The Hindu - Arabic numerals , a positional numeral system , originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs . Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols , until 600 to 800 CE , when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system . The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours in India .
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
During the Emergency , Indira Gandhi implemented a 20 - point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth , aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts . Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters , Gandhi called for elections in May 1977 . However , the Emergency era had been widely unpopular . The 42nd Amendment was widely criticised , and the clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public .
Nationalist Movements in India
Indian textile industry also played an important role in the freedom struggle of India . The merchandise of the textile industry pioneered the Industrial revolution in India and soon England was producing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated and foreign markets were required to sell the production . On the other hand , India was rich in cotton produce and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material , they required . This was the time when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its roots in India . Raw materials went to England at very low rates and cotton cloth of refined quality was brought back to India and sold here at very high prices . This was draining India 's economy and the textile industry of India suffered greatly . This led to a great resentment among cotton cultivators and traders .