vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Great Salt Lake
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of a much larger prehistoric lake called Lake Bonneville . At its greatest extent , Lake Bonneville spanned 22,400 square miles ( 58,000 km ) , nearly as large as present - day Lake Michigan , and roughly ten times the area of the Great Salt Lake today . Bonneville reached 923 ft ( 281 m ) at its deepest point , and covered much of present - day Utah and small portions of Idaho and Nevada during the ice ages of the Pleistocene Epoch .
History of Pennsylvania
Following the voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier , the French established a permanent colony in New France in the 17th century to exploit the North American fur trade . During the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries , the French expanded New France across present day Eastern Canada into the Great Lakes region , and colonized the areas around the Mississippi River as well . New France expanded into western Pennsylvania by the 18th century , as the French built Fort Duquesne to defend the Ohio River valley . With the end of the Swedish and Dutch colonies , the French were the last rivals to the British for control of the region that would become Pennsylvania . France was often allied with Spain , the only other remaining European power with holdings in continental North America . Beginning in 1688 with King William 's War ( part of the Nine Years ' War ) , France and England engaged in a series of wars for dominance over Northern America . The wars continued until the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 , when France lost New France .
French and Indian War
French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists .
Lake District
Towards the end of the 18th century , the area was becoming more popular with travellers . This was partly a result of wars in Continental Europe , restricting the possibility of travel there . In 1778 Thomas West produced A Guide to the Lakes , which began the era of modern tourism . Claife
Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)
The headwaters of the Cedar River are located in Dodge County , Minnesota , consisting of a west fork and middle fork approximately three miles northeast of the town of Blooming Prairie , and an east fork approximately one mile south of the town of Hayfield . It then flows into Mower County , Minnesota through the townships of Udolpho , Lansing , Austin ( where Turtle Creek and Dobbins Creek join it ) , and Lyle . It then flows into Mitchell County , Iowa and Floyd County , Iowa with the endpoint being located in Louisa County , Iowa at the town of Columbus Junction , where it joins with the Iowa River which then winds its way to the Mississippi River . Despite being a tributary of the Iowa River , it appears larger than the Iowa River at their confluence point . Palisades - Kepler State Park is located on the Cedar River near Cedar Rapids . Cedar
Monongahela River
Briefly linked to the Monongahela Navigation was the Youghiogheny Navigation , a slack water system of 18.5 miles ( 29.8 km ) between McKeesport and West Newton . It had two dam - locks overcoming a change in elevation of about 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) . Opening in 1850 , it was destroyed by a flood in 1865 .
River delta
The St. Clair River delta , between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan , is the largest delta emptying into a body of fresh water .
Jordan River
The Jordan River ( also River Jordan ; Hebrew : נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן ‬ Nahar ha - Yarden ; Arabic : نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ ‎ Nahr al - Urdun , Ancient Greek : Ιορδάνης , Iordànes ) is a 251 - kilometre ( 156 mi ) - long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea . Israel and the West Bank border the river to the west , while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east . Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river .
Water in California
There are six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure that redistribute and transport water in California : the State Water Project , the Central Valley Project , several Colorado River delivery systems , the Los Angeles Aqueduct , the Tuolumne River / Hetch Hetchy system , and the Mokelumne Aqueduct .
Wetland
Storage reservoirs and flood protection : The wetland system of floodplains is formed from major rivers downstream from their headwaters . Notable river systems that produce large spans of floodplain include the Nile River , the Niger river inland delta , ( the Zambezi River flood plain ) , ( the Okavango River inland delta ) , ( the Kafue River flood plain ) ( the Lake Bangweulu flood plain ) ( Africa ) , Mississippi River ( USA ) , Amazon River ( South America ) , Yangtze River ( China ) , Danube River ( Central Europe ) and Murray - Darling River ( Australia ) . `` The floodplains of major rivers act as natural storage reservoirs , enabling excess water to spread out over a wide area , which reduces its depth and speed . Wetlands close to the headwaters of streams and rivers can slow down rainwater runoff and spring snowmelt so that it does n't run straight off the land into water courses . This can help prevent sudden , damaging floods downstream . ''
Fresh water
Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems , which are the still - waters including ponds , lakes , swamps and mires ; lotic which are running - water systems ; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers . There is , in addition , a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems , which is the hyporheic zone , which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel . It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water .
Fynbos
Five main river systems traverse the Cape floral kingdom : the Oliphants River of the Western Cape ; the Berg River which drains the West Coast Forelands plain stretching from the Cape Flats to the Olifants ; the Breede , which is the largest river on the Cape ; the Olifants River ( Southern Cape ) ; Gourits and the Groot Rivers which drain the Little Karoo basin and the South Coast Forelands ; and the Baviaanskloof and Gamtoos Rivers to the east .
Fresh water
An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow , especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations . Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems . The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down - stream ecosystems .
Blue Nile
The Blue Nile is vital to the livelihood of Egypt . The Blue Nile , the most significant tributary of the Nile , contributes more than half of the Nile 's streamflow . Though shorter than the White Nile , 59 % of the water that reaches Egypt originates from the Blue Nile branch of the great river . The river is also an important resource for Sudan , where the Roseires Dam and Sennar Dams produce 80 % of the country 's power . These dams also help irrigate the Gezira Scheme , which is most famous for its high quality cotton . The region also produces wheat and animal feed crops .
Wetland
The surface water which is the water visibly seen in wetland systems only represents a portion of the overall water cycle which also includes atmospheric water and groundwater . Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater and a crucial regulator of both the quantity and quality of water found below the ground . Wetland systems that are made of permeable sediments like limestone or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables especially have a role in groundwater replenishment or water recharge . Sediments that are porous allow water to filter down through the soil and overlying rock into aquifers which are the source of 95 % of the world 's drinking water . Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is too high . Karst ( cave ) systems are a unique example of this system and are a connection of underground rivers influenced by rain and other forms of precipitation . These wetland systems are capable of regulating changes in the water table on upwards of 130 m ( 430 ft ) .
Amazon River
At some points the river divides into anabranches , or multiple channels , often very long , with inland and lateral channels , all connected by a complicated system of natural canals , cutting the low , flat igapó lands , which are never more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) above low river , into many islands .
Río de la Plata
The main rivers of the La Plata basin are the Paraná River , the Paraguay River ( the Paraná 's main tributary ) , and the Uruguay River .
Midwestern United States
The Interior Plains are largely coincident with the vast Mississippi River Drainage System ( other major components are the Missouri and Ohio Rivers ) . These rivers have for tens of millions of years been eroding downward into the mostly horizontal sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic ages . The modern Mississippi River system has developed during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Cenozoic .
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections : the Upper Mississippi , the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River ; the Middle Mississippi , which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River ; and the Lower Mississippi , which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico . Upper
India
Major Himalayan - origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra , both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal . Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi ; the latter 's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes . Major peninsular rivers , whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding , include the Godavari , the Mahanadi , the Kaveri , and the Krishna , which also drain into the Bay of Bengal ; and the Narmada and the Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea . Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India ; the latter is shared with Bangladesh . India has two archipelagos : the Lakshadweep , coral atolls off India 's south - western coast ; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea .
River Thames
In descending order , non-related tributaries of the non-tidal Thames , with river status , are the Churn , Leach , Cole , Ray , Coln , Windrush , Evenlode , Cherwell , Ock , Thame , Pang , Kennet , Loddon , Colne , Wey and Mole . In addition , there are occasional backwaters and artificial cuts that form islands , distributaries ( most numerous in the case of the Colne ) , and man - made distributaries such as the Longford River . Three canals intersect this stretch : the Oxford Canal , Kennet and Avon Canal and Wey Navigation .
Amazon River
There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so - called Casiquiare canal . The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , which in turn flows into the Amazon . The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems , a so - called bifurcation .
Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system . The natural river system had features that either was n't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher . Some obstacles included rapids , sand bars , shallow waters and waterfalls . To overcome these natural obstacles , a network of canals , locks and dams were constructed . This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers .
Four continents
The Renaissance associated one major river to each of the continents . The Four Rivers theme appears for example in the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in the Piazza Navona in Rome .
Mississippi River
Over geologic time , the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course , as well as additions , deletions , and other changes among its numerous tributaries , and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region .
Amazon River
Although the Ucayali -- Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper , in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas . The river systems and flood plains in Brazil , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela , whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries , are called the `` Upper Amazon '' .
Mississippi River
The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself , its watershed , its outflow , its prehistoric and historic course changes , and possibilities of future course changes . The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy . These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands .
Indus River
The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore . The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas , Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet , the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit - Baltistan region of Pakistan . The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons -- it diminishes greatly in the winter , while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September . There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times -- it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake . Presently , Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks .
Ship
Freshwater shipping may occur on lakes , rivers and canals . Ships designed for those venues may be specially adapted to the widths and depths of specific waterways . Examples of freshwater waterways that are navigable in part by large vessels include the Danube , Mississippi , Rhine , Yangtze and Amazon Rivers , and the Great Lakes . Great
River delta
Other rivers , particularly those on coasts with significant tidal range , do not form a delta but enter into the sea in the form of an estuary . Notable examples include the Saint Lawrence River and the Tagus estuary .
Godavari River
Other than these 7 principal ones , it has many smaller but significant ones draining into it .
Mississippi River
Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below ; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river . They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end .
Amazon River
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
River Thames
Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs . Its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries . The river contains over 80 islands . With its waters varying from freshwater to almost seawater , the Thames supports a variety of wildlife and has a number of adjoining Sites of Special Scientific Interest , with the largest being in the remaining parts of the North Kent Marshes and covering 5,449 hectares ( 13,460 acres ) .
Cradle of civilization
Current scholarship generally identifies six sites where civilization emerged independently : Mesopotamia , the Nile River , the Indus River , the Yellow River , the Central Andes , and Mesoamerica .
Amazon River
Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known , even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon . Recently , metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river . The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , Betaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota .
Río de la Plata
The Paraná River 's main tributaries include the Paranaíba River , Grande River , Tietê River , Paranapanema River , Iguazu River , Paraguay River , and the Salado River , after which it ends in the large Paraná Delta . The Paraguay River flows through the Pantanal wetland , after which its main tributaries include the Pilcomayo River and the Bermejo River , before it ends in the Paraná . The Uruguay 's main tributaries include the Pelotas River , Canoas River , Ibicuí River , and the Río Negro . Another significant tributary to the Río de la Plata is the Salado del Sur River .
Water in California
An additional system diverts water from the Colorado River at the Imperial Diversion Dam provides waters to the Imperial and Coachella valleys as well as Yuma , Arizona , via the Alamo Canal , the Coachella Canal and the All - American Canal , which runs alongside the Mexican border . This system was also responsible for the accidental re-creation of the Salton Sea in 1905 .
Mississippi River
Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance , with their cities or locations . They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi 's source to the Lower Mississippi 's mouth .
Wetland
Permanent rivers and streams ; includes waterfalls Seasonal and irregular rivers and streams Inland deltas ( permanent ) Riverine floodplains ; includes river flats , flooded river basins , seasonally flooded grassland , savanna and palm savanna Permanent freshwater lakes ( > 8 ha ) ; includes large oxbow lakes Seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes ( > 8 ha ) , floodplain lakes Permanent saline / brackish lakes Seasonal / intermittent saline lakes Permanent freshwater ponds ( < 8 ha ) , marshes and swamps on inorganic soils ; with emergent vegetation waterlogged for at least most of the growing season Seasonal / intermittent freshwater ponds and marshes on inorganic soils ; includes sloughs , potholes ; seasonally flooded meadows , sedge marshes Permanent saline / brackish marshes Seasonal saline marshes Shrub swamps ; shrub - dominated freshwater marsh , shrub carr , alder thicket on inorganic soils Freshwater swamp forest ; seasonally flooded forest , wooded swamps ; on inorganic soils Peatlands ; forest , shrub or open bogs Alpine and tundra wetlands ; includes alpine meadows , tundra pools , temporary waters from snow melt Freshwater springs , oases and rock pools Geothermal wetlands Inland , subterranean karst wetlands
Amazon River
The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to The Amazon ( US : / ˈæməzɒn / or UK : / ˈæməzən / ; Spanish and Portuguese : Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world and the second longest river .
River delta
In some cases , a river flowing into a flat arid area splits into channels that evaporate as it progresses into the desert . Okavango Delta in Botswana is one well - known example .
Catalonia
Most of Catalonia belongs to the Mediterranean Basin . The Catalan hydrographic network consists of two important basins , the one of the Ebro and the one that comprises the internal basins of Catalonia ( respectively covering 46.84 % and 51.43 % of the territory ) , all of them flow to the Mediterranean . Furthermore , there is the Garona river basin that flows to the Atlantic Ocean , but it only covers 1.73 % of the Catalan territory .
Wetland
Constructed wetland systems can be surface flow systems with only free - floating macrophytes , floating - leaved macrophytes , or submerged macrophytes ; however , typical free water surface systems are usually constructed with emergent macrophytes . Subsurface flow - constructed wetlands with a vertical or a horizontal flow regime are also common and can be integrated into urban areas as they require relatively little space .
Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata behaves as an estuary in which freshwater and seawater mix . The freshwater comes principally from the Paraná River ( one of the world 's longest rivers and La Plata 's main tributary ) as well as from the Uruguay River and other smaller streams . Currents in the Río de la Plata are dominated by tides reaching to its sources and beyond , into the Uruguay and Paraná rivers . Both rivers are tidally influenced for about 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) . The tidal ranges in the Río de la Plata are small , but its great width allows for a tidal prism important enough to dominate the flow regime despite the huge discharge received from the tributary rivers .
Mississippi River
About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin , far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate / subtropical regions , except the Yangtze . Within the Mississippi basin , streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species . Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics , as well as relicts such as paddlefish , sturgeon , gar and bowfin .
River delta
A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower - moving or stagnant water . This occurs where a river enters an ocean , sea , estuary , lake , reservoir , or ( more rarely ) another river that can not transport away the supplied sediment . The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply sediment and receiving basin processes that redistribute , sequester , and export that sediment . The size , geometry , and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution . River deltas are important in human civilization , as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers . They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply . They are also ecologically important , with different species assemblages depending on their landscape position .
Season
In some parts of the world , some other `` seasons '' capture the timing of important ecological events such as hurricane season , tornado season , and wildfire season . The most historically important of these are the three seasons -- flood , growth , and low water -- which were previously defined by the former annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt . Tropical
Indus River
The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan 's economy -- especially the breadbasket of Punjab province , which accounts for most of the nation 's agricultural production , and Sindh . The word Punjab means `` land of five rivers '' and the five rivers are Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas and Sutlej , all of which finally flow into the Indus . The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan .