vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
English Reformation
The combination of his `` scruple of conscience '' and his captivation by Anne Boleyn made his desire to rid himself of his Queen compelling . The indictment of his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 for praemunire ( taking the authority of the Papacy above the Crown ) , and subsequent death in November 1530 on his way to London to answer a charge of high treason left Henry open to the opposing influences of the supporters of the Queen and those who sanctioned the abandonment of the Roman allegiance , for whom an annulment was but an opportunity .
Korean War
On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S.
Korean War
In September 1950 , MacArthur said in his public report the United Nations , `` The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention . ''
History of Australia (1788–1850)
In 1804 the Vinegar Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped , mostly Irish convicts , although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps . On 26 January 1808 , there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur . Following this , Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony . When he arrived in 1810 , he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them .
Erwin Rommel
At least initially , Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler . According to some authors , he gradually changed his attitude . After the war , his widow -- among others -- maintained that Rommel believed an assassination attempt would spark civil war in Germany and Austria , and Hitler would have become a martyr for a lasting cause . Instead , Rommel reportedly suggested that Hitler be arrested and brought to trial for his crimes ; he did not attempt to implement this plan when Hitler visited Margival , France , on 17 June . The arrest plan would have been highly improbable , as Hitler 's security was extremely tight . Rommel would have known this , having commanded Hitler 's army protection detail in 1939 . He was in favour of peace negotiations , and repeatedly urged Hitler to negotiate with the Allies , which is dubbed by some as `` hopelessly naive '' , considering no one would trust Hitler , and `` as naive as it was idealistic , the attitude he showed to the man he had sworn loyalty '' . On 15 July , Rommel wrote a letter to Hitler giving him a `` last chance '' to end the hostilities with the Western Allies , urging Hitler to `` draw the proper conclusions without delay . '' What Rommel did n't know was that the letter took two weeks to reach Hitler because of Kluge 's precautions . Various authors report that many German generals in Normandy , including some SS officers like Hausser , Bittrich , Dietrich ( a hard - core Nazi and Hitler 's long - time supporter ) and Rommel 's former opponent Geyr von Schweppenburg pledged support to him , even against Hitler 's orders , while Kluge supported him with much hesitation . Von Rundstedt encouraged Rommel to carry out his plans but refused to do anything himself , remarking that it had to be a man who was still young and loved by the people , while von Manstein was also approached by Rommel but categorically refused , although he did not report them to Hitler either .
Emperor of Japan
The panel dealing with the succession issue recommended on October 25 , 2005 , amending the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne . On January 20 , 2006 , Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi devoted part of his annual keynote speech to the controversy , pledging to submit a bill allowing women to ascend the throne to ensure that the succession continues in the future in a stable manner . Shortly after the announcement that Princess Kiko was pregnant with her third child , Koizumi suspended such plans . Her son , Prince Hisahito , is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession . On January 3 , 2007 , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that he would drop the proposal to alter the Imperial Household Law .
War of the Austrian Succession
The year 1743 opened disastrously for the forces of the new Holy Roman Emperor , Charles VII . The French and Bavarian armies were not working well together , and Field Marshal Broglie had been placed in command of the allied army in Bavaria . This created tension between Broglie and the Bavarian commanders . Broglie openly quarrelled with the Bavarian field marshal Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff . No connected resistance was offered to the converging march of Prince Charles 's army along the Danube , Khevenhüller from Salzburg towards southern Bavaria , and Prince Lobkowitz from Bohemia towards the Naab . The Bavarians , under the command of Count Minuzzi , suffered a severe reverse at the town of Simbach near Braunau on 9 May 1743 at the hands of Prince Charles of Lorraine . George
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila . On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter .
Australian Army during World War II
From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by the `` Singapore strategy '' , which centred on the establishment of a major naval base at Singapore and the use of naval forces to respond to any future Japanese aggression in the region . As a maritime strategy , it resulted in a defence budget that was focused on building up the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , in order to support the British Royal Navy . Between 1923 and 1929 , £ 20,000,000 was spent on the RAN , while the Australian Army and the munitions industry received only £ 10,000,000 and the fledgling Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) just £ 2,400,000 . The strategy met significant political opposition from sections of the regular Army , including several prominent officers such as Henry Wynter and John Lavarack . Wynter in particular argued that war was most likely to break out in the Pacific at a time when Britain was involved in a crisis in Europe and would be unable to send sufficient resources to Singapore . He contended that Singapore was vulnerable , especially to attack from the land and the air , and argued for a more balanced policy of building up the Army and RAAF rather than relying on the RAN . Men
Military history of the United States
The war started badly for the US and UN . North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea . However the United Nations intervened , naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces , and UN-US - ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan , gaining time for reinforcement . MacArthur , in a bold but risky move , ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon , cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea . As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China , the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel . Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea ; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country . MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war . Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons ; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel . North and South Korea are still today in a state of war , having never signed a peace treaty , and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy . Several
Australian Army during World War II
The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific . In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July , the Australian I Corps , under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead , attacked Japanese forces occupying the island . Allied naval and air forces , centred on the US 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and the US Thirteenth Air Force , also played important roles in the campaign . The goals of this campaign were to capture Borneo 's oilfields and Brunei Bay to support the US - led invasion of Japan and British - led liberation of Malaya which were planned to take place later in 1945 . The Australian Government did not agree to MacArthur 's proposal to extend the offensive to include the liberation of Java in July 1945 , however , and its decision not to release the 6th Division for this operation contributed to it not going ahead . Australian
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender .
Emperor of Japan
The law was repealed in the aftermath of World War II . The present Emperor , Akihito , became the first crown prince for over a thousand years to marry a consort from outside the previously eligible circle .
William Tyndale
In 1530 , he wrote The Practyse of Prelates , opposing Henry VIII 's planned annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in favour of Anne Boleyn , on the grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was a plot by Cardinal Wolsey to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of Pope Clement VII . The king 's wrath was aimed at Tyndale . Henry asked Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the Treaty of Cambrai ; however , the Emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition . Tyndale developed his case in An Answer unto Sir Thomas More 's Dialogue .
Surrender of Japan
The cabinet meeting adjourned at 17 : 30 with no consensus . A second meeting lasting from 18 : 00 to 22 : 00 also ended with no consensus . Following this second meeting , Suzuki and Tōgō met the Emperor , and Suzuki proposed an impromptu Imperial conference , which started just before midnight on the night of August 9 -- 10 . Suzuki presented Anami 's four - condition proposal as the consensus position of the Supreme Council . The other members of the Supreme Council spoke , as did Kiichirō Hiranuma , the President of the Privy Council , who outlined Japan 's inability to defend itself and also described the country 's domestic problems , such as the shortage of food . The cabinet debated , but again no consensus emerged . At around 02 : 00 ( August 10 ) , Suzuki finally addressed Emperor Hirohito , asking him to decide between the two positions . The participants later recollected that the Emperor stated :
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . ''
Samurai
In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces , ultimately the two expeditions failed , though they did devastate the Korean peninsula . The causes of the failure included Korean naval superiority ( which , led by Admiral Yi Sun - sin , harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars , resulting in supply shortages on land ) , the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea , Korean guerrilla actions , wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on , and the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders . In the first campaign of 1592 , Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared , under - trained , and under - armed ; they were rapidly overrun , with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more experienced and battle - hardened Japanese forces . During the second campaign , in 1597 , however , Korean and Ming forces proved far more resilient and , with the support of continued Korean naval superiority , managed to limit Japanese gains to parts of southeastern Korea . The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi 's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders ( established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori ) .
Emperor of Japan
Until the birth of Prince Hisahito , son of Prince Akishino , on September 6 , 2006 , there was a potential succession problem , since Prince Akishino was the only male child to be born into the imperial family since 1965 . Following the birth of Princess Aiko , there was public debate about amending the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne . In January 2005 , Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi appointed a special panel composed of judges , university professors , and civil servants to study changes to the Imperial Household Law and to make recommendations to the government .
Arthur Phillip
By 1792 the colony was well established , though Sydney remained an unplanned huddle of wooden huts and tents . The whaling industry was established , ships were visiting Sydney to trade , and convicts whose sentences had expired were taking up farming . John Macarthur and other officers were importing sheep and beginning to grow wool . The colony was still very short of skilled farmers , craftsmen and tradesmen , and the convicts continued to work as little as possible , even though they were working mainly to grow their own food .
Korean War
In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A
Emperor of Japan
In Japanese mythology , according to Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , the Emperor and his family are said to be direct descendants of the sun - goddess Amaterasu . During World War II , the role of the Emperor as head of the Shinto religion was exploited , which resulted in the creation of State Shinto and an Imperial cult . Following the end of the Second World War , the Allies issued the Shinto Directive which abolished the state support for the Shinto religion , leading to the Humanity Declaration of the incumbent Emperor which refuted the idea that the Emperor is a living divine being , and dismissed the importance of `` myths and legends '' for the Emperor 's status . However , the Emperors have continued to perform many traditional ceremonies privately .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In 1968 , the Bundestag passed a Misdemeanors Bill dealing with traffic misdemeanors , into which a high - ranking civil servant named Dr. Eduard Dreher who had been drafting the bill inserted a prefatory section to the bill under a very misleading heading that declared that henceforth there was a statute of limitations of 15 years from the time of the offense for the crime of being an accomplices to murder which was to apply retroactively , which made it impossible to prosecute war criminals even for being accomplices to murder since the statute of limitations as now defined for the last of the suspects had expired by 1960 . The Bundestag passed the Misdemeanors Bill without bothering to read the bill in its entirety so its members missed Dreher 's amendment . It was estimated in 1969 that thanks to Dreher 's amendment to the Misdemeanors Bill that 90 % of all Nazi war criminals now enjoyed total immunity from prosecution . The prosecutor Adalbert Rückerl who headed the Central Bureau for the Prosecution of National Socialist Crimes told an interviewer in 1969 that this amendment had done immense harm to the ability of the Bureau to prosecute those suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity .
Emperor of Japan
The Emperor 's other duties are laid down in article 7 of the Constitution , where it is stated that `` the Emperor , with the advice and approval of the Cabinet , shall perform the following acts in matters of state on behalf of the people . '' In practice , all of these duties are exercised only in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet :
English Reformation
Achieving her objective was , however , not straightforward . The Pope was only prepared to accept reunion when church property disputes had been settled -- which , in practice , meant letting those who had bought former church property keep it . Thus did Cardinal Pole arrive to become Archbishop of Canterbury in Cranmer 's place . Mary could have had Cranmer imprisoned as he was tried and executed for treason -- he had supported the claims of Lady Jane Grey -- but she resolved to have him tried for heresy . His recantations of his Protestantism would have been a major coup . Unhappily for her , he unexpectedly withdrew his recantations at the last minute as he was to be burned at the stake , thus ruining her government 's propaganda victory .
War of the Austrian Succession
Charles responded by supporting first the claim of Augustus , Elector of Saxony to the Polish throne in the War of the Polish Succession , then more disastrously Russia in the Russo - Turkish War of 1735 -- 1739 . The losses of men , money and territory in these two conflicts of low strategic value weakened Austria at exactly the wrong time , while Charles also failed to prepare Maria Theresa for her new role , excluding her from any role in government . Many diplomats and statesmen were sceptical Austria could survive the widely anticipated contest that would follow Charles ' death , which finally occurred in October 1740 .
Grand jury
On 2 July 1681 , a popular statesman , Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury was arrested on suspicion of high treason and committed to the Tower of London . He immediately petitioned the Old Bailey on a writ of habeas corpus , but the Old Bailey said it did not have jurisdiction over prisoners in the Tower of London , so Cooper had to wait for the next session of the Court of King 's Bench . Cooper moved for a writ of habeas corpus on 24 October 1681 , and his case finally came before a grand jury on 24 November 1681 .
British Empire in World War II
In June 1940 , France surrendered to invading German forces , and Italy joined the war on the Axis side , causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy . Winston Churchill , who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister the previous month ( see Norway debate ) , ordered that the Middle East and the Mediterranean were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend . Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack :
British Army during World War I
Men who committed serious offences were tried by Field General Court Martial , sometimes resulting in execution . Despite `` assertions '' that these were `` kangaroo courts '' ( e.g. in the book `` Shot at Dawn '' which says that men `` did not receive even the rudiments of a just hearing '' ) the release of records in 1990 - 4 showed this to be untrue . They in fact had strict rules of procedure and a duty to uncover the facts . Unlike a General Court Martial in peacetime , there was no legally qualified Judge - Advocate to advise the court , but from the start of 1916 a `` Court Martial Officer '' -- usually an officer with legal experience in civilian life -- was often present to do so .
Arthur Phillip
By 1790 the situation had stabilised . The population of about 2,000 was adequately housed and fresh food was being grown . Phillip assigned a convict , James Ruse , land at Rose Hill ( now Parramatta ) to establish proper farming , and when Ruse succeeded he received the first land grant in the colony . Other convicts followed his example . Sirius was wrecked in March 1790 at the satellite settlement of Norfolk Island , depriving Phillip of vital supplies . In June 1790 the Second Fleet arrived with hundreds more convicts , most of them too sick to work . Statue
History of Australia (1788–1850)
The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon 's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked . Fr Jeremiah Flynn , an Irish Cistercian , was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland , and set out from Britain for the colony , uninvited . Watched by authorities , Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London . Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 -- John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . The foundation stone for the first St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie .
Korean War
These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony 's future . One was D'Arcy Wentworth , whose son , William Charles , went on to be an explorer , to found Australia 's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government . The other was John Macarthur , a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry , which laid the foundations of Australia 's future prosperity . Macarthur was a turbulent element : in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor , William Bligh .