vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
English Reformation
The Bill met heavy resistance in the House of Lords , as Roman Catholic bishops as well as the lay peers voted against it . They reworked much of the Bill , changed the litany to allow for a transubstantial belief in the Communion and refused to grant Elizabeth the title of Supreme Head of the Church . Parliament was prorogued over Easter , and when it resumed , the government entered two new bills into the Houses -- the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity .
British Army during World War I
On the Macedonian front , General George Milne commanded the British Salonika Army , and General Ian Hamilton commanded the ill - fated MEF during the Gallipoli Campaign . He had previously seen service in the First Boer War , the Sudan campaign , and the Second Boer War .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
When news of the Braddock disaster reached Britain it caused a massive public outcry over the government 's poor military preparation . The government appointed William Shirley as the new commander - in - chief in North America , and planned an equally ambitious series of operations for the following year .
Battle of Fort Sumter
The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it .
Napoleon
Napoleon 's forces fought the Coalition armies , commanded by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 . Wellington 's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon 's right flank .
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
During the late spring and early summer of 1862 , Lincoln had come to see that he must broaden the base of the war . The Union itself was not enough ; the undying vitality and drive of Northern anti-slavery men must be brought into full , vigorous support of the war effort and so the United States chose to declare itself officially against slavery . The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory required its destruction . Lincoln had drafted a plan and waited for a battlefield victory to announce it . The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln victory , and on September 22 , he gave the Confederacy 100 days notice to return to the Union or else on January 1 , 1863 , all slaves held in areas in rebellion would be free . William Ewart Gladstone , the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a senior Liberal leader was friendly toward slavery ; his family had grown wealthy through the ownership of slaves in the West Indies . He strongly spoke out for Confederate independence . When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced , he tried to make the counterargument that an independent Confederacy would do a better job of freeing the slaves than an invading northern army would . He warned that a race war was imminent and would justify British intervention . Emancipation also alarmed the British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell , who expected a bloody slave uprising . The question then would be British intervention on humanitarian grounds . However , there was no slave uprising and no race war . The advice of the war minister against going to war with United States , and the tide of British public opinion , convinced the cabinet to take no action .
Labour Party (UK)
Wilson 's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolishment of the death penalty in 1964 , the legalisation of abortion and homosexuality ( initially only for men aged 21 or over , and only in England and Wales ) in 1967 and the abolition of theatre censorship in 1968 . Comprehensive education was expanded and the Open University created . However Wilson 's government had inherited a large trade deficit that led to a currency crisis and ultimately a doomed attempt to stave off devaluation of the pound . Labour went on to lose the 1970 general election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath .
English Civil War
Henry Vane the Younger supplied evidence in relation to Strafford 's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland , alleging that Strafford was encouraging the King to use his army raised in Ireland to threaten England into compliance . This evidence was obtained from Vane 's father , Henry Vane the Elder , a member of the King 's Privy council , who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles . On 10 April 1641 , Pym 's case collapsed , but Pym made a direct appeal to Henry Vane the Younger to produce a copy of the notes from the King 's Privy council , discovered by the younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym , to the great anguish of the Elder Vane . These notes from the King 's Privy Council contained evidence Strafford had told the King , `` Sir , you have done your duty , and your subjects have failed in theirs ; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government , and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways ; you have an army in Ireland , with which you may reduce the kingdom . ''
Samurai
There were to Lord Eirin 's character many high points difficult to measure , but according to the elders the foremost of these was the way he governed the province by his civility . It goes without saying that he acted this way toward those in the samurai class , but he was also polite in writing letters to the farmers and townspeople , and even in addressing these letters he was gracious beyond normal practice . In this way , all were willing to sacrifice their lives for him and become his allies .
Napoleon
Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794 , but Napoleon 's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs . According to Bourrienne , jealousy was responsible , between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy ( with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time ) . Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Saliceti , and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing . He was released within two weeks and , due to his technical skills , was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France 's war with Austria . He also took part in an expedition to take back Corsica from the British , but the French were repulsed by the British Royal Navy .
English Civil War
Unlike other civil wars in England , which focused on who should rule , this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland were governed . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the series of conflicts the `` Great Rebellion '' , while some historians -- especially Marxists such as Christopher Hill ( 1912 -- 2003 ) -- have long favoured the term `` English Revolution '' .
Townshend Acts
People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way . Samuel Adams organized an emergency , extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Boston , but on 1 October 1768 , the first of four regiments of the British Army began disembarking in Boston , and the Customs Commissioners returned to town . The `` Journal of Occurrences '' , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Boston , apparently with some exaggeration . Tensions rose after Christopher Seider , a Boston teenager , was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770 . Although British soldiers were not involved in that incident , resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed , resulting in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of 5 March 1770 . After the incident , the troops were withdrawn to Castle William .
Labour Party (UK)
While there were no major labour strikes during his term , MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt . When the Labour Party executive criticised the government , he replied that , `` public doles , Poplarism ( local defiance of the national government ) , strikes for increased wages , limitation of output , not only are not Socialism , but may mislead the spirit and policy of the Socialist movement . ''
Boston Tea Party
The incident resulted in a similar effect in America when news of the Boston Tea Party reached London in January and Parliament responded with a series of acts known collectively in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts . These were intended to punish Boston for the destruction of private property , restore British authority in Massachusetts , and otherwise reform colonial government in America . Although the first two , the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act , applied only to Massachusetts , colonists outside that colony feared that their governments could now also be changed by legislative fiat in England . The Intolerable Acts were viewed as a violation of constitutional rights , natural rights , and colonial charters , and united many colonists throughout America , exemplified by the calling of the First Continental Congress in September 1774 .
Battle of Towton
The power of the House of Lancaster was severely reduced after this battle . Henry fled the country , and many of his most powerful followers were dead or in exile after the engagement , letting Edward rule England uninterrupted for nine years , before a brief restoration of Henry to the throne . Later generations remembered the battle as depicted in William Shakespeare 's dramatic adaptation of Henry 's life -- Henry VI , Part 3 , Act 2 , Scene 5 . In 1929 , the Towton Cross was erected on the battlefield to commemorate the event . Various archaeological remains and mass graves related to the battle were found in the area centuries after the engagement .
Battle of Towton
Without their king on the battlefield , the Lancastrians relied on Henry Beaufort , Duke of Somerset , to command their army . He was fairly experienced in matters of war and is credited with clever manoeuvres that led the Lancastrians to victory at Wakefield and St Albans . According to several historians , however , Sir Andrew Trollope , and not Somerset , was the Lancastrians ' primary strategist . Trollope formerly served under Warwick in Calais before defecting to the Lancastrians in the early stages of the Wars of the Roses . His change of allegiance was a major blow to the Yorkists , for he was familiar with their men and had played a key role in their victories in France . Other notable Lancastrian leaders included Henry Holland , Duke of Exeter , and the northern magnates Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland , Lord de Ros and Ralph Dacre , who also accompanied the army . Another leading northern Lancastrian was Lord Clifford , who had died earlier in the retreat from Ferrybridge .
War of the Austrian Succession
In the summer of 1745 , the French once more decided to take up Charles Edward Stuart 's claim to the British throne . The goal was to start a revolt in Scotland that would divert British attention away from the war on the mainland in Europe , and may even require Britain to leave the war altogether . On 23 July 1745 , Charles landed on the island of Eriskay in the Hebrides , north - west of the mainland of Scotland . On 25 July 1745 , Charles set sail again for the mainland . By the end of August 1745 , Charles had landed in Scotland and had started issuing calls for troops loyal to the Jacobite cause of placing him on the throne . Already , Charles had collected 1,300 Scots prepared to fight in his Jacobite army . Defence of the Hanovarian rule of King George II in Great Britain fell to General Sir John Cope , a veteran of the Battle of Dettingen . On 31 August 1745 , Cope marched north with about 2,000 British government soldiers . Charles reached Perth on 18 September 1745 and Edinburgh surrendered to him on 27 September 1745 . When Cope brought his army up to the town of Prestonpans , Scotland on 1 October 1745 , he chose a stubble field that he felt was well protected on which to encamp his troops . However , it was not as safe as he thought , and at sunrise the next morning , 2 October 1745 , Charles 's Scottish troops attacked and defeated the British government army . With the government army defeat at Prestonpans , it appeared that all Scotland belonged to Charles . By November 1745 , his army consisted of 5,000 infantry men and 300 cavalry . In mid-November 1745 it crossed the border from Scotland and invaded England .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere :
English Civil War
Although Cromwell 's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar , Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army . The Royalists marched to the west of England because English Royalist sympathies were strongest in that area , but although some English Royalists joined the army , they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped . Cromwell finally engaged and defeated the new king at Worcester on 3 September 1651 .
Townshend Acts
Even before the Liberty riot , Hillsborough had decided to send troops to Boston . On 8 June 1768 , he instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' , although he conceded that this might lead to `` consequences not easily foreseen '' . Hillsborough suggested that Gage might send one regiment to Boston , but the Liberty incident convinced officials that more than one regiment would be needed .
Boston Tea Party
In February 1775 , Britain passed the Conciliatory Resolution , which ended taxation for any colony that satisfactorily provided for the imperial defense and the upkeep of imperial officers . The tax on tea was repealed with the Taxation of Colonies Act 1778 , part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed .
English Civil War
At the time , the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government . Instead , Parliament functioned as a temporary advisory committee and was summoned only if and when the monarch saw fit . Once summoned , a parliament 's continued existence was at the king 's pleasure , since it was subject to dissolution by him at any time .
Mercantilism
British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary . British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade . A wide array of regulations were put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports . Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports , and the export of some raw materials was banned completely . The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England 's domestic trade . The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control , regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain . This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies , and mercantilist policies ( such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling ) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution .
Lundy
In the English Civil War , Thomas Bushell held Lundy for King Charles I , rebuilding Marisco Castle and garrisoning the island at his own expense . He was a friend of Francis Bacon , a strong supporter of the Royalist cause and an expert on mining and coining . It was the last Royalist territory held between the first and second civil wars . After receiving permission from Charles I , Bushell surrendered the island on 24 February 1647 to Richard Fiennes , representing General Fairfax . In 1656 , the island was acquired by Lord Saye and Sele . Millcombe
English Civil War
This vision of at least partial democracy in ecclesiology paralleled the struggles between Parliament and the King . A body within the Puritan movement in the Church of England sought to abolish the office of bishop and remake the Church of England along Presbyterian lines . The Martin Marprelate tracts ( 1588 -- 1589 ) , applying the pejorative name of prelacy to the church hierarchy , attacked the office of bishop with satire that deeply offended Elizabeth I and her Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift . The vestments controversy also related to this movement , seeking further reductions in church ceremony , and labelling the use of elaborate vestments as `` unedifying '' and even idolatrous .
Anthony Eden
In 1942 Eden was given the additional role of Leader of the House of Commons . He was considered for various other major jobs during and after the war , including Commander - in - Chief Middle East in 1942 ( this would have been a very unusual appointment as Eden was a civilian ; General Harold Alexander was in fact appointed ) , Viceroy of India in 1943 ( General Archibald Wavell was appointed to this job ) , or Secretary - General of the newly formed United Nations Organisation in 1945 . In 1943 with the revelation of the Katyn Massacre Eden refused to help the Polish Government in Exile .
Clan Munro
In 1689 chief Sir John Munro , 4th Baronet was one of the Scottish representatives who approved the formal offer of the Scottish Crown to William of Orange and his Queen . In the same year George Munro , 1st of Auchinbowie , commanded royalist forces that defeated the Jacobites at the Battle of Dunkeld .
Kingdom of England
After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly ( Barebone 's Parliament ) , the Grandees in the Army , through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the Instrument of Government . Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a Lord Protector ( an office be held for life of the incumbent ) and there were to be triennial Parliaments , with each sitting for at least five months . Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector . The Instrument of Government was replaced by a second constitution ( the Humble Petition and Advice ) under which the Lord Protector could nominate his successor . Cromwell nominated his son Richard who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658 . Restoration
English Civil War
Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament , and many of these , like Lord Astley , refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war . So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again . On the evening of the surrender of Colchester , Parliamentarians had Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle shot . Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels , Major - General Rowland Laugharne , Colonel John Poyer and Colonel Rice Powel to death , but executed Poyer alone ( 25 April 1649 ) , having selected him by lot . Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament , three , the Duke of Hamilton , the Earl of Holland , and Lord Capel , one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character , were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March .
Impeachment in the United States
The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings .
Trent Affair
France quickly alleviated many of Britain 's concerns . On November 28 , with no knowledge of the British response or any input from Mercier in the U.S. , Napoleon met with his cabinet . They had no doubts about the illegality of the U.S. actions and agreed to support whatever demands Britain made . Thouvenel wrote to Count Charles de Flahault in London to inform Britain of their decision . After learning of the actual content of the British note , Thouvenel advised the British ambassador Lord Cowley , that the demand had his complete approval , and on December 4 instructions were sent to Mercier to support Lyons .
Governor General of Canada
During the First World War , into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom , the governor general 's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster . Starting in 1914 , Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal 's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents , inspecting army camps , and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe . These actions , however , led to conflict with the Prince 's prime minister at the time , Robert Borden ; though the latter placed blame on the Military Secretary Edward Stanton , he also opined that the Duke `` laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General . '' Prince Arthur 's successor , the Duke of Devonshire , faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister , as well as His Majesty 's Loyal Opposition members , on the matter . Once the government implemented conscription , Devonshire , after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier , Vincent Massey , Henri Bourassa , Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési , Duncan Campbell Scott , Vilhjalmur Stefansson , and Stephen Leacock , made efforts to conciliate Quebec , though he had little real success .
Black and Tans
In September 1919 David Lloyd George , the British Prime Minister , outlawed the Dáil and augmented the British Army presence in Ireland , starting work on the next Home Rule Act . A