vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mississippi River
Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s , so the period 1830 -- 1850 became the golden age of steamboats . As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase , river traffic was an ideal solution . Cotton , timber and food came down the river , as did Appalachian coal . The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans - shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels . As a result , the image of the twin stacked , wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology . Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana , to the Ohio River ; down the Missouri and Tennessee , to the main channel of the Mississippi . Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish . Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s . Most have been superseded by pusher tugs . A few survive as icons -- the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance . Oil
Mississippi River
Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately . The images from NASA 's MODIS ( to the right ) show a large plume of fresh water , which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter - blue surrounding waters . These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately . Instead , it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico , into the Straits of Florida , and entered the Gulf Stream . The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS .
Midwestern United States
Two other regions , Appalachia and the Ozark Mountains , overlap geographically with the Midwest -- Appalachia in Southern Ohio and the Ozarks in Southern Missouri . The Ohio River has long been a boundary between North and South and between the Midwest and the Upper South . All of the lower Midwestern states , especially Missouri , have a major Southern component , and Missouri was a slave state before the Civil War .
Water in California
Lands reserved by the United States government are accompanied by a corresponding reservation of water rights for as much water is needed to fulfill the purpose for which the reservation was made . Such reservations were made on behalf of Native American tribes , national parks , monuments and forests . Water rights reserved by the United States are defined by and controlled by federal law . And because reserved water rights are not riparian nor appropriative , they may conflict with state law . Area
Midwestern United States
Economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture ( large sections of this land area make up the United States ' Corn Belt ) , with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important . Its central location makes it a transportation crossroads for river boats , railroads , autos , trucks and airplanes . Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties , and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections .
History of rail transport in the United States
Wooden railroads , called wagonways were built in Unites States starting from 1720s . A railroad was reportedly used in the construction of the French fortress at Louisburg , Nova Scotia in 1720 . Between 1762 and 1764 , at the close of the French and Indian War , a gravity railroad ( mechanized tramway ) ( Montresor 's Tramway ) is built by British military engineers up the steep riverside terrain near the Niagara River waterfall 's escarpment at the Niagara Portage ( which the local Senecas called `` Crawl on All Fours . '' ) in Lewiston , New York .
New Jersey
New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels . The double - decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world , at 102 million vehicles per year , across fourteen lanes . It connects Fort Lee , New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 / 9 across the Hudson River . The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495 , and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78 . New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges -- from north to south , the Bayonne Bridge , the Goethals Bridge , and the Outerbridge Crossing .
Great Lakes
Except when the water is frozen during winter , more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes , which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods . The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes ; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans . Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway , and only operate on the Waterway and lakes .
Shenandoah River
The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of Front Royal near Riverton , by the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork . It flows northeast across Warren County , passing underneath Interstate 66 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) from its formation . Beyond the I - 66 bridge the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again , crossing into Clarke County 11 miles ( 18 km ) below I - 66 . Five miles ( 8 km ) downriver from the Clarke County border , the Shenandoah passes under U.S. Route 50 and then passes through a triple bend . 14.5 miles ( 23.3 km ) below the Route 50 bridge , the river passes underneath State Route 7 and then continues northeast another 8 miles ( 13 km ) where it crosses into Jefferson County in West Virginia , in the extreme eastern tip of the state . Once in West Virginia the river completes six large bends before joining with the Potomac from the southwest near Harpers Ferry . The confluence is on the West Virginia - Maryland border and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) from the Virginia - West Virginia border .
Mississippi River
Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War . In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis , Tennessee , while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans , Louisiana . The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg , Mississippi , and the Union 's Vicksburg Campaign ( December 1862 to July 1863 ) , and the fall of Port Hudson , completed control of the lower Mississippi River . The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 , was pivotal to the Union 's final victory of the Civil War .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Private utilities . About half of American drinking water utilities , or about 26,700 , are privately owned , providing water to 11 % of Americans served by public water systems . Most of the private utilities are small , but a few are large and are traded on the stock exchange . The largest private water company in the U.S. is American Water , which serves 15 million customers in 1,600 communities in the U.S. and Canada . It is followed by United Water , which serves 7 million customers and is owned by the French firm Suez Environnement . Overall , about 33.5 million Americans ( 11 % of the population ) get water from a privately owned drinking water utility . In addition , 20 % of all wastewater utilities in the U.S. are privately owned , many of them relatively small . About 3 % of Americans get wastewater service from private wastewater utilities . In addition , more than 1,300 government entities ( typically municipalities ) contract with private companies to provide water and / or wastewater services .
Michigan
The state has numerous historical markers , which can themselves become the center of a tour . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River .
Mississippi River
France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans -- the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson .
Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands
There are many and frequent inter-island ferries . Cruz Bay , Saint John can be reached from Charlotte Amalie and Red Hook on Saint Thomas . Car barges also run between Cruz Bay and Red Hook . Water Island can be reached from Crown Bay , Saint Thomas . International ferries also run between Saint Thomas , Saint John , and the neighboring British Virgin Islands .
Zebra mussel
Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule - set production ( GARP ) , a group of researchers predicted that the southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies . However , this model has since been proven incorrect . In 2006 a researcher ( also using GARP ) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River , Nebraska , by 2015 . As of March 2016 , zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including the Great Lake Michigan , and the largest freshwater lake in Wisconsin , Lake Winnebago . See the March 2016 USGS Zebra mussel distribution map for full scope of invasion .
Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands
There are numerous marinas and anchorages in the USVI . Vessels entering the islands must proceed directly to a port of entry for clearance before passengers and crew go ashore .
Delaware River
The Delaware River has been attached to areas of high pollution . The Delaware River in 2012 was named the 5th most polluted river in the United States , explained by PennEnvrionment and Environment New Jersey . The activist groups claim that there is about 7 - 10 million pounds of toxic chemicals flowing through the waterways due to dumping by DuPont Chambers Works . PennEnviornment also claims that the pollutants in the river can cause birth defects , infertility among women , and have been linked to cancer .
United States
Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows .
George Washington Bridge
The bridge , an integral conduit within the New York metropolitan area , has an upper level that carries four lanes in each direction and a lower level with three lanes in each direction , for a total of 14 lanes of travel . The speed limit on the bridge is 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , though congestion frequently slows traffic on both weekdays and weekends . The bridge 's upper level also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) and U.S. Route 1 / 9 ( US 1 / 9 ) cross the river via the bridge . US 46 , which lies entirely within New Jersey , terminates halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York . At its eastern terminus in New York City , the bridge connects with the Trans - Manhattan Expressway ( part of I - 95 , connecting to the Cross Bronx Expressway ) .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Early toll roads were constructed and owned by joint - stock companies that sold stock to raise construction capital like Pennsylvania 's 1795 Lancaster Turnpike Company . In 1808 , Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin 's Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the construction of interstate turnpikes and canals . While many Anti-Federalists opposed the federal government assuming such a role , the British blockade in the War of 1812 demonstrated the United States ' reliance upon these overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce . Construction on the National Road began in 1815 in Cumberland , Maryland and reached Wheeling , Virginia in 1818 , but political strife thereafter ultimately prevented its western advance to the Mississippi River . Nevertheless , the road became a primary overland conduit through Appalachian Mountains and was the gateway for thousands of antebellum westward - bound settlers .
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The lower 27 miles ( 43 km ) below the dam , including both sides of the river along the Minnesota - Wisconsin border , were protected as part of the Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway . This area includes the Dalles of the St. Croix River , a scenic gorge located near Interstate Park , south of St. Croix Falls , Wisconsin .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Seventy - one percent of Houston 's supply flows from the Trinity River into Lake Livingston , and from the San Jacinto River into Lake Conroe and Lake Houston . Deep underground wells drilled into the Evangeline and Chicot aquifers provide the other 29 percent of the city 's water supply .
Delaware River
In the `` project of 1885 '' the U.S. government undertook systematically the formation of a 26 - foot ( 7.9 m ) channel 600 feet ( 180 m ) wide from Philadelphia to deep water in Delaware Bay . The River and Harbor Act of 1899 provided for a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) channel 600 feet ( 180 m ) wide from Philadelphia to the deep water of the bay .
Hudson River
During the Industrial Revolution , the Hudson River became a major location for production , especially around Albany and Troy . The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast . Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson , in towns including Poughkeepise , Newburgh , Kingston , and Hudson . The North Tarrytown Assembly ( later owned by General Motors ) , on the river in Sleepy Hollow , was a large and notable example . The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes , allowing manufacturing in the Midwest , including automobiles in Detroit , to use the river for transport . With industrialization came new technologies for transport , including steamboats for faster transport . In 1807 , the North River Steamboat ( later known as Clermont ) , became the first commercially successful steamboat . It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River .
Midwestern United States
The states of the `` old Northwest '' are now called the `` East North Central States '' by the United States Census Bureau and the `` Great Lakes region '' is also a popular term . The states just west of the Mississippi River and the Great Plains states are called the `` West North Central States '' by the Census Bureau . Some entities in the Midwest are still referred to as `` Northwest '' due to historical reasons ( for example , Northwestern University in Illinois ) .
St. Johns River
A variety of people have lived on or near the St. Johns , including Paleo - indians , Archaic people , Timucua , Mocama , French and Spanish settlers , Seminoles , slaves and freemen , Florida crackers , land developers , tourists and retirees . It has been the subject of William Bartram 's journals , Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ' books , and Harriet Beecher Stowe 's letters home . Although Florida was the location of the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States , it was the last U.S. territory on the east coast to be developed ; it remained an undeveloped frontier into the 20th century . When attention was turned to the state , however , much of the land was rapidly overdeveloped in a national zeal for progress . The St. Johns , like many Florida rivers , was altered to make way for agricultural and residential centers . It suffered severe pollution and human interference that has diminished the natural order of life in and around the river . In all , 3.5 million people live within the various watersheds that feed into the St. Johns River . The St. Johns , named one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998 , was number 6 on a list of America 's Ten Most Endangered Rivers in 2008 . Restoration efforts are under way for the basins around the St. Johns as Florida continues to deal with population increases in the river 's vicinity .
River Welland
The Environment Agency is the navigation authority for the river , which is navigable as far upstream as Crowland , and with very shallow draught to West Deeping Bridge , where further progress is hindered by the derelict lock around the weir . The traditional head of navigation was Wharf Road in Stamford . The management of the lower river has been intimately tied up with the drainage of Deeping Fen , and the river remains important to the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board , for whom it provides the final conduit to the sea for pumped water .
Philippines
As an archipelago , inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary . The busiest seaports are Manila , Batangas , Subic , Cebu , Iloilo , Davao , Cagayan de Oro , and Zamboanga . 2GO Travel and Sulpicio Lines serve Manila , with links to various cities and towns through passenger vessels . The 919 - kilometer ( 571 mi ) Strong Republic Nautical Highway ( SRNH ) , an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003 . The Pasig River Ferry Service serves the major rivers in Metro Manila , including the Pasig River and Marikina River having numerous stops in Manila , Makati , Mandaluyong , Pasig and Marikina .
Michigan
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula , to which the name Michigan was originally applied , is often noted to be shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often referred to as `` the U.P. '' ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five - mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . As a result , it is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating .
Hudson River
A 30 - mile ( 48 km ) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District , a National Historic Landmark . The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river . The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997 . The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System as the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve .
Hudson Valley
Following the building of the Erie Canal , the area became an important industrial center . The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest and Great Lakes regions . However , in the mid 20th century , many of the industrial towns went into decline .
Hudson River
The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads . The Hudson River Railroad was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany . The line was built as an alternative to the New York and Harlem Railroad for travel to Albany , and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river . The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City . Further north , the Livingston Avenue Bridge was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the New York Central Railroad , which goes west to Buffalo . Smaller railroads existed north of this point . On the west side of the Hudson River , the West Shore Railroad opened to run passenger service from Weehawken , New Jersey to Albany , and then Buffalo . In 1889 , the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river .
Hudson Valley
During the Industrial Revolution , the Hudson River became a major location for production . The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast . Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson , in towns including Poughkeepsie , Newburgh , Kingston , and Hudson . The North Tarrytown Assembly ( later owned by General Motors ) , on the river in Sleepy Hollow , was a large and notable example . The river links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes , allowing manufacturing in the Midwest , including automobiles in Detroit , to use the river for transport . With industrialization came new technologies for transport , including steamboats for faster transport . In 1807 , the North River Steamboat ( later known as Clermont ) , became the first commercially successful steamboat . It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River .
Hudson River
In conjunction with conservation efforts , the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization , especially in favor of green development . In 2009 , the High Line was opened in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan . This linear park has views of the river throughout its length . Also in 2009 , the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge , since abandoned , was converted into the Walkway Over the Hudson , a pedestrian park over the river . Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region , waterfront parks in cities like Kingston , Poughkeepsie , and Beacon were built , and several festivals are held annually .
Hudson River
Marine life is known to exist in the estuary , with seals , crabs , and some whales reported . On March 29 , 1647 , a white whale swam up the river to the Rensselaerswyck ( near Albany ) . Herman Melville , author of Moby - Dick , lived in and near Albany from 1830 to 1847 , and was known to have ancestry from New Netherland , leading some to believe stories of the whale sighting inspired his novel .
Henry Hudson
Along with Hudson Bay , many other topographical features and landmarks are named for Hudson . The Hudson River in New York and New Jersey is named after him , as are Hudson County , New Jersey , the Henry Hudson Bridge , the Henry Hudson Parkway , and the town of Hudson , New York .
Hudson Valley
Tourism became a major industry as early as 1810 . With convenient steamboat connections in New York City , and numerous attractive hotels in romantic settings , tourism became an important industry . Early guidebooks were providing suggestions on their itinerary . Middle - class people who read James Fenimore Cooper 's novels , or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School , were especially attracted .
History of New York (state)
On April 4 , 1609 , Henry Hudson , in the employ of the Dutch East India Company , departed Amsterdam in command of the ship Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) . On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River . He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the Mohawk River and the Hudson . His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614 .
Hudson River
Under British colonial rule , the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub . Manors were developed on the east side of the river , and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms . In 1754 , the Albany Plan of Union was created at Albany City Hall on the Hudson . The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the Continental Congress .