vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Snake River
As recently as 165 million years ago , most of western North America was still part of the Pacific Ocean . The nearly complete subduction of the Farallon Plate underneath the westward - moving North American Plate created the Rocky Mountains , which were pushed up by rising magma trapped between the sinking Farallon plate and the North American plate . As the North American Plate moved westwards over a stationary hotspot beneath the crust , a series of tremendous lava flows and volcanic eruptions carved out the Snake River Plain beginning about 12 million years ago , west of the Continental Divide . Even larger lava flows of Columbia River basalts issued over eastern Washington , forming the Columbia Plateau southeast of the Columbia River and the Palouse Hills in the lower Snake . Separate volcanic activity formed the northwestern portion of the plain , an area far from the path of the hotspot which now lies beneath Yellowstone National Park . At this point , the Snake River watershed was beginning to take shape . Locations
Western Canada
The Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America . The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia . The Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second - and third - largest rivers , respectively , to drain to the west coast of North America . To the west of their headwaters , across the Rocky Mountain Trench , is a second belt of mountains , the Columbia Mountains , comprising the Selkirk , Purcell , Monashee and Cariboo Mountains sub-ranges . Peyto
Yellowstone River
The river rises in northwestern Wyoming in the Absaroka Range , on the Continental Divide in southwestern Park County . The river starts where the North Fork and the South Fork of the Yellowstone River converge . The North Fork , the larger of the two forks , flows from Younts Peak . The South Fork flows from the southern slopes of Thorofare Mountain . The Yellowstone River flows northward through Yellowstone National Park , feeding and draining Yellowstone Lake , then dropping over the Upper and Lower Yellowstone Falls at the head of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone within the confines of the park . After passing through the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone downstream of the Grand Canyon , the river flows northward into Montana between the northern Absaroka Range and the Gallatin Range in Paradise Valley . The river emerges from the mountains near the town of Livingston , where it turns eastward and northeastward , flowing across the northern Great Plains past the city of Billings .
River Welland
The county border leaves the river on the west side of Market Harborough , as the town is wholly in Leicestershire , and picks it up again on the east side . The River Jordan joins the Welland in the centre of Market Harborough , flowing northwards to the railway station . Langton Brook and Stonton Brook join from the west near Welham . The county border meanders from side to side across relatively straight sections of the river , suggesting that the channel has been engineered . A three - arched bridge , built in 1881 of fine ashlar masonry , with a causeway to the south , carries the Welham to Weston by Welland road over the river , while a four - arched bridge dating from the early nineteenth century carries the Ashley to Medbourne road . Macmillan Way , a long distance footpath , crosses on its way from Abbotsbury in Dorset to Boston , Lincolnshire . Medbourne Brook joins from the north , after which the river approaches a dismantled railway and is joined by the Stoke Albany Brook , approaching from the south . The river remains on the south side of the railway , while the county border follows a meandering course to the north of it , but rejoins the river near the Bringhurst to Cottingham road . The bridge over the river is plain , but to the north of it is an eighteenth - century causeway , some 110 yards ( 100 m ) long , which is made of stone and pierced by seven large arches and numerous smaller arches for drainage pipes . The causeway has two large semi-circular passing places on its western side .
Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)
The Cedar River is a 338 - mile - long ( 544 km ) river in Minnesota and Iowa . It is a tributary of the Iowa River , which flows to the Mississippi River . The Cedar River takes its name from the red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) trees growing there , and was originally called the Red Cedar River by the Meskwaki . The first Mississippi steamboat reached Cedar Rapids , Iowa in 1844 , and during the next decade , the Red Cedar ( as it was still called ) was an important commercial waterway . The surrounding region is known officially as the Cedar River Valley , though it is more commonly referred to simply as the Cedar Valley .
River Welland
The Welland rises in the Hothorpe Hills , close to the 540 - foot ( 160 m ) contour , near Welland Rise , Sibbertoft in Northamptonshire . Within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , the small stream forms the border between Northamptonshire and Leicestershire . It flows westwards , before looping round , passing through the grounds of Hothorpe Hall in Theddingworth , now a conference centre , to flow generally eastwards through Lubenham to Market Harborough . One of the driveways to Thorpe Lubenham Hall is carried over the river by an early nineteenth century ashlar bridge which is a Grade II listed structure . To the east of Lubenham , the river passes Old Lubenham Hall , part of an H - plan house built in the late sixteenth century and modified in the early eighteenth century . King Charles I is believed to have stayed there before the Battle of Naseby . Three arms of a square moat surround the house , and the site is a scheduled ancient monument .
Snake River
The rest of the Snake River watershed borders on several other major Columbia River tributaries - mostly the Spokane River to the north , but also Clark Fork in Montana to the northeast and the John Day River to the west . Of these , the Clark Fork ( via the Pend Oreille River ) and the Spokane join the Columbia above the Snake , while the John Day joins downstream of the Snake , in the Columbia River Gorge . It is of note that the northeastern divide of the Snake River watershed forms the Idaho - Montana boundary , so the Snake River watershed does not extend into Montana .
Blackstone River
In August 1955 , severe flooding on the Blackstone caused extensive damage to Woonsocket , Rhode Island . Where the river is usually 70 feet ( 21 m ) wide it swelled to over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide . The flooding of the Blackstone was the result of a succession of dam breaks and was caused by rainfall from Hurricane Connie followed a week later by Hurricane Diane , which together deposited over 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain in parts of Rhode Island and Massachusetts . The Blackstone river reached a stage of 21.8 feet ( 6.6 m ) in Woonsocket , which remains the flood of record ; flood stage is 9.0 feet ( 2.7 m ) .
Mississippi River
To improve navigation between St. Paul , Minnesota , and Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area , including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama . The dams , which were built beginning in the 1880s , stored spring run - off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth . Lock
Delaware River
The Appalachian Trail , which traverses the ridge of Kittatinny Mountain in New Jersey , and Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania , crosses the Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap near Columbia , New Jersey .
Ottawa
Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers : the Ottawa River , the Gatineau River and the Rideau River . The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military , commercial and , subsequently , recreational purposes . The Rideau Canal ( Rideau Waterway ) first opened in 1832 and is 202 km long . It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill . It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks. The Rideau River got its name from early French explorers who thought that the waterfalls located at the point where the Rideau River empties into the Ottawa River resembled a ' curtain ' . Hence they began naming the falls and river ' rideau ' which is the French equivalent of the English word for curtain . During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world 's largest skating rink , thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 kilometres ( 4.8 mi ) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters ( from Carleton University and Dow 's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre ) .
United Kingdom
England accounts for just over half of the total area of the UK , covering 130,395 square kilometres ( 50,350 sq mi ) . Most of the country consists of lowland terrain , with mountainous terrain north - west of the Tees - Exe line ; including the Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District , the Pennines , Exmoor and Dartmoor . The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames , Severn and the Humber . England 's highest mountain is Scafell Pike ( 978 metres ( 3,209 ft ) ) in the Lake District . Its principal rivers are the Severn , Thames , Humber , Tees , Tyne , Tweed , Avon , Exe and Mersey . The
Mississippi River
In the Treaty of 1818 , the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north . In effect , the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin .
Vermont
Tourism is an important industry to the state . Some of the largest ski areas in New England are located in Vermont . Skiers and snowboarders visit Burke Mountain Ski Area , Bolton Valley , Smugglers ' Notch , Killington Ski Resort , Mad River Glen , Stowe Mountain Resort , Sugarbush , Stratton , Jay Peak , Okemo , Suicide Six , Mount Snow , Bromley , and Magic Mountain Ski Area . Summer visitors tour resort towns like Stowe , Manchester , Quechee , Wilmington and Woodstock . Resorts , hotels , restaurants , and shops , designed to attract tourists , employ people year - round . Summer camps contribute to Vermont 's tourist economy . Lake
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Because of the influence of whaling and several local droughts , there was substantial migration from Cape Verde to America , most notably to New Bedford , Massachusetts . This migration built strong ties between the two locations , and a strong packet trade between New England and Cape Verde developed during the early to mid-19th century . The Erie Canal was started in 1817 and finished in 1825 , encouraging inland trade and strengthening the position of the port of New York .
Snake River
At the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers , young salmon that swim down from spawning gravels in the headwaters of the Clearwater River often delay their migrations because of a significant temperature difference . ( Prior to the removal of Lewiston Dam on the main Clearwater and Grangeville Dam on the South Fork Clearwater , the Clearwater was completely unusable by migrating salmon . ) Agricultural runoff and water held in reservoirs higher upstream on the Snake warm its waters as it flows through the Snake River Plain , so as the Snake meets the Clearwater , its average temperature is much higher . Directly below the confluence , the river flows into Lower Granite Lake , formed by Lower Granite Dam , the uppermost dam of the Lower Snake River Project . Paradoxically , the combination of these factors gives the young salmon further time to grow and to feed in Lower Granite Lake , so when they begin the migration to the Pacific Ocean , they often have a higher chance at survival , compared to those salmon who migrate to the ocean earlier .
Hudson River
Numerous landmarks have been constructed along the Hudson . Following the river from its source to mouth , there is the Hudson River Islands State Park in Greene and Columbia counties , and in Dutchess County , there is Bard College , Staatsburgh , the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's home and presidential library , and the main campus of the Culinary Institute of America , Marist College , the Walkway over the Hudson , Bannerman 's Castle , and Hudson Highlands State Park . South of that in Orange County is the United States Military Academy . In Westchester lies Indian Point Energy Center , Croton Point Park , and Sing Sing Correctional Facility . In New Jersey is Stevens Institute of Technology and Liberty State Park . In Manhattan is Fort Tryon Park with the Cloisters , and the World Trade Center . Ellis Island is located just south of the river 's mouth in New York Harbor . The Statue of Liberty , located on Liberty Island , is located a bit further south of there .
River Welland
Passing through Spalding , where most of the flow is diverted through the Coronation channel , the town is protected by Marsh Road sluice and a sea lock to the east . Below the town , it is approached by Vernatt 's Drain , which runs parallel to the river carrying water pumped from Deeping Fen , and is crossed by the A16 road bridge . Nearby is Pinchbeck Marsh Pumping Station , which houses the last beam engine and scoop wheel to be used in the Fens for land drainage . It was built in 1833 , and ran until 1952 , when it was replaced by electric pumps . It now forms part of a museum of land drainage run by the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board , in partnership with South Holland District Council . Vernatt 's Drain passes through a sluice to join the river , while the sluice that protects the entrance to the River Glen is navigable , to allow boats to reach Tongue End , some 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) upstream from its mouth . There are pumping stations for Sea Dike and Lords Drain , and the outfalls of the Risegate Eau and Five Towns drainage channels before the final bridge at Fosdyke is reached . After it is joined by the Holbeach River , it is bordered by salt marshes , and finally flows into The Wash at The Cots in Fosdyke Wash .
Battle of Bunker Hill
The Charlestown Peninsula , lying to the north of Boston , started from a short , narrow isthmus ( known as the Charlestown Neck ) at its northwest and extended about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeastward into Boston Harbor . Bunker Hill , with an elevation of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , lay at the northern end of the peninsula . Breed 's Hill , at a height of 62 feet ( 19 m ) , was more southerly and nearer to Boston . The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula . At its closest approach , less than 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula , where Copp 's Hill was at about the same height as Breed 's Hill . While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown , General Gage , rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula , had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle , turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man 's land . The
Oklahoma
Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed , generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary . Its highest and lowest points follow this trend , with its highest peak , Black Mesa , at 4,973 feet ( 1,516 m ) above sea level , situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle . The state 's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel , Oklahoma , which dips to 289 feet ( 88 m ) above sea level . The
History of Maryland
The following Piscataway tribes lived on the eastern bank of the Potomac , from south to north : Yaocomicoes , Chopticans , Nanjemoys , Potopacs , Mattawomans , Piscataways , Patuxents , and Nacotchtanks . The area in which the Nacotchtank lived is now the District of Columbia . On the west bank of the Potomac river in what is now Virginia were the related tribes of the Patawomeck and the Doeg . Further west in the Appalachian Mountains , the Shawnee lived near Oldtown at a site abandoned around 1731 . On the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake , from south to north , there were the Nanticoke tribes : Annemessex , Assateagues , Wicomicoes , Nanticokes , Chicacone , and , on the north bank of the Choptank River , the Choptanks . The Tockwogh tribe lived near the headwaters of the Chesapeake near what is now Delaware . They were driven further north by enemies and eventually broke apart , with some staying in the region , others merging with the Nanticoke and others , known as the Conoy , migrated west into West Virginia . Some appeared around the end of the 18th century at Fort Detroit in Michigan . John
River delta
G.K. Gilbert himself first described this type of delta on Lake Bonneville in 1885 . Elsewhere , similar structures occur , for example , at the mouths of several creeks that flow into Okanagan Lake in British Columbia and forming prominent peninsulas at Naramata ( 49 ° 35 ′ 30 '' N 119 ° 35 ′ 30 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.59167 ° N 119.59167 ° W ﻿ / 49.59167 ; - 119.59167 ) , Summerland ( 49 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 119 ° 37 ′ 45 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.57306 ° N 119.62917 ° W ﻿ / 49.57306 ; - 119.62917 ) , or Peachland ( 49 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 42 ′ 45 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.78333 ° N 119.71250 ° W ﻿ / 49.78333 ; - 119.71250 ) .
First Nations
In 1604 King Henry IV of France granted Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons a fur - trade monopoly . Dugua led his first colonization expedition to an island located near to the mouth of the St. Croix River . Samuel de Champlain , his geographer , promptly carried out a major exploration of the northeastern coastline of what is now the United States . Under Samuel de Champlain , the Saint Croix settlement moved to Port Royal ( today 's Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia ) , a new site across the Bay of Fundy , on the shore of the Annapolis Basin , an inlet in western Nova Scotia . Acadia became France 's most successful colony to that time . The cancellation of Dugua 's fur monopoly in 1607 ended the Port Royal settlement . Champlain persuaded First Nations to allow him to settle along the St. Lawrence , where in 1608 he would found France 's first permanent colony in Canada at Quebec City . The colony of Acadia grew slowly , reaching a population of about 5,000 by 1713 . New France had cod - fishery coastal communities , and farm economies supported communities along the St. Lawrence River . French voyageurs travelled deep into the hinterlands ( of what is today Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba , as well as what is now the American Midwest and the Mississippi Valley ) , trading with First Nations as they went -- guns , gunpowder , cloth , knives , and kettles for beaver furs . The fur trade kept the interest in France 's overseas colonies alive , yet only encouraged a small colonial population , as minimal labour was required . The trade also discouraged the development of agriculture , the surest foundation of a colony in the New World . The
River Thames
In the Oxford area the river splits into several streams across the floodplain ( Seacourt Stream , Castle Mill Stream , Bulstake Stream and others ) , creating several islands ( Fiddler 's Island , Osney and others ) . Desborough Island , Ham Island at Old Windsor and Penton Hook Island were artificially created by lock cuts and navigation channels . Chiswick Eyot is a familiar landmark on the Boat Race course , while Glover 's Island forms the centrepiece of the spectacular view from Richmond Hill .
Alaska
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages . The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil , and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve -- Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field . The city of Utqiaġvik , formerly known as Barrow , is the northernmost city in the United States and is located here . The Northwest Arctic area , anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley , is often regarded as being part of this region . However , the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people . Aleutian
Delaware River
At Easton , Pennsylvania , the Lehigh River enters the Delaware . At Trenton there is a fall of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) .
Mississippi River
c. 5000 BC : The last Ice Age ended ; world sea level became what it is now . c. 2500 BC : Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 800 BC : The Mississippi diverted further east . c. 200 AD : Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 1000 AD : The Mississippi 's present course took over . Before c. 1400 AD : The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea 15th century : Turnbull 's Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South . The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River . 1831 : Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull 's Bend . 1833 to November 1873 : The Great Raft ( a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River ) was cleared . The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course . 1963 : The Old River Control Structure was completed , controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya . Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding ( article in Popular Archaeology periodical ) Historic
River Mersey
West of Warrington the river widens , and then narrows as it passes through the Runcorn Gap between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes , in Halton . The Manchester Ship Canal passes through the gap to the south of the river . The gap is bridged by the Silver Jubilee Bridge and Runcorn Railway Bridge . Another crossing , the Mersey Gateway road bridge opened in October 2017 .
Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River is considered to be one of the greatest trout streams of the world and is officially classed as a blue ribbon stream in Montana from the park to the confluence with the Boulder River east of Livingston and from the mouth of Rosebud creek near Rosebud , Montana to the North Dakota border . The lack of dams along the river provides for excellent trout habitat from high inside Yellowstone Park , downstream through Gardiner , the Paradise Valley , Livingston , and to Big Timber , a stretch of nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) . The Yellowstone varies in width from 74 feet ( 23 m ) to 300 feet ( 91 m ) , so fishing is normally done by boat . The most productive stretch of water is through Paradise Valley in Montana , especially near Livingston which produces brown trout , rainbow trout and native Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as Rocky Mountain whitefish . From Billings downstream to the North Dakota border , anglers seek burbot , channel catfish , paddlefish , sauger , smallmouth bass , and walleye . The pallid sturgeon ( Scaphirhynchus albus ) , an endangered species endemic to the waters of the Missouri and lower Mississippi River basins , is also found in the Yellowstone .