vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of tennis
The game that most people call ' tennis ' is the direct descendant of what is now known as real tennis or royal tennis ( which continues to be played today as a separate sport with more complex rules ) . Most of the rules of the game commonly known as tennis derive from real or royal tennis . It is reasonable to see both sports as variations of the same game . Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern France in the 12th century , but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand , hence the name jeu de paume ( `` game of the palm '' ) . It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use , and the game began to be called `` tennis . '' It was popular in England and France and Henry VIII of England was a big fan of the game , now referred to as real tennis .
Long jump
The long jump ( historically called the broad jump in the USA ) is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed , strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point . Along with the triple jump , the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the `` horizontal jumps '' . This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948 .
Horseshoe
The sport of horseshoes involves a horseshoe being thrown as close as possible to a rod in order to score points . As far as it is known , the sport is as old as horseshoes themselves . While traditional horseshoes can still be used , most organized versions of the game use specialized sport horseshoes , which do not fit on horses ' feet .
List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players
The oldest active player is Vince Carter , who is now 41 years old . Carter played his first game in 1999 and is about to play his 21st season . Carter , along with Jason Terry and Dirk Nowitzki are the only players who were born in 1979 or earlier and are still active and under contract with an NBA team . Ten players total , however , were born in 1980 or earlier and still play in the NBA .
Horses in warfare
Among the earliest evidence of chariot use are the burials of horse and chariot remains by the Andronovo ( Sintashta - Petrovka ) culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan , dated to approximately 2000 BC . The oldest documentary evidence of what was probably chariot warfare in the Ancient Near East is the Old Hittite Anitta text , of the 18th century BC , which mentioned 40 teams of horses at the siege of Salatiwara . The Hittites became well known throughout the ancient world for their prowess with the chariot . Widespread use of the chariot in warfare across most of Eurasia coincides approximately with the development of the composite bow , known from c. 1600 BC . Further improvements in wheels and axles , as well as innovations in weaponry , soon resulted in chariots being driven in battle by Bronze Age societies from China to Egypt .
Curling
Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 × 250 metres in size . Men
List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players
The oldest person ever to play in the NBA was Nat Hickey , a coach who activated himself as a player for a game two days before his 46th birthday . The youngest player ever to play in the NBA was Andrew Bynum , who played his first game only six days after his 18th birthday . The oldest active player is Atlanta Hawks guard / forward Vince Carter , who is currently 41 years old . The youngest active player in the NBA is Los Angeles Lakers guard / forward Isaac Bonga , the 39th pick in the 2018 NBA draft , who is currently 18 years old and could play in the NBA at 18 years old as a player who was drafted internationally .
Catalonia
Catalonia hosted many relevant international sport events , such as the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and also the 1955 Mediterranean Games or the 2013 World Aquatics Championships . It held annually the fourth - oldest still - existing cycling stage race in the world , the Volta a Catalunya ( Tour of Catalonia ) .
Ship
The oldest discovered sea faring hulled boat is the Late Bronze Age Uluburun shipwreck off the coast of Turkey , dating back to 1300 BC .
History of tennis
Tennis is mentioned in literature as far back as the Middle Ages . In The Second Shepherds ' Play ( c. 1500 ) shepherds gave three gifts , including a tennis ball , to the newborn Christ . Sir Gawain , a knight of King Arthur 's round table , plays tennis against a group of 17 giants in The Turke and Gowin ( c. 1500 ) .
History of tennis
The game thrived among the 17th - century nobility in France , Spain , Italy , and in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , but suffered under English Puritanism . By the Age of Napoleon , the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned . Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the French Revolution , through the Tennis Court Oath , a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court , which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution . In England , during the 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis declined , three other racquet sports emerged : racquets , squash racquets , and lawn tennis ( the modern game ) .
Gambling in New Jersey
Freehold Raceway is the oldest racetrack in the United States , with horse racing having taken place there informally since the 1830s . The Monmouth County Agricultural Society was formed on December 17 , 1853 , and in 1854 they began holding an annual fair with harness racing at Freehold Raceway Monmouth Park Racetrack opened in 1870 . In 1894 , the New Jersey Legislature banned parimutuel gambling , and in 1897 the voters of New Jersey approved a referendum which amended the state constitution to ban all gambling ( or possibly all commercial gambling ) .
Horses in warfare
The war horse was also seen in hastiludes -- martial war games such as the joust , which began in the 11th century both as sport and to provide training for battle . Specialised destriers were bred for the purpose , although the expense of keeping , training , and outfitting them kept the majority of the population from owning one . While some historians suggest that the tournament had become a theatrical event by the 15th and 16th centuries , others argue that jousting continued to help cavalry train for battle until the Thirty Years ' War . Transition
List of the oldest Scout groups
In 2007 , 1st Henfield Scout Troop was named as the oldest surviving Scout Troop in the world for the centenary of Scouting . They were the hosts of the only place that the centenary flame stopped in England for the night before reaching its goal of Brownsea Island . However , it is not the oldest Scout Troop , as others were set up before Henfield . It is said that the boys that went to Brownsea Island on the first ever Scout trip were from Henfield .
List of the oldest Scout groups
Wycliffe Scout Group ( Gloucestershire ) claims to be the oldest continuously active school - based Scout group in the world ( active September 2013 ) . It is listed in the Scout Association database with a registration date of 1 February 1909 , although the Group celebrated their centenary in 2008 , implying that there had been Scouting activity at the school before the Group was registered .
Football
An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham , Northumberland , England : `` Henry ... while playing at ball ... ran against David '' . Football was played in Ireland in 1308 , with a documented reference to John McCrocan , a spectator at a `` football game '' at Newcastle , County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard . Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham , Norfolk , England : `` ( d ) uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball , a lay friend of his ... ran against him and wounded himself '' .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The rules of the game are not known , but judging from its descendant , ulama , they were probably similar to racquetball , where the aim is to keep the ball in play . The stone ballcourt goals are a late addition to the game .
Olmec
The Olmec are strong candidates for originating the Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes . A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found in El Manatí , a bog 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan . These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered at Paso de la Amada , circa 1400 BCE , although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The rules of ōllamaliztli , regardless of the version , are not known in any detail . In modern - day ulama , the game resembles a net-less volleyball , with each team confined to one half of the court . In the most widespread version of ulama , the ball is hit back and forth using only the hips until one team fails to return it or the ball leaves the court .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The association between human sacrifice and the ballgame appears rather late in the archaeological record , no earlier than the Classic era . The association was particularly strong within the Classic Veracruz and the Maya cultures , where the most explicit depictions of human sacrifice can be seen on the ballcourt panels -- for example at El Tajín ( 850 -- 1100 CE ) and at Chichen Itza ( 900 -- 1200 CE ) -- as well as on the well - known decapitated ballplayer stelae from the Classic Veracruz site of Aparicio ( 700 -- 900 CE ) . The Postclassic Maya religious and quasi-historical narrative , the Popol Vuh , also links human sacrifice with the ballgame ( see below ) .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Ancient cities with particularly fine ballcourts in good condition include Tikal , Yaxha , Copán , Coba , Iximche , Monte Albán , Uxmal , Chichen Itza , Yagul , Xochicalco , Mixco Viejo , and Zaculeu .
Mesoamerican ballgame
By 300 BCE , evidence for ōllamaliztli appears throughout much of the Mesoamerican archaeological record , including ballcourts in the Central Chiapas Valley ( the next oldest ballcourts discovered , after Paso de la Amada ) , and in the Oaxaca Valley , as well as ceramic ballgame tableaus from Western Mexico ( see photo below
Football (ball)
The first games of Australian football were played with a round ball , because balls of that shape were more readily available . In 1860 , Australian football pioneer Tom Wills argued that the oval rugby ball travelled further in the air and made for a more exciting game . It became customary in Australian football by the 1870s .
Law firm
The oldest continuing partnership in the United States is that of Cadwalader , Wickersham & Taft , founded in 1792 in New York City . The oldest law firm in continuous practice in the United States is Rawle & Henderson LLP , founded in 1783 in Philadelphia . Termination
Mesoamerican ballgame
The basic hip - game outfit consisted of a loincloth , sometimes augmented with leather hip guards . Loincloths are found on the earliest ballplayer figurines from Tlatilco , Tlapacoya , and the Olmec culture , are seen in the Weiditz drawing from 1528 ( below ) , and , with hip guards , are the sole outfit of modern day ulama players ( above ) -- a span of nearly 3000 years .
Football
There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football , until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) in 1884 . The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports , such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football . The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7 , 1887 . Davin 's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football . The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule ( an attribute which , for many years , was shared only by other Irish games like hurling , and by Australian rules football ) .
History of tennis
The four majors or Grand Slam tournaments , the four biggest competitions on the tennis circuit , are Wimbledon , the US Open , the French Open , and the Australian Open . Since the mid 1920s they became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis . Winning these four tournaments in the same year is called the Grand Slam ( a term borrowed from bridge ) . 1877
Missouri
The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas . The rivalry was chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities , but since Missouri left the Big 12 Conference in 2012 , the teams no longer regularly play one another . It was the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second - oldest in the nation . Each year when the universities met to play , the game was coined the `` Border War . '' An exchange occurred following the game where the winner took a historic Indian War Drum , which had been passed back and forth for decades . Though Missouri and Kansas no longer have an annual game after the University of Missouri moved to the Southeastern Conference , tension still exists between the two schools .
Portuguese Mozambique
The Portuguese - ruled territory was introduced to several popular European and North American sports disciplines since the early urbanistic and economic booms of the 1920s and 1940s . This period was a time of city and town expansion and modernization that included the construction of several sports facilities for football , rink hockey , basketball , volleyball , handball , athletics , gymnastics and swimming . Several sports clubs were founded across the entire territory , among them were some of the largest and oldest sports organizations of Mozambique like Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques established in 1920 . Other major sports clubs were founded in the following years like Grupo Desportivo de Lourenço Marques ( 1921 ) , Clube Ferroviário de Lourenço Marques ( 1924 ) , Sport Club de Vila Pery ( 1928 ) , Clube Ferroviário da Beira ( 1943 ) , Grupo Desportivo da Companhia Têxtil do Punguè ( 1943 ) , and Sport Lourenço Marques e Benfica ( 1955 ) . Several sportsmen , especially football players , that achieved wide notability in Portuguese sports were from Mozambique . Eusébio and Mário Coluna were examples of that , and excelled in the Portugal national football team . Since the 1960s , with the latest developments on commercial aviation , the highest ranked football teams of Mozambique and the other African overseas provinces of Portugal , started to compete in the Taça de Portugal ( the Portuguese Cup ) . There were also several facilities and organizations for golf , tennis and wild hunting .
Mesoamerican ballgame
No ballcourt has yet been identified at Teotihuacan , making it by far the largest Classic era site without one . In fact , the ballgame seems to have been nearly forsaken not only in Teotihuacan , but in areas such as Matacapan or Tikal that were under Teotihuacano influence .
Football
Wills and others involved in these early matches formed the Melbourne Football Club ( the oldest surviving Australian football club ) on May 14 , 1859 . Club members Wills , William Hammersley , J.B. Thompson and Thomas H. Smith met with the intention of forming a set of rules that would be widely adopted by other clubs . The committee debated rules used in English public school games ; Wills pushed for various rugby football rules he learnt during his schooling . The first rules share similarities with these games , and were shaped to suit to Australian conditions . H.C.A. Harrison , a seminal figure in Australian football , recalled that his cousin Wills wanted `` a game of our own '' . The code was distinctive in the prevalence of the mark , free kick , tackling , lack of an offside rule and that players were specifically penalised for throwing the ball .
Football
During the second half of the 20th century , the rules changed further . In 1966 , rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs : a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles ( rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately ) . The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six ( in 1971 ) , and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule .
University of Alabama traditions
Alabama 's first football game was played in Birmingham on Friday afternoon , November 11 , 1892 , at the old Lakeview Park . Alabama defeated a team composed mostly of high schoolers 56 - 0 . That Saturday , November 12 , Alabama played the Birmingham Athletic Club , losing 5 - 4 when Ross , of B.A.C. , kicked a 65 - yard field goal . This field goal was a collegiate record at the time .
Football (ball)
Until 1870 , rugby was played with a near spherical ball with an inner - tube made of a pig 's bladder . In 1870 Richard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched , four - panel , leather casings and pigs ' bladders . The rugby ball 's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig 's bladder , although early balls were more plum - shape than oval . The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig 's bladder was . Because of the pliability of rubber the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg . In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape . The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years . The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls , in both rugby codes , was originally governed by weather conditions . If the playing surface was wet , the synthetic ball was used , because it would n't absorb water and become heavy . Eventually , the leather balls were phased out completely .
Maya civilization
The ballcourt is a distinctive pan-Mesoamerican form of architecture . Although the majority of Maya ballcourts date to the Classic period , the earliest examples appeared around 1000 BC in northwestern Yucatán , during the Middle Preclassic . By the time of Spanish contact , ballcourts were only in use in the Guatemalan Highlands , at cities such as Q'umarkaj and Iximche . Throughout Maya history , ballcourts maintained a characteristic form consisting of an ɪ shape , with a central playing area terminating in two transverse end zones . The central playing area usually measures between 20 and 30 metres ( 66 and 98 ft ) long , and is flanked by two lateral structures that stood up to 3 or 4 metres ( 9.8 or 13.1 ft ) high . The lateral platforms often supported structures that may have held privileged spectators . The Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza is the largest in Mesoamerica , measuring 83 metres ( 272 ft ) long by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) wide , with walls standing 8.2 metres ( 27 ft ) high .
Pub
Traditional games are played in pubs , ranging from the well - known darts , skittles , dominoes , cards and bar billiards , to the more obscure Aunt Sally , Nine Men 's Morris and ringing the bull . In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes , played for small stakes . In recent decades the game of pool ( both the British and American versions ) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or table football becoming common .
Football
The Haxey Hood , played on Epiphany in Haxey , Lincolnshire Shrove Tuesday games Scoring the Hales in Alnwick , Northumberland Royal Shrovetide Football in Ashbourne , Derbyshire The Shrovetide Ball Game in Atherstone , Warwickshire The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers in Corfe Castle , Dorset Hurling the Silver Ball at St Columb Major in Cornwall The Ball Game in Sedgefield , County Durham In Scotland the Ba game ( `` Ball Game '' ) is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at : Duns , Berwickshire Scone , Perthshire Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands Outside
Israel
The oldest evidence of early humans in the territory of modern Israel , dating to 1.5 million years ago , was found in Ubeidiya near the Sea of Galilee . Other notable Paleolithic sites include caves Tabun , Qesem and Manot . The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominins , who lived in the area that is now northern Israel 120,000 years ago . Around 10th millennium BCE , the Natufian culture existed in the area .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Even without human sacrifice , the game could be brutal and there were often serious injuries inflicted by the solid , heavy ball . Today 's hip - ulama players are `` perpetually bruised '' while nearly 500 years ago Spanish chronicler Diego Durán reported that some bruises were so severe that they had to be lanced open . He also reported that players were even killed when the ball `` hit them in the mouth or the stomach or the intestines '' .
Bradford
Bradford City Football Club was formed in 1903 . James Whyte , a sub-editor of the Bradford Observer met with Football Association representative , John Brunt , in January to discuss plans , and in May , Manningham RFC , a rugby league team decided to change codes to association football . The Football League subsequently elected Bradford City to the league , with a total of 30 votes to replace Doncaster Rovers , because it saw the invitation as a chance to introduce football to the rugby - dominated county . Eight years after the club was elected to the league , City won the FA Cup and recorded the highest league position in its history . They currently compete in Football League One , the third tier of English football . The ground suffered one of the worst all - time sporting disasters after 56 people died at Valley Parade on 11 May 1985 . A second club from the city , Bradford Park Avenue played in the Football League until it dropped out in 1970 , then went into liquidation in 1974 . The club now plays in the National League North , which means the Bradford derby has not been played in years . Bradford Park Avenue hosted county cricket for Yorkshire as well as football .
Football (ball)
In 1980 , leather - encased balls , which were prone to water - logging , were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials . The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup .
River Thames
Kayaking and canoeing are common , with sea kayakers using the tidal stretch for touring . Sheltered water kayakers and canoeists use the non-tidal section for training , racing and trips . Whitewater playboaters and slalom paddlers are catered for at weirs like those at Hurley Lock , Sunbury Lock and Boulter 's Lock . At Teddington just before the tidal section of the river starts is Royal Canoe Club , said to be the oldest in the world and founded in 1866 . Since 1950 , almost every year at Easter , long distance canoeists have been competing in what is now known as the Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Race , which follows the course of the Kennet and Avon Canal , joins the River Thames at Reading and runs right up to a grand finish at Westminster Bridge .