vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
World War I
In northern Germany , the end of October 1918 saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war they saw as good as lost ; this initiated the uprising . The sailors ' revolt , which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel , spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II . Conscription
Axis powers
Germany renounced the Versailles treaty and remilitarized the Rhineland in March 1936 . Germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a German air force , the Luftwaffe , and naval force , the Kriegsmarine in 1935 . Germany annexed Austria in 1938 , the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia , and the Memel territory from Lithuania in 1939 . Germany then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939 , creating the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the country of Slovakia .
Munich Agreement
Territorial evolution of Germany in the 20th century Pre-World War II ( show ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Silesian Uprisings ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Polish Corridor Return of the Saar Basin ( 1935 ) Remilitarization of the Rhineland ( 1936 ) Anschluss with Austria ( 1938 ) Munich Agreement ( 1938 ) Seizure of Czechoslovakia ( 1939 ) Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany ( 1939 ) World War II ( show ) Großdeutschland Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Tehran Conference ( 1943 ) Yalta Conference ( 1945 ) Post-World War II ( show ) Potsdam Conference ( 1945 ) Dutch annexations ( 1949 ) Belgian annexations ( 1949 ) Treaty of Zgorzelec ( 1950 ) Return of Heligoland ( 1952 ) Saar Treaty ( 1956 ) `` Little Reunification '' with Saarland ( 1957 ) Return of Selfkant ( 1963 ) Treaty of Warsaw ( 1970 ) Two Plus Four Treaty ( 1990 ) German - Polish Border Treaty ( 1990 ) Areas ( show ) Former eastern territories of Germany Adjacent countries ( show ) Territorial evolution of Poland Territorial changes of the Baltic states
History of Germany (1945–90)
With the Western Allies eventually becoming concerned about the deteriorating economic situation in their `` Trizone '' , the American Marshall Plan of economic aid was extended to Western Germany in 1948 and a currency reform , which had been prohibited under the previous occupation directive JCS 1067 , introduced the Deutsche Mark and halted rampant inflation . Though the Marshall Plan is regarded as playing a key psychological role in the West German recovery , other factors were also significant .
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia , or Czecho - Slovakia ( / ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , - kə - , - slə - , - ˈvɑː - / ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko - Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro - Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 .
World War II
In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war
History of Germany (1945–90)
The intended governing body of Germany was called the Allied Control Council , consisting of the commanders - in - chief in Germany of the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ; who exercised supreme authority in their respective zones , while supposedly acting in concert on questions affecting the whole country . In actuality however , the French consistently blocked any progress towards re-establishing all - German governing institutions ; substantially in pursuit of French aspirations for a dismembered Germany , but also as a response to the exclusion of France from the Potsdam conference . Berlin , which lay in the Soviet ( eastern ) sector , was also divided into four sectors with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin , capital of East Germany . Provisional
History of Germany (1945–90)
The S.E.D. 's intention was to transform the GDR into a socialist and later into a communist state . These processes would occur step by step according to the laws of scientific ' Marxism - Leninism ' and economic planning was the key to this process . In July 1952 , at a conference of the S.E.D. , Walter Ulbricht announced that `` the democratic ( sic ) and economic development , and the consciousness ( Bewusstsein ) of the working class and the majority of the employed classes must be developed so that the construction of Socialism becomes their most important objective . '' This meant that the administration , the armed forces , the planning of industry and agriculture would be under the sole authority of the S.E.D. and its planning committee . Industries would be nationalized and collectivization introduced in the farm industry . When the first Five - Year Plan was announced , the flow of refugees out of East Germany began to grow . As a consequence , production fell , food became short and protests occurred in a number of factories . On 14 May 1952 , the S.E.D. ordered that the production quotas ( the output per man per shift ) were to be increased by 10 % , but wages to be kept at the former level . This decision was not popular with the new leaders in the Kremlin . Stalin had died in March 1953 and the new leadership was still evolving . The imposition of new production quotas contradicted the new direction of Soviet policies for their satellites . Gerhard
Allies of World War II
The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18th , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15th , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as the member of the allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15th , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially .
Summer Time in Europe
After 1980 , West and East Germany ; since 1991 reunified Germany : Central European Summer Time .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The outbreak of the Korean War ( June 1950 ) led to U.S. calls for the rearmament of West Germany in order to defend western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat . But the memory of German aggression led other European states to seek tight control over the West German military . Germany 's partners in the Coal and Steel Community decided to establish a European Defence Community ( EDC ) , with an integrated army , navy and air force , composed of the armed forces of its member states . The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control , but the other EDC member states ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands ) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In order to deal with the problem of the economic slowdown , a new coalition was formed . Kiesinger 's 1966 -- 69 grand coalition was between West Germany 's two largest parties , the CDU / CSU and the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts -- the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two - thirds majority of votes required for their ratification . These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a state of emergency . Rudi
Axis powers
On 23 August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , which contained a secret protocol dividing eastern Europe into spheres of influence . Germany 's invasion of its part of Poland under the Pact eight days later triggered the beginning of World War II . By the end of 1941 , Germany occupied a large part of Europe and its military forces were fighting the Soviet Union , nearly capturing Moscow . However , crushing defeats at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk devastated the German armed forces . This , combined with Western Allied landings in France and Italy , led to a three - front war that depleted Germany 's armed forces and resulted in Germany 's defeat in 1945 .
End of World War II in Europe
Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany , specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany . On 30 August , the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation , which informed the German people of the Council 's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders - in - Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council . Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Altogether , around 8 million ethnic German refugees and expellees from across Europe eventually settled in West Germany , with a further 3 million in East Germany . In West Germany these represented a major voting block ; maintaining a strong culture of grievance and victimhood against Soviet Power , pressing for a continued commitment to full German reunification , claiming compensation , pursuing the right of return to lost property in the East , and opposing any recognition of the postwar extension of Poland and the Soviet Union into former German lands . Due to the Cold War rhetoric and successful political machinations of Konrad Adenauer , this block eventually became substantially aligned with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany ; although in practice ' westward - looking ' CDU policies favouring the Atlantic Alliance and the European Union worked against the possibility of achieving the objectives of the expellee population from the east through negotiation with the Soviet Union . But for Adenauer , fostering and encouraging unrealistic demands and uncompromising expectations amongst the expellees would serve his `` Policy of Strength '' by which West Germany contrived to inhibit consideration of unification or a final Peace Treaty until the West was strong enough to face the Soviets on equal terms . Consequently , the Federal Republic in the 1950s adopted much of the symbolism of expellee groups ; especially in appropriating and subverting the terminology and imagery of the Holocaust ; applying this to post-war German experience instead . Eventually in 1990 , following the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany , the unified Germany indeed confirmed in treaties with Poland and the Soviet Union that the transfer of sovereignty over the former German eastern territories in 1945 had been permanent and irreversible ; Germany now undertaking never again to make territorial claims in respect of these lands .
Surrender of Japan
On August 28 , the occupation of Japan led by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began . The surrender ceremony was held on September 2 , aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities . Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war ; however , some isolated soldiers and personnel from Japan 's far - flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards , some even refusing into the 1970s . The role of the atomic bombings in Japan 's unconditional surrender , and the ethics of the two attacks , is still debated . The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28 , 1952 . Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Under Chancellor Adenauer West Germany declared its right to speak for the entire German nation with an exclusive mandate . The Hallstein Doctrine involved non-recognition of East Germany and restricted ( or often ceased ) diplomatic relations with countries that gave East Germany the status of a sovereign state .
Treaty of Versailles
In October 1933 , following the rise of Adolf Hitler and the founding of Nazi regime , Germany withdrew from League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference . In March 1935 , Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open rearmament programme , the official unveiling of the Luftwaffe ( air force ) , and signed the Anglo - German Naval Agreement that allowed a surface fleet 35 % of the size of the Royal Navy . The resulting rearmament programs was allotted 35 billion Reichsmarks over an eight year period .
World War II
Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription .
Axis powers
On 25 July 1943 , following the Allied invasion of Sicily , King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini , placed him under arrest , and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies . An armistice was signed on 8 September 1943 , and Italy joined the Allies as a co-belligerent . On 12 September 1943 , Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak and placed in charge of a puppet state called the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana / RSI , or Repubblica di Salò ) in northern Italy . The war went on for months as the Allies , the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and the partisans contended the Social Republic 's forces and its German allies . Some areas in Northern Italy were liberated from the Germans as late as May , 1945 . Mussolini was killed by Communist partisans on 28 April 1945 while trying to escape to Switzerland . Colonies
History of Germany (1945–90)
Germany was eventually allowed to rearm , but under the auspices of the Western European Union , and later NATO .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The peace between the Allies and Germany was subsequently settled in 1919 , by the Paris Peace Conference , and the Treaty of Versailles that same year .
Soviet Union in World War II
During the early morning of 22 June 1941 , Hitler terminated the pact by launching Operation Barbarossa , the Axis invasion of Soviet - held territories and the Soviet Union that began the war on the Eastern Front . Before the invasion , Stalin thought that Germany would not attack the Soviet Union until Germany had defeated Britain . At the same time , Soviet generals warned Stalin that Germany had concentrated forces on its borders . Two highly placed Soviet spies in Germany , `` Starshina '' and `` Korsikanets '' , had sent dozens of reports to Moscow containing evidence of preparation for a German attack . Further warnings came from Richard Sorge , a Soviet spy in Tokyo working undercover as a German journalist who had penetrated deep into the German Embassy in Tokyo by seducing the wife of General Eugen Ott , the German ambassador to Japan . German
Czechoslovakia
From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded . In 1989 , as Marxist -- Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Reichstag fire
Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor and head of the coalition government on 30 January 1933 . As Chancellor , Hitler asked German President Paul von Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag and call for a new parliamentary election . The date set for the elections was 5 March 1933 . Hitler 's aim was first to acquire a National Socialist majority , to secure his position and to remove the communist opposition . If prompted or desired , the President could remove the Chancellor . Hitler hoped to abolish democracy in a more or less legal fashion , by passing the Enabling Act . The Enabling Act was a special law that gave the Chancellor the power to pass laws by decree , without the involvement of the Reichstag . These special powers would remain in effect for four years , after which time they were eligible to be renewed . Under the Weimar Constitution , the President could rule by decree in times of emergency using Article 48 . The unprecedented element of the Enabling Act was that the Chancellor possessed the powers . An Enabling Act was only supposed to be passed in times of extreme emergency and had only been used once , in 1923 -- 24 when the government used an Enabling Act to end hyperinflation ( see hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ) . To pass an Enabling Act , a party required a vote by a two - thirds majority in the Reichstag . In January 1933 , the Nazis had only 32 % of the seats .
Munich Agreement
On 17 September 1938 Hitler ordered the establishment of Sudetendeutsches Freikorps , a paramilitary organization that took over the structure of Ordnersgruppe , an organization of ethnic - Germans in Czechoslovakia that had been dissolved by the Czechoslovak authorities the previous day due to its implication in large number of terrorist activities . The organization was sheltered , trained and equipped by German authorities and conducting cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory . Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression , Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš and the government - in - exile later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German - Czechoslovak war . This understanding has been assumed also by the contemporary Czech Constitutional court .
History of Germany (1945–90)
In August 1954 the French parliament voted down the treaty that would have established the European Defense Community , a treaty they themselves had proposed in 1950 as a means to contain German revival . France instead focused on another treaty also under development . In May 1950 France had proposed the European Coal and Steel Community with the purpose of ensuring French economic security by perpetuating access to German Ruhr coal , but also to show to the U.S. and the UK that France could come up with constructive solutions , as well as to pacify Germany by making it part of an international project .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops of 1965 was controversial at the time , but is now seen as an important step toward improving relations between the German states and Poland .
Czechoslovakia
Austria 1918 -- 1938 , 1945 -- 1992 Germany ( Both predecessors , West Germany and East Germany , were neighbors between 1949 and 1990 . ) Hungary Poland Romania 1918 -- 1938 Soviet Union 1945 -- 1991 Ukraine 1991 -- 1992
History of Germany (1945–90)
The National Front was an umbrella organization nominally consisting of the SED , four other political parties controlled and directed by the SED , and the four principal mass organizations -- youth , trade unions , women , and culture . However , control was clearly and solely in the hands of the SED . Balloting in East German elections was not secret . As in other Soviet bloc countries , electoral participation was consistently high , as the following results indicate . In October 1950 , a year after the formation of the GDR , 98.53 % of the electorate voted. 99.72 % of the votes were valid and 99.72 % were cast in favor of the ' National Front ' -- the title of the ' coalition ' of the Unity Party plus their associates in other conformist groups . In election after election , the votes cast for the Socialist Unity Party were always over 99 % , and in 1963 , two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed , the support for the S.E.D. was 99.95 % . Only 0.05 % of the electorate opposed the party according to these results , the veracity of which is disputable .
Soviet Union in World War II
On 1 September 1939 , the German invasion of its agreed upon portion of Poland started the Second World War . On 17 September the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland . Eleven days later , the secret protocol of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was modified , allotting Germany a larger part of Poland , while ceding most of Lithuania to the Soviet Union . The Soviet portions lay east of the so - called Curzon Line , an ethnographic frontier between Russia and Poland drawn up by a commission of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . Planned
Cold War
People 's Republic of Albania ( January 11 , 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( September 15 , 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( January 19 , 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( April 13 , 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( May 9 , 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( August 20 , 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( October 7 , 1949 )
Marshall Plan
Even while the Marshall Plan was being implemented , the dismantling of ostensibly German industry continued ; and in 1949 Konrad Adenauer , an opponent to Hitler 's regime and the head of the Christian Democratic Union , wrote to the Allies requesting the end of industrial dismantling , citing the inherent contradiction between encouraging industrial growth and removing factories , and also the unpopularity of the policy . Adenauer had been released from prison , only to discover that the Soviets had effectively divided Europe with Germany divided even further . Support for dismantling was by this time coming predominantly from the French , and the Petersberg Agreement of November 1949 greatly reduced the levels of deindustrialization , though dismantling of minor factories continued until 1951 . The first `` level of industry '' plan , signed by the Allies on March 29 , 1946 , had stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50 % of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 listed manufacturing plants . Marshall Plan played a huge role in post-war recovery for Europe in general . 1948 , conditions were improving , European workers exceeded by 20 percent from the earning from the west side . Thanks to the Plan , during 1952 , it went up 35 percent of the industrial and agricultural .