Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors Designed for Detection of Interleukin 6 Interleukin 6 (IL6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer realtime monitoring of IL6 and facilitate early prognosis of lifethreatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical and fluorescencebased detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signaltonoise ratio, high specificity, ultrasensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.

Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis The impact of malaria on global health has continually prompted the need to develop more effective diagnostic strategies that could overcome deficiencies in accurate and early detection. In this review, we examine the various biosensorbased methods for malaria diagnostic biomarkers, namely; Plasmodium falciparum histidinerich protein 2 (PfHRP2), parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), aldolase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and the biocrystal hemozoin. The models that demonstrate a potential for field application have been discussed, looking at the fabrication and analytical performance characteristics, including (but not exclusively limited to): response time, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and storage stability, which are first summarized in a tabular form and then described in detail. The conclusion summarizes the stateoftheart technologies applied in the field, the current challenges and the emerging prospects for malaria biosensors.