A Decentralized Model for Spatial Data Digital Rights Management The copyright of data is a key point that needs to be solved in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. In this paper, we propose a decentralized digital rights management model of spatial data, which can provide a novel way of solving the existing copyright management problem or other problems in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. An Ethereum smart contract is used in this model to realize spatial data digital rights management function. The InterPlanetary File System is utilized as external data storage for storing spatial data in the decentralized file system to avoid data destruction that is caused by a single point of failure. There is no central server in the model architecture, which has a completely decentralized nature and it makes spatial data rights management not dependent on thirdparty trust institutions. We designed three spatial data copyright management algorithms, developed a prototype system to implement and test the model, used the smart contract security verification tool to check code vulnerabilities, and, finally, discussed the usability, scalability, efficiency, performance, and security of the proposed model. The result indicates that the proposed model not only has diversified functions of copyright management compared with previous studies on the blockchainbased digital rights management, but it can also solve the existing problems in traditional spatial data infrastructure for data sharing due to its characteristics of complete decentralization, mass orientation, immediacy, and high security.

A DualChain Digital Copyright Registration and Transaction System Based on Blockchain Technology. The increasing demand for digital copyright transactions in the big data era causes the emergence of piracy and infringement incidents. The traditional centralized digital copyright protection system based on centralized authority management of authoritative organizations has high registration cost. Blockchain, as a decentralized protocol, has the characteristics of decentralization, anonymity, auditability, security and persistency, which provide a solution to the current problems in the field of digital copyright. Combining with blockchain technology, this paper proposes a digital copyright registration and transaction system with double chain architecture. The blockchain based on digital copyright registration and management chain (RMC) and digital copyright transaction and subscription chain (TSC) can prevent information disclosure and improve the privacy protection by segregating account information and transaction information. Meanwhile, transforming the previous onechain architecture into multiple chains in parallel on the RMC and TSC can reduce the redundant amount of computation, the consensus efficiency and improve the throughput rate. Experimental analysis shows that the system has the advantages of short registration time, high throughput and good scalability.