Improving Collaboration Efficiency in ForkBased Development Forkbased development is a lightweight mechanism that allows developers to collaborate with or without explicit coordination. Although it is easy to use and popular, when developers each create their own fork and develop independently, their contributions are usually not easily visible to others. When the number of forks grows, it becomes very difficult to maintain an overview of what happens in individual forks, which would lead to additional problems and inefficient practices: lost contributions, redundant development, fragmented communities, and so on. Facing the problems mentioned above, we developed two complementary strategies: (1) Identifying existing best practices and suggesting evidencebased interventions for projects that are inefficient; (2) designing new interventions that could improve the awareness of a community using forkbased development, and help developers to detect redundant development to reduce unnecessary effort.

MARBLE: Mining for Boilerplate Code to Identify API Usability Problems Designing usable APIs is critical to developersu0027 productivity and software quality, but is quite difficult. One of the challenges is that anticipating API usability barriers and realworld usage is difficult, due to a lack of automated approaches to mine usability data at scale. In this paper, we focus on one particular grievance that developers repeatedly express in online discussions about APIs: boilerplate code. We investigate what properties make code count as boilerplate, the reasons for boilerplate, and how programmers can reduce the need for it. We then present MARBLE, a novel approach to automatically mine boilerplate code candidates from API client code repositories. MARBLE adapts existing techniques, including an API usage mining algorithm, an AST comparison algorithm, and a graph partitioning algorithm. We evaluate MARBLE with 13 Java APIs, and show that our approach successfully identifies both alreadyknown and new APIrelated boilerplate code instances.