Using Theory of Mind to assess users sense of agency in social chatbots The technological advancements in the field of chatbot research is booming. Despite this, it is still difficult to assess which social characteristics a chatbot needs to have for the user to interact with it as if it had a mind of its own. Review studies have highlighted that the main cause is the low number of research papers dedicated to this question, and the lack of a consistent protocol within the papers that do address it. In the current paper, we suggest the use of a Theory of Mind task to measure the implicit social behaviour users exhibit towards a textbased chatbot. We present preliminary findings suggesting that participants adapt towards this basic chatbot significantly more than when they conduct the task alone (p u003c .017). This task is quick to administer and does not require a second chatbot for comparison, making it an efficient universal task. With it, a database could be built with scores of all existing chatbots, allowing fast and efficient metaanalyses to discover which characteristics make the chatbot appear more u0027humanu0027.

Perception of Social Intelligence in Robots Performing FalseBelief Tasks This study evaluated how a robot demonstrating a Theory of Mind (ToM) influenced human perception of social intelligence and animacy in a humanrobot interaction. Data was gathered through an online survey where participants watched a video depicting a NAO robot either failing or passing the SallyAnne falsebelief task. Participants (N60) were randomly assigned to either the Pass or Fail condition. A Perceived Social Intelligence Survey and the Perceived Intelligence and Animacy subsections of the Godspeed Questionnaire Series (GQS) were used as measures. The GQS was given before viewing the task to measure participant expectations, and again after to test changes in opinion. Our findings show that robots demonstrating ToM significantly increase perceived social intelligence, while robots demonstrating ToM deficiencies are perceived as less socially intelligent.