The Digital Twin as a Service Enabler: From the Service Ecosystem to the Simulation Model This paper investigates the concept of the digital twin as an enabler for smart services in the context of the servitization of manufacturing. In particular, a concept is developed and proposed for the derivation of appropriate simulation models starting from the model of the service ecosystem. To do so, smart industrial services are analyzed from the point of view of their value proposition. Next, the role of the digital twin as an enabler for these services is analyzed and structured in a multilayer architecture. Hybrid simulation approaches are identified as suitable for building simulation models for this architecture. Finally, a procedural endtoend approach for developing a simulation based digital twin departing from the service ecosystem is proposed.

Digital Twins for Industry 4.0 and Beyond Digital twins (DT) and cyberphysical systems (CPS) are two independently developed yet comparable supporting concepts for smart manufacturing, or xe2x80x9cIndustry 4.0xe2x80x9d in a more popular term. Both of their working principle are based on a close interaction between a physical object and its digital counterpart. Such similarity arouses our curiosity on the association between them. The purpose of this study is to highlight the associations between DT and CPS. With the help of coword analysis, we find that the two terms seldom coappear in the literature. Nevertheless, they link to a similar set of enablingtechnology terms although with different weighting on these terms, implying that they are established on a similar set of technologies. We suggest that topics within a field being developed independent of each other in the early stage is a common phenomenon. The two currently separate literature streams are likely to merge into one in the foreseeable future. We also discuss the future prospect of DT. Other than manufacturing, DT has great potential in applications such as health care and ecommerce.