Constrained Matrix Factorization for Course Score Prediction Recommender system is widely used in ecommercial platforms to recommend users suitable items according to usersu0027s preferences. In recent years, an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the application of recommender system in education. There are many online learning systems that can recommend students suitable courses according to studentsu0027 learning performances. However, there are few universities using recommender system to recommend students suitable elective courses. It is generally known that students in higher grade take the courses earlier than those in lower grade. Therefore, the elective course scores of sophomores can be predicted by using the course score information from students of higher grades. However, the unbalanced distribution of courseenrollment data makes it hard to predict the scores of the courses that are in a low selection rate. Therefore, we propose a Constrained Matrix Factorization (ConMF) algorithm to predict sophomoresu0027 elective course scores, which integrates the course average score into the objective function so as to make up the prediction deviation caused by the unbalanced course selection rate and make more accurate prediction than the traditional Matrix Factorization (MF) approach. The experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms the stateoftheart methods in the task of university studentsu0027 course score prediction.

Grade Prediction with Neural Collaborative Filtering Over the past decade low graduation and retention rates has plagued higher education institutions. To assist students in choosing a sequence of courses, choosing majors and successful academic pathways; many institutions provide several onsite academic advising services supported by data driven educational technologies. Accurate performance prediction can serve as the backbone for degree planning software, personalized advising systems and early warning systems that can identify students atrisk of dropping from their field of study. In this work, we present a deep learning based recommender system approach called Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) for predicting the grade a student will earn in a course that heshe plans to take in the nextterm. Prior grade prediction methods are based on matrix factorization (MF) where students and courses are represented in a latent knowledge space. The deep learning inspired approach provides added flexibility in learning the latent spaces in comparison to MF approaches. The proposed approach also incorporates instructor information besides student and course information. Moreover, for proper analysis of the learned model parameters, we assume the embeddings obtained for students, courses and instructors should be nonnegative. This nonnegative NCF model referred by NCFnn model adds a rectified linear units (ReLU) on the embedding layer of NCF. The experimental results on datasets from George Mason University, a large, public university in the United States, demonstrate that the proposed NCF approaches significantly outperform competitive baselines across different test sets.