Airports as Critical Infrastructure: The Role of the TransportationbyAir System for Regional Development and Crisis Management Regional airports constitute an important precondition for supply chains of goods and public services and particularly those of timecritical transports by air. However, common approaches for estimating the effects of airports on the regional economy have overlooked this essential role. This paper analyzes the interconnected role of a regional airport as a hub of critical infrastructure by applying a holistic system perspective to a Swedish case. Departing from a conceptual model, which was developed with soft systems methodology, the analysis provides novel insight into vital societal functions that are interconnected with aviation. Insights from interviews with stakeholders enrich the system model and thus provide suggestions for further developments of economic models that include the value of critical infrastructure for societal resilience.

Beyond connected cars: A systems of systems perspective Abstract   The automotive domain is rapidly changing in the last years. Among the different challenges OEMs (i.e. the vehicle manufacturers) are facing, vehicles are evolving into systems of systems. In fact, over the last years vehicles have evolved from disconnected and xe2x80x9cblindxe2x80x9d systems to systems that are (i) able to sense the surrounding environment and (ii) connected with other vehicles, the city, pedestrians, cyclists, etc. Future transportation systems can be seen as a System of Systems (SoS). In an SoS, constituent systems, i.e. the units that compose an SoS, can act as standalone systems, but their cooperation enables new emerging and promising scenarios. While this trend creates new opportunities, it also poses a risk to compromise key qualities such as safety, security, and privacy.  In this paper we focus on the automotive domain and we investigate how to engineer and architect cars in order to build them as constituents of future transportation systems. Our contribution is an architectural viewpoint for System of Systems, which we demonstrate based on an automotive example. Moreover, we contribute a functional reference architecture for cars as constituents of an SoS. This reference architecture can be considered as an imprinting for the implementations that would be devised in specific projects and contexts. We also point out the necessity for a collaboration among different OEMs and with other relevant stakeholders, such as road authorities and smart cities, to properly engineer systems of systems composed of cars, trucks, roads, pedestrians, etc. This work is realized in the context of two Swedish projects coordinated by Volvo Cars and involving some universities and research centers in Sweden and many suppliers of the OEM, including Autoliv, Arccore, Combitech, Cybercom, Knowit, Prevas, AFTechnology, Semcom, and Qamcom.