Analysis of Factors Influencing Global Carbon Dioxide Emission Characteristics Using Panel Data and Evaluation of Their Impact To examine measures to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions, this research focus on CO_2 emissions per capita that reflects the unique social and economic aspects of each country and the degree of influence of factors affecting CO_2 emissions per capita was evaluated comprehensively and quantitatively by empirical analysis. The analysis employs panel data and was carried out both the world and national groups with similar economic and social characteristics. The result shows that Nominal GDP per capita that indicates one aspect of affluent life and Nominal per primary energy consumption that indicates energy use efficiency have strong influence on the global CO_2 emissions per capita, while the industrial sector composition and average temperature gives no significant effect. In country groups categorized by social and economic characteristics, there are significant effects due to differences in industrial sector composition and average temperature. Aiming for reduction of CO_2 emissions per capita, the country group mainly consist of BRICs must improve productivity in the industry, the group mainly consist of least developed countries should promote the use of the Internet, and group mainly consist of industrialized countries must improve energy efficiency, and the group mainly consist of developed countries are required to promote the introduction of renewable energy and improve heating efficiency.

Modeling Carbon Emission Flow in Multiple Energy Systems Multiple energy systems (MES) bring different types of energy together and are able to improve the energy utilization efficiency and promote the integration of renewable energy. The embedded carbon emission in MES is coupled among the energy flow across different energy systems. The understanding of how the embedded carbon emission should be allocated along with the energy delivery and conversion is significant in the policy making and market design to facilitate the carbon emission reduction. A novel analytical model for carbon emission flow (CEF) in MES is proposed in this paper to quantify the carbon emission associated with the energy delivery and conversion process. First, key indicators and basic principles of CEF are defined. Then, the explicit CEF models for different energy networks, including the power network, gas network and heating network, are established. On the basis of the CEF models of energy converters, the CEF model for an energy hub (EH) is further formulated to analyze the flow of carbon emission across different energy systems during the conversion process. Finally, the procedure of CEF calculation in MES is provided. The case study results based on two systems are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.