External or Internal Cooperation? Patenting Activities and Cooperative Structures in the Chinese ICT Sector Despite abundant studies on patent cooperation, few have carefully studied the structure and modes. Taking advantage of the patents granted by the State Intellectual Property Office of the Peopleu0027s Republic of China from 2007 to 2017, this paper revealed the overall situation of patent cooperation, shedding light on the patent cooperation patterns of listed companies. It shows that the size of patent cooperation network in the ICT industry demonstrates a significantly increasing trend, among which, leaders in the industry have formed their own clusters, with the networks having the smallworld characteristics. Moreover, four structures of patent cooperation are summarized in the paper: (1) Minimum cooperation;(2) External oriented cooperation;(3) Internal oriented cooperation;(4) Compound cooperation.

Investigating Problems of Research and Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Japan Japan is behind the United States in industrialization of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Thus, we must clarify the problems with AI research and development (Ru0026D) in Japan. In the field of technology management, many studies have examined Ru0026D activities using scientific papers or patent data, which represent the output of basic research and applied research, respectively. We attempt to reveal problem with the Ru0026D of AI technology in Japan by analyzing data pertaining to patents and scientific papers, focusing on the linkage between basic and applied research. We demonstrate that Japan is weak in terms of patent clusters with no related to paper clusters. In addition, regarding patent clusters that are related to one or more paper clusters, we demonstrate that Japan has both strengths and weaknesses in these fields. Our findings could provide suggestions for Ru0026D strategy and policy related to AI.