Knowledge management approaches of small and mediumsized firms: a cluster analysis This paper aims to categorise the approaches to knowledge management (KM) by companies. In the literature, there is no consensus on a universal or xe2x80x9cbestxe2x80x9d approach to KM. Especially, this paper singles out and discusses the variegated features that characterise the implementation of KM by small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) having different characteristics.,A cluster analysis was used to detect the possible distinct traits of companies that have different approaches to KM. The unit of analysis is represented by small and mediumsized knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) firms. Data were collected by means of an extensive survey of 223 companies in different European countries and sectors.,Three clusters were identified: Companies showing a relative xe2x80x9cunconsciousxe2x80x9d attention to KM and implementing KM practices without particular awareness; Companies adopting a more conscious approach and using a significant number of KM practices; and companies with a marginal propensity towards KM.,This study considers only KIBS, and future research should include other economic sectors. In addition, a convenience sample was used.,This paper improves awareness of managers of small companies concerning different KM approaches that can be adopted. It highlights that a conscious adoption of a KM strategy involves the introduction of a set of consistent practices.,The topic of KM approaches by small companies is still underdeveloped in the literature. Also, the paper proposes a multicontextual investigation that makes it possible to highlight the transversality of KM approaches across different countries or sectors.

Practical Approach of Knowledge Management in Medical Science. Knowledge organization, infrastructure, and knowledgebased activities are all subjects that help in the creation of business strategies for the new enterprise. In this paper, the first basics of knowledgebased systems are studied. Practical issues and challenges of Knowledge Management (KM) implementations are then illustrated. Finally, a comparison of different knowledgebased projects is presented along with abstracted information on their implementation, techniques, and results. Most of these projects are in the field of medical science. Based on our study and evaluation of different KM projects, we conclude that KM is being used in every science, industry, and business. But its importance in medical science and assisted living projects are highlighted nowadays with the most of research institutes. Most medical centers are interested in using knowledgebased services like portals and learning techniques of knowledge for their future innovations and supports.