ApplicationAware Consensus Management for SoftwareDefined Intelligent Blockchain in IoT Currently, IoT has become an important carrier of blockchains, which not only makes blockchain more ubiquitous but also improves the security of IoT. Consensus is the core component of blockchains with various forms, which raises the following challenges. Dynamic management and configuration of the consensuses in a blockchain are required because IoT applications have high dynamics. Moreover, an IoT node is usually reutilized by various applications in different blockchains, which means the IoT node should be switched frequently to cross consensuses in different blockchains. To address this, a softwaredefined blockchain architecture is proposed to realized the dynamic configurations for blockchains. Then a consensus function virtualization approach with applicationaware work flow is proposed, which can abstract and manage various consensus resources. Next, a transferlearningbased intelligent scheme is designed to implement the application layer packet analysis and perform the efficient management of virtualized consensus resources. Experiment results indicate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. This work is significant in enhancing the flexibility and extendibility of blockchains in IoT.

The Best of Both Worlds: A General Architecture for Data Management in Blockchainenabled InternetofThings The rapid proliferation of InternetofThings (IoT) devices has brought great challenges of data management, i.e., storing, retrieving and manipulating a large volume of IoT data. Conventional IoT systems rely on centralized architectures to manage IoT data, hence suffering from limited scalability, lack of transparency, and single point of failure issues. As such, we employ blockchain as a distributed ledger to support the decentralized approach of data management in IoT systems, where IoT data are stored in the deployed blockchain for further utilization, e.g., retrieve and audit. A general architecture combining blockchain and IoT systems is presented. Nevertheless, as the resource constraints of IoT devices may still exist during the process of data transmissions from IoT devices to the blockchain network, we propose a case study of a learningassisted resource allocation method to support intelligent data management. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves superior performance compared with baseline solutions.