Investigating Problems of Research and Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Japan Japan is behind the United States in industrialization of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Thus, we must clarify the problems with AI research and development (Ru0026D) in Japan. In the field of technology management, many studies have examined Ru0026D activities using scientific papers or patent data, which represent the output of basic research and applied research, respectively. We attempt to reveal problem with the Ru0026D of AI technology in Japan by analyzing data pertaining to patents and scientific papers, focusing on the linkage between basic and applied research. We demonstrate that Japan is weak in terms of patent clusters with no related to paper clusters. In addition, regarding patent clusters that are related to one or more paper clusters, we demonstrate that Japan has both strengths and weaknesses in these fields. Our findings could provide suggestions for Ru0026D strategy and policy related to AI.

Technological innovation and the formation of Japanese technology: the case of the machine tool industry This paper focuses on how xe2x80x9cJapanese technologyxe2x80x9d was formed in the Japanese machine tool industry, and presents how Japanese machine tool builders competed in Ru0026D and the innovation process in the domestic and international markets. During the competition for the innovation of computerised numericallycontrolled (CNC) tools, drastic changes occurred in the ranking of individual firms. Prior to the transformation, the traditional xe2x80x9cBig 5xe2x80x9d companies occupied the largest market share. After the innovation, however, the xe2x80x9cBig 3xe2x80x9d firms which had not been big in size at their origins increased their market share. This paper explains how this change stemmed from different attitudes towards Ru0026D and innovation.