Reengineering approach to build domain ontologies Building ontology is changing from being an art to be a science. There are many attempts to reengineer the process of building ontology 4, to categorize the applications that use ontology for better understanding 23, to study the common features of wellknown existing ontologies 18, to provide environment and tools for ontology development 5, and to provide theoretical foundations for ontology 10. In our experience of building ontologicalbase tendering system 15, we face the problem of building ontology. From these efforts and from our experience we demonstrate how to build ontologies for tendering process domain using conceptual graphs. Instead of reinventing the wheel, we reverse engineer EDI structures to build abstract ontology for tendering structures. Also, we use datamining techniques to build abstract domain ontology from existing online catalogs.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems Development: A Systematic Review Computational ontologies are machineprocessable structures which represent particular domains of interest. They integrate knowledge which can be used by humans or machines for decision making and problem solving. The main aim of this systematic review is to investigate the role of formal ontologies in information systems development, i.e., how these graphsbased structures can be beneficial during the analysis and design of the information systems. Specific online databases were used to identify studies focused on the interconnections between ontologies and systems engineering. Onehundred eightyseven studies were found during the first phase of the investigation. Twentyseven studies were examined after the elimination of duplicate and irrelevant documents. Mind mapping was substantially helpful in organising the basic ideas and in identifying five thematic groups that show the main roles of formal ontologies in information systems development. Formal ontologies are mainly used in the interoperability of information systems, human resource management, domain knowledge representation, the involvement of semantics in unified modelling language (UML)based modelling, and the management of programming code and documentation. We explain the main ideas in the reviewed studies and suggest possible extensions to this research.