Benchmarking the Metabolism of European Union Countries to Promote the Continuous Improvement of Service Ecosystems In recent decades, the concept of urban metabolism has been widely applied at different scales. This paper proposes an optimization model, based on Data Envelopment Analysis, for the evaluation and benchmarking of countriesxe2x80x99 metabolism. The EU28 countries are analyzed based on economic and environmental indicators, including the resources consumed (energy and materials) and environmental pressures (GHG emissions and waste) associated with the valueadded from the economic activities. The empirical results produced a ranking of countriesxe2x80x99 based on their metabolic performance underlying the creation of wealth, along with the targets for the countries with lower metabolic performance. This new metabolic approach is a contribution to the design of policies for the promotion of sustainable and resilient services.

Model compendium, data, and optimization benchmarks for sectorcoupled energy systems Abstract   Decarbonization and defossilization of energy supply as well as increasing decentralization of energy generation necessitate the development of efficient strategies for design and operation of sectorcoupled energy systems. Today, design and operation of process and energy systems rely on powerful numerical methods, in particular, optimization methods. The development of such methods benefits from reproducible benchmarks including transparent model equations and complete input data sets. However, to the authorsxe2x80x99 best knowledge and with respect to design and optimal control of sectorcoupled energy systems, there is a lack of available benchmarks. Hence, this article provides a model compendium, exemplary realistic data sets, as well as two case studies (i.e., optimization benchmarks) for an industrialresearch campus in an opensource description. The compendium includes stationary, quasistationary, and dynamic models for typical components as well as linearization schemes relevant for optimization of design, operation, and control of sectorcoupled energy systems.