Minimum Energy Consumption Braking Torque Distribution Scheme Based on STA SecondOrder Sliding Mode Controller A fourwheeldrive electric vehicle has a regenerative braking function, and its braking stability changes while recovering part of the braking energy. In order to ensure safe braking distance and improve energy recovery efficiency, the motor model and battery charging model were established, and the energy consumption function was formulated, moreover braking force plane was divided into four quadrants, and a minimum energy consumption braking torque distribution scheme based on STA secondorder sliding mode controller (hereinafter referred to as STAMECBTD) is proposed and the cosimulation of Simulink and Carsim is adopted. The results show that both the Icurve and the ECE regulations curve (hereinafter referred to as ECEcurve) canxe2x80x99t balance the braking stability and energy recovery efficiency. The proposed scheme has a good comprehensive performance, which can quickly respond to driver demand and improve energy recovery efficiency.

Analysis and Implementation of Novel Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles Efficiency of powertrains and usable energy of energy storage systems are critical to the recharge mileage of electric vehicles. The lithium ion battery is not an ideal voltage source, because the impedance of the battery has higher energy consumption while outputting high current to electric motors, which will decrease recharge mileages and lifespan of the battery. The connectingswitching strategy of the battery module, i.e. the energy storage transmission model, could be a potential resolution for decreasing the Crate and impedance. The operation concept is working like a transmission gearbox to match the impedance. Interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) have been employed via the approach of maximum torque per ampere for improving the efficiency. The result of hardwareintheloop simulation on the proposed approach shows that the averaged Crate and energy consumption can be improved.