How Patent Protection Policies and Collectivism Culture Together Impact National Innovation In order to disclose the impacting mechanisms of patent protection policies and collectivism on innovation, this study collected data from different sources for 26 countries, analyzed the main effect and the interactive effect of patent policies index of 2010 and collectivism culture of different kinds and sources on the innovation process and performance presented by different index from 2010xe2x80x932012, containing innovation input, innovation output, GIl and GCI. There are some interesting results. This study confirms the specific effect of patent protection policy on innovation and the extensive effect of culture on innovation and comprehensive competitiveness. Besides, it reveals the negative moderating effect of the practice dimension of institution collectivism as well as positive moderating effect of the value dimension of ingroup collectivism on the impact of patent policies on innovation.

External or Internal Cooperation? Patenting Activities and Cooperative Structures in the Chinese ICT Sector Despite abundant studies on patent cooperation, few have carefully studied the structure and modes. Taking advantage of the patents granted by the State Intellectual Property Office of the Peopleu0027s Republic of China from 2007 to 2017, this paper revealed the overall situation of patent cooperation, shedding light on the patent cooperation patterns of listed companies. It shows that the size of patent cooperation network in the ICT industry demonstrates a significantly increasing trend, among which, leaders in the industry have formed their own clusters, with the networks having the smallworld characteristics. Moreover, four structures of patent cooperation are summarized in the paper: (1) Minimum cooperation;(2) External oriented cooperation;(3) Internal oriented cooperation;(4) Compound cooperation.