An enhanced spatiotemporal fusion method xe2x80x93 Implications for coal fire monitoring using satellite imagery Abstract   Many realworld applications require remotely sensed images at both high spatial and temporal resolutions. This requirement, however, is generally not met by single satellite system. A number of spatiotemporal fusion models have been developed to overcome this constraint. Landsat and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data have been extensively used for detection and monitoring of active fires at different scales. Fusing the data obtained from these sensors will, therefore, significantly contribute to the satellitebased monitoring of fires. Among the available spatiotemporal fusion methods, the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) and enhanced STARFM (ESTARFM) algorithms have been widely used for studying the land surface dynamics in the homogeneous and heterogeneous regions. The present study explores the applicability of STARFM and ESTARFM algorithms for fusing the high spatial resolution Landsat8 OLI data with high temporal resolution VIIRS data in the context of active surface coal fire monitoring. Further, a modified version of ESTARFM algorithm, referred as modifiedESTARFM, is developed to improve the performance of the fusion model. Jharia coalfield (India), known for widespread occurrences of coal fires, is taken as the study area. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of the predicted (synthetic) Landsatlike images from different algorithms (STARFM, modifiedSTARFM, ESTARFM, modifiedESTARFM) indicate that the modifiedESTARFM outperforms the other fusion approaches used in this study. Considering the advantages, limitations and performance of the algorithms used, modifiedESTARFM along with STARFM can be used for surface coal fire monitoring. The study will not only contribute to remote sensing based coal fire studies but also to other applications, such as forest fires, crop residue burning, land cover and land use change, vegetation phenology, etc.

Spectral unmixing based spatiotemporal downscaling fusion approach Abstract   Timeseries remote sensing data are important in monitoring land surface dynamics. Due to technical limitations, satellite sensors have a tradeoff between temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions when acquiring remote sensing images. In order to obtain remote sensing images with high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency, spatiotemporal fusion methods have been developed. In this paper, we propose a Linear Spectral Unmixingbased Spatiotemporal Data Fusion Model (LSUSDFM) for spatial and temporal data fusion. In this model, the endmember abundance of the lowresolution image pixel is calculated based on that of the highresolution image by the spectral mixture analysis. The endmember spectrum signals of lowresolution images are then calculated continuously within an optimized moving window. Subsequently, the fused image is reconstructed according to the endmember spectrum and its corresponding abundance map. A simulated dataset and real satellite images are used to test the fusion model, and the fusion results are compared with a current spectral unmixing based downscaling fusion model (SUDFM). Our experimental work shows that, compared to the SUDFM, the proposed LSUSDFM can achieve better quality and accuracy of fused images, especially in effectively eliminating the xe2x80x9cplaquexe2x80x9d phenomenon in the results by the SUDFM. The LSUSDFM has great potential in generating images with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency, as well as increasing the number of spectral bands of the high spatial resolution data.