Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea This paper presents a model of upwelling radiation above the seawater surface in the event of a threat of dispersed oil. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate a large number of solar photons in the water, eventually obtaining values of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Analyses were performed for the optical properties of seawater characteristic for the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea). The case of seawater contaminated by dispersed oil at a concentration of 10 ppm was also discussed for different wind speeds. Two types of oils with extremely different optical properties (refraction and absorption coefficients) were taken into account for consideration. The optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients and angular light scattering distribution) of the oilinwater dispersion system were determined using the Mie theory. The spectral index for oil detection in seawater for different wind conditions was determined based on the results obtained for reflectance at selected wavelengths in the range 412xe2x80x93676 nm. The determined spectral index for seawater free of oil achieves higher values for seawater contaminated by oil. The analysis of the values of the spectral indices calculated for 28 combinations of wavelengths was used to identify the most universal spectral index of Rrs for 555 nm440 nm for dispersed oil detection using any optical parameters.

Geometrical Properties of Spilled Oil on Seawater Detected Using a LiDAR Sensor We report on a smallsize light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor, which offers the possibility of being used in the field during oil spill incidents. In the present study, we develop an algorithm that can distinguish between seawater and oil through the use of a laser at 905xe2x80x89nm wavelength. We investigate the ability of the sensor to detect three different oil types (light crude, bunker A, and bunker C) through experiments and analyze the differences between the types and volumes of spilled oil (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 50xe2x80x89mL). The results showed that our algorithm for detecting oil spills over seawater was successful: the LiDAR sensor was able to detect different oil types and volumes. Spilled oil area coverage ranged by more than 50% of the detected area, and the viscosity of bunker C oil reached up to 73%. In addition, the experimental oil spills were mainly formed of oil films of 1xe2x80x89mm and 2xe2x80x89mm thicknesses, which confirmed geometrical properties. Followup research should further investigate the characteristics of oil slick thickness measured by the LiDAR system and undertake field tests to assess the feasibility of using the LiDAR system in pollution incidents.