Use of Smartphones for Ensuring Vulnerable Road User Safety through Path Prediction and Early Warning: An InDepth Review of Capabilities, Limitations and Their Applications in Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems The field of cooperative intelligent transport systems and more specifically pedestrians to vehicles could be characterized as quite challenging, since there is a broad research area to be studied, with direct positive results to society. Pedestrians to vehicles is a type of cooperative intelligent transport system, within the group of early warning collisionsafety system. In this article, we examine the research and applications carried out so far within the field of pedestrians to vehicles cooperative transport systems by leveraging the information coming from vulnerable road usersxe2x80x99 smartphones. Moreover, an extensive literature review has been carried out in the fields of vulnerable road users outdoor localisation via smartphones and vulnerable road users next stepmovement prediction, which are closely related to pedestrian to vehicle applications and research. We identify gaps that exist in these fields that could be improvedextendedenhanced or newly developed, while we address future research objectives and methodologies that could support the improvementdevelopment of those identified gaps.

CooperativeIntelligent Transport Systems for Vulnerable Road Users Safety CooperativeIntelligent Transport Systems (CITS) are one of the flagships of new coming automotive and communication industries. Mobility needs to be safer and more efficient and CITS are the key for this new era. On the one hand, organizations like ETSI, IEEE, SAE, 3GPP or ISO are developing the standards for the new technologies and protocols and, on the other, manufacturers and operators are deploying and testing their first pilots. In this paper, we present a pilot developed by a group of stakeholders, in which vehicles will alert drivers of potential collisions with vulnerable road users riding bicycles. It is a multidisciplinary project where there are different architecture components: CITS stations integrated in vehicles, vehicles provided with digital cockpits that show warning messages to the driver, lowcost CITS stations attached to bicycles which are equipped with a high precision location system based on the fusion of different information sources as GPS, inertial sensors and Ultra Wide Band ranging and finally communication between CITS stations is provided by a network that supports low delay CV2X communications with a Multiaccess Edge Computing which takes routing decisions.