Reducing human effort in engineering drawing validation Oil u0026 Gas facilities are extremely huge and have complex industrial structures that are documented using thousands of printed sheets. During the last years, it has been a tendency to migrate these paper sheets towards a digital environment, with the final end of regenerating the original computeraided design (CAD) projects which are useful to visualise and analyse these facilities through diverse computer applications. Usually, this was done manually by resketching each page using CAD applications. Nevertheless, some applications have appeared which generate the CAD document automatically given the paper sheets. In this last case, the final document is always verified by an engineer due to the need of being a zeroerror process. Since the need of an engineer is absolutely accepted, we present a new method to reduce the required engineer working time. This is done by highlighting the digitised components in the CAD document that the automatic method could have incorrectly identified. Thus, the engineer is required only to look at these components. The experimental section shows our method achieves a reduction of approximately 40% of the human effort keeping a zeroerror process.

Defining Effort Indicators to Retrospectively Assess Engineering Change Information The engineering change management becomes increasingly important in modern product development. Since the amount of changes, the complexity as well as the cost of engineering changes increases due to the complexity of technical systems, an efficient handling of changes is crucial. Hence, a systematic approach to investigate the engineering change management regarding the effort distribution within the technical system allows to increase transparency for optimizing the change handling. This paper therefore introduces effort indicators to investigate a technical system regarding its proneness to change effort. Hence, it defines indicators which enable an assessment of engineering change effort. Furthermore, it describes an approach to calculate the indicators based on past engineering change data by using network analysis.