Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Based on a Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer Wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes are devices with limited power, and rational utilization of node energy and prolonging the network lifetime are the main objectives of the WSNxe2x80x99s routing protocol. However, irrational considerations of heterogeneity of node energy will lead to an energy imbalance between nodes in heterogeneous WSNs (HWSNs). Therefore, in this paper, a routing protocol for HWSNs based on the modified grey wolf optimizer (HMGWO) is proposed. First, the protocol selects the appropriate initial clusters by defining different fitness functions for heterogeneous energy nodes; the nodesxe2x80x99 fitness values are then calculated and treated as initial weights in the GWO. At the same time, the weights are dynamically updated according to the distance between the wolves and their prey and coefficient vectors to improve the GWOxe2x80x99s optimization ability and ensure the selection of the optimal cluster heads (CHs). The experimental results indicate that the network lifecycle of the HMGWO protocol improves by 55.7%, 31.9%, 46.3%, and 27.0%, respectively, compared with the stable election protocol (SEP), distributed energyefficient clustering algorithm (DEEC), modified SEP (MSEP), and fitnessvaluebased improved GWO (FIGWO) protocols. In terms of the power consumption and network throughput, the HMGWO is also superior to other protocols.

An optimal clustering algorithm based distanceaware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) consist of low power devices that are deployed at different geographical isolated areas to monitor physical event. Sensors are arranged in clusters. Each cluster assigns a specific and vital node which is known as a cluster head (CH). Each CH collects the useful information from its sensor member to be transmitted to a sink or Base Station (BS). Sensor have implemented with limited batteries (1.5V) that cannot have replaced. To resolve this issue and improve network stability, the proposed scheme adjust the transmission range between CHs and their members. The proposed approach is evaluated via simulation experiments and compared with some references existing algorithms. Our protocol seemed improved performance in terms of extended lifetime and achieved more than 35% improvements in terms of energy consumption