Shared Vision, Common Action:
A Stronger Europe
A Global Strategy for the
European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy

Shared Vision, Common Action:
A Stronger Europe
A Global Strategy for the
European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy

June 2016

Contents

Foreword by Federica Mogherini

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Executive Summary

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A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and
Security Policy: “Shared Vision, Common Action:
A Stronger Europe”

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1. A Global Strategy to Promote our Citizens’ Interests
2. The Principles Guiding our External Action
3. The Priorities of our External Action
3.1 The Security of Our Union
		
		
3.2 State and Societal Resilience to our East and South
3.3 An Integrated Approach to Conflicts and Crises
		
3.4 Cooperative Regional Orders
		
3.5 Global Governance for the 21st Century
4. From Vision to Action

Acknowledgements

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European Union Global Strategy

Foreword by Federica Mogherini
High Representative
of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
Vice-President of the European Commission

The purpose, even existence, of our Union is being questioned. Yet, our
citizens and the world need a strong European Union like never before. Our
wider region has become more unstable and more insecure. The crises
within and beyond our borders are affecting directly our citizens’ lives. In
challenging times, a strong Union is one that thinks strategically, shares a
vision and acts together. This is even more true after the British referendum.
We will indeed have to rethink the way our Union works, but we perfectly
know what to work for. We know what our principles, our interests and our
priorities are. This is no time for uncertainty: our Union needs a Strategy.
We need a shared vision, and common action.
None of our countries has the strength nor the resources to address these
threats and seize the opportunities of our time alone. But as a Union of
almost half a billion citizens, our potential is unparalleled. Our diplomatic
network runs wide and deep in all corners of the globe. Economically,
we are in the world’s G3. We are the first trading partner and the first
foreign investor for almost every country in the globe. Together we invest
more in development cooperation than the rest of the world combined. It
is also clear, though, that we are not making full use of this potential yet. A
vast majority of our citizens understands that we need to collectively take
responsibility for our role in the world. And wherever I travel, our
partners expect the European Union to play a major role, including as a
global security provider. We will deliver on our citizens’ needs and make our
partnerships work only if we act together, united. This is exactly the aim of
the Global Strategy for European Foreign and Security Policy.

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European Union Global Strategy

“Global” is not just intended in a geographical sense: it also refers to the
wide array of policies and instruments the Strategy promotes. It focuses
on military capabilities and anti-terrorism as much as on job opportunities,
inclusive societies and human rights. It deals with peace-building and the
resilience of States and societies, in and around Europe. The European
Union has always prided itself on its soft power – and it will keep doing
so, because we are the best in this field. However, the idea that Europe is
an exclusively “civilian power” does not do justice to an evolving reality.
For instance, the European Union currently deploys seventeen military and
civilian operations, with thousands of men and women serving under the
European flag for peace and security – our own security, and our partners’.
For Europe, soft and hard power go hand in hand.
The Strategy nurtures the ambition of strategic autonomy for the
European Union. This is necessary to promote the common interests of
our citizens, as well as our principles and values. Yet we know that such
priorities are best served when we are not alone. And they are best
served in an international system based on rules and on multilateralism.
This is no time for global policemen and lone warriors. Our foreign and
security policy has to handle global pressures and local dynamics, it has to
cope with super-powers as well as with increasingly fractured identities.
Our Union will work to strengthen our partners: We will keep deepening
the transatlantic bond and our partnership with NATO, while we will also
connect to new players and explore new formats. We will invest in regional
orders, and in cooperation among and within regions. And we will promote
reformed global governance, one that can meet the challenges of this 21st
century. We will engage in a practical and principled way, sharing global
responsibilities with our partners and contributing to their strengths.
We have learnt the lesson: my neighbour’s and my partner’s weaknesses
are my own weaknesses. So we will invest in win-win solutions, and move
beyond the illusion that international politics can be a zero-sum game.
All of this will make each of our Member States – and each citizen of our
Union – better off. All these goals can only be achieved by a truly united and
committed Europe. Joining all our cultures together to achieve our shared
goals and serve our common interests is a daily challenge, but it is also our
greatest strength: diversity is what makes us strong.
Yes, our interests are indeed common European interests: the only way
to serve them is by common means. This is why we have a collective
responsibility to make our Union a stronger Union. The people of Europe

European Union Global Strategy

05

need unity of purpose among our Member States, and unity in action
across our policies. A fragile world calls for a more confident and
responsible European Union, it calls for an outward- and forward-looking
European foreign and security policy. This Global Strategy will guide
us in our daily work towards a Union that truly meets its citizens’ needs,
hopes and aspirations; a Union that builds on the success of 70 years of
peace; a Union with the strength to contribute to peace and security in our
region and in the whole world.

Federica Mogherini

European Union Global Strategy

Executive Summary

We need a stronger Europe. This is what our citizens deserve, this is what
the wider world expects.
We live in times of existential crisis, within and beyond the European
Union. Our Union is under threat. Our European project, which has brought
unprecedented peace, prosperity and democracy, is being questioned. To
the east, the European security order has been violated, while terrorism
and violence plague North Africa and the Middle East, as well as Europe
itself. Economic growth is yet to outpace demography in parts of Africa,
security tensions in Asia are mounting, while climate change causes further
disruption. Yet these are also times of extraordinary opportunity. Global
growth, mobility, and technological progress – alongside our deepening
partnerships – enable us to thrive, and allow ever more people to escape
poverty and live longer and freer lives. We will navigate this difficult, more
connected, contested and complex world guided by our shared interests,
principles and priorities. Grounded in the values enshrined in the Treaties
and building on our many strengths and historic achievements, we will stand
united in building a stronger Union, playing its collective role in the world.

1. Our Shared Interests and Principles
The European Union will promote peace and guarantee the security of
its citizens and territory. Internal and external security are ever more
intertwined: our security at home depends on peace beyond our borders.

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European Union Global Strategy

The EU will advance the prosperity of its people. Prosperity must be
shared and requires fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goalsworldwide,
including in Europe. A prosperous Union also hinges on an open and fair
international economic system and sustainable access to the global
commons. The EU will foster the resilience of its democracies. Consistently
living up to our values will determine our external credibility and influence.
The EU will promote a rules-based global order. We have an interest in
promoting agreed rules to provide global public goods and contribute to a
peacefuland sustainable world. The EU will promote a rules-based global
order with multilateralism as its key principle and the United Nations at its
core.
We will be guided by clear principles. These stem as much from a
realistic assessment of the current strategic environment as from an
idealistic aspiration to advance a better world. Principled pragmatism will
guide our external action in the years ahead.
In a more complex world, we must stand united. Only the combined
weight of a true union has the potential to deliver security, prosperity and
democracy to its citizens and make a positive difference in the world.
In a more connected world, the EU will engage with others. The Union
cannot pull up a drawbridge to ward off external threats. To promote the
security and prosperity of our citizens and to safeguard our democracies,
we will manage interdependence, with all the opportunities, challenges
and fears it brings about, by engaging the wider world.
In a more contested world, the EU will be guided by a strong sense of
responsibility. We will engage responsibly across Europe and the
surrounding regions to the east and south. We will act globally to
address the root causes of conflict and poverty, and to promote human
rights.
The EU will be a responsible global stakeholder, but responsibility must
be shared. Responsibility goes hand in hand with revamping our external
partnerships. In the pursuit of our goals, we will reach out to states,
regional bodies and international organisations. We will work with core
partners, like-minded countries and regional groupings. We will deepen our
partnerships with civil society and the private sector as key players in a
networked world.

European Union Global Strategy

2. The Priorities of our External Action
To promote our shared interests, adhering to clear principles, the EU will
pursue five priorities.
The Security of our Union. The EU Global Strategy starts at home. Our
Union has enabled citizens to enjoy unprecedented security, democracy
and prosperity. Yet today terrorism, hybrid threats, economic volatility,
climate change and energy insecurity endanger our people and territory.
An appropriate level of ambition and strategic autonomy is important
for Europe’s ability to promote peace and security within and beyond its
borders. We will therefore enhance our efforts on defence, cyber,
counterterrorism, energy and strategic communications. Member States
must translate their commitments to mutual assistance and solidarity
enshrined in the Treaties into action. The EU will step up its contribution to
Europe’s collective security, working closely with its partners, beginning
with NATO.
State and Societal Resilience to our East and South. It is in the interests
of our citizens to invest in the resilience of states and societies to the
east stretching into Central Asia, and to the south down to Central Africa.
Under the current EU enlargement policy, a credible accession process
grounded in strict and fair conditionality is vital to enhance the resilience
of countries in the Western Balkans and of Turkey. Under the European
Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), many people wish to build closer relations
with the Union: our enduring power of attraction can spur transformation
in these countries. But resilience is also a priority in other countries
within and beyond the ENP. The EU will support different paths to resilience,
targeting the most acute cases of governmental, economic, societal and
climate/energy fragility, as well as develop more effective migration
policies for Europe and its partners.
An Integrated Approach to Conflicts. When violent conflicts erupt, our
shared vital interests are threatened. The EU will engage in a practical
and principled way in peacebuilding, and foster human security through
an integrated approach. Implementing the ‘comprehensive approach
to conflicts and crises’ through a coherent use of all policies at the EU’s
disposal is essential. But the meaning and scope of the ‘comprehensive
approach’ will be expanded. The EU will act at all stages of the conflict
cycle, acting promptly on prevention, responding responsibly and decisively
to crises, investing in stabilisation, and avoiding premature disengagement

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European Union Global Strategy

10

when a new crisis erupts. The EU will act at different levels of governance:
conflicts such as those in Syria and Libya have local, national, regional
and global dimensions which must be addressed. Finally, none of these
conflicts can be solved by us alone. Sustainable peace can only be achieved
through comprehensive agreements rooted in broad, deep and durable
regional and international partnerships, which the EU will foster and
support.
Cooperative Regional Orders. In a world caught between global
pressures and local pushback, regional dynamics come to the fore.
Voluntary forms of regional governance offer states and peoples the
opportunity to better manage security concerns, reap the economic gains
of globalisation, express more fully cultures and identities, and project
influence in world affairs. This is a fundamental rationale for the EU’s own
peace and development in the 21st century, and this is why we will support
cooperative regional orders worldwide. In different regions – in Europe; in
the Mediterranean, Middle East and Africa; across the Atlantic, both north
and south; in Asia; and in the Arctic – the EU will be driven by specific goals.
Global Governance for the 21st Century. The EU is committed to a global
order based on international law, which ensures human rights, sustainable
development and lasting access to the global commons. This commitment
translates into an aspiration to transform rather than to simply preserve
the existing system. The EU will strive for a strong UN as the bedrock of the
multilateral rules-based order, and develop globally coordinated responses
with international and regional organisations, states and non-state actors.

3. From Vision to Action
We will pursue our priorities by mobilising our unparalleled networks, our
economic weight and all the tools at our disposal in a coherent way. To
fulfil our goals, we must collectively invest in a credible, responsive and
joined-up Union.
A Credible Union. To engage responsibly with the world, credibility is
vital. The EU’s credibility hinges on our unity, on our many achievements,
our enduring power of attraction, the effectiveness and consistency of
our policies, and adherence to our values. A stronger Union also requires
investing in all dimensions of foreign policy. In particular, investment
in security and defence is a matter of urgency. Full spectrum defence

European Union Global Strategy

capabilities are necessary to respond to external crises, build our partners’
capacities, and to guarantee Europe’s safety. Member States remain
sovereign in their defence decisions: nevertheless, to acquire and maintain
many of these capabilities, defence cooperation must become the norm.
The EU will systematically encourage defence cooperation and strive to
create a solid European defence industry, which is critical for Europe’s
autonomy of decision and action.
A Responsive Union. Our diplomatic action must be fully grounded in the
Lisbon Treaty. The Common Security and Defence Policy must become
more responsive. Enhanced cooperation between Member States should be
explored, and might lead to a more structured form of cooperation, making
full use of the Lisbon Treaty’s potential. Development policy also needs to
become more flexible and aligned with our strategic priorities.

A Joined-up Union. We must become more joined up across our external
policies, between Member States and EU institutions, and between the
internal and external dimensions of our policies. This is particularly relevant
to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, migration,
and security, notably counter-terrorism. We must also systematically
mainstream human rights and gender issues across policy sectors and
institutions.
This Strategy is underpinned by the vision of and ambition for a stronger
Union, willing and able to make a positive difference in the world. Our
citizens deserve a true Union, which promotes our shared interests by
engaging responsibly and in partnership with others. It is now up to us to
translate this into action.

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Shared Vision, Common Action:
A Stronger Europe
A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy

We need a stronger Europe. This is what our citizens deserve, this is what
the wider world expects. We live in times of existential crisis, within and
beyond the European Union. Our Union is under threat. Our European project,
which has brought unprecedented peace, prosperity and democracy, is being
questioned. To the east, the European security order has been violated, while
terrorism and violence plague North Africa and the Middle East, as well as
Europe itself. Economic growth is yet to outpace demography in parts of
Africa, security tensions in Asia are mounting, while climate change causes
further disruption. Yet these are also times of extraordinary opportunity.
Global growth, mobility, and technological progress – alongside our deepening
partnerships – enable us to thrive, and allow ever more people to escape
poverty and live longer and freer lives. We will navigate this difficult, more
connected, contested and complex world guided by our shared interests,
principles and priorities. Grounded in the values enshrined in the Treaties
and building on our many strengths and historic achievements, we will stand
united in building a stronger Union, playing its collective role in the world.

1. A Global Strategy to Promote our Citizens’ Interests
Our interests and values go hand in hand. We have an interest in promoting our
values in the world. At the same time, our fundamental values are embedded
in our interests. Peace and security, prosperity, democracy and a rules-based
global order are the vital interests underpinning our external action.

European Union Global Strategy

14

“Our interests and values go hand in hand. We
have an interest in promoting our values in the
world. At the same time, our fundamental values
are embedded in our interests.”
Peace and Security
The European Union will promote peace and guarantee the security of its
citizens and territory. This means that Europeans, working with partners,
must have the necessary capabilities to defend themselves and live up to their
commitments to mutual assistance and solidarity enshrined in the Treaties.

“Europeans, working with partners, must have
the necessary capabilities to defend themselves
and live up to their commitments to mutual
assistance and solidarity enshrined in the
Treaties. Internal and external security are ever
more intertwined: our security at home entails a
parallel interest in peace in our neighbouring and
surrounding regions.”
Internal and external security are ever more intertwined: our security
at home entails a parallel interest in peace in our neighbouring and
surrounding regions. It implies a broader interest in preventing conflict,
promoting human security, addressing the root causes of instability and
working towards a safer world.
Prosperity
The EU will advance the prosperity of its people. This means promoting
growth, jobs, equality, and a safe and healthy environment. While a
prosperous Union is the basis for a stronger Europe in the world, prosperity
must be shared and requires fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) worldwide, including in Europe. Furthermore, with most world
growth expected to take place outside the EU in near future, trade and
investment will increasingly underpin our prosperity: a prosperous Union

European Union Global Strategy

hinges on a strong internal market and an open international economic
system. We have an interest in fair and open markets, in shaping global
economic and environmental rules, and in sustainable access to the global
commons through open sea, land, air and space routes. In view of the digital
revolution, our prosperity also depends on the free flow of information and
global value chains facilitated by a free and secure Internet.
Democracy
The EU will foster the resilience of its democracies, and live up to the
values that have inspired its creation and development. These include
respect for and promotion of human rights, fundamental freedoms
and the rule of law. They encompass justice, solidarity, equality, nondiscrimination, pluralism, and respect for diversity. Living up consistently to
our values internally will determine our external credibility and influence.

“Living up consistently to our values internally will
determine our external credibility and influence.”
To safeguard the quality of our democracies, we will respect domestic,
European and international law across all spheres, from migration and
asylum to energy, counter-terrorism and trade. Remaining true to our
values is a matter of law as well as of ethics and identity.
A Rules-Based Global Order
The EU will promote a rules-based global order with multilateralism as
its key principle and the United Nations at its core. As a Union of mediumto-small sized countries, we have a shared European interest in facing the
world together. Through our combined weight, we can promote agreed rules
to contain power politics and contribute to a peaceful, fair and prosperous

“As a Union of medium-to-small sized countries,
we have a shared European interest in facing the
world together.”
world. The Iranian nuclear agreement is a clear illustration of this fact.
A multilateral order grounded in international law, including the principles of the
UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, is the only guarantee

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for peace and security at home and abroad. A rules-based global order unlocks
the full potential of a prosperous Union with open economies and deep global
connections, and embeds democratic values within the international system.

2. The Principles Guiding our External Action
We will be guided by clear principles. These stem as much from a realistic
assessment of the strategic environment as from an idealistic aspiration
to advance a better world. In charting the way between the Scylla of

“Principled pragmatism will guide our external
action in the years ahead.”
isolationism and the Charybdis of rash interventionism, the EU will engage
the world manifesting responsibility towards others and sensitivity to
contingency. Principled pragmatism will guide our external action in the
years ahead.
Unity
In a more complex world of global power shifts and power diffusion, the
EU must stand united. Forging unity as Europeans – across institutions,
states and peoples – has never been so vital nor so urgent. Never has our
unity been so challenged. Together we will be able to achieve more than
Member States acting alone or in an uncoordinated manner. There is no

“Forging unity as Europeans has never been
so vital nor so urgent. There is no clash between
national and European interests. Our shared
interests can only be served by standing and
acting together.”
clash between national and European interests. Our shared interests can
only be served by standing and acting together. Only the combined weight of
a true union has the potential to deliver security, prosperity and democracy
to its citizens and make a positive difference in the world. The interests
of our citizens are best served through unity of purpose between Member

European Union Global Strategy

States and across institutions, and unity in action by implementing together
coherent policies.
Engagement
In a more connected world, the EU will reach out and engage with
others. In light of global value chains, galloping technological advances
and growing migration, the EU will participate fully in the global
marketplace and co-shape the rules that govern it. The Union cannot
pull up a drawbridge to ward off external threats. Retreat from the world
only deprives us of the opportunities that a connected world presents.

“The Union cannot pull up a drawbridge to ward
off external threats. Retreat from the world only
deprives us of the opportunities that a connected
world presents.”
Environmental degradation and resource scarcity know no borders,
neither do transnational crime and terrorism. The external cannot be
separated from the internal. In fact, internal policies often deal only with
the consequences of external dynamics. We will manage interdependence,
with all the opportunities, challenges and fears it brings about, by engaging
in and with the wider world.
Responsibility
In a more contested world, the EU will be guided by a strong sense of
responsibility. There is no magic wand to solve crises: there are no neat
recipes to impose solutions elsewhere. However, responsible engagement

“We will take responsibility foremost in Europe
and its surrounding regions, while pursuing
targeted engagement further afield. We will act
globally to address the root causes of conflict
and poverty, and to champion the indivisibility
and universality of human rights.”

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can bring about positive change. We will therefore act promptly to prevent
violent conflict, be able and ready to respond responsibly yet decisively to
crises, facilitate locally owned agreements, and commit long-term. We will
take responsibility foremost in Europe and its surrounding regions, while
pursuing targeted engagement further afield. We will act globally to address
the root causes of conflict and poverty, and to champion the indivisibility
and universality of human rights.
Partnership
The EU will be a responsible global stakeholder, but responsibility must
be shared and requires investing in our partnerships. Co-responsibility
will be our guiding principle in advancing a rules-based global order.

“The EU will be a responsible global stakeholder,
but responsibility must be shared and requires
investing in our partnerships.”
In pursuing our goals, we will reach out to states, regional bodies and
international organisations. We will work with core partners, like-minded
countries and regional groupings. We will partner selectively with players
whose cooperation is necessary to deliver global public goods and address
common challenges. We will deepen our partnerships with civil society
and the private sector as key actors in a networked world. We will do so
through dialogue and support, but also through more innovative forms of
engagement.

3. The Priorities of our External Action
To promote our shared interests, adhering to clear principles, we will pursue
five broad priorities.

3.1 The Security of Our Union
The EU Global Strategy starts at home. Over the decades, our Union
has enabled citizens to enjoy unprecedented security, democracy and
prosperity. We will build on these achievements in the years ahead. Yet
today terrorism, hybrid threats, climate change, economic volatility and

European Union Global Strategy

“The EU Global Strategy starts at home. To
preserve and develop what we achieved so far, a
step change is essential. We must translate our
commitments to mutual assistance and solidarity
into action.”
energy insecurity endanger our people and territory. The politics of fear
challenges European values and the European way of life. To preserve and
develop what we achieved so far, a step change is essential. To guarantee
our security, promote our prosperity and safeguard our democracies, we
will strengthen ourselves on security and defence in full compliance with
human rights and the rule of law. We must translate our commitments
to mutual assistance and solidarity into action, and contribute more to
Europe’s collective security through five lines of action.
Security and Defence
As Europeans we must take greater responsibility for our security. We
must be ready and able to deter, respond to, and protect ourselves against
external threats. While NATO exists to defend its members – most of which
are European – from external attack, Europeans must be better equipped,

“As Europeans we must take greater responsibility for our security. We must be ready and able to
deter, respond to, and protect ourselves against
external threats.”
trained and organised to contribute decisively to such collective efforts, as
well as to act autonomously if and when necessary. An appropriate level of
ambition and strategic autonomy is important for Europe’s ability to foster
peace and safeguard security within and beyond its borders.
Europeans must be able to protect Europe, respond to external crises,
and assist in developing our partners’ security and defence capacities,
carrying out these tasks in cooperation with others. Alongside external
crisis management and capacity-building, the EU should also be able to
assist in protecting its Members upon their request, and its institutions.

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European Union Global Strategy

This means living up to our commitments to mutual assistance and
solidarity and includes addressing challenges with both an internal and
external dimension, such as terrorism, hybrid threats, cyber and energy
security, organised crime and external border management. For instance,
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions and operations can
work alongside the European Border and Coast Guard and EU specialised
agencies to enhance border protection and maritime security in order to
save more lives, fight cross-border crime and disrupt smuggling networks.
When it comes to collective defence, NATO remains the primary framework
for most Member States. At the same time, EU-NATO relations shall not
prejudice the security and defence policy of those Members which are
not in NATO. The EU will therefore deepen cooperation with the North
Atlantic Alliance in complementarity, synergy, and full respect for the
institutional framework, inclusiveness and decision-making autonomy of

“The EU needs to be strengthened as a security
community: European security and defence
efforts should enable the EU to act autonomously
while also contributing to and undertaking
actions in cooperation with NATO.”
the two. In this context, the EU needs to be strengthened as a security
community: European security and defence efforts should enable the EU
to act autonomously while also contributing to and undertaking actions in
cooperation with NATO. A more credible European defence is essential also
for the sake of a healthy transatlantic partnership with the United States.
Member States need the technological and industrial means to acquire and
sustain those capabilities which underpin their ability to act autonomously.
While defence policy and spending remain national prerogatives, no Member
State can afford to do this individually: this requires a concerted and
cooperative effort. Deeper defence cooperation engenders interoperability,
effectiveness, efficiency and trust: it increases the output of defence spending.
Developing and maintaining defence capabilities requires both investments
and optimising the use of national resources through deeper cooperation.
The EU will assist Member States and step up its contribution to Europe’s
security and defence in line with the Treaties. Gradual synchronisation

European Union Global Strategy

and mutual adaptation of national defence planning cycles and capability
development practices can enhance strategic convergence between
Member States. Union funds to support defence research and technologies
and multinational cooperation, and full use of the European Defence
Agency’s potential are essential prerequisites for European security and
defence efforts underpinned by a strong European defence industry.
Counter-terrorism
Major terrorist attacks have been carried out on European soil and beyond.
Increased investment in and solidarity on counter-terrorism are key. We
will therefore encourage greater information sharing and intelligence
cooperation between Member States and EU agencies. This entails shared
alerts on violent extremism, terrorist networks and foreign terrorist
fighters, as well as monitoring and removing unlawful content from the

“The EU will live up to its values internally and
externally: this is the strongest antidote we have
against violent extremism.”
media. Alongside, the EU will support the swift recovery of Members States
in the event of attacks through enhanced efforts on security of supply,
the protection of critical infrastructure, and strengthening the voluntary
framework for cyber crisis management. We will deepen work on education,
communication, culture, youth and sport to counter violent extremism. We
will work on counter-radicalisation by broadening our partnerships with
civil society, social actors, the private sector and the victims of terrorism,
as well as through inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue. Most crucially
of all, the EU will live up to its values internally and externally: this is the
strongest antidote we have against violent extremism. We will also further
develop human rights-compliant anti-terrorism cooperation with North
Africa, the Middle East, the Western Balkans and Turkey, among others, and
work with partners around the world to share best practices and develop
joint programmes on countering violent extremism and radicalisation.
Cyber Security
The EU will increase its focus on cyber security, equipping the EU and
assisting Member States in protecting themselves against cyber threats while
maintaining an open, free and safe cyberspace. This entails strengthening

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the technological capabilities aimed at mitigating threats and the resilience
of critical infrastructure, networks and services, and reducing cybercrime.
It means fostering innovative information and communication technology
(ICT) systems which guarantee the availability and integrity of data, while
ensuring security within the European digital space through appropriate
policies on the location of data storage and the certification of digital
products and services. It requires weaving cyber issues across all policy
areas, reinforcing the cyber elements in CSDP missions and operations,
and further developing platforms for cooperation. The EU will support
political, operational and technical cyber cooperation between Member
States, notably on analysis and consequence management, and foster
shared assessments between EU structures and the relevant institutions
in Member States. It will enhance its cyber security cooperation with core
partners such as the US and NATO. The EU’s response will also be embedded
in strong public-private partnerships. Cooperation and information-sharing
between Member States, institutions, the private sector and civil society
can foster a common cyber security culture, and raise preparedness for
possible cyber disruptions and attacks.
Energy Security
The Energy Union represents an integrated effort to work on the internal
and external dimensions of European energy security. In line with the
goals of the Energy Union, the EU will seek to diversify its energy sources,
routes and suppliers, particularly in the gas domain, as well as to promote
the highest nuclear safety standards in third countries. Through our
energy diplomacy, we will strengthen relations worldwide with reliable
energy-producing and transit countries, and support the establishment
of infrastructure to allow diversified sources to reach European markets.

“Through our energy diplomacy, we will strengthen
relations worldwide with reliable energyproducing and transit countries, and support the
establishment of infrastructure to allow diversified
sources to reach European markets.”
However, binding infrastructure agreements with third countries can
have a differentiated impact on the security of supply within the Union
or hinder the functioning of the internal energy market. Therefore, such

European Union Global Strategy

agreements must be transparent and any new infrastructure must be fully
compliant with applicable EU law, including the Third Energy Package.
Internally, the EU will work on a fully functioning internal energy market,
focus on sustainable energy and energy efficiency, and develop coherently
reverse flow, interconnection, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage
infrastructure.
Strategic Communications
The EU will enhance its strategic communications, investing in and joiningup public diplomacy across different fields, in order to connect EU foreign
policy with citizens and better communicate it to our partners. We will
improve the consistency and speed of messaging on our principles and
actions. We will also offer rapid, factual rebuttals of disinformation. We
will continue fostering an open and inquiring media environment within and
beyond the EU, also working with local players and through social media.

3.2 State and Societal Resilience to our East and South
It is in the interests of our citizens to invest in the resilience of states and
societies to the east stretching into Central Asia, and south down to Central
Africa. Fragility beyond our borders threatens all our vital interests. By
contrast, resilience – the ability of states and societies to reform, thus
withstanding and recovering from internal and external crises – benefits us

“It is in the interests of our citizens to invest in the
resilience of states and societies to the east
stretching into Central Asia, and south down
to Central Africa. A resilient society featuring
democracy, trust in institutions, and sustainable
development lies at the heart of a resilient state.”
and countries in our surrounding regions, sowing the seeds for sustainable
growth and vibrant societies. Together with its partners, the EU will
therefore promote resilience in its surrounding regions. A resilient state is
a secure state, and security is key for prosperity and democracy. But the
reverse holds true as well. To ensure sustainable security, it is not only state

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24

institutions that we will support. Echoing the Sustainable Development
Goals, resilience is a broader concept, encompassing all individuals and the
whole of society. A resilient society featuring democracy, trust in institutions,
and sustainable development lies at the heart of a resilient state.
Enlargement Policy
Any European state which respects and promotes the values enshrined
in our Treaties may apply to become a Member of the Union. A credible
enlargement policy grounded on strict and fair conditionality is an
irreplaceable tool to enhance resilience within the countries concerned,

“A credible enlargement policy represents a
strategic investment in Europe’s security and
prosperity, and has already contributed greatly
to peace in formerly war-torn areas.”
ensuring that modernisation and democratisation proceed in line with the
accession criteria. A credible enlargement policy represents a strategic
investment in Europe’s security and prosperity, and has already contributed
greatly to peace in formerly war-torn areas.
Within the scope of the current enlargement policy, the challenges of
migration, energy security, terrorism and organised crime are shared
between the EU, the Western Balkans and Turkey. They can only be
addressed together. Yet the resilience of these countries cannot be taken
for granted. The EU enjoys a unique influence in all these countries. The
strategic challenge for the EU is therefore that of promoting political
reform, rule of law, economic convergence and good neighbourly relations
in the Western Balkans and Turkey, while coherently pursuing cooperation
across different sectors.
EU policy towards the candidate countries will continue to be based on
a clear, strict and fair accession process. It will focus on fundamental
requirements for membership first and feature greater scrutiny of reforms,
clearer reform requirements, and feedback from the European Commission
and Member States, as well as local civil societies. At the same time, EU
support for and cooperation with these countries must deliver concrete
benefits today, and must be communicated well. This means cooperating

European Union Global Strategy

on counter-terrorism, security sector reform, migration, infrastructure,
energy and climate, deepening people-to-people contacts, and retailoring
some of the EU’s assistance with the aim of visibly improving citizens’
wellbeing.
Our Neighbours
State and societal resilience is our strategic priority in the neighbourhood.
Many people within the scope of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
both to the east and to the south wish to build closer relations with the
Union. Our enduring power of attraction can spur transformation and is
not aimed against any country. Within this group are currently countries
such as Tunisia or Georgia, whose success as prosperous, peaceful and
stable democracies would reverberate across their respective regions. The
ENP has recommitted to Eastern Partnership and southern Mediterranean
countries wishing to develop stronger relations with us. We will support
these countries in implementing association agreements, including
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs). We will also think
creatively about deepening tailor-made partnerships further. Possibilities
include the creation of an economic area with countries implementing
DCFTAs, the extension of Trans-European Networks and the Energy
Community, as well as building physical and digital connections. Societal
links will also be strengthened through enhanced mobility, cultural and
educational exchanges, research cooperation and civil society platforms.
Full participation in EU programmes and agencies will be pursued alongside
strategic dialogue with a view to paving the way for these countries’ further
involvement in CSDP.
Resilience is a strategic priority across the EU’s east and south both
in countries that want stronger ties with the EU and in those – within
and beyond the ENP – that have no wish to do so. The EU will support
different paths to resilience to its east and south, focusing on the most
acute dimensions of fragility and targeting those where we can make a
meaningful difference.
Resilience in our Surrounding Regions
The EU will pursue a multifaceted approach to resilience in its surrounding
regions. While repressive states are inherently fragile in the long term, there
are many ways to build inclusive, prosperous and secure societies. We will
therefore pursue tailor-made policies to support inclusive and accountable

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European Union Global Strategy

governance, critical for the fight against terrorism, corruption and organised
crime, and for the protection of human rights. Repression suffocates
outlets for discontent and marginalises communities. The EU will therefore
promote human rights through dialogue and support, including in the
most difficult cases. Through long-term engagement, we will persistently
seek to advance human rights protection. We will pursue locally owned
rights-based approaches to the reform of the justice, security and defence
sectors, and support fragile states in building capacities, including cyber.
We will work through development, diplomacy, and CSDP, ensuring that our
security sector reform efforts enable and enhance our partners’ capacities
to deliver security within the rule of law. We will cooperate with other
international players, coordinating our work on capacity-building with the
UN and NATO in particular.

“Echoing the Sustainable Development Goals,
the EU will adopt a joined-up approach to its
humanitarian, development, migration, trade,
investment, infrastructure, education, health and
research policies, as well as improve horizontal
coherence between the EU and its Member
States. We will nurture societal resilience also by
deepening work on education, culture and youth
to foster pluralism, coexistence and respect.”
States are resilient when societies feel they are becoming better off and
have hope in the future. Echoing the Sustainable Development Goals, the
EU will adopt a joined-up approach to its humanitarian, development,
migration, trade, investment, infrastructure, education, health and research
policies, as well as improve horizontal coherence between the EU and its
Member States. We will fight poverty and inequality, widen access to public
services and social security, and champion decent work opportunities,
notably for women and youth. We will foster an enabling environment for
new economic endeavours, employment and the inclusion of marginalised
groups. Development funds should catalyse strategic investments through
public-private partnerships, driving sustainable growth, job creation, and
skills and technological transfers. We will use our trade agreements to

European Union Global Strategy

underpin sustainable development, human rights protection and rulesbased governance.
Societal resilience will be strengthened by deepening relations with civil
society, notably in its efforts to hold governments accountable. We will reach
out more to cultural organisations, religious communities, social partners
and human rights defenders, and speak out against the shrinking space
for civil society including through violations of the freedoms of speech and
association. Positive change can only be home-grown, and may take years
to materialise. Our commitment to civil society will therefore be long-term.
We will nurture societal resilience also by deepening work on education,
culture and youth to foster pluralism, coexistence and respect.
Finally, the EU will seek to enhance energy and environmental resilience.
Energy transition is one of the major challenges in our surrounding regions,
but must be properly managed to avoid fuelling social tensions. Climate
change and environmental degradation exacerbate potential conflict,
in light of their impact on desertification, land degradation, and water
and food scarcity. Mirroring security sector reform efforts, energy and
environmental sector reform policies can assist partner countries along a
path of energy transition and climate action. Through such efforts, we will
encourage energy liberalisation, the development of renewables, better
regulation and technological transfers, alongside climate change mitigation
and adaptation. We will also support governments to devise sustainable
responses to food production and the use of water and energy through
development, diplomacy and scientific cooperation.
A More Effective Migration Policy
A special focus in our work on resilience will be on origin and transit countries
of migrants and refugees. We will significantly step up our humanitarian
efforts in these countries, focusing on education, women and children.
Together with countries of origin and transit, we will develop common and
tailor-made approaches to migration featuring development, diplomacy,
mobility, legal migration, border management, readmission and return.
Through development, trust funds, preventive diplomacy and mediation we
will work with countries of origin to address and prevent the root causes
of displacement, manage migration, and fight trans-border crime. We will
support transit countries by improving reception and asylum capacities,
and by working on migrants’ education, vocational training and livelihood
opportunities. We must stem irregular flows by making returns more
effective as well as by ensuring regular channels for human mobility. This

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European Union Global Strategy

“Together with countries of origin and transit,
we will develop common and tailor-made
approaches to migration featuring development,
diplomacy, mobility, legal migration, border
management, readmission and return. We will
work with our international partners to ensure
shared global responsibilities and solidarity.”
means enhancing and implementing existing legal and circular channels for
migration. It also means working on a more effective common European
asylum system which upholds the right to seek asylum by ensuring
the safe, regulated and legal arrival of refugees seeking international
protection in the EU. At the same time, we will work with our international
partners to ensure shared global responsibilities and solidarity. We will
establish more effective partnerships on migration management with UN
agencies, emerging players, regional organisations, civil society and local
communities.

3.3 An Integrated Approach to Conflicts and Crises
We increasingly observe fragile states breaking down in violent conflict.
These crises, and the unspeakable violence and human suffering to which
they give rise, threaten our shared vital interests. The EU will engage in a
practical and principled way in peacebuilding, concentrating our efforts in
surrounding regions to the east and south, while considering engagement
further afield on a case by case basis. The EU will foster human security
through an integrated approach.
All of these conflicts feature multiple dimensions – from security to gender,
from governance to the economy. Implementing a multi-dimensional
approach through the use of all available policies and instruments aimed
at conflict prevention, management and resolution is essential. But the
scope of the ‘comprehensive approach’ will be expanded further. There
are no quick fixes to any of these conflicts. Experience in Somalia, Mali,
Afghanistan and elsewhere highlights their protracted nature. The EU
will therefore pursue a multi-phased approach, acting at all stages of the
conflict cycle. We will invest in prevention, resolution and stabilisation, and

European Union Global Strategy

avoid premature disengagement when a new crisis erupts elsewhere. The
EU will therefore engage further in the resolution of protracted conflicts
in the Eastern Partnership countries. None of these conflicts plays out at a
single level of governance. Conflicts such as those in Syria and Libya often
erupt locally, but the national, regional and global overlay they acquire is
what makes them so complex. The EU will therefore pursue a multi-level
approach to conflicts acting at the local, national, regional and global levels.
Finally, none of these conflicts can be solved by the EU alone. We will pursue
a multi-lateral approach engaging all those players present in a conflict

“The EU will engage in a practical and principled
way in peacebuilding, concentrating our efforts in
surrounding regions to the east and south, while
considering engagement further afield on a case
by case basis. We will pursue a multi-level approach to conflicts acting at the local, national,
regional and global levels; a multi-lateral approach engaging all players present in a conflict
and necessary for its resolution.”
and necessary for its resolution. We will partner more systematically on
the ground with regional and international organisations, bilateral donors
and civil society. Greater cooperation will also be sought at the regional
and international levels. Sustainable peace can only be achieved through
comprehensive agreements rooted in broad, deep and durable regional and
international partnerships.
Pre-emptive Peace
It has long been known that preventing conflicts is more efficient and
effective than engaging with crises after they break out. Once a conflict
does erupt, it typically becomes ever more intractable over time. The EU
enjoys a good record on pre-emptive peacebuilding and diplomacy. We
will therefore redouble our efforts on prevention, monitoring root causes
such as human rights violations, inequality, resource stress, and climate
change – which is a threat multiplier that catalyses water and food scarcity,
pandemics and displacement.

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30

Early warning is of little use unless it is followed by early action. This implies
regular reporting and proposals to the Council, engaging in preventive diplomacy
and mediation by mobilising EU Delegations and Special Representatives, and
deepening partnerships with civil society. We must develop a political culture
of acting sooner in response to the risk of violent conflict.
Security and Stabilisation
The EU will engage more systematically on the security dimension of these
conflicts. In full compliance with international law, European security and
defence must become better equipped to build peace, guarantee security
and protect human lives, notably civilians. The EU must be able to respond
rapidly, responsibly and decisively to crises, especially to help fight terrorism .

“European security and defence must become
better equipped to build peace, guarantee security and protect human lives, notably civilians. The
EU must be able to respond rapidly, responsibly
and decisively to crises, especially to help fight
terrorism.”
It must be able to provide security when peace agreements are reached
and transition governments established or in the making. When they are not,
the EU should be ready to support and help consolidating local ceasefires,
paving the way for capacity building. At the same time, through a coherent
use of internal and external policies, the EU must counter the spill-over of
insecurity that may stem from such conflicts, ranging from trafficking and
smuggling to terrorism.
When the prospect of stabilisation arises, the EU must enable legitimate
institutions to rapidly deliver basic services and security to local populations,
reducing the risk of relapse into violence and allowing displaced persons to
return. We will therefore seek to bridge gaps in our response between an
end of violence and long-term recovery, and develop the dual – security and
development – nature of our engagement.
Conflict Settlement
Each conflict country will need to rebuild its own social contract between

European Union Global Strategy

the state and its citizens. The Union will support such efforts, fostering
inclusive governance at all levels. When the “centre” is broken, acting only
top-down has limited impact. An inclusive political settlement requires
action at all levels. Through CSDP, development, and dedicated financial
instruments, we will blend top-down and bottom-up efforts fostering the
building blocks of sustainable statehood rooted in local agency. Working
at the local level – for instance with local authorities and municipalities
– can help basic services be delivered to citizens, and allows for deeper
engagement with rooted civil society. Working in this direction will also
improve our local knowledge, helping us distinguish between those groups
we will talk to without supporting, and those we will actively support as
champions of human security and reconciliation.
The EU will also foster inclusive governance at all levels through mediation
and facilitation. At the same time, we will develop more creative approaches
to diplomacy. This also means promoting the role of women in peace
efforts – from implementing the UNSC Resolution on Women, Peace and
Security to improving the EU’s internal gender balance. It entails having
more systematic recourse to cultural, inter-faith, scientific and economic
diplomacy in conflict settings.
Political Economy of Peace
The EU will foster the space in which the legitimate economy can take
root and consolidate. In the midst of violent conflict, this means ensuring
humanitarian aid access to allow basic goods and services to be provided.

“A political economy of peace calls for greater
synergies between humanitarian and development assistance, channelling our support to
provide health, education, protection, basic goods
and legitimate employment.”
It also means working to break the political economy of war and to create
possibilities for legitimate sustenance to exist. This calls for greater
synergies between humanitarian and development assistance, channelling
our support to provide health, education, protection, basic goods and
legitimate employment. When the prospects for stabilisation arise, trade and
development – working in synergy – can underpin long-term peacebuilding.

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32

Restrictive measures, coupled with diplomacy, are key tools to bring
about peaceful change. They can play a pivotal role in deterrence, conflict
prevention and resolution. Smart sanctions, in compliance with international
and EU law, will be carefully calibrated and monitored to support the
legitimate economy and avoid harming local societies. To fight the criminal
war economy, the EU must also modernise its policy on export control for
dual-use goods, and fight the illegal trafficking of cultural goods and natural
resources.

3.4 Cooperative Regional Orders
In a world caught between global pressures and local pushback, regional
dynamics come to the fore. As complex webs of power, interaction and
identity, regions represent critical spaces of governance in a de-centred
world. Voluntary forms of regional governance offer states and peoples the
opportunity to better manage security concerns, reap the economic gains
of globalisation, express more fully cultures and identities, and project
influence in world affairs. This is a fundamental rationale for the EU’s own

“This cooperation is a fundamental rationale for
the EU’s own peace and development in the 21st
century. This is why we will promote and support
cooperative regional orders worldwide, including
in the most divided areas.”
peace and development in the 21st century. This is why we will promote
and support cooperative regional orders worldwide, including in the most
divided areas. Regional orders do not take a single form. Where possible and
when in line with our interests, the EU will support regional organisations.
We will not strive to export our model, but rather seek reciprocal inspiration
from different regional experiences. Cooperative regional orders, however,
are not created only by organisations. They comprise a mix of bilateral, subregional, regional and inter-regional relations. They also feature the role
of global players interlinked with regionally-owned cooperative efforts.
Taken together these can address transnational conflicts, challenges and
opportunities. In different world regions, the EU will be driven by specific
goals. Across all regions, we will invest in cooperative relationships to spur
shared global responsibilities.

European Union Global Strategy

The European Security Order
The sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of states, the
inviolability of borders and the peaceful settlement of disputes are key
elements of the European security order. These principles apply to all
states, both within and beyond the EU’s borders.
However, peace and stability in Europe are no longer a given. Russia’s
violation of international law and the destabilisation of Ukraine, on top of
protracted conflicts in the wider Black Sea region, have challenged the
European security order at its core. The EU will stand united in upholding
international law, democracy, human rights, cooperation and each country’s
right to choose its future freely.
Managing the relationship with Russia represents a key strategic challenge.
A consistent and united approach must remain the cornerstone of EU policy
towards Russia. Substantial changes in relations between the EU and Russia
are premised upon full respect for international law and the principles
underpinning the European security order, including the Helsinki Final Act
and the Paris Charter. We will not recognise Russia’s illegal annexation of
Crimea nor accept the destabilisation of eastern Ukraine. We will strengthen
the EU, enhance the resilience of our eastern neighbours, and uphold their
right to determine freely their approach towards the EU. At the same time,
the EU and Russia are interdependent. We will therefore engage Russia to
discuss disagreements and cooperate if and when our interests overlap.

“Substantial changes in relations between the
EU and Russia are premised upon full respect
for international law. At the same time, we will
engage Russia to discuss disagreements and
cooperate if and when our interests overlap.”
In addition to those foreign policy issues on which we currently cooperate,
selective engagement could take place over matters of European interest
too, including climate, the Arctic, maritime security, education, research and
cross-border cooperation. Engagement should also include deeper societal
ties through facilitated travel for students, civil society and business.
Spanning the region, the EU will foster cooperation with the Council of
Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The
OSCE, as a Europe-wide organisation stretching into Central Asia with a

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European Union Global Strategy

transatlantic link, lies at the heart of the European security order. The EU
will strengthen its contribution within and its cooperation with the OSCE as
a pillar of European security.
A Peaceful and Prosperous Mediterranean, Middle East and Africa
The Mediterranean, Middle East and parts of sub-Saharan Africa are in
turmoil, the outcome of which will likely only become clear decades from
now. Solving conflicts and promoting development and human rights in the
south is essential to addressing the threat of terrorism, the challenges of
demography, migration and climate change, and to seizing the opportunity
of shared prosperity. The EU will intensify its support for and cooperation

“We will foster dialogue and negotiation over
regional conflicts such as those in Syria and Libya.
On the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the EU will
work closely with the Quartet, the Arab League
and all key stakeholders to preserve the prospect of a viable two-state solution based on 1967
lines with equivalent land swaps, and to recreate
the conditions for meaningful negotiations.”
with regional and sub-regional organisations in Africa and the Middle
East, as well as functional cooperative formats in the region. However,
regional organisations do not address all relevant dynamics, and some
reflect existing cleavages. We will therefore also act flexibly to help bridge
divides and support regional players in delivering concrete results. This
will be achieved by mobilising our bilateral and multilateral policies and
frameworks as well as by partnering with civil societies in the region.
The EU will follow five lines of action. First, in the Maghreb and the Middle
East, the EU will support functional multilateral cooperation. We will back
practical cooperation, including through the Union for the Mediterranean,
on issues such as border security, trafficking, counter-terrorism, nonproliferation, water and food security, energy and climate, infrastructure
and disaster management. We will foster dialogue and negotiation over
regional conflicts such as those in Syria and Libya. On the PalestinianIsraeli conflict, the EU will work closely with the Quartet, the Arab League

European Union Global Strategy

and all key stakeholders to preserve the prospect of a viable two-state
solution based on 1967 lines with equivalent land swaps, and to recreate
the conditions for meaningful negotiations. The EU will also promote full
compliance with European and international law in deepening cooperation
with Israel and the Palestinian Authority.
Second, the EU will deepen sectoral cooperation with Turkey, while striving
to anchor Turkish democracy in line with its accession criteria, including
the normalisation of relations with Cyprus. The EU will therefore pursue
the accession process – sticking to strict and fair accession conditionality
– while coherently engaging in dialogue on counter-terrorism, regional
security and refugees. We will also work on a modernised customs union
and visa liberalisation, and cooperate further with Turkey in the fields of
education, energy and transport.
Third, the EU will pursue balanced engagement in the Gulf. It will continue
to cooperate with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and individual Gulf
countries. Building on the Iran nuclear deal and its implementation, it will
also gradually engage Iran on areas such as trade, research, environment,
energy, anti-trafficking, migration and societal exchanges. It will deepen
dialogue with Iran and GCC countries on regional conflicts, human rights
and counter-terrorism, seeking to prevent contagion of existing crises and
foster the space for cooperation and diplomacy .

“We will deepen dialogue with Iran and GCC
countries on regional conflicts, human rights and
counter-terrorism, seeking to prevent contagion
of existing crises and foster the space for
cooperation and diplomacy. ”
Fourth, in light of the growing interconnections between North and subSaharan Africa, as well as between the Horn of Africa and the Middle East,
the EU will support cooperation across these sub-regions. This includes
fostering triangular relationships across the Red Sea between Europe,
the Horn and the Gulf to face shared security challenges and economic
opportunities. It means systematically addressing cross-border dynamics
in North and West Africa, the Sahel and Lake Chad regions through closer
links with the African Union, the Economic Community of Western African
States (ECOWAS) and the G5 Sahel.

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36

Finally, we will invest in African peace and development as an investment
in our own security and prosperity. We will intensify cooperation with and
support for the African Union, as well as ECOWAS, the Inter-Governmental
Authority on Development in eastern Africa, and the East African Community,
among others. We must enhance our efforts to stimulate growth and jobs in
Africa. The Economic Partnership Agreements can spur African integration
and mobility, and encourage Africa’s full and equitable participation in
global value chains. A quantum leap in European investment in Africa is

“We will invest in African peace and development
as an investment in our own security and
prosperity. We must enhance our efforts to
stimulate growth and jobs in Africa.”
also needed to support sustainable development. We will build stronger
links between our trade, development and security policies in Africa, and
blend development efforts with work on migration, health, education,
energy and climate, science and technology, notably to improve food
security. We will continue to support peace and security efforts in Africa,
and assist African organisations’ work on conflict prevention, counterterrorism and organised crime, migration and border management. We will
do so through diplomacy, CSDP and development, as well as trust funds to
back up regional strategies.
A Closer Atlantic
The EU will invest further in strong bonds across the Atlantic, both north
and south. A solid transatlantic partnership through NATO and with the
United States and Canada helps us strengthen resilience, address conflicts,
and contribute to effective global governance. NATO, for its members, has
been the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security for almost 70 years. It remains

“The EU will invest further in strong bonds
across the Atlantic, both north and south. A solid
transatlantic partnership helps us strengthen
resilience, address conflicts, and contribute to
effective global governance.”

European Union Global Strategy

the strongest and most effective military alliance in the world. The EU will
deepen its partnership with NATO through coordinated defence capability
development, parallel and synchronised exercises, and mutually reinforcing
actions to build the capacities of our partners, counter hybrid and cyber
threats, and promote maritime security.
With the US, the EU will strive for a Transatlantic Trade and Investment
Partnership (TTIP). Like the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
(CETA) with Canada, TTIP demonstrates the transatlantic commitment to
shared values and signals our willingness to pursue an ambitious rulesbased trade agenda. On the broader security agenda, the US will continue
to be our core partner. The EU will deepen cooperation with the US and
Canada on crisis management, counter-terrorism, cyber, migration, energy
and climate action.
In the wider Atlantic space, the Union will expand cooperation and build
stronger partnerships with Latin America and the Caribbean, grounded
on shared values and interests. It will develop multilateral ties with the
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and with
different regional groupings according to their competitive advantage.
We will step up political dialogue and cooperation on migration, maritime
security and ocean life protection, climate change and energy, disarmament,
non-proliferation and arms control, and countering organised crime and
terrorism. We will pursue a free trade agreement with Mercosur, build on
the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement with Cuba, and invest
in deeper socio-economic connections with Latin American and Caribbean
countries through visa facilitation, student exchanges, twinning, research
cooperation and technical projects. We will also actively support the
negotiation and implementation of peace agreements in the region, as we
are doing in Colombia.
A Connected Asia
There is a direct connection between European prosperity and Asian
security. In light of the economic weight that Asia represents for the EU
– and vice versa – peace and stability in Asia are a prerequisite for our
prosperity. We will deepen economic diplomacy and scale up our security
role in Asia.
The EU will engage China based on respect for rule of law, both
domestically and internationally. We will pursue a coherent approach

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38

to China’s connectivity drives westwards by maximising the potential
of the EU-China Connectivity Platform, and the ASEM and EU-ASEAN
frameworks. The EU will also deepen trade and investment with China,
seeking a level playing field, appropriate intellectual property rights

“The EU will deepen trade and investment with
China, seeking a level playing field, intellectual
property rights protection, greater cooperation
on high-end technology, dialogue on economic
reform, human rights and climate action.”
protection, greater cooperation on high-end technology, and dialogue
on economic reform, human rights and climate action. In parallel, the
EU will deepen its economic diplomacy in the region, working towards
ambitious free trade agreements with strategic partners such as Japan
and India, as well as ASEAN member states, with the goal of an eventual
EU-ASEAN agreement.
We will also develop a more politically rounded approach to Asia, seeking
to make greater practical contributions to Asian security. We will expand
our partnerships, including on security, with Japan, the Republic of
Korea, Indonesia and others. We will continue to support state-building
and reconciliation processes in Afghanistan together with our regional
and international partners. We will promote non-proliferation in the
Korean peninsula. In East and Southeast Asia, we will uphold freedom
of navigation, stand firm on the respect for international law, including
the Law of the Sea and its arbitration procedures, and encourage the
peaceful settlement of maritime disputes. We will help build maritime
capacities and support an ASEAN-led regional security architecture. In
Central and South Asia, we will deepen cooperation on counter-terrorism,
anti-trafficking and migration, as well as enhance transport, trade and
energy connectivity. Across the Indo Pacific and East Asian regions, the
EU will promote human rights and support democratic transitions such as
in Myanmar/Burma.
A Cooperative Arctic
With three Member States and two European Economic Area members
being Arctic states, the EU has a strategic interest in the Arctic remaining

European Union Global Strategy

a low-tension area, with ongoing cooperation ensured by the Arctic
Council, a well-functioning legal framework, and solid political and
security cooperation. The EU will contribute to this through enhanced
work on climate action and environmental research, sustainable
development, telecommunications, and search & rescue, as well as
concrete cooperation with Arctic states, institutions, indigenous peoples
and local communities.

3.5 Global Governance for the 21st Century
Without global norms and the means to enforce them, peace and security,
prosperity and democracy – our vital interests – are at risk. Guided by the
values on which it is founded, the EU is committed to a global order based
on international law, including the principles of the UN Charter, which
ensure peace, human rights, sustainable development and lasting access

“The EU is committed to a global order based
on international law, including the principles of
the UN Charter. This commitment translates into
an aspiration to transform rather than simply
preserve the existing system.”
to the global commons. This commitment translates into an aspiration to
transform rather than simply preserve the existing system. The EU will
strive for a strong UN as the bedrock of the multilateral rules-based order,
and develop globally coordinated responses with international and regional
organisations, states and non-state actors.
Reforming
A commitment to global governance must translate in the determination
to reform the UN, including the Security Council, and the International
Financial Institutions (IFIs). Resisting change risks triggering the erosion
of such institutions and the emergence of alternative groupings to the
detriment of all EU Member States. The EU will stand up for the principles
of accountability, representativeness, responsibility, effectiveness and
transparency. The practical meaning of such principles will be fleshed out
case-by-case. We will continue to call upon members of the UN Security

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40

Council not to vote against credible draft resolutions on timely and decisive
action to prevent or end mass atrocities. Across multilateral fora – and in
particular the UN, the IFIs and the international justice organisations – the
EU will strengthen its voice and acquire greater visibility and cohesion. We
will work towards an increasingly unified representation of the euro area in
the International Monetary Fund.
Investing
Believing in the UN means investing in it, notably in its peacekeeping,
mediation, peacebuilding and humanitarian functions. The EU and its
Member States, as already the first contributor to UN humanitarian
agencies, will invest even further in their work. CSDP could assist further
and complement UN peacekeeping through bridging, stabilisation or other
operations. The EU will also enhance synergy with UN peacebuilding efforts,
through greater coordination in the planning, evolution and withdrawal of
CSDP capacity-building missions in fragile settings.
Implementing
The EU will lead by example by implementing its commitments on
sustainable development and climate change. It will increase climate
financing, drive climate mainstreaming in multilateral fora, raise the
ambition for review foreseen in the Paris agreement, and work for clean
energy cost reductions. The SDGs will inform the post-Cotonou partnership

“The EU will lead by example by implementing its
commitments on sustainable development and
climate change.”
and drive reform in development policy, including the EU Consensus on
Development. Moreover, implementing the SDGs will require change across
all internal and external policies, galvanising public-private partnerships,
and leveraging the experience of the European Investment Bank (EIB) in
providing technical assistance and building capacities in developing and
middle income countries.
Deepening
As the world’s largest economy, the EU is a prime mover in global trade and

European Union Global Strategy

investment, areas in which rules can be deepened further. Our prosperity
hinges on an open and rules-based economic system with a true level
playing field, which our economic diplomacy will further promote. We
will pursue comprehensive free trade agreements with the US, Japan,
Mercosur, India, ASEAN and others as building blocks of global free trade.
Ambitious agreements built on mutual benefits such as TTIP and CETA can
promote international regulatory standards, consumer protection, as well
as labour, environmental, health and safety norms. New generation trade
agreements which include services, the digital economy, energy and raw
materials can reduce legal fragmentation and barriers, and regulate access
to natural resources. The EU will ensure that all its trade agreements are

“Our prosperity hinges on an open and rulesbased economic system with a true level playing
field, which our economic diplomacy will further
promote.”
pursued in a manner that supports returning the World Trade Organisation
(WTO) to the centre of global negotiations. Connected to the EU’s interest
in an open and fair economic system is the need for global maritime growth
and security, ensuring open and protected ocean and sea routes critical
for trade and access to natural resources. The EU will contribute to global
maritime security, building on its experience in the Indian Ocean and the
Mediterranean, and exploring possibilities in the Gulf of Guinea, the South
China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. As a global maritime security provider,
the EU will seek to further universalise and implement the UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea, including its dispute settlement mechanisms. We
will also promote the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources
and biological diversity and the growth of the blue economy by working to
fill legal gaps and enhancing ocean knowledge and awareness.
Widening
We will seek to widen the reach of international norms, regimes and
institutions. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their
delivery systems remains a growing threat to Europe and the wider world.
The EU will strongly support the expanding membership, universalisation,
full implementation and enforcement of multilateral disarmament, nonproliferation and arms control treaties and regimes. We will use every

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42

“The EU will strongly support the expanding
membership, universalisation, full implementation and enforcement of multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control treaties and regimes. We will use every means at
our disposal to assist in resolving proliferation
crises, as we successfully did on the Iranian
nuclear programme.”
means at our disposal to assist in resolving proliferation crises, as we
successfully did on the Iranian nuclear programme. The EU will actively
participate in export control regimes, strengthen common rules governing
Member States’ export policies of military – including dual-use – equipment
and technologies, and support export control authorities in third countries
and technical bodies that sustain arms control regimes. The EU will also
promote the responsibility to protect, international humanitarian law,
international human rights law and international criminal law. We will
support the UN Human Rights Council and encourage the widest acceptance
of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the International
Court of Justice.
Developing
At the frontiers of global affairs, rules must be further developed to ensure
security and sustainable access to the global commons. The EU will be a
forward-looking cyber player, protecting our critical assets and values in the
digital world, notably by promoting a free and secure global Internet. We
will engage in cyber diplomacy and capacity building with our partners, and
seek agreements on responsible state behaviour in cyberspace based on
existing international law. We will support multilateral digital governance
and a global cooperation framework on cybersecurity, respecting the free
flow of information. In space, we will promote the autonomy and security
of our space-based services and work on principles for responsible space
behaviour, which could lead to the adoption of an international voluntary
code of conduct. On energy, we will encourage multilateral mechanisms
aimed at ensuring sustainable energy patterns both by developing our
own sustainable policies and by deepening dialogue with major energy

European Union Global Strategy

consumers and producers. On health, we will work for more effective
prevention, detection and responses to global pandemics. Global rules are
also necessary in fields such as biotechnology, artificial intelligence, robotics
and remotely piloted systems, to avoid the related security risks and reap
their economic benefits. On all such issues, the EU will promote exchanges
with relevant multilateral fora to help spearhead the development of rules
and build partnerships at the frontiers of global affairs.
Partnering
The EU will lead by example on global governance. But it cannot deliver
alone. It will act as an agenda-shaper, a connector, coordinator and
facilitator within a networked web of players. It will partner with states
and organisations, but also with the private sector and civil society. On the
vast majority of global governance issues, we will work with the UN as the
framework of the multilateral system and a core partner for the Union,

“The EU will invest in pivotal non-state actors. We
will sharpen the means to protect and empower
civic actors, notably human rights defenders,
sustaining a vibrant civil society worldwide.”
with other core partners such as the US, with regional organisations, and
with like-minded and strategic partners in Asia, Africa and the Americas.
The EU will also invest in pivotal non-state actors, particularly within civil
society. In spite of increasing repression, global civil society is growing and
fostering new types of activism. The EU will sharpen the means to protect
and empower civic actors, notably human rights defenders, sustaining a
vibrant civil society worldwide.
The format to deliver effective global governance may vary from case to
case. On cyber, global governance hinges on a progressive alliance between
states, international organisations, industry, civil society and technical
experts. On maritime multilateralism, the EU will work with the UN and
its specialised agencies, NATO, our strategic partners, and ASEAN. On
humanitarian action, sustainable development and climate change, the EU
will partner with the UN and the G20, as well as new donors, civil society and
the private sector. On counterterrorism, we will deepen dialogue with the
UN, while building broad partnerships with states, regional organisations,

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44

civil society and the private sector on issues such as countering violent
extremism and terrorist financing.

4. From Vision to Action
We will pursue our priorities by mobilising our unparalleled networks,
our economic weight and all the tools at our disposal in a coherent and
coordinated way. To fulfil our goals, however, we must collectively invest in
a credible, responsive and joined-up Union.
A Credible Union
To engage responsibly with the world, credibility is essential. The EU’s
credibility hinges on our unity, on our many achievements, our enduring
power of attraction, the effectiveness and consistency of our policies,
and adherence to our values. A stronger Union requires investing in all
dimensions of foreign policy, from research and climate to infrastructure
and mobility, from trade and sanctions to diplomacy and development.

“To engage responsibly with the world, credibility
is essential. In this fragile world, soft power is
not enough.”
In this fragile world, soft power is not enough: we must enhance our
credibility in security and defence. To respond to external crises, build our
partners’ capacities and protect Europe, Member States must channel a
sufficient level of expenditure to defence, make the most efficient use of

“A sectoral strategy, to be agreed by the Council,
should further specify the civil-military level of
ambition, tasks, requirements and capability
priorities stemming from this Strategy.”
resources, and meet the collective commitment of 20% of defence budget
spending devoted to the procurement of equipment and Research &
Technology. Capabilities should be developed with maximum interoperability

European Union Global Strategy

and commonality, and be made available where possible in support of
EU, NATO, UN and other multinational efforts. While a sectoral strategy,
to be agreed by the Council, should further specify the civil-military level
of ambition, tasks, requirements and capability priorities stemming from
this Strategy, some such areas can already be highlighted in line with
commitments made by the European Council.
First, European security hinges on better and shared assessments of internal
and external threats and challenges. Europeans must improve the monitoring
and control of flows which have security implications. This requires investing
in Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, including Remotely Piloted
Aircraft Systems, satellite communications, and autonomous access to space
and permanent earth observation. As regards counter-terrorism, Member
States must implement legislation concerning explosives, firearms and
Passenger Name Records (PNRs), as well as invest in detection capabilities
and the cross-border tracing of weapons. Second, Europeans must invest in
digital capabilities to secure data, networks and critical infrastructure within
the European digital space. We must develop capabilities in trusted digital
services and products and in cyber technologies to enhance our resilience. We
will encourage greater investments and skills across Member States through
cooperative research and development, training, exercises and procurement
programmes. Third, regarding high-end military capabilities, Member States
need all major equipment to respond to external crises and keep Europe safe.
This means having full-spectrum land, air, space and maritime capabilities,
including strategic enablers.
To acquire and maintain many of these capabilities, Member States will need
to move towards defence cooperation as the norm. Member States remain
sovereign in their defence decisions: nevertheless, nationally-oriented

“To acquire and maintain many of these
capabilities, Member States will need to move
towards defence cooperation as the norm. The
voluntary approach to defence cooperation must
translate into real commitment. A sustainable,
innovative and competitive European defence
industry is essential for Europe’s strategic
autonomy and for a credible CSDP.”

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46

defence programmes are insufficient to address capability shortfalls.
We remain far from achieving our collective benchmarks, including 35%
of total equipment spending in collaborative procurement. The voluntary
approach to defence cooperation must translate into real commitment. An
annual coordinated review process at EU level to discuss Member States’
military spending plans could instil greater coherence in defence planning
and capability development. This should take place in full coherence with
NATO’s defence planning process. The European Defence Agency (EDA)
has a key role to play by strengthening the Capability Development Plan,
acting as an interface between Member States and the Commission, and
assisting Member States to develop the capabilities stemming from the
political goals set out in this Strategy.
Defence cooperation between Member States will be systematically
encouraged. Regular assessments of EDA benchmarks can create positive
peer pressure among Member States. Crucially, EU funding for defence
research and technology, reflected first in the mid-term review of the
Multiannual Financial Framework, and then in a fully-fledged programme
in the next budget cycle, will prove instrumental in developing the defence
capabilities Europe needs.
A sustainable, innovative and competitive European defence industry is
essential for Europe’s strategic autonomy and for a credible CSDP. It can
also stimulate growth and jobs. A solid European defence, technological
and industrial base needs a fair, functioning and transparent internal
market, security of supply, and a structured dialogue with defence relevant
industries. Furthermore, ensuring participation of small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) in the defence sector can improve innovation and
investment in the military technologies of tomorrow.
A Responsive Union
We live in a world of predictable unpredictability. We will therefore equip
ourselves to respond more rapidly and flexibly to the unknown lying ahead. A
more responsive Union requires change. We need it in diplomacy, CSDP and
development, as well as investment in the knowledge base underpinning
our external action.
First, our diplomatic action must be fully grounded in the Lisbon Treaty. EU
foreign policy is not a solo performance: it is an orchestra which plays from
the same score. Our diversity is a tremendous asset provided we stand

European Union Global Strategy

united and work in a coordinated way. Cooperation between Member States
can strengthen our engagement in the world. A Member State or a group
of Member States who are willing and able to contribute may be invited by
the High Representative (HR), under the responsibility of the Council, to
implement agreed positions of the Council. The HR shall keep the Council
fully informed and shall ensure consistency with agreed EU policies.

“EU foreign policy is not a solo performance: it is
an orchestra which plays from the same score.
Our diversity is a tremendous asset provided we
stand united and work in a coordinated way.”
Second, CSDP must become more rapid and effective. Europeans must be
ready to rapidly respond to crises in full compliance with the UN Charter. This
requires Member States to enhance the deployability and interoperability of
their forces through training and exercises. We must develop the capacity
for rapid response also by tackling the procedural, financial and political
obstacles which prevent the deployment of the Battlegroups, hamper force
generation and reduce the effectiveness of CSDP military operations. At

“We must develop the capacity for rapid
response also by tackling the procedural,
financial and political obstacles which prevent
the deployment of the Battlegroups. Enhanced
cooperation between Member States should
be explored in this domain. If successful and
repeated over time, this might lead to a more
structured form of cooperation, making full use
of the Lisbon Treaty’s potential.”
the same time, we must further develop our civilian missions – a trademark
of CSDP – by encouraging force generation, speeding up deployment, and
providing adequate training based on EU-wide curricula. A responsive CSDP
also requires streamlining our institutional structure. We must strengthen
operational planning and conduct structures, and build closer connections

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European Union Global Strategy

between civilian and military structures and missions, bearing in mind that
these may be deployed in the same theatre. Enhanced cooperation between
Member States should be explored in this domain. If successful and repeated
over time, this might lead to a more structured form of cooperation, making
full use of the Lisbon Treaty’s potential.
Third, development policy will become more flexible and aligned with our
strategic priorities. We reaffirm our collective commitment to achieve
the 0.7% ODA/GNI target in line with DAC principles. Development funds
must be stable, but lengthy programming cycles limit the timely use of EU
support, and can reduce our visibility and impact. The availability of limited
sums for activities on the ground, notably for conflict prevention and civil

“Development policy will become more flexible
and aligned with our strategic priorities.”
society support, should be made more flexible. Across the Commission,
flexibility will be built into our financial instruments, allowing for the use of
uncommitted funds in any given year to be carried on to subsequent years
to respond to crises. This will also help fill the gaps between financial
instruments and budgetary headings. In parallel, the time has come to
consider reducing the number of instruments to enhance our coherence
and flexibility, while raising the overall amount dedicated to development.
Responsive external action must be underpinned by a strong knowledge
base. Targeted approaches to resilience, conflict prevention and resolution
require deeper situational awareness. The EU will invest in the EEAS and
coordinate better across institutions and Member States. Putting our diverse
national cultures at the service of our shared interests is a challenge, but
the pool of talent available to us is unrivalled. To make the most of this, we
will invest in people, particularly those on the ground. This means equipping
our delegations with the necessary expertise, including on sectoral issues
and in local languages, valuing experience in and of a region, beefing up the
political sections of delegations, and encouraging operational staff to use
their expertise more politically. It means strengthening the participation
of women in foreign policy-making. It means investing in the EU Conflict
Early Warning System, and making all our external engagement conflictand rights-sensitive. We will also pursue greater information sharing
and joint reporting, analysis and response planning between Member

European Union Global Strategy

State embassies, EU Delegations, Commission services, EU Special
Representatives and CSDP missions. We will encourage cross-fertilisation
between us and regional and international organisations, civil society,
academia, think tanks and the private sector. We will do so both in traditional
ways – through dialogue, cooperation and support – and through innovative
formats such as exchanges, embedded personnel and joint facilities,
harnessing knowledge and creativity in our system.
A Joined-up Union
Finally, our external action will become more joined-up. Over the years,
important steps have been taken to this effect: these include institutional
innovations, such as the Lisbon Treaty’s creation of the double-hatted High
Representative and Vice President of the European Commission (HRVP)
and the European External Action Service (EEAS). A strong EEAS working
together with other EU institutions lies at the heart of a coherent EU role in
the world. Efforts at coherence also include policy innovations such as the
“comprehensive approach to conflicts and crises” and joint programming in
development, which must be further enhanced. New fields of our joined-up
external action include energy diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and economic
diplomacy.

“Joint programming in development must be
further enhanced. New fields of our joined-up external action include energy diplomacy, cultural
diplomacy and economic diplomacy. A more
prosperous Union calls for greater coordination
between the EU and Member States, the EIB and
the private sector. We must become more joinedup across internal and external policies.”
A more prosperous Union requires economic priorities to be set in relations
with all countries and regions, and integrated into the external dimensions of
all internal policies. A more prosperous Union calls for greater coordination
between the EU and Member States, the EIB and the private sector. The
Sustainable Development Goals also represent an opportunity to catalyse
such coherence. Implementing them will generate coherence between

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European Union Global Strategy

the internal and external dimensions of our policies and across financial
instruments. It allows us to develop new ways to blend grants, loans and
private-public partnerships. The SDGs also encourage us to expand and
apply the principle of policy coherence for development to other policy
areas, and encourage joint analysis and engagement across Commission
services, institutions and Member States.
We must become more joined-up across internal and external policies. The
migration phenomenon, for example, requires a balanced and human rightscompliant policy mix addressing the management of the flows and the
structural causes. This means overcoming the fragmentation of external
policies relevant to migration. In particular, we will develop stronger links
between humanitarian and development efforts through joint risk analysis,
and multiannual programming and financing. We will also make different
external policies and instruments migration-sensitive – from diplomacy
and CSDP to development and climate – and ensure their coherence with
internal ones regarding border management, homeland security, asylum,
employment, culture and education.
In security terms, terrorism, hybrid threats and organised crime know
no borders. This calls for tighter institutional links between our external
action and the internal area of freedom, security and justice. Closer ties
will be fostered through joint Council meetings and joint task forces
between the EEAS and the Commission. Defence policy also needs to
be better linked to policies covering the internal market, industry and
space. Member State efforts should also be more joined-up: cooperation
between our law enforcement, judicial and intelligence services must be
strengthened. We must use the full potential of Europol and Eurojust, and
provide greater support for the EU Intelligence Centre. We must feed
and coordinate intelligence extracted from European databases, and put
ICT – including big data analysis – at the service of deeper situational
awareness. Our citizens need better protection also in third countries
through joint contingency plans and crisis response exercises between
Member States.
We must become more joined-up in our security and development policies.
CSDP capacity building missions must be coordinated with security sector
and rule of law work by the Commission. Capacity Building for Security and
Development can play a key role in empowering and enabling our partners
to prevent and respond to crises, and will need to be supported financially
by the EU. Our peace policy must also ensure a smoother transition from

European Union Global Strategy

short-term crisis management to long-term peacebuilding to avoid gaps
along the conflict cycle. Long-term work on pre-emptive peace, resilience
and human rights must be tied to crisis response through humanitarian aid,
CSDP, sanctions and diplomacy.
Finally, we will systematically mainstream human rights and gender issues
across policy sectors and institutions, as well as foster closer coordination
regarding digital matters. Greater awareness and expertise on such issues
is needed within the EEAS and the Commission. Better coordination between
institutions would also add consistency and spread best practices, helping
us build a stronger Union and a more resilient, peaceful and sustainable
world.
The Way Ahead
This Strategy is underpinned by the vision of, and ambition for, a stronger
Union, willing and able to make a positive difference to its citizens and in the
world. We must now swiftly translate this into action. First, we will revise
existing sectoral strategies, as well as devise and implement new thematic
or geographic strategies in line with the political priorities of this Strategy.
Such work must begin with clear procedures and timeframes agreed
promptly by all relevant players. Second, the EU Global Strategy itself will
require periodic reviewing in consultation with the Council, the Commission
and the European Parliament. On a yearly basis we will reflect on the state

“We must now swiftly translate this vision into
action.”
of play of the Strategy, pointing out where further implementation must
be sought. Finally, a new process of strategic reflection will be launched
whenever the EU and its Member States deem it necessary to enable the
Union to navigate effectively our times. Our citizens deserve a true Union,
which promotes our shared interests by engaging responsibly and in
partnership with others.

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Acknowledgements
All EU Member States:
Foreign Ministers
Defense Ministers
Development Ministers
Secretaries General
COREPER
PSC
National Points of Contact
Political Directors
Defence Policy Directors
Security Directors
EUMC
European Commission:
College
Commissioners’ Group on External Action
Informal Task Force
EPSC
European Parliament
EU Member States’ National Parliaments
Foreign Affairs and Defence Committees
InterParliamentary Conference

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European Union Global Strategy

54

European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)
European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)
European Investment Bank (EIB)
Adelphi
Amnesty International
Aspen Institute Italia
Barcelona Center for International Affairs (CIDOB)
Budapest Centre for Genocide and Atrocities Prevention
Bulgarian Diplomatic Institute
BUSINESSEUROPE
Carnegie Europe
Carnegie Washington
Central European Policy Institute (CEPI)
Central European University
Center for European Perspective Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
Center for European Policy Studies (CEPS)
Commission of the Bishops’ Conference of the European Community
(COMECE)
Compagnia di S. Paolo
CONCORD
Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific (CSCAP-EU)
Crisis Management Initiative (CMI)
Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS)
Egmont
Elcano Royal Institute
Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus Alumni
European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECPDM)
European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR)
European Leadership Network (ELN)
European Peacebuilding Office (EPLO)
European Policy Centre (EPC)
European Security and Defence College (ESDC)
European Think Tanks Group (ETTG)
European Stability Initiative (ESI)

European Union Global Strategy

European Values
EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy
Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA)
Friends of Europe
Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP)
International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS)
Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI)
Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI)
Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)
Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO)
Institute for Political Science and International Relations (ISPRI)
Institute of International Relations (IIR)
International Trade Unions Confederation (ITUC)
Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)
Italo-Latin America Institute (IILA)
Jean Monnet Community
Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
Latvian Institute of International Relations
London School of Economics (LSE)
National Defence Institute (IDN)
New Strategy Center (NSC)
NGO Voice
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI)
Open Society European Policy Institute (OSEPI)
Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)
Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)
Swedish Institute for International Affairs (UI)
The Diplomatic Academy of the University of Nicosia
The German Marshall Fund (GMF)
The Hague Institute for Global Justice
Transparency International
University of Malta
Special thanks to our partners that have contributed with initiatives and
ideas: Brazil, Georgia, Japan, Norway, US.

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European Union Global Strategy

This Strategy wouldn’t have been possible without the daily work of the
European External Action Service (EEAS), and in particular the Strategic
Planning Division, and the tireless dedication and inspiring thinking of
Nathalie Tocci.

http://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en