Global Oceans Action Summit
for Food Security and Blue Growth
CHAIR’s SUMMARY

April 22 - 25, 2014 - The Hague, The Netherlands
http://www.globaloceansactionsummit.com/

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I.

Introduction

The Global Oceans Action Summit for Food Security and Blue Growth was held in
The Hague, the Netherlands from 22nd to 25th April 2014.
Hosted by the Government of the Netherlands with support from the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank Group, and
partner countries: Grenada, Indonesia, Norway, and the United States of America,
this Summit brought together global leaders, ocean practitioners, business, science,
civil society and international agencies to share experiences and demonstrate how
combined action in partnerships for healthier and productive oceans can drive
sustainable growth and shared prosperity while preserving natural capital for future
generations.
The Summit was the first conference that brought everyone together in one place to
focus on action on a topic that is vitally important to all, the health of oceans. The
Summit built on win-wins that break down the silos that have been keeping people
apart. Silos that kept apart fisheries, conservation, food security and climate change
or private sector, public sector and civil society.
Global leaders, ocean practitioners, business leaders, scientists, civil society and
international organizations were challenged to come up with answers to questions
about a smarter growth-model; about smarter ways to fish; about preservation of the
earth’s natural resources and about the moral outcry that still one billion people go to
bed hungry every day.
The Summit learned from concrete success stories where competing interests were
reconciled with a view to identifying actions, partnerships and financing that can help
scale up activities that ultimately result in shared prosperity today and for future
generations, alleviate poverty while turning down the heat on climate change.
The Summit highlighted the importance of local communities as key to implement
sustainable growth and fisheries, promote changes across the entire production
chain and put fairness and the environment at its heart. Local innovations should be
identified and scaled up to higher levels. It also underlined the need for a “New Wave
for the World”. A wave that really Turns the Tide: “It takes generosity to discover the
whole through others. If you realize you are only a violin, you can open yourself up to
the world by playing your role in the concert.” (Jacques-Yves Cousteau)
The Summit stressed the need to address the next frontier of successful integrated
approaches that attract public-private partners, secure financing and catalyze good
ocean governance while reconciling tensions and balancing priorities between (i)
growth and conservation, (ii) private sector interests and equitable benefits for
communities and (iii) Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and Areas Beyond National
Jurisdiction (ABNJ) policy frameworks.
It was attended by more than 600 participants, from governments, private sector,
academia, NGOs, etc. It also included a High Level Segment, where more than 80
Ministers, CEOs, and other senior officials met to discuss and share forward-looking
ideas, initiatives and actions. This report is a Chair’s summary report.

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II.

Background

Eighty percent of all life on the planet is found in oceans. The ocean provides a
global life support system that helps regulate climate and supplies half of the planet’s
oxygen needed for one in every two breaths that we take. Fish contributes 17 percent
of the animal protein consumed by the world’s population and thus is a critical source
of food security, with demand expected to double in the next twenty years (FAO,
2012). Currently 3 billion people depend on fish for twenty percent of their average
per capita intake of animal protein. About 660–820 million livelihoods (or 10–12
percent of the world’s population) are dependent on the fisheries. 97 percent of the
livelihoods that are directly dependent on fisheries and aquaculture occur in
developing countries, mostly via small-scale operations in Asia (FAO, 2010). Ocean
revenues include some US$161 billion annually from marine and coastal tourism, in
addition to a growing range of products from the oceans, such as antibiotics,
antifreeze, antifouling paints and a number of pharmaceutical products (UNEP,
2006). The ocean also delivers essential public goods and services such as
protection from natural hazards for the growing coastal population and carbon
storage – in the form of ‘blue carbon’ sinks such as mangrove forests, sea grass
beds and other vegetated ocean habitats, –which can sequester up to five times the
amounts of carbon absorbed by tropical forests (Nellemann et al., 2009).
Today, the world faces one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century: how to feed
9 billion people by 2050 in the face of climate change, economic and financial
uncertainty and the growing competition for natural resources. The multiple
challenges of food insecurity, climate change, degradation of ecosystems, and
economic recession require an integrated response and an urgent transition of the
world economy towards a sustainable, inclusive and resource efficient path.
Healthy oceans are one key to rising to this challenge. But three key threats to ocean
health – overfishing, habitat change and pollution – affect our ability to use the
oceans to drive strong economies and healthy communities. Actions to solve these
threats have often been unsuccessful. Moreover, they have contributed to the
tensions between (i) growth and conservation, (ii) private sector interests and
equitable benefits for communities and (iii) EEZs and ABNJ policy frameworks.
The tensions mentioned above have been highlighted in several oceans’ summits,
conferences and meetings, including the Asia Conference on Oceans, Food Security
and Blue Growth, held on June 18-21, 2013, in Bali, Indonesia. This conference which also served as the Asia Regional Pre-Summit to the Global Oceans Action
Summit on Food Security and Blue Growth – discussed an Asian Campaign for
Oceans, with concrete actions linking policies, investments and measures for the
transition to make long-term sustainability of the living oceans a bankable
proposition.
The Global Oceans Action Summit
The Global Oceans Action Summit brought together stakeholders from various
“schools of thought” to identify success stories that reconcile competing interests and

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show how governance, partnerships and financing can help scale up activities that
ultimately result in shared prosperity today and for future generations.
The agenda was built around the following key areas, which were primarily
addressed in six Working Groups, on the themes: Balancing Growth & Conservation
(Growth; Conservation; Solutions); Private sector & Social Equity (Role of the Private
Sector; Enhancing local development; Getting action); Areas Beyond National
Jurisdiction (ABNJ) and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) (Illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing; Plastics in the marine environment; Cooperation); Models for
governance; Financing mechanisms; and Partnerships.
Objectives
The objectives of the Global Oceans Action Summit were to:
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Identify solutions to ocean threats that can be replicated at speed and scale to
deliver healthy oceans for every country.

•

Identify financial mechanisms and mobilize partnerships to better fulfil
international obligations.

•

Use these solutions and the shared understandings across important ocean
themes to serve as inputs to the post-2015 sustainable development agenda.

III.

Sessions

The Summit presented several opportunities for keynote addresses and exchange of
views. These included the opening ceremony, a panel discussion, other plenary
sessions, as well as six working groups.

a)

Opening Ceremony

The opening plenary session was chaired by H.E. Sharon Dijksma, Minister of
Agriculture of The Netherlands.
H.E. Sharon Dijksma, the Minister of Agriculture for the Netherlands, opened the
Global Oceans Action Summit for Food Security and Blue Growth’s Plenary. Minister
Dijksma began by laying the foundation of why food security is a critical issue and
why action is needed to address it through a comprehensive, international Blue
Growth initiative. She highlighted how 10 to 12% of the world’s population are
dependent on fisheries, and how it will only increase as the population continues to
steadily climb to 9 billion people. Minister Dijksma asked participants if we are willing
“to stop the moral outcry that still almost 1 billion people go hungry to bed every day”.
She also stressed that it is critical to take action now in how we use, manage,
understand, and value our oceans. Efforts to this point have not had the efficacy
needed to ensure that oceans ecosystems continue to function and that people can
continue to rely on the ocean for food, jobs, and ecosystem services. Additionally,
three major threats the Minister highlighted include: overfishing, habitat change, and
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pollution. As a way forward, the Minister suggested to bring together stakeholders
from across the public-private-civil society spheres to improve regional cooperation,
including through more emphasis on Regional Fisheries Management Organizations,
inclusion of local communities and protected areas and habitats when discussing
sustainable fisheries, innovation, among others. Minister Dijksma invited participants
to be innovative and develop a strategic roadmap for actions.
Mr. Jozias van Aartsen, Mayor of The Hague, next addressed the delegates,
proclaiming The Hague, besides being the city of international justice and peace, as
an emerging center of smart oceans policy. Mayor van Aartsen expressed hope that
the Summit would generate ideas that could help usher in a much needed transition
of the world’s economy with regard to its oceans. He recounted how the sea along
The Hague’s coast is linked to almost every aspect of the city, including its economic
development, tourism infrastructure, and cultural identity. Mayor van Aartsen
concluded by urging the Summit participants to find innovative ways to engage
stakeholders and to develop creative and ambitious new paths to Blue Growth.
Dr. Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank, next addressed the delegates via
video. He noted that more than 60% of the world’s economic output takes place
within 100 km of global coastlines, and described some of the initiatives the World
Bank has undertaken with countries to improve fisheries management, reduce ocean
pollution, and protect ocean habitat. Dr. Kim highlighted the findings of the Global
Partnership for Ocean's Blue Ribbon Panel of experts that emphasized the important
links between communities, economies, and the sustainability of ecosystems. He
concluded his remarks by restating the World Bank's commitment to work in
partnership to create blue growth, and to build a world with healthy economies and
healthy oceans.
Mr. Àrni M. Mathiesen, Assistant Director General of the FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department, congratulated the Government of Netherlands for
convening this event. He emphasized the central role of the oceans, seas and
coastal areas for sustainable development as recognized in the Rio+20 Sustainable
Development outcome and the importance of the Blue Economy concept in meeting
the sustainable development goals that will be set in the post-2015 development
agenda. FAO’s commitment and a vision of sustainable growth, food security and
poverty eradication led to the creation of the FAO Blue Growth Initiative which
provides a global framework through which FAO will assist countries to develop and
implement the Blue Economy agenda. The initiative aims to foster partnerships and
act as a catalyst for policy development, investment and innovation in Support of
Food Security, Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Management of Aquatic
Resources. To give substance to this commitment, Mr. Mathiesen indicated that FAO
continues to work towards improvements in the state of fisheries. With and through
its Members, FAO works towards improved fisheries governance with a particular
focus on supporting and strengthening Regional Fishery Bodies whose performance
is crucial for better management and conservation of fish stocks. He stressed that
Blue Economy is not an appendix to the sustainable development agenda. It is a
central part of it, as has been clear since Rio+20.

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After the opening statements, two other relevant meetings outputs were reported to
the plenary. Firstly, the Asia Conference on Oceans, Food Security and Blue Growth,
secondly, the Economist World Ocean Summit, as follows:
H.E. Sharif Cicip Sutardjo, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries, briefed Summit participants on the preceding Asia Conference on
Oceans, Food Security and Blue Growth. Minister Sutardjo emphasized that the
conference was extremely important because of the huge number of people in Asia
who are living in coastal areas. The conference, which took place in June, 2013, and
was held in preparation for this summit, tackled important threats to Asian marine
areas, such as loss of habitat and of biodiversity, pollution, and climate change
impacts. As Asia accounted for 67 percent of total global fish production in 2011, it is
especially important for the continent to reach its Blue Growth goals, including
poverty alleviation, developing strong governance models, improving market access,
and creating appropriate financing mechanisms. He called on participants to avoid
short-term policy fixes and instead to develop innovative policies that have a shared,
long-term commitment and that leverage partnerships between societal sectors.
Mr. Charles Goddard, Editorial Director of The Economist Asia Pacific next
briefed participants on the Economist World Ocean Summit, which took place in San
Francisco in February, 2014. The Economist’s interest in oceans stems from the fact
that they bring together the full range of fields it covers. He stated the challenges are
complex and require innovative economic solutions. He expressed concern that as a
global society, we are essentially subsidizing the despoliation of the ocean. Mr.
Goddard noted some positive trends in the field, including years of incremental
achievement through grassroots organizing, an increase in scientific understanding
of ocean health, huge opportunities for Blue Growth, and a growing understanding of
the need for precautionary action. He stressed that the conference aimed to develop
the right tools, policies, and incentives needed to create a stable regulatory
environment, a level playing field for investment, and strong governance frameworks.
It is absolutely essential, he noted, for this Summit and other related conferences to
address market failures and externalities and improve natural capital accounting in
order to honour the “profound connection between the ocean, and society.” He also
highlighted the need to increase governance of the high seas and the need to abolish
harmful subsidies.
Following these presentations, Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg of the University
of Queensland led the plenary into positioning the oceans in terms of both their
threats and, perhaps more importantly, what opportunities these threats present for
the international community to effectively change the course of how we understand
and govern the oceans. Professor Hoegh-Guldberg’s talk focused on three topics: 1)
unparalleled change, 2) the ocean vis-à-vis climate change, and 3) global action.
There are myriad threats to the world’s fisheries. He stressed that one of the most
critical threats to the ocean is climate change. The latest IPCC report identified the
rapid expansion of climate change impacts being reported on oceans. Warming seas
and ocean acidification have the ability to undermine all of our efforts to address
ocean and fisheries issues. Though Professor Hoegh-Guldberg recognizes that there
is still time to act and still time to reverse our course in how the international
community addresses climate change as well as the opportunity to usher in an era of

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Blue Growth. He has no doubt that through collaborative efforts we will solve the
climate crisis for three key reasons – that the costs of climate change are recognized
and real, that solutions already exist that are scalable, and the cost to implement
these solutions is small. Professor Hoegh-Guldberg also reflected on the work of the
Global Partnership on Oceans’ Blue Ribbon Panel, and the common consensus
among its members that sustainable oceans was a priority, human well-being and
food security should be part of the solution, benefits must be balanced across
people, ecosystems and industry, among others. He concluded with an uplifting note
of the promise of opportunity that these most dire issues – climate change and a
rapidly degrading ocean – bring to change the course of how we view our lives, our
systems, and our planet.
b)

Panel Discussion

Moderated by Ms. Zeinab Badawi, well-known BBC anchor, a six person panel under
the theme: “Perspectives on ocean challenges, opportunities for transformation” met
to discuss and exchange views regarding their unique perspectives on ocean
challenges and opportunities for transformation. The panel was integrated by
representatives from the NGOs, philanthropy, small and medium local fisheries, and
government officials. There was solid consensus among the panelists that, in the
words of the Minister of the Environment for the Seychelles, Rolph Payet, “we need
to look at the ocean from the sea” as opposed to our historically classic perspective
of trying to manage the ocean and its resources from a terrestrial viewpoint.
Panelists also refined and discussed what they view as Blue Growth and the Blue
Economy. Beyond just a new ocean-centric paradigm, panelists envisioned Blue
Growth and the Blue Economy as a way in which to include women to address the
gender divide that currently exists in fisheries policymaking, to address and direct aid
to the small fisheries that are on the frontlines of sustainable fisheries management
and ecosystem protection, to internalize traditionally externalized fisheries and ocean
externalities (such as the climate change mitigation and coastal protection that
mangroves provide), and lastly to infuse a greater social awareness and valuation of
the ocean within the greater public.
c)

Other plenary sessions

Prof. William Moomaw, Fletcher School Tufts University, presented his report as
co-author of the book “Charting a new course for oceans”, which addresses the state
of the world’s oceans, global fisheries and fisheries treaties, including potential
strategies for reversing the decline in ocean health and productivity.
Also, a briefing of the discussions of the first three Working Groups was presented by
their respective Chairs. The main conclusions from these three parallel Working
Groups fed into the next set of parallel Working Groups (sessions 4, 5 and 6).

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d)

Key messages from the Working Groups

The first three Working Groups focused on identifying solutions/constraints related to
the effective implementation of the already-agreed action plans designed to ensure
the sustainable contribution of oceans to food security.
Working Groups 4, 5 and 6 built upon Working Groups 1 Balancing Growth &
Conservation, 2 on Private Sector & Social Equity and 3 ABNJ & EEZ’s and explored
how governance, investment and partnerships can assist in the application of those
solutions (or remove constraints). Good governance, sustainable financing, and
partnerships are key for lasting collaborative action, and are levers that can be used
to achieve food security and broad-based blue growth.
WORKING GROUP 1: BALANCING GROWTH & CONSERVATION
• Enhancing the potential of aquaculture, mariculture and non-traditional
marine resources to contribute to sustainable growth. Of special importance
is investment in research and development towards production systems that
are independent from fish feeds; to address the issue of diseases and genetic
improvements; to develop appropriate technologies for offshore marine farms,
and to reduce by-catch
• Enhance the ability of capture fisheries to increase fish production through:
- restoring overexploited and depleted stocks and protecting/restoring
critical habitats; reducing fishing capacity and creating alternative job
opportunities;
- eliminating existing huge losses and waste along the value chain and by
adding value to fishery products to generate jobs and economic growth;
supporting research to improve understanding of ecosystem structure and
functioning, possible impacts of climate change on resources and
biodiversity.
• Promote the rapid entry into force and implementation of the Port State
Measures Agreement, including taking early actions on capacity building and
development of adequate legislative framework.
• Implement the Global Record of Fishing Vessels Refrigerated Transport
Vessels and Supply Vessels, including the addition of information on vessel
activities in support of an effective implementation of Port State Measures.
• Establish and effectively implement a Regional plan of action on IUU fishing
in West Africa.
• The small scale sector needs strong recognition, particularly in the context
of blue growth for food security and alleviation of poverty.

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• Establish security of tenure in small scale fisheries by integrating SSF in
rights allocation
• Invest in value chains relevant to small-scale fisheries, and enhance
human capacity development on various aspects of production, transformation
and marketing.
• Implementing ecosystem approaches, including those that address the
multisectoral dimensions of sustainability, and more inclusive processes to
ensure ownership of the natural resources management process.
• Strengthening users’ rights, including tenure, to create stronger stakeholder
stewardship for sustainable resource management.
WORKING GROUP 2: PRIVATE SECTOR & SOCIAL EQUITY
• Private sector should promote leadership and collaboration in all areas of
blue growth, including transfer of capacity and knowledge to developing
states, particularly in aquaculture. Growth of the private sector should be a
vector for the development and the accrual of benefits to the host
communities.
• Develop regulatory frameworks that give security to private sector actors
should be promoted.
• IGOs (including WB and FAO) should foster partnerships with private
sector that would lead to a more targeted investment and to research on blue
growth
• IGOs and the donor community should coordinate efforts to establish a
revolving fund to support the effective participation of developing States in
regional fishery management decision-making processes
• Support involvement of private sector and local communities in the
development and implementation of international instruments to guide work on
mid and small-scale fisheries (including work on the Guidelines on
Responsible Tenure of Land Fisheries and Forestry and the Small-Scale
Fisheries Guidelines).
• Promote an appropriate consideration of ocean-related issues in the
development of Sustainable Development Goals.
• Promote development of international platforms, such as the Global
Partnership for Oceans (GPO), to coordinate and facilitate financing to
enhance sustainability of the oceans and foster coordination and collaboration
between different actors interested in ocean issues.

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WORKING GROUP 3: ABNJ & EEZ’S
• A coordinated UNEP-FAO-IMO programme to: (1) establish a robust
baseline on the magnitude and impacts associated with plastics and
microplastics in the ocean and food chains, (2) raise awareness and educate
on the state and impact of plastics on the ocean and the food supply chain,
and (3) target actions to remove abandoned, lost and otherwise discarded
fishing gears and rehabilitate fishing grounds.
• Good governance is required for the sustainability of fisheries and
aquaculture, as well as the basis for growth and investment. This entails
adequate policy, legal and institutional frameworks at different scales, i.e.
local, national and regional.
• Strengthening regional governance/ institutions (RFMOs) as their role is
regarded central to ABNJ management and IUU elimination, with due
recognition and consideration of the evolving nature of IUU fishing from
traditional illegal and pirate activities to non compliance by RFMO members.
This entails the need for enhanced transparency in the sharing of intelligence
on IUU fishing activities and prosecutions.
• Implementing existing agreements (such as those developed by FAO, i.e.
Port State Measures Agreement and Guidelines for the Assessment of Flag
State Performance).
• Combating marine litter is most effective at source. Also controlling
enforcement are valuable elements in the aim to eliminate marine litter.
• Accelerate the implementation of the global record of Fishing Vessels,
Refrigerated Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels (including a unique vessel
identifier for all vessels), as well additional information on vessel activities in
support of effective implementation of port state measures.

WORKING GROUP 4: GOVERNANCE
To optimize revenues and ensure benefit sharing, effective governance systems that
support innovation while deterring illegal activity are critical for better stewardship of
the ocean’s natural capital. Focusing on the managed resources and the managers is
important to achieve best results. With regard to the former, Integrated Management
of the Marine Ecosystem (IMME) is one way to alleviate the competition for ocean
space and resources. IMME requires identifying and mapping current uses and
stakeholders, collectively setting objectives and priorities; using available science and
traditional knowledge, and adjusting zoning/ rules to prioritize and accommodate
differing use. Two approaches for resource managers were discussed at this Summit
– co-management and community management, where the first includes a
government component. Communities need information on technology, price,
regulation, and the decision-making processes that affect them, and thus can be
particularly enabled by access to these information resources. Increased
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transparency of all of this information is necessary to improve outcomes for local
communities. Other enabling conditions include access – to markets, facilitating
community voices, securing rights, and investing in direct payments to reward best
practice. Successfully transitioning to co-management of fisheries requires an
investment of time and local resources to build trust to transform sometimes former
antagonists into collaborators to embrace shared goals and achieve sustainable
results. This requires building networks among local communities, and building
legislative frameworks that enable them to connect with decision makers.
WORKING GROUP 5: FINANCE
Mobilizing financing is key to catalyzing action—particularly to capture positive
externalities and to make up for imperfect information that sometimes leads to low
consumer demand for domestic spending on oceans. Diversifying investment across
scale and sector can reduce risk and yield best results for economies and the
environments associated with them. There are trillions of dollars in capital markets
and it takes an intentional effort by governments and investors to move them toward
ocean investment, including through the use of guarantees, taxation schemes and
incentive structures. For example, public and commercial financial institutions
developing the Green Bond Market can develop Blue Bond standards to invite ocean
investments into this market. The potential for substantial investment is high, but will
take time and be dependent on effective risk management. Engagement with
verification services including the Marine Stewardship Council will avoid unnecessary
duplication and reinvention in developing standards and approaches. Those with
capital (e.g. foundations, IFIs) can mitigate risk, and establish proof of concept by
making initial investments. Scale matters – in that there are both marketplaces for
small and large investments. Yet these need to be bankable and apply across the
supply chain. Best practices will yield economic, social, and environmental returns.
Calculating absolute returns must therefore consider natural, social and financial
capital. Donors are already beginning to do this by using development assistance to
finance green impact investment opportunities through private and civil society
actors. This should be scaled up and the approach applied by other interested
institutions.
WORKING GROUP 6: PARTNERSHIP
Partnerships are essential to crowding in the expertise and funding necessary to
close the implementation gap. They are widely accepted as effective means of
achieving common objectives, leveraging and pooling resources and expertise, and
facilitating better integration of conservation and development. Partnerships must
reinforce the principles of equity, transparency and justice, while generating tangible
benefits for the economy, environment, and society and contributing to poverty
alleviation. Existing partnerships, such as they Global Partnership for Oceans and
Global Island Partnership strive to do this. Partnerships require governance
arrangements to sustain coordination, ensure integrity and deliver results. Pairing the
private sector with the public creates new challenges, emphasizing the importance of
clarifying roles and motivations of each. Different partners may lead at different times,
and can achieve positive outcomes in ways that are symbiotic and sustainable. A
healthy tension can be beneficial as can sequencing of partners’ actions for
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maximum impact. And small public investments (risk capital) can lead to large returns
when paired with private sector resources (exit capital) to achieve best results.
Partnerships based on trust and respect while focusing on getting things done have
proven to be the most effective and enduring.
IV.

High Level Segment

The High Level Segment consisted of an opening session and High Level Round
Tables.
a) Opening Ceremony
The opening ceremony of the High Level Segment included the participation of some
Heads of State, Ministers, CEOs and other high level officials of NGOs, academia,
etc.
H.E. Sharon Dijksma, the Minister of Agriculture for the Netherlands, opened the
High Level Segment ceremony. She called for concrete outcomes and actions.
Minister Dijksma also stated that the Summit should put forth clear solutions that will
be able to address and meet the challenges of overfishing, the growing challenge of
feeding 9 billion people, and the use of the oceans’ marine resources in a sustainable
ecologically, economically, and socially way. Minister Dijksma announced several
partnerships that The Netherlands is signing with different partners, such as Grenada
or Indonesia, in order to support a transition to a Blue Economy Ocean State and
Blue Growth and food security, respectively. She ended her opening statement by
reiterating a call for action and the development of a Roadmap for Ocean Action, in
order to ensure ocean health, food security, and the development of the Blue
Economy for the future.
Dr. Right Honourable Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada, opened his
address by emphasizing that “the threat to oceans is a threat to all of us.” He
emphasized the extreme over exploitation of fisheries and that these issues will only
be heightened by “the game changer” - climate change. In regards to climate change,
he indicated that we are facing the unprecedented challenge. Grenada has been a
very vocal advocate for addressing climate change. He stressed that ocean issues
are a critical part of any attempts to address climate change, just as climate change
fora must recognize and address the role of oceans and marine issues. Prime
Minister Mitchell highlighted a number of regional and ocean and fishery related
international fora that Grenada has engaged in, along with other countries, NGOs,
and the private sector. He also emphasized how communication and technology
should be used to catalyze widespread action. Finally, the Prime Minister issued a
strong call for action. “We all know the issues very well, too many times we talk and
we talk while the problems become bigger and bigger. We are here today for actions
and solutions.”
H.E. John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, United States of America, via a video
message, addressed the participants and noted that the Summit was timely, falling
on the same week as the 45th annual celebration of Earth Day. Secretary Kerry
noted that we cannot properly care for the Earth without caring for the oceans that

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cover nearly 75% of its surface. He cited the various challenges facing the oceans,
from climate change, acidification to overexploitation of fisheries, and urged each of
us to take up our responsibility as ocean stewards. He called for the advent of new
global oceans agenda, inclusive of all sectors and stakeholders. Ocean stewardship
is not only an environmental concern, he stated, it’s also a health, economic, food
security, and moral issue. He invited participation in the forthcoming Ocean Summit,
at the US State Department, Washington DC.
H.E. Elisabeth Aspaker, Norway, Minister of Fisheries, began her address by
emphasizing that Blue Growth is possible. However, it is critical to recognize that the
ocean is a provider of living and non-living resources and that the living resources
are not limitless. The ocean’s resources must be managed properly so that future
generations can also enjoy them. This consideration and concern of ensuring
resources for future generations is the definition of sustainable development that
guides Norway’s fisheries governance. Sustainable fisheries are also imperative in
global sustainable development, especially in light of food security and nutrition. She
stressed that the state of marine fisheries is worsening, and the health of oceanic
ecological environments is in peril. This makes sustainable Blue Growth, which
includes sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, all the more critical. Minister Aspaker
also recognized that subsidies are the main contributor to fishing overcapacity. The
Minister’s keynote address concluded by recognizing the practical reality that in terms
of Blue Growth and oceanic sustainable development, each country must find it’s
own model. Though these models will be unique, Minister Aspaker proposes that
there are key elements that should underlie any model. She concluded by indicating
that “If we care for the oceans, the oceans will care for us”.
H.E. Rashid Ahmed bin Fahad, Minister for Environment and Water, United
Arab Emirates, outlined the UAE’s commitment to supporting sustainable growth
and the protection of marine resources, noting his country’s reliance on healthy
marine areas. The UAE ‘s economy has major fisheries and shipping sectors, and the
country is committed to playing its role as part of the solution. The country’s Blue
Carbon project is one example of this commitment to sustainability. Minister bin
Fahad, stressed, however, that despite such measures already in place, partnerships
and action are urgently needed to take on the many and significant challenges
currently facing our oceans and marine resources.
Mr. Àrni M. Mathiesen, Assistant Director General of the FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department delivered a short statement centered around 6 points for
action: 1) support for an appropriate role of oceans and even a stand-alone ocean
sustainable development goal; 2) recognition of the required investment for food
security and aquaculture (in particular fish feed and genetic development) as well as
recognition that there is still a lot of work needed for wild fisheries and the continued
need for the implementation of the Fisheries Code of Conduct; 3) recognition of the
importance of small scale fisheries, rights allocation, and finance; 4) recognition of
the need for a regulatory framework and good governance; 5) recognition of the need
for partnerships between civil society, the private sector, and governments and
finally; 6) recognition of the need for the ratification of the Port State Measures
Agreement, the importance of flag state performance, of the need to reinvigorate
RFMOs, and the need for cooperation with the regional conservation authorities and
the IMO.

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Mr. Juergen Voegele, Director of Agriculture and Environmental Services,
World Bank, remarked that this Summit unites us around a theme that we all care
about, and that our challenge is then to find ways to work together to find solutions
through collective action. He stressed that Summits like this should integrate our
efforts, not polarize us as actors. Global plans must translate into local action, and
the work of the Blue Ribbon Panel exemplifies the kind of innovative thinking needed
to bridge the many gaps in our marine policies. We must find solutions and bring
them to fruition quickly.
b) High Level Round Tables
The representatives were challenged to come forward with forward-looking ideas,
initiatives and actions through two High Level Round Tables, which were held in
parallel, in morning and afternoon sessions.
Roundtable A was chaired by H.E. Sharon Dijksma, Minister of Agriculture of The
Netherlands, and had the following introductory speakers during the morning
session: Rupert Howes, CEO, Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), and H.E. Robert
Aisi, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Papua New Guinea to the
United Nations in New York. During the afternoon round table, Mr. Johan van de
Gronden, CEO WWF Netherlands, delivered an introductory speech. After the
introductory statements, there was an open discussion and exchange of views on
the Pitches for Action.
The Roundtable B was Co-chaired by Dr. Right Hon. Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of
Grenada, H.E. Roland Bhola, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of Grenada, and
Mr. Fred Boltz, Managing Director, Rockefeller Foundation. The round table had the
following introductory speakers during the morning session: Peter Seligmann, CEO,
Conservation International, and Mr. Joost Oorthuizen, CEO, IDH Sustainable Trade
Initiative. During the afternoon roundtable, Hon. Henry Puna, Prime Minister of Cook
Islands, delivered an introductory speech. After the introductory statements, there
was an open discussion and exchange of views on the Pitches for Action.
c) Key messages High Level segment/ Pitches for Action
The Global Oceans Action Summit for Food Security and Blue Growth brought
together a diverse range of ocean stakeholders to identify solutions and success
stories that reconcile competing interests and show how governance, partnerships
and financing can help scale up activities that result in shared prosperity today and
for future generations.
They proposed the following pitches for action:

14

Integrated approaches: Breaking down silos
• Embed oceans in the post-2015 development framework to align human wellbeing and ocean health, preferably in a stand-alone Sustainable Development
Goal
• Address Climate Change to restore ocean health because climate change is
increasingly the biggest threat to ocean health. Incorporate oceans in the
climate change agenda leading to the UNFCCC Conference in Paris in 2015,
including through international processes and events such as the 3rd
International Conference on SIDS 2014 and the UN Secretary-General’s
Climate Summit in September 2014
• Improve regional integrated coastal and High Seas management, including by
supporting approaches such as the Integrated Management of the Marine
Ecosystem (IMME) approaches, with a view to protecting and restoring
natural coastal habitats; securing coastal livelihoods; expanding marine
protected areas; improving ecosystems; reducing vulnerability and increasing
resilience to climate change impacts and addressing both marine- and landbased pollution
• Convene inter-sectoral national dialogues on oceans that bring together public
agencies, the private sector, civil society and local communities and develop
national action plans for blue growth
• Increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters
• Integrate local knowledge from small-scale communities into national and
ecosystem level policies and strategies for the more equitable use of and
access to benefits from marine resources
• Important actions are needed to address the impact and role of industrial
fisheries on drivers of ecosystem degradation. Greater emphasize should be
given by FAO and other international organizations on the key role of fish and
other sea food as important resources for global food security as they are
often left out in global discussions
• The UNESCO World heritage List includes 46 unique marine sites in 35
countries. By surface area they cover 20% of all existing marine protected
areas. All major NGOs and all major charitable foundations already work in
these sites on a multitude of projects. Yet, the reality is that many of these
outstanding marine sites remain seriously threatened by unsustainable
practices, fisheries in particular. Some sites are now on the brink of extinction.
Marine World Heritage presents a unique opportunity to make a
transformational change in a substantial coverage of our global MPA
community. The call for action is to join forces across all partners and
collectively help nations that host these sites so we can truly live up to the
spirit of the World Heritage Convention and all future generations can continue
to enjoy these Crown Jewels Of the Ocean.

15

Governance
• All states concerned should accede to and implement existing and
international instruments pertaining to the management of living marine
resources (such as UNCLOS, UN Fish Stock Agreement)
• Accelerate the entry into force of the Port State Measures Agreement, and
build capacity and credible institutions to implement it even prior to the entry
into force of the Agreement itself
• Operationalize Small Scale Fisheries Guidelines and Voluntary Guidelines on
the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forestry
• Strengthen the mandate, effectiveness, and financing of Regional Fisheries
Management Organizations (RFMO’s) in order to bridge governance gaps and
enhance fisheries management, particularly in Areas Beyond National
Jurisdiction to eliminate IUU-fishing
• Promote ecosystem approaches to fisheries and aquaculture management
• Accelerate the implementation of the global Record of Fishing Vessels,
Refrigerated Transport Vessels and supply Vessels, including the addition of
information on vessel activities in support of an effective implementation of
Port State Measures Agreement
• Eliminate harmful fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and
overcapacity and instead incentive activities that promote conservation and
sustainable fishing in the industrial, artisanal and small-scale fisheries sectors.
• Conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020, as committed to
in the Aichi Targets by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on
Biological Diversity
• Invest in Information and Communications Technology to detect noncompliance and transparently share information in real time, including with law
enforcement agencies mandated to act on such information
• Share selected monitoring and surveillance information e.g. own-vessel
tracking to assist companies in their own vessel management to ensure self
regulation and compliance which has been demonstrated to improve
compliance and valuing the fishery
• Urgent need to invest in an global information service to support, inter alia,
knowledge on the actors in global oceans, international legal and policy
platforms, best practices and compliance and enforcement actions and
research, development and innovation.

Private Public Partnerships
• Commit to existing and new innovative partnerships, such as the Global
Partnership for Oceans and the Blue Growth concept

16

• Scale up financing for replicating best practices and knowledge platforms,
including via South-South cooperation and in triangular partnerships
• Design extension services that bundle knowledge and technical assistance
from relevant public, private and civil society agencies to reduce transaction
costs for local communities, SME’s and countries, seeking to enhance ocean
health
• Private public partnerships should be underpinned by principles of equity,
justice and transparency, to ensure they contribute to improved benefits for
local communities and development countries
Investments
• Strengthen the uptake and execution of innovative financing mechanisms, like
blue bonds, to mobilize domestic and international and private resources for
enhancing ocean health
• Invest in small-medium enterprises and local communities as effective agents
for delivering broad-based blue growth and aquaculture production
• Incorporate natural capital accounting of marine resources and the valuation of
ecosystems services into sustainable development planning and policy
making
• Develop principles for inclusive investment that take into account the needs of
local coastal communities
• Develop risk management approaches to attract private investments in
sustainable fisheries and sustainable aquaculture, including to deal with
invasive alien species
• Reduce the transaction costs and upfront capital requirements that exclude
countries and communities from securing access to niche markets and
financial benefits from ocean-related certification schemes
• Endorse the Committee on Food Security’s Principles for Responsible
Agricultural Investment
• Call for a special fund to be set up by World Bank, IMF, ADB ad other
international financial institution to support the investment needs of developing
and least developed countries in the areas of infrastructure, processing
facilities, and capacity building of small-medium enterprises
• Support from more advanced economies to support developing and least
developed countries in the areas of investment, identified above
Research and development/ innovation
• Enhance private and public investment in research and development and the
dissemination of knowledge in order to increase the knowledge base on
oceans, fisheries management and aquaculture to capture the potential of new
technologies to secure benefits from oceans

17

• Incentivize private and academic research institutions to undertake research
and develop solutions for site-specific oceans challenges.
• Research and develop the sustainability, governance, investment and
regulatory frameworks for off-shore aquaculture, including in the high-seas.
• Invest in research that would allow countries and companies to scale up
sustainable aquaculture, innovate new fish feed, and reduce food waste
• Invest in a robust global information service that collates and shares
information and knowledge in an accessible, transparent and timely manner

V.

The way forward

The Global Oceans Action Summit for Food Security and Blue Growth in The Hague
(April 22nd-25th, 2014) brought together a diverse range of ocean stakeholders to
identify solutions and success stories that reconcile competing interests and show
how governance, partnerships and financing can help scale up activities that result in
shared prosperity today and for future generations.
The Summit noticed that the world is waking up to the challenges that face the
oceans. The challenges are known and acknowledged. At the Summit there was a
willingness to move ahead from recognizing the challenges to formulating concrete
actions and developing and/or joining partnerships. Partnerships which show how
combined action for more healthy and productive oceans can drive sustainable
growth and shared prosperity, while preserving our natural resources for future
generations.
In this regard participants highlighted the need for specific attention to embed
Oceans in the climate change and other relevant agenda’s, and working towards a
Sustainable Development Goal on Oceans, as part of the Post-2015 Development
Framework.
The outcomes of the Global Ocean Action Summit for Food Security and Blue
Growth contribute to and link with a variety of national, regional and international
processes, including the Post-2015 Development Framework, the climate change
agenda and the Committee on Fisheries (COFI), such as; the World Coral Reef
Conference in Manado Conference16 May 2014, Indonesia, the US Government Our
Ocean Conference, Washington DC, 16-17 June 2014 the 3rd International
Conference on SIDS, Apia, Samoa, 4-9 September 2014; the UN SecretaryGeneral’s Climate Summit, New York, 23 September 2014; the Conference of the
Parties to the UNFCCC in Peru in December 2014; the Blue Grenada meeting,
January 2015; the High-Level policy forum in the margins of the Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, Philippines, planned for November 2015.
Existing partnerships in the area of oceans, such as the Global Partnership for
Oceans and the Blue Growth Concept, have to be strengthened and global
participation should be promoted.

18

Participants called for championing new, concrete and innovative actions and
partnerships specifically in the field of Blue Growth and Food Security. An inclusive
voluntary Global Alliance/Network for Action on Blue Growth and Food Security could
bring forward and accelerate concrete actions and partnerships identified by the
Summit. It can strengthen ongoing partnerships and initiatives as mentioned before.
Other participants urged strengthening of existing partnerships in the area of oceans,
such as the Global Partnership for Oceans.
The outcomes encourage and strengthen collaborative and innovative approaches.
There was a call to continue this dialogue for action, and as a driver launch an
effective advocacy and public awareness campaign for Food Security and Blue
Growth, with special attention to young people.
Summit’s launching of Partnerships and Actions
The following partnerships and actions were launched during the Summit:
• A tripartite collaboration program between the Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries in Indonesia, the Government of the Netherlands and
Wageningen University and Research Center on Fisheries and Aquaculture
for Food Security in Indonesia, focusing on enhancing the availability and
accessibility of safe fish and fish products, of high quality, specifically looking
at ways to reduce waste in the fish sector. This work is planned in specific pilot
sites between now and the end of 2016
• The World Oceans Council opened the door to engage the business
community into the work on oceans, by developing private public partnerships,
at a global and multi-sectoral scale, to ensure responsible use of marine
resources. WOC also offered to facilitate partnerships for sharing data
platforms from the private sector
• The Government of Grenada and the Netherlands have joined forces to drive
the transformation of Grenada to a Blue Economy Ocean State, by supporting
sustainable increases in the productivity of Grenada’s marine food systems;
single-use and multi-use coastal and ocean spaces; coastal people’s
livelihoods that are threatened by climate change, and sustainable use of
coastal and marine resources
• Mauritius, the Seychelles and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) will
initiate action towards certification of specific fish species in the Indian Ocean
• Rockefeller Foundation and the Netherlands pledged funding support to
WorldFish to produce a navigational chart for blue growth and global
fisheries, the Roadmap for the Future of Fish. Using this Roadmap, it will be
possible to help define the quantitative goals for a sustainable fish food
system that fully meets global needs in 2030 and beyond. WorldFish will work
with FAO and other partners from industry, academia and civil society to
assess the future fish food system.

19

• The World Bank will work with partners to ensure that smart and ambitious
targets and indicators on oceans are included in all Sustainable Development
Goals. The World Bank will also work through its Wealth Accounting and
Valuation of Ecosystem Services partnership to help countries undertake
natural capital accounting of their ocean assets to inform their national
planning.
• The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) will support countries to
implement Blue Growth Initiatives, including strengthening the RFMO’s and
implementing the small-scale fisheries guidelines, as well as through
ecosystem approaches, to ensure sustainable fisheries and aquaculture
• The International Sustainability Unit of The Prince of Wales’ Charitable
Foundation, with the Environmental Defense Fund and the 50 and 10
initiative have established a collaborative partnership to develop financing
guidelines for fishery recovery, with the support from the World Bank and the
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
• The Philippines will host a high-level policy forum in the margins of the AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation meeting, and build on the outcomes of this
Summit as a way forward to ensure the sustainability of our oceans for the
years to come
• Conservation International committed to work with interested parties on
implementing the Ocean Health Index, claiming a healthy ocean sustainably
delivers a range of benefits to people now and in the future
• UNEP in partnership with FAO and IMO will work towards reducing sea
based marine litter within the Global Partnership on Marine Litter, which aims
to contribute to the sustainable use of ocean resources
• WWF and the Netherlands Government committed to a partnership to
identify the benefits of extending effectively managed networks of marine
protected areas to 30% coverage, to assess the change in biodiversity,
fisheries, coastal protection, recreation and other associated ecosystem
services and the net impact of expending networks of MPA’s on employment
and food security
• The Nature Conservancy, Global Islands Partnership (GLISPA) and the
World Bank commit to mapping the existing initiatives that are working to
restore ocean health to identify opportunities for synergies and address gaps
The Summit created the social media #Oceanaction which has already become a
rallying point for ocean voices the world over, with 3800 tweets and 10 million
impressions during the Summit only, and will continue to inspire dialogue beyond the
Summit.

20

Annex 1- Proceedings of the meeting
The opening plenary started with an intervention of H.E. Sharon Dijksma, Minister of
Agriculture of The Netherlands. Mr. Jozias van Aartsen, Mayor of The Hague, who
welcomed participants to the city of The Hague, followed her intervention. Dr. Jim
Yong Kim, President of the World Bank (video message) and Mr. Àrni M. Mathiesen,
Assistant Director General of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, also
delivered welcome statements to the plenary.
After the opening statements, the outcomes from two recent ocean conferences were
reported to the plenary. Firstly, the Asia Conference on Oceans, Food Security and
Blue Growth by H.E. Sharif Cicip Sutardjo, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs
and Fisheries, and secondly, the Economist World Ocean Summit, by Mr. Charles
Goddard, Editorial Director of The Economist Asia Pacific
To set the tone for the Summit, Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Director Global Change
Institute, University of Queensland and coordinating lead-author of the oceans
chapter in the 5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment
Report, as well as Chair of the Global Partnership for Oceans’ Blue Ribbon Panel,
made a presentation on “Positioning the Oceans within the Global Action
Landscape”.
Afterwards, a panel discussion, moderated by Ms. Zeinab Badawi, BBC Anchor, was
held. The theme of the panel was: “Perspectives on ocean challenges, opportunities
for transformation.” Panelists included: Rolph Payet, Minister for Environment,
Seychelles; Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio, Senior Associate Director, Rockefeller
Foundation; Fatou Mboob, Executive Director, TRY Oyster Women’s Association,
The Gambia; Lori Kennedy, Co-founder/ Co-owner, Louisburg Seafoods Ltd;
Stephen Hall, Director General, WorldFish; and Sebastian Troeng, Senior Vice
President, Conservation International.
After the rich conversations and exchanges held during the opening ceremony, the
Chair proceeded to present the program of the Summit and introduce the Working
Groups. She also invited participants to join the different side events that were to be
held during lunch times (see annex 3) and visit the exhibition stands.
Three parallel Working Groups started on Tuesday afternoon and concluded their
work on Wednesday morning, with 3 sessions each.
Working Group 1 focused on Balancing Growth and Conservation with separate
sessions on: growth; conservation; and solutions (see Annex 2)
Working Group 2 focused on Private Sector and Social Equity with separate sessions
on: the role of the private sector; enhancing local development; and “getting action”
(see Annex 2)
Working Group 3 focused on Areas Beyond National Jurisdictions and Exclusive
Economic Zones with separate sessions on: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
fishing; plastics in the marine environment; and cooperation (see Annex 2)

21

Working Group 4 focused on Models for Governance with separate sessions on:
Integrated Management of the Marine Ecosystem; creating conditions for best
practice community management; and transitioning to co-management of local
fisheries. (see Annex 2)
Working Group 5 focused on Financing Mechanisms with separate sessions on: why
public, private and multilateral institutions invest in oceans; financing the transition to
sustainable blue economies, including Blue Bonds; and banking on sustainable
fisheries and healthy ecosystems (see Annex 2)
Working Group 6 focused on Partnerships with separate sessions on: lessons from
effective partnerships for ocean health; public partnerships for transformative action;
and private sector partnerships for sustainable fisheries (see Annex 2)
A plenary session on Wednesday heard a keynote address by Prof. William
Moomaw, Fletcher School Tufts University, on “Charting a new course for oceans”.
A briefing of the discussions of the first three Working Groups was also presented by
their respective Chairs. The main conclusions from these three parallel Working
Groups fed into the next set of parallel Working Groups (sessions 4, 5 and 6).
On Thursday morning, the Opening Ceremony of the High Level Segment took place.
It started with an intervention by H.E. Sharon Dijksma, Minister of Agriculture of The
Netherlands. Her intervention was followed by Dr. Right Hon. Keith Mitchell, Prime
Minister of Grenada; H.E. John Kerry, Secretary of State, United States of America
(video message); H.E. Elisabeth Aspaker, Minister of Fisheries, Ministry of Trade,
Industry and Fisheries, Norway; and finally, H.E. Rashid Ahmed bin Fahad, Minister
for Environment and Water, United Arab Emirates.
After the feedback from the Working Groups, presented by H.E. Lisa Svensson,
Swedish Ambassador for Ocean, Seas and Fresh Water, the Chair, H.E. Minister
Dijksma introduced the Pitches for Actions (which were extracted from the Working
Groups) to be discussed by the High-Level Roundtables and a plenary working
group. Mr. Àrni M. Mathiesen, Assistant Director General of the FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department Mr. Juergen Voegele, Director of Agriculture and
Environmental Services, World Bank delivered short statements.
The plenary split into parallel High Level Round Tables (two in the morning and two
in the afternoon) and Working Groups 4 on Models for Governance, 5 on Financing
Mechanisms and 6 on Partnerships continued their deliberations.
High-Level Round Table A was chaired by H.E. Sharon Dijksma, Minister of
Agriculture of The Netherlands, and had the following introductory speakers during
the morning session: Rupert Howes, CEO, Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), and
H.E. Robert Aisi, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Papua New Guinea
to the United Nations in New York. During the afternoon round table, Mr. Johan van
de Gronden, CEO WWF Netherlands, delivered an introductory speech. After the
introductory statements, there was an open discussion and exchange of views on the
Pitches for Action.

22

High-Level Round Table B was co-chaired by Dr. Right Hon. Keith Mitchell, Prime
Minister of Grenada, H.E. Roland Bhola, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of
Grenada, and Mr. Fred Boltz, Managing Director, Rockefeller Foundation. The round
table had the following introductory speakers during the morning session: Peter
Seligmann, CEO, Conservation International, and Mr. Joost Oorthuizen, CEO, IDH
Sustainable Trade Initiative. During the afternoon round table, Hon. Henry Puna,
Prime Minister of Cook Islands, delivered an introductory speech. After the
introductory statements, there was an open discussion and exchange of views on the
Pitches for Action.
On Thursday afternoon, a plenary Working Group chaired by H.E. Angus Friday
(Ambassador of Grenada to the US) discussed the main highlights and pitches for
action identified by the Chair. There was an open discussion and exchange of views
on the Pitches for Action.
Dr. Hans Hoogeveen, Vice-minister of Agriculture of The Netherlands, chaired the
morning plenary session on Friday. Mr. Frits Thissen, Dutch Agricultural Counselor to
the EU and Mr. Fred Boltz, Managing Director, Rockefeller Foundation, were invited
to brief participants on the discussions held and outcomes of the High Level Round
Tables A and B, respectively. Following their intervention, H.E. Angus Friday,
Ambassador of Grenada to the USA, also updated participants on discussions held in
the plenary working group which also addressed the Pitches for Action, as introduced
by Minister Dijksma. After these briefings, Dr. Hoogeveen introduced the Chair’s draft
summary report. Participants were invited to share their views and to announce more
actions and partnerships. The Secretariat prepared a clean Chair’s summary, with
duly consideration of inputs received.
The Summit concluded at 1pm on Friday 25th of April, with closing statements by
Valerie Hickey, speaking on behalf of the World Bank, Mr. Arni Mathiesen, speaking
on behalf of FAO, who thank participants for their hard work and also the Dutch
government for their hospitality and efforts in organizing the Summit. Dr. Hans
Hoogeveen, on behalf of the Dutch government, concluded the Summit by
recognizing that its success was the result of a team effort, together with the
Organizing partners, as well as the commitment of participants to an action oriented
outcome.

23

Annex 2- Working Groups Reports
BALANCING GROWTH AND CONSERVATION IN CAPTURE FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE
Summary Report of the Working Group 1 held on 22-23/04/2014
Global Oceans Action Summit, The Hague. 21-25/04/2015
1. INTRODUCTION
The WG, conducted in three sessions, was attended by about 100 participants with
different professional backgrounds. It was led by Gabriella Bianchi (FAO, WG leader)
and Angus Friday (Ambassador of Grenada to the US, Facilitator) and animated by
five panelist (Randall Brummet from the World Bank; Naseegh Jaffer from the World
Forum of Fisher Peoples; Scott Nichols, Director Verlasso; John Tanzer, Director
WWF Global Marine Programme; and Peter Gullestad, former Director of the
Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries. All experts attended the 3 sessions.
The WG discussed on the ways and means to act more decisively while balancing
the goals of growth and conservation to reach sustainable use of capture fisheries
and aquaculture resources, e.g. under a “Blue Growth” perspective. Session 1 and 2
focused respectively on growth (mainly but not only in food supplies) and then on
conservation (it is broader sense), acknowledging that there were strong connections
(conflicts, trade-offs and synergies) between the two. Session 3 reviewed the actions
proposed for both objectives examining more particularly impediments or enhancing
factors, trade-offs, synergies etc.
2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The participants made a number of considerations of relevance to the action needed
in the fishery and aquaculture sectors:
• Growth: Need to define what “growth” means. While the meeting was focused in
food security, it was stressed that growth was not only about GDP but it could be
interpreted as increased food availability, reduced poverty, improved well-being.
Capture fisheries have a limited potential for growth (except perhaps in
mesopelagic, krill, etc.); there are trade-offs between growth and conservation.
• Sustainable use: All actions have impact that has to be measured in terms of the
three dimensions of sustainable use (environmental; economic and social). Growth
and conservation are strictly linked. Need to define what “conservation” is. The
word may mean very different things in different places, from total protection to
sustainable use. Need to create ownership by local communities and governments
• Rapid urbanization (requiring building materials and generation pollution) is often a
problem and not only overfishing (in many island countries and reef ecosystems)
• Apply good governance: Investment in coastal areas need policy and legal
frameworks. Ecosystem approaches are required, management plans, MPAs but
there has to be ownership of the process. Need for integrated approaches
including issues of investment, governance and ownership of the process, at
different scales (local, urban and national), need to use and integrated traditional
ecological knowledge. Need for strengthening regional governance/institutions.
Put efforts into implementing present agreements (such as those developed by
FAO, i.e. Port State Measures)

24

• Research and assessment: Need for proper valuation of marine resources,
includings evaluation of ecosystem goods and services as well as sound economic
assessment of costs and benefits of development and /or protection. Need for
research into new feed stuffs for aquaculture. Need also research for methods of
disease prevention, breeding stock improvement, environmental carrying capacity
for aquaculture operations.
• The “western approach” to SSF management is inadequate leads to
misunderstanding of local food security needs and social development priorities.
There is a need to integrate SSF rights allocation and management into
national/local social development and food security programmes; prioritize SSF as
a local, traditional food production practice. Need to invest in local food and
developmental needs and not create local costs to SSF for global desires.
• As wild fish production is at its limit, aquaculture is the only solution to significantly
increase production. Inland aquaculture will be limited by the availability of suitable
freshwater. Overall, aquaculture has to follow a different model than the present
one and business as usual is definitely not a viable option.
3. ACTION
3.1 Aquaculture and mariculture:
• Feeds: Develop production systems that use less or no wild fish as feed. The
technology exist. Need for investment to scale up. Need concerted action to have
the critical mass for R&D
• Fish health: Reduce the risk of diseases. Improve disease control. Develop
programmes to produce vaccines for all valuable species
• Development focus: Make the development more locally relevant. Up-scaling:
Multiply by 2 or 3 the area dedicated to aquaculture production to satisfy the
increase needed. Intensification is unavoidable if a geographical spread of the
impact is to be reduced/avoided. Origin of the investment: more sustainable
impact will be obtained mobilizing investment from the lower 20 % range of
investors than from the 20% top of that range. Need to consider tradeoffs between
intensification/amount of energy required and water availability. EIA and IES to be
generalized. More decisive investment: in “Blue Growth”, in partnership with the
private sector.
• R&D: in feeds, genetics, culture systems (lower impact technologies), extension
work, markets rationalization, integration of ICT technology. Need for development
of aquaculture in offshore areas; development of breeding guilds for more efficient
production / genetic improvements; Environmental impact assessment; Means to
reduce the environmental impacts of aquaculture. Better understanding of future
supply and demand scenarios
• Good governance: better defined user rights; Technology to reduce/reuse wastes
and produce by-products. Regulations and policy: adopting and implementing
better international standards; modifying the legal and policy frameworks;
institutionalizing environmental impact and performance assessments; Scale:
move the planning and management from the farm level to the ecosystem level.
Reduce habitat impact (e.g. on mangroves). Certification: Need for generalization

25

of schemes based on sustainability criteria. Improvement in environmental
performance within and between species groups, reducing contamination,
accidental introduction of invasive species; Improvement in monitoring and
compliance:

3.2 Small-scale capture fisheries and communities:
•

Acknowledge the role of SSF for food security and poverty alleviation.

•

Gender: Take a gender approach, accounting for the role of women

•

Market-based approach: In considering a market-based approach to SSFs, pay
due attention to the social, livelihood, food security and social safety net role of
the SSF and the cost of their dismantling. Need for micro-credit and investments

•

Improve the legal framework to all SSFs communities to co-decide about
allocation

•

Define specifically “growth” with in SSFs has to be expressed in wellbeing
(including also social benefits).

•

Good governance: Increase governments’ attention and support for SSFs
management capacity; Increase local ownership of issues and solutions. Use
local multi-stakeholders processes; In managing SSFs, take account of multiple
impacts, by the fishery and by other economic activities. Integrate the governance
and management on SSFs in the context of participative integrated spatial
planning. External funding is a problem when it ends. Need for sustainable
financing of management activities. Fishing rights to be given to communities, not
to individuals, not being transferable, include exclusive zones /gears; Avoid
situation where the conservation agenda drives development. Give more
recognition to consistent dispossession and marginalization of SSFs, particularly
women.

•

Management and conservation: Given the uncertainty in the knowledge about
ecosystems functioning, use a precautionary approach and close critical
habitats/areas and create MPAs. networks; caution about applying MPAs in
isolation, often the issues (e.g capacity) are moved to somewhere else.
Investment to strengthen capacity in resources management. Importance of
traditional knowledge and management approaches to be acknowledged and
utilized . Assistance programmes: Redesign the programmes or poverty
eradication using good governance and accounting for local reality, capacity (to
develop) and expectations

•

Stewardship: SSFs are essential for equity and stewardship

•

Financing: use offsets paid by LSFs to finance improvements in SSFs.

•

Research: need to increase assessments of SSFs stocks and fisheries which are
most important for food security

•

Feeding urban systems: Analyze the role that SSFs can play in feeding urban
systems

26

•

Consider tourism as an alternative income generating activity. Attention to
distribution of revenues

3.3 Large scale capture fisheries
• Invest in good governance (legal and institutional frameworks, policy objectives);
Reduce post-harvest losses); Give priority to stocks rebuilding and ecosystem
restoration. Invest in natural capital; Improve economic valuation of the fisheries
resources and their ecosystem; Partnership shave potential (Not developed in this
WG);
• Conventional methods, properly applied can achieve a very large part of the
conservation objectives; FAO instruments for responsible fisheries should be
implemented as a priority. Need to generalize EIA/EIS. Integrate these in the
precautionary approach.
• Important role to be played by stakeholder in defining measures and implementing
them
3.4 Issues common to SSFs and LSFs
• Pay attention to the cost of the reform as well as of the status quo, the distribution
of these costs, and of the benefits; Use an ecosystem approach to fisheries
development and management; Consider the potential role of MPAs in fisheries
management. Manage better fisheries around MPAs. Need for integrated
approaches to management, ecosystem approaches that also look at land-based
pollution and impacts. For fisheries management and conservation, use a crosssectoral approach. Importance of local knowledge for governance; Need to
generalize EIA/EIS. Clarify user rights. Importance of the regional institutions in
translating global instruments in national legislation.
• Need to recognize and incorporate protection and restoration of key habitat to
sustain fisheries. Well designed and enforced networks of spatial protection are
essential for ecosystem function, resilience and sustaining productivity including
fisheries..
3.5 Common considerations to fisheries and aquaculture
• Take a value chain approach to fish supply, combining aquaculture and capture
fisheries; Develop best practices; Reduce losses and waste; Balance investments
in the coastal area. Take an integrated approach; Define “growth” in its various
components (economic, social); Develop education; Focus conservation on areas
of high density of people AND biodiversity; Develop research on costs and
benefits of conservation (as well as the fisheries reform) and their sharing; Need to
pay more attention to environmental externalities and cumulative effects. More
focus on restoration.

27

Working group 2: Enhancing Private Sector Growth, Local Development &
Equitable Benefits for Communities in the Context of Blue Growth & Food
Security
Overview
WG2 Private Sector Growth and Equitable Benefits for Communities recommended
seven areas of action to enhance the private sector role in Blue Growth while
ensuring benefits to local development. WG2 primarily focused on the fisheries sector
(including aquaculture) with particular attention to small-scale fishing and fish farmer
communities. The first session envisioned the role of the private sector in “Blue
Growth” and recommended possibilities to kick-start action. In the second session,
panelists and participants shared experiences and suggestions for balancing
investment with local development and equitable benefits for communities. “Getting
Action”, the goal of the final session, identified conventional and innovative actions to
address the issues identified.
The sessions of working group 2 were facilitated by Darren Brown, Logical Minds
Consulting, Canada
Panelists for all three sessions:
John Connelly, President, National Fisheries Institute, USA
Paul Holthus, Founding CEO and President, World Ocean Council
Lori Kennedy, Co-founder/Co-owner, Louisburg Seafoods Ltd., Canada
Margaret Nakato, Executive Secretary, World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish
Workers
Neil Sims, Co-founder/CEO, Kampachi Farms, LLC, USA
Approx. 50 participants attended the working group, representing ca. 50 %
governments, 20 % CSOs/NGOs, 20% private sector and the remaining from
academia, media and trade.
Session 1. Role of the private sector in Blue growth
Visions for the role of the private sector in Blue Growth
• Blue growth is running business on the water. Private sector has the leading role
throughout the entire production and value chain and is the real drivers of growth.
• The private sector has a crucial role in investment in the sector. Small-scale
fishing communities may also be considered as members of the private sector and
invest in their own communities. Responsible investment is inclusive and
transparent and makes sure that benefits in terms of food security, employment,
working conditions and infrastructure are distributed justly. Fishing communities
are empowered in terms of decision-making processes.
• Blue Growth implies huge changes. Blue Revolution would be a more appropriate
term. Considering there is not much room for growth of the fisheries sector, growth
will mostly need to come from aquaculture which has less impacts in terms of
green house gas emissions compared to other animal producing sectors. Science
and technology in terms of feed composition and domestication will play an
important role in aquaculture development.

28

• The private sector has an increasing role to play in research and engagement with
academia in order to face the challenges of climate change. Larger investments in
research require comparable financial resources.
• Sustainable seafood requires sustainable seas. Leadership and collaboration
involving all users of the oceans will be crucial in order to develop a vision for the
responsible and sustainable use of the oceans and to contribute to policy
processes. Responsible leadership companies offer opportunities.
• Public-private partnerships should be reconfigured based on the principles of
equity, transparency and justice.
• Predictable regulatory frameworks are required to provide a stable environment for
investments (including secure and clearly defined property and tenure rights). New
developments such as aquaculture activities beyond territorial seas timely need
regulatory frameworks and opportunities for experimentation.
Drivers and challenges for the private sector to achieve Blue Growth with a
positive impact on the food security and development of local communities
• Building and maintaining relationship of trust and loyalty by investing in the
community-particularly in women.
• For private sector actors, profit and money are the main drivers. Desirable
changes need appropriate financial incentives, returns on investments
• Productive healthy ecosystems are needed, the challenge is how to balance
profits and productivity, technology is needed, political environment is important
• Diversity within private sector actors complicates unified approaches to national,
regional and int. processes (Fisheries are competitive, and difficult to organize)
Session 2: Balancing Investment with Local Development and Equitable
Benefits for Communities
Opportunities for the private sector to kick-start Blue Growth actions and
activities
• Assistance to developing countries to improve benefits from fisheries and develop
aquaculture
• Support sustainable aquaculture
• Scale up corporate responsibility
• Convergence of predictability
• Increased knowledge and awareness through IT technology progress
• Investment in research and innovation (example: through improved feed
technology)
• Private sector as a driver and demander of appropriate policy processes
• Knowledge and capacity as well as technology transfer (example: private sector
support for struggling small fish farmers in Africa. Enhance multi-sectoral
communication, networking and integrated approaches
Session 3: Getting Actions
Based on the recommendations from working group participants, seven areas for
further discussion were identified.
Participants worked in small groups on the area of their particular interest and
provided, in a limited time frame, specific recommendations for action for each area.

29

Research innovation and academia
• IGOs to catalyze creation research centers for the blue economy
• IGOs to utilize funding to support academic scholarships/fellowships in the blue
economy
• Encourage cooperative efforts between private sector, academia and others to
achieve replicable, investable and scalable technologies that can act as catalyst
for blue growth
• Increase research activities on rights based management in blue economy spaces
• Improve extension services and studies on SSF in order to reduce risk for
investment (ex. Analysis of tenure rights and property rights within communities
International processes and dialogues
• IGOs should lead development of basic recommendations for market access
• Build capacities for the implementation of existing instruments in relation to small
and medium scale fisheries
• Development of instruments for new developing areas in particular in relation to
aquaculture (e.g. offshore aquaculture)
• Enable groups and bodies to accurately represent both private sector and
communities in international policy dialogues and processes on Blue Growth
• Simplify language and international instruments accessible to all, especially SSF
communities as well as small and mid-sized enterprises. Develop, implement and
disseminate international instruments that guide and facilitate work in these areas
(including the Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land Fisheries
and Forestry and the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale
Fisheries.
Investment
• Promote and incentivize programs by which fishing communities with investment
idea/potentials are identified and matched with suitable potential investors (with
special focus on women)
• Establish ethical principles and guidelines to support sustainable investments that
ensure autonomy of communities and respect of cultures and social values and
monitoring of compliance with these principles
• Understand that trade-offs are inevitable and make sure that all available
information, science, risk assessment, monitoring in order to make difficult
decisions.
• Establish Global Financing facilities for fisheries and community development (e.g.
by setting up funds that provide small loans to companies that demonstrate a
commitment to engage with and return profit to local communities.
• Ensure public and private investment in sector
• Revise perverse subsidies
• Enhance Private sector’s perspective of invest in local development as a long term
vision (ex. Invest in social capital/conservation efforts) that promotes inclusiveness
and ownership
Enabling authentic participation
• Organize conferences at the country level to raise awareness, increase
participation and agree on actions for blue growth
• Establish funding mechanisms for communities to engage in blue growth

30

• Organize series of international conferences on blue growth to assess progress,
highlight achievements successes and discuss challenges
• Develop practical actions to involve communities and private sector in standard
setting policies/discussions
• Provide communities with necessary and appropriate tools to access appropriate
investment
• Empower communities and build their capacities to engage in negotiation both
with private sector (potential investment/financing) and government
(policies/government development programs) as well as improve ability to
collective actions.
Regulatory Frameworks
• Establishment of national level working group between private sector, SSF reps
and public sector to prepare regulatory and legislative practices
• Governments to develop predictable regulatory frameworks which provide a stable
environment for private sector involvement (including secure and clearly defined
property and tenure rights)
• Recognize regional/continental frameworks and make sure messages get through
to actual decision makers.
Private Sector Partnerships
• Identify lessons learnt and principles arising from successful partnerships at all
scales and foster new partnerships built on these principles
• Address local and regional needs to effectively respond to food security and
livelihood concerns
• Recognize efforts that the private sector is already leading increase engagement
at local level
• Recognize the importance of diversity and include major markets in the discussion
• Enhance inclusive and durable partnerships between actors to enhance and
improve market opportunities of national products
Rewarding Best practices
• Develop funding opportunities and provide market access for communities that
seek improvements in their fishing practices that lead to certification and added
value for their products
• Increase awareness of benefits that might arise from following from best practices
or engaging in certification schemes
• Enhance just and effective eco-labeling, traceability and certification as a means
to acknowledge best practices (include social aspects as well)

31

ENSURING FISHERIES ARE SUSTAINABLE AND BIODIVERSITY IS
CONSERVED IN ABNJ AND EEZS.
Outcome of Working Group 3 Global Ocean Action Summit1
The three thematic sessions of Working Group 3 were attended by 87 (IUU fishing),
43 (plastics and pollution) and 80 (cooperation and assistance) persons. The WG
was chaired by Martin Tsamenyi and supported by a panel of seven experts (David
Balton – US Dept. of State, David Agnew - Marine Stewardship Council, Jackie Alder
- UNEP, Edward Kleverlaan - IMO, Gabriele Goettsche-Wanli - UNDOALOS),
Alejandro Anganuzzi – FAO,
and Maurice Brownjohn - PNA), representing
International Government Organizations, the private sector and nongovernmental
organizations.
This Working Group discussed three issues of crucial policy action affecting fisheries
and that cut across both the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Areas Beyond
National Jurisdiction (ABNJ). Specifically: (i) Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
(IUU) fishing, (ii) Plastic pollution in the oceans, and (iii) Regional cooperation and
assistance. Although presented separately, the Working Group agreed that the
issues are interrelated, both in impact on the marine environment and possible
pathways to addressing the problem through international cooperation. Noting the
short time available for discussion of each thematic area, and given that the primary
problems associated with these themes have been discussed in previous fora, the
Working Group summary report focuses on the major barriers, constraints and
priority actions needed for mitigation. The questions posed by the chair to panelists
and the audience were:
IUU fishing:
• Do we know enough about the drivers of IUU, what impacts does IUU have
and what actions are needed to improve knowledge of IUU?
• Why have so few countries ratified the Port State Measures Agreement and
what actions are needed to speed up the process of ratification and
implementation?
• How effective are certification and traceability to eliminate IUU and what could
improve their effectiveness?
• What emergent approaches, tools & technologies can assist in driving IUU out
of fisheries?
• What actions should be taken cooperatively by government, industry and civil
society to address IUU fishing?
Marine plastics and pollution
• What is the main reason for plastics ending up in the oceans and what actions
can prevent this from occurring?
• Do we know enough about the impacts of plastics in the fish food chain?
1

Martin Tsamenyi (Chair), David Balton (USA), David Agnew (MSC), Edward Kleverlaan (IMO), Jacqueline Alder
(UNEP), Gabriele Goettsche-Wanli (UNDOALOS), Alejandro Anganuzzi (FAO), Maurice Brownjohn (PNA), Blaise
Kuemlangan & Francis Chopin (FAO-Rapporteurs).

32

• What actions are/ can be taken by the key stakeholders (fishing industry and
States, IGOs, NGOs & RFMOs)?
• How can citizen science contribute to the understanding of the scale of the
plastic problem?
• What actions are needed to get existing global regulations to be effectively
implemented?
• Cooperation and technical assistance
Cooperation and technical assistance
• Are there alternatives to the current State based model of the Regional
Fisheries Management Organizations and what actions can improve the
current system?
• What are the areas of disparity between developed and developing States in
their effective participation in RFMOs and how this be changed?
• Is the Part 7 (UNFSA) fund set up to provide assistance to developing states
to implement their obligations under UNSFA sufficient?
• What are the upcoming opportunities and timeline for transformation to take
place in the global framework for cooperation and assistance to developing
States?
1. The IUU fishing threat
The WG agreed that IUU fishing was one of the greatest challenges of our time in
terms contributing significantly to the depletion of fish stocks worldwide in a major
barrier towards achieving sustainability of fish stocks and jeopardising efforts to
return over-exploited or collapsed stocks to good health. It was also agreed that IUU
fishing affects all fisheries, including those that take place exclusively within EEZs
and those on the high seas. In the case of fisheries managed by RFMOs, there are
growing problems of non-compliance by vessels of RFMO members as well as some
continuing fishing by non-member vessels. The drivers and priority actions agreed by
the Working Group were:
Issues, gaps and considerations
•

•
•

•

Priority Actions / Accelerants for change

The
need
for
global Accelerate entry into force of the PSMA and
information on the extent and actions consistent with the PSMA even prior
impact of IUU fishing and its to entry into force
measurement
• Capacity building (awareness of basic
Mechanisms to prevent entry
elements of the PSMA, legislation related to
of IUU fish into markets
PSMA initiated as a priority, training of
inspectors, observers, prosecutors, data
How to use tools to combat
collectors, law enforcers
IUU fishing in an integrated
• PSMA needs to be linked to other tools to
manner
combat IUU fishing
How to drive up the cost of
IUU fishing to drive such Information tools and studies
operators out of the fisheries
• Global Record implemented and expanded
33

•

Lack of transparency
RFMO processes

Not all RFMO’s are the same

in

•
•

•

to include information on related activities /
initiatives (PSMA, license information, port
inspection database)
Develop comprehensive, efficient and
harmonized catch documentation schemes
Global study of the IUU phenomena
including methodology to assessment of
impact of IUU
Voluntary release and analysis of high
resolution catch and effort data by industry
operators
Recognition of differences from the
perspective of vulnerable developing
economies in each RFMO

Reform of RFMO practices related to IUU
fishing
• Full transparency in compliance, monitoring
and assessment
• Information on vessel monitoring (VMS, AIS
etc.) shared in a timely manner
• Greater scrutiny of vessel reflagging (risk
based approach)
• RFMO members to carry out Flag state
performance
assessments
using
as
appropriate FAO FSP Guidelines

2. Plastics and Pollution
The WG agreed that modern plastics pose a serious environmental problem because
they persist in the oceans for long periods of time eventually fragmenting into micro
plastics, a process which increases the number of plastic particles in the marine
environment and facilitates their wide disbursement in the water column and within
the seabed. It was further agreed that marine plastics pose threats to marine based
activities such as fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, mining, power stations,
desalination plants, harbours and rescue services. A major concern was expressed
regarding the absence or lack of data to verify and quantify the potential effects of
plastics (especially microplastics) in the ocean environment was seen as a major
constraint to understanding the full significance of plastics. The Working Group
expressed great concern over too much marine debris entering the EEZs and ABNJs
from land-based sources and ocean based especially with respect to solid waste; lost
cargo; abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG); and
abandoned vessels. It was also stated that tackling marine litter starts at the source,
including production lines and producer responsibility. Control and enforcement are
vital elements to combat illegal discharging. The WG agreed that the following
Priority Actions were required to minimize the impacts of plastics in ABNJ and EEZs.
34

Issues,
gaps
considerations

and Priority Actions / Accelerants for change

• The need to realize the
usefulness of addressing
the problem of marine litter
at the source through
effective waste
management
• Dramatic lack of
awareness of plastics in
the marine environment
and its impact on food
security- critical data gaps
in micro plastics problem
and their uptake in food
fish

•

Baseline information on problem to inform:
Policy decision makers, consumers and
industry;

•

Massive awareness campaign and education on
state and impact of plastics on the ocean and
the food supply chain (especially micro plastics);

•

Putting issue on global agenda and include IUU
fishing and marine pollution on sustainable
development goals;

•

Understanding true cost of plastics, including the
cost of such impacts on the environment and
factoring that into price of plastics.

3. Cooperation and capacity building mechanisms
The WG participants agreed on the urgent requirement for cooperation among
States, bilaterally, regionally and globally, to address as a priority capacity building in
support of marine pollution prevention and transboundary fisheries conservations.
The WG noted that one of the challenges of increased international cooperation,
which requires urgent attention is the disparity in effective participation between
developed and developing States. The Working Group also noted the need for
greater transparency in decision making, further information on global fishing
capacity and agreed that the following priority actions:
Issues,
gaps
considerations

and Priority Actions / Accelerants for change

• RFMOs are the only viable
mechanisms to work with
for cooperation
• There is a need for RFMO
reform to enhance
performance

•

•

•

• There is a disparity in
participation by developing
States in RFMOs

•

• There is a need to
appreciate the value of

•

Support for effective participation of developing
States in fisheries through mechanisms such as
capacity transfer and joint ventures;
Support for effective participation of developing
States in management decision making
processes;
Improving transparency and promoting effective
participation of NGOs;
Promote and campaign for funds to support
investment in capacity building for developing
states through UNFSA Part VII fund and similar
initiatives;
Getting coherence among funding partners in
support of developing states.
35

fisheries to garner political
commitments, allocation of
resources and investments

36

Working Group 4: GOVERNANCE
SESSION: 4
Integrated Management of the Marine Ecosystem
23 April 2014 (14:00 – 16:00)
Chair: Terje Lind,Deputy Director-General, Ministry of Climate and Environment,
Norway
Panelists:AbouBamba, UNEP Abidjan Convention; Darius Campbell, OSPAR;
Elizabeth Taylor Jay, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development,
Colombia; Per Schieve, Ministry of Climate and Environment, Norway; Leo de Vrees,
Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment
Rapporteurs: Jessica Landman, Environmental Defense Fund; Oleg Martens, WWF
Context/session brief: How varied countries/regions have implemented IMME, the
common experiences, features and lessons learned across local, national, regional
seascapes.
Key messages
• The competition for ocean space and resources is increasing. Eco-systems based
Integrated Management of the Marine Ecosystem (IMME) is crucial to secure the
foundation for long term food security and healthy oceans
• There is no magic formula for IMME, though it requires identifying and mapping
current uses and stakeholders, collectively setting objectives and priorities; using
available science and traditional knowledge, and adjust zoning/rules to prioritize
and accommodate differing use
• Don’t await perfection: start simple and learn by doing and tailor as needed
• Sector management remains important under an integrated approach to
management, which is additive rather than in place of
• Coastal rivers must be included in IMME to take pollution from land-based
sources into account.
Key actions
• Create clear and consistent rules that incentivize engagement and good
behaviour
• The experience of IMME should be shared across developing and developed
countries , and capacity development programs encouraged
Working Group 4: GOVERNANCE
SESSION: 5
Creating the conditions for best practice community management
23 April 2014 (16:00 – 18:00)
Chair: Valerie Hickey,Sector Manager, Agriculture and Environmental Services,
World Bank
Panelists:Michele Kuruc, WWF US; Stephen Hall, Worldfish; Patricia Majluf, Center
for Environmental sustainability University (UPCH), Peru; Dale Galvin, Rare; Nilanto,
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
Rapporteurs: Jessica Landman, Environmental Defense Fund; Oleg Martens, WWF

37

Context/session brief: What are the most important enabling conditions for creating
community co-management of the oceans – at speed and at scale? Participants
voted on their priorities for theoretical investment by the World Bank, FAO and
others.
Concerns addressed during the session:
•
•

•
•

•
•
•
•

•

•
•

Local knowledge is important.
Fishworkers are often marginalized and must be included and engaged to ensure
positive social, environmental and economic outcomes. The ingredients of policy
making are about making choices – between present and future, and among
different priorities. E.g. considering disaster response, environmental protection,
privileging fishing over agriculture or housing or other land uses. So policy making
has to be based on setting the right balances.
Large scale and small-scale fisheries are treated separately, with rules applying
only to large scale. And coastal people are not protected as indigenous.
Decisions that affect communities are actually taken at the regional, national or
international level and community level folks do dot necessarily have their voices
heard there. So we need a parallel structure to give community representatives a
way to feed into a regional networks or organizations to give voice to their
concerns at other levels of interaction.
Small-scale fishers often lack incentives to conserve because they lack access
rights and are tempted to race to fish to grab fish before interlopers do so
Building bright spots of success and promoting them up the chain to demonstrate
it makes financial sense to recover them.
Small-scale fishers do not want to maximize profits; they want to survive and to
pass it along to the next generation. Long term, sustainable future is their goal.
Communities are not homogenous within or between themselves, despite what
governments think. They often can’t tell who in government they need to call on or
engage.
Small-scale fishers need the resources (time) to react to all the paperwork and
regulations that come their way. And they need a way to have good,
representative voice for themselves (to get organized) which costs money.
Direct payments can be useful incentives to reward good behavior.
Knowledge circles and knowledge days where fishermen and scientists get
together and research together are cost-effective ways to share knowledge.

Key actions and messages:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Prioritize investments to provide access to information for local communities and
SMEs; information needs to be bundled to reduce transaction cost
Information should focus on technical data as well as give communities an
understanding of national and international processes that affect their livelihoods
All information should be in local languages and easily digestible
Establish access to markets – critical to enabling community management
Facilitate the voice of local communities being heard at national and international
decision-making fora, twinning regulation that gives them a seat at the table with
investments to allow self-organization
Secure access rights and directly compensate local communities for the costs of
their actions
38

•

Efficiency and equity are not opposing forces, and both can be maximized when
working with best practice community management

Working Group 4: GOVERNANCE
SESSION: 6 - From top down to bottom up: transitioning to co-management of
local fisheries
Date/Time: 24 April 2014 - 11:30 – 13:00
Chair: Tom Grasso, Environmental Defense Fund
Panelists: Wes Erickson, Fisherman, British Columbia; Momo Kochen, Fishing and
Living, Indonesia;
Cathy Demesa, Tinambac; Raul Garcia, WWF Spain; Dr. Sunoto, Ministry of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
Rapporteurs: Jessica Landman, Environmental Defense Fund; Oleg Martens, WWF
Context/session brief: Successful co-management examples from field practitioners
crystallize the similarities among successes and the challenges faced in comanagement, and the transition from top down centralized fisheries management to
bottom up community-engaged approaches.
KEY MESSAGES
Successful co-management requires an investment of time to build trust and
cooperation across the key sectors: fishermen, government, scientists,
conservationists and processors, etc. But when co-management takes hold it
transforms former antagonists into collaborators who embrace shared goals and
achieve sustainable results.
KEY ACTIONS
What's needed (along with patience and commitment):
• Create network with other fishermen and share ideas and build local capacity
• Establish favorable political circumstances, notably laws and administrations
that support co-management with both words on the page and actions in the
field
• Harness outside financing and other incentivizing benefits (such as managing
access to reward fishermen with the chance to reap the rewards of their
responsible practices) to make the investment in transformation worthwhile
Case Studies Shared:
-­‐

Philippines community salvaged its MPA – now more than 50% of fishers feel
their catches have increased; the MPA has more fish and the community feels
it should raise money from within to strengthen its fisheries organization and
pay for enforcement of protected area. Key enabling conditions: finding
leadership within the community, getting support from government for comanagement.

-­‐

British Columbia fisherman saw radical improvement in catch after a fateful
season – fishermen sought change to the way they worked: through a quota

39

system, a new monitoring system that led to a fully accountable fishery.
-­‐

Indonesia NGO that liaises with local fishing communities to provide
sustainability that the industry proposes. The processor leads to suppliers
who lead to fishermen. The processor tells the fishermen whether or not to go
fishing
on
a
given
day
and
how
many
to
catch.

-­‐

In the Mediterranean, the Catalonian sand eel fishery was stopped because
the government had no management plan. Fishermen, administration,
scientists and NGOs now have equal power and there must be consensus of
at least 70% to proceed. Now the fishermen are imposing their own penalties.

40

Working Group 5: FINANCING
SESSION: 4
Why invest in the ocean? Insight from public, private, and multilateral
institutions
23 April 2014 (14:00 – 15:45)
Chair: Lisa Svensson, Ambassador for Ocean, Seas, and Fresh Water, Sweden
Panelists: Mark Cackler, World Bank; Leah Bruce-Karrer, GEF; Barry Gold, Gordon
and Betty Moore Foundation
Rapporteurs: Klaas de Vos, International Sustainability Unit; Timothy Bouley, World
Bank
Context/session brief
This session explores different approaches and rationale for ocean investment.
Representatives from public and private institutions will share insight from their
experiences, and describe how they have made investments that have worked,
offering lessons for other potential investors and recipients. Questions raised: How
do we create positive incentives for sustainable ocean investment? Why do different
organizations invest in the ocean? How do we connect public and private sector
investment? Is it okay to “pick winners” for ocean investment?
Key actions
• Link private sector investors to public sector organizations: GEF, World Bank,
governments
• Invest in mechanisms for ocean entrepreneurs
• Reach out to other communities that may have an interest in investing, or
facilitating investment in sustainable oceans, including other users of the marine
environment (shipping, extractive industries, etc.)
• Invest in research and identify ways to link good research to applied ocean
investment by public and private sectors
• Reconstruct the way that we think so that the sustainable use of the ocean is
deemed best practice and demonstrate the benefits of sustainable use to
encourage this reconstruction
• Incorporate Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) into business models
• Create a fund for maintenance of natural capital by capturing some of the value of
oceans
• Engage with verification services such as Marine Stewardship Council to avoid
unnecessary duplication and reinvention in developing such standards
Key messages
• Engage the missing middle sector organizations (between Banks and
foundations)
• Partnerships are key to achieving scale with foundations and development banks
• Identify discreet ways to engage investors in financing sustainable oceans
• Best practice needs to be profitable to scale up
• It is important to think about building bridges between different sectors - the
private sector may be under-represented in these conversations, and many

41

•
•
•

•

•

private sector entities look to NGOs to convey messaging to the environment and
development communities
Mobilize local resources in addition to seeking external financing
Essential to find ways to share/pass on investment responsibility to communities if
an outside investment is made
Important to identify business opportunities (i.e. new areas where money could be
made) where others see challenges – harness the private sector’s ability to think
dynamically and entrepreneurially
Recognize the important role being led by the World Bank and commercial
financial institutions such as SEB in developing a Green Bond Market and to
actively seek ways in which investment in Oceans, Food Security and Blue
Growth can be included in the standards for Green Bonds which can be defined
as ‘Blue Bond standards.
Recognize the direct development support already being provided to private and
NGO organisations by some multilateral and bi-lateral development institutions for
green ‘impact investment’ opportunities, and to actively seek further support from
these and new interested institutions to accelerate the growth of this important
potential approach to funding key conservation programs for fisheries, marine
habitat, and oceans

Working Group 5: FINANCING
SESSION: 5
Financing the transition to sustainable blue economies: the potential for blue
bonds
23 April 2014 (16:15-1800)
Chair: Justin Mundy, Director, International Sustainability Unit
Panelists: Peter Wheeler, TNC; Michael Bennett, World Bank; Christopher
Flensborg, SEB; Larry Band, Independent Consultant
Rapporteurs: Klaas de Vos, International Sustainability Unit; Timothy Bouley, World
Bank
Context/session brief
Green Bonds raise funds from fixed income investors to support projects that seek to
mitigate climate change or help affected people adapt to it. Following this example,
and given the well-articulated return on investment that projects associated with
marine ecosystem recovery present, this panel explores the potential for "Blue
Bonds".
Questions raised during the session
• How do we minimize the risk in certifying green?
• How do we bring projects to the investment market that are capital ready?
• What is the management framework for a fishery that returns it to sustainability?
• How much money is needed, what are proceeds, timeline, what type of capital is
needed?
• What is the financial return of these bonds and who does it come to?
42

•
•
•

Investment structure – who are we investing in and what is their track record?
How can we lessen elements of risk in fishery management?
Can certification agencies add value?

Key actions
• The potential for substantial investment is high, but will take time and be
dependent on effective risk management
• Appeal to those with capital (e.g. foundations, IFIs) to move together in a
coordinated and transparent way, such that available capital will activate other
resources
• Establish precedent for investment in fisheries by engaging in successful
transactions
• Build capacity to scale up capital – including bond markets and other sources of
private finance that may be less risk averse, e.g. venture capital, social impact
bonds
Key messages
• There are trillions of dollars in capital markets and governments should mandate
them toward ocean investment; governments have vehicles (e.g. guarantees,
taxation schemes and incentive structures) to make this happen, which they can
use to ensure investors enter this space
• There is not enough money in development assistance to address sustainability
challenges in fisheries and conservation. It is imperative to enable the financial
sector and make it “work for” sustainability – this can be done with the right
mechanisms, e.g. bonds
• There is a challenge in investing in the oceans because there are limited
opportunities – fisheries, energy – need to identify what these are
• There are specific conditions that must be met to enable investment including
effective management frameworks and structuring of the investable entity
• Scale is essential – small and large scale investments are needed
• Securitization and credit rating agencies are important as they enable a more
attractive investment than any one product can provide and give investors
confidence
• Important to consider that many investors need to see precedent deals before
making an investment to gauge performance of an asset class

Working Group 5: FINANCING
SESSION: 6 - Banking on sustainable fisheries and healthy ecosystems
Date/Time: 23 April 2014 at 16:15
Chair: Charles Goddard, The Economist
Panelists: Walt Reid, Packard Foundation; Ayana Elizabeth Johnson, Waitt Institute;
Trip O'Shea, EKO Asset Management Partners; Aldin Hillbrand, Royal Ahold;
Thomas Ursem, Rabobank
Rapporteurs: Klaas de Vos, International Sustainability Unit; Timothy Bouley, World
Bank

43

Context/session brief:
This session showed how philanthropy, private sector, multilateral, and civil society
engagement create enabling conditions for coastal communities to fully participate in
the marine reform process. The focus was on how multi-stakeholder approaches
work and why companies are willing to invest in supporting improved sustainability
efforts. Panelists included philanthropic leaders, global retailers and seafood
companies, and financial entities working with communities.
Questions raised during the session:
• How can we sequence capital around investment?
• What
kind
of
return
should
a
private
investor
expect?
Can ocean investments also reduce risks associated with climate change?
• What is the scope for private funding to come in, i.e. so it does not compete
with public?
• How do we get projects to move off floor on to the first stage of development?
• What is the minimum viable scale for investable projects for different kinds of
investors?
KEY ACTIONS
• Bring scale to small-scale producer organisations to make them bankable, e.g.
through co-operatives
• Sustainability is a non-competitive issue for the sector, there is a need to work
together to address the challenges of reaching sustainability, e.g. through
GPO
• Engage with the supply chain - create viable, efficient supply chains to drive
sustainability
• Investment risk remains a key deterrent - need to enhance de-risking
mechanisms and reduce the cost of capital
• Empower governments and businesses with tools to assess risks and
opportunities in the ocean economy
• Map out existing initiatives - there are many and there is much we can learn
from each other
• Identify approaches to de-risking, i.e. through an international organization like
MIGA, to make the way for more investment
• Explore financial mechanisms for how marine reserves can be valued for their
contributions to food security and economy, so that communities can benefit
from their support of effective marine reserves, for example credits in fisheries
certifications, and as a de-risking mechanism for investments.
KEY MESSAGES
• It is essential to better understand a client when making investments to reduce
risk
• Small-scale producers are not always bankable because they don't have
collateral - cooperatives may be bankable; need to better organize producers;
need to bring scale
• Difficult for small scale organizations, both philanthropic and private, to access
large investors; matchmaking between money and ideas is important - small

44

•
•
•

grants can be a way to do this; the Global Partnership for Oceans may be an
approach to getting this done
In the case of fisheries, it can be useful to take the choice away from the
customer to sell responsible products
Sustainability is a non-competitive issue; we need to work together to define
best practices
Climate change is an often overlooked risk factor for investment in the ocean
economy that needs to be better understood

45

Working Group 6: Partnership
Session: 4
Are partnerships leading to better outcomes for people and the oceans? A
perspective from governments
23 April 2014 (14:00-15:45)
Chair: Lynn Scarlett, Managing Director,The Nature Conservation
Panelists:HE Caleb Otto, Ambassador to Palau to the United Nations; HE
RolphPayet, Ministry for the Environment and Energy, Seychelles; Professor
OveHoeg-Gulberg, Queensland University; Mrs. MerinaEduards-Jessamy, Grenada
Rapporteurs: Dominique Benzaken, TNC; Charlotte Gobin, The GEF
Context/session brief
Partnerships are widely accepted as effective means of achieving common
objectives, leveraging and pooling resources and expertise, and facilitating better
integration of conservation and development objectives. Panelists presented their
experiences from a government perspective and provided lessons learned, including
reference to experiences with the Coral Triangle Initiative, Caribbean Challenge,
Micronesia Challenge, and the Seychelles debt swap, as well as experiences with
partnerships for knowledge-sharing (e.g., communities of practice), and enhancing
leadership (e.g., the Global Island Partnership) - all critical elements for generating
long-term outcomes for people and nature from global to local levels.
Questions raised during the session
• How does one effect change at the global level?
• What are the roles of private sector (tourism)?
• How can one capture/maintain partnerships beyond a leadership visionary for
long-term changes? What is the role of different governance arrangements?
What are the lessons learned?
• How can partnerships make use of new partners such as the reinsurance
industry?
• What are the ethical considerations on selecting the right private sector partners?
• What are the priority actions for change?
Key actions and messages
Partnerships arise at global, regional and national levels out of necessity, the
urgency of protecting coasts and oceans, the importance of oceans for people that
depend on them for their livelihoods, and to take advantage of opportunities oceans
offer for development and food security.
The Global Partnership for Oceans offers a practical framework to implement global
commitments for healthy oceans and shared prosperity.
Ocean health and a blue economy cannot be achieved without addressing climate
change. Ocean protection and sustainable management goals and timelines must be
integrated into climate change responses and post-2015 development negotiations.
46

Political leadership is a critical catalyst for transformative change from local to global
levels and must be sustained by the empowerment of local communities and people
on the ground.
Partnerships are vehicle for achieving multiple benefits (conservation, financial,
social, and economic) with Innovative sustainable financing opportunities (such as
green fees, debt swaps, trust funds, and so on) arising from linking issues, sectors,
and partners.
Partnerships need strong and transparent governance arrangements, which facilitate
ongoing dialogue, coordination and integration across sectors and within
governments, and with the private sector and civil society.
The main points presented and discussed included:
• the importance of linking climate and oceans and the urgency and timeliness
of action in global climate and development fora
• the role of leadership to inspire change and generate action from local to
global levels and to empower others
• the importance of learning from successful partnerships and scaling up
Drivers for action include:
- The urgency of addressing common challenges requiring comprehensive responses
resulting in a convergence and willingness to act together.
- Global reach with internet and mobile technology.
- Innovative financial mechanisms to support ocean conservation and sustainable
livelihoods
- The role of the private sector, including the reinsurance sector, taking into account
ethical considerations
- Governance for implementation, coordination and integration across governments
to achieve multiple objectives.
Working Group 6: Partnership
Session: 5
Generating shared value from the ocean: diverse perspectives and lessons from effective
cross-sector partnerships
23 April 2014 (14:00-15:45)
Chair:Gerald Miles, Vice President, Global development, Rare
Panelists:FatouMboob, TRY Oyster Women’s Association, The Gambia; Larry
Epstein, Environmental Defence Fund; Lida Pet-Soede, WWF; Mike Kraft,
Bumblebee Foods LLC; Miguel Jorge, 50in10
Rapporteurs:
Dominique Benzaken, The Nature Conservancy

47

Context/session brief
Real collaboration across sectors is different from mere alignment of efforts or
coordination. It requires a more intentional commitment to coordinated and
collaborative work between parties with different cultures and perspectives. Cross
sector partnership may even require transcending historically antagonistic
relationships to share risks and investment of time and money in new and different
work. These and other challenges must be overcome to attain the mutual benefits
from true cross-sector partnerships. The Panelists explored the nature of successful
partnerships at local, national, multinational levels as well as private sector led
partnerships and discussed how we should partner in the future and what was
needed to accelerate and scale successful partnerships.
Questions raised during the session
• What drove these individuals and their respective organizations to reach beyond
their comfort zone?
• How did they establish successful cross-sector partnerships?
• What has driven private companies to partner with NGOs or governments?
• How have community-based organizations and NGOs been able to convince
central governments to share responsibility for resource management?
• What does a government get from partnering with NGOs or other civil society
groups?
• What is more challenging: partnering with a fellow sector member, or across
sectors?
• What have been the challenges and results?
• When are cross-sector partnerships necessary?
• What lessons can we draw from these experiences to replicate success in other
parts of the world?
Key actions and messages
The vast and interconnected nature of Oceans - their relationship to people, national
development and global survival - will require not simply partnerships among the
array of individuals, the private sector, countries, and organizations, but the best that
partnerships can offer. High impact and enduring partnerships succeed at the
following:

• Built on trust and respect among the partners that can take time to secure
• Reinforcing the principles of equity transparency and justice
• Able to deliver tangible benefits from partnership to partners themselves and to the

water
• Deliberately seek the range of skills from local communities, the private sector,
government, science, finance and NGOs
• Maintaining a healthy tension between the partners
• Effectively using the media to increase awareness and education of the wider
community
• Requiring explicit and upfront investment in the costs of partnering

48

• Finding the right balance between scale and focus on impact and ensure their
relevant to both communities and the private sector

The working group identified the need to invest deliberately in finding and scaling the
best of the many partnerships that exist to restore and sustainably develop our
oceans through alliances such as 50in10, the GPO and the Global Islands
Partnership. The support of development partners to allocate the additional
resources required to ensure projects can effectively engage or contribute to
partnerships and share experiences will significantly accelerate this effort.

Working Group 6: Partnership
Session: 6
Private sector partnerships for sustainable fisheries
Chair: John Connelly, National Fisheries Institute
Panelists: Susan Jackson, ISSF; Bobby Eduardo, RGE Agridev Corporation;
Alejandro Robles, Nor-Oeste Sustenable
Context/Session Brief
This session highlighted how developing nation companies have successfully driven
change in sustainably managed fisheries. The focus was collaborative efforts, led by
industry, that have generated improvements in fisheries management, economic
development, and political reforms. Speakers represented: a global organization that
has driven changes in industry and government management of tuna, a local NGO
helping transform a fishery in Mexico; a business leader organizing his country's crab
industry and gaining reforms in Philippines' fisheries laws. The session also
highlighted the role The World Bank can play in sponsoring initial project funding,
before private sector investments fund the initiatives.
Key actions and messages
§ Understanding Roles: Seafood industry is not an aid agency, but rather seeks
to solve specific conservation and economic problems in supply chain
(whether large or small scale fisheries) or develop new opportunities for
products and trade
§ Motivations: Industry seeks to identify and solve a problem before it becomes
market issue or subject to government regulation or government needs help in
developing system
§ Flexible Models: ALLFISH, public-private partnership between Bank/GEF and
seafood industry, provides different models for addressing conservation and
economic challenges (e.g., EMS virus in farmed shrimp)
§ Scope: Focus on “billions” or “hundreds of millions” often misses opportunity
to invest much smaller amounts to solve problems
§ Return on Investment: ALLFISH program has generated private sector
investments from value chain, after initial Bank investments (e.g., $150,000 to
NFI Crab Council generated $2,000,000 investments)

49

Annex 3- Side events

Schedule side events
Organizing party

Name side event

Aqua Spark

Healthy oceans through
investments in sustainable
aquaculture

Ministry of Marine
Affairs and
Fisheries The
Republic Of
Indonesia
World Bank

Bluerise, Imares

FAO

The World Bank

Main objective of the side event

Demonstrate how investments in
sustainable aquaculture can contribute
to restore the ocean’s health, while
creating positive social and
environmental impact. Create a
platform for governments,
entrepreneurs, investors and experts.
Good Ocean Governance
To encourage new collaborations
Supporting Food Security
particularly
and Blue Growth
to scale up of the application of
responsible
fisheries practice into the wider global
world
Solutions to Marine Pollution Present and discuss developing
country experiences with successful
marine pollution abatement
interventions
Ocean thermal energy for
Inform the public about the ocean's
food security and Blue
resources and the potential for tropical
Growth
regions to make use of ocean thermal
energy in achieving a sustainable
future
ABNJ Programme
ABNJ Programme;
Objectives of side event:
- inform participants about the ABNJ
Program and Projects in particular:
a) Major goals; b) Components and
structure of the 4 projects; c) current
status of the 4 projects
- Provide an opportunity for discussion
How to develop and apply
To provide technical information about
Integrated Management of
how Integrated Management of the
the Marine Environment
Marine Environment (IMME) can be
(IMME)
applied in Low and Middle Income
Countries (IMMEs).

50

WWF with partners Marketplace for partnerships Capitalize on momentum gained in
to finance restoration of the session 5: (Financing mechanisms,
marine environment
existing and new) and present
opportunities for action and form
partnerships around restoring marine
ecosystems through financial
incentives
Rockefeller
Spotlight on small-scale
Elevate attention to small-scale
Foundation
fisheries
fisheries

51