Source: Basiswettenbestand
URL: data/BWBV0001249/2002-12-26_0/xml/BWBV0001249_2002-12-26_0.xml

Document:
Overeenkomst inzake de bescherming van Afrikaans-Euraziatische trekkende watervogels199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  Overeenkomst inzake de bescherming van Afrikaans-Euraziatische trekkende watervogels199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
  
  
    Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory waterbirds
  
  
    The Contracting Parties,
    Recalling that the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, encourages international cooperative action to conserve migratory species;
    Recalling further that the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Bonn in October 1985, instructed the Secretariat of the Convention to take appropriate measures to develop an Agreement on Western Palearctic Anatidae;
    Considering that migratory waterbirds constitute an important part of the global biological diversity which, in keeping with the spirit of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, and Agenda 21 should be conserved for the benefit of present and future generations;
    Aware of the economic, social, cultural and recreational benefits accruing from the taking of certain species of migratory waterbirds and of the environmental, ecological, genetic, scientific, aesthetic, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic values of waterbirds in general;
    Convinced that any taking of migratory waterbirds must be conducted on a sustainable basis, taking into account the conservation status of the species concerned over their entire range as well as their biological characteristics;
    Conscious that migratory waterbirds are particularly vulnerable because they migrate over long distances and are dependent on networks of wetlands that are decreasing in extent and becoming degraded through non-sustainable human activities, as is expressed in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971;
    Recognizing the need to take immediate action to stop the decline of migratory waterbird species and their habitats in the geographic area of the African-Eurasian waterbird migration systems;
    Convinced that the conclusion of a multilateral Agreement and its implementation through coordinated or concerted action will contribute significantly to the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the most efficient manner, and will have ancillary benefits for many other species of animals and plants; and
    Acknowledging that effective implementation of such an Agreement will require assistance to be provided to some Range States for research, training and monitoring of migratory waterbird species and their habitats, for the management of those habitats as well as for the establishment or improvement of scientific and administrative institutions for the implementation of this Agreement,
    Have agreed as follows:
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    I
    Scope, Definitions and Interpretation
  
  
    1
     The geographic scope of this Agreement is the area of the migration systems of African-Eurasian waterbirds, as defined in Annex 1 to this Agreement, hereafter referred to as the “Agreement Area”.
  
  
    2
     For the purpose of this Agreement:
    
      
        a)
        “Convention” means the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979;
      
      
        b)
        “Convention Secretariat” means the body established under Article IX of the Convention;
      
      
        c)
        “Waterbirds” means those species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle, have a range which lies entirely or partly within the Agreement Area and are listed in Annex 2 to this Agreement;
      
      
        d)
        “Agreement secretariat” means the body established under Article VI, paragraph 7, subparagraph b), of this Agreement;
      
      
        e)
        “Parties” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, Parties to this Agreement; and
      
      
        f)
        “Parties present and voting” means the Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote; those abstaining from voting shall not be counted amongst the Parties present and voting.
      
    
    In addition, the terms defined in Article I, subparagraphs 1(a) to (k), of the Convention shall have the same meaning, mutatis mutandis,in this Agreement.
  
  
    3
     This Agreement is an AGREEMENT within the meaning of Article IV, paragraph 3, of the Convention.
  
  
    4
     The annexes to this Agreement form an integral part thereof. Any reference to the Agreement includes a reference to its annexes.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    II
    Fundamental Principles
  
  
    1
     Parties shall take co-ordinated measures to maintain migratory waterbird species in a favourable conservation status or to restore them to such a status. To this end, they shall apply within the limits of their national jurisdiction the measures prescribed in Article III, together with the specific actions determined in the Action Plan provided for in Article IV, of this Agreement.
  
  
    2
     In implementing the measures prescribed in paragraph 1 above, Parties should take into account the precautionary principle.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    III
    General Conservation Measures
  
  
    1
     The Parties shall take measures to conserve migratory waterbirds, giving special attention to endangered species as well as to those with an unfavourable conservation status.
  
  
    2
     To this end, the Parties shall:
    
      
        a)
        accord the same strict protection for endangered migratory waterbird species in the Agreement Area as is provided for under Article III, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Convention;
      
      
        b)
        ensure that any use of migratory waterbirds is based on an assessment of the best available knowledge of their ecology and is sustainable for the species as well as for the ecological systems that support them;
      
      
        c)
        identify sites and habitats for migratory waterbirds occurring within their territory and encourage the protection, management, rehabilitation and restoration of these sites, in liaison with those bodies listed in Article IX, paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Agreement, concerned with habitat conservation;
      
      
        d)
        coordinate their efforts to ensure that a network of suitable habitats is maintained or, where appropriate, re-established throughout the entire range of each migratory waterbird species concerned, in particular where wetlands extend over the area of more than one Party to this Agreement;
      
      
        e)
        investigate problems that are posed or are likely to be posed by human activities and endeavour to implement remedial measures, including habitat rehabilitation and restoration, and compensatory measures for loss of habitat;
      
      
        f)
        cooperate in emergency situations requiring international concerted action and in identifying the species of migratory waterbirds which are the most vulnerable to these situations as well as cooperate in developing appropriate emergency procedures to provide increased protection to these species in such situations and in the preparation of guidelines to assist individual Parties in tackling these situations;
      
      
        g)
        prohibit the deliberate introduction of non-native waterbird species into the environment and take all appropriate measures to prevent the unintentional release of such species if this introduction or release would prejudice the conservation status of wild flora and fauna; when non-native waterbird species have already been introduced, the Parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent these species from becoming a potential threat to indigenous species;
      
      
        h)
        initiate or support research into the biology and ecology of migratory waterbirds including the harmonization of research and monitoring methods and, where appropriate, the establishment of joint or cooperative research and monitoring programmes;
      
      
        i)
        analyze their training requirements for, inter alia, migratory waterbird surveys, monitoring, ringing and wetland management to identify priority topics and areas for training and cooperate in the development and provision of appropriate training programmes;
      
      
        j)
        develop and maintain programmes to raise awareness and understanding of migratory waterbird conservation issues in general and of the particular objectives and provisions of this Agreement;
      
      
        k)
        exchange information and results from research, monitoring, conservation and education programmes; and
      
      
        l)
        cooperate with a view to assisting each other to implement this Agreement, particularly in the areas of research and monitoring.
      
    
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    IV
    Action Plan and Conservation Guidelines
  
  
    1
     An Action Plan is appended as Annex 3 to this Agreement. It specifies actions which the Parties shall undertake in relation to priority species and issues, under the following headings, consistent with the general conservation measures specified in Article III of this Agreement:
    
      
        a)
        species conservation;
      
      
        b)
        habitat conservation;
      
      
        c)
        management of human activities;
      
      
        d)
        research and monitoring;
      
      
        e)
        education and information; and
      
      
        f)
        implementation.
      
    
  
  
    2
     The Action Plan shall be reviewed at each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, taking into account the Conservation Guidelines.
  
  
    3
     Any amendment to the Action Plan shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties, taking into consideration the provisions of Article III of this Agreement.
  
  
    4
     The Conservation Guidelines shall be submitted to the Meeting of the Parties for adoption at its first session, and shall be regularly reviewed.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    V
    Implementation and Financing
  
  
    1
     Each Party shall:
    
      
        a)
        designate the Authority or Authorities to implement this Agreement which shall, inter alia, monitor all activities that may have impact on the conservation status of those migratory waterbird species of which the Party is a Range State;
      
      
        b)
        designate a contact point for the other Parties, and communicate without delay its name and address to the Agreement secretariat to be circulated forthwith to the other Parties; and
      
      
        c)
        prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, beginning with the second session, a report on its implementation of the Agreement with particular reference to the conservation measures it has undertaken. The format of such reports shall be determined by the first session of the Meeting of the Parties and reviewed as may be necessary at any subsequent session of the Meeting of the Parties. Each report shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and twenty days before the ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties for which it has been prepared, and copies shall be circulated forthwith to the other Parties by the Agreement secretariat.
      
    
  
  
    2
    
      
        a)
        Each Party shall contribute to the budget of the Agreement in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment. The contributions shall be restricted to a maximum of 25 per cent of the total budget for any Party that is a Range State. No regional economic integration organization shall be required to contribute more than 2.5 per cent of the administrative costs.
      
      
        b)
        Decisions relating to the budget and any changes to the scale of assessment that may be found necessary shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties by consensus.
      
    
  
  
    3
     The Meeting of the Parties may establish a conservation fund from voluntary contributions of Parties or from any other source for the purpose of financing monitoring, research, training and projects relating to the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds.
  
  
    4
     Parties are encouraged to provide training and technical and financial support to other Parties on a multilateral or bilateral basis to assist them in implementing the provisions of this Agreement.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    VI
    Meeting of the Parties
  
  
    1
     The Meeting of the Parties shall be the decision-making body of this Agreement.
  
  
    2
     The Depositary shall, in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, convene a session of the Meeting of the Parties not later than one year after the date of the entry into force of this Agreement. Thereafter, the Agreement secretariat shall convene, in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise. Where it is possible to do so, such sessions should be held in conjunction with the ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
  
  
    3
     On the written request of at least one third of the Parties, the Agreement secretariat shall convene an extraordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.
  
  
    4
     The United Nations, its Specialized Agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency, any State not a Party to the Agreement, and the secretariats of international conventions concerned inter alia with the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds may be represented by observers in sessions of the Meeting of the Parties. Any agency or body technically qualified in such conservation matters or in research on migratory waterbirds may also be represented at sessions of the Meeting of the Parties by observers, unless at least one third of the Parties present object.
  
  
    5
     Only Parties have the right to vote. Each Party shall have one vote, but regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to this Agreement shall, in matters within their competence, exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their Member States which are Parties to the Agreement. A regional economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to vote if its Member States exercise theirs, and vice versa.vice versa.
  
  
    6
     Unless provided otherwise in this Agreement, decisions of the Meeting of the Parties shall be adopted by consensus or, if consensus cannot be achieved, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting.
  
  
    7
     At its first session, the Meeting of the Parties shall:
    
      
        a)
        adopt its rules of procedure by consensus;
      
      
        b)
        establish an Agreement secretariat within the Convention Secretariat to perform the secretariat functions listed in Article VIII of this Agreement;
      
      
        c)
        establish the Technical Committee provided for in Article VII of this Agreement;
      
      
        d)
        adopt a format for the reports to be prepared according to Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph c), of this Agreement; and
      
      
        e)
        adopt criteria to define emergency situations which require urgent conservation measures, and determine the modalities for assigning responsibility for action to be taken.
      
    
  
  
    8
     At each of its ordinary sessions, the Meeting of the Parties shall:
    
      
        a)
        consider actual and potential changes in the conservation status of migratory waterbirds and the habitats important for their survival, as well as the factors which may affect them;
      
      
        b)
        review the progress made and any difficulty encountered in the implementation of this Agreement;
      
      
        c)
        adopt a budget and consider any matters relating to the financial arrangements for this Agreement;
      
      
        d)
        deal with any matter relating to the Agreement secretariat and the membership of the Technical Committee;
      
      
        e)
        adopt a report for communication to the Parties to this Agreement and to the Conference of the Parties of the Convention; and
      
      
        f)
        determine the time and venue of the next session.
      
    
  
  
    9
     At any of its sessions, the Meeting of the Parties may:
    
      
        a)
        make recommendations to the Parties as it deems necessary or appropriate;
      
      
        b)
        adopt specific actions to improve the effectiveness of this Agreement and, as the case may be, emergency measures as provided for in Article VII, paragraph 4, of this Agreement;
      
      
        c)
        consider and decide upon proposals to amend this Agreement;
      
      
        d)
        amend the Action Plan in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 3, of this Agreement;
      
      
        e)
        establish such subsidiary bodies as it deems necessary to assist in the implementation of this Agreement, in particular for coordination with bodies established under other international treaties, conventions and agreements with overlapping geographic and taxonomic coverage; and
      
      
        f)
        decide on any other matter relating to the implementation of this Agreement.
      
    
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    VII
    Technical Committee
  
  
    1
     The Technical Committee shall comprise:
    
      
        a)
        nine experts representing different regions of the Agreement Area, in accordance with a balanced geographical distribution;
      
      
        b)
        one representative from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), one from the International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB) and one from the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC); and
      
      
        c)
        one expert from each of the following fields: rural economics, game management, and environmental law.
      
    
    The procedure for the appointment of the experts, the term of their appointment and the procedure for designation of the Chairman of the Technical Committee shall be determined by the Meeting of the Parties. The Chairman may admit a maximum of four observers from specialized international inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations.
  
  
    2
     Unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise, meetings of the Technical Committee shall be convened by the Agreement secretariat in conjunction with each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties and at least once between ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties.
  
  
    3
     The Technical Committee shall:
    
      
        a)
        provide scientific and technical advice and information to the Meeting of the Parties and, through the Agreement secretariat, to Parties;
      
      
        b)
        make recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties concerning the Action Plan, implementation of the Agreement and further research to be carried out;
      
      
        c)
        prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties a report on its activities, which shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and twenty days before the session of the Meeting of the Parties, and copies shall be circulated forthwith by the Agreement secretariat to the Parties; and
      
      
        d)
        carry out any other tasks referred to it by the Meeting of the Parties.
      
    
  
  
    4
     Where in the opinion of the Technical Committee there has arisen an emergency which requires the adoption of immediate measures to avoid deterioration of the conservation status of one or more migratory waterbird species, the Technical Committee may request the Agreement secretariat to convene urgently a meeting of the Parties concerned. These Parties shall meet as soon as possible thereafter to establish rapidly a mechanism to give protection to the species identified as being subject to particularly adverse threat. Where a recommendation has been adopted at such a meeting, the Parties concerned shall inform each other and the Agreement secretariat of measures they have taken to implement it, or of the reasons why the recommendation could not be implemented.
  
  
    5
     The Technical Committee may establish such working groups as may be necessary to deal with specific tasks.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    VIII
    Agreement Secretariat
  
  The functions of the Agreement secretariat shall be:
  
    
      a)
      to arrange and service the sessions of the Meeting of the Parties as well as the meetings of the Technical Committee;
    
    
      b)
      to execute the decisions addressed to it by the Meeting of the Parties;
    
    
      c)
      to promote and coordinate activities under the Agreement, including the Action Plan, in accordance with decisions of the Meeting of the Parties;
    
    
      d)
      to liaise with non-Party Range States and to facilitate coordination between the Parties and with international and national organizations, the activities of which are directly or indirectly relevant to the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds;
    
    
      e)
      to gather and evaluate information which will further the objectives and implementation of the Agreement and to arrange for appropriate dissemination of such information;
    
    
      f)
      to invite the attention of the Meeting of the Parties to matters pertaining to the objectives of this Agreement;
    
    
      g)
      to circulate copies of the reports of the Authorities referred to in Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph a), of this Agreement and of the Technical Committee, along with copies of the reports it must provide pursuant to paragraph (h) of this Article, to each Party not less than sixty days before the commencement of each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties;
    
    
      h)
      to prepare, on an annual basis and for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, reports on the work of the secretariat and on the implementation of the Agreement;
    
    
      i)
      to administer the budget for the Agreement and, if established, its conservation fund;
    
    
      j)
      to provide information for the general public concerning the Agreement and its objectives; and
    
    
      k)
      to perform such other functions as may be entrusted to it under the Agreement or by the Meeting of the Parties.
    
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    IX
    Relations with International Bodies dealing with Migratory Waterbirds and their Habitats
  
  The Agreement secretariat shall consult:
  
    
      a)
      on a regular basis, the Convention Secretariat and, where appropriate, the bodies responsible for the secretariat functions under Agreements concluded pursuant to Article IV, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Convention which are relevant to migratory waterbirds, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 1979, and the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, with a view to the Meeting of the Parties cooperating with the Parties to these conventions on all matters of common interest and, in particular, in the development and implementation of the Action Plan;
    
    
      b)
      the secretariats of other pertinent conventions and international instruments in respect of matters of common interest; and
    
    
      c)
      other organizations competent in the field of conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds and their habitats, as well as in the fields of research, education and awareness raising.
    
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    X
    Amendment of the Agreement
  
  
    1
     This Agreement may be amended at any ordinary or extraordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.
  
  
    2
     Proposals for amendment may be made by any Party.
  
  
    3
     The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and fifty days before the opening of the session. The Agreement secretariat shall transmit copies forthwith to the Parties. Any comments on the text by the Parties shall be communicated to the Agreement secretariat not less than sixty days before the opening of the session. The Secretariat shall, as soon as possible after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Parties all comments submitted by that day.
  
  
    4
     An amendment to the Agreement other than an amendment to its annexes shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force for those Parties which have accepted it on the thirtieth day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties to the Agreement at the date of the adoption of the amendment have deposited their instruments of acceptance of the amendment with the Depositary. For each Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which it deposits its instrument of acceptance.
  
  
    5
     Any additional annexes and any amendment to an annex shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force for all Parties on the ninetieth day after the date of its adoption by the Meeting of the Parties, except for Parties which have entered a reservation in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article.
  
  
    6
     During the period of ninety days provided for in paragraph 5 of this Article, any Party may by written notification to the Depositary enter a reservation with respect to an additional annex or an amendment to an annex. Such reservation may be withdrawn at any time by written notification to the Depositary, and thereupon the additional annex or the amendment shall enter into force for that Party on the thirtieth day after the date of withdrawal of the reservation.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XI
    Effect of this Agreement on International Conventions and Legislation
  
  
    1
     The provisions of this Agreement do not affect the rights and obligations of any Party deriving from existing international treaties, conventions or agreements.
  
  
    2
     The provisions of this Agreement shall in no way affect the right of any Party to maintain or adopt stricter measures for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XII
    Settlement of Disputes
  
  
    1
     Any dispute which may arise between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation or application of the provisions of this Agreement shall be subject to negotiation between the Parties involved in the dispute.
  
  
    2
     If the dispute cannot be resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties may, by mutual consent, submit the dispute to arbitration, in particular that of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and the Parties submitting the dispute shall be bound by the arbitral decision.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XIII
    Signature, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval, Accession
  
  
    1
     This Agreement shall be open for signature by any Range State, whether or not areas under its jurisdiction lie within the Agreement Area, or regional economic integration organization, at least one member of which is a Range State, either by:
    
      
        a)
        signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval; or
      
      
        b)
        signature with reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval.
      
    
  
  
    2
     This Agreement shall remain open for signature at The Hague until the date of its entry into force.
  
  
    3
     This Agreement shall be open for accession by any Range State or regional economic integration organization mentioned in paragraph 1 above on and after the date of entry into force of the Agreement.
  
  
    4
     Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XIV
    Entry into Force
  
  
    1
     This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month after at least fourteen Range States or regional economic integration organizations, comprising at least seven from Africa and seven from Eurasia, have signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with Article XIII of this Agreement.
  
  
    2
     For any Range State or regional economic integration organization which has:
    
      
        a)
        signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance, or approval;
      
      
        b)
        ratified, accepted, or approved; or
      
      
        c)
        acceded to
      
    
    this Agreement after the date on which the number of Range States and regional economic integration organizations necessary to enable entry into force have signed it without reservation or have ratified, accepted or approved it, this Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the signature without reservation, or deposit, by that State or organization, of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XV
    Reservations
  
  The provisions of this Agreement shall not be subject to general reservations. However, a specific reservation may be entered by any State or regional economic integration organization on signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval or, as the case may be, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of any species covered by the Agreement or any specific provision of the Action Plan. Such a reservation may be withdrawn at any time by the State or regional economic integration organization which had entered it, by notification in writing to the Depositary; such a State or organization shall not be bound by the provisions which are the object of the reservation until thirty days after the date on which the reservation has been withdrawn. 
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XVI
    Denunciation
  
  Any Party may denounce this Agreement by written notification to the Depositary at any time. The denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date on which the Depositary has received the notification.
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    Article
    XVII
    Depositary
  
  
    1
     The original of this Agreement, in the Arabic, English, French and Russian languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which shall be the Depositary. The Depositary shall transmit certified copies of these versions to all States and regional economic integration organizations referred to in Article XIII, paragraph 1, of this Agreement, and to the Agreement secretariat after it has been established.
  
  
    2
     As soon as this Agreement enters into force, a certified copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
  
  
    3
     The Depositary shall inform all States and regional economic integration organizations that have signed or acceded to the Agreement, and the Agreement secretariat, of:
    
      
        a)
        any signature;
      
      
        b)
        any deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;
      
      
        c)
        the date of entry into force of this Agreement and of any additional annex as well as of any amendment to the Agreement or to its annexes;
      
      
        d)
        any reservation with respect to an additional annex or to an amendment to an annex;
      
      
        e)
        any notification of withdrawal of a reservation; and
      
      
        f)
        any notification of denunciation of the Agreement.
      
    
    The Depositary shall transmit to all States and regional economic integration organizations that have signed or acceded to this Agreement, and to the Agreement secretariat, the text of any reservation, of any additional annex and of any amendment to the Agreement or to its annexes.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
    IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed this Agreement.
    DONE at The Hague, this fifteenth day of August 1996.
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
  
    Annex
    1
    Definition of the Agreement Area
  
  
  The boundary of the Agreement area is defined as follows: from the North Pole south along the 130°W line of longitude to 75°N; thence east and southeast through Viscount Melville Sound, Prince Regent Inlet, the Gulf of Boothia, Foxe Basin, Foxe Channel and Hudson Strait to a point in the northwest Atlantic at 60°N, 60°W; thence southeast through the northwest Atlantic to a point at 50°N, 30°W; thence south along the 30°W line of longitude to 10°N; thence southeast to the Equator at 20°W; thence south along the 20°W line of longitude to 40°S; thence east along the 40°S line of latitude to 60°E; thence north along the 60°E line of longitude to 35°N; thence east-northeast on a great circle to a point in the western Altai at 49°N, 87°27`E; thence northeast on a great circle to the coast of the Arctic Ocean at 130°E; thence north along the 130°E line of longitude to the North Pole. The outline of the Agreement Area is illustrated on the following map.
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
  
    Annex
    1a
    Map of the Agreement Area 
  
  
  
    
  
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
  
    Annex
    2
    Waterbird Species to which this Agreement Applies
  
  
  
    
      
      
      
        
          
            
              SPHENISCIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Spheniscus demersus
            
          
          
            African Penguin 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GAVIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia stellata
            
          
          
            Red-throated Diver
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia arctica
            
          
          
            Black-throated Diver 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia immer
            
          
          
            Great Northern Diver 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia adamsii
            
          
          
            White-billed Diver 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PODICIPEDIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tachybaptus ruficollis
            
          
          
            Little Grebe
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps cristatus
            
          
          
            Great Crested Grebe
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps grisegena
            
          
          
            Red-necked Grebe 
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps auritus
            
          
          
            Slavonian Grebe
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps nigricollis
            
          
          
            Black-necked Grebe
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PELECANIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus onocrotalus
            
          
          
            Great White Pelican 
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus rufescens
            
          
          
            Pink-backed Pelican 
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus crispus
            
          
          
            Dalmatian Pelican 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              SULIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sula (Morus) capensis
            
          
          
            Cape Gannet
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PHALACROCORACIDAE 
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax coronatus
            
          
          
            Crowned Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax pygmeus
            
          
          
            Pygmy Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax neglectus
            
          
          
            Bank Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax carbo
            
          
          
            Great Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
            
          
          
            Socotra Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax capensis
            
          
          
            Cape Cormorant 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              ARDEIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta ardesiaca
            
          
          
            Black Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta vinaceigula
            
          
          
            Slaty Egret 
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta garzetta
            
          
          
            Little Egret 
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta gularis
            
          
          
            Western Reef Egret 
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta dimorpha
            
          
          
            Mascarene Reef Egret
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea cinerea
            
          
          
            Grey Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea melanocephala
            
          
          
            Black-headed Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea purpurea
            
          
          
            Purple Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Casmerodius albus
            
          
          
            Great Egret 
          
        
        
          
            
              Mesophoyx intermedia
            
          
          
            Intermediate Egret
          
        
        
          
            
              Bubulcus ibis
            
          
          
            Cattle Egret 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola ralloides
            
          
          
            Squacco Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola idae
            
          
          
            Madagascar Pond-Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola rufiventris
            
          
          
            Rufous-bellied Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Nycticorax nycticorax
            
          
          
            Black-crowned Night-Heron 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ixobrychus minutus
            
          
          
            Little Bittern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ixobrychus sturmii
            
          
          
            Dwarf Bittern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Botaurus stellaris
            
          
          
            Great Bittern 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              CICONIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Mycteria ibis
            
          
          
            Yellow-billed Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anastomus lamelligerus
            
          
          
            African Openbill
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia nigra
            
          
          
            Black Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia abdimii
            
          
          
            Abdim's Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia episcopus
            
          
          
            Woolly-necked Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia ciconia
            
          
          
            White Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
              Leptoptilos crumeniferus
            
          
          
            Marabou Stork 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              BALAENICIPITIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balaeniceps rex
            
          
          
            Shoebill 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              THRESKIORNITHIDAE 
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Plegadis falcinellus
            
          
          
            Glossy Ibis 
          
        
        
          
            
              Geronticus eremita
            
          
          
            Waldrapp 
          
        
        
          
            
              Threskiornis aethiopicus
            
          
          
            Sacred Ibis 
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea leucorodia
            
          
          
            Eurasian Spoonbill 
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea alba
            
          
          
            African Spoonbill 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PHOENICOPTERIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phoenicopterus ruber
            
          
          
            Greater Flamingo
          
        
        
          
            
              Phoenicopterus minor
            
          
          
            Lesser Flamingo
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              ANATIDAE 
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Dendrocygna bicolor
            
          
          
            Fulvous Whistling-Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Dendrocygna viduata
            
          
          
            White-faced Whistling-Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Thalassornis leuconotus
            
          
          
            White-backed Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Oxyura leucocephala
            
          
          
            White-headed Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Oxyura maccoa
            
          
          
            Maccoa Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus olor
            
          
          
            Mute Swan
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus cygnus
            
          
          
            Whooper Swan 
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus columbianus
            
          
          
            Bewick's Swan 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser brachyrhynchus
            
          
          
            Pink-footed Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser fabalis
            
          
          
            Bean Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser albifrons
            
          
          
            Greater White-fronted Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser erythropus
            
          
          
            Lesser White-fronted Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser anser
            
          
          
            Greylag Goose
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta leucopsis
            
          
          
            Barnacle Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta bernicla
            
          
          
            Brent Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta ruficollis
            
          
          
            Red-breasted Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Alopochen aegyptiacus
            
          
          
            Egyptian Goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna ferruginea
            
          
          
            Ruddy Shelduck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna cana
            
          
          
            South African Shelduck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna tadorna
            
          
          
            Common Shelduck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Plectropterus gambensis
            
          
          
            Spur-winged Goose
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarkidiornis melanotos
            
          
          
            Comb Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Nettapus auritus
            
          
          
            African Pygmy-goose 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas penelope
            
          
          
            Eurasian Wigeon 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas strepera
            
          
          
            Gadwall 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas crecca
            
          
          
            Common Teal
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas capensis
            
          
          
            Cape Teal 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas platyrhynchos
            
          
          
            Mallard 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas undulata
            
          
          
            Yellow-billed Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas acuta
            
          
          
            Northern Pintail 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas erythrorhyncha
            
          
          
            Red-billed Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas hottentota
            
          
          
            Hottentot Teal 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas querquedula
            
          
          
            Garganey 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas clypeata
            
          
          
            Northern Shoveler 
          
        
        
          
            
              Marmaronetta angustirostris
            
          
          
            Marbled Teal
          
        
        
          
            
              Netta rufina
            
          
          
            Red-crested Pochard 
          
        
        
          
            
              Netta erythrophthalma
            
          
          
            Southern Pochard 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya ferina
            
          
          
            Common Pochard 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya nyroca
            
          
          
            Ferruginous Pochard 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya fuligula
            
          
          
            Tufted Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya marila
            
          
          
            Greater Scaup 
          
        
        
          
            
              Somateria mollissima
            
          
          
            Common Eider
          
        
        
          
            
              Somateria spectabilis
            
          
          
            King Eider 
          
        
        
          
            
              Polysticta stelleri
            
          
          
            Steller's Eider 
          
        
        
          
            
              Clangula hyemalis
            
          
          
            Long-tailed Duck 
          
        
        
          
            
              Melanitta nigra
            
          
          
            Common Scoter 
          
        
        
          
            
              Melanitta fusca
            
          
          
            Velvet Scoter 
          
        
        
          
            
              Bucephala clangula
            
          
          
            Common Goldeneye
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus albellus
            
          
          
            Smew 
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus serrator
            
          
          
            Red-breasted Merganser 
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus merganser
            
          
          
            Goosander 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GRUIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica pavonina
            
          
          
            Black Crowned Crane
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica regulorum
            
          
          
            Grey Crowned Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus leucogeranus
            
          
          
            Siberian Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus virgo
            
          
          
            Demoiselle Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus paradisea
            
          
          
            Blue Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus carunculatus
            
          
          
            Wattled Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus grus
            
          
          
            Common Crane 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RALLIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura elegans
            
          
          
            Buff-spotted Flufftail
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura boehmi
            
          
          
            Streaky-breasted Flufftail
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura ayresi
            
          
          
            White-winged Flufftail 
          
        
        
          
            
              Rallus aquaticus
            
          
          
            Water Rail 
          
        
        
          
            
              Rallus caerulescens
            
          
          
            African Rail 
          
        
        
          
            
              Crecopsis egregia
            
          
          
            African Crake 
          
        
        
          
            
              Crex crex
            
          
          
            Corncrake
          
        
        
          
            
              Amaurornis flavirostris
            
          
          
            Black Crake 
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana parva
            
          
          
            Little Crake 
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana pusilla
            
          
          
            Baillon's Crake 
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana porzana
            
          
          
            Spotted Crake
          
        
        
          
            
              Aenigmatolimnas marginalis
            
          
          
            Striped Crake
          
        
        
          
            
              Porphyrio alleni
            
          
          
            Allen's Gallinule
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinula chloropus
            
          
          
            Common Moorhen
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinula angulata
            
          
          
            Lesser Moorhen 
          
        
        
          
            
              Fulica cristata
            
          
          
            Red-knobbed Coot 
          
        
        
          
            
              Fulica atra
            
          
          
            Common Coot 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              DROMADIDAE 
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Dromas ardeola
            
          
          
            Crab Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              HAEMATOPODIDAE 
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Haematopus ostralegus
            
          
          
            Eurasian Oystercatcher 
          
        
        
          
            
              Haemotopus moquini
            
          
          
            African Black Oystercatcher
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RECURVIROSTRIDAE 
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Himantopus himantopus
            
          
          
            Black-winged Stilt 
          
        
        
          
            
              Recurvirostra avosetta
            
          
          
            Pied Avocet 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              BURHINIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Burhinus senegalensis
            
          
          
            Senegal Thick-knee 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GLAREOLIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvianus aegyptius
            
          
          
            Egyptian Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola pratincola
            
          
          
            Collared Pratincole 
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola nordmanni
            
          
          
            Black-winged Pratincole 
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola ocularis
            
          
          
            Madagascar Pratincole 
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola nuchalis
            
          
          
            Rock Pratincole 
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola cinerea
            
          
          
            Grey Pratincole 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              CHARADRIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis apricaria
            
          
          
            Eurasian Golden Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis fulva
            
          
          
            Pacific Golden Plover
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis squatarola
            
          
          
            Grey Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius hiaticula
            
          
          
            Common Ringed Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius dubius
            
          
          
            Little Ringed Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius pecuarius
            
          
          
            Kittlitz's Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius tricollaris
            
          
          
            Three-banded Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius forbesi
            
          
          
            Forbes's Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius pallidus
            
          
          
            Chestnut-banded Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius alexandrinus
            
          
          
            Kentish Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius marginatus
            
          
          
            White-fronted Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius mongolus
            
          
          
            Mongolian Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius leschenaultii
            
          
          
            Greater Sandplover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius asiaticus
            
          
          
            Caspian Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Eudromias morinellus
            
          
          
            Eurasian Dotterel 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus vanellus
            
          
          
            Northern Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus spinosus
            
          
          
            Spur-winged Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus albiceps
            
          
          
            White-headed Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus senegallus
            
          
          
            Wattled Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus lugubris
            
          
          
            Senegal Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus melanopterus
            
          
          
            Black-winged Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus coronatus
            
          
          
            Crowned Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus superciliosus
            
          
          
            Brown-chested Lapwing 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus gregarius
            
          
          
            Sociable Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus leucurus
            
          
          
            White-tailed Plover 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              SCOLOPACIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Scolopax rusticola
            
          
          
            Eurasian Woodcock
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago stenura
            
          
          
            Pintail Snipe 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago media
            
          
          
            Great Snipe 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago gallinago
            
          
          
            Common Snipe 
          
        
        
          
            
              Lymnocryptes minimus
            
          
          
            Jack Snipe
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa limosa
            
          
          
            Black-tailed Godwit 
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa lapponica
            
          
          
            Bar-tailed Godwit 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius phaeopus
            
          
          
            Whimbrel 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius tenuirostris
            
          
          
            Slender-billed Curlew 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius arquata
            
          
          
            Eurasian Curlew 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa erythropus
            
          
          
            Spotted Redshank 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa totanus
            
          
          
            Common Redshank 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa stagnatilis
            
          
          
            Marsh Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa nebularia
            
          
          
            Common Greenshank 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa ochropus
            
          
          
            Green Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa glareola
            
          
          
            Wood Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa cinerea
            
          
          
            Terek Sandpiper
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa hypoleucos
            
          
          
            Common Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Arenaria interpres
            
          
          
            Ruddy Turnstone 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris tenuirostris
            
          
          
            Great Knot 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris canutus
            
          
          
            Red Knot 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alba
            
          
          
            Sanderling
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris minuta
            
          
          
            Little Stint 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris temminckii
            
          
          
            Temminck's Stint 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris maritima
            
          
          
            Purple Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alpina
            
          
          
            Dunlin 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris ferruginea
            
          
          
            Curlew Sandpiper 
          
        
        
          
            
              Limicola falcinellus
            
          
          
            Broad-billed Sandpiper
          
        
        
          
            
              Philomachus pugnax
            
          
          
            Ruff 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalaropus lobatus
            
          
          
            Red-necked Phalarope 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalaropus fulicaria
            
          
          
            Grey Phalarope 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              LARIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus leucophthalmus
            
          
          
            White-eyed Gull
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hemprichii
            
          
          
            Sooty Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus canus
            
          
          
            Common Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus audouinii
            
          
          
            Audouin's Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus marinus
            
          
          
            Great Black-backed Gull
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus dominicanus
            
          
          
            Kelp Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hyperboreus
            
          
          
            Glaucous Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus glaucoides
            
          
          
            Iceland Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus argentatus
            
          
          
            Herring Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus heuglini
            
          
          
            Heuglin's Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus armenicus
            
          
          
            Armenian Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus cachinnans
            
          
          
            Yellow-legged Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus fuscus
            
          
          
            Lesser Black-backed Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus ichthyaetus
            
          
          
            Great Black-headed Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus cirrocephalus
            
          
          
            Grey-headed Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hartlaubii
            
          
          
            Hartlaub's Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus ridibundus
            
          
          
            Common Black-headed Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus genei
            
          
          
            Slender-billed Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus melanocephalus
            
          
          
            Mediterranean Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus minutus
            
          
          
            Little Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Xema sabini
            
          
          
            Sabine's Gull 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna nilotica
            
          
          
            Gull-billed Tern
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna caspia
            
          
          
            Caspian Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna maxima
            
          
          
            Royal Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bengalensis
            
          
          
            Lesser Crested Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bergii
            
          
          
            Great Crested Tern
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna sandvicensis
            
          
          
            Sandwich Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna dougallii
            
          
          
            Roseate Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna vittata
            
          
          
            Antarctic Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna hirundo
            
          
          
            Common Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna paradisaea
            
          
          
            Arctic Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna albifrons
            
          
          
            Little Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna saundersi
            
          
          
            Saunders's Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna balaenarum
            
          
          
            Damara Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna repressa
            
          
          
            White-cheeked Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias hybridus
            
          
          
            Whiskered Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias leucopterus
            
          
          
            White-winged Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias niger
            
          
          
            Black Tern 
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RYNCHOPIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Rynchops flavirostris
            
          
          
            African Skimmer
          
        
      
    
  
200525 p. 5426-01-200527-09-2002200525 p. 5426-01-200527-09-200226-12-2002
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999
  
  
    Annex
    3
    ACTION PLAN
  
  
    
      
        1
        Field of Application
      
      
        
          1.1
          The Action Plan is applicable to the populations of migratory waterbirds listed in Table 1 to this Annex (hereafter referred to as “Table 1").
        
        
          1.2
          Table 1 forms an integral part of this Annex. Any reference to this Action Plan includes a reference to Table 1.
        
      
    
    
      
        2
        Species Conservation
      
      
        
          2.1
          
            Legal measures
          
          
            
              2.1.1
              Parties with populations listed in column A of Table 1 shall provide protection to those populations listed in accordance with Article III, paragraph 2(a), of this Agreement. Such Parties shall in particular and subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below:
              
                
                  a)
                  prohibit the taking of birds and eggs of those populations occurring in their territory;
                
                
                  b)
                  prohibit deliberate disturbance in so far as such disturbance would be significant for the conservation of the population concerned; and
                
                
                  c)
                  prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds or eggs of those populations which have been taken in contravention of the prohibitions laid down pursuant to subparagraph a) above, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade in, any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of such birds and their eggs.
                
              
              By way of exception for those populations listed in Categories 2 and 3 in Column A only and which are marked by an asterisk, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis where hunting of such populations is a long-established cultural practice. This sustainable use shall be conducted within the framework of special provisions of a species action plan at the appropriate international level.
            
            
              2.1.2
              Parties with populations listed in Table 1 shall regulate the taking of birds and eggs of all populations listed in column B of Table 1. The object of such legal measures shall be to maintain or contribute to the restoration of those populations to a favourable conservation status and to ensure, on the basis of the best available knowledge of population dynamics, that any taking or other use is sustainable. Such legal measures, subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below, shall in particular:
              
                
                  a)
                  prohibit the taking of birds belonging to the populations concerned during their various stages of reproduction and rearing and during their return to their breeding grounds if the taking has an unfavourable impact on the conservation status of the population concerned;
                
                
                  b)
                  regulate the modes of taking;
                
                
                  c)
                  establish limits on taking, where appropriate, and provide adequate controls to ensure that these limits are observed; and
                
                
                  d)
                  prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds and eggs of the populations which have been taken in contravention of any prohibition laid down pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade in, any parts of such birds and their eggs.
                
              
            
            
              2.1.3
              Parties may grant exemptions to the prohibitions laid down in paragraphs 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, irrespective of the provisions of Article III, paragraph 5, of the Convention, where there is no other satisfactory solution, for the following purposes:
              
                
                  a)
                  to prevent serious damage to crops, water and fisheries;
                
                
                  b)
                  in the interests of air safety or other overriding public interests;
                
                
                  c)
                  for the purpose of research and education, of re-establishment and for the breeding necessary for these purposes;
                
                
                  d)
                  to permit under strictly supervised conditions, on a selective basis and to a limited extent, the taking and keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small numbers; and
                
                
                  e)
                  for the purpose of enhancing the propagation or survival of the populations concerned.
                
              
              Such exemptions shall be precise as to content and limited in space and time and shall not operate to the detriment of the populations listed in Table 1. Parties shall as soon as possible inform the Agreement secretariat of any exemptions granted pursuant to this provision.
            
          
        
        
          2.2
          
            Single Species Action Plans
          
          
            
              2.2.1
              Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing and implementing international single species action plans for populations listed in Category 1 of Column A of Table 1 as a priority and for those populations listed with an asterisk in Column A of Table 1. The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development, harmonization and implementation of such plans.
            
            
              2.2.2
              Parties shall prepare and implement national single species action plans for the populations listed in Column A of Table 1 with a view to improving their overall conservation status. This action plan shall include special provisions for those populations marked with an asterisk. When appropriate, the problem of accidental killing of birds by hunters as a result of incorrect identification of the species should be considered.
            
          
        
        
          2.3
          
            Emergency Measures
          
          Parties shall, in close cooperation with each other whenever possible and relevant, develop and implement emergency measures for populations listed in Table 1, when exceptionally unfavourable or endangering conditions occur anywhere in the Agreement Area.
        
        
          2.4
          
            Re-establishments
          
          Parties shall exercise the greatest care when re-establishing populations listed in Table 1 into parts of their traditional range where they no longer exist. They shall endeavour to develop and follow a detailed re-establishment plan based on appropriate scientific studies. Re-establishment plans should constitute an integral part of national and, where appropriate, international single species action plans. A re-establishment plan should include assessment of the impact on the environment and shall be made widely available. Parties shall inform the Agreement secretariat, in advance, of all re-establishment programmes for populations listed in Table 1.
        
        
          2.5
          
            Introductions
          
          
            
              2.5.1
              Parties shall, if they consider it necessary, prohibit the introduction of non-native species of animals and plants which may be detrimental to the populations listed in Table 1.
            
            
              2.5.2
              Parties shall, if they consider it necessary, require the taking of appropriate precautions to avoid the accidental escape of captive birds belonging to non-native species.
            
            
              2.5.3
              Parties shall take measures to the extent feasible and appropriate, including taking, to ensure that when non-native species or hybrids thereof have already been introduced into their territory, those species or their hybrids do not pose a potential hazard to the populations listed in Table 1.
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        3
        Habitat Conservation
      
      
        
          3.1
          
            Habitat Inventories
          
          
            
              3.1.1
              Parties, in liaison where appropriate with competent international organizations, shall undertake and publish national inventories of the habitats within their territory which are important to the populations listed in Table 1.
            
            
              3.1.2
              Parties shall endeavour, as a matter of priority, to identify all sites of international or national importance for populations listed in Table 1.
            
          
        
        
          3.2
          
            Conservation of Areas
          
          
            
              3.2.1
              Parties shall endeavour to continue establishing protected areas to conserve habitats important for the populations listed in Table 1, and to develop and implement management plans for these areas.
            
            
              3.2.2
              Parties shall endeavour to give special protection to those wetlands which meet internationally accepted criteria of international importance.
            
            
              3.2.3
              Parties shall endeavour to make wise and sustainable use of all of the wetlands in their territory. In particular they shall endeavour to avoid degradation and loss of habitats that support populations listed in Table 1 through the introduction of appropriate regulations or standards and control measures. In particular, they shall endeavour to:
              
                
                  a)
                  ensure, where practicable, that adequate statutory controls are in place, relating to the use of agricultural chemicals, pest control procedures and the disposal of waste water, which are in accordance with international norms, for the purpose of minimizing their adverse impacts on the populations listed in Table 1; and
                
                
                  b)
                  prepare and distribute information materials, in the appropriate languages, describing such regulations, standards and control measures in force and their benefits to people and wildlife.
                
              
            
            
              3.2.4
              Parties shall endeavour to develop strategies, according to an ecosystem approach, for the conservation of the habitats of all populations listed in Table 1, including the habitats of those populations that are dispersed.
            
          
        
        
          3.3
          
            Rehabilitation and Restoration
          
          Parties shall endeavour to rehabilitate or restore, where feasible and appropriate, areas which were previously important for the populations listed in Table 1.
        
      
    
    
      
        4
        Management of Human Activities
      
      
        
          4.1
          
            Hunting
          
          
            
              4.1.1.
              Parties shall cooperate to ensure that their hunting legislation implements the principle of sustainable use as envisaged in this Action Plan, taking into account the full geographical range of the waterbird populations concerned and their life history characteristics.
            
            
              4.1.2.
              The Agreement secretariat shall be kept informed by the Parties of their legislation relating to the hunting of populations listed in Table 1.
            
            
              4.1.3.
              Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing a reliable and harmonized system for the collection of harvest data in order to assess the annual harvest of populations listed in Table 1. They shall provide the Agreement secretariat with estimates of the total annual take for each population, when available.
            
            
              4.1.4.
              Parties shall endeavour to phase out the use of lead shot for hunting in wetlands by the year 2000.
            
            
              4.1.5.
              Parties shall develop and implement measures to reduce, and as far as possible eliminate, the use of poisoned baits.
            
            
              4.1.6.
              Parties shall develop and implement measures to reduce, and as far as possible eliminate, illegal taking.
            
            
              4.1.7.
              Where appropriate, Parties shall encourage hunters, at local, national and international levels, to form clubs or organizations to coordinate their activities and to help ensure sustainability.
            
            
              4.1.8.
              Parties shall, where appropriate, promote the requirement of a proficiency test for hunters, including among other things, bird identification.
            
          
        
        
          4.2
          
            Eco-tourism
          
          
            
              4.2.1.
              Parties shall encourage, where appropriate but not in the case of core zones of protected areas, the elaboration of cooperative programmes between all concerned to develop sensitive and appropriate eco-tourism at wetlands holding concentrations of populations listed in Table 1.
            
            
              4.2.2.
              Parties, in cooperation with competent international organisations, shall endeavour to evaluate the costs, benefits and other consequences that can result from eco-tourism at selected wetlands with concentrations of populations listed in Table 1. They shall communicate the results of any such evaluations to the Agreement secretariat.
            
          
        
        
          4.3
          
            Other Human Activities
          
          
            
              4.3.1.
              Parties shall assess the impact of proposed projects which are likely to lead to conflicts between populations listed in Table 1 that are in the areas referred to in paragraph 3.2 and human interests, and shall make the results of the assessment publicly available.
            
            
              4.3.2.
              Parties shall endeavour to gather information on the damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries, caused by populations listed in Table 1, and report the results to the Agreement secretariat.
            
            
              4.3.3.
              Parties shall cooperate with a view to identifying appropriate techniques to minimize damage, or to mitigate the effects of damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries, caused by populations listed in Table 1, drawing on the experience gained elsewhere in the world.
            
            
              4.3.4.
              Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing single species action plans for populations which cause significant damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries. The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development and harmonization of such plans.
            
            
              4.3.5.
              Parties shall, as far as possible, promote high environmental standards in the planning and construction of structures to minimize their impact on populations listed in Table 1. They should consider steps to minimize the impact of structures already in existence where it becomes evident that they constitute a negative impact for the populations concerned.
            
            
              4.3.6.
              In cases where human disturbance threatens the conservation status of waterbird populations listed in Table 1, Parties should endeavour to take measures to limit the level of threat. Special attention should be given to the problem of human disturbance at breeding colonies of colonially–nesting waterbirds, especially when these are situated in the areas which are popular for outdoor recreation. Appropriate measures might include, inter alia, the establishment of disturbance-free zones in protected areas where public access is not permitted.
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        5
        Research and Monitoring
      
      
        
          5.1
          Parties shall endeavour to carry out survey work in poorly known areas, which may hold important concentrations of the populations listed in Table 1. The results of such surveys shall be disseminated widely.
        
        
          5.2
          Parties shall endeavour to monitor the populations listed in Table 1. The results of such monitoring shall be published or sent to appropriate international organizations, to enable reviews of population status and trends.
        
        
          5.3
          Parties shall cooperate to improve the measurement of bird population trends as a criterion for describing the status of such populations.
        
        
          5.4
          Parties shall cooperate with a view to determining the migration routes of all populations listed in Table 1, using available knowledge of breeding and non-breeding season distributions and census results, and by participating in coordinated ringing programmes.
        
        
          5.5
          Parties shall endeavour to initiate and support joint research projects into the ecology and population dynamics of populations listed in Table 1 and their habitats, in order to determine their specific requirements as well as the techniques which are the most appropriate for their conservation and management.
        
        
          5.6
          Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the effects of wetland loss and degradation and disturbance on the carrying capacity of wetlands used by the populations listed in Table 1 and on the migration patterns of such populations.
        
        
          5.7
          Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the impact of hunting and trade on the populations listed in Table 1 and on the importance of these forms of utilization to the local and national economy.
        
        
          5.8
          Parties shall endeavour to cooperate with relevant international organisations and to support research and monitoring projects.
        
      
    
    
      
        6
        Education and Information
      
      
        
          6.1
          Parties shall, where necessary, arrange for training programmes to ensure that personnel responsible for the implementation of this Action Plan have an adequate knowledge to implement it effectively.
        
        
          6.2
          Parties shall cooperate with each other and the Agreement secretariat with a view to developing training programmes and exchanging resource materials.
        
        
          6.3
          Parties shall endeavour to develop programmes, information materials and mechanisms to improve the level of awareness of the general public with regard to the objectives, provisions and contents of this Action Plan. In this regard, particular attention shall be given to those people living in and around important wetlands, to users of these wetlands (hunters, fishermen, tourists, etc.) and to local authorities and other decision makers.
        
        
          6.4
          Parties shall endeavour to undertake specific public awareness campaigns for the conservation of the populations listed in Table 1.
        
      
    
    
      
        7
        Implementation
      
      
        
          7.1
          When implementing this Action Plan, Parties shall, when appropriate, give priority to those populations listed in Column A of Table 1.
        
        
          7.2
          Where, in the case of populations listed in Table 1, more than one population of the same species occurs on the territory of a Party, that Party shall apply conservation measures appropriate to the population or populations that have the poorest conservation status.
        
        
          7.3
          The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and with the assistance of experts from Range States, shall coordinate the development of conservation guidelines in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 4, of this Agreement to assist the Parties in the implementation of this Action Plan. The Agreement secretariat shall ensure, where possible, coherence with guidelines approved under other international instruments. These conservation guidelines shall aim at introducing the principle of sustainable use. They shall cover, inter alia:
          
            
              a)
              single species action plans;
            
            
              b)
              emergency measures;
            
            
              c)
              preparation of site inventories and habitat management methods;
            
            
              d)
              hunting practices;
            
            
              e)
              trade in waterbirds;
            
            
              f)
              tourism;
            
            
              g)
              reducing crop damage; and
            
            
              h)
              a waterbird monitoring protocol.
            
          
        
        
          7.4
          The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and the Parties, shall prepare a series of international reviews necessary for the implementation of this Action Plan, including:
          
            
              a)
              reports on the status and trends of populations;
            
            
              b)
              gaps in information from surveys;
            
            
              c)
              the networks of sites used by each population, including reviews of the protection status of each site as well as of the management measures taken in each case;
            
            
              d)
              pertinent hunting and trade legislation in each country relating to the species listed in Annex 2 to this Agreement;
            
            
              e)
              the stage of preparation and implementation of single species action plans;
            
            
              f)
              re-establishment projects; and
            
            
              g)
              the status of introduced non-native waterbird species and hybrids thereof.
            
          
        
        
          7.5
          The Agreement secretariat shall endeavour to ensure that the reviews mentioned in paragraph 7.4 are updated at intervals of not more than three years.
        
        
          7.6
          The Technical Committee shall assess the guidelines and reviews prepared under paragraphs 7.3 and 7.4, and shall formulate draft recommendations and resolutions relating to their development, content and implementation for consideration at sessions of the Meeting of the Parties.
        
        
          7.7
          The Agreement secretariat shall regularly undertake a review of potential mechanisms for providing additional resources (funds and technical assistance) for the implementation of this Action Plan, and shall make a report to each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.
        
      
    
  
20052526-01-200515-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199607-02-2000
  
  
    Table
    1
    STATUS OF THE POPULATIONS OF MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS
  
  
  
    Key to classification
  
  The following key to Table 1 is a basis for implementation of the Action Plan:
  
    Column A
  
  
    
      Category 1:
      
        
          (a)
          Species, which are included in Appendix I to the Convention on the Conservation Migratory species of Wild Animals;
        
        
          (b)
          Species, which are listed as threatened in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000); or 
        
        
          (c)
          Populations, which number less than around 10,000 individuals. 
        
      
    
    
      Category 2:
      Populations numbering between around 10,000 and around 25,000 individuals. 
    
    
      Category 3:
      Populations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and considered to be at risk as a result of:
      
        
          (a)
          Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle; 
        
        
          (b)
          Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat; 
        
        
          (c)
          Showing significant long-term decline; or 
        
        
          (d)
          Showing extreme fluctuations in population size or trend.
        
      
    
  
  For species listed in categories 2 and 3 above, see paragraph 2.1.1 of the Action Plan contained in Annex 3 to the Agreement. 
  
    Column B
  
  
    
      Category 1:
      Populations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and which do not fulfil the conditions in respect of column A, as described above.
    
    
      Category 2:
      Populations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals and considered to be in need of special attention as a result of: 
      
        
          (a)
          Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle;
        
        
          (b)
          Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat; 
        
        
          (c)
          Showing significant long-term decline; or
        
        
          (d)
          Showing extreme fluctuations in population size or trend.
        
      
    
  
  
    Column C
  
  
    
      Category 1:
      Populations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals which could significantly benefit from international cooperation and which do not fulfil the conditions in respect of either column A or column B, above.
    
  
  
    Review of table 1
  
  The Table shall be:
  
    
      (a)
      Reviewed regularly by the Technical Committee in accordance with article VII, paragraph 3(b), of the Agreement; and
    
    
      (b)
      Amended as necessary by the Meeting of the Parties, in accordance with article VI, paragraph 9(d) of the Agreement, in light of the conclusions of such reviews.
    
  
  
    Definition of geographical terms used in range descriptions
  
  
    
      
      
      
        
          
            North Africa
          
          
            Algeria, Egypt, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Tunisia. 
          
        
        
          
            West Africa
          
          
            Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. 
          
        
        
          
            Eastern Africa
          
          
            Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania. 
          
        
        
          
            North-east Africa
          
          
            Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan. 
          
        
        
          
            Southern Africa
          
          
            Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
          
        
        
          
            Central Africa
          
          
            Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.
          
        
        
          
            Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            All African states south of the Sahara.
          
        
        
          
            Tropical Africa
          
          
            Sub-Saharan Africa excluding Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
          
        
        
          
            Western Palearctic
          
          
            As defined in Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Cramp &amp; Simmons 1977).
          
        
        
          
            North-west Europe
          
          
            Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 
          
        
        
          
            Western Europe
          
          
            North-west Europe with Portugal and Spain.
          
        
        
          
            North-east Europe
          
          
            The northern part of the Russian Federation west of the Urals. 
          
        
        
          
            Eastern Europe
          
          
            Belarus, the Russian Federation west of the Urals, Ukraine. 
          
        
        
          
            Central Europe
          
          
            Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Poland, the Russian Federation around the Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad, Slovakia, Switzerland. 
          
        
        
          
            North Atlantic
          
          
            Faroes, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the north-west coast of the Russian Federation, Svalbard, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 
          
        
        
          
            East Atlantic
          
          
            Atlantic seaboard of Europe and North Africa from northern Norway to Morocco. 
          
        
        
          
            Western Siberia
          
          
            The Russian Federation east of the Urals to the Yenisey River and south to the Kazakhstan border.
          
        
        
          
            Central Siberia
          
          
            The Russian Federation from the Yenisey River to the eastern boundary of the Taimyr Peninsula and south to the Altai Mountains. 
          
        
        
          
            West Mediterranean
          
          
            Algeria, France, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Tunisia. 
          
        
        
          
            East Mediterranean
          
          
            Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Slovenia, the Syrian Arab Republic, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Yugoslavia. 
          
        
        
          
            Black Sea
          
          
            Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine.
          
        
        
          
            Caspian
          
          
            Azerbaijan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. 
          
        
        
          
            South-west Asia
          
          
            Bahrain, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, eastern Turkey, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen. 
          
        
        
          
            Western Asia
          
          
            Western parts of the Russian Federation east of the Urals and the Caspian countries.
          
        
        
          
            Central Asia
          
          
            Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. 
          
        
        
          
            Southern Asia
          
          
            Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
          
        
      
    
  
  
    Key to abbreviations and symbols
  
  
    
      
      
      
        
          
            bre: 
          
          
            breeding
          
        
        
          
            N: 
          
          
            Northern
          
        
        
          
            S: 
          
          
            Southern
          
        
        
          
            NE:
          
          
            North-eastern
          
        
        
          
            SE:
          
          
            South-eastern
          
        
        
          
            win: 
          
          
            wintering 
          
        
        
          
            E:
          
          
            Eastern 
          
        
        
          
            W:
          
          
            Western 
          
        
        
          
            NW:
          
          
            North-western 
          
        
        
          
            SW: 
          
          
            South-western
          
        
      
    
  
  ( ): Population status unknown. Conservation status estimated.
  *: By way of exception for those populations marked by an asterisk, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis where hunting of such populations is a long-established cultural practice (see paragraph 2.1.1 of Annex 3 to the Agreement).
  
    Notes
  
  
    
      1.
      The population data used to compile Table 1 as far as possible correspond to the number of individuals in the potential breeding stock in the Agreement area. The status is based on the best available published population estimates.
    
    
      2.
      Suffixes (bre) or (win) in population listings are solely aids to population identification. They do not indicate seasonal restrictions to actions in respect of these populations under the Agreement and Action Plan.
    
    
      3.
      The brief descriptions used to identify the populations are based on the descriptions used in the third edition of Waterbird Population Estimates.
    
    
      4.
      Slash signs (/) are used to separate breeding areas from wintering areas.
    
    
      5.
      Where a species' population is listed in Table 1 with multiple categorisations, the obligations of the Action Plan relate to the strictest category listed.
    
  
  
    
      
      
      
      
      
        
          
            
          
          
            
              A
            
          
          
            
              B
            
          
          
            
              C
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              SPHENISCIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Spheniscus demersus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1b
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GAVIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia stellata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian, Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean (win) 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia arctica arctica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe &amp; Western Siberia/Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia arctica suschkini
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Siberia/Caspian
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia immer
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe (win)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gavia adamsii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe (win)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PODICIPEDIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tachybaptus ruficollis ruficollis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North-west Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps cristatus cristatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian &amp; South-west Asia (win)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps grisegena grisegena
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian (win)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps cristatus infuscatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (Ethiopia to N Zambia)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps auritus auritus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe (large-billed)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe (small-billed)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian &amp; South Asia (win)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/South &amp; West Europe &amp; North Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/South-west &amp; South Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PELECANIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus onocrotalus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; Western Asia (bre)
          
          
            1a 3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus rufescens
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Tropical Africa &amp; SW Arabia
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pelecanus crispus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (win)
          
          
            1a 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia &amp; South Asia (win)
          
          
            1a 2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              SULIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sula (Morus) capensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1b
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PHALACROCORACIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax coronatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal South-west Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax pygmeus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax neglectus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal South-west Africa
          
          
            1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax carbo carbo
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern &amp; Central Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Gulf &amp; Arabian Sea
          
          
            1b
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalacrocorax capensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              ARDEIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta ardesiaca
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta vinaceigula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-central Africa
          
          
            1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta garzetta garzetta
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – Europe, Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean/W &amp; C Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta gularis gularis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta gularis schistacea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Africa &amp; Red Sea
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia &amp; South Asia
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Egretta dimorpha
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Eastern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea cinerea cinerea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North Africa (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea melanocephala
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardea purpurea purpurea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Tropical Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Europe &amp; West Mediterranean/West Africa 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Europe &amp; South-west Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Casmerodius albus albus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W, C &amp; SE Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Casmerodius albus melanorhynchos
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa &amp; Madagascar
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Mesophoyx intermedia brachyrhyncha
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Bubulcus ibis ibis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – Tropical Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Europe &amp; North-west Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – East Mediterranean &amp; South-west Asia
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola ralloides ralloides
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Medit., Black Sea &amp; N Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola ralloides paludivaga
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa &amp; Madagascar
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola idea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Madagascar &amp; Aldabra/Central &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ardeola rufiventris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Tropical Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa &amp; Madagascar
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; NW Africa/Mediterranean &amp; Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ixobrychus minutus minutus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ixobrychus minutus payesii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ixobrychus sturmii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Botaurus stellaris stellaris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe (bre)
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia (win)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Botaurus stellaris capensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              CICONIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Mycteria ibis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Madagascar) 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia nigra
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Europe/West Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Afrca 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia abdimii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa &amp; SW Arabia
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia episcopus microscelis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Ciconia ciconia ciconia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iberia &amp; North-west Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            3b
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/South-west Asia
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Leptoptilos crumeniferus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              BALAENICIPITIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balaeniceps rex
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Tropical Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              THRESKIORNITHIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean/West Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia/Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Geronticus eremita
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Morocco
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Threskiornis aethiopicus aethiopicus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Iraq &amp; Iran
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea leucorodia leucorodia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Europe/West Mediterranean &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Cent. &amp; SE Europe/Mediterranean &amp; Tropical Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea leucorodia archeri
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Red Sea &amp; Somalia
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea leucorodia balsaci
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal West Africa (Mauritania)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea leucorodia major
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/South-west &amp; South Asia
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Platalea alba
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            2*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              PHOENICOPTERIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phoenicopterus ruber roseus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (to Madagascar)
          
          
            3a 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Mediterranean, South-west &amp; South Asia 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phoenicopterus minor
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (to Madagascar)
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              ANATIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Dendrocygna bicolour
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (Senegal to Chad)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Dendrocygna viduata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (Senegal to Chad)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            2*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Oxyura leucocephala
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Mediterranean (Spain &amp; Morocco) 
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Algeria &amp; Tunisia
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Mediterranean, Turkey &amp; South-west Asia 
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Oxyura maccoa
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus olor
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Mainland &amp; Central Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Asia/Caspian
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2d
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus Cygnus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland/UK &amp; Ireland
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Mainland Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – N Europe &amp; W Siberia/Black Sea &amp; E Mediterranean
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Siberia/Caspian
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Cygnus columbianus bewickii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; NE Europe/North-west Europe
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/Caspian
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser brachyrhynchus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Greenland &amp; Iceland/UK
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Svalbard/North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser fabalis fabalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser fabalis rossicus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Siberia/NE &amp; SW Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser fabalis johanseni
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Siberia/Turkmenistan to W China
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser albifrons albifrons
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NW Siberia &amp; NE Europe/North-west Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Central Europe
          
          
            3c*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Black Sea &amp; Turkey
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/Caspian &amp; Iraq
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser albifrons flavirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Greenland/Ireland &amp; UK
          
          
            3a*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser erythropus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – N Europe &amp; W Siberia/Black Sea &amp; Caspian 
          
          
            1a 1b 2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser anser anser
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland/UK &amp; Ireland
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NW Europe/South-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Central Europe/North Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anser anser rubrirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Turkey
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Caspian &amp; Iraq
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta leucopsis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Greenland/Scotland &amp; Ireland
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Svalbard/South-west Scotland
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Russia/Germany &amp; Netherlands
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta bernicla bernicla
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            2b 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta bernicla hrota
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Svalbard/Denmark &amp; UK
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Canada &amp; Greenland/Ireland
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Branta ruficollis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/Black Sea &amp; Caspian 
          
          
            1a 1b 3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Alopochen aegyptiacus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna ferruginea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Mediterranean &amp; Black Sea/North-east Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia &amp; Caspian/Iran &amp; Iraq 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna cana
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tadorna tadorna
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/Caspian &amp; Middle East 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Plectropterus gambensis gambensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa(Sudan to Zambia)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Plectropterus gambensis niger
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Nettapus auritus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas capensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (Rift Valley)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Lake Chad basin
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (N to Angola &amp; Zambia)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas strepera strepera
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas penelope
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; NE Europe/NW Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia &amp; NE Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/West Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe/Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas undulata undulata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas clypeata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Central Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia, NE &amp; E Europe/S Europe &amp; West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas erythrorhyncha
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – Madagascar
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas acuta
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia, NE &amp; E Europe/S Europe &amp; West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas querquedula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; Europe/West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas crecca crecca
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia &amp; NE Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anas hottentota
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Lake Chad Basin
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (south to N Zambia)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (north to S Zambia)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Marmaronetta angustirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Mediterranean/West Medit. &amp; West Africa
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Mediterranean
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia
          
          
            1a 1b 2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Netta rufina
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west &amp; Central Europe/West Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western &amp; Central Asia/South-west Asia 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Netta erythrophthalma brunnea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya ferina
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; NE Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya nyroca
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Mediterranean/North &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            1a 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe/E Mediterranean &amp; Sahelian Africa 
          
          
            1a 3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            1a 3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya fuligula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Central Europe, Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Aythya marila marila
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Black Sea &amp; Caspian 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Somateria mollissima mollissima
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Baltic, Denmark &amp; Netherlands 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Norway &amp; Russia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Somateria mollissima borealis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Svalbard &amp; Franz Joseph (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Somateria spectabilis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Greenland, NE Europe &amp; Western Siberia 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Polysticta stelleri
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/North-east Europe
          
          
            1a
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Clangula hyemalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland &amp; Greenland
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/North Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Melanitta nigra nigra
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia &amp; N Europe/W Europe &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Melanitta fusca fusca
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; Northern Europe/NW Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Caspian
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Bucephala clangula clangula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Central Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/Adriatic
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; North-east Europe/Black Sea 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Caspian
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus albellus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Central Europe (win)
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus serrator serrator
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Central Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west &amp; Central Asia 
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Mergus merganser merganser
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west &amp; Central Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – North-east Europe/Black Sea
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/Caspian
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GRUIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica pavonina pavonina
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (Senegal to Chad)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica pavonina ceciliae
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (Sudan to Uganda)
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica regulorum regulorum
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (N to Angola &amp; S Zimbabwe) 
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Balearica regulorum gibbericeps
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (Kenya to Mozambique)
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus leucogeranus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iran (win)
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus virgo
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea (Ukraine)/North-east Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Turkey (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Kalmykia/North-east Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus paradisea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Extreme Southern Africa
          
          
            1b 2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus carunculatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Grus grus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe/Iberia &amp; Morocco
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east &amp; Central Europe/North Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe/Turkey, Middle East &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Turkey &amp; Georgia (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RALLIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura elegans elegans
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE, Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura elegans reichenovi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – S West Africa to Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura boehmi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sarothrura ayresi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Ethiopia and Southern Africa
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Rallus aquaticus aquaticus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Rallus aquaticus korejewi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Rallus caerulescens
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Crecopsis egregia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Crex crex
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; Western Asia/Sub-Saharan Africa 
          
          
            1b
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Amaurornis flavirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana parva parva
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Eurasia/Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana pusilla intermedia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe (bre)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Porzana porzana
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Aenigmatolimnas marginalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Porphyrio alleni
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinula chloropus chloropus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinula angulata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Fulica cristata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Spain &amp; Morocco
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Fulica atra atra
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              DROMADIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Dromas ardeola
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Indian Ocean, Red Sea &amp; Gulf 
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              HAEMATOPODIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/South &amp; West Europe &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Haematopus ostralegus longipes
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SE Eur &amp; W Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Haematopus moquini
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RECURVIROSTRIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Himantopus himantopus himantopus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding south) 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (`meridionalis')
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SW Europe &amp; North-west Africa/West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Europe &amp; E Mediterranean/N-Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W, C &amp; SW Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Recurvirostra avosetta
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe &amp; North-west Africa (bre) 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-east Europe, Black Sea &amp; Turkey (bre)
          
          
            (3c)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia/Eastern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              BURHINIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Burhinus senegalensis senegalensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Burhinus senegalensis inornatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-east &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              GLAREOLIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvianus aegyptius aegyptius
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola pratincola pratincola
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe &amp; NW Africa/West Africa 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; E Mediterranean/Eastern Sahel zone
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SW Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola nordmanni
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SE Europe &amp; Western Asia/Southern Africa 
          
          
            3b 3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola ocularis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Madagascar/East Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola nuchalis nuchalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola nuchalis liberiae
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Glareola cinerea cinerea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SE West Africa &amp; Central Africa 
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              CHARADRIIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis apricaria apricaria
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Germany &amp; Baltic (bre)
          
          
            3c*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis apricaria altifrons
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland &amp; Faroes/East Atlantic coast 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/Western Europe &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/Caspian &amp; Asia Minor 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis fulva
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-central Siberia/South &amp; SW Asia, NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Pluvialis squatarola
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Siberia &amp; Canada/W Europe &amp; W Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – C &amp; E Siberia/SW Asia, Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/Europe &amp; North Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius hiaticula psammodroma
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Canada, Greenland &amp; Iceland/W &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius hiaticula tundrae
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius dubius curonicus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; North-west Africa/West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; South-west Asia/Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius pecuarius pecuarius
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius tricollaris tricollaris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius forbesi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western &amp; Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius pallidus pallidus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius pallidus venustus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Europe &amp; West Mediterranean/West Africa 
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean/Eastern Sahel 
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SW &amp; Central Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius marginatus mechowi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West to West-central Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius mongolus pamirensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West-central Asia/SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius leschenaultii columbinus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Turkey &amp; SW Asia/E. Mediterranean &amp; Red Sea 
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius leschenaultii crassirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian &amp; SW Asia/Arabia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius leschenaultii leschenaultii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Asia/Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Charadrius asiaticus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SE Europe &amp; West Asia/E &amp; South-central Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Eudromias morinellus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/North-west Africa 
          
          
            (3c)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Asia/Middle East
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus vanellus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/Europe &amp; North Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/South-west Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus spinosus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus albiceps
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus senegallus senegallus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus senegallus solitaneus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus senegallus lateralis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; South-east Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus lugubris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern West Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus melanopterus minor
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Anellus coronatus coronatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Central Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus coronatus xerophilus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus superciliosus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Africa
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus gregarious
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SE Europe &amp; Western Asia/North-east Africa 
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Asian Republics/NW India
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Vanellus leucurus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – SW Asia/SW Asia &amp; North-east Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Asian Republics/South Asia 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              SCOLOPACIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Scolopax rusticola
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/South &amp; West Europe &amp; North Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia (Caspian) 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago stenura
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/South Asia &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago media
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Scandinavia/probably West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia &amp; NE Europe/South-east Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago gallinago gallinago
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/South &amp; West Europe &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/South-west Asia &amp; Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Gallinago gallinago faeroeensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland, Faroes &amp; Northern Scotland/Ireland 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Lymnocryptes minimus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/S &amp; W Europe &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2b
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa limosa limosa
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe/NW &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe/Central &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West-central Asia/SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa limosa islandica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland/Western Europe
          
          
            3a*
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa lapponica lapponica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa lapponica taymyrensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/West &amp; South-west Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Limosa lapponica menzbieri
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Siberia/South &amp; SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius phaeopus phaeopus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – West Siberia/Southern &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius phaeopus islandicus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland, Faroes &amp; Scotland/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius phaeopus alboaxillaris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia/Eastern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius tenuirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Siberia/Mediterranean &amp; SW Asia 
          
          
            1a 1b 1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius arquata arquata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe/Europe, North &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius arquata orientalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Numenius arquata suschkini
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-east Europe &amp; South-west Asia (bre)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa erythropus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – N Europe/Southern Europe, North &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa totanus tetanus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NW Europe/W Europe, NW &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; East Europe/East Mediterranean &amp; Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa totanus Britannica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Britain &amp; Ireland/Britain, Ireland, France 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa totanus ussuriensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa totanus robusta
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland &amp; Faroes/Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa stagnatilis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe/West &amp; Central Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia/SW Asia, Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa nebularia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/SW Europe, NW &amp; West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa ochropus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/S &amp; W Europe, West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, NE &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa glareola
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North-west Europe/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; W Siberia/Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa cinerea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; W Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Tringa hypoleucos
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Europe/West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – E Europe &amp; W Siberia/Central, E &amp; S Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Arenaria interpres interpres
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Canada &amp; Greenland/W Europe &amp; NW Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris tenuirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Siberia/SW Asia &amp; W Southern Asia
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris canutus canutus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/West &amp; Southern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris canutus islandica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Canada &amp; Greenland/Western Europe 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a 2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alba
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Atlantic Europe, West &amp; Southern Africa (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Asia, Eastern &amp; Southern Africa (win)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris minuta
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – N Europe/S Europe, North &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris temminckii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Fennoscandia/North &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; W Siberia/SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris maritima maritima
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North &amp; West Europe (excluding Iceland) (win) 
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alpina alpina
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; NW Siberia/W Europe &amp; NW Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alpina centralis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alpina schinzii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland &amp; Greenland/NW and West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Britain &amp; Ireland/SW Europe &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Baltic/SW Europe &amp; NW Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris alpina arctica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Greenland/West Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Calidris ferruginea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Siberia/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Central Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Limicola falcinellus falcinellus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe/SW Asia &amp; Africa
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Philomachus pugnax
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Europe &amp; Western Siberia/West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Northern Siberia/SW Asia, E &amp; S Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalaropus lobatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Eurasia/Arabian Sea
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Phalaropus fulicaria
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Canada &amp; Greenland/Atlantic coast of Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              LARIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus leucophthalmus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Red Sea &amp; nearby coasts
          
          
            1a 2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hemprichii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Red Sea, Gulf, Arabia &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus canus canus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NW &amp; Cent. Europe/Atlantic coast &amp; Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus canus heinei
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; Western Siberia/Black Sea &amp; Caspian
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus audouinii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Mediterranean/N &amp; W coasts of Africa
          
          
            1a 3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus marinus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North &amp; West Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus dominicanus vetula
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Southern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Svalbard &amp; N Russia (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hyperboreus leuceretes
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Canada, Greenland &amp; Iceland (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus glaucoides glaucoides
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Greenland/Iceland &amp; North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus argentatus argentatus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North &amp; North-west Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus argentatus argenteus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Iceland &amp; Western Europe
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus heuglini
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe &amp; W Siberia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus (heuglini) barabensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – South-west Siberia/South-west Asia 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus armenicus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Armenia, Eastern Turkey &amp; NW Iran
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus cachinnans cachinnans
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Western Asia/SW Asia, NE Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus cachinnans michahellis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Mediterranean, Iberia &amp; Morocco
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus fuscus fuscus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (2c)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus fuscus graellsii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe/Mediterranean &amp; West Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus ichthyaetus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Caspian/South-west Asia 
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus cirrocephalus poiocephalus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; Eastern Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal Southern Africa (excluding Madagascar) 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus hartlaubii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal South-west Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus ridibundus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Europe/W Europe, W Mediterranean, West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – East Europe/Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean 
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            – West Asia/SW Asia &amp; NE Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus genei
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (bre)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West, South-west &amp; South Asia (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus melanocephalus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Europe, Mediterranean &amp; NW Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Larus minutes
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Central &amp; E Europe/SW Europe &amp; W Mediterranean
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W Asia/E Mediterranean, Black Sea &amp; Caspian 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Xema sabini sabini
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Canada &amp; Greenland/SE Atlantic
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna nilotica nilotica
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe/West Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean/Eastern Africa 
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Asia/South-west Asia 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna caspia caspia
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            1
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian (bre)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna maxima albidorsalis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bengalensis bengalensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Gulf/Southern Asia
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bengalensis par
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Red Sea/Eastern Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bengalensis emigrata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – S Mediterranean/NW &amp; West Africa coasts 
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bergii bergii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (Angola – Mozambique)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bergii enigma
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Madagascar &amp; Mozambique/Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bergii thalassina
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa &amp; Seychelles
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna bergii velox
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Red Sea &amp; North-east Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe/West Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; Mediterranean (bre)
          
          
            3a 3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West &amp; Central Asia/South-west &amp; South Asia 
          
          
            
          
          
            2a
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna dougallii dougallii
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – East Africa
          
          
            3a
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna dougallii arideensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Madagascar, Seychelles &amp; Mascarenes
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna dougallii bangsi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – North Arabian Sea (Oman)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna vittata vittata
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – P.Edward, Marion, Crozet &amp; Kerguelen/South Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna vittata tristanensis
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Tristan da Cunha &amp; Gough/South Africa
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna hirundo hirundo
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern &amp; Western Europe (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Northern &amp; Eastern Europe (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            – Western Asia (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna paradisaea
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Eurasia (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            1 
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna albifrons albifrons
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Atlantic (bre)
          
          
            3b
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean (bre)
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian (bre)
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna albifrons guineae
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – West Africa (bre)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna saundersi
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W South Asia, Red Sea, Gulf &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna balaenarum
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Namibia &amp; South Africa/Atlantic coast to Ghana 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Sterna repressa
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – W South Asia, Red Sea, Gulf &amp; Eastern Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias hybridus hybridus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Western Europe &amp; North-west Africa (bre) 
          
          
            3c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Black Sea &amp; East Mediterranean (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            – Caspian (bre)
          
          
            
          
          
            (1)
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias hybridus sclateri
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Africa (Kenya &amp; Tanzania)
          
          
            1c
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Southern Africa (Malawi &amp; Zambia to South Africa)
          
          
            (2)
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias leucopterus
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern Europe &amp; Western Asia/Africa
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            (1) 
          
        
        
          
            
              Chlidonias niger niger
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Europe &amp; Western Asia/Atlantic coast of Africa 
          
          
            
          
          
            2c
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              RYNCHOPIDAE
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            
              Rynchops flavirostris
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Coastal West Africa &amp; Central Africa 
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
        
          
            – Eastern &amp; Southern Africa
          
          
            2
          
          
            
          
          
            
          
        
      
    
  
200525 p. 5426-01-200527-09-2002200525 p. 5426-01-200527-09-200226-12-2002
199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999

199628518-10-199615-08-199620052526-01-200515-08-199601-11-1999