upstage/dp-bench huggingface dataset:
content: text: in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent flows, in which the
dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing, followed by a more laminar
behavior.

content: text: The Reynolds number (Re), provides a useful way of characterizing the flow. It is defined as:

content: text: Re=\frac{vd}{\nu}

content: text: (1)

content: text: where (v) is the kinematic viscosity of the water (Figure 7.2), v is the mean flow velocity and d is the
diameter of the pipe.

content: text: The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter thatis the ratio of the inertial (destabilizing) force
to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes relatively larger, and the
flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent.

content: text: The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which laminar
flow (Re<2000) becomes transitional (2000<Re<4000) and the transitional flow becomes turbulent
(Re>4000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical velocity, is that the
results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in pipes with a circular cross-
section.

content: html: <tr><td>Temperature (degree C)</td><td>Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)</td><td>Temperature (degree C)</td><td>Kinematic viscosity v (m2/s)</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1.793E-06</td><td>25</td><td>8.930E-07</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1.732E-06</td><td>26</td><td>8.760E-07</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>1.674E-06</td><td>27</td><td>8.540E-07</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>1.619E-06</td><td>28</td><td>8.360E-07</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>1.522E-06</td><td>29</td><td>8.180E-07</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>1.520E-06</td><td>30</td><td>8.020E-07</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>1.474E-06</td><td>31</td><td>7.850E-07</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>1.429E-06</td><td>32</td><td>7.690E-07</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>1.386E-06</td><td>33</td><td>7.530E-07</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>1.346E-06</td><td>34</td><td>7.380E-07</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>1.307E-06</td><td>35</td><td>7.240E-07</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>1.270E-06</td><td>36</td><td>7.110E-07</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>1.235E-06</td><td>37</td><td>6.970E-07</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>1.201E-06</td><td>38</td><td>6.840E-07</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>1.169E-06</td><td>39</td><td>6.710E-07</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>1.138E-06</td><td>40</td><td>6.580E-07</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>1.108E-06</td><td>45</td><td>6.020E-07</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>1.080E-06</td><td>50</td><td>5.540E-07</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>1.053E-06</td><td>55</td><td>5.110E-07</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>1.027E-06</td><td>60</td><td>4.760E-07</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>1.002E-06</td><td>65</td><td>4.430E-07</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>9.780E-07</td><td>70</td><td>4.130E-07</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>9.550E-07</td><td>75</td><td>3.860E-07</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>9.330E-07</td><td>80</td><td>3.630E-07</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>9.110E-07</td><td>85</td><td>3.420E-07</td></tr>

content: text: Figure 7.2: Kinematic Viscosity of Water atAtmospheric Pressure.

content: text: EXPERIMENT #7: OSBORNE REYNOLDS' DEMONSTRATION 61
content: text: b)
24 mm ⌀
8 mm ⌀ 16 mm ⌀
a)
Cylindrical vessel
3-way valve
Outlet valve
c) d)
Inlet pipe
15-degree angled tubes 60-degree angled tubes

content: text: Figure 8.1:a) P6238 CUSSONS free and forced vortex apparatus, b) push-in orifices, c) free vortex measuring caliper, d) force vortex
measuring probes

content: text: 7. THEORY

content: text: Two types of vortices are distinguished in the dynamics of the motion: forced and free vortices. The
forced vortex is caused by external forces on the fluid, such as the impeller of a pump, and the free
vortex naturally occurs in the flow and can be observed in a drain or in the atmosphere of a tornado.

content: text: 7.1. FREE VORTEX

content: text: A free vortex is formed when water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base (Figure 8.2).
The degree of the rotation depends on the initial disturbance. In a free cylindrical vortex, the velocity
varies inversely with the distance from the axis of rotation (Figure 8.3).

content: text: v=\frac{k}{r}

content: text: (1)

content: text: The equation governing the surface profile is derived from the Bernoulli's theorem:

content: text: \frac{v^2}{2g}+z=C

content: text: (2)

content: text: Substituting Equation (1) into (2) will give a new expression:

content: text: \frac{k^2}{2gr^2}+z=C

content: text: (3)

content: text: or:

content: text: 68 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
content: text: · Adjust the point gauge to read 10 mm greater than the datum.

content: text: · Record the reading as h.

content: text: · Turn on the pump, and slightly adjust the flow until the water level coincides with the point
gauge. Check that the level has stabilized before taking readings.

content: text: · Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank.

content: text: · Observe the shape of the nappe and take pictures of it.

content: text: Note: The surface of the water will fall as it approaches the weir. This is particularly noticeable at high
flow rates by high heads. To obtain an accurate measurement of the undisturbed water level above the
crest of the weir, it is necessary to place the measuring gauge at a distance of at least three times the
head above the weir.

content: text: · Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set the heads above the datum level
in 10 mm increments until the regulating valve is fully open. Take care not to allow spillage to
occur over the plate top that is adjacent to the notch. At each condition, measure the flow rate
and observe the shape of the nappe.

content: text: Note: To obtain a sufficiently accurate result, collect around 25 liters of water each time, or collect the
water for at least 120 seconds.

content: text: · Close the regulating valve, stop the pump, and then replace the weir with the V-notch.

content: text: · Repeat the experiment with the V-notch weir plate, but with 5 mm increments in water
surface elevation.

content: text: · Collect seven head and discharge readings for each weir.

content: text: Figure 9.3: Position of the notch and Vernier height gauge to set the datum.

content: text: 80 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS LAB MANUAL
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: Table of Contents

content: text: Measurement Lab worksheet...................................................................................... 3
Scientific Method Lab.................................................................................................. 6
Chemistry of the Cell ~ But this is biology!........................................... 9
Biological Macromolecules and Their Indicators............................. 10
Worksheet for Chemistry of the Cell ....................................................... 12
How molecules move in a liquid............................................................................. 12
How molecules move in a solid.............................................................................. 12
Introduction to Light Microscopes:........................................................................... 16
CellularBiology.........................................................................................................32
A cell is the smallest unit of life known to our planet................... 33
Cellular Microscopy ......................................................................................... 34
Viewing prepared slides under a microscope. ................................ 34
Viewing live cells under a microscope. .............................................. 34
Cellular Biology Worksheet ....................................................................................... 35
Osmosis and Diffusion ............................................................................................... 39
Enzymatic Activity Lab.............................................................................................. 45
Cellular Respiration Lab............................................................................................ 49
Photosynthesis Lab ................................................................................................... 61
Observing Stomata, Guard Cells and Chloroplasts............................................. 65
Cellular Replication ................................................................................................... 66
Growth and the Creation of Life......................................................................... 66
Visualizing the Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis............................................. 67
When it all goes wrong........................................................................................ 68
Cellular Replication Worksheet ......................................................................... 69
Mammalian Gametogenesis ..............................................................................
72
Genetic Crosses......................................................................................................... 75
MENDELIAN GENETICS, PROBABILITY, PEDIGREES AND CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS . 80
Chi-Square Data Table................................................................................................... 92
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: Genetics Lab - Blood Disorders .............................................................................. 94
Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics................................................... 97
1. Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:.. 97
Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics ............................................ 98
Human Genetics Problems ................................................................................... 100
Pedigree Analysis ................................................................................................. 102
Practice Problems................................................................................................. 102
Lab Materials......................................................................................................... 104
Contributors and Attributions .............................................................................. 104
From Gene to Protein via Transcription and Translation.................................... 105
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: 5. Sample problem: If the ocular has a 10x lens and the objective has a 45x lens the total
magnification is 10 x 45 = 450x

content: text: Changing objectives:

content: text: 1. When changing objectives from scanning power to lower power to high power the
following changes will occur:

content: text: a. The size of the field of view decreases
b. The field of view becomes darker
c. The size of the image increases
d. The resolution (ability to see detail) increases
e. The working distance between the slide and the objective lens decreases
f. The depth of focus (thickness of the specimen that is visible) is reduced

content: text: 2. When changing from scanning to low power the field of view gets smaller. In fact, every
time you increase the power of the objective, the field gets smaller.

content: text: Steps for Using the Microscope:

content: text: 1. Place the slide on the stage lining it up with the rectangle and using the stage clip to hold
it in place.

content: text: Plan

content: text: 2. Click the nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting, the scanning objective lens or 4x.
3. Look into the eyepiece.
4. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the specimen into view. The specimen must be
in focus before moving to the next steps.
5. Rotate the nosepiece to the low-power objective or 10x.
6. Refocus using the coarse adjustment knob.
7. Move the slide to get a centered view.
8. Now use the fine adjustment knob to get the specimen in perfect focus.
9. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this next step.
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: · Transfer pipettes
· Test tube rack
· 4 large (20 ml) test tubes or small Erlenmeyer flasks for larger volumes
· Large plastic tray
· Masking tape or lab tape
· Large weigh boat (4/group)
· Metric ruler
· Electronic balance
· Spatula
· Weigh paper
· Red food coloring (optional)

content: text: Figure 3. Saccharometer

content: text: Table 2. Contents of Saccharometers when testing fermentation with various yeast
concentrations.

content: html: <tr><td>Saccharometer</td><td>DI Water</td><td>Glucose Solution</td><td>Yeast Suspension</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>*8 ml</td><td>*6 ml</td><td>0 ml</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>*12 ml</td><td>0 ml</td><td>*2 ml</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>*6 ml</td><td>*6 ml</td><td>*2 ml</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>*2 ml</td><td>*6 ml</td><td>*6 ml</td></tr>

content: text: *Double these amounts if using saccharometers that have a 15-cm vertical tube. See table
below

content: html: <tr><td>Saccharometer</td><td>DI Water</td><td>Glucose Solution</td><td>Yeast Suspension</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>16 ml</td><td>12 ml</td><td>0 ml</td></tr>
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: html: <tr><td>Saccharometer</td><td>DI Water</td><td>Glucose Solution</td><td>Yeast Suspension</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>24 ml</td><td>0 ml</td><td>4 ml</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>12 ml</td><td>12 ml</td><td>4 ml</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>4 ml</td><td>12 ml</td><td>12 ml</td></tr>

content: text: Employing Steps in the Scientific Method:

content: text: 1. Record the Question that is being investigated in this experiment.

content: text: 2. Record a Hypothesis for the question stated above.

content: text: 3. Predict the results of the experiment based on your hypothesis (if/then).

content: text: 4. Perform the experiment below and collect your data.

content: text: Procedure:

content: text: 1. Prepare yeast suspension: Add 7 grams yeast to 50 ml warm tap water. Stir to mix.
Alternatively, you can use the yeast suspension from Part 2. Optional: Add a few drops of
red food coloring to the yeast to increase contrast, allowing easier measuring of the
height of yeast in saccharometers.
2. Label 4 test tubes and 4 saccharometers # 1- 4. Use a transfer pipette to add the
appropriate amount of glucose and distilled water listed in Table 2 to the corresponding
labeled test tubes.
3. Use a transfer pipette to add the appropriate amount of yeast solution listed in Table 1 to
the corresponding labeled test tubes. It is important to work carefully and quickly after
adding the yeast solution to the glucose and water.

content: text: 4. Carefully pour the contents of the test tubes into the correspondingly labeled
saccharometer, ensuring that the solutions are well mixed.

content: text: 5. Carefully tilt the saccharometers to allow any air bubbles that are trapped in the arms of
the vertical tube to escape.

content: text: 6. Begin the timer for the experiment and measure the size of any bubbles (in mm) that are
trapped in the vertical arms of the saccharometers. Record this measurement as the 0 time
point.

content: text: 7. Position the saccharometers on the large plastic tray, positioning them around a plastic
weigh boat to catch any fermentation overflow that may occur.
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: Cellular Replication

content: text: Growth and the Creation of Life

content: text: One of the characteristics of living things is the ability
to replicate and passon genetic information to the next
generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and
archaea usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts also replicate by binary fission, which
is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between
these organelles and prokaryotes.
Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires
the cell to manage acomplicated process of duplicating
the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple linear
chromosomes. It is controlled in the cell cycle, which is
divided into three parts: interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis. We spilt those further for ease of study.
Let's start with interphase, which is broken into three
stages. In the first growth phase (G1), the cell grows and
prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase
(S), the chromosomes are replicated. In the second
growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to divide.

content: text: Growth
M
and
and G2 G1 normal
preparation metabolic
for maosis S
rolea
DNA
replication

content: text: Cellular Cycle
and Replication

content: text: A step by step
guide to growing a
human!

content: text: Mitosis and
Meiosis

content: text: Similiar processes
with VERY different
results!
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions

content: text: that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant
differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.

content: html: <tr><td></td><td>Mitosis (begins with a single cell)</td><td>Meiosis (begins with a single cell)</td></tr><tr><td># chromosomes in parent cells</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td># DNA replications</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td># nuclear divisions</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td># daughter cells produced</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>purpose</td><td></td><td></td></tr>

content: text: 5. Using your beads, strings, and magnets recreate the process of meiosis. Ensuring you
have two different colored beads, demonstrate the process of crossing over. When you
think you have it down, flag your instructor over. Have them sign off on your handiwork.
Instructor signature:

content: text: 6. By now hopefully you've noticed that these processes are denoted with "2n" and "n" in
various places. This is a reference to the number of sets of chromosomes that cell has at
any given moment. Autosomal human cells are 2n. Gametes are 1n. Mitosis begins with
one 2n cell and ends with two 2n cells. Meiosis begins with one 2n cell and ends with 4 1n
cells. Sketch those two processes here to show every time the "n" classification changes.
(Hint: draw every step, it'll make your life easier, evenif it takes a little bit longer!)
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: Sickle cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin differ in only a single amino acid out of more than 100
amino acids in the complete hemoglobin protein. This difference in a single amino acid results in the
different properties of sickle cell hemoglobin compared to normal hemoglobin.

content: text: Hemoglobin is carried inside red blood cells. Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the watery cytosol of red
blood cells. Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble in the cytosol because:

content: text: · Valine (Val) is much less water-soluble than glutamic acid (Glu).
· Amino acid 6 is in a crucial location on the outer surface of the hemoglobin protein.

content: text: The chart on the next page shows how the lower solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin results in the
symptoms of sickle cell anemia.

content: html: <tr><td>Genes in DNA</td><td>→</td><td>Protein</td><td>→</td><td>Characteristics</td></tr><tr><td>2 copies of the allele that codes for normal hemoglobin (SS)</td><td>→</td><td>Normal hemoglobin dissolves in the cytosol of red blood cells.</td><td>→</td><td>Disk-shaped red blood cells can squeeze through the smallest blood vessels → normal health</td></tr><tr><td>2 copies of the allele that codes for sickle cell hemoglobin (ss)</td><td>→</td><td>Sickle cell hemoglobin can clump in long rods in red blood cells.</td><td>→</td><td>If sickle cell hemoglobin clumps in long rods → sickle-shaped red blood cells → clogged small blood vessels + fragile red blood cells → pain, damage to body organs + anemia = sickle cell anemia</td></tr>

content: text: 29a. Circle the arrows in the chart that represent transcription + translation.
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: 16. Place the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge and spin for 3 minutes.

content: text: 17. Carefully pour off the supernatant from both tubes. Do not disturb the nucleic acid pellets. Invert the
tubes and tap them gently on the surface of a clean paper towel to drain them thoroughly.

content: text: 18. Briefly spin the tubes in a balanced configuration in the microcentrifuge to bring any remaining ethanol to
the bottom of the tube. Then use the micropipette to remove any remaining ethanol. Use a fresh tip for each
tube. Be careful not to disturb the nucleic acid pellet.

content: text: 19. Allow the tubes to dry by leaving the tube caps open for 3-5 minutes. Inspect each tube carefully to
ensure that the tube interior is completely dry.

content: text: ***Congratulations, you have just completed the miniprep plasmid DNA extraction!!!***

content: text: Restriction Enzyme Digest Prep (switch to the 1- 20-�L micropipette):

content: text: 20. Use a micropipette to add 10 �L of tris-EDTA solution (TE) to each tube. Use a new tip for each tube.
Dissolve the pellets by pipetting in and out. Rinse the sides of the tube several times, concentrating on
the area where the nucleic acid pellet or particles were observed. Check that no particles remain in the
pipet tip or on the side of the tube. Use the entire contents of each tube in the restriction digest that
follows.

content: text: II. Set Up the Restriction Digests of the "Suspect" and "Evidence" DNA

content: html: <tr><td>Reagents</td><td>Supplies and Equipment</td></tr><tr><td>At each student station: Resuspended DNA or ethanol precipitates from Part 1* To be shared by all groups: "Evidence A" DNA* "Evidence B" DNA* Restriction Buffer-RNase A* BamHI-HindIII restriction enzyme mixture* Sterile distilled or deionized water</td><td>Microcentrifuge tube rack 3 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes Micropipet, 1- 20 �L Micropipet tips Beaker or similar container for waste Beaker or similar container filled with ice Permanent marker Water bath at 37°C</td></tr>

content: text: *Store on ice

content: text: NOTE: Your instructor will assign you to use either "Evidence A" DNA or "Evidence B" DNA

content: text: 1. Label the three 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes in which you will perform the restriction digests: "S1" for
Suspect 1, "S2" for Suspect 2, and either "EA" for Evidence A or "EB" for Evidence B. All three samples will be
digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII.

content: text: 2. Use the table below (next page) as a checklist while adding reagents to each reaction. Read down each
column, adding the same reagent to all appropriate tubes. To avoid cross contamination, use a fresh pipet tip
each time you add a reagent to a tube.