upstage/dp-bench huggingface dataset:
content: text: 1
W
0.8
M
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
4 3 2 1
4=Worst quartile 1=Best

content: text: (Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)

content: text: In other words, while women shy away from competition, men are drawn to it.

content: text: Turning to Task 4, recall that although this choice is very similar to that of Task 3, Task 4's choice
eliminates the prospect of having to subsequently participate in a competition. Thus, only in Task 3
could a gender gap in preference for competition have played a role in the choice of compensation
scheme. As the figure below shows, there is no statistically significant gender gap in the choice of
compensation scheme in Task 4 based upon perceived ranking in Task 1. A higher percentage of
women than men who guessed their Task 1 ranking to be low (i.e., at level "3") chose the tournament
scheme in Task 4, while the percentages were reversed for those participants who guessed their Task 1
rankings to be high (at levels "1" and "2"). But because the two lines in the figure remain close together,
these differences are not statistically significant (i.e., we should treat the groups' respective choices as
being no different from one another).

content: text: 1
W
0.8
M
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
4 3 2 1
4 = Worst rank 1 = Best rank

content: text: (Niederle and Vesterlund 2007)

content: text: This result from Task 4 cements the authors' finding that women shy away from actual competition
slated to occur at a future point in time, not implicit competition based upon their interpretations of
10
how their past performance compares with others.

content: text: 10. In a related study of the performances of men and women in professional judo fights for bronze medals (of all things!),
Cohen-Zada et al. (2017) find that men's performances are significantly affected by what the authors' call "psychological
momentum", while women's is not. Psychological momentum is defined as the tendency of an outcome (such as a win in an
initial judo match) to be followed by a similar outcome (a win in a subsequent match) that is not caused by any strategic
incentives of the players. The authors point out that this result is consistent with evidence in the biological literature that

content: text: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 111
content: text: Percentile
100
80
60
Perceived Ability
Actual Test Score
40
20
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quartile

content: text: 8. Suppose Evelyn the Environmental Economist is presenting her case in a public meeting for
why raising the price of municipal water in the face of persistent drought conditions would be
a good thing for the community, when someone in the audience yells out, "That's unfair for
seniors and others living on fixed incomes." How might Evelyn frame her response in a way
that dispels the audience's concerns about the fairness of a price increase?

content: text: 9. How would the indifference curve in Figure 6.1 change when drawn for a person who suffers
from guilt but not envy? Draw the curve.

content: text: 10. Can you recall an example from your own life where you exhibited an Endowment Effect that
ultimately led to regret?

content: text: 11. The Gender Gap experiment discussed in this chapter measured gender differences in terms
of how males and females deal with competitive situations. Think of another situation where
a gender gap may exist and design an experiment to test for it.

content: text: 12. It was shown in this chapter that a Homo economicus who exhibits convex-shaped indifference
curves exhibits an Endowment Effect. Does this result still hold if Homo economicus exhibits
linearly shaped indifference curves, as depicted in the figure below? Show your result using
this graph.

content: text: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 117
content: text: Nature
Player 2 Player 2
Strong
weak
(1 - p )
p
1 1
Concede
Concede
Invade
Invade
2 0, 1 2 0, 1
Concede
Fight
1, 0 -0.2, 0.8

content: text: Now, how do we solve for the game's analytical equilibrium?12

content: text: Here, Player 2 applies backward induction to find what's known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium
(PBE). As we already know, if Player 2 is the weak type and Player 1 has chosen to invade, then Player
2 should concede. If he is the strong type, then Player 2 should fight. We also know that Player 1
recognizes that she gets a payoff of $0 if she concedes in the first round, regardless of Player 2's type.
If she instead chooses to invade in the first round, then Player 1's expected payoff from invading is
p - 0.2(1 - p) = 1.2p - 0.2. This is merely the weighted average of Player 1's expected payoff
when Player 2 is weak and her expected payoff when Player 2is strong. Thus, invade is a better strategy
than concede for Player 1 when 1.2p - 0.2 > 0 ⇒ p > 1/6. In other words, if the probability that
Player 1 assigns to Player 2 being weak is greater than one-sixth, Player 1 should choose to invade in the
first round. Otherwise, Player 1 should concede and be done with it.

content: text: What's the outcome when you and your classmates play this more complicated version of the
Escalation Game?

content: text: BURNING BRIDGES GAME

content: text: This game shares starkly similar features with the Escalation Game, but there is no uncertainty
(thus, the analytical equilibrium is an SPE rather than a PBE). The SPE has much to say about the
relationship between two tenacious competitors. Spaniel (2011) portrays the game as follows:

content: text: 12. This equilibrium is known as a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) rather than an SPE because of the uncertainty that at
least one of the players is forced to contend with. Similar to Nash, Thomas Bayes is considered a towering figure. He was
an 18th-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case
of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes Theorem. Bayes never published his theory himself-his notes were edited and
published posthumously.

content: text: 132 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
content: text: one of the two players is allowed to communicate with the other player (i.e., there is "one-way
communication ") the players coordinate their choices 96% of the time! However, with
simultaneous two-way communication between the two players, they coordinate only 42% of
the time! Explain what happened.

content: text: 10. We demonstrated how to solve for the Penalty Kick game's mixed-strategy equilibrium.
Suppose you were new to the game of soccer (or football) and assigned to play the goalie
position. After watching the following YouTube video, what strategy might make the most
sense for you to adopt on penalty kicks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yWZZR9ZodI.

content: text: 11. The map below identifies (with red markers) the locations of gas stations in Salt Lake City,
Utah (Utah's capital city). Do these gas station locations depict a pure strategy equilibrium for
the Hotelling Game? Explain.

content: text: Ave
NTS
Chevron
900
600 N W
THE AVENUES
Utah State 11th
Ave
AIRPARK Capitol Building 1ST
N
300 N Virginia
400 3rd Ave
Maverik
M
2nd Ave 와
SUNBURST
Clark Planetarium S Temple Sinclair
S
1300
15
StateSt
Sinclair 1100
E
rove Blvd S E
Main
900
Maverik CENTRAL CITY 500 S
E
W 600 S 500 1300
St
89
300 Chevron Salt Lake City
E
E
W
800 S
S 15 W 900 S 900 S
B
900
W Tracy Aviary &
Botanical Gardens
1100
1300 S 1300 S
E
Maverik Shell
1700 S
1300
S
S
90 W Chevron C
300
89
E
Smith's Fuel Center
E
15
S
2100S

content: text: Source: Google Maps

content: text: 12. In this chapter, we learned that when an individual acquires private information about
something, this added information does not necessarily make the individual better off. In
particular, when an individual (say, Player 1) acquires private information about something of
common interest to both himself and another individual (say, Player 2), and Player 2 knows
Player 1 has acquired this private information, Player 1 could actually be made worse off as a
result of Player 2 changing her strategy in response to the fact that she knows Player 1 now
has additional information. Whew! Can you think of a real-life example where the acquisition

content: text: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 175
content: text: 1
0.8
made
putts
Putt for par
0.6
Putt for birdie
of
Fraction
0.4
0.2
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Distance to hole (inches)

content: text: (Pope and Schweitzer 2011)

content: text: To reiterate, this study's main econometric results reveal a negative effect on sinking a putt when
the typical golfer is putting for birdie, and a positive effect on putting for bogey. Consistent with the
previous graphs, these numerical results suggest that the typical professional golfer is more likely to
sink a put for bogey and less likely to sink the putt for birdie (i.e., the typical golfer is indeed loss
averse).10

content: text: ARE CIGARETTE SMOKERS HYPERBOLIC TIME DISCOUNTERS?

content: text: Recall from Chapter 4 the distinction between time-consistent exponential time discounters (Homo
economicus) and potentially time-inconsistent hyperbolic discounters (Homo sapiens). The discounting
time paths for exponential versus hyperbolic discounting looked like this:

content: text: 10. A negative effect associated with putting for double bogey suggests that the typical golfer suppresses his inclination for loss
aversion when putting for a score worse than bogey.

content: text: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 193
content: text: A 14%
■ Anonymous
12%
■ Observable
in
10%
good
Participation
8%
public
6%
4%
2%
0%
House Apartment

content: text: B 14%
■ Anonymous
12%
■ Observable
in
good 10%
Participation
8%
public
6%
4%
2%
0%
Renter Owner

content: text: (Yoeli et al. 2013)

content: text: On a final note, Yoeli et al. provide evidence that indirect reciprocity among Homo sapiens is unique
to public goods. Their hypothesis is that choosing not to participate in a demand response program
should carry the threat of social sanctions only if participation is considered to be for the public good.
To test their hypothesis, the authors solicited an additional 1,000 customers with exactly the same
treatments as described above, except that the informational materials the customers received ahead
of time to entice them to participate in the demand response program were stripped of any language

content: text: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS PRACTICUM 213
content: text: 800
714
700 661
602
year
600
per 516
490
500 466 468
440
tonnes
396 392
400 369
342 334
of
290 289
269
300 255
Millions
231
177 174
200
129
100
0
Middle East Sub-Saharan Latin America North South Europe and East Asia
and Africa and America Asia Central Asia and
North Africa Caribbean Pacific
■ 2016 ■ 2030 ■ 2050

content: text: (Kaza et al. 2018)

content: text: Canada is currently the world's largest producer of MSW per capita. At slightly more than 36 metric
tons per person per year, Canadians generate roughly 10 tons more MSW per person annually than
the next highest garbage producers, Bulgarians and Americans (Tiseo, 2021). Summiting a list like this
is obviously not in any country's best interest-there are no kudos for reaching the top of the heap,
so to speak. Is it therefore possible that those nations reaching the top will take the lead in reversing
course?

content: text: Halifax is one Canadian city that apparently has. On August 1st, 2015, the city began providing a
"green nudge" to citizens living in its urban core area with the introduction of the Clear Bag Policy, a
policy designed to nudge households toward more responsible sorting of their waste, which, in turn,
would result in an overall reduction in the total amount of waste generated. As Akbulut-Yuksel and
Boulatoff point out, under the new policy, households were mandated to replace their black garbage
bags, traditionally used for the disposal of their refuse, with clear, transparent bags. The Clear Bag
Policy allowed households to put out the same number of garbage bags at the curb (six every other
week), but all waste destined for the landfill was required to be disposed of in a clear bag (except for
one dark bag permitted for privacy's sake). This allowed waste collectors to screen and refuse any bags
containing materials that should otherwise have been diverted from the landfill, such as recyclables,
food waste, and hazardous waste. Clear bags also made apparent to everyone, neighbors and passersby
alike, a given household's waste-generation and disposal habits.33

content: text: To test the Clear Bag Policy's impact on a typical household's generation of MSW, Akbulut-Yuksel
and Boulatoff designed a quasi-experiment spanning the period from January 6, 2014, to July 28,
2017, with January 6, 2014, to July 31, 2015, serving as the pre-treatment period and August 1, 2015,
to July 28, 2017, serving as the post-treatment period. MSW data collected during this time span

content: text: 33. As Akbulut-Yuksel and Boulatoff point out, Halifax households are required to sort waste in four ways: (1) recyclable
containers (plastics, glass, and aluminum) are put in a transparent blue bag, (2) paper and cardboard are put in a separate
bag, (3) organic food waste goes in a green bin provided by the city, and (4) the remaining waste (refuse) goes into garbage
bags. Recyclable materials are collected each week, while garbage and organic waste are each collected every other week on
opposite weeks (except in the summer months when, thank goodness, organic waste is collected on a weekly basis).

content: text: 234 ARTHUR J. CAPLAN
content: text: WITH CHATGPT

content: text: CREATING SLIDES

content: text: O E R

content: text: COMMONS

content: text: 01 - Find Open Educational Resources

content: text: Start by searching for information on platforms like OER
Commons, where authors share their materials freely, ensuring
no copyright issues.

content: text: 02- Prepare Your Content

content: text: Summarize or extract the key points from the materials you've
found. This will be the content for your slides.

content: text: 03- Generate Slides with ChatGPT

content: text: Provide the summarized content to ChatGPT and instruct it to
create a structured outline for Google Slides, including titles,
main points, and any specific instructions for slide design.

content: text: </>

content: text: 04 - Create App Script Code

content: text: After finalizing the slide structure, ask ChatGPT to generate a
Google Apps Script code that can create these slides
automatically.

content: text: 05 - Execute in Google Apps Script

content: text: Open Google Apps Script, start a new project, and paste the
code provided by ChatGPT. Run the script to auto-generate your
slide deck.

content: text: 06 - Edit and Customize

content: text: Once the slides are created, you can further edit and customize
them in Google Slides according to your needs.

content: text: INTERESTED IN FREE AI-CONSULTANCE OR
COLLABORATION WITH US?

content: text: EMAIL REBECCA.ALLEN@MSJ.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION
content: text: PUBLISHERS READERS
AGGREGATORS
LIBRARIANS

content: text: An overview of each actor's role in this ecosystem is described below.

content: text: Publishers

content: text: Publishers work to "make public" scholarly work in the form of textbooks, journals, and
monographs, and represent a wide range of publishing approaches, business models,
budgets, and institutional affiliations. With our focus on monographs, the two most
significant groups are large commercial publishers and university presses. These publish
the vast majority of monographs in circulation, although in recent years, smaller open
access publishers have also begun to emerge.

content: text: The role of publishers includes (among other things):

content: text: · acquisitions and list curation
· editorial work and coordinating peer review
· design and production (for various formats, typically: print, digital PDF, and EPUB)
· distribution and marketing of finished products into various channels (libraries,
aggregators, stores) where readers can access books

content: text: 6 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
content: text: The Scholarly Publishing Cycle

content: text: Having explored the scholarly publishing ecosystem and its primary relationships, we
can update the cycle as follows:

content: text: RETAILERS
Content
$
Validation
PUBLISHERS READERS
Content
Content
$
Content
Services
+ Tools
Content
S
AGGREGATORS Content Tools
+ Tools
+
LIBRARIES
S
$
INSTITUTIONS

content: text: Our project set out to explore and address the shortfall in serving the scholarly reader
identified in this section. This shortfall is made clear in two connected points:

content: text: · Scholarly readers are not just content consumers; scholarly reading is an act of
creation as well.
· Publishers and aggregators are not incentivized to create better tools to support
scholarly reading.

content: text: From here, this report will consider the experiences of publishers, librarians and readers
through a synthesis of interviews conducted with several members of each group, as
well as a short online survey aimed at readers. We will then share some of our own
philosophy on the future of scholarly reading, then detail the path forward we see for our
own work in the area.

content: text: 10 | The Scholarly Publishing Ecosystem
content: text: RC ASHATERIALS
ART/SCI Bodies
PeRFORMINg
MeTHODS enGAGe suBtectiviTy
compicates INTERVeNe Mess incorpoates
trad.confines activalio keeps open tRad.undeR
participant ended queries
valued
art/sel (antological?) episienus.
&- engages
mathods
audience (i.e. thebody)
hub. camplexity
intergration ( drail ) to eat is to plukatility making Run
artscientist thRu for situated
think
knew prod
caubinatoRy subjectivities
&-
SAVE FOR? to remain
distinct.
eNDING
what is the what u potential
Role of exploration of RC as an (scal?) How does
intervention. the oreator
perform

content: text: An example of a conceptual map created by one of our interviewees

content: text: It seemed at times that the remarkable freedom of writing freeform allowed these
languages to form, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to replicate that freedom on
available digital tools. Printing out articles or chapters of interest and annotating them
with pen or pencil is still seen as the way to go by many. Having physical copies on hand
also means easier management as this benefits from the very natural use of space for
arranging things, e.g.: "The pile on the right contains my primary sources; on the left are
things I've flagged as potentially interesting and to revisit." Often mentioned was the
use of digital editions for quick consultation and search, but print versions for in-depth
reading and annotation. Most collect important works in print.

content: text: While some note taking did take place alongside annotation, each of our researchers
would reach a point where they needed to take the texts they had read and turn the
notes, quotes, and other takeaways into something they could then begin to incorporate
into their writing. Again, the approaches to this varied widely, and depended on the
tools used initially. Some would take handwritten annotations and highlighting and type
them into a word processor. Others would export annotations from tools in whatever

content: text: 32 | Considering Scholarly Readers
content: text: Print VS. Digital

content: text: Why do some researchers abhor digital and favor print, or vice-versa? The classic print
VS. digital debate was necessary for us to understand readers' preferences with each

content: text: Q11 What factors influence your choice of print? (select all that apply)

content: text: Answered: 80 Skipped: 24
Convenience
Reading
experience
Workflow
(managing...
Habit/personal
preference
Access options
via my library
Other (please
specify)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

content: text: format.

content: text: Q12 What factors influence your choice of digital? (select all that apply)

content: text: Answered: 80 Skipped: 24
Convenience
Reading
experience
Workflow
(managing...
Habit/personal
preference
Access options
via my library
Other (please
specify)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

content: text: Online Survey | 39
content: text: CONTENTS

content: text: About the Publisher vii
About This Project ix
Acknowledgments xi
LABMANUAL
Experiment #1: Hydrostatic Pressure 3
Experiment #2: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration 13
Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings 24
Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes 33
Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet 43
Experiment #6: Orifice and Free Jet Flow 50
Experiment #7: Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration 59
Experiment #8: Free and Forced Vortices 66
Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs 76
Experiment #10: Pumps 84
References 101
Links by Chapter 102
Image Credits 104
content: text: the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant. Therefore, the horizontal distance traveled by jet
(x) in time (t) is equal to:

content: text: x=v.t

content: text: (7)

content: text: The vertical component of the trajectory of the jet will have a constant acceleration downward due to
the force of gravity. Therefore, at any time, t, the y-position of the jet may be calculated as:

content: text: y=\frac{1}{2}gt^2

content: text: (8)

content: text: Rearranging Equation (8) gives:

content: text: t=\left(\frac{2y}{g}\right)^{0.5}

content: text: (9)

content: text: Substitution of t and v from Equations 9 and 2 into Equation 7 results in:

content: text: x=C_v\sqrt{2gh}\left(\frac{2y}{g}\right)^{0.5}

content: text: (10)

content: text: Equations (10) can be rearranged to find Cv:

content: text: C_v=\frac{x}{2\sqrt{yh}}

content: text: (11)

content: text: Therefore, for steady flow conditions (i.e., constant h in the head tank), the value of Cv can be
determined from the x, y coordinates of the jet trajectory. A graph of x plotted against √ will have
yh
a slope of 2Cv.

content: text: 7.2. DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE

content: text: If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Q plotted against √h (Equation 6) will be linear, and
the slope of this graph will be:

content: text: s=C_dA_o\sqrt{2g}

content: text: (12)

content: text: EXPERIMENT #6: ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW 53