upstage/dp-bench huggingface dataset:
content: text: MOHAVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

content: text: BIO181

content: text: For use with CarolinaBLUTM stain:

content: html: <tr><td>Tube</td><td>BamHI-Hindlll restriction enzyme mixture</td><td>Restriction Buffer-RNase</td><td>Suspect 1 DNA</td><td>Suspect 2 DNA</td><td>Evidence A or B</td><td>H2O</td></tr><tr><td>S1</td><td>3 �L</td><td>3 �L</td><td>10 �L</td><td></td><td></td><td>2 �L</td></tr><tr><td>S2</td><td>3 �L</td><td>3 �L</td><td></td><td>10 �L</td><td></td><td>2 �L</td></tr><tr><td>EA or EB</td><td>3 �L</td><td>3 �L</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 �L</td><td>2 �L</td></tr>

content: text: 3. Mix reagents by pipetting gently up and down.

content: text: 4. Incubate all of the reaction tubes for 1 hour at 37 °C.

content: text: NOTE: Your instructor will freeze your completed restriction digests at -20 °C until the next lab period.

content: text: III. Electrophorese Digests

content: text: Reagents:

content: text: · Restriction digests from Part II, on ice
· 10× loading dye, 10 �L

content: text: Supplies and Equipment

content: text: · Gel electrophoresis chamber with agarose gel in gel tray, power supply
· 1-20 �L Micropipette and pipet tips

content: text: Load the Gel

content: text: 1. Use a micropipette to add 2 �L of 10× loading dye to a reaction tube. Use the pipet tip and gently pipet up
and down a couple of times to mix the 10× loading dye with the digested DNA. Use a new pipet tip and repeat
for each digest.

content: text: 2. Use a micropipette to load the contents of each reaction tube (20 �L total) into a separate well in the gel.
Use a fresh pipet tip for each reaction tube and write down the order in which the samples are loaded.

content: text: NOTE: Be careful not to punch the tip of the pipet through the bottom or side of the well.

content: text: While loading,

content: text: · steady the pipet over the well using two hands. You may wish to place one or both elbows on
the lab bench to steady your hands.
· be careful to expel any air in the pipet tip end before loading the gel. If an air bubble forms a
cap over the well, the sample will flow into the buffer around the edges of the well.
content: text: The Data Journey

content: text: To get started, let's consider the data visualization1 in Figure 1.1
below.

content: text: Fruit Production in British Columbia
140,000
120,000
(Total)
100,000
Produced
80,000
60,000
Fruit
40,000
20,000
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year
■ Apples ■ Blueberries ■ Cranberries ■ Grapes ■ Strawberries

content: text: Figure 1.1.
Production
of apples,
blueberries,
cranberries,
graphs,
and
strawberrie
s in British
Columbia,
2016-2020.

content: text: The underlying raw data went through many stages before it
was presented to you in this data visualization. The information
had to be:

content: text: · Collected via surveys
· Inputted into a database
· Stored on secure servers
· Cleaned for accuracy and consistency
· Analyzed to understand the trends
· Presented as a bar graph

content: text: 1. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate
value of marketed fruits. Data is reproduced and distributed on an "as
is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved January
9th, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210036401-eng. Statistics
Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence

content: text: 4 | The Data Journey
content: text: Television Viewing in 2004
3%
5%
22%
29%
3%
3%
1%
7%
11% 14%
1%
● News and affairs ●
● ●
● ● Sports
● and ● Music 
● ●
● (VCR) ● Other

content: text: Figure 2.9.
A pie chart
displaying
12
categories
of television
viewing in
Ontario in
2004
provides
too much
visual
information
, making it
hard to
read.

content: text: False Causation

content: text: Correlation does not imply causation.

content: text: If you've ever taken a statistics or data analysis course, you
have almost certainly come across this common phrase. It
means that, just because two trends seem to fluctuate
alongside each other, it doesn't prove that one causes the other
or that they are related in a meaningful way.

content: text: Review Figure 2.1023 below, which shows a line graph of the

content: text: 2. Statistics Canada. Table 37-10-0079-01 Registered apprenticeship
training, registrations by major trade groups and sex. Data is
reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of
Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/3710007901-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence
3. Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0364-01 Area, production and farm gate

content: text: 46 | Misleading Data Visualizations
content: text: ways. Review Figure 2.168 below, which is a line graph of the
percentage of Canadian VS. foreign television programmes
watched in New Brunswick from 2000 to 2004. Because of
the similar colours of the lines, it is difficult for the reader to
understand which line graph corresponds to which colour
from the legend.

content: text: 8. Statistics Canada. Table 22-10-0097-01 Television viewing time of all
television stations, by province, content and type of programme. Data
is reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission
of Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/
10.25318/2210009701-eng. Statistics Canada Open Licence:
https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/reference/licence

content: text: 54 | Misleading Data Visualizations
content: text: Area Harvested for Mushrooms in Ontario
35,000,000
Feet)
33,250,000
(Square
Harvested
31,500,000
Area
Tatal
29,750,000
28,000,000
2016 2017 2018 2019
Year

content: text: Figure 4.3-
Ontario
area (in
square feet)
used to
harvest
mushroom
S over the
years.

content: text: Closure

content: text: Closure refers to our mind completing missing portions of a
design. There must be enough parts available for the image
to be "filled in"; if the image is too abstract, there are minimal
reference points for the mind to complete it. See Figure 4.44
for an example of how our mind automatically imagine a line
connecting the 2 broken ones.

content: text: 4. Statistics Canada. Table 18-10-0002-01 Monthly average retail prices for
food and other selected products. Data is reproduced and distributed
on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. Retrieved
February 2nd, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/1810000201-eng.
Statistics Canada Open Licence: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/
reference/licence

content: text: Gestalt's Principles | 89
content: html: <tr><td>Year</td><td>3-Year</td><td>5-Year</td><td>7-Year</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>33.0%</td><td>20.00%</td><td>14.29%</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>44.45%</td><td>32.00%</td><td>24.49%</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>14.81%</td><td>19.20%</td><td>17.49%</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>7.41%</td><td>11.52%</td><td>12.49%</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td></td><td>11.52%</td><td>8.93%</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td></td><td>5.76%</td><td>8.93%</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.93%</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>4.46%</td></tr>

content: text: Suppose your business just purchased a $100,000 asset that has a 3-year useful life, and falls into
3-year class of assets. Using the SL method, the depreciation expense each year for the next 3 years
would be:

content: html: <tr><td>Year</td><td>Recovery Rate</td><td>Unadjusted Basis</td><td>Depreciation Expense</td><td>Accumulated Depreciation</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>.1667</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$16,670</td><td>$16,670</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>.3333</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$33,330</td><td>$50,000</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>.3333</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$33,330</td><td>$88,330</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>.1667</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$16,670</td><td>$100,000</td></tr>

content: text: Note that the book value or basis of the asset (acquisition cost - accumulated depreciation) would
be $0 after it has been fully depreciated at the end of 4 years. Because of the half-year convention, it
takes 4 years to depreciate the asset, even though it falls into the 3-year classification.

content: text: Depreciation expense for the same asset using the MACRS method would be calculated as:

content: html: <tr><td>Year</td><td>Recovery Rate</td><td>Unadjusted Basis</td><td>Depreciation Expense</td><td>Accumulated Depreciation</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>.3333</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$33,333</td><td>$33,333</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>.4445</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$44,450</td><td>$77,780</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>.1481</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$14,810</td><td>$92,950</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>.741</td><td>$100,000</td><td>$7,410</td><td>$100,000</td></tr>

content: text: Note again that the depreciation expense using MACRS is higher in the early years and lower in later
years than with the SL method and that the book value after 4 years is again zero. Businesses often
use MACRS for tax purposes and SL for profit reporting. Can you think of any reasons why?

content: text: Some businesses that invest small amounts in capital assets are allowed to deduct up to $1,000,000
of the cost of acquired depreciable property as a current expenditure instead of a capital expenditure.
This is known as direct expensing, and is available only to businesses that don't make large capital
purchases each year. The allowable expensing amount is reduced by one dollar for each dollar of
capital investment expenditure over $2,500,000 during the year. Other restrictions also apply.

content: text: 42 | Ch. 3. The Federal Tax System
content: html: <tr><td></td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>time</td><td>observed</td><td>Forecast(observed)</td><td>Lower Confidence Bound(observed)</td><td>Upper Confidence Bound(observed)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>13.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>15</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>5</td><td>18</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>17.5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>7</td><td>17.9</td><td>17.90</td><td>17.90</td><td>17.90</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>8</td><td></td><td>19.73214458</td><td>17.99</td><td>21.47</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>21.59962998</td><td>19.81</td><td>23.39</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>10</td><td></td><td>21.62645857</td><td>19.78</td><td>23.47</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>11</td><td></td><td>22.85993116</td><td>20.96</td><td>24.76</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>12</td><td></td><td>24.72741656</td><td>22.78</td><td>26.68</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>13</td><td></td><td>24.75424515</td><td>22.75</td><td>26.75</td></tr>

content: text: Figure 13.3. Graph of Projection Estimates
Open Template in Microsoft Excel

content: text: 30
25
20
15
10
observed
5
Forecast(observed)
Lower Confidence Bound(observed)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

content: text: Having obtained price forecasts, our next step would be to re-estimate CR for GCS based on the
forecasted prices. In addition, we may use the confidence interval forecasts to find a most optimistic
forecast using the upper confidence interval forecasts and a pessimistic forecast using the lower
bound forecasts.

content: text: 298 | Ch. 13. Homogeneous Investment Types
content: text: (15.19)

content: text: \sigma_y^2=\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)\left(\sigma_{x_1}^2+\sigma_{x_2}^2\right)

content: text: n the case that the distributions were identically distributed with expected value and variance of �x
and �2x, each partner would face the same expected value as before, �x. But, the variance of their
individual earnings would be (�2x + �2x)/4 = �2x/2, half of what it was before without combining
their businesses. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the earnings each partner would face would
be:

content: text: (15.20)

content: text: \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_x^2}{2}}=\frac{\sigma_x}{\sqrt{}2}

content: text: And if n partners joined together, then they would each face the same expected value as before, but
the variance each partner would receive is �x/√n. We now illustrate these important results.

content: text: Assume that business one's earnings are determined by outcomes associated with the toss of a fair
coin. If the outcome of the coin toss is tails, the firm pays (loses) $5,000. If the toss is a heads, the
firm wins $8,000. Thus, the firm wins either $8,000 or loses $5,000 and earns on average (.5) (-5,000) +
(.5) (8,000) = $1500.

content: text: The standard deviation of this risky outcomes is:

content: text: (15.21)

content: text: \sqrt{(.5)(-\$5,000-\$1,500)^2+(.5)(\$8,000-\$1,500)^2}=\$6,500

content: text: Furthermore, assuming a normal distribution, 68% of the time, the average outcome will be between
the mean and plus or minus one standard deviation: ($1,500 + $6,500) = $8,000 and
($1,500 - $6,500) = -$5,000.

content: text: Now suppose that two persons decide to combine their operations and share the average of the
outcomes. Then the possible outcomes of two coin tosses are two heads (H, H) which earns on
average $16,000 / 2 = $8,000 and occurs with a probability of .25; two tails (T, T) which earns on average
-$10,000 / 2 = -$5,000 and occurs with a probability of .25, and one head and one tail (H, T) or one tail
and one head (T, H) which both earn on average $3,000 / 2 = $1,500 and each occurs with a probability
of .25. The expected value for each of the two players can now can be expressed as:

content: text: (15.22)

content: text: (.25)(\$8,000)+(.25)(-\$5,000)+(.25)(\$1,500)+(.25)(\$1,500)=\$1,500

content: text: The two players now receive on average the same as before, $1,500, but consider the standard
deviation of the average outcome:

content: text: 340 | Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures
content: text: Table 15.6. Observations of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments rtp and on a Potential
New Investment (a Challenger).

content: html: <tr><td>Time t</td><td>Observed returns on the firm's portfolio over time rtp</td><td>Observed returns on a potential new investment for the firm's rtj</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>10%</td><td>7%</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>6%</td><td>8%</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>7%</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>3%</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>5%</td><td>3%</td></tr>

content: text: Another way to represent the two rates of return measures and their relationship to each other is to
represent them in a two dimensional scatter graph.

content: text: We may visually observe how the two sets of rates of return move together by drawing a line through
the points on the graph in such a way as to minimize the squared distance from the point to the line.
Our scatter graph is identified as Figure 15.3.

content: text: Figure 15.3. Scatter Graph of Returns on the Firm's Portfolio of Investments and Returns on the
Potential New Investment

content: text: potential
10%
8%
investment
on
returns 6%
4%
new
Observed 2%
0%
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Observed returns on firm's portfolio of investments

content: text: The relationship between the returns on the new investment and the firm's portfolio can be
expressed as:

content: text: (15.42)

content: text: r_t^j=a+\betar_t^j+\epsilon_t

content: text: Ch. 15. Homogeneous Risk Measures | 349
content: text: 20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
2004
2005
2008
2002
2006
2003
2007
2010
2009
2000
2001

content: text: Figure 17.2. Year-to-year changes in housing prices.

content: text: 30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
Change 15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
%
Annual
0.0%
-5.0%
-10.0%
04
94
06
96
98
93
02
09
05
08
97
00
01
-15.0% 92
Sep
May
May
May
Jan
Jan
Sep
May
Jan
May
Sep
Jan
Sep
-20.0% Jan

content: text: Inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. To understand price volatility of durables, it is necessary
to describe inflationary, nominal, and real interest rates. Recall from your earlier training that the
inflation rate i is equal to the rate of change in average prices, changes often linked to monetary or
fiscal policies of governments. The nominal interest rate r depends on the rate of inflation and a real
component that is dependent on factors other than the rate of inflation such as changing market
conditions or changes in productivity. To describe the effects of inflation on the nominal interest, let
one plus the nominal interest rate r equal one plus the real rate r* times one plus the inflation rate i so
that:

content: text: Ch. 17. Land Investments | 385
content: html: <tr><td colspan="2">Fish species on IUCN Red List</td></tr><tr><td>Potosi Pupfish</td><td>Cyprinodon alvarezi</td></tr><tr><td>La Palma Pupfish</td><td>Cyprinodon longidorsalis</td></tr><tr><td>Butterfly Splitfin</td><td>Ameca splendens</td></tr><tr><td>Golden Skiffia</td><td>Skiffia francesae</td></tr>

content: text: Table 6.1: Four fish species on IUCN Red List "Extinct in the Wild" held in public aquariums.

content: text: Public aquariums, because of their in-
house expertise, can act quickly to collect
and breed rare fish. Actions to prevent the
extinction of the Barrens Topminnow
include monitoring populations and
propagating and stocking juveniles into
existing or newly created spring habitats.
The Tennessee Aquarium assisted with
propagations and developed a program
called "Keeper Kids," where students on
spring break help feed the Barrens
Topminnows in a behind-the-scenes
experience.

content: text: Figure 6.3: Photo of the critically endangered Butterfly Splitfin (Ameca
spendens).

content: text: The breeding colonies of the Butterfly Splitfin (Figure 6.3) at the London Zoo and elsewhere serve as ark
populations essential to the survival of this species. Butterfly Splitfins are endemic to the Rio Ameca in
western Mexico and almost extinct in the wild. Actions such as nonnative fish removal, stream restoration, and
sanctuary designation may take decades before eventual introduction and survival in the wild. The Tennessee
Aquarium is part of a large partnership to guide hatchery augmentation and recovery of the rarest darter in
North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2019). The Conasauga Logperch (Percina jenkinsi), a federally
endangered darter (Percidae), is found only in a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the Conasauga River in Georgia and
Tennessee (Moyer et al. 2015).

content: text: THE LAKE STURGEON.
Acipenser rubicundus, Le S: (p.
Drawing by H. L from No. National Museum by J. W.

content: text: Figure 6.4: Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens).

content: text: The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon
kauderni), a small, endangered tropical
cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae, is
now bred and displayed in numerous public
aquariums after overharvest in the wild
drove wild populations to near extinction.
Consequently, most Banggai Cardinalfish
sold to hobbyists in the United States and
European Union today are captive bred.

content: text: 132 | Public Aquariums and Their Role in Education, Science, and Conservation
content: text: What's unique about the growth of Alligator Gars is their fast growth in the first years of life followed by slower
growth (Figure 8.6; Figure 8.7). Juvenile Alligator Gars quickly transition to fish-eating habits (Butler et al. 2018).
A fish diet means the juveniles grow at 4-5 mm per day in the first three months of life, so that by the end of the
first growing season they may reach 1.5 to 2 feet in length (~40-70 cm) and 8-10 pounds in weight (Sakaris et al.
2019). Despite their fast growth, young Alligator Gars are preyed upon by many larger fish.

content: text: in cm Length of Gar Fish by Age
120 300
100 250
80 200
in)
Length
and
60 150
(cm
40 100
20 50
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age (years)

content: text: Figure 8.6: Growth in length of Alligator Gar in Texas. Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator
Gar in Texas. Long description.

content: text: Ibs kg Weight of Gar Fish by Age
140
300
120
250
100 Texas rod & reel
200 record alligator gar
(279 lbs)
lbs)
80
Weight
and
150
60
(kg
100
40
50 20
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age (years)

content: text: Figure 8.7: Growth in weight of Alligator Gar in Texas.

content: text: Angling and Conservation of Living Fishy Dinosaurs | 171
content: text: Getting away from the usual demands 34%
Being close to nature 33%
Enjoying the sounds and smells of nature 32%
Catching fish 31%
Spending time with family or friends 29%
The scenic beauty 16%
Experiencing solitude 14%
Experiencing excitement/adventure 14%
Reliving my childhood memories of going fishing 12%
Catching my own food 12%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

content: text: Figure 10.2: Positive attributes reported by recreational anglers in the United States. Long description.

content: text: Over time, an angler's motivation may change from a catch orientation to emphasize noncatch motivations,
such as being outdoors or passing on their passion for fishing (McKenna 2013). The progression often follows
these stages:

content: text: · Stage 1: I just want to catch a fish!
· Stage 2: I want to catch a lot of fish!
· Stage 3: I want to catch big fish.
· Stage 4: I'm just happy to be out fishing.
· Stage 5: I want to pass on my knowledge and passion for fishing.

content: text: Studies of angler characteristics confirm that there is no such thing as an "average" angler. Rather, anglers are
a heterogeneous and changing group. Therefore, we can segment anglers in distinct categories for analysis
(Bryan 1977; Kyle et al. 2007; Beardmore et al. 2013; TenHarmsel et al. 2019). For example, Magee (2018)
categorized recreational anglers into five distinct fisher classes with differing motivations (Table 10.1).

content: text: 216 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet
content: text: 60
50
Anglers
■ No Daily Limit
40
■ Daily Limit-4
of
30
Proporion
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >8
Catch Per Day

content: text: Figure 10.5: Frequency distribution displays the number of angler days resulting in differing catch per day for a hypothetical 8
fish per day creel limit and estimated change if creel limit is reduced to 4 fish per day. Long description.

content: text: Creel limits are one of many elements that may be used by anglers to define fishing success. When more
fish are harvested per trip, anglers rate fishing higher. High creel limits may cause anglers to have unrealistic
expectations about the potential supply of fish compared to the demand (Cook et al. 2001). Creel limit
reductions may be unsuccessful in reducing angler harvest or affecting fish populations. The hypothetical
angler success graph (Figure 10.5) demonstrates that a reduction in creel from 8 to 4 would affect only a few
trips and result in a small harvest reduction. Furthermore, creel limits are applied on a per-angler basis, SO they
cannot control total harvest if total fishing effort increases or if noncompliance is high. Finally, since anglers
have a variety of motivations, they likely respond differently to regulation changes (Beard et al. 2011).

content: text: The ethic of fairness is involved in setting creel limit regulations because many anglers do not harvest a single
fish during an angling trip. In Wisconsin lakes, Walleye harvest was not equally distributed. Only 7.4% of Walleye
angler trips were successful in harvesting at least one Walleye, and <1% harvested a limit during a fishing trip
(Staggs 1989). In Minnesota, anglers were slightly more successful, where 27.2% of angler trips ended with a
harvest of at least one Walleye and about 1% harvesting a limit. The ideal creel limit would distribute the catch
among more anglers and prevent overuse by a few individuals.

content: text: Long-term trends in panfish populations (i.e., Bluegill, Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Pumpkinseed, and Rock
Bass) in Wisconsin lakes showed significant declines due to overfishing (Rypel et al. 2016). The daily limit for
panfish was 50 aggregate per day from 1967 through 1998, which was reduced to 25 in 1998. Further reduction
in daily limits for panfish (10) to improve undesirable small sizes of Bluegill populations increased both mean
length and mean maximum length relative to sizes in control lakes (Jacobson 2005; Rypel et al. 2015).

content: text: 226 | Recreational Fishing and Keep Fish Wet