Các chủ đề trong mật mã học

Đây là bài nhằm phân loại, sắp xếp theo chủ đề các bài trong lĩnh vực mật mã học.

Các thuật toán mã hóa cổ điển
Mật mã khóa tự động
Mật mã hoán vị
Mật mã thay thế đa ký tự
Mật mã Vigenère
Mật mã thay thế đa hình
Mật mã Playfair
Mật mã Hill
Mật mã thay thế
Mật mã Caesar
ROT13
Mật mã Affine
Mật mã Atbash
Mật mã dịch chuyển
Scytale
Grille
Mật mã VIC (hệ thống mật mã bằng tay khá phức tạp được sử dụng bởi ít nhất một điệp viên Liên Xô vào đầu thập kỷ 1950—vào thời điểm đó là khá an toàn)

Các bản mã hóa nổi tiếng
Xem Danh sách các bản mã hóa nổi tiếng

Tấn công vào các thuật toán mã hóa cổ điển

Frequency analysis
Index of coincidence

Các tổ chức, dự án liên quan tới thuật toán, tiêu chuẩn mật mã

Các tổ chức tiêu chuẩn
the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing)
the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
IEEE standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
IETF standardization process (produces many standards (called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
See Cryptography standards

Các tổ chức liên quan tới mật mã
NSA internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for internal use; NSA is charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities)
GCHQ internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for GCHQ use; a division of GCHQ is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government)
DSD Australian SIGINT agency - part of ECHELON
Communications Security Establishment (CSE) &mdash; Canadian intelligence agency.

Các dự án mở
Quá trình thiết kế DES do (NBS tổ chức, kết thúc năm 1976.
the RIPE division of the RACE project (sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-'80s)
Cuộc thi thiết kế AES (NIST tài trọ; kết thúc năm 2001)
the NESSIE Project (evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union; ended 2002)
the CRYPTREC program (Japanese government sponsored evaluation/recommendation project; draft recommendations published 2003)
the Internet Engineering Task Force (technical body responsible for Internet standards—the Request for Comment series: ongoing)
the CrypTool project (eLearning programme in English and German; freeware; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis)

Hàm băm mật mã
Hàm băm mật mã
Message authentication code
Keyed-hash message authentication code
EMAC (NESSIE selection MAC)
HMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS and IETF RFC)
TTMAC còn gọi là Two-Track-MAC (NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany))
UMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UCal Davis)
MD5 (one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128 bit digest)
SHA-1 (developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
SHA-256 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
SHA-384 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
SHA-512 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
RIPEMD-160 (developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest;CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
Tiger (by Ross Anderson et al)
Snefru
Whirlpool (NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium))

Các thuật toán mã hóa khóa công cộng/bí mật
ACE-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research)
ACE Encrypt
Chor-Rivest
Diffie-Hellman (key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation)
El Gamal (discrete logarithm)
Elliptic curve cryptography (discrete logarithm variant)
PSEC-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters))
ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System; Certicom Corp)
ECIES-KEM
ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation)
EPOC
Merkle-Hellman (knapsack scheme)
McEliece
NTRUEncrypt
RSA (factoring)
RSA-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft)
RSA-OAEP (CRYPTREC recommendation)
Rabin cryptosystem (factoring)
Rabin-SAEP
HIME(R)
XTR

Các thuật toán tạo chữ ký số
Digital Signature Algorithm (from NSA, part of the Digital Signature Standard (DSS); CRYPTREC recommendation)
Elliptic Curve DSA (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; Certicom Corp); CRYPTREC recommendation as ANSI X9.62, SEC1)
Schnorr signatures
RSA signatures
RSA-PSS (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; RSA Laboratories); CRYPTREC recommendation)
RSASSA-PKCS1 v1.5 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
Nyberg-Rueppel signatures
MQV protocol
Gennaro-Halevi-Rabin signature scheme
Cramer-Shoup signature scheme
One-time signatures
Lamport signature scheme
Bos-Chaum signature scheme
Undeniable signatures
Chaum-van Antwerpen signature scheme
Fail-stop signatures
Ong-Schnorr-Shamir signature scheme
Birational permutation scheme
ESIGN
ESIGN-D
ESIGN-R
Direct anonymous attestation
NTRUSign
SFLASH (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme (esp for smartcard applications and similar); Schlumberger (France))
Quartz

Nhận thực khóa
Key authentication
Public key infrastructure
X.509
Public key certificate
Certificate authority
Certificate revocation list
ID-based cryptography
Certificate-based encryption
Secure key issuing cryptography
Certificateless cryptography
Merkle tree

Mô hình định dạng ẩn danh
GPS (NESSIE selection anonymous identification scheme; École Normale Supérieure, France Télécom, & La Poste)

Các thuật toán mã hóa đối xứng
Stream ciphers
A5/1, A5/2 (cyphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard)
BMGL
Chameleon
FISH (by Siemens AG)
WWII 'Fish' cyphers
Geheimfernschreiber (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park)
Schlusselzusatz (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park)
HELIX
ISAAC (intended as a PRNG)
Leviathan (cipher)
LILI-128
MUG1 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
MULTI-S01 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
One-time pad (Vernam and Mauborgne, patented mid-'20s; an extreme stream cypher)
Panama
Pike (improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson)
RC4 (ARCFOUR) (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited to 128-bit key))
CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement)
SEAL
SNOW
SOBER
SOBER-t16
SOBER-t32
WAKE
Block ciphers
Block cipher modes of operation
Product cipher
Feistel cipher (block cypher design pattern by Horst Feistel)
Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197, 2001—by Joan Daemen và Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation)
Anubis (128-bit block)
BEAR (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
Blowfish (128 bit block; by Bruce Schneier, et al)
Camellia (128 bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation)
CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams và Stafford Tavares, who are insistent (indeed, adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)
CAST-256 (CAST6) (128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition)
CIPHERUNICORN-A (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
CMEA &mdash; cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
CS-Cipher (64 bit block)
Data Encryption Standard (DES) (64 bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976)
DEAL &mdash; an AES candidate derived from DES
DES-X A variant of DES to increase the key size.
FEAL
GDES &mdash; a DES variant designed to speed up encryption.
Grand Cru (128 bit block)
Hierocrypt-3 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation))
Hierocrypt-L1 (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64 bit block -- James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich)
Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
KASUMI (64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security)
KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)
Khufu and Khafre (64-bit block ciphers)
LION (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
LOKI89/91 (64-bit block ciphers)
LOKI97 (128-bit block cipher, AES candidate)
Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
MAGENTA (AES candidate)
Mars (AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al)
MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
MISTY2 (128 bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
Nimbus (64 bit block)
Noekeon (128 bit block)
NUSH (variable block length (64 - 256 bits))
Q (128 bit block)
RC2 64-bit block, variable key length.
RC6 (variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al)
RC5 (by Ron Rivest)
SAFER (variable block length)
SC2000 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
Serpent (128 bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen)
SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))
Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
Square (father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)
TEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)
Twofish (128 bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier, et al)
XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
Enigma (WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, many user networks for most of the variants)
Purple (highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain)
SIGABA (WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett, et al)
TypeX (WWII UK cypher machine)
Hybrid code/cypher combinations
JN-25 (WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants)
Naval Cypher 3 (superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 30s and into WWII)
Visual cryptography

Classified cryptography (Hoa Kỳ)
EKMS NSA's Electronic Key Management System
FNBDT NSA's secure narrow band voice standard
Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
KW-26 ROMULUS teletype encryptor (1960s - 1980s)
KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryption
SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
STE secure telephone
STU-III older secure telephone
TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations
Type 1 products

Phá mã
Passive attack
Chosen plaintext attack
Chosen ciphertext attack
Adaptive chosen ciphertext attack
Brute force attack
Cryptographic key length
Unicity distance
Cryptanalysis
Meet-in-the-middle attack
Differential cryptanalysis
Linear cryptanalysis
Slide attack cryptanalysis
Algebraic cryptanalysis
XSL attack
Mod n cryptanalysis

Khóa yếu và mật mã dựa trên mật khẩu
Brute force attack
Dictionary attack
Related key attack
Key derivation function
Weak key
Password
Password-authenticated key agreement
Passphrase
Salt

Trao đổi khóa
Lôgic BAN
Giao thức Needham-Schroeder
Giao thức Otway-Rees
Giao thức Wide Mouth Frog
Giao thức Diffie-Hellman
Man-in-the-middle attack

Vấn đề tạo số ngẫu nhiên trong mật mã
PRNG
CSPRNG
Hardware random number generators
Blum Blum Shub
Yarrow (by Schneier, et al)
Fortuna (by Schneier, et al)
ISAAC
RPNG based on SHA-1 in ANSI X9.42-2001 Annex C.1 (CRYPTREC example)
PRNG based on SHA-1 for general purposes in FIPS Pub 186-2 (inc change notice 1) Appendix 3.1 (CRYPTREC example)
PRNG based on SHA-1 for general purposes in FIPS Pub 186-2 (inc change notice 1) revised Appendix 3.1 (CRYPTREC example)

Thông tin ẩn danh
Dining cryptographers protocol (by David Chaum)
Anonymous remailer
pseudonymity
anonymous internet banking
Onion Routing

Các vấn đề luật pháp
Cryptography as free speech
Bernstein v. United States
DeCSS
Phil Zimmermann
Export of cryptography
Key escrow và Clipper Chip
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Cryptography patents
RSA (now public domain)
David Chaum and digital cash
Cryptography and law enforcement
Wiretaps
Espionage
Cryptography laws in different nations
Official Secrets Act (Anh Quốc)
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (Anh Quốc)

Thuật ngữ
Cryptographic key
Cipher
Ciphertext
Plaintext
Code
Tabula recta

Sách và các ấn bản
Books on cryptography
Important publications in cryptography

Các nhà mật mã học
See List of cryptographers

Sử dụng các kỹ thuật mật mã
Commitment schemes
Secure multiparty computations
Electronic voting
Authentication
Digital signatures
Cryptographic engineering
Crypto systems

Các vấn đề khác
Echelon
Espionage
IACR
Ultra
Security engineering
SIGINT
Steganography
Cryptographers
SSL
Quantum cryptography
Crypto-anarchism
Cypherpunk
Key escrow
Zero-knowledge proofs
Random oracle model
Blind signature
Blinding (cryptography)
Digital timestamping
Secret sharing
Trusted operating systems
Oracle (cryptography)

Các hệ thống mật mã mã nguồn mở (thuật toán + giao thức + thiết kế hệ thống)
PGP (a name for any of several related crypto systems, some of which, beginning with the acquisition of the name by Network Associates, have not been Free Software in the GNU sense)
FileCrypt (an open source/commercial command line version of PGP from Veridis of Denmark, see PGP)
GPG (an open source implementation of the OpenPGP IETF standard crypto system)
SSH (Secure SHell implementing cryptographically protected variants of several common Unix utilities, First developed as open source in Finland by Tatu Ylonen. There is now OpenSSH, an open source implementation supporting both SSH v1 and SSH v2 protocols. There are also commercial implementations.
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security IETF standard, a mandatory component of the IPv6 IETF standard)
Free S/WAN (an open source implementation of IPsec)

Tham khảo