Experimental (nhạc)

Experimental, hay âm nhạc thể nghiệm, là thể loại âm nhạc phổ biến từ giữa thế kỷ 20, nở rộ đặc biệt tại Bắc Mỹ khi nói tới những thể loại âm nhạc chưa từng biết tới. Một trong những nghệ sĩ nổi tiếng nhất và có ảnh hưởng nhất có lẽ là John Cage. Theo nghĩa hẹp hơn, experimental được dành để miêu tả thể loại âm nhạc vượt qua mọi biên giới và định nghĩa, hay là tiền đề cho một thể loại hoàn toàn khác biệt, hoặc kiểu pha trộn không chính thống, mới, phân biệt với việc sử dụng những chất liệu đặc trưng. Tương tự, nó cũng dùng để miêu tả âm nhạc không tôn giáo, hay là thứ âm nhạc hỗn tạp. Định nghĩa rõ ràng hơn chỉ đến vào cuối những năm 1950 với sự xuất hiện của các sáng tác sử dụng máy móc, và đôi khi experimental bị cho là gần với nhạc điện tử hay musique concrète. Khái niệm này cũng thường được các nhà báo sử dụng nhằm miêu tả một thể loại âm nhạc mới không nhất quán với hình mẫu cơ bản.

Tham khảo

Thư mục

Ankeny, Jason. [n.d.] [ "The Residents: Biography"]. Allmusic.com.
Anon. [n.d.]a. [ "Explore Music... Explore by... /Avant-Garde//Experimental: Genre"]. Allmusic.com.
Anon. [n.d.]b. [ "Explore Music... Explore by... /Pop/Rock/Punk/New Wave/No Wave"]. Allmusic.com.
Bateman, Shahbeila. [n.d.]. "Biography of Yoko Ono" . Website of Hugh McCarney, Communication Department, Western Connecticut University. (Accessed ngày 15 tháng 2 năm 2009)
Beal, Amy C. 2006. New Music, New Allies: American Experimental Music in West Germany from the Zero Hour to Reunification. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24755-8
Blake, Michael. 1999. "The Emergence of a South African Experimental Aesthetic". In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Congress of the Musicological Society of Southern Africa, edited by Izak J. Grové. Pretoria: Musicological Society of Southern Africa.
Boulez, Pierre. 1986. "Experiment, Ostriches, and Music", in his Orientations: Collected Writings, translated by Martin Cooper, 430–31. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-64375-5 Originally published as "Expérience, autriches et musique". Nouvelle Revue Française, no. 36 (December 1955): 1, 174–76.
Burt, Warren. 1991. "Australian Experimental Music 1963–1990". Leonardo Music Journal 1, no. 1:5–10.
Cage, John. 1961. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. Unaltered reprints: Weslyan University press, 1966 (pbk), 1967 (cloth), 1973 (pbk ["First Wesleyan paperback edition"], 1975 (unknown binding); Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971; London: Calder & Boyars, 1968, 1971, 1973 ISBN 0-7145-0526-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk). London: Marion Boyars, 1986, 1999 ISBN 0-7145-1043-2 (pbk); [n.p.]: Reprint Services Corporation, 1988 (cloth) ISBN 99911-780-1-5 [In particular the essays "Experimental Music", pp.&nbsp;7–12, and "Experimental Music: Doctrine", pp.&nbsp;13–17.]
Cope, David. 1997. Techniques of the Contemporary Composer. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
Crumsho, Michael. 2008. "Dusted Reviews: Neptune—Gong Lake" . Dusted Magazine 2008 (February 19).
Grant, Morag Josephine. 2003. "Experimental Music Semiotics". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 34, no. 2 (December): 173–91.
Hasse, Gretchen. 2007. "Heavy Metal Is Just That for the Heavy-Lifting Jason Sanford of Neptune". Gearwire.com (5 December).
Hiller, Lejaren, and L. M. Isaacson. 1959. Experimental Music: Composition with an Electronic Computer. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Jaffe, Lee David. 1983. "The Last Days of the Avant Garde; or How to Tell Your Glass from Your Eno". Drexel Library Quarterly 19, no. 1 (Winter): 105–22.
Lubet, Alex. 1999. "Indeterminate Origins: A Cultural theory of American Experimental Music". In Perspectives on American music since 1950, edited by, James R. Heintze. New York, NY: General Music Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8153-2144-9 Masters, Marc. 2007. No Wave . London: Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906155-02-5
Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 1 (Winter): 187-204.
Metzger, Heinz-Klaus. 1959. "Abortive Concepts in the Theory and Criticism of Music", translated by Leo Black. Die Reihe 5: "Reports, Analysis" (English edition): 21–29)
Meyer, Leonard B. 1994. Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52143-5
Nicholls, David. 1990. American Experimental Music, 1890–1940. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34578-2
Nicholls, David. 1998. "Avant-garde and Experimental Music". In Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45429-8
Nyman, Michael. 1974. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. London: Studio Vista, ISBN 0-289-70182-1, New York: Schirmer Books, ISBN 0-02-871200-5. Second edition, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65297-9
Palombini, Carlos. 1993a. "Machine Songs V: Pierre Schaeffer: From Research into Noises to Experimental Music". Computer Music Journal, 17, No. 3 (Autumn): 14–19.
Palombini, Carlos. 1993b. "Pierre Schaeffer, 1953: Towards an Experimental Music" . Music and Letters 74, no. 4 (November): 542–57.
Parkin, Chris. 2008. "Micachu: Interview" . Time Out London (February 26).
Piekut, Benjamin. 2008. "Testing, Testing …: New York Experimentalism 1964". Ph.D. diss. New York: Columbia University.
Rebner, Wolfgang Edward. 1997. "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". In Im Zenit der Moderne: Geschichte und Dokumentation in vier Bänden—Die Internationalen Ferienkurse für Neue Musik Darmstadt, 1946-1966. Rombach Wissenschaften: Reihe Musicae 2, 4 vols., edited by Gianmario Borio and Hermann Danuser, 3:178–89. Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach.
Schaeffer, Pierre. 1957. "Vers une musique experimentale". La revue musicale no. 236 (Vers une musique experimentale), edited by Pierre Schaeffer, 18–23. Paris: Richard-Masse.
Vignal, Marc (ed.). 2003. "Expérimentale (musique)". In Dictionnaire de la Musique, Paris: Larousse. (ISBN 2-03-511354-7)

; Xem thêm

Ballantine, Christopher. 1977. "Towards an Aesthetic of Experimental Music". The Musical Quarterly 63, no. 2 (April): 224–46.
Benitez, Joaquim M. 1978. "Avant-Garde or Experimental? Classifying Contemporary Music". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 9, no. 1 (June): 53–77.
Broyles, Michael. 2004. Mavericks and Other Traditions in American Music. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cameron, Catherine. 1996. Dialectics in the Arts: The Rise of Experimentalism in American Music. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Ensemble Modern. 1995. "Was ist experimentelles Musiktheater? Mitglieder des 'Ensemble Modern' befragen Hans Zender". Positionen: Beiträge zur Neuen Musik 22 (February): 17–20.
Bailey, Derek. 1980. "Musical Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice in Music". Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; Ashbourne: Moorland. ISBN 0-13-607044-2. Second edition, London: British Library National Sound Archive, 1992. ISBN 0-7123-0506-8
Experimental Musical Instruments. 1985–1999. A periodical (no longer published) devoted to experimental music and instruments.
Gligo, Nikša. 1989. "Die musikalische Avantgarde als ahistorische Utopie: Die gescheiterten Implikationen der experimentellen Musik". Acta Musicologica 61, no. 2 (May-Aug): 217–37.
Henius, Carla. 1977. "Musikalisches Experimentiertheater. Kommentare aus der Praxis". Melos/Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 3, no. 6:489–92.
Henius, Carla. 1994. "Experimentelles Musiktheater seit 1946". Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste: Jahrbuch 8:131-54.
Holmes, Thomas B. 2008. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. Third edition. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95781-6 (hbk.) ISBN 978-0-415-95782-3 (pbk.)
Lucier, Alvin. 2002. "An einem hellen Tag: Avantgarde und Experiment", trans. Gisela Gronemeyer. MusikTexte: Zeitschrift für Neue Musik, no. 92 (February), pp.&nbsp;13–14.
Piekut, Benjamin. 2011. Experimentalism Otherwise: The New York Avant-Garde and its Limits. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26851-7.
Saunders, James. 2009. The Ashgate Research Companion to Experimental Music. Aldershot, Hants, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6282-2
Schnebel, Dieter. 2001. "Experimentelles Musiktheater". In Das Musiktheater: Exempel der Kunst, edited by Otto Kolleritsch, 14–24. Vienna: Universal Edition. ISBN 3-7024-0263-2
Shultis, Christopher. 1998. Silencing the Sounded Self: John Cage and the American Experimental Tradition. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-377-9
Smith Brindle, Reginald. 1987. The New Music: The Avant-Garde Since 1945, second edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315471-4 (cloth) ISBN 0-19-315468-4 (pbk.)
Sutherland, Roger, 1994. New Perspectives in Music. London: Sun Tavern Fields. ISBN 0-9517012-6-6

Liên kết ngoài