Chiền chiện miền tây

Chiền chiện miền tây (danh pháp hai phần: Sturnella neglecta) là một loại chim khổ trung bình thuộc Bộ Sẻ, rất giống chiền chiện miền đông.

Chim lớn có phần lông phía dưới màu vàng, có một hình chữ "V" đen trên ức và cánh trắng có sọc đen. Phần phía trên hầu như màu nâu nhưng cũng có sọc đen. Loài chim này có mỏ dài nhọn và đầu chúng có sọc đen và nâu lợt.

Nơi sinh sản của chúng là bãi cỏ, đồng cỏ, thảo nguyên, và những cánh đồng hoang có thể được tìm thấy khắp miền tây và miền trung Bắc Mỹ đến México. Khu vực sinh sống của chúng chồng lên khu vực của loài chiền chiện miền đông là loài thích rau cỏ khô hơn và mỏng hơn; hai loài chim này thường không phối giống mà chống nhau để bảo vệ lãnh thổ của mình. Tổ của chúng thường được làm trên mặt đất và có mái phía trên đan bằng cỏ khô. Có thể có hơn một chim mái đẻ trứng trong lãnh thổ của một chim trống. Tổ của chúng đôi khi bị các hoạt động cắt cỏ của con người làm vỡ tan cùng với trứng và chim con.

Chiền chiện miền tây sẽ giao phối với chiền chiện miền đông tại những vùng lãnh thổ của hai loài chồng lên nhau mặc dù chim con của chúng sau này không có khả năng sinh sản.

Chiền chiện miền tây là chim sống thường trực trong suốt phần nhiều phạm vi của chúng. Chim miền bắc có thể di cư về phần phạm vi miền nam của chúng; có một số cũng di cư về phía đông của miền nam Hoa Kỳ.

Chiền chiện miền tây tìm thức ăn trên mặt đất hoặc cây cỏ thấp đến cây cỏ vừa. Chúng đôi khi tìm thức ăn bằng mỏ của chúng. Chúng ăn chủ yếu là côn trùng mặc dù chúng vẫn ăn hột cây cỏ. Trong mùa đông chúng thường đi ăn thành đàn.

Chúng hót như tiếng sáo và líu lo. Giọng hót của chúng tương phản với tiếng hót đơn giản như tiếng còi của loài chiền chiện miền đông.

Đây là chim biểu tượng tiểu bang của Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Bắc Dakota, Oregon và Wyoming.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
Lanyon, W. E. 1994. Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). In The Birds of North America, No. 104 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
Davis SK. Ph.D. (2003). Habitat selection and demography of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in a fragmented landscape. The University of Regina (Canada), Canada.
Horn AG. Ph.D. (1987). Repertoires and song switching in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta). University of Toronto (Canada), Canada.
Pierce AM. Ph.D. (1974). ENERGETICS AND WATER ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK, STURNELLA NEGLECTA. University of California, Irvine, United States—California.
Anderson JR & Merritt RW. (1977). The Impact of Foraging Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta on the Degradation of Cattle Dung Pads. Journal of Applied Ecology. vol 14, no 2. p.&nbsp;355-362.
Anderson RC. (1989). The Development of Quadriplotriaena-Hypsokysta Nematoda Diplotriaenoidea in Grasshoppers Orthoptera. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. vol 56, no 2. p.&nbsp;199-201.
Applegate RD & Willms AG. (1987). Distribution and Population Trend of Western Meadowlarks in Illinois USA. Prairie Naturalist. vol 19, no 3. p.&nbsp;145-148.
Aweida MK. (1995). Repertoires, territory size and mate attraction in Western Meadowlarks. The Condor. vol 97, no 4. p.&nbsp;1080.
Bakker KK, Naugle DE & Higgins KF. (2002). Incorporating landscape attributes into models for migratory grassland bird conservation. Conservation Biology. vol 16, no 6. p.&nbsp;1638-1646.
Belthoff JR, Powers LR & Reynolds TD. (1998). Breeding birds at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1985-1991. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 58, no 2. p.&nbsp;167-183.
Blair CL & Schitoskey FJ. (1982). Breeding Biology and Diet of the Ferruginous Hawk Buteo-Regalis in South-Dakota USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 94, no 1. p.&nbsp;46-54.
Bock CE & Bock JH. (1987). Avian Habitat Occupancy Following Fire in a Montana USA Shrubsteppe. Prairie Naturalist. vol 19, no 3. p.&nbsp;153-158.
Bock CE, Bock JH & Bennett BC. (1995). The avifauna of remnant tallgrass prairie near Boulder, Colorado. Prairie Naturalist. vol 27, no 3. p.&nbsp;147-157.
Brandt CA & Rickard WHJ. (1992). Effects of Survey Frequency on Bird Density Estimates in the Shrub-Steppe Environment. Northwest Science. vol 66, no 3. p.&nbsp;172-182.
Bryan GG & Best LB. (1991). Bird Abundance and Species Richness in Grassed Waterways in Iowa USA Rowcrop Fields. American Midland Naturalist. vol 126, no 1. p.&nbsp;90-102.
Castrale JS. (1982). Effects of 2 Sagebrush Artemisia-Spp Control Methods on Nongame Birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 46, no 4. p.&nbsp;945-952.
Cicchino AC & Castro DC. (1996). Preliminary revision of the species of the genus Brueelia Keler, 1936 (Phthiraptera, Philopteridae) parasitizing Icterinae (Aves, Passeriformes, Fringillidae). Graellsia. vol 52, no 0. p.&nbsp;3-30.
Cosens SE & Falls JB. (1984). A Comparison of Sound Propagation and Song Frequency in Temperate Marsh and Grassland Habitats. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 15, no 3. p.&nbsp;161-170.
Dale BC, Martin PA & Taylor PS. (1997). Effects of hay management on grassland songbirds in Saskatchewan. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 25, no 3. p.&nbsp;616-626.
Davis CA. (2001). Abundance and habitat associations of birds wintering in the Platte River Valley, Nebraska. Great Plains Research. vol 11, no 2. p.&nbsp;233-248.
Davis SK. (2003). Nesting ecology of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in southern Saskatchewan. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 2. p.&nbsp;119-130.
Davis SK. (2004). Area sensitivity in grassland passerines: Effects of patch size, patch shape, and vegetation structure on bird abundance and occurrence in southern Saskatchewan. Auk. vol 121, no 4. p.&nbsp;1130-1145.
Davis SK. (2005). Nest-site selection patterns and the influence of vegetation on nest survival of mixed-grass prairie passerines. Condor. vol 107, no 3. p.&nbsp;605-616.
Davis SK, Brigham RM, Shaffer TL & James PC. (2006). Mixed-grass prairie passerines exhibit weak and variable responses to patch size. Auk. vol 123, no 3. p.&nbsp;807-821.
Deweese LR, McEwen LC, Settimi LA & Deblinger RD. (1983). Effects on Birds of Fenthion Aerial Application for Mosquito Control. Journal of Economic Entomology. vol 76, no 4. p.&nbsp;906-911.
Dickinson TE & Falls JB. (1989). How Western Meadowlarks Respond to Simulated Intrusions by Unmated Females. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 25, no 3. p.&nbsp;217-226.
Dickinson TE, Falls JB & Kopachena J. (1987). Effects of Female Pairing Status and Timing of Breeding on Nesting Productivity in Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 65, no 12. p.&nbsp;3093-3101.
Dieni JS & Jones SL. (2003). Grassland songbird nest site selection patterns in northcentral Montana. Wilson Bulletin. vol 115, no 4. p.&nbsp;388-396.
Dieni JS & Scherr P. (2004). Roadside bias in point count surveys at Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. vol 36, no 4. p.&nbsp;203-211.
Ellis CJ. (1973). Syringeal Histology Part 2 Meadowlark Sturnella-Magna Sturnella-Neglecta. Iowa State Journal of Research. vol 48, no 2. p.&nbsp;175-191.
Erwin WJ & Stasiak RH. (1979). Vertebrate Mortality During the Burning of a Reestablished Prairie in Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist. vol 101, no 1. p.&nbsp;247-249.
Faanes CA. (1981). Birds of the St-Croix River Valley Minnesota and Wisconsin USA. North American Fauna. vol 73, p.&nbsp;1-196.
Falls JB. (1985). Song Matching in Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 63, no 11. p.&nbsp;2520-2524.
Falls JB & D'Agincourt LG. (1981). A Comparison of Neighbor Stranger Discrimination in Eastern Meadowlarks Sturnella-Magna and Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 59, no 12. p.&nbsp;2380-2385.
Falls JB, Horn AG & Dickinson TE. (1988). How Western Meadowlarks Classify Their Songs Evidence from Song Matching. Animal Behaviour. vol 36, no 2. p.&nbsp;579-585.
Falls JB & Krebs JR. (1975). Sequence of Songs in Repertoires of Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 53, no 8. p.&nbsp;1165-1178.
Fitzner RE, Berry D, Boyd LL & Rieck CA. (1977). Nesting of Ferruginous Hawks Buteo-Regalis in Washington 1974-1975. Condor. vol 79, no 2. p.&nbsp;245-249.
Frawley BJ & Best LB. (1991). Effects of Mowing on Breeding Bird Abundance and Species Composition in Alfalfa Fields. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 19, no 2. p.&nbsp;135-142.
George TL, Fowler AC, Knight RL & McEwen LC. (1992). Impacts of a Severe Drought on Grassland Birds in Western North Dakota. Ecological Applications. vol 2, no 3. p.&nbsp;275-284.
Haire SL, Bock CE, Cade BS & Bennett BC. (2000). The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space. Landscape & Urban Planning. vol 48, no 1-2. p.&nbsp;65-82.
Hanebrink EL. (1971). Dilute Albinism in a Western Meadowlark Collected in Mississippi County Arkansas. Migrant. vol 42, no 4.
Higgins KF, Arnold TW & Barta RM. (1984). Breeding Bird Community Colonization of Sown Stands of Native Grasses in North-Dakota USA. Prairie Naturalist. vol 16, no 4. p.&nbsp;177-182.
Hill RA. (1976). Host Parasite Relationships of the Brown-Headed Cowbird in a Prairie Habitat of West Central Kansas USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 88, no 4. p.&nbsp;555-565.
Horn A & Falls JB. (1988). Structure of Western Meadowlark Sturnella-Neglecta Song Repertoires. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 66, no 2. p.&nbsp;284-288.
Horn AG. (1988). Interspecific Aggression in Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta Re-Directed Aggression?. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 59, no 3. p.&nbsp;224-226.
Horn AG, Dickinson TE & Falls JB. (1993). Male quality and song repertoires in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 71, no 5. p.&nbsp;1059-1061.
Horn AG & Falls JB. (1988). REPERTOIRES AND COUNTERSINGING IN WESTERN MEADOWLARKS (STURNELLA-NEGLECTA). Ethology. vol 77, no 4. p.&nbsp;337-343.
Horn AG & Falls JB. (1988). Responses of Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta to Song Repetition and Contrast. Animal Behaviour. vol 36, no 1. p.&nbsp;291-293.
Horn AG & Falls JB. (1991). SONG SWITCHING IN MATE ATTRACTION AND TERRITORY DEFENSE BY WESTERN MEADOWLARKS (STURNELLA-NEGLECTA). Ethology. vol 87, no 3-4. p.&nbsp;262-268.
Horn DJ, Koford RR & Braland ML. (2002). Effects of field size and landscape composition on grassland birds in south-central Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 109, no 1-2. p.&nbsp;1-7.
Igl LD. (1996). Western meadowlark impaled on barbed-wire fence. Prairie Naturalist. vol 28, no 1. p.&nbsp;25-26.
Igl LD & Johnson DH. (1997). Changes in breeding bird populations in North Dakota: 1967 to 1992-93. Auk. vol 114, no 1. p.&nbsp;74-92.
Johnson DH & Igl LD. (2001). Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective. Auk. vol 118, no 1. p.&nbsp;24-34.
Jones HL. (1968). Western Meadowlark at Raleigh North-Carolina USA Sturnella-Neglecta Record Song. Chat. vol 32, no 4. p.&nbsp;104-105.
Jones ZF & Bock CE. (2002). Conservation of grassland birds in an urbanizing landscape: A historical perspective. Condor. vol 104, no 3. p.&nbsp;643-651.
Kantrud HA & Kologiski RL. (1982). Effects of Soils and Grazing on Breeding Birds of Uncultivated Upland Grasslands of the Northern Great Plains USA. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Research Report. vol 15, p.&nbsp;1-33.
Kennedy PL, Stahlecker DW & Fair JM. (1995). Organochlorine concentrations in potential avian prey of breeding peregrine falcons in North-Central New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 40, no 1. p.&nbsp;94-100.
King JW & Savidge JA. (1995). Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife in southeast Nebraska. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 23, no 3. p.&nbsp;377-385.
Kinstler KA & Sordahl TA. (1994). A comparison of perch use by vocalizing eastern and western meadowlarks. Prairie Naturalist. vol 26, no 3. p.&nbsp;195-200.
Knick ST & Rotenberry JT. (1995). Landscape characteristics of fragmented shrubsteppe habitats and breeding passerine birds. Conservation Biology. vol 9, no 5. p.&nbsp;1059-1071.
Knick ST & Rotenberry JT. (2000). Ghosts of habitats past: Contribution of landscape change to current habitats used by shrubland birds. Ecology. vol 81, no 1. p.&nbsp;220-227.
Lowther PE. (1984). Repeat of a 1916 Bird Census in Northwestern Iowa USA. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 91, no 3. p.&nbsp;87-91.
Madden EM, Hansen AJ & Murphy RK. (1999). Influence of prescribed fire history on habitat and abundance of passerine birds in northern mixed-grass prairie. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 113, no 4. p.&nbsp;627-640.
Maher WJ. (1979). Nestling Diets of Prairie Passerine Birds at Matador Saskatchewan Canada. Ibis. vol 121, no 4. p.&nbsp;437-452.
Matson RH. (1989). Distribution of the Testis-Specific Ldh-X among Avian Taxa with Comments on the Evolution of the Ldh Gene Family. Systematic Zoology. vol 38, no 2. p.&nbsp;106-115.
McGregor PK & Falls JB. (1984). The Response of Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta to the Playback of Undegraded and Degraded Songs. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 62, no 11. p.&nbsp;2125-2128.
Miller SG, Knight RL & Miller CK. (2001). Wildlife responses to pedestrians and dogs. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 29, no 1. p.&nbsp;124-132.
Mineau P, Downes CM, Kirk DA, Bayne E & Csizy M. (2005). Patterns of bird species abundance in relation to granular insecticide use in the Canadian prairies. Ecoscience. vol 12, no 2. p.&nbsp;267-278.
Ogden VT & Hornocker MG. (1977). Nesting Density and Success of Prairie Falcons in Southwestern Idaho USA. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 41, no 1. p.&nbsp;1-11.
Prather JW, Ortega CP & Cruz A. (1999). Aggressive responses of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) toward brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in areas of recent and long-term sympatry. Bird Behavior. vol 13, no 1. p.&nbsp;1-7.
Pylypec B. (1991). Impacts of Fire on Bird Populations in a Fescue Prairie. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 105, no 3. p.&nbsp;346-349.
Renfrew RB & Ribic CA. (2002). Influence of topography on density of grassland passerines in pastures. American Midland Naturalist. vol 147, no 2. p.&nbsp;315-325.
Rotenberry JT. (1980). Dietary Relationships among Shrub Steppe Passerine Birds Competition or Opportunism in a Variable Environment. Ecological Monographs. vol 50, no 1. p.&nbsp;93-110.
Rumble MA. (1987). Avian Use of Scoria Rock Outcrops. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 47, no 4. p.&nbsp;625-630.
Scheiman DM, Bollinger EK & Johnson DH. (2003). Effects of leafy spurge infestation on grassland birds. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 67, no 1. p.&nbsp;115-121.
Smith JK & Zimmerman EG. (1976). Biochemical Genetics and Evolution of North American Blackbirds Family Icteridae. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol 53, no 3. p.&nbsp;319-324.
Sodhi NS. (1992). Comparison between urban and rural bird communities in prairie Saskatchewan: Urbanization and short-term population trends. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 106, no 2. p.&nbsp;210-215.
Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. p.&nbsp;891-894.
Squires JR, Anderson SH & Oakleaf R. (1989). Food Habits of Nesting Prairie Falcons in Campbell County Wyoming USA. Journal of Raptor Research. vol 23, no 4. p.&nbsp;157-161.
Sterner RT, Petersen BE, Gaddis SE, Tope KL & Poss DJ. (2003). Impacts of small mammals and birds on low-tillage, dryland crops. Crop Protection. vol 22, no 4. p.&nbsp;595-602.
Stoddard PK, Beecher MD, Campbell SE & Horning CL. (1992). Song-Type Matching in the Song Sparrow. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 70, no 7. p.&nbsp;1440-1444.
Swanson DA. (1996). Nesting ecology and nesting habitat requirements of Ohio's grassland-nesting birds: A literature review. Ohio Fish & Wildlife Report. vol 0, no 13. p.&nbsp;3-60.
Sweet PR, Barrowclough GF, Klicka JT, Montanez-Godoy L & Escalante-Pliego P. (2001). Recolonization of the Flicker and other notes from Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Western Birds. vol 32, no 1. p.&nbsp;71-80.
Teel PD, Fleetwood SC, Hopkins SW & Cruz D. (1988). Ectoparasites of Eastern and Western Meadowlarks from the Rio Grande Plains of South Texas USA. Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 25, no 1. p.&nbsp;32-38.
Udevitz MS, Howard CA, Robel RJ & Curnutte BJ. (1980). Lead Contamination in Insects and Birds near an Interstate Highway Kansas USA. Environmental Entomology. vol 9, no 1. p.&nbsp;35-36.
Whitmore RC & Whitmore RC. (1997). Late fall and early spring bird observations for Mulege, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 57, no 2. p.&nbsp;131-141.
Wilson SD & Belcher JW. (1989). Plant and Bird Communities of Native Prairie and Introduced Eurasian Vegetation in Manitoba Canada. Conservation Biology. vol 3, no 1. p.&nbsp;39-44.
Winter SL, Cully JF, Jr. & Pontius JS. (2003). Breeding season avifauna of prairie dog colonies and non-colonized areas in shortgrass prairie. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 106, no 3-4. p.&nbsp;129-138.

Liên kết ngoài
Western Meadowlark Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Western Meadowlark Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
Western Meadowlark - Sturnella neglecta - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter