7816-1: Cards with contacts — Physical characteristics

7816-2: Cards with contacts — Dimensions and location of the contacts

7816-3: Cards with contacts — Electrical interface and transmission protocols

7816-4: Organization, security and commands for interchange

7816-5: Registration of application providers

7816-6: Interindustry data elements for interchange

7816-7: Interindustry commands for Structured Card Query Language (SCQL)

7816-8: Commands and mechanisms for security operations

7816-10: Electronic signals and answer to reset for synchronous cards

7816-11 Personal verification through biometric methods

7816-12 Cards with contacts — USB electrical interface and operating procedures

7816-13: Commands for application management in multi-application environment

7816-15: Cryptographic information application


The relationship of the X.500 Directory and X.509v3 digital certificates


Georgian national system of romanization


Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification


Coverage of punctuation signs and apostrophes


The rise of OpenGL and the decline of PHIGS


ISO 9000 series Quality Management Principles


Soviet Union (Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States)


Part 1: Basic principles and requirements for PINs in card-based systems

Part 2: Approved algorithms for PIN encipherment

Part 4: Requirements for PIN handling in eCommerce for Payment Transactions


The harmonized 48 graphic key keyboard arrangement

Allocation guidelines for layouts containing the Latin alphabet

Diacritical marks and peculiar characters


Complete specification of the MAC calculation


General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD)

ISO 12620 (ISO TC37 Data Category Registry, ISOcat)

Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA)


Citing the Universal Coded Character Set


Structure of an ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry

Extensions to the ISO/IEC 11179 standard

Examples of ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registries

Metadata registry vendor tools that claim ISO/IEC 11179 compliance


Common medical device information service element

IEEE 11073 Service-oriented Device Connectivity (SDC)


Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation and ISOBUS


Major software vendors for SDAI and similar STEP-APIs


Encodings defined in the ArmSCII standard

Support for the Armenian script in other standards

Windows Paratype code page, replaced by ArmSCII-8 by 2005


Viewpoints modeling and the RM-ODP framework


Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects


Coverage of STEP Application Protocols (AP)


List of layers in a standard architectural drawing


Document Style Semantics and Specification Language


Exchange (operating MIC) vs Market (MIC)


Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness

Part 2: Specifications for testing and monitoring to prove continued compliance with ISO 14644-1

Part 4: Design, construction and start-up

Part 7: Separative devices (clean air hoods, gloveboxes, isolators and minienvironments)

Part 8: Classification of airborne molecular contamination

Part 9: Classification of surface particle cleanliness


Capability levels and process attributes


Metric horsepower (PS, cv, hk, pk, ks, ch)

Society of Automotive Engineers/SAE International

Early "SAE horsepower" (see RAC horsepower for the formula)

Deutsches Institut für Normung 70020 (DIN 70020)

International Organization for Standardization


Bifurcation in the AAC technical standard


Requirements for conforming PDF files (Clause 7)

Requirements for conforming PDF processors (Clause 8)

Requirements for conforming assistive technology (AT) (Clause 9)

Ongoing ISO and AIIM Committee Activities


Part 2: Mechanisms producing independent tokens

Part 3: Mechanisms producing linked tokens


Brief history of environmental management systems

Plan: Establish objectives and processes required

Check: Measure and monitor the processes and report results

Act: Take action to improve performance of EMS based on results


Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework


Protective measures in the medical device itself or in the manufacturing process


Common Object Request Broker Architecture


ISO/IEC 20000-2: Guidance on the application of service management systems

ISO/IEC 20000-3: Guidance on scope definition and applicability of ISO/IEC 20000-1

[Withdrawn] ISO/IEC 20000-4: Process assessment model

ISO/IEC 20000-5: Implementation guidance for ISO/IEC 20000-1

ISO/IEC 20000-6 Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of service management systems

[Withdrawn] ISO/IEC 20000-7: Guidance on the Integration and Correlation of ISO/IEC 20000-1:2018 to ISO 9001:2015 and ISO/IEC 27001:2013

[Withdrawn] ISO/IEC 20000-9: Guidance on the application of ISO/IEC 20000-1 to cloud services

ISO/IEC 20000-10: Concepts and vocabulary

ISO/IEC 20000-11: Guidance on the relationship between ISO/IEC 20000-1 and service management frameworks: ITIL

[Under Development] ISO/IEC 20000-14: Guidance on the relationship between ISO/IEC 20000-1 and service management frameworks: Service Integration and Management

[Under Development] ISO/IEC 20000-15: Guidance on the application of Agile and DevOps principles in a service management system

Certifications and qualification schemes


Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface


Comparison with other process modeling notations


As one of the members of the ISO/TC37 family of standards


Part 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysis


Voluntary Guidance Standard for All Organizations

Key Principles and Core Subjects of ISO 26000


ISO/IEC 19770-2: software identification tag

Standards development organization support

ISO/IEC 19770-3: software entitlement schema (ENT)

Maximum possible usability with legacy entitlement information

Maximum possible alignment with the software identification tag specification (ISO/IEC 19770-2)

ISO/IEC 19770-4: Resource Utilization Measurement

ISO/IEC 19770-5: overview and vocabulary

ISO/IEC 19770-8: Guidelines for mapping of industry practices to/from the ISO/IEC 19770 family of standards


Initial work – to OGC recommendation paper

Towards ISO – GML 3.0 broadens the scope of GML


ISO-TimeML as one of the members of the ISO/TC37 family of standards


White House BRAIN Initiative Alliance membership


Results of peer review in a classroom setting


Part 13: Information science and technology


Legitimate technologies that may be subverted


ISO 45001 changes compared to OHSAS 18001


Low-end distinctions in articles understandable to all peers


The geometry of the universal cover of SL(2, "R")


Science, Technology, and Engineering Research

Greek life, professional, and honor societies


Representativeness in proprietary databases


Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning


Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences


New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University


List of academic databases and search engines


Chinese use of the Creative Commons license

GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC

Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)


Relationship to other problems and generalizations


New York State College of Forestry at Cornell

Sacrifice of College of Forestry for the College of Agriculture


Summer School with Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University


Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management

Accelerated, joint, and exchange programs


New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University


Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science

Faculty of Computing and Information Science


Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting


Cornell University School of Hotel Administration

The Leland C. and Mary M. Pillsbury Institute for Hospitality Entrepreneurship


List of academic publishers by preprint policy


Cornell University College of Engineering


New York State College of Human Ecology at Cornell University


Notices of the American Mathematical Society


New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University

Establishment of the New York State College of Agriculture


Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences


CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) results


The New York Times en Español (Spanish-language)


Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League

Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Ivy League


Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates


North Campus Residential Expansion (NCRE)


All Sports Competition (Cornell University)

Development of the Modern Cornell Intramural Program


Cornerstone letter regarding nonsectarianism


Alumni Fields, Athletics, and Biology Buildings


Cornell University Center for Advanced Computing


Computing and Communications Center, Cornell University


List of fraternities and sororities at Cornell University

Honor, professional, and service societies

Cornell University Residence Plan of 1966

Chapters with University-owned facilities under other agreements

Chapters with privately owned facilities


Irving Literary Society (Cornell University)

Washington Irving's birthday and Cornell's first commencement


LII Supreme Court Collection and LII Bulletin


Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy


Agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension service


Anthropology, sociology, other social sciences


Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-based Sciences and Education


List of presidents of Cornell University


Time-domain condition for linear time-invariant systems

Continuous-time necessary and sufficient condition

Frequency-domain condition for linear time-invariant systems


Filter banks as time–frequency distributions

Statistically optimized filter bank (Eigen filter bank)

Multidimensional perfect-reconstruction filter banks

Multidimensional directional filter banks and surfacelets

Multidimensional oversampled filter banks

Multidimensional nonsubsampled FIR filter banks

Mapping-based multidimensional filter banks

Filter-bank design in the frequency domain


Measuring analog resistance or capacitance


Voltage step response - short and long term limit


General form of network node elimination

Special case: Current division of two parallel components

Two terminal component transfer functions

Time-based network analysis with simulation


Relationship to other integral transforms

Parseval's theorem and Plancherel's theorem

Table of selected bilateral Laplace transforms


Circuit equivalence at short-time limit and long-time limit

Three-/four-character marking code for small capacitors

Two-character marking code for small capacitors


Green's functions for solving inhomogeneous boundary value problems


Deriving the Solution of Linear Time-Invariant Differential Equations

Discrete-time systems from continuous-time systems


Examples of non-causal (acausal) systems


Discontinuities versus asymptotic behaviour

Simultaneous optimization in both domains


Relation to Fourier analysis and similar methods


Relation to more general exponential functions

Computation of ab where both a and b are complex


Practical estimation of radius in the case of real coefficients

Radius of convergence in complex analysis

Abscissa of convergence of a Dirichlet series


Trumpet Push-ups, Flute-ups, and Sax-ups


Formula for phase of an oscillation or a periodic signal


Difference equation through discrete time sampling


Relationship to Fourier series and Fourier transform

Linear constant-coefficient difference equation


NMR spectroscopy and rechargeable batteries


Pressure (flux density of linear momentum)

Angular velocity or rotations per time unit

Energy carried by mechanical quantities, mechanical work

Electricity, electronics, and electrical engineering

Electric resistance, electrical conductance, and electrical conductivity

Energy carried by electricity or electric energy

Power carried by electricity (current of energy)

Electric field (negative gradient of electric potential, voltage per length)

Energy carried by entropy or thermal energy

Temperature coefficient of energy or "heat capacity"

Specific temperature coefficient of energy or "specific heat capacity"

Tensile strength, ductility, or malleability of a solid

Granularity of a solid or of a suspension

More on electric properties of condensed matter, gas

Permittivity, relative static permittivity, (dielectric constant), or electric susceptibility

Magnetic susceptibility or magnetization

Substance potential or chemical potential or molar Gibbs energy

Sub-microstructural properties of condensed matter, gas

Light and radiation without a rest mass, non-ionizing

Pressure (current density of linear momentum)

Radiation with a rest mass, particle radiation

Atom polarization and electron polarization

Substance content in mixtures, substance identification

pH: Concentration of protons in a solution

Circulatory system (mainly heart and blood vessels for distributing substances fast)

Respiratory system (lung and airways controlling the breathing process)

Concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases

Nervous system (nerves transmitting and processing information electrically)

Musculoskeletal system (muscles and bones for movement)

Uncategorized, specialized, or generalized application


List of continents or submerged continents in the Southern Hemisphere

List of mainland countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere

List of island countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere


Names retired in the Eastern Pacific basin

Names retired in the Central Pacific basin


Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

Environmental emergency response programme


List of retired Atlantic hurricane names


Historical ACE in recorded Atlantic hurricane history

Historical ACE in recorded Pacific hurricane history


List of retired Philippine typhoon names


Table of discrete-time Fourier transforms


List of retired Australian region cyclone names


List of continents, countries or territories, and oceans in the Northern Hemisphere


Central North Pacific Ocean (140°W to 180°)


Rainfall distribution around a tropical cyclone

Interaction with frontal boundaries and upper level troughs


List of retired South Pacific cyclone names


Use as a tropical cyclone strength indicator


Use of the International System of Units

Region IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)

States with membership in more than one region


Relationship to the Dirac delta function

Definitions of the generalized Kronecker delta

Contractions of the generalized Kronecker delta

Properties of the generalized Kronecker delta


International ISO-standard and other intermodal shipping containers


Concerns regarding severe deep moist convection


Requirements for tropical cyclone formation

Warm waters, instability, and mid-level moisture

Role of Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI)


List of historical tropical cyclone names

Central North Pacific (Date Line to 140°W)

Names used between January 1960 and July 1975

Names used between August 1974 and July 1989

Names used between August 1989 and June 2004

Names used between July 2004 and June 2016

Names used between July 2016 and May 2023

Names used between July 1963 and June 1973

Names used between July 1973 and June 1983

Names used between July 1983 and June 1993

Names used between July 1993 and June 2003

Names used between July 2003 and June 2013

Names used between July 2013 and April 2023

Names used between July 1970 and June 1985

Names used between July 1985 and June 2000

Names used between July 2000 and June 2014

Names used between July 2015 and March 2023

Names used between March 2004 and May 2022


General distribution within a tropical cyclone

Slow/looping motion on rainfall magnitude

Vertical wind shear impact on rainfall shield

Effect of interaction with frontal boundaries/upper level troughs

United States tropical cyclone rainfall statistics


Relationship to tropical cyclone strength scales


Fourier series of Bravais-lattice-periodic-function

Fourier theorem proving convergence of Fourier series


Early adoptions of the metre internationally


The Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila

Doppler weather radar, weather stations and other equipment


National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Proposal to make NOAA an Independent Agency

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

NOAA ships and aircraft Office of Marine and Aviation Operations

National Integrated Drought Information System

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change


Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies

Natural phenomena caused or worsened by tropical cyclones


1993–94 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season


Chief Executives of Central Meteorological Observatory


Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences


Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

Environmental emergency response programme


Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States


Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

Oceans and its link to extreme weather and climate


Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency


Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System


Alternative abbreviations in official use


1945–1960: Postwar politics, universal suffrage

Information and communications technology


Career in the Northern Cape government: 1994–2009

Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: 2009–2014


Biathlon at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Relay


Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay


Biathlon at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Relay


Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa)


Salaries of members of the National Assembly


1994–2009: Minister of Minerals and Energy

2019–present: Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy


Leadership of the House of Representantatives

Past composition of the House of Representatives


Government leaders and ministers in the Lords

Other whips (Lords and Baronesses-in-Waiting)


Stylized swimming dolphin (2013–present)

Pro Football Hall of Famers and Retired Numbers

Miami Dolphins in the Pro Football Hall of Fame

Miami Dolphins Individual Award Winners, All-Decade Team Selections, and Pro Bowlers

Miami Dolphins NFL All-Decade Team and 100 All-Time Team selections

The Joe Robbie Alumni Plaza "Walk of Fame"


List of Ministers of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment (Uruguay)


1970s: Second pennant and the "Midnight Massacre"

1980s: Success, Wilpon takes over and second World Series championship

1990s: Struggles and return to the postseason

2000s: The Subway World Series and new ballpark

2010s: Wilpon sells the team and Fifth trip to the World Series

Numbers out of circulation but not retired


Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres


Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia


Puerto Rico Department of Economic Development and Commerce


Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album


Composition of the 113th General Assembly (2022–present)

Past composition of the House of Representatives


Discussion on matters of urgent public importance


Precursors to the modern World Series (1857–1902)

1947–1964: New York City teams dominate World Series play

1972–1978: Threepeat, repeats, and Fisk's home run

1976: The designated hitter comes to the World Series

1984: Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues

1987: Twins First World Series champion to win every home game

1992–1993: The World Series enters Canada

All-Star Game and home-field advantage (2003–2016)

Modern World Series appearances by franchise

World Series record by team or franchise, 1903–present


Hershey Bears Hockey Club Hall of Fame members


The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town (1976)


Michael Sheehan (archbishop of Santa Fe)

Pro-choice politicians at Catholic universities


Electoral system and election of the Senate


That's Entertainment (Philippine TV program)


Mexican–American War, Zubiría and the Santa Fe ring

Establishment of the Archdiocese with Jean Lamy

Other priests of this diocese who became Bishops


New owners and a new dynasty (1961–1971)

New home and a new millennium (1998–2004)


Sale of Babe Ruth and Aftermath (1920–1938)

"The Idiots": 2004 World Series Championship

Boston Strong: 2013 World Series Champions

"Damage done": 2018 World Series Championship

BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients


Chairman of the European Union Military Committee


Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay


Somewhere Out There (An American Tail song)


Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway version


1985: The "Drive of '85" and first AL East title

1989–1991: Cito Gaston takes charge, two more AL East titles

2002–2009: The J. P. Ricciardi and Roy Halladay era

2010–2015: The Alex Anthopoulos and José Bautista era

2015: Return to the playoffs, AL East champions

2021 season: Temporarily in Dunedin and Buffalo

2022 season: Full return to Toronto since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic


Rock and Roll  Hall of Fame and Museum building

Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement


Glory in '68: 1968 World Series Champions

The Roar of '84: 1984 World Series Champions

Most losses in American League history (2003)

The return of the Tigers: 2006 American League Champions


Idea–expression dichotomy and the merger doctrine

The first-sale doctrine and exhaustion of rights


List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention


Panton Principles and Fellowships (Open data in Science)


Implication: from surrounding circumstances or by operation of law?


Comparisons with other software licensing/development models


Resilient and scalable computer networks

Incentivizing resource sharing and cooperation

Intellectual property law and illegal sharing


Maintaining the Free Software Definition


Open machine design as compared to open-source software


Policies adopted by research universities


Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities


Publication within privately owned periodicals


Preparatory documents and lawmaking procedures

Access to national law of EU member states (N-Lex)


Relation to other branches of government


Collaboration with Wuhan Institute of Virology

NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee


Representativeness in proprietary databases


Meaning and categorization of interpretations

United States and definition and goal of rule of law

US Army doctrine and US Government inter-agency agreement

International Development Law Organization

International Network to Promote the Rule of Law


Significance, history and social context

Application of derivative-work copyright

The fair use defense in derivative work cases

Examples of derivative works under U.S. law


Digital Open Textbooks for Development (DOT4D)

Polish Coalition for Open Education (KOED) and the Polish Government


Chinese use of the Creative Commons license

GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC

Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)


The Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software

Comparison with The Open Source Definition


Four essential freedoms of Free Software

Personal control, customizability and freedom

Drawbacks compared to proprietary software

Adoption by supranational unions and international organizations

Skewed prioritization, ineffectiveness and egoism of developers

Commercial ownership of open-source software

As part/driver of a new socio-economic model


"Free beer" and "freedom of speech" distinction


Center for Open and Sustainable Learning


"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"

Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production


Critical discourse about OER as a movement


Writings posted or archived on his website


Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd


Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation


LGBTQIA divide, and repression by states and tech companies

The Information Society and freedom of expression

Protection of confidential sources and whistle-blowing

The International Programme for Development of Communication

The World Summit on the Information Societies


Organisations and activities promoting open knowledge


Acquisition of TSR and Pokémon Trading Card Game


Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions


Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.


Ensuring that access is broadly available and/or preventing unreasonable restrictions

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)

Internet Bill of Rights and Charter on Internet Rights and Principles

BBC World Service global public opinion poll

Recommendations of the UN Special Rapporteur

Internet Society's Global Internet User Survey


New World Information and Communication Order


Defamation lawsuit against the New York Times


Duke University Hospital and Health System


Compatibility with Creative Commons licensing terms


Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries

Economic impact of copyright infringement

Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets


Alternative compensation systems in practice


Biological patents in different jurisdictions

Patents relating to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19


Reported suspension of RIAA litigation campaign


Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property


The Medical Innovation Prize Fund Act S1137 and S1138

Other areas for prize models over patents


Business models for open-source software

Selling certificates and use of trademark

Re-licensing under a proprietary license

Selling required proprietary parts of a software product


Background of the formation of the free-culture movement


Groups advocating the abolition of copyright

Groups advocating changes to copyright law

Groups advocating using existing copyright law


Proposed alternatives to the patent system


Economic actions that create artificial scarcity


Software patents' usefulness as an information source is limited


National Health and Medical Research Council


Citizen journalism in a worldwide context


Notable institutions with open-door policies


Collaborative writing as an educational tool


Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic

Senate of the Czech Republic (in office)


Mandatory criteria for open access journals and platforms

Organisations that withdrew or declined to join

Policy changes by journals and publishers


Issues for educators and educational policy-makers

Meta-design: a design methodology supporting participatory cultures


Development of knowledge infrastructures (1945-1960)

Opening and sharing data: early attempts (1960-1990)

Sharing scientific data on the web (1990-1995)

Defining open scientific data (1995-2010)

Ideal and implementation: the paradox of data sharing

Incentives and barriers to scientific open data


Experimental (alphabetical by last name)


Opposition to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

Amendment to Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act

The Internet's Own Boy: The Story of Aaron Swartz


Theoretical foundations of open education


Collaborative product design and development


Reciprocity and the "spirit of the gift"

Charity, debt, and the "poison of the gift"

Spheres of exchange and "economic systems"

Moka exchange in Papua New Guinea: competitive exchange

Toraja funerals: the politics of meat distribution

Gifting as non-commodified exchange in market societies

Organ transplant networks, sperm and blood banks

Copyleft vs copyright: the gift of "free" speech

Cannabis market in the District of Columbia and U.S. states


Internet and the free access to scientific documents


Social structure of open source contribution teams


Terminology: ridesharing vs. ridehailing

Bias against passengers in certain demographic groups


Numerical simulation of the Coulomb model


Impact in the Greater Antilles and the United States


Electromagnetic, lightning, and other effects

Associations with climate and climate change


Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)

Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur (c. 1500–1821)

2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government


Major wars (10,000 or more combat-related deaths in current or past year)

Wars (1,000–9,999 combat-related deaths in current or past year)

Minor conflicts (100–999 combat-related deaths in current or past year)

Skirmishes and clashes (fewer than 100 combat-related deaths in current or past year)


Non-standard and vendor-proprietary pressures


Specific definitions of an open standard

Joint IEEE, ISOC, W3C, IETF and IAB Definition

European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services

Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium definition

New Zealand official interoperability framework definition

Digital Standards Organization definition

Free Software Foundation Europe's definition


Asylum offer to four former Guantánamo detainees

British North America, British West Indies and the Caribbean Community

1890s to 1920s: economy severely affected by lily virus


Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)


Relationship with the free software movement


Cost management and budgeting by providers

Additional flexible job opportunities as gig workers

Transparent and open data increases innovation

Lower prices due to increased competition and reusing items

Access to goods without the requirement to purchase

Increase in quality of products and services

Treatment of workers as independent contractors and not employees

Principles for regulation in the sharing economy


Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition


Relationship between transparency and accountability


U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship

U.S. unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution


Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation

Later operations and peace agreement of 2005


Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (2019)

Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council (2021-present)


Humanitarian impact of the 2023 Sudan conflict


Women's activism and exclusion from the transition

12 April – 2 June: negotiations with Transitional Military Council

3–11 June: Khartoum massacre and civil disobedience

12 June – 4 July: negotiations and protests

5–28 July: political agreement and negotiations

29 July – El Obeid massacre to Constitutional Declaration


Agreement reached on transition government and Constitution


Coup takes place and government dissolved

Resistance to the coup, arrests, and killings of civilians

States and intergovernmental organizations


Post-2011 South Sudanese independence referendum


List of military engagements during the 2023 Sudan conflict


August 2020: integration of Sudan Revolutionary Front into army

3 September 2020 Addis Ababa peace agreement


Proposed compromise UN force and Sudanese offensive

Foreign governments which supported the Sudanese government


Clashes intensify, tribal alliances form (24 April – 2 May)


26–28 March South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig

Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig

Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig


Compromise Peace Agreement and second Juba clashes (2015–2016)

Rebel infighting and splits among ruling Dinka (2016–2017)


Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile

Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile


Political tensions and beginning of the conflict


South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations


Relationship with the United Arab Emirates

2018–19 Sudanese protests and human rights abuses


Deportation of Eritreans from Sudan during the 2023 Sudan conflict


Evacuation of foreign nationals during the 2023 Sudan conflict


National Public Health Laboratory crisis


Relationship between religion and violence

Challenges to the view that religions are violent

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints


2014–2015 crimes against humanity in Darfur


United Nations – African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)


Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression

March 2008: appointment of Richard Falk as special rapporteur


Evacuation of foreign nationals from Yemen


Background of discontent with General National Congress

Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room and kidnapping of Ali Zeidan

Expansion of armed groups during the GNC's term

GNC extends its mandate without elections

Foreign reactions, involvement, and evacuations


International Agency for Research on Cancer

Membership and participation of the Republic of China

World Health Assembly and Executive Board

Medical Society of the World Health Organization

Gallery of the WHO headquarters building


Objections to the 5 and 17 July 2019 agreements

4 August/17 August Draft Constitutional Declaration

Objections to the 4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration

Constitutional principles of legal reform (August 2019)

Repeal of the public order law (November 2019)

Miscellaneous Amendments Act (April–July 2020)

Religion/state separation and recognition of diversity (September 2020)

TMC–FFC Political Agreement and Constitutional Declaration


As a military, political, and economic tactic


Déby Lineage & Democracy with Second Civil War (1990-present)

Largest cities, towns, and municipalities

Internal opposition and foreign relations


International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia


Engagement with the U.S. and European countries


Transitional Military Council and Rapid Support Forces

Transition period official investigation


Tankers, offshore and other shipping activities

Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping

Labor practices in El Salvador and China

Overcharging allegations of US Government in Iraq and Afghanistan

Regulation violations and contract fraud

Sexual harassment suspensions and lawsuits


Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts

Popular opposition and regional rebellions

Economy, development, and resource factors

Current leaders who assumed power via coups


International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur


Historical Background of Faculty of Geographical and Environmental Sciences

Faculty of Public and Environmental Health

Departments of Haematology and Immunohematology

Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology

Department of Histopathology and Cytology

Association of Dental Students- University of Khartoum (ADSUK)


April–June negotiations with civil society

Planned power transfer to Sovereignty Council


Contribution to UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child


Offences against the administration of justice

Territorial or personal jurisdiction requirements

Cooperation by states not party to Rome Statute

Amnesty and national reconciliation processes

Investigations and preliminary examinations

African accusations of Western imperialism


Involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Financial support for Maria Butina in 2019


Harrat Al-Mathloum (District of the Wronged)


Establishment (Royal Egyptian Air Force)

Camp David Accords and Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty


Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)


Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)

Abiy Ahmed and the Prosperity Party (2018–present)


Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)

Mobutu dictatorship and Zaire (1965–1997)

Kabila's term in office and multiple anti-government protests

2018 election and new president (2018–present)


Relationship with other intelligence agencies

Indochina, Tibet and the Vietnam War (1954–1975)

Al-Qaeda and the Global War on Terrorism

2004, DNI takes over CIA top-level functions

Encryption devices sold through front company


Special Representative for Sudan and Head of UNITAMS


Address Beach Resort and Address Beach Residences


President Kibaki and the road to a new constitution


Soviet diplomat in Sri Lanka (1972–1976)

USSR Section for International Economic Relations and the UN

Russian Permanent Representative to the UN (1994–2004)

Foreign minister of Russia (2004–present)


Seizure of power by the Derg 1974 and aftermath


Early role in the First Libyan Civil War

Leading role in the Second Libyan Civil War

Family involvement in government and potential succession


"Dormant" citizenship and "right of return"


List of ambassadors of the European Union

Ambassadors to international organisations


Monopoly & decline of telegraphy (1881–1963)

Financial difficulties, bankruptcies & restructuring (1984–2006)

Public listing & international expansion (2006–present)

Involvement in early computer networking

Money laundering and terrorist financing


Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era

Consequences of exposure to disinformation online


International Organization for Migration


Current political situation 2011 to present

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria


Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean Sea

Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines


2003–2006: Thefacebook, Thiel investment, and name change

2006–2012: Public access, Microsoft alliance, and rapid growth

2012–2013: IPO, lawsuits, and one billion active users

2013–2014: Site developments, A4AI, and 10th anniversary

2015–2020: Algorithm revision; fake news

2020–present: FTC lawsuit, corporate re-branding, shut down of facial recognition technology, ease of policy

Influence Operations and Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior

Anti-Muslim propaganda and Hindu nationalism in India

Minors exposed to sexual content on VR apps


2012–2014: Additional platforms and acquisition by Facebook

2018–2019: IGTV, removal of the like counter, management changes

Harmful effect on teenage girls' mental health

Facebook acquisition as a violation of US antitrust law

Algorithmic advertisement with a rape threat


Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)


Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan)


The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)


Censorship in a documentary about slavery


Transportation, energy and infrastructure


Modern period and the emergence of Zionism


Intergovernmental Authority on Development

Comparison with other regional trade blocs


Dissolution of the union and the first World War


Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom


Civil uprising, coup d'état and transition


Content censorship and moderation by the platform

UK Information Commissioner's Office investigation

Privacy Commissioner of Canada investigation

Market Information Research Foundation lawsuit


Deputy Presidency of South Africa (2014–2018)

Presidency of South Africa (2018–present)


Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)


Operation Car Wash: corruption investigation and prosecution


Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)


Celts, Germanic tribes and Romans (800 BC–410 AD)

Burgundian, Habsburg and Spanish Habsburg Netherlands (1384–1581)

Batavian Republic and Kingdom (1795–1890)


Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace


Foreign relations and international institutions


Iberian Union, Restoration and early Brigantine era

Carnation Revolution and European integration


Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations


Storytelling and cultural programming (in house)

Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR

July 4 reading of the Declaration of Independence


European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy


Amoris laetitia and the communion to the divorced and civilly remarried

Traditionis custodes and the restriction of the Tridentine Mass


Rise to power and first term, 1999 to 2005


Fustat and other early Islamic settlements


Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai


Justice Department subpoena of phone records

Israeli airstrike on the AP office building


Alleged penetration by Russian intelligence

Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government

Notable regular contributors (past and present)


Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

Byzantine Praetorian Prefecture of Africa


Research and critique about the organization


Current television anchors, correspondents, and reporters


2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction

Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies


Censorship in a documentary about slavery


Shortwave relay stations outside Germany

Relay stations leasing transmitter time to DW


Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)


Al Jazeera English journalists Egyptian detainment


Accusation of collaboration with the CIA

Indian man falsely accused of cyber crime

Accusations of pro–Fernando Henrique Cardoso bias


American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II


Current television hosts, anchors, correspondents, and reporters


Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe

Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan

Postwar prelude and emergence of the two blocs (1945–1947)

Beginning of the Cold War, containment and the Truman Doctrine (1947–1953)

Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland

Marshall Plan, Czechoslovak coup d'état, and formation of two German states

Open hostility and escalation (1948–1962)

Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe

Khrushchev, Eisenhower, and de-Stalinization

Rapacki Plan and Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959

Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's ousting

From confrontation to détente (1962–1979)

French withdrawal from NATO military structures

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and end of détente

Polish Solidarity movement and martial law

US and USSR military and economic issues


Unemployment and reliance on subsidized goods

Under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

Role of media disruption on 28 January 2011


The birth of British broadcasting, 1920 to 1922

From private company towards public service corporation, 1923 to 1926


Creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission (2000–2003)

Emergence of armed groups in Niger Delta (2003–2004)

Presidential amnesty program (2009–2016)


Post-revolution armed groups and violence


Non-military actions taken by Morocco and the SADR

Supranational and regional organisations


Declaration of independence and escalating tensions


Military coup and cancellation of elections, 1992

Failed negotiations and guerrilla infighting, 1994

Politics resume, militias emerge, 1995–96


Coup attempt by Thomas Quiwonkpa (November 1985)

Mistreatment of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups (1985)

Charles Taylor builds insurgent forces (1985-1989)

Capture and killing of Samuel Doe (September 1990)

Armed groups that participated in the war


Declaration of Sahrawi Republic and guerilla warfare


Renewed fighting and declaration of war (18 February 2021–present)

Arrest of Nnamdi Kanu and strikes in the southeast

"Exercise Golden Dawn", increasing intra-Biafran tensions, and clashes at Bakassi


ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia


Operation Crocodile Smile (August 2016-September 2016)

Continued insurgency (September 2016-present)


Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)

A Brief History of Government in Congo-Brazzaville

1992 Elections and the Push for Democracy

Union Pan-Africaine pour la Democratie Sociale (UPADS).

Mouvement congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral (MCDDI)


War atrocities and crimes against humanity


Beginning of the uprising and Kamwina Nsapu's death


Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008

Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008

Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis

Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate

2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered


Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)


Political, diplomatic and propaganda strategy

Countries and international organizations


2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department


The Foumban Conference of 17–21 July 1961


Inauguration of Adama Barrow and ECOWAS intervention


Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)


Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Boko Haram-IS infighting and loss of territory


United Nations Force Intervention Brigade


UPDF splits off Ituri province (June 1999)

Temporary cessation of hostilities (1999–2001)

FARDC counter-attacks and surrender offers (2012–2014)


Moroccan initiative and Manhasset negotiations


Build-up to independence and rising tensions


Partial ceasefire: October–December 2002

Linas-Marcoussis talks: 15–26 January 2003

French–Ivorian violence clashes: November 2004


Islamist–nationalist conflict (June–November 2012)

MNLA realigns with the Malian Government

2014–2015: Insurgents regroup, Islamic State taking part

2016–2017: Conflict spreading to neighboring countries, creation of JNIM

2018–2020: Conflict intensifies and French troops surge

2021–present: French withdrawal and Russian intervention

Claims against separatists and Islamists

Destruction of ancient monuments in Timbuktu

Claims against the Malian Army and loyalists


Unwelcome support from other African nations

Foreign supporters of the Congo government

UN investigates illegal exploitation of minerals


Séléka rule and fall of Djotodia (2013–2014)

Ex-Séléka and Anti-balaka fighting (2014–2020)

Russian mercenaries and government offensives (January 2021-present)


Post-war conflict on the border (2000–2018)


Pre-independence Rwanda and origins of Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa

Revolution, exile of Tutsi, and the Hutu republic

Formation of the RPF and preparation for war

Arusha Accords and rise of Hutu Power, 1993–1994

Military operations during the 1994 genocide

Refugee crisis, insurgency, and Congo wars


UN scheme of geographic regions and the SACU

Kingdom of Zimbabwe and successor states


Emergence of new rebel groups and battles for Kouri Bougoudi

Death of Idriss Déby and national dialogue


Spillover into neighboring countries (1994–2002)

Operation Iron Fist and continued insurgency (2002–2005)


Overturning of traditional hierarchies and re-education camps


2011–15: Government forces retake lost territory

2016: Battle of El Adde and resurgence of Al Shabaab

African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)


Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)

Disbandment of Séléka and start of hostilities


Pre-independent Rwanda and the origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa groups

Revolution and Hutu–Tutsi relations after independence

Rwandan Patriotic Front's military campaign and victory

Refugee crisis, insurgency, and two Congo Wars

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda


Continued negotiations, signing of power-sharing agreement

After the formation of the unity government


Formation of CLA, raid on CLA training camp


Sovereignty and environmental protection


Alleged foreign involvement and other motives for the attack


Information warfare, disinformation and propaganda


Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region


Decline and Fall of Siad Barre's government (1978–91)

TFG, Islamic Courts Union, and Ethiopia (2006–2009)


Eritrean movements in Ras Doumeira region


Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho


Social, political and economic marginalisation

Displacement of Isaaq and arming of refugees

Mass arrests of civil society volunteers

Aerial bombardment and destruction of Burao

Aerial bombardment and destruction of Hargeisa

Arrests and killings of Isaaq passengers on the ship "Emviyara"

Attacks on Isaaq nomads by Ogadeni refugees in the countryside

Use of mercenaries by the Somali government

Reported acquisition of chemical weapons

Battle of Dilla and the capture of Awdal


Tigrayan guerrilla warfare (November 2020 – June 2021)

Tigrayan counter-offensive (June – November 2021)

TDF-OLA joint offensive (October – December 2021)

Government-allied counter-offensive (November 2021 – March 2022)

Resurgence of fighting (August – November 2022)

Second ceasefire (November 2022 – present)


Agwelek Forces, Tiger Faction New Forces and Democratic Change rebellions


Renewed tensions and clashes (March 2015–May 2018)


Notable events described as attempted self-coups


September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt


Sectarianism and collapse of state systems

Space and the city in the Arab uprisings


Military coup and cancellation of elections, 1992

Failed negotiations and guerrilla infighting, 1994

Politics resume, militias emerge, 1995–96


List of coups and coup attempts by country


Ineffectiveness of the Jawara government


List of coups and coup attempts since 2010


February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt


Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts

Popular opposition and regional rebellions

Economy, development, and resource factors

Current leaders who assumed power via coups


Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle

Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999

Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath

Opposition and dissent within the military


November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt


Escape attempts of the government ministers

Criminal investigations and fate of alleged putschists


1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt


Abandonment of phrase by U.S. government

Operation Inherent Resolve (Syria and Iraq)

Islamic State of Lanao and the Battle of Marawi

American military intervention in Cameroon

Post–9/11 events inside the United States

Criticism of American media's withholding of coverage

Major terrorist attacks and plots since 9/11


Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle

Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president

Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament


Reactions and connected movements in other countries

Other examples and political movements around the world


Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia


Appointment, presidential pardon and release from detention


2016 Montenegrin coup d'état attempt allegations

Criminal prosecution, trial, and verdict


2021: The Houthi-ROYG war in the north: The battle for Marib


2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt


2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis


Photo-timeline of the coup, from dusk to dawn

Restrictions on human rights and freedom of expression

Restrictions on broadcasting and the press

Restrictions on political meetings and political parties

Reactions from the Thai Rak Thai and its supporters


2007 Zimbabwean alleged coup d'état attempt


2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation


2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt


2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt


Coup d'etat and Ravalomanana's resignation


Mugabe's house arrest, negotiations, and resignation


2003 Central African Republic coup d'état


Executive decrees and their legal consequences

Supreme Court issues arrest and search warrants

Demonstrations surrounding Zelaya's removal

Human rights abuses of the interim government


2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt


10 December - Diarra arrest and resignation


Controversy over Aristide's election in 2000

Aristide's request for reparations from France

Cross-border paramilitary campaign against Haiti's state 2001–2004


2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt


Media restrictions and violence against journalists


Shift in control of theatre of operations

Soldiers' escape to Greece in helicopter

Turkish government statements about coup attempt

Statements against the U.S. and the West, and U.S. response

Turkish military personnel and diplomats asylum bids

Turkish attachés sortie from Greece to Italy

Greece: Change in migration and asylum seeking

Restrictions on funeral services for coupists

Greek maritime patrols for coup fugitives

Possible connections of the coup leaders to Erdoğan


Split: Central Council versus Democratic Block


Minister of Labour (or Welfare) and Social Development


2023 Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations

Fears of Russian military intervention in Moldova


Legal proceedings against opposition figures


No to Oppression against Women Initiative


Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation


Activities on social media and internet blackout


Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)


Coup takes place and government dissolved

Resistance to the coup, arrests, and killings of civilians

States and intergovernmental organizations


List of governors of pre-independence Sudan


2021 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt allegations


Objections to the 5 and 17 July 2019 agreements

4 August/17 August Draft Constitutional Declaration

Objections to the 4 August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration

Constitutional principles of legal reform (August 2019)

Repeal of the public order law (November 2019)

Miscellaneous Amendments Act (April–July 2020)

Religion/state separation and recognition of diversity (September 2020)

TMC–FFC Political Agreement and Constitutional Declaration


Constitutional crisis and removal of presidents


2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt


Assistants and advisors to the president


Heads of government of Sudan (1952–present)


List of current state governors in Sudan

Autonomous governments, regional authorities and other areas


Stratigraphy, tectonics & geologic history

Paleozoic-Mesozoic (539-66 million years ago)


Conflict in the south, Darfur conflict and conflict with Chad