umarjan11/Medical-qna huggingface dataset:
Question: What causes Gardner syndrome ?

Answer: What causes Gardner syndrome? Gardner syndrome is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene, which is called a "tumor suppressor." Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that are part of the system that controls cell growth and division. These proteins ensure that cells do not grow and divide too quickly or in an abnormal manner. Mutations in the APC gene lead to uncontrolled cell growth which results in the development of the polyps, tumors and cancers that can be associated with Gardner syndrome. The symptoms found in each person and the severity of the condition depend on which part of the APC gene is mutated.
Question: Who is at risk for Hendra Virus Disease (HeV)? ?

Answer: Australia’s “Flying fox” bats (genus Pteropus) are the natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Serologic evidence for HeV infection have been found in all fours species of Australian flying foxes, but spillover of the virus in horses is limited to coastal and forested regions in Australia (Queensland and New South Wales states)  (see Henipavirus Distribution Map). 
                
People at highest risk are those living within the distribution of the flying foxes and with occupational or recreational exposure to horses that have had potential contact with flying foxes in Australia.
Question: How to prevent Thalassemias ?

Answer: You cant prevent thalassemias because theyre inherited (passed from parents to children through genes). However, prenatal tests can detect these blood disorders before birth.
                
Family genetic studies may help find out whether people have missing or altered hemoglobin genes that cause thalassemias. (For more information, go to "How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?")
                
If you know of family members who have thalassemias and you're thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a genetic counselor. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children.
Question: What is the outlook for Cerebral Hypoxia ?

Answer: Recovery depends on how long the brain has been deprived of oxygen and how much brain damage has occurred, although carbon monoxide poisoning can cause brain damage days to weeks after the event. Most people who make a full recovery have only been briefly unconscious. The longer someone is unconscious, the higher the chances of death or brain death and the lower the chances of a meaningful recovery. During recovery, psychological and neurological abnormalities such as amnesia, personality regression, hallucinations, memory loss, and muscle spasms and twitches may appear, persist, and then resolve.
Question: What is the outlook for Swallowing Disorders ?

Answer: The prognosis depends upon the type of swallowing problem and the course of the neurological disorder that produces it. In some cases, dysphagia can be partially or completely corrected using diet manipulation or non-invasive methods. In others, especially when the dysphagia is causing aspiration and preventing adequate nutrition and causing weight loss, it may require aggressive intervention such as a feeding tube. For those with progressive degenerative neurological disorders, dysphagia will be only one in a cluster of symptoms and disabilities that have to be treated.
Question: What are the treatments for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation ?

Answer: There is no cure for NBIA, nor is there a standard course of treatment. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, and may include physical or occupational therapy, exercise physiology, and/or speech pathology. Many medications are available to treat the primary symptoms of dystonia and spasticity, including oral medications, intrathecal baclofen pump (in which a small pump is implanted under the skin and is programmed to deliver a specific amount of medication on a regular basis), deep brain stimulation, and botulinum toxin injection.
Question: What are the treatments for metachromatic leukodystrophy ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of metachromatic leukodystrophy:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Arylsulfatase A Deficiency  - Genetic Testing Registry: Metachromatic leukodystrophy  - Genetic Testing Registry: Sphingolipid activator protein 1 deficiency   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: Is cryptogenic cirrhosis inherited ?

Answer: Most cases of cryptogenic cirrhosis are not inherited. However, people with a family history of liver disease or autoimmune disease are at an increased risk of developing these diseases themselves, and possibly cirrhosis.  In individuals with an associated keratin gene mutation, the risk of developing cryptogenic cirrhosis appears to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to increase the risk of developing cryptogenic cirrhosis. In these families, people inherit an increased risk of cryptogenic cirrhosis, not the disease itself.
Question: What are the treatments for glycogen storage disease type IV ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of glycogen storage disease type IV:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV  - Genetic Testing Registry: Glycogen storage disease, type IV  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Dilated Cardiomyopathy  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Failure to Thrive   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the genetic changes related to chorea-acanthocytosis ?

Answer: Mutations in the VPS13A gene cause chorea-acanthocytosis. The VPS13A gene provides instructions for producing a protein called chorein; the function of this protein in the body is unknown. Some researchers believe that chorein plays a role in the movement of proteins within cells. Most VPS13A gene mutations lead to the production of an abnormally small, nonfunctional version of chorein. The VPS13A gene is active (expressed) throughout the body; it is unclear why mutations in this gene affect only the brain and red blood cells.
Question: What are the treatments for arginase deficiency ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of arginase deficiency:  - Baby's First Test  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Arginase Deficiency  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Urea Cycle Disorders Overview  - Genetic Testing Registry: Arginase deficiency  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hereditary urea cycle abnormality   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndrome ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy syndrome:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Deafness-Dystonia-Optic Neuronopathy Syndrome  - Genetic Testing Registry: Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for Ewing sarcoma ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Ewing sarcoma:  - Cancer.Net: Ewing Family of Tumors - Childhood: Diagnosis  - Cancer.Net: Ewing Family of Tumors - Childhood: Treatment  - Genetic Testing Registry: Ewing's sarcoma  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ewing Sarcoma   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of MFDM:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly  - Genetic Testing Registry: Growth and mental retardation, mandibulofacial dysostosis, microcephaly, and cleft palate   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis inherited ?

Answer: Most cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are sporadic; they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.  Familial pulmonary fibrosis appears to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. However, some people who inherit the altered gene never develop features of familial pulmonary fibrosis. (This situation is known as reduced penetrance.) It is unclear why some people with a mutated gene develop the disease and other people with the mutated gene do not.
Question: What are the treatments for tuberous sclerosis complex ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of tuberous sclerosis complex:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex  - Genetic Testing Registry: Tuberous sclerosis syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Tuberous Sclerosis  - Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance: TSC Clinics   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for congenital stromal corneal dystrophy ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of congenital stromal corneal dystrophy:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy  - Genetic Testing Registry: Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Cloudy Cornea   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for glutathione synthetase deficiency ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of glutathione synthetase deficiency:  - Baby's First Test  - Genetic Testing Registry: Glutathione synthetase deficiency of erythrocytes, hemolytic anemia due to  - Genetic Testing Registry: Gluthathione synthetase deficiency   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for Pendred syndrome ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Pendred syndrome:  - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Childhood Communication  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Pendred Syndrome/DFNB4  - Genetic Testing Registry: Pendred's syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Goiter  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hearing Loss   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for Sjgren syndrome ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Sjgren syndrome:  - Genetic Testing Registry: Sjgren's syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Schirmer's Test  - National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research: Sjgren's Syndrome Clinic  - Sjgren's Syndrome Foundation: Treatments   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the treatments for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome:  - Gene Review: Gene Review: Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome  - Genetic Testing Registry: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Uric Acid Crystals   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What is (are) Warsaw breakage syndrome ?

Answer: Warsaw breakage syndrome is a condition that can cause multiple abnormalities. People with Warsaw breakage syndrome have intellectual disability that varies from mild to severe. They also have impaired growth from birth leading to short stature and a small head size (microcephaly). Affected individuals have distinctive facial features that may include a small forehead, a short nose, a small lower jaw, a flat area between the nose and mouth (philtrum), and prominent cheeks. Other common features include hearing loss caused by nerve damage in the inner ear (sensorineural hearing loss) and heart malformations.
Question: What are the treatments for Costeff syndrome ?

Answer: These resources address the diagnosis or management of Costeff syndrome:  - Baby's First Test  - Gene Review: Gene Review: OPA3-Related 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria  - Genetic Testing Registry: 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 3  - MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Optic Nerve Atrophy   These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions:  - Diagnostic Tests  - Drug Therapy  - Surgery and Rehabilitation  - Genetic Counseling   - Palliative Care
Question: What are the genetic changes related to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency ?

Answer: Mutations in the IL2RG gene cause X-linked SCID. The IL2RG gene provides instructions for making a protein that is critical for normal immune system function. This protein is necessary for the growth and maturation of developing immune system cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes defend the body against potentially harmful invaders, make antibodies, and help regulate the entire immune system. Mutations in the IL2RG gene prevent these cells from developing and functioning normally. Without functional lymphocytes, the body is unable to fight off infections.
Question: What are the symptoms of Peyronie's Disease ?

Answer: The signs and symptoms of Peyronies disease may include
                
- hard lumps on one or more sides of the penis  - pain during sexual intercourse or during an erection  - a curve in the penis either with or without an erection  - narrowing or shortening of the penis  - ED
                
Symptoms of Peyronies disease range from mild to severe. Symptoms may develop slowly or appear quickly. In many cases, the pain decreases over time, although the curve in the penis may remain. In milder cases, symptoms may go away without causing a permanent curve.
Question: What are the symptoms of Gastritis ?

Answer: Erosive gastritis may cause ulcers or erosions in the stomach lining that can bleed. Signs and symptoms of bleeding in the stomach include
                
- shortness of breath  - dizziness or feeling faint  - red blood in vomit  - black, tarry stools  - red blood in the stool  - weakness  - paleness
                
A person with any signs or symptoms of bleeding in the stomach should call or see a health care provider right away.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Bleeding in the Digestive Tract.
Question: How to diagnose Problems with Taste ?

Answer: Doctors can diagnose a taste disorder by measuring the lowest concentration of a substance that a person can detect. The doctor may also ask a patient to compare the tastes of different substances or to note how the intensity of a taste grows when a substance's concentration is increased. Scientists have developed taste tests in which a person responds to different concentrations of a substance. This may involve a simple "sip, spit, and rinse" test, or the application of a substance directly to the tongue with an eye dropper. By using these tests, your doctor can determine if you have a true taste disorder and what type it is.
Question: What are the symptoms of Vulvar Cancer ?

Answer: Signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching. Vulvar cancer often does not cause early signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms may be caused by vulvar cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:         - A lump or growth on the vulva.    - Changes in the vulvar skin, such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer.    - Itching in the vulvar area, that does not go away.    - Bleeding not related to menstruation (periods).    - Tenderness in the vulvar area.
Question: What are the symptoms of Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) ?

Answer: Signs of bile duct cancer include jaundice and pain in the abdomen. These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by bile duct cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:         -  Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes).    - Dark urine.    - Clay colored stool.    - Pain in the abdomen.    -  Fever.    - Itchy skin.    -  Nausea and vomiting.    - Weight loss for an unknown reason.
Question: Do you have information about Patient Rights

Answer: Summary : As a patient, you have certain rights. Some are guaranteed by federal law, such as the right to get a copy of your medical records, and the right to keep them private. Many states have additional laws protecting patients, and healthcare facilities often have a patient bill of rights.    An important patient right is informed consent. This means that if you need a treatment, your health care provider must give you the information you need to make a decision.    Many hospitals have patient advocates who can help you if you have problems. Many states have an ombudsman office for problems with long term care. Your state's department of health may also be able to help.
Question: What is (are) Child Sexual Abuse ?

Answer: Sexual abuse is one form of child abuse. It includes a wide range of actions between a child and an adult or older child. Often these involve body contact, but not always. Exposing one's genitals to children or pressuring them for sex is sexual abuse. Using a child for pornography is also sexual abuse.    Most sexual abusers know the child they abuse. They may be family friends, neighbors or babysitters. About one-third of abusers are related to the child. Most abusers are men. If you think a child may have been abused, it's important to report it.
Question: What are the treatments for Citrullinemia type I ?

Answer: What happens when citrullinemia type I is not treated?  Untreated individuals with the severe form of citrullinemia type I have hyperammonemia (plasma ammonia concentration 1000-3000 mol/L). Without prompt intervention, hyperammonemia and the accumulation of other toxic metabolites result in swelling of the brain, breathing problems, increased or decreased muscle tone, muscle weakness, problems staying warm, seizures, loss of consciousness, and sometimes death. Without treatment, most babies die within the first few weeks of life.
Question: What causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome ?

Answer: What causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? Normally, electrical signals in the heart go through a pathway that helps the heart beat regularly. The wiring of the heart prevents extra beats from occurring and keeps the next beat from happening too soon. In people with Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, there is an extra, or accessory, pathway that may cause a very rapid heart rate. This extra electrical pathway is present at birth. A mutation in the PRKAG2 gene  is the cause of a small percentage of cases of the disorder. Otherwise, little is known about why this extra pathway develops.
Question: What is (are) Takayasu arteritis ?

Answer: Takayasu arteritis is a condition that causes inflammation of the main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body (aorta) and its associated branched blood vessels. As a result of the inflammation, the blood vessel walls become thick and make it difficult for blood to flow. Over time, impaired blood flow causes damage to the heart and various other organs of the body.  Although the cause remains unknown, Takayasu arteritis appears to be an autoimmune condition, in which cells that fight infection and disease are wrongly targeted against the body's own tissues.
Question: What are the treatments for Shapiro syndrome ?

Answer: What treatment options have been attempted for Shapiro syndrome? Evaluating effective treatment options for Shapiro syndrome can be difficult because of the limited number of diagnosed cases, the periodic nature of the disease, and other factors. Nonetheless, the following have been attempted and have resulted in varying responses: anticonvulsants, clonidine, cyproheptadine, glycopyrrolate, bromocriptine, chlorpromazine, or sympathectomy. It is recommended that treatment options be discussed with a health care provider. Only a patient's health care provider can determine the appropriate course of treatment.
Question: What is (are) Ambras syndrome ?

Answer: Ambras syndrome is a very rare type of hypertrichosis lanuginosa congenita, a congenital skin disease characterized by excessive hair growth on the entire body, with the exception of the palms, soles, and mucous membranes. Individuals with Ambras syndrome have excessive growth of vellus (soft, fine and short) hair, especially on the face, ears, and shoulders. Facial and dental abnormalities may also be present. Ambras syndrome has been mapped to the short (q) arm of chromosome 8. It appears to follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
Question: How to diagnose Mastocytic enterocolitis ?

Answer: How is mastocytic enterocolits diagnosed? Mastocytic enterocolitis is diagnosed after an endoscopic procedure in which the doctor takes samples of tissues (biopsies) from the lining of the intestines. The tissue is then sent to a pathologist who looks at it under the microscope. Mast cells may be hard to see on biopsies without a special stain for tryptase, an enzyme present in mast cells. Mastocytic enterocolitis is diagnosed when excess mast cells are present in the small bowel or the colon.
Question: What is (are) Chiari malformation type 1 ?

Answer: Chiari malformation type 1 is a structural abnormality of the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance. It involves the extension of the lower part of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum (the large hole at the base of the skull which allows passage of the spinal cord), without involving the brainstem. Normally, only the spinal cord passes through this opening. This malformation is the most common type of Chiari malformation and may not cause any symptoms. Depending on the symptoms present and severity, some individuals may not require treatment while others may require pain medications or surgery.
Question: What are the treatments for Malignant eccrine spiradenoma ?

Answer: How might malignant eccrine spiradenoma be treated? Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible is usually the first step of treatment for malignant eccrine spiradenoma.  Both a traditional surgical technique known as wide local excision and the newer Mohs micrographic surgery are thought to be effective for treating this cancer.  Additional treatment may include radiation therapy to destroy any cancer cells that might remain after surgery.  Though chemotherapy has been used in cases of malignant eccrine spiradenoma, it is thought to be of limited help in treating this disease.