um-ids/dailymed-annotations huggingface dataset:
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets, USP and other antibacterial drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to empiric selection of therapy.
Urinary Tract Infections
For the treatment of urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. It is recommended that initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections be treated with a single effective antibacterial agent rather than the combination.
Acute Otitis Media
For the treatment of acute otitis media in pediatric patients due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when in the judgment of the physician sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets offer some advantage over the use of other antimicrobial agents. To date, there are limited data on the safety of repeated use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets, USP in pediatric patients under two years of age. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets, USP are not indicated for prophylactic or prolonged administration in otitis media at any age.
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis in Adults
For the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae when a physician deems that sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim tablets, USP could offer some advantage over the use of a single antimicrobial agent.
Shigellosis
For the treatment of enteritis caused by susceptible strains of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei when antibacterial therapy is indicated.
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
For the treatment of documented Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and for prophylaxis against P.jiroveci pneumonia in individuals who are immunosuppressed and considered to be at an increased risk of developing P. jiroveci pneumonia.
Traveler's Diarrhea in Adults
For the treatment of traveler's diarrhea due to susceptible strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Bupropion hydrochloride extended-release tablets (XL) are an aminoketone antidepressant, indicated for:
treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) (1.1)
prevention of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (1.2)
1.1 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Bupropion hydrochloride extended-release tablets (XL) are indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
The efficacy of the immediate-release formulation of bupropion was established in two 4-week controlled inpatient trials and one 6-week controlled outpatient trial of adult patients with MDD. The efficacy of the sustained-release formulation of bupropion in the maintenance treatment of MDD was established in a long-term (up to 44 weeks), placebo-controlled trial in patients who had responded to bupropion in an 8-week study of acute treatment [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
1.2 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Bupropion hydrochloride extended-release tablets (XL) are indicated for the prevention of seasonal major depressive episodes in patients with a diagnosis of seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
The efficacy of bupropion hydrochloride extended-release tablets in the prevention of seasonal major depressive episodes was established in 3 placebo-controlled trials in adult outpatients with a history of MDD with an autumn-winter seasonal pattern as defined in the DSM [seeClinical Studies (14.2)].
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Morphine Sulfate Tablets are indicated for the management of:
adults with acute pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
adults with chronic pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
Limitations of Use:
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses
[see
Warnings and Precautions (5.1)],
reserve Morphine Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non- opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:
Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia.
Morphine Sulfate Tablets are an opioid agonist indicated for the management of
adults with acute pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
(1)
adults with chronic pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
(1)
Limitations of Use
(1)
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, reserve Morphine Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:
Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Angina Pectoris
Nadolol is indicated for the long-term management of patients with angina pectoris.
Hypertension
Nadolol is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure.
Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are no controlled trials demonstrating risk reduction with nadolol.
Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Programs Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).
Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.
Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.
Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.
Nadolol may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Memantine hydrochloride tabletsare indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimers type.
Memantine hydrochloride tablets are an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimers type. (1)
Ramelteon Tablets are indicated for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset.
The clinical trials performed in support of efficacy were up to six months in duration. The final formal assessments of sleep latency were performed after two days of treatment during the crossover study (elderly only), at five weeks in the six week studies (adults and elderly), and at the end of the six month study (adults and elderly) [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)].
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Vasostrict
is indicated to increase blood pressure in adults with vasodilatory shock who remain hypotensive despite fluids and catecholamines.
Vasostrict
is indicated to increase blood pressure in adults with vasodilatory shock who remain hypotensive despite fluids and catecholamines. (
1)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, USP and other treatment options before deciding to use Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, USP. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS).
Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, USP have been found effective in active stages of the following:
1. Moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute flares of chronic disease.
2. Moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Moderate to sever osteoarthritis.
4. Acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendonitis).
Indomethacin Extended-Release Capsules, USP are not recommended for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis.
Indomethacin may enable the reduction of steroid dosage in patients receiving steroids for the more sever forms of rheumatoid arthritis. In such instances the steroid dosage should be reduced slowly and the patients followed very closely for any possible adverse effects.
The use of indomethacin in conjunction with aspirin or other salicylates is not recommended. Controlled clinical studies have shown that the combined use of indomethacin and aspirin does not product any greater therapeutic effect than the use of indomethacin alone. Furthermore, in one of these clinical studies, the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was significantly increased with combined therapy. (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Lamotrigine tablets are indicated for:
Epilepsyadjunctive therapy in patients aged 2 years and older:
partial-onset seizures.
primary generalized tonic-clonic
seizures.
generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome. (1.1)
Epilepsymonotherapy in patients aged 16 years and older: Conversion to monotherapy in patients with partial-onset seizures who are receiving treatment with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate as the single antiepileptic drug. (1.1)
Bipolar disorder: Maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy. (1.2)
Limitations of Use: Treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes is not recommended. Effectiveness of lamotrigine tablets in the acute treatment of mood episodes has not been established.
1.1 Epilepsy
Adjunctive Therapy
Lamotrigine tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy for the following seizure types in patients aged 2 years and older:
partial-onset seizures.
primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC)
seizures.
generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome.
Monotherapy
Lamotrigine tablets are indicated for conversion to monotherapy in adults (aged 16 years and older) with partial-onset seizures who are receiving treatment with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate as the single antiepileptic drug (AED).
Safety and effectiveness of lamotrigine tablets have not been established (1) as initial monotherapy; (2) for conversion to monotherapy from AEDs other than carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate; or (3) for simultaneous conversion to monotherapy from 2 or more concomitant AEDs.
1.2 Bipolar Disorder
Lamotrigine tablets are indicated for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes (depression, mania, hypomania, mixed episodes) in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Limitations of Use
Treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes is not recommended. Effectiveness of lamotrigine tablets in the acute treatment of mood episodes has not been established.
1 INDICATIONS & USAGE
Nitisinone capsules are indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) in combination with dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine.
Nitisinone is a hydroxy-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) in combination with dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE:
Nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals) are specifically indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections when due to susceptible strains of
Escherichia coli, enterococci
, Staphylococcus aureus, and certain susceptible strains of
Klebsiella and
Enterobacter species.
Nitrofurantoin is not indicated for the treatment of pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals) and other antibacterial drugs, nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Nitrofurantoins lack the broader tissue distribution of other therapeutic agents approved for urinary tract infections. Consequently, many patients who are treated with nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals) are predisposed to persistence or reappearance of bacteriuria. Urine specimens for culture and susceptibility testing should be obtained before and after completion of therapy. If persistence or reappearance of bacteriuria occurs after treatment with nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals), other therapeutic agents with broader tissue distribution should be selected. In considering the use of nitrofurantoin capsules (macrocrystals), lower eradication rates should be balanced against the increased potential for systemic toxicity and for the development of antimicrobial resistance when agents with broader tissue distribution are utilized.
INDICATIONS
Doxepin Hydrochloride Capsules, USP are recommended for the treatment of:
1.Psychoneurotic patients with depression and/or anxiety.
2.Depression and/or anxiety associated with alcoholism (not to be taken concomitantly with alcohol).
3.Depression and/or anxiety associated with organic disease (the possibility of drug interaction should be considered if the patient is receiving other drugs concomitantly).
4.Psychotic depressive disorders with associated anxiety including involutional depression and manic-depressive disorders.
The target symptoms of psychoneurosis that respond particularly well to doxepin hydrochloride capsules include anxiety, tension, depression, somatic symptoms and concerns, sleep disturbances, guilt, lack of energy, fear, apprehension and worry.
Clinical experience has shown that doxepin hydrochloride capsules are safe and well tolerated even in the elderly patient. Owing to lack of clinical experience in the pediatric population, doxepin hydrochloride capsules are not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Epilepsy
Carbamazepine is indicated for use as an anticonvulsant drug. Evidence supporting efficacy of carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant was derived from active drug-controlled studies that enrolled patients with the following seizure types:
1.Partial seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor, temporal lobe). Patients with these seizures appear to show greater improvement than those with other types.
2.Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal).
3.Mixed seizure patterns which include the above, or other partial or generalized seizures. Absence seizures (petit mal) do not appear to be controlled by carbamazepine (see PRECAUTIONS, General).
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Carbamazepine is indicated in the treatment of the pain associated with true trigeminal neuralgia.
Beneficial results have also been reported in glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
This drug is not a simple analgesic and should not be used for the relief of trivial aches or pains.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nystatin cream is indicated in the treatment of cutaneous or mucocutaneous mycotic infections caused by
Candida albicans and other susceptible
Candida species.
This cream is not indicated for systemic, oral, intravaginal or ophthalmic use.
1 INDICATIONSAND USAGE
Clobazam oral suspension is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients 2 years of age or older.
Clobazam oral suspension is a benzodiazepine indicated for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients 2 years of age or older (
1)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Cephalexin Capsules USP are indicated for the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms:
Respiratory tract infections caused by and . (Penicillin is the usual drug of choice in the treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections, including the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever. Cephalexin is generally effective in the eradication of streptococci from the nasopharynx; however, substantial data establishing the efficacy of cephalexin in the subsequent prevention of rheumatic fever are not available at present.)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Otitis media due to , , , , and .
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Moraxella catarrhalis
Skin and skin structure infections caused by and/or .
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Bone infections caused by and/or .
Staphylococcus aureus
Proteus mirabilis
Genitourinary tract infections, including acute prostatitis, caused by , , and pneumoniae.
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella
Note
Culture and susceptibility tests should be initiated prior to and during therapy. Renal function studies should be performed when indicated.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cephalexin capsules and other antibacterial drugs, cephalexin capsules should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
FANAPTis indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
When deciding among the alternative treatments available for this condition, the prescriber should consider the finding that FANAPT is associated with prolongation of the QTc interval [see (Warnings and Precautions 5.3)]. Prolongation of the QTc interval is associated in some other drugs with the ability to cause torsade de pointes type arrhythmia, a potentially fatal polymorphic ventricular tachycardia which can result in sudden death. In many cases this would lead to the conclusion that other drugs should be tried first. Whether FANAPT will cause torsade de pointes or increase the rate of sudden death is not yet known.
Patients must be titrated to an effective dose of FANAPT. Thus, control of symptoms may be delayed during the first 1 to 2 weeks of treatment compared to some other antipsychotic drugs that do not require a similar titration. Prescribers should be mindful of this delay when selecting an antipsychotic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia
[see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Clinical Studies (14)].
FANAPT is an atypical antipsychotic indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. (1, 14) In choosing among treatments, prescribers should consider the ability of FANAPT to prolong the QT interval and the use of other drugs first. Prescribers should also consider the need to titrate FANAPT slowly to avoid orthostatic hypotension, which may lead to delayed effectiveness compared to some other drugs that do not require similar titration. (2, 5, 14)
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Atovaquone oral suspension is a quinone antimicrobial drug indicated for:
Prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in adults and adolescents aged 13 years and older who cannot tolerate trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). (1.1)
Treatment of mild-to-moderate PCP in adults and adolescents aged 13 years and older who cannot tolerate TMP-SMX. (1.2)
Limitations of Use (1.3):
Treatment of severe PCP (alveolar arterial oxygen diffusion gradient [(A-a)DO2] >45 mm Hg) with atovaquone has not been studied.
The efficacy of atovaquone in subjects who are failing therapy with TMP-SMX has also not been studied.
1.1 Prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
Atovaquone oral suspension is indicated for the prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in adults and adolescents (aged 13 years and older) who cannot tolerate trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
1.2 Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
Atovaquone oral suspension is indicated for the acute oral treatment of mild-to-moderate PCP in adults and adolescents (aged 13 years and older) who cannot tolerate TMP-SMX.
1.3 Limitations of Use
Clinical experience with atovaquone oral suspension for the treatment of PCP has been limited to subjects with mild-to-moderate PCP (alveolar-arterial oxygen diffusion gradient [(A-a)DO2] 45 mm Hg). Treatment of more severe episodes of PCP with atovaquone oral suspension has not been studied. The efficacy of atovaquone oral suspension in subjects who are failing therapy with TMP-SMX has also not been studied.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
OXBRYTA is indicated for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age and older.
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on increase in hemoglobin (Hb) [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trial(s).
OXBRYTA is a hemoglobin S polymerization inhibitor indicated for the treatment of sickle cell disease in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age and older.
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on increase in hemoglobin (Hb). Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trial(s). (1)