um-ids/dailymed-annotations huggingface dataset:
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Seizure Disorders:
Clonazepam is useful alone or as an adjunct in the treatment of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (petit mal variant), akinetic, and myoclonic seizures. In patients with absence seizures (petit mal) who have failed to respond to succinimides, clonazepam may be useful.
Some loss of effect may occur during the course of clonazepam treatment (see
PRECAUTIONS:
Loss of Effect).
Panic Disorder:
Clonazepam is indicated for the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, as defined in DSM-V. Panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks and associated concern about having additional attacks, worry about the implications or consequences of the attacks, and/or a significant change in behavior related to the attacks.
The efficacy of clonazepam was established in two 6- to 9-week trials in panic disorder patients whose diagnoses corresponded to the DSM-IIIR category of panic disorder (see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Clinical Trials).
Panic disorder (DSM-V) is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks, i.e., a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort in which four (or more) of the following symptoms develop abruptly and reach a peak within 10 minutes: (1) palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate; (2) sweating; (3) trembling or shaking; (4) sensations of shortness of breath or smothering; (5) feeling of choking; (6) chest pain or discomfort; (7) nausea or abdominal distress; (8) feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded or faint; (9) derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself); (10) fear of losing control; (11) fear of dying; (12) paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations); (13) chills or hot flushes.
The effectiveness of clonazepam in long-term use, that is, for more than 9 weeks, has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. The physician who elects to use clonazepam for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient (see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Rivastigmine Transdermal System is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor indicated for treatment of:
Mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD) (1.1)
Mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) (1.2)
1.1 Alzheimer's Disease
Rivastigmine Transdermal System is indicated for the treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD). Efficacy has been demonstrated in patients with mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease.
1.2 Parkinson's Disease Dementia
Rivastigmine Transdermal System is indicated for the treatment of mild-to-moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Fluconazole for oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of:
1. Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. In open noncomparative studies of relatively small numbers of patients, fluconazole for oral suspension was also effective for the treatment of Candida urinary tract infections, peritonitis, and systemic Candida infections including candidemia, disseminated candidiasis, and pneumonia.
2. Cryptococcal meningitis. Before prescribing fluconazole for oral suspension for AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis, please see
CLINICAL STUDIESsection. Studies comparing fluconazole for oral suspension to amphotericin B in non-HIV infected patients have not been conducted.
Prophylaxis: Fluconazole for oral suspension is also indicated to decrease the incidence of candidiasis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation who receive cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (serology, histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organisms. Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known; however, once these results become available, anti-infective therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
7. Respiratory Diseases
Symptomatic sarcoidosis Loeffler's syndrome not manageable by other means Berylliosis Fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy Aspiration pneumonitis
1 INDICATIONS & USAGE
Droxidopa capsules is indicated for the treatment of orthostatic dizziness, lightheadedness, or the feeling that you are about to black out in adult patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) caused by primary autonomic failure (Parkinson's disease [PD], multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure), dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, and non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Effectiveness beyond 2 weeks of treatment has not been established. The continued effectiveness of droxidopa capsules should be assessed periodically.
Droxidopa capsule is indicated for the treatment of orthostatic dizziness, light headedness, or the feeling that you are about to black out in adult patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) caused by primary autonomic failure (Parkinson's disease [PD], multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure), dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, and non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Effectiveness beyond 2 weeks of treatment has not been established. The continued effectiveness of Droxidopa capsules should be assessed periodically (1).
INDICATIONS
Zma Clear (Sodium Sulfacetamide 9% & Sulfur 4.5% Suspension)is indicated in the topical control of acne vulgaris, acne rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis.
1 INDICATIONS & USAGE
Cephalexin is a cephalosporin antibacterial drug indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible isolates of designated bacteria:
Respiratory tract infection (1.1)
Otitis media (1.2)
Skin and skin structure infections (1.3)
Bone infections (1.4)
Genitourinary tract infections (1.5)
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of cephalexin and other antibacterial drugs, cephalexin should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (1.6)
1.1 Respiratory Tract Infections
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Streptococcus pyogenes.
1.2 Otitis Media
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of otitis media caused by susceptible isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and
Moraxella catarrhalis.
1.3 Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenes.
1.4 Bone Infections
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of bone infections caused by susceptible isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus and
Proteus mirabilis.
1.5 Genitourinary Tract Infections
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of genitourinary tract infections, including acute prostatitis, caused by susceptible isolates of
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and
Klebsiella pneumoniae.
1.6 Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of cephalexin and other antibacterial drugs, cephalexin should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information is available, this information should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
For use as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism. Useful also in the control of extrapyramidal disorders (except tardive dyskinesia - see
PRECAUTIONS
) due to neuroleptic drugs (e.g., phenothiazine's).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Phenadoz is useful for:
Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis.Vasomotor rhinitis.Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods.Mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angioedema.Amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma.Dermographism.Anaphylactic reactions, as adjunctive therapy to epinephrine and other standard measures, after the acute manifestations have been controlled.Preoperative, postoperative, or obstetric sedation.Prevention and control of nausea and vomiting associated with certain types of anesthesia and surgery.Therapy adjunctive to meperidine or other analgesics for control of postoperative pain.Sedation in both children and adults, as well as relief of apprehension and production of light sleep from which the patient can be easily aroused.Active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness.Antiemetic therapy in postoperative patients.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Sildenafil citrate is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group I) in adults to improve exercise ability and delay clinical worsening. Studies establishing effectiveness were short-term (12 to 16 weeks), and included predominately patients with NYHA Functional Class II-III symptoms. Etiologies were idiopathic (71%) or associated with connective tissue disease (25%). (1)
Limitation of Use: Adding sildenafil to bosentan therapy does not result in any beneficial effect on exercise capacity. (1, 14)
Sildenafil tablets are indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I) in adults to improve exercise ability and delay clinical worsening. The delay in clinical worsening was demonstrated when sildenafil tablets were added to background epoprostenol therapy [see Clinical Studies (14)].
Studies establishing effectiveness were short-term (12 to 16 weeks), and included predominately patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II-III symptoms and idiopathic etiology (71%) or associated with connective tissue disease (CTD) (25%).
Limitation of Use: Adding sildenafil to bosentan therapy does not result in any beneficial effect on exercise capacity [ see Clinical Studies (14)].
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
0.25% Acetic Acid Irrigation, USP is indicated as a constant or intermittent bladder rinse to help prevent the growth and proliferation of susceptible urinary pathogens (especially ammonia-forming bacteria) in the management of patients who require prolonged placement of an indwelling urethral catheter. It also may be used for periodic irrigation of an indwelling catheter to help maintain patency by reducing the formation of calcium encrustations.
Indications and Usage
Iobenguane is indicated as a radioactive isotope diagnosing for adrenomedullary disorders and neuroendocrine tumors.
Tumors, adrenal medulla (diagnosis): I-123 MIBG is used for diagnostic imaging of the adrenal medulla, for the evaluation and localization of intra- and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and neuroblastomas, as well as for localization of metastatic lesions from these tumors. I-123 MIBG can also be used for confirmation of diagnosis of pheochromocytoma when catecholamine determination tests are unclear.
Tumors, carcinoid (diagnosis): I-123 MIBG scintigraphy is used as screening procedures for suspected carcinoid tumors, especially those of intestinal origin.
Hyperplasia, adrenal medulla (diagnosis): I-123 MIBG is used in the evaluation of the adrenal medulla for disorders such as medullary hyperplasia in patients at risk of developing medullary disease (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia [MEN type 2, MEN type 3]).
Carcinoma, thyroid (diagnosis): I-123 MIBG is used for diagnostic imaging of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
DISTRIBUTION
After intravenous administration, there is rapid uptake of MIBG mainly in the liver, and in lesser amounts in the lungs, heart, and salivary glands. A limited number of patients may show activity in normal adrenals, lung, skeletal, muscle, and blocked thyroid glands. Although the uptake in normal adrenal glands is very low, hyperplastic adrenals and tumors such as pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and other tumors with neurosecretory granules have a relatively higher uptake. Significant clearance of I-123 MIBG from the liver and the spleen occurs within 72 hours. I-123 MIBGIn adrenal medullary tumors: Initial images may be obtained 2 to 3 hours after injection. Images may also be obtained at 18 to 24 hours, and as late as 48 hours post injection. Most pheochromocytomas are visualized at 24 hours. However, due to the short half-life of I-123 MIBG, images may not be possible at times when background (e.g., liver) activity is low and imaging would be optimal. Small amounts of radioactivity used in diagnosis; radiation received is low and considered safe.
ELIMINATION
Renal; about 40 to 50% of the injected activity is eliminated within 24 hours and about 70 to 90% within 4 days (mainly as unchanged drug with small amounts of I-123 m-iodohippuric acid [I-123 MIHA], I-123 iodide, and I-123 m-iodobenzoic acid [I-123 MIBA]).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Oral Rinse is indicated for use between dental visits as part of a professional program for the treatment of gingivitis as characterized by redness and swelling of the gingivae, including gingival bleeding upon probing. Chlorhexidine gluconate has not been tested among patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). For patients having coexisting gingivitis and periodontitis, see
PRECAUTIONS.
INDICATIONS
Initial Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma
Carboplatin Injection is indicated for the initial treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma in established combination with other approved chemotherapeutic agents. One established combination regimen consists of Carboplatin Injection and cyclophosphamide. Two randomized controlled studies conducted by the NCIC and SWOG with carboplatin versus cisplatin, both in combination with cyclophosphamide, have demonstrated equivalent overall survival between the two groups (see
CLINICAL STUDIES
).
There is limited statistical power to demonstrate equivalence in overall pathologic complete response rates and long-term survival ( 3 years) because of the small number of patients with these outcomes: the small number of patients with residual tumor <2 cm after initial surgery also limits the statistical power to demonstrate equivalence in this subgroup.
Secondary Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma
Carboplatin Injection is indicated for the palliative treatment of patients with ovarian carcinoma recurrent after prior chemotherapy, including patients who have been previously treated with cisplatin.
Within the group of patients previously treated with cisplatin, those who have developed progressive disease while receiving cisplatin therapy may have a decreased response rate.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Zoledronic acid injection is a bisphosphonate indicated for:
Treatment of Pagets disease of bone in men and women (1.5)
1.5 Paget's Disease of Bone
Zoledronic acid injection is indicated for treatment of Paget's disease of bone in men and women. Treatment is indicated in patients with Pagets disease of bone with elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase of two times or higher than the upper limit of the age-specific normal reference range, or those who are symptomatic, or those at risk for complications from their disease [see
Clinical Studies (14.5)].
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Olmesartan medoxomil tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adults and children six years of age and older, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are no controlled trials demonstrating risk reduction with olmesartan medoxomil.
Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Programs Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).
Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.
Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.
Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.
It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.
Olmesartan medoxomil tablets are an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adult and pediatric patients six years of age and older, alone or with other antihypertensive agents, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions (
1).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE:
Cyanocobalamin is indicated for vitamin B
12 deficiencies due to malabsorption which may be associated with the following conditions:
Addisonian (pernicious) anemia
Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery, including gluten enteropathy or sprue, small bowel bacteria overgrowth, total or partial gastrectomy
Fish tapeworm infestation
Malignancy of pancreas or bowel
Folic acid deficiency
It may be possible to treat the underlying disease by surgical correction of anatomic lesions leading to small bowel bacterial overgrowth, expulsion of fish tapeworm, discontinuation of drugs leading to vitamin malabsorption (see
Drug Interactions
), use of a gluten-free diet in nontropical sprue, or administration of antibiotics in tropical sprue. Such measures remove the need for long-term administration of cyanocobalamin.
Requirements of vitamin B
12 in excess of normal (due to pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, malignancy, hepatic and renal disease) can usually be met with oral supplementation.
Cyanocobalamin Injection, USP is also suitable for the vitamin B
12 absorption test (
Schilling test).
1.1 Major Depressive Disorder
Venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Efficacy was established in three short-term
(4, 8, and 12 weeks) and two long-term, maintenance trials.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Betimol
is indicated in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Drug-induced methemoglobinemia
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nebivolol is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. (1.1)
1.1 Hypertension
Nebivolol tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Nebivolol tablets may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are no controlled trials demonstrating risk reduction with nebivolol tablets.
Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).
Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.
Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.
Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.