Community nursing
Community nursing is nursing care delivered outside acute hospitals, for example in the home, within General Practice facilities, in community hospitals, in police custody, at a school or in a care home. In the UK, a community nurse needs a degree approved by the Nursing and Midwifery Council, as well as 1–2 years’ experience as a qualified Adult Nurse. Community health nursing's primary focus is the public/community, in which prevention, promotion, and health maintenance strategies are utilized to help ensure the wellbeing of the entire community. Furthermore, in this type of nursing the client is the  community rather than an individual patient. A community can be described as a group of persons who socially interact because of shared goals and interests (McEwen & Nies, 2019). Reference: Nies, M. A., & McEwen, M. (2019). Health: A community view. Community/public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (pp. 1–18). Elsevier. Being culturally competent is necessary for the community health nurse. A community may have many different cultures living within the area with different beliefs and traditions. It's also important to be aware of the socioeconomic factors in the community. The socioeconomic status is defined as the combination of  economic status, education, occupation and income (Nies & McEwen, 2019). There may be inconsistencies within the community resources depending on socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, socioeconomic status is often unevenly distributed in some races and ethnicities. It's therefore important for a community health nurse to recognize the areas of lower socioeconomic status that may need access to more community resources. The job functions covered include: Women's Health in Community Health: The Role of the Community Midwife Women's Health has its place in community health. Women account for 49.6% of the global population. There are global issues that some women may  be prone to experiencing than other women residing in a different part of the world. For women in a community, it is important to consider various aspects that determines wellbeing. Different women's health topics include the role of the woman in her community, mental wellbeing, disease prevention, health promotion, nutrition, sexuality, sex, sexual health, sexually transmitted infections, and reproductive health (Alexander, LaRosa, Bader, H., Garfield, & Alexander, 2017). The role of the nursing midwife has a large impact on women in the community experiencing pregnancy. The nursing midwife is responsible for caring for women who are pregnant. Their duty includes  assessing for a healthy pregnancy by ensuring appropriate healthcare management during pregnancy and actively participating in a safe delivery. Duties of a community midwife includes ensuring the pregnant woman is maintaining health by assessing vital signs and changes in the woman's behavior. The nurse midwife should assess the fetus for normal growth habits and ensure the appropriate treatments, medications, and diagnostic tests are being completed for close management of the pregnancy. The nurse midwife provides continuous education for the woman throughout her pregnancy. Aannestad, Herstad, & Severinsson (2019) concluded that women who have the experience of having a midwife during  pregnancy and at birth expressed the need for the role in the community health. The nurse midwife establishes a relationship whose presence provided security, guidance, support, and expertise (Aannestad et al., 2019). The role of the community nurse midwife plays a large role in dependable care of pregnant women and safe delivery of the baby. Private Duty Nursing care is provided in the comfort of a client's home in the community. According to an AARP survey, 76% of Americans age 50 and older say they prefer to remain in their current residence, and 77% would like to stay in  their community if possible (Vasold & Binette, 2009). The private duty nurse manages a client's daily health needs, uses critical thinking skills to assess unfavorable health changes in conditions, and administers treatments and medicines. A private duty nurse communicates with the client's doctor from the community. The purpose of a Private Duty Nurse is to provide continuous skilled nursing care for clients with complex medical needs if nursing care can be delivered safely in the client's residence. Private duty nursing can be provided by Licensed Practical Nurse and Registered Nurses in most states. Care provided by license practical  nurses must be under the supervision of a Registered Nurse. Private duty nursing services are covered through Medicaid health plans. Clients must have a medical need, a doctor's order, and a face to face encounter documented 90 days before or within 30 days after the start of care (Ohio Department of Medicaid, 2020). Nurses who provide private duty nursing services allow patients to remain in the community in their homes. According to the National Private Duty Association, private nursing care is more cost-effective than nursing homes or assisted-living facilities, a trade organization for private medical and nonmedical  home care companies. According to data collected by the NPDA, one nursing home resident's average annual cost is $69,715. In contrast, 20 hours a week of home care services cost about $18,000 (Kulikowski, 2011). A private duty nurse's role in enhances the client's quality of life and keeps the client outside the institutional level of care. Ahn, E., Song, I. G., Choi, J. Y., Jho, H. J., Park, I., Sung, S., Shin, S., Park, S. J., Nam, E. J., Jeong, S. H., & Chang, Y. J. (2020). Effectiveness of home hospice care: A nationwide prospective observational  study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(6), 2713–2719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-05091-7 National Institute on Aging. (2017). "Residential facilities, assisted living, and nursing homes". https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/residential-facilities-assisted-living-and-nursing-homes Ohio Department of Health. (n.d.). "Residential care facilities - assisted living". https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/residential-care-facilities-assisted-living/residentialcarefacilitiesassistedliving Nies, M. A., & McEwen, M. (2019). Community/public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (7th ed.). Elsevier. References Aannestad, M., Herstad, M., Severinsson, E. (2019). A meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative research on women's experience of midwifery care. Nursing & Health Sciences, 2020 (22), 171–183. 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