31 Vulpeculae
31 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.56. The system is located approximately 228 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +2.25 km/s. The variable radial velocity of this system was first suspected by German Astronomer Friedrich Küstner in 1914. The system appears as a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of and an eccentricity  of 0.38. The "a" sin "i" value for the primary is , where "a" is the semimajor axis and "i" is the (unknown) orbital inclination. This value provides a lower bound on the actual semimajor axis for the orbit. The primary component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of , indicating a mild barium star with an underabundance of iron. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to eight times the Sun's radius. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium  fusion at its core. This is a suspected variable star with a magnitude that varies from 3.77 to 4.08 in the I passband. It is about 700 million years old with 2.4 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 53 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,261 K. The companion may be a degenerate white dwarf with about .