German submarine U-73 (1940)
German submarine "U-73" was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was laid down by Vegesacker Werft, Germany as yard number 1 on 5 November 1939, launched on 27 July 1940 and commissioned on 30 September of the same year under "Kapitänleutnant" ("Kptlt.") Helmut Rosenbaum. "U-73" carried out 15 patrols between early 1941 and late 1943, sinking eight ships and four warships. She also damaged a further three commercial vessels. She was part of five wolfpacks. She was sunk by two US warships, and , off the North African  coast on 16 December 1943 at . Design. German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. "U-73" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and  two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-73" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty. Service history. First patrol. "U-73" departed the Helgoland (also known as Heligoland) for her first patrol on  8 February 1941. Her route took her the length of the North Sea, through the 'gap' separating the Faroe and Shetland Islands, north-west toward Iceland, then south and west. She sank the "Waynegate" on 24 February 1941 south of Iceland. The boat arrived at Lorient, on the French Atlantic coast, on 2 March. Second patrol. "U-73" sank three ships on the same day, 3 April 1941. They were: the "Alderpool", the "Westpool" and the "British Viscount", all in the vicinity of Iceland. Her next victim was on 20 April, southwest of Rockall; also lost when this ship went down  were two launches which were being carried as deck cargo: "ML-1003" and "M-1037". Third, fourth and fifth patrols. These sorties were conducted in mid-Atlantic but were uneventful. On May 26, 1941, "U-73" was ordered to help the wounded German battleship "Bismarck" which was under attack from British destroyers. On the night of May 26 "U-73" spotted star shells that illuminated "Bismarck" and also saw the "Bismarck" firing her guns. But "U-73" was unable to attack the destroyers due to Force 7 to 9 winds. "U-73" reported the "Bismarck"s position to Group West but the positions proved inaccurate. "U-73" then  returned to port in France. Sixth patrol. "U-73" entered the Mediterranean Sea via the heavily defended Straits of Gibraltar on 14 January 1942 during her sixth patrol. Rosenbaum claimed to have sunk a destroyer in February, but post-war records offer no confirmation. She docked at La Spezia in Italy on 12 February. Seventh patrol. The submarine was attacked by a Bristol Blenheim of No. 203 Squadron RAF about north northwest of Derna in Libya on 22 March 1942. The damage was such that the boat was unable to dive and had to return to La Spezia on 26 March  1942. The U-boat was under repair at La Spezia for four months. Eighth patrol. On 11 August 1942 she sank the aircraft carrier during Operation Pedestal (supplying Malta). Rosenbaum was awarded the Knight's Cross and sent to command the Black Sea U-boat flotilla. Ninth patrol. First watch officer Horst Deckert was promoted to command "U-73". He was the son of German-American parents living in Chicago and had joined "U-73"s crew as a midshipman in 1940. "U-73" was depth-charged during an unsuccessful attack on Operation Torch (the invasion of French North Africa) troopships on 7 November . On 10 November, "U-73" missed the battleship with four torpedoes launched at a range of five kilometers. She also damaged the "Lalande" off Oran on 14 November 1942. This ship was under repair until June 1943. Tenth and eleventh patrols. "U-73" was damaged in an air attack on 5 December 1942 and forced to return to base. The boat was also attacked by a British Lockheed Hudson of 500 Squadron on 27 December 1942; damage was slight – the Hudson was shot down. She sank the 7,200-ton American Liberty ship SS "Arthur Middleton" from the convoy UGS 3 on 1  January 1943 off Oran. 12th patrol. As allied forces prepared for Operation Husky (the invasion of Sicily), "U-73" sank the 1,600-ton British freighter "Brinkburn" off Oran on 21 June 1943 and damaged the 8,300-ton Royal Navy oiler on 28 June 1943. The "Brinkburn" exploded with such force that damaged food cans and two 75 mm shells, still in their transit boxes, were found on the U-boat's bridge. The boat tied up at Toulon in France on 1 July 1943. 13th patrol. Patrol number thirteen took "U-73" to Sicily; she reached the Straits of Messina (between the  island and the Italian mainland), on 19 August 1943. 14th patrol. "U-73" was attacked by the British submarine south-east of Toulon on 30 October 1943 (just before the end of her patrol). The torpedo missed. 15th patrol and loss. "U-73" found the convoy GUS-24 off Oran on 16 December 1943 and torpedoed the 7,200-ton American Liberty ship SS "John S. Copley". As the damaged vessel returned to port, the destroyers , and left Mers-el-Kebir to find the U-boat. She was located by sonar at 18:15. Hull turbulence made the U-boat's hydrophones ineffective at the  speed "U-73" was leaving the area, so she was unaware of the destroyers until "Woolsey"s pattern of depth charges exploded below the submarine at 18:39. Sea water poured in between the bow torpedo tubes and from a salt water inlet valve for the diesel engine cooling system. All ballast tanks were blown to bring "U-73" to the surface as inflowing water exceeded pumping capacity. "U-73" surfaced in darkness at 19:27 and men manned the heavy machine guns. The destroyers promptly detected her on radar and illuminated the submarine with searchlights. She sank by the stern following a brief exchange of  gunfire, 34 of the crew were rescued by 22:10. Three of "Woolsey"s crew were wounded by machine gun fire and sixteen of the U-boat crew perished. Wolfpacks. "U-73" took part in five wolfpacks, namely: Sensors. Radar. "U-73" was one of the few U-boats to be fitted with a FuMO 61 "Hohentwiel" U-Radar system. It was installed on the starboard side of the conning tower.