Karolina Lanckorońska
Countess Karolina Maria Adelajda Franciszka Ksawera Małgorzata Edina Lanckorońska ( [ka.rɔˈlʲi.na lant͡skɔˈrɔɲska], Gars am Kamp, Lower Austria, 11 August 1898 — 25 August 2002, Rome, Italy) was a Polish noble, World War II resistance fighter, philanthropist, and historian. Lanckorońska bequeathed her family's enormous art collection to Poland only after her homeland became free from communism and Soviet domination during the Revolutions of 1989. The Lanckoronski Collection may now, for the most part, be seen in Warsaw's Royal Castle and Kraków's Wawel Castle. Life. Karolina Lanckorońska was the daughter of Count Karol Lanckoroński, a Polish nobleman from a  Galician family, and his third wife, Countess Margaret Lichnovsky, the daughter of Prince Karl Max Lichnowsky. Reared and educated in Vienna (capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of which much of partitioned Poland was a part), where she attended university. She lived at her family's palace, the Palais Lanckoroński. After Poland regained independence in 1918, Lanckorońska taught at Lwów University. She earned her Ph.D. in History of Art in 1934, habilitated in 1936 by Poland's Ministry of Education. Following the invasion of Poland, including Lwów, by the Soviet Red Army along with the attack on Poland by Nazi  Germany in September 1939, she witnessed at first hand the terror and atrocities committed by the Soviets and Nazis, which she later described in her "War Memoirs". Lanckorońska was active in the Polish resistance and was arrested, interrogated, tortured, tried and sentenced to death at Stanisławów prison. During her stay there, the local Gestapo chief Hans Krueger (also spelled Krüger), confessed to her that he had murdered 23 Lwów University professors, a war crime that she made it her mission to publicize. Thanks to her family connections, Lanckorońska was not executed but was instead sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp  for women. She somehow survived and, immediately after release in 1945, wrote her war memoirs. After the war, she left Poland and lived in Fribourg, Switzerland, and later, until her death, in Rome. She did not want her war memoirs published in her lifetime. After much persuasion, however, she consented to publication in Poland, by Znak Publishing of Kraków, in 2001, just a year before her death. The book, whose British version is titled "Those Who Trespass against Us: One Woman's War against the Nazis", sold over 50,000 copies in the Polish original and is now selling well in  English. The U.S. edition was published in hardback in Spring 2007 by Da Capo Press (Perseus Publishing Group) under the new title, "Michelangelo in Ravensbrück". In 1967, Lanckorońska established the Lanckoroński Foundation, which promotes and supports Polish culture, awarding over a million "złotych" per annum (US $330,000) for scholarships, publication of learned books, research into Polish archives in countries such as Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, and similar projects. Countess Karolina Lanckorońska died in 2002, aged 104, and is buried at the Campo Verano. Her final resting place is located in the 38th quarter (also called "foreigners quarter" - "riquadro stranieri