Huasipungo
Huasipungo (hispanicized spelling from Kichwa "wasipunku" or "wasi punku", "wasi" house, "punku" door, "house door") is a 1934 novel by Jorge Icaza (1906-1978) of Ecuador. "Huasipungo" became a well-known "Indigenist" novel, a movement in Latin American literature that preceded Magical Realism and emphasized brutal realism. "Huasipungo" is often compared to John Steinbeck's "Grapes of Wrath" from 1939, as both are works of social protest. Besides the first edition of 1934, "Huasipungo" went through two more editions or complete rewritings in Spanish, 1934, 1953, 1960, the first of which was difficult for even natives of other Hispanic  countries to read and the last the definitive version. Besides being an "indigenist" novel, "Huasipungo" has also been considered a proletarian novel, in that Latin America had to substitute the Indians for the working class as a model or character of proletarian literature. "Huasipungo" has been translated into over 40 languages, including English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Czech, Polish, and Russian. English translation. Fragments of the book first appeared in English translation in Russia, where it was welcomed enthusiastically by Russia's peasant socialist class. The complete edition of "Huasipungo" was first translated into the English language in 1962 by  Mervyn Savill and published in England by Dennis Dobson Ltd. An "authorized" translation appeared in 1964 by Bernard H. Dulsey, and was published in 1964 by Southern Illinois University Press in Carbondale, IL as "The Villagers". Etymology. A "wasipunku" (the term transliterated into "huasipungo") was a parcel of land of an hacienda given to the indigenous people in exchange for their labor on the hacienda rather than monetary remuneration. In a typical "wasipunku" the people built huts and used the surrounding land to cultivate food.