Jan Willem Ter Braak
Jan Willem Ter Braak (real name Engelbertus Fukken; 28 August 1914 – 30/31 March 1941) was a Dutch espionage agent working for Germany who operated for five months in the United Kingdom. Ter Braak is believed to have been the German agent who was at large for the longest time in Britain during the Second World War, despite his short period of activity. When he ran out of money, Ter Braak committed suicide in a public air raid shelter. Youth. Engelbertus Fukken was born on August 28, 1914 in The Hague (Van Boetzelaerlaan 140). His parents were  Willem Briedé (1865 Amsterdam) and Elizabeth Johanna Fukken (1886 Rotterdam), who were not married because Willem's first wife refused to divorce him. In the end he had three brothers and three sisters. His father was a trader in cereals and later became an accountant. The family moved in 1917 to Noordwijk aan Zee, where they rented a villa at Duinweg 7. His mother died in 1920 of her eighth pregnancy. Engelbertus Fukken went to the Zeevaartschool in The Hague in 1930. He was interested in politics and became a supporter of Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler (NSDAP), which came  to power in 1933. In 1934 he became member of the Dutch National Socialist Movement (NSB). His father died in December 1934 and he had to start working for his money. He got a job as an insurance agent in The Hague but after half a year he did not pay the customer's premiums to his employer and was arrested for fraud. He received a sentence of three months. After that he worked as a journalist with the weekly Noordwijker paper and probably also Leidsch Dagblad (a newspaper from the city of Leiden) but in 1937 he had to  return to jail for six months because he had not fulfilled his obligatory duties towards the Reclassification authorities. He was thrown out of the NSB and became unemployed. He lived in several rooms in Noordwijk. The only lighter point in his life was that he met a young woman in 1939, who became his fiancée, and he was financially supported by her family since that time. Recruitment by the Abwehr. In May/June 1940 Holland, Belgium and France were occupied by the Germans. In July 1940 the Hitler regime decided to send spies to England to prepare the invasion (Operation  Sea Lion), which was planned for September. The Abwehr office (Ast) Hamburg (Herbert Wichmann and Nikolaus Ritter) became responsible for this so-called Operation Lena, in cooperation with Ast Brussels, especially for the spies who would land by boat on the shore of England. Rittmeister Kurt Mirow from Ast Brussels went to Holland to recruit spies. After having found three spies in Amsterdam, he traveled to The Hague and Noordwijk aan Zee around 25 July. In Noordwijk he had a good relation: Dieter Tappenbeck (1912), who was a cousin of Rudolf Tappenbeck, the director of the famous Grand Hotel Huis  ter Duin. Dieter was a brilliant young man, he had studied geology, had worked for the Dutch Press Office, was a real Nazi and worked at that time for one of the German Ministries in Berlin. But in July/August he was back in the Netherlands for propaganda work in the Reichskommissariat of Seyss Inquart in The Hague. He suggested to Mirow that he ask his old friend Engelbertus Fukken to become a Lena-spy. (As children Dieter and Engelbertus had been pupils at the same school in Noordwijk.) Mirow did so, Fukken happily agreed and was turned into Jan  Willem ter Braak. He chose this forename because of his admiration for chief editor Jan Willem Henny of the "Leidsch Dagblad". The last name he cynically derived from the famous journalist Menno ter Braak, who published many articles against the Nazi policies. Ter Braak left Noordwijk and his fiancée on August 1, came back on August 12 for a few hours to say goodbye and to give a present to his fiancée, and then disappeared to "go to France for work" as he told her. It is also possible that he first worked for a few months for the Dutch  Reichskommissariat and was only turned into a spy in October, when Dieter returned to Berlin. It is not clear where he was trained as a spy. Probably it was Germany (Berlin and Hamburg). In any case he also stayed in Brussels for some time because after his death MI5 found boots and some of his clothes, which were bought in Brussels. Arrival. Ter Braak arrived by parachute on a night between 31 October and 2 November 1940, landing near Haversham in Buckinghamshire. His parachute was discovered on 3 November but Ter Braak was not found. He had in fact made  his way to Cambridge, where he arrived on 4 November. It is not clear where he stayed in the few days after his arrival in England. In Cambridge he found lodgings with a couple named Sennitt at 58 St. Barnabas Road, who accepted his story of having come from the Netherlands during the Dunkirk evacuation, having lived after that in two other places in South-England. He claimed to be working with Free Dutch forces in London on a Dutch newspaper. Activities. Despite his false identity papers, Ter Braak was able to rent an office above the renting firm Haslop  & Co in Green Street. As an alien from an occupied country, Ter Braak's residence should have been registered with the police, but he did not do so. His landlord did tip the Aliens Officer off that a Dutch national was living with him, but the police did not follow up and speak to him, saying that they were sure he would register before long. He spent most of the day out of the house but never spent a night away, and supported himself from a large amount of cash which he had brought with him and which included United  States Dollars. He left his office in December 1940. He had installed his suitcase transmitter in his room in St Barnabas Road but around Christmas the batteries had been running down, so since then he could only communicate with the Abwehr in Hamburg by letters, written with invisible ink. Sometimes he made daytrips by bus or train to small cities in the neighbourhood such as Bedford and also travelled several times to London, where he probably inspected the effects of the bombardments on buildings and the citizens. Suspicion. In January 1941, Ter Braak was contacted by the Food Office about  his ration card, which its records showed had been issued to a man named Burton, living in Homefields, Addlestone, Surrey. The card had been supplied by the Abwehr that had been given false numbers by the double agent SNOW (Arthur Owens). Ter Braak evidently suspected that he would be detected, and told his landlady that he had to leave for London. However, he relocated to Montague Road 11. Suicide. By March, Ter Braak's money was running out and he had to change his dollar bills through a fellow lodger who worked at a bank. At the end of the  month he no longer had enough money to pay his landlady. On 29 March he deposited a large case in the left luggage office at Cambridge railway station and disappeared. Probably he visited somewhere around Cambridge, where he expected an airplane to help him out or provide him with further money, because he wore several layers of clothes in order to protect himself against the cold. The following day he went to one of the public air raid shelters at Christ's Pieces Park where, using an Abwehr-issue pistol, he committed suicide. His body was found on 1 April  by an electrician; the possessions found on him included a forged identity card also carrying numbers issued by Double Agent SNOW (Arthur Owens) which had obvious errors, a Dutch passport without an immigration stamp, and 1/9d in cash. The case at the station was found to contain a radio transmitter. Ter Braak was buried in an unmarked grave (number 154) in the village cemetery in Great Shelford, four miles south of Cambridge. After the war. Ter Braak's story was suppressed at the time. An inquest was held "in camera"; its findings were released, along with other information about him , on 8 September 1945. MI5 had found a picture of a young woman in his suitcase with the address of the photoshop in Noordwijk aan Zee. So that is how the Dutch police found his fiancée, Miss Neeltje van Roon (born 1922 in Noordwijk aan Zee) in November 1946 and told her about his death. In 1947, the Dutch Government asked MI5 if they could have an official statement on the death on Engelbertus Fukken, as his fiancée wished to make a claim for his life insurance policy, which he had put on her name when he left Noordwijk in  August 1940. But probably she would never get the money, because she had stopped paying the premiums in 1944 and because he had committed suicide. In 1956 Neeltje van Roon married a man from Rijnsburg, a village nearby, never had children and died of a heart attack in 1995. She never talked about the fate of her former fiancé. That is why his story remained completely unknown to his family and all inhabitants of Noordwijk aan Zee. Literature. MI5-file KV2/114, which became public in 1999 gives a good impression of his life in Cambridge and how MI5 tried to  find out more about his spying activities. Historian Winston Ramsey conducted research in 1976 about the days that Ter Braak was found dead and was buried nameless (1-8 April 1941). Jan Willem van den Braak wrote a biography of Ter Braak in 2017, named " (Spy against Churchill). He found out many things about his youth and recruitment in Noordwijk aan Zee, also with the help of family members of Ter Braak and his fiancée and some Dutch files in the National Archive in The Hague. The only English authors who describe Ter Braak's recruitment in Noordwijk and his  life in Cambridge in more than one page are Joshua Levine in 'Operation Fortitude' (2011) and James Hayward, in 'Double Agent SNOW' (2013). About Operation Lena in general there are books by Bryden, Peis, Farago, Levine, Hayward, Siedentopf and Verhoeyen, the memoirs of Masterman (MI5), the diaries of Guy Liddell (MI5), the memoirs of Nikolaus Ritter (Abwehr Hamburg) and the website of Giselle Jakobs (a granddaughter of Lena-agent Josef Jakobs).