Syntactic methods
In software engineering, syntactic methods are techniques for developing correct software programs. The techniques attempt to detect, and thus prevent, certain kinds of defects (bugs) by examining the structure of the code being produced at its syntactic rather than semantic level. Usage. Syntactic methods are often used when formal methods are not an option, and are often a simpler and, more importantly, cheaper alternative. In non-mission-critical systems, formal methods may prove to be too expensive for the benefit they provide. The costs of modelling, personnel, execution and development may often outweigh the benefits gained by preventing  possible failures. This approach revolves around the use of an "abstract dependency graph" which is created from the system in question. An abstract dependency graph is a directed graph, a graph of vertices connected by one-way edges. Most often, the vertices and edges of the graph represent the inputs and outputs of functions in or components of the system. By inspecting the created abstract dependency graph, the developer can detect "syntactic anomalies" (or "Preece anomalies") in the system. While anomalies are not always defects, they often provide clues to finding defects in a system. Therefore, the anomalies in a  system help point the developer in the right direction in finding defects. Anomalies. There are four main types of anomaly: While anomalies often point to defects, they can just as easily reflect normal intended functionality in the system. It is up to the developer to look into anomalies in order to determine whether they are clues to problems or simply false alarms. By creating a visual directed graph of a system, there are several obvious visual flags that indicate the above anomalies: When formal methods prove too costly, a system can be checked solely on its syntax. This is not  as thorough, as it only looks at a system on a surface level. However, it does give a developer many clues as to where a system's defects may lie.