Kingdom of Cusco
The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled "Cuzco" and in Quechua "Qosqo" or "Qusqu") was a small kingdom based in the city of Cusco, on the Andean mountain ranges that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century. In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow and was succeeded by the Inca Empire (1438–1533). History. Brief overview. The Inca people began as a tribe in the Cuzco area around the start of 13th century. Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, they formed the small city-state of  Cusco (Quechua "Qosqo"), shown in red on the map below. In 1438 AD, under the command of the Sapa Inca (paramount leader) "Pachacuti" (world-shaker), the Incas began a far-reaching expansion. The land which Pachacuti conquered was about the size of the Thirteen Colonies at the outbreak of the American Revolution of 1776, and consisted of nearly the entire territory of the Andes mountain range. Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into an empire, the "Tahuantinsuyu", a federalist system that consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu  (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW), and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is thought to have built the citadel of Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a vacation estate. Sapa Incas. The Sapa Inca of the first dynasty of the Kingdom of Cusco were, in order, Manco Cápac, Sinchi Roca, Lloque Yupanqui, Mayta Cápac, and Cápac Yupanqui. Evidence of state organization dates from 1200 AD. Little is known of this population, but in later years the meaning of "cápac" meant warlord and "sinchi" meant leader adding to the idea they could have been rulers. Long before the Spanish found the  Inca, the Inca civilization had begun as a small, centralized state that eventually grew to cover a large amount of territory along the western coast of South America from Colombia to Chile. The Inca civilization spread rapidly from their small beginnings in the Kingdom of Cuzco located in southern Peru. Beginning of the empire. The following outlines each of the Incan rulers and a few of their accomplishments in greater detail. Mayta Cápac: c. 1290s. Mayta Cápac (Quechua: Mayta Qhapaq Inka) was the fourth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco (beginning around 1290 AD) and a member of the  Hurin dynasty. The chroniclers describe him as a great warrior who conquered territories as far as Lake Titicaca, Arequipa, and Potosí. While in fact, his kingdom was still limited to the valley of Cuzco. Fall of the civilization. Túpac Amaru: 1571–1572. Túpac Amaru was the last legitimate Inca to rule (in the Vilcabamba region as the Neo-Inca State). With the death of his elder brother Titu Cosi, he ordered the execution of all Spanish people living in Vilcabamba, and led an unsuccessful and poorly planned rebellion against the colonists. This resulted in his death and the end of Incan  sovereignty, for Vilcabamba was occupied and the survivors enslaved in 1572.