Contravention
In many civil law countries (e.g.: France, Belgium, Switzerland, Portugal, Italy, Brazil) a contravention is a non-criminal offense, similar to an infraction or civil penalty in common law countries. France. Contravention is, in French law, an act which violates the law, a treaty or an agreement which the party has made. It designates a minor infraction, as opposed to a delict or misdemeanor, or a crime. Any infraction of a law or regulation enforced by the agents of the State executive, that is not punishable by more than a €3000 fine for a person, is considered as  a contravention. The fine may also be accompanied by an additional sentence (peine complémentaire). Competence. Contraventions and their penalties are determined by the executive organs of the French State, unlike délits and crimes which are determined by the legislative organs (Parliament Senate), as per Article 34 of the French Constitution of 1958. The executive organs include: Penalties. As previously stated the maximum fine for an individual is €3000, and the maximum for a corporation or collectivity is €45,000. The additional penalties are defined in the Article 131-10 of the Code Pénal. They include: The penalties are determined  by the legislative organs: Assemblée Nationale and Sénat, or the government in the cases defined in article 49-3 of the Constitution (attribution of certain legislative rights to the government, in particular cases). There are 5 classes of contraventions, each having a progressively higher maximum fine. Brazil. In Brazil, contravention is a sort of penal infraction — not only an administrative offense - which is considered to be less serious than a crime. Since 1941, Brazilian Law has a dual system which separates penal infractions in two main different acts. They are the Código Penal (Brazilian Penal Code) — describing crimes in general  — and the (Penal Contraventions Act) — describing the contraventions. Contraventions are punished less severely than crimes in Brazilian Law. While crimes may be punished to "reclusão" (reclusion) or "detenção" (detention), the only kind of possible imprisonment for contraventions is "prisão simples" (simple prison), which is never served under closed conditions (only open and semi-closed conditions may be applied). Fines may also be imposed due to contravention sentencing. In Brazilian Law System, one who is already convicted for a crime is not considered to be recidivist when committing a contravention for the first time, and vice versa.