The New 52
The New 52 is the 2011 revamp and relaunch by DC Comics of its entire line of ongoing monthly superhero comic books. Following the conclusion of the "Flashpoint" crossover storyline, DC canceled all its existing titles and debuted 52 new series in September 2011. Among the renumbered series were "Action Comics" and "Detective Comics", which had retained their original numbering since the 1930s. The relaunch included changes to the publishing format; for example, print and digital comics began to be released on the same day. New titles were released to bring the number of ongoing monthly series  to 52. Various changes were also made to DC's fictional universe to entice new readers, including changes to DC's internal continuity to make characters more modern and accessible. In addition, characters from the Wildstorm and Vertigo imprints were absorbed into the DC Universe. The New 52 branding ended after the completion of the "Convergence" storyline in May 2015, although the continuity of The New 52 continued. In June 2015, 24 new titles were launched, alongside 25 returning titles, with several of those receiving new creative teams. In February 2016, DC announced their Rebirth initiative with the release of  an 80-page one-shot on May 25, 2016, and continuing through late 2016. The story arc "Doomsday Clock" establishes the universe of the New 52 as Earth 52, part of the metaverse. Publication history. Launch and Second Wave. Following the conclusion of the "Flashpoint" limited series, DC cancelled and relaunched all titles set in the DC Universe with new #1 issues. The new continuity features new outfits and backstories for many of DC's long-established heroes and villains. An interview with DC Comics executive editor Eddie Berganza and editor-in-chief Bob Harras revealed that the new continuity  did not constitute a full reboot of the DC Universe but rather a "soft reboot". While many characters underwent a reboot or revamp, much of the DC Universe's history remained intact. Many major storylines such as "War of the Green Lanterns", "" and "" remained part of the new continuity, while others have been lost in part or in whole. DC editorial constructed a timeline that details the new history and which storylines to keep or ignore. On August 31, 2011, Midtown Comics Times Square held a midnight event at which they began selling "Justice League" #1 and "Flashpoint" #5. On  hand to sign the books were DC Chief Creative Officer Geoff Johns, who was the writer of both titles, and Co-publisher and writer/artist Jim Lee, who illustrated "Justice League". On January 12, 2012, DC announced that after their eighth issues, "Blackhawks", "Hawk and Dove", "Men of War", "Mister Terrific", "O.M.A.C.", and "Static Shock" would be cancelled and replaced with six new titles, which would reveal more of The New 52 DC Universe. The new titles were dubbed the Second Wave: "Dial H", "Earth 2", "G.I. Combat", "World's Finest", "Ravagers" and "Batman Incorporated", which was absent from the  initial line of Batman titles, and would continue Grant Morrison's storyline from before The New 52 involving the conflict between Batman and Talia al Ghul. Section::::"Zero Month" and continued title changes. On June 8, 2012, DC announced that in September 2012, the first anniversary of The New 52 launch, all titles would get a zero issue, dubbed "Zero Month". In addition, the Third Wave of titles was announced: "Talon", "Sword of Sorcery", "Phantom Stranger", and "Team 7". With these additions to the line, "Justice League International", "Captain Atom", "Resurrection Man", and "Voodoo" were cancelled. In October and November 2012 , DC announced new titles "Threshold", "Justice League of America", "Katana", "Justice League of America's Vibe", and "Constantine". "Threshold" would be published in January 2013, "Constantine" in March 2013, while the others would be published in February 2013. DC later consolidated these new titles as the Fourth Wave of The New 52. "G.I. Combat", "Frankenstein, Agent of S.H.A.D.E.", "Grifter", "Blue Beetle", and "Legion Lost" were cancelled as a result. "Young Romance: A New 52 Valentine's Day Special" #1 was published as the 52nd title in February 2013. In January 2013, DC Comics announced the cancellation of "I, Vampire" and  DC Universe Presents in April 2013. To celebrate the 60th birthday of "Mad Magazine" mascot Alfred E. Neuman, DC solicited variants drawn by "Mad" artists for 13 titles being published in April 2013. Starting with titles released on January 28, 2013, all printed New 52 publications featured advertisements for the fictional news channel Channel 52. The two page back-ups, titled "Channel 52", appear in all books, starting in February 2013, and replaced the previous "DC Comics: All Access" features. This news feature stars Bethany Snow, Ambush Bug, Vartox, and Calendar Man as reporters and anchors on the fictional in -universe news show. The art is provided by Freddie E. Williams II. Each week brings new content regarding the current or future goings-on in the DC universe. Channel 52 and Bethany Snow make an appearance in the second season of "Arrow". On January 30, 2013, DC announced that all titles released in April 2013 would be "WTF Certified". Each title would feature a gatefold cover and story lines and moments that will leave readers in a state of shock, including the return of Booster Gold. However, DC later dropped the "WTF Certified" branding and did not feature it on  any of The New 52 books. In February 2013, it was announced that DC Comics would launch two new politically motivated books as parts of the Fifth Wave: "The Green Team: Teen Trillionaires" and "The Movement". These would explore concepts similar to the Occupy Movement and the role money has in a world of superheroes. A wave of cancellations was also announced for May 2013, including: "The Savage Hawkman", "The Fury of Firestorm: The Nuclear Man", "Sword of Sorcery", "Team 7", "Deathstroke", and "The Ravagers". In March 2013, DC announced that it would launch four new titles in June 2013 , making up the rest of the Fifth Wave: "Superman Unchained", "Batman/Superman", "Larfleeze" and "". In April 2013, the cancellation of "Batman Incorporated" was announced for July 2013. DC also solicited two director's cut one-shots for the "Superman Unchained" book and the "" story arc. In May 2013, it was announced that "Batman Incorporated Special" #1 would be published to finish off the "Batman Incorporated" series in August 2013. Another director's cut one-shot was solicited for the "Trinity War" story arc, along with the cancellations of "Demon Knights", "Legion of Super-Heroes", "Threshold" and "Dial H". Section::::"Villains Month , Forever Evil" and "Zero Year". In June 2013, DC announced that all titles in September 2013 would be "relaunched" as a #1, featuring a villain from that respective book, as part of "Villains Month". For example, "Detective Comics", which would have published issue 24 in September, would be released as "Detective Comics" #23.1 and "Poison Ivy" #1, with the issue being known by both titles. It was the first major crossover in the New 52 since "Flashpoint" and spun out of the aftermath of "Trinity War". Each book featured 3D lenticular front and back covers. DC also released 2D versions  of the covers. Some books published multiple "Villains Month" issues, while others skipped publication in September 2013. For example, "Batman", "Superman", and "Justice League" are some of the titles that published four issues, while "The Flash" published three issues, "Aquaman" and others published two issues, and "Green Arrow" and others published only one. In addition to "Villains Month", a seven-issue limited series titled "Forever Evil", by Geoff Johns and David Finch, launched in September 2013 and focused on the Crime Syndicate, an evil version of the Justice League from Earth-3 in the Multiverse, as they attempt to take over  Prime Earth in the Justice Leagues' defeat at the end of "Trinity War". The "Forever Evil" event ran in other titles starting in October 2013, including three 6-issue tie-in books that launched: "Forever Evil: Rogues Rebellion" by Brian Buccellato and Patrick Zircher; "Forever Evil: Arkham War" by Peter Tomasi, Scot Eaton and Jaime Mendoza; and "Forever Evil: A.R.G.U.S." by Matt Kindt and Manuel Garcia. Other tie-in titles included: "Teen Titans", "Suicide Squad", "Justice League", "Justice League of America" and the "Forever Evil: Blight" storyline in "Constantine", "Justice League Dark", "Trinity of Sin: Pandora", and "Trinity of Sin : The Phantom Stranger". "Forever Evil" #1 was also reprinted in a director's cut one-shot in October 2013. It was also announced in June 2013 that the "" storyline in "Batman" would spin off into an event during November 2013, which would include other titles outside the "Batman" line of titles. The event, initially conceptualized to tell Batman's origin in The New 52, was featured in issue #25 of "Action Comics", "The Flash", "Green Arrow", and "Green Lantern Corps", along with "Batgirl", "Batwing", "Batwoman", "Birds of Prey", "Catwoman", "Detective Comics", "Nightwing", and "Red Hood and the Outlaws" in the  Batman line. The various books explored their characters' connections to Gotham City, and their first encounters with Batman. On June 17, 2013, DC announced two new titles, "Justice League 3000" and "Superman/Wonder Woman" as the first titles of the Sixth Wave, which began publication in October 2013. On July 16, 2013, DC announced "Harley Quinn", the third and last title of the Sixth Wave, which began publication in November 2013. In August 2013, it was announced that "Justice League 3000"s initial publication would be delayed to December 2013, following creative changes on the title. Launch of weeklies and start  of "second phase". In October 2013, DC announced "Batman Eternal", a weekly year-long series which would feature Batman, his allies, and others in Gotham City. It was announced in January 2014 that the series would begin in April of that year. The cancellation of "Katana" and "Justice League of America's Vibe" was also announced, with the titles' final publication in December 2013, while "Green Team: The Teen Trillionaires" would end in January 2014. Following the release of "", DC announced cover variants for 20 titles published in January 2014, featuring Scribblenauts-inspired artwork. In November 2013, DC announced one -shot issues "Superman: Lois Lane" #1 and "Batman: Joker's Daughter" #1 for February 2014, featuring Lois Lane and the new Joker's Daughter, respectively. DC also announced that 20 titles being published in February 2014 would feature steampunk-inspired cover variants. As well, Johns revealed that the end of "Forever Evil" in March 2014 would mark the end of the first phase of The New 52, with a new phase starting in April 2014, "one that will see the introduction, and re-introduction, of a lot of characters, concepts and a decidedly new center to the DC universe." In  December 2013, it was announced that another weekly year-long series titled "" would begin publication in May 2014, with a free zero issue for Free Comic Book Day. The series would be set five years in the New 52's future. Co-writer Jeff Lemire stated that the series was "an exploration of DC's past, present and its future." Batman Beyond made his New 52 debut in the series. Solicitations published in December 2014 also revealed that 22 titles to be published in March 2014 would feature variant covers based on "Robot Chicken", to promote the second "Robot Chicken  DC Comics Special". In January 2014, DC announced "Aquaman and the Others", "Justice League United", "Secret Origins" and "Sinestro" ongoing series and "Forever Evil Aftermath: Batman vs Bane" #1 for publication in April 2014. In addition, DC revealed that "Justice League of America", "Nightwing", "Stormwatch", "Suicide Squad", "Superman Unchained", and "Teen Titans" would end in April 2014. It was also announced that April 2014 publications would feature a second wave of variant covers inspired by "MAD" magazine. In February 2014, Gail Simone revealed that her series "The Movement" would be canceled in May 2014 after 12 issues. It was also  revealed that 19 titles published in May 2014 would feature variant covers drawn by Mike Allred in the style of "Batman '66". A one-shot issue, "" #1 would also be published in May, as a tie-in to a crossover story arc of the same name. DC later announced that as part of the celebration of The New 52's third anniversary, all ongoing titles published in September 2014 would feature stories that tied into "The New 52: Futures End". DC Comics co-publisher Dan DiDio declared: DiDio added that new ongoing titles would launch in June and July to  be included in the event. Following the month of tie-ins, a third weekly titled "Earth 2: World's End" launched in October 2014. This title is set in the present DC Universe on Earth 2, while showcasing the events and circumstances that lead to the future depicted in "Futures End". In March 2014, DC announced the launch of "Infinity Man and the Forever People", the one-shot "Harley Quinn Director's Cut" #0, and the cancellation of "Larfleeze" for June 2014. March also saw the announcement of variant covers for 20 titles in June 2014, based on the DC  Collectibles "Bombshells" statue line designed by Ant Lucia, the covers feature retro and pinup versions of female characters. DC also revealed two new publications for July 2014: an ongoing series "Star-Spangled War Stories" and a one-shot "Harley Quinn Invades San Diego Comic-Con". Section::::"The Multiversity", new titles, new creative teams and DC You. In April 2014, DC announced "Suicide Squad" and "Teen Titans" would be relaunched in July 2014, with the former being retitled "New Suicide Squad". A new series, titled "Grayson", focusing on character Dick Grayson following his role in "Forever Evil", and a one-shot issue  Robin Rises: Omega, tied into the "Batman and Robin" storyline "The Hunt for Robin", would also debut. It was revealed that July 2014's variant theme would be Batman's 75th anniversary, with 21 publications featuring "Batman 75" themes. April also saw the official announcement of "The Multiversity", which began publication in August 2014; the 8-issue limited series was first mentioned by writer Grant Morrison in April–May 2009 intended for a 2010 release date. "The Multiversity" was intended to pick up on storylines left over from "52" and "Final Crisis". In May 2014, DC announced that six titles , "All-Star Western", "Batwing", "Birds of Prey", "Superboy", "Trinity of Sin: Pandora" and "Trinity of Sin: The Phantom Stranger", would have their final publications in August 2014. It was also revealed that 22 titles published in August 2014 would feature "DC Universe Selfie" variant covers, focusing on the popular trend of taking selfies. A second "Superman: Doomed" one-shot was also announced. In June 2014, DC announced six new titles for their Ninth Wave: "Arkham Manor", "Deathstroke", "Gotham Academy", "Klarion", "Lobo", and "Trinity of Sin" for publication in October 2014. Section::::"Convergence": the return of Hypertime and the Pre-"Crisis" multiverse. In  February 2015, it was announced that following the "Convergence" storyline in May, the New 52 branding would not be used anymore, although the continuity of the New 52 would continue. That June, 24 new titles were unveiled under a newly introduced DC You initiative, and most of the 25 remaining titles of The New 52 had new creative teams. "The Multiversity Guidebook" #1 changed the nature of the "52" multiverse. In this book, the New 52 multiverse was the result of a phenomenon called Hypertime. In the book, Brainiac takes cities from the Pre-"Crisis", Post-"Crisis", and Post-"Flashpoint" multiverses and placed  them on a planet in another reality. He leaves a portion of himself behind; this part of Braniac renames himself Telos and has the cities battle each other. Deimos of Skartaris tries to take complete control of the Telos' world but is killed by the Parallax-possessed Hal Jordan. This triggers a chain reaction that threatens to collapse the multiverse. To prevent this, Telos sends several of the heroes back to the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" to prevent the destruction of the original multiverse. Telos states "They have done it. Reality is resetting, stabilizing. Each world has evolved, but they  all still exist." In an interview, writer Jeff King stated "Post-Convergence, every character that ever existed, in either Continuity or Canon, is now available to us as storytellers." The end of The New 52 and DC Rebirth. In February 2016, DC announced its Rebirth initiative, a line-wide relaunch of its titles, to begin in June 2016. Beginning with an 80-page one-shot which was released on May 25, 2016, Rebirth also saw "Action Comics" and "Detective Comics" return to their previous numbering (#957 and #934, respectively), nearly all books releasing at , multiple books shifting to a twice -monthly release schedule, a number of existing titles relaunching with new #1 issues, and the release of several new titles. DC has used the "" and "" miniseries as examples of the basis for the initiative, which has been described as a rebirth of the DC Universe. The Rebirth initiative reintroduced concepts from pre-"Flashpoint" continuity, such as legacy, that had been lost with The New 52 and built "on everything that's been published since "Action Comics" #1 up through The New 52." Changes to the DC Universe. In June 2011, DC Co-Publisher Jim Lee revealed that he and DC Art  Director Mark Chiarello had enlisted artist Cully Hamner to help spearhead the redesign of characters for the relaunch of the DC Universe. In late July 2011, DC released "The New 52", a free preview book giving solicitations and previews of all of the new titles launching from August 31, 2011. Notable continuity changes shown included Superman's two new looks: one which consists of jeans, a blue T-shirt with the "S" logo and a cape, the other consisting of Kryptonian battle armor that resembles his classic costume. Other notable changes included the integration of the Wildstorm imprint's characters  into DC continuity, with Martian Manhunter as a part of the new Stormwatch team in the relaunched "Stormwatch" series. "Justice League" was the first book of the relaunch, with the first issue released on August 31, 2011. The first story arc takes place five years in the past, detailing the first meeting of the Justice League members and the formation of the team. The initial run of first issues show a universe in which superheroes have only appeared within the last five years and are viewed with suspicion and hostility, with Superman and Batman being pursued by the police five  years ago at the start of their careers. In the present day, organizations such as the United Nations and the United States government seek to exploit and control the superheroes through groups such as the Justice League International and the Justice League of America. The "Batman" family of titles strongly resemble the past continuity. However, former Batgirls Stephanie Brown and Cassandra Cain have had their histories erased. Additionally, all of the Robins have been accounted for, including the previously non-canonical Carrie Kelley. Stephanie Brown made her first appearance in The New 52 as the Spoiler in the teaser issue  to "Batman Eternal" in "Batman" #28. Barbara Gordon recovered from the paralysis inflicted upon her by the Joker's bullet in "" and returned to crimefighting as Batgirl. As for Superman, his romantic relationship and marriage to Lois Lane has not transpired, and his adoptive parents Jonathan and Martha Kent have died. He was depicted as being slightly more short-tempered, retaining his American identity, and in a relationship with Wonder Woman. Various character changes were implemented, such as Starfire, Guy Gardner, and Tim Drake having their origins significantly changed. Sinestro was depicted as having returned recently to the Green Lantern  Corps, where he became a villain again. Meanwhile, the Earth-Two version of Alan Scott was depicted as gay. Publications. Imprint titles. The imprint titles are divided into seven families of titles, revolving around central characters or themes. By the release of the October 2013 solicitations, DC was no longer grouping the titles by these families. Instead they began releasing one larger solicit, titled "The New 52 Group". However, titles that were not participating in an event for the month, such as "Forever Evil", were still grouped together in the larger solicit by the previous family headings. Post-imprint titles . In February 2015, it was revealed that after the "Convergence" miniseries in June 2015, DC would no longer use The New 52 name to brand their books; however the continuity established in September 2011 would continue. Dan DiDio stated, "In this new era of storytelling, story will trump continuity as we continue to empower creators to tell the best stories". The new titles would be about "reinventing key characters", such as Black Canary, Cyborg, Bizarro, and Starfire, with a new "contemporary tonality to ensure a diverse offering of comic books." In the initial "relaunch", 24 new publications joined 25 existing  publications from before "Convergence", with new titles continuing to be added. In March 2015, DiDio revealed there would not be an "overarching brand on this" stating the relaunch was just "DC Comics, pure and simple." However, in May 2015, DC announced the advertising campaign DC You for the relaunch, which highlighted the four main themes of characters, talent, stories and fans. The initiative, which began in DC's print and digital comics on May 20, before transitioning to other digital content on June 3, was featured on print inserts and ads, as well as on the DC Comics website and  across social media with a special hashtag of #DCYou. Reception. Sales. Pre-orders for "Justice League" #1 exceeded 200,000 copies. "Justice League" #1 has been sent back to press at least four times and all of The New 52's first issue titles sold out by September 24, 2011. For the month of September 2011, DC had eight of the top ten comic books, in spite of Marvel's heavily publicized replacement "Ultimate Spider-Man", Miles Morales debuting in that title the same month. "Justice League" #1 was the top selling comic book in 2011. Writer Warren Ellis was unimpressed  with the relaunch's sales, stating that it garnered DC a half-point lead in dollar share and a five-point lead in units sold over Marvel Comics. Ellis also pointed out that the units DC sold are returnable. Columnist Heidi MacDonald stated that while the market share comparisons are correct, the sales figures for single issue books do not take into account the fact that returnable comics are downgraded by approximately 10%, and that DC's sales are about that amount lower than the actual sales, in order to allow for potential returns. MacDonald opined that while the sellouts  and reprintings make returns unlikely, the sales will remain 10% lower throughout the period the books can be returned, which will last through December, and that actual sales would be adjusted for this factor in Diamond Comic Distributors' end of year figures. Writer and ComicMix columnist Glenn Hauman wrote that relying solely on Diamond's numbers, to the exclusion of newsstand, overseas and digital sales, does not provide a complete measure of the relaunch's success. Hauman emphasized that the infinite long-term availability of digital editions will mean that sales will continue on the books for weeks and months  afterwards, and that the market share for that market is uncertain. By December 2011, Marvel Comics regained the top spot for market share in both dollars and units. In April 2013, DC's unit share fell below 28%, but rose to a 45.17% market share in September due to high orders for Villain Month. It fell back to 30.77% by January 2014. Critical reception. "Forbes", "The New York Times" and "The A.V. Club" saw The New 52 as a good editorial move from DC. "The Christian Science Monitor"s Rich Clabaugh cited the relaunched "Action Comics" and "Detective Comics" as the  strongest of the first week's releases. In terms of the books themselves, Keith Phipps and Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" praised the art in "Justice League" #1, but thought its writing and structure was a weak point. In all, the two reviewers named "O.M.A.C.", "Captain Atom", "Animal Man" and "Wonder Woman" their favorite books of the relaunch. They gave "Batman" high praise, and enjoyed "Action Comics", "Swamp Thing", "", "Frankenstein Agent Of S.H.A.D.E.", "Demon Knights", "", "Nightwing", "Aquaman", "The Flash", "All Star Western", and "Voodoo". However, they both disliked "Detective Comics", "Hawk and Dove", "Legion Lost", "Red Lanterns", "Legion Of  Super-Heroes", "DC Universe Presents: Deadman", "Superman", "Batman: The Dark Knight", "The Fury of Firestorm: The Nuclear Men", and "The Savage Hawkman". On the remaining titles, the reviewers were either split, or exhibited mixed reactions ranging from indifference to cautious optimism or curiosity. Corrina Lawson of "Wired" dubbed the New 52 "a big, fat failure" from a reader standpoint, noting that the same stories could have been told without rebooting the fictional universe. She did, however, state that the New 52 was good from a business perspective, as it led to an increased market share for DC. Criticism. Lack of  female creators. The launch of the New 52 was criticized for the lack of female creators, which had dropped from 12% to 1%, the latter figure represented by writer Gail Simone and Amy Reeder, an alternating artist on "Batwoman" who would not debut on that title until issue #6. This led to a tense interaction between fans and DC Comics co-publisher Dan DiDio at the 2011 San Diego Comic Con, where DiDio was asked by a fan about the drop in female creators from 12% to 1%. DiDio responded by saying, "What do those numbers mean to you? What  do they mean to you? Who should we be hiring? Tell me right now. Who should we be hiring right now? Tell me." In an editorial responding to DiDio, Comics Alliance editor-in-chief Laura Hudson wrote, "Women are half of the world, and a significant percentage of the DC Comics character stable, and yet only 1% of their creators. And the way that you treat and represent half of the people in your world—and by extension, half of the people in the real world who might potentially buy your books—should be more than a marginal concern." On  July 29, 2011, DC released a letter addressing the lack of female creators on their official blog, highlighting notable female creators currently being published by them and promising more in the future. Hudson called the letter "an enormous and very positive departure from how DC Comics has dealt with controversies about gender and race in the past, which was almost uniformly not to comment", adding, "While it remains to be seen what sort of meaningful changes in either attitudes or hiring practices will follow, it certainly leaves me feeling more optimistic than I have in some time, or maybe ever ." Portrayal of female characters. DC also received criticism for its handling of certain female characters during the relaunch, sparking discussion of exploitative overtones in titles such as "Catwoman" #1 and "Red Hood and the Outlaws" #1. Laura Hudson of ComicsAlliance and Andrew Wheeler of Bleeding Cool criticized the relaunch for oversexualized characterization of its female characters, such as Catwoman, Harley Quinn, Starfire and Voodoo, for cancelling books with female leads like "Power Girl", and relegating the star of that series to the status of Mister Terrific's girlfriend. Writer/editor Jim Shooter disliked the treatment of female characters in general , and referred to the treatment of Starfire in particular as "porn for kids". Keith Phipps and Oliver Sava agreed with the observations of "Catwoman" and "Red Hood and the Outlaws", but opined that "Voodoo" was a positive example how to incorporate a female character's sexuality as a relevant aspect of the story without appearing exploitative. Wheeler also complained that retconning Barbara Gordon's as a temporary injury from which she recovered, and restoring her as Batgirl, to the exclusion of Cassandra Cain and Stephanie Brown, made the DC Universe less diverse and inclusive. Responding to the criticism, "Catwoman" writer  Judd Winick explained that it was DC that desired this tone for that book. Restoration of Barbara Gordon's mobility and aftermath. In June 2011, DC announced that Barbara Gordon would be returning to the role of Batgirl in September 2011, in her own eponymous monthly comic, as part of a company-wide relaunch of all of their titles. In addition, former "Birds of Prey" writer Gail Simone would be writing the series. This announcement became one of the most controversial aspects of the DC Comics relaunch. Supporters of Barbara Gordon in her persona as Oracle have expressed dismay over  losing an iconic character for the disabled community. Journalist and blogger Jill Pantozzi, who is diagnosed with muscular dystrophy, stated that: Gail Simone responded directly by stating that at times when others had attempted to restore Gordon's mobility, she fought to keep her as a disabled character, even in light of requests from readers who also had disabilities that wished to see the character healed. However, part of her reasoning for reversing her decision and writing "Batgirl" with Gordon as the title character was that: Former "Batman" writer and editor Dennis O'Neil and Oracle co-creator John Ostrander expressed  disappointment over the change. O'Neil stated that during his tenure at DC, "[W]e had hordes of people in spandex beating up criminals ... We didn't have anybody like Oracle, who overcame a disability and was just as valuable and just as effective in a way that didn't involve violence." However, he also stated that from an alternate point of view, "Barbara Gordon's perception in the mainstream public as Batgirl would be a very valid consideration." Ostrander continues to view Oracle as a stronger character than Batgirl, but has also expressed faith in Gail Simone's skills as a  writer. He commented that "[t]imes change and characters and people evolve. I changed things when I wrote characters, including changing Barbara to Oracle. Others do the same for this era ... Gail Simone is a good friend and a wonderful writer and I'm sure her work will be wonderful." Editorial controversies. A number of editorial controversies emerged in the wake of The New 52, prompting Topless Robot, a genre website owned by "The Village Voice", to publish an article in September 2013, "The Eight Biggest DC Creative Screw-Ups Since the New 52 Began". A number of these controversies concerned  firings or resignations of creators which, in some cases, stemmed from conflicts between those creators and editorial decisions. Writer/artist George Pérez, who left "Superman" after six issues, explained his departure in July 2012 as a result of the level of editorial oversight exerted on the title. This included the inconsistent reasons given for rewrites of his material, the inability of editors to answer basic questions about the new Superman's status quo, such as whether his adoptive parents were still alive, and the restrictions created by not being told that "Action Comics", with which "Superman" had to remain consistent , was set five years before "Superman", a situation complicated by the fact that "Action" writer Grant Morrison was not forthcoming about their plans. In the following month Rob Liefeld, who had been hired by DC to plot "Grifter" and "The Savage Hawkman", and to plot and draw "Deathstroke", and who had indicated the previous month that his run on those titles would last into 2013, announced that he was quitting DC Comics, with his last issues being the #0 issues to be published that September. Though he characterized his experience on The New 52 as positive overall, he did not  disguise his animosity toward editor Brian Smith, with whom he clashed, being among his reasons for leaving the company. Other reasons he cited were frequent rewrites of his material, and the overall corporate culture that was more prevalent now that both DC and Marvel were owned by large media conglomerates. Liefeld also referred to Scott Clark's artwork on "Grifter" as "crap". In response to these events, artist Pete Woods defended DC editorial, stating that the restrictions placed on creators was the result of a plan they had for all 52 of their titles that required them to be consistent  with one another. Marvel's Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort and writer Gail Simone defended Brian Smith, disputing Liefeld's characterization of him, leading to a heated exchange on Twitter between Liefeld and Brevoort, and eventually head "Batman" writer Scott Snyder as well. In late November 2012, Rich Johnston of Bleeding Cool had noted the possibility of Gail Simone leaving "Batgirl" and possibly DC Comics as a whole. In December 2012, Gail Simone had revealed that she was no longer the writer of "Batgirl", despite the title being a consistent top-seller which had received favorable reviews. She  had been informed by her new editor, Brian Cunningham, via e-mail of the creative change. Ray Fawkes would fill in for two issues, "Batgirl" #17 and 18. Twelve days after being fired, however, Gail Simone had announced that she had been re-hired as the writer of "Batgirl", and that she would return following Fawkes' issues. In March 2013, both Andy Diggle and Joshua Hale Fialkov announced that they would be leaving their writing duties at DC Comics. Diggle had previously signed as ongoing writer of "Action Comics" starting with issue #19, following Grant Morrison's run on the  title. However, Diggle later announced that he would be leaving the title before the first issue had even been published, citing professional reasons. He is credited as the sole writer in issue #19. Series artist Tony Daniel finished Diggle's work on the title as a scripter. Fialkov was signed to write both "Red Lanterns" and "Green Lantern Corps" following Geoff Johns's departure from the Green Lantern line, however, Fialkov left DC Comics without a single issue being written by him due to creative differences with editorial. In September 2013, J. H. Williams III and Haden Blackman announced their  intention to leave "Batwoman" with issue 26, citing last-minute editorial changes as the reason. Among these editorial decisions was a prohibition on having the title character marry her fiancée Maggie Sawyer. Co-Publisher Dan DiDio explained that the major superheroes in the Batman family of books should not get married because finding true happiness would undermine the angst and turmoil that typify those characters, and their commitment to the superhero lives they lead. Writer Marc Andreyko, who is openly gay himself, took over the title with issue 25, which featured a "" tie-in. This creative change interrupted the finale  to Williams' and Blackman's work on the title; they had already written issues 25 and 26 prior to their departure. Andreyko resolved "Batwoman" #24's cliffhanger ending in "Batwoman Annual" #1.