Person-affecting view
A person-affecting or person-based view (also called person-affecting restriction) in population ethics captures the intuition that an act can only be bad if it is bad "for" someone. Similarly something can be good only if it is good "for" someone. Therefore, according to standard person-affecting views, there is no moral obligation to create people nor moral good in creating people because nonexistence means "there is never a person who could have benefited from being created". Whether one accepts person-affecting views greatly influences to what extent shaping the far future is important (since  there may be greatly more humans existing in the future than have ever existed). Person-affecting views are also important in considering human population control. A weaker form of person-affecting views states that an act can only be bad if it is bad for some existing or future person. Person-affecting views can be seen as a revision of total utilitarianism in which the "scope of the aggregation" is changed from all individuals who would exist to a subset of those individuals (though the details of this vary, see the section below). Some philosophers who have discussed person-affecting  views include Derek Parfit, Jan Narveson, John Broome, Jeff McMahan, Larry Temkin, Tatjana Višak, Gustaf Arrhenius, Johann Frick, Nick Beckstead, and Hilary Greaves. Variants. There is no single "person-affecting view" but rather a variety of formulations all involving the idea of something being good or bad "for" someone. Asymmetric Person-Affecting Views. There are also "asymmetric" views, according to which it is considered bad or wrong to bring into this world lives that are not worth living, even though it is morally neutral to bring into this world lives that are worth living. Hard asymmetric views in particular can  lead one to conclude that human extinction (or the extinction of all life) is good, according to Beckstead. However, according to Simon Knutsson, this can be the case for utilitarianism and consequentialism generally, not just asymmetric consequentialist theories, like negative utilitarianism and negative consequentialism. Soft asymmetric views, like described by Teruji Thomas, hold that additional lives worth living can make up for bad lives, but once the bad lives are made up for, more lives worth living do not improve the outcome. These are less prone to the conclusion that extinction is good than hard asymmetric views. Person-affecting view