International direct dialing
International direct dialing (IDD) or international subscriber dialling (ISD) is placing an international telephone call that is dialed directly by a telephone subscriber, rather than by a telephone operator. The term "international subscriber dialling" was used in the United Kingdom and Australia until the terminology was changed to international direct dialling. Since the late 20th century, most international calls are dialed directly. Calls are initiated by dialing the international call prefix for the originating country, followed by the country calling code for the destination country, and finally the national telephone number of the destination. When telephone phone  numbers are published for international use, the international access code is omitted, and the number is listed to start with a plus sign ("+") followed by the country calling code. The plus sign indicates that the country code follows, and that an access code may have to be dialed in the originating country. The first transatlantic direct dial telephone call was made by Sally Reed in Dedham, Massachusetts to her penpal, Ann Morsley, in Dedham, Essex, in 1957. It was witnessed by Reed's teacher, Grace Hine, Dedham's former chief telephone operator, Margaret Dooley, and several representatives of New  England Telephone and Telegraph Company. In March 1970, the United States introduced a new nationwide system, called International Direct Distance Dialing (IDDD), as an extension of Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) that was inaugurated in 1951 in Englewood, New Jersey. Examples. A fictitious number in Sydney, Australia is "(02) 3456 7890". It is published in the form "+61 2 3456 7890" for international use. In the countries participating in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), such as the United States, Canada, and some Caribbean nations, this number is dialed as "011 61 2 3456 7890", with "011" being the international call  prefix used in the NANP and "61" being the country calling code of Australia. From most of the rest of the world, the international access code is "00", so the call is dialed as "00 61 2 3456 7890", as recommended by the regulations of the ITU. However, for Australians who wish to dial international numbers, the international access code calling from Australia is 0011, as opposed to 011 or 00.