Translations of The Lord of the Rings
"The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, written originally in English, has since been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of other languages. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation during his lifetime, and made comments on early translations that reflect both the translation process and his work. To aid translators, and because he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators such as Åke Ohlmarks, Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings in 1967 (released  publicly in 1975 in "A Tolkien Compass", and in full in 2005, in ""). Challenges to translation. Because "The Lord of the Rings" purports to be a translation of the "Red Book of Westmarch", with the English language in the translation purporting to represent the Westron of the original, translators need to imitate the complex interplay between English and non-English (Elvish) nomenclature in the book. An additional difficulty is the presence of proper names in Old English and Old Norse. Tolkien chose to use Old English for names and some words of the Rohirrim, for example, "Théoden", King of Rohan : his name is simply a transliteration of Old English "þēoden", "king". Similarly, he used Old Norse for "external" names of his Dwarves, such as "Thorin Oakenshield": both "Þorinn" and "Eikinskjaldi" are Dwarf-names from the "Völuspá". The relation of such names to English, within the history of English, and of the Germanic languages more generally, is intended to reflect the relation of the purported "original" names to Westron. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey states that Tolkien began with the words and names that he wanted, and invented parts of Middle-earth to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created  by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium. Early translations. The first translations of "The Lord of the Rings" to be prepared were those in Dutch (1956–7, Max Schuchart) and Swedish (1959–60, Åke Ohlmarks). Both took considerable liberties with their material, apparent already from the rendition of the title, "In de Ban van de Ring" "Under the Spell of the Ring" and "Härskarringen" "The Ruling Ring", respectively. Most later translations, beginning with the Polish "Władca Pierścieni" in 1961, render the title more literally. Later non-literal title translations however include the Japanese "Legend of the Ring , Finnish Taru Sormusten Herrasta" "Legend of the Lord of the Rings", the first Norwegian translation "Krigen om ringen" "The War of the Ring", Icelandic "Hringadróttinssaga" "The Lord of the Rings' Saga", and West Frisian, "Master fan Alle Ringen" "Master of All Rings". Tolkien in both the Dutch and the Swedish case objected strongly while the translations were in progress, in particular regarding the adaptation of proper names. Despite lengthy correspondence, Tolkien did not succeed in convincing the Dutch translator of his objections, and was similarly frustrated in the Swedish case. Dutch (Schuchart). Regarding the Dutch version of Max Schuchart, "", Tolkien  wrote However, if one reads the Dutch version, little has changed except the names of certain characters, this to ensure that no reading difficulties emerge for Dutch speakers who don't understand English. Schuchart's translation remains, as of 2008, the only authorized translation in Dutch. However, there is an unauthorized translation by E.J. Mensink-van Warmelo, dating from the late 1970s. A revision of Schuchart's translation was initiated in 2003, but the publisher Uitgeverij M decided against publishing it. Swedish. Ohlmarks 1959–61. Åke Ohlmarks was a prolific translator, who during his career besides Tolkien published Swedish versions of  Shakespeare, Dante and the Qur'an. Tolkien intensely disliked Ohlmarks' translation of "The Lord of the Rings" ("Härskarringen"), however, more so even than Schuchart's Dutch translation. Ohlmarks' translation remained the only one available in Swedish for forty years, and until his death in 1984, Ohlmarks remained impervious to the numerous complaints and calls for revision from readers. After "The Silmarillion" was published in 1977, Christopher Tolkien consented to a Swedish translation only on the condition that Ohlmarks have nothing to do with it. After a fire at his home in 1982, Ohlmarks incoherently charged Tolkien fans with arson, and subsequently  published the book "Tolkien och den svarta magin" ("Tolkien and the black magic") - a book connecting Tolkien with "black magic" and Nazism. Andersson and Olsson 2005. Ohlmarks' translation was superseded only in 2005, by a new translation by Erik Andersson with poems interpreted by Lotta Olsson. German. Carroux 1969–70. As a reaction to his disappointment with the Dutch and Swedish translations, Tolkien wrote his "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings", gaining himself a larger influence on translations into other Germanic languages, namely Danish and German. Frankfurt-based Margaret Carroux qualified for the German version published by  Klett-Cotta on basis of her translation of Tolkien's short story Leaf by Niggle, that she had translated solely to give him a sample of her work. In her preparation for "The Lord of the Rings" (), unlike Schluchart and Ohlmarks, Carroux even visited Tolkien in Oxford with a suitcase full of his published works and questions about them. Yet, mainly due to a cold that both Tolkien and his wife were going through at the time, the meeting was later described as inhospitable and 'chilly', Tolkien being 'harsh', 'taciturn' and 'severely ill'. Later correspondences with Carroux turned out to  be much more encouraging with Tolkien being generally very pleased with Carroux's work, with the sole exception of the poems and songs, that would eventually be translated by poet Ebba-Margareta von Freymann. On several instances Carroux departed from the literal, e.g. for the "Shire". Tolkien endorsed the "Gouw" of the Dutch version and remarked that German "Gau" "seems to me suitable in Ger., unless its recent use in regional reorganization under Hitler has spoilt this very old word." Carroux decided that this was indeed the case, and opted for the more artificial "" "meadow-land" instead. "Elf" was rendered  with linguistic care as "Elb", the plural "Elves" as "Elben". The choice reflects Tolkien's suggestion: The "Elb" chosen by Carroux instead of the suggested "Alb" is a construction by Jacob Grimm in his 1835 "Teutonic Mythology". Grimm, like Tolkien, notes that German "Elf" is a loan from the English, and argues for the revival of the original German cognate, which survived in the adjective "elbisch" and in composed names like "Elbegast". Grimm also notes that the correct plural of "Elb" would be "Elbe", but Carroux does not follow in this and uses the plural "Elben", denounced by Grimm as  incorrect in his "German Dictionary" (s.v. "Alb"). On many instances, though, the German version resorts to literal translations. "Rivendell" Tolkien considered as a particularly difficult case, and recommended to "translate by sense, or retain as seems best.", but Carroux opted for the literal "Bruchtal". The name "Baggins" was rendered as "Beutlin" (containing the word "Beutel" meaning "bag"). Another case where Carroux translated the meaning rather than the actual words was the name of "Shelob", formed from the pronoun "she" plus "lob", a dialectal word for "spider" (according to Tolkien; the OED is only aware of its occurrence in Middle English ). Tolkien gives no prescription; he merely notes that "The Dutch version retains "Shelob", but the Swed. has the rather feeble "Honmonstret" ["she-monster"]." Carroux chose "Kankra", an artificial feminine formation from dialectal German "Kanker" ""Opiliones"" (cognate to "cancer"). Krege 2000. In 2000, Klett-Cotta published a new translation of "The Lord of the Rings" by Wolfgang Krege, not as a replacement of the old one, which throughout the years had gained a loyal following, but rather as an accompaniment. The new version focuses more on the differences in linguistic style that Tolkien employed to set apart the more biblical prose  and the high style of elvish and human 'nobility' from the more colloquial 1940s English spoken by the Hobbits, something that he thought Carroux's more unified version was lacking. Krege's translation met mixed reception, the general argument of critics being that he took too many liberties in modernising the language of the Hobbits with the linguistic style of late 90s German that not only subverted the epic style of the narrative as a whole but also went beyond the stylistic differences intended by Tolkien. Klett-Cotta has continued to offer and continuously republishes both translations. Yet, for the  2012 republication of Krege's version, his most controversial decisions were partly reverted. Russian. Interest in Russia awoke soon after the publication of "The Lord of the Rings" in 1955, long before the first Russian translation. A first effort at publication was made in the 1960s, but in order to comply with literary censorship in Soviet Russia, the work was considerably abridged and transformed. The ideological danger of the book was seen in the "hidden allegory 'of the conflict between the individualist West and the totalitarian, Communist East'" (Markova 2006), while, ironically, Marxist readings in the west conversely identified Tolkien 's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism. Russian translations of "The Lord of the Rings" circulated as samizdat and were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers; no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005 (Markova 2006). Tolkien fandom grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and incomplete translations are in circulation. The first translation appearing in print was that by Kistyakovski and Muravyov (volume 1, published 1982 ). Hebrew. The first translation of "The Lord of the Rings" into Hebrew (שר הטבעות) was done by Canaanite movement member Ruth Livnit, aided by Uriel Ofek as the translator of the verse. The 1977 version was considered a unique book for the sort of Hebrew that was used therein, until it was revised by Dr. Emanuel Lottem according to the second English edition, although still under the name of the previous translators, with Lottem as merely "The editor". The difference between the two versions is clear in the translation of names. Elves, for an example, were first translated as "בני  לילית" (Bneyi Lilith, i.e. the "Children of Lilith") but in the new edition was transcribed in the form of "Elefs" maintained through Yiddish as "עלף". The change was made because "Bneyi Lilith" essentially relates with Babylonian-derived Jewish folklore character of Lilith, mother of all demons, an inappropriate name for Tolkien's Elves. Since all seven appendices and part of the foreword were dropped in the first edition, the rules of transcript therein were not kept. In the New edition Dr. Lottem translated the appendices by himself, and transcribed names according to the instructions therein. Furthermore, the old translation was  made without any connection to the rest of Tolkien's mythological context, not "The Silmarillion" nor even "The Hobbit". Parts of the story relating to events mentioned in the above books were not understood and therefore either translated inaccurately, or even dropped completely. There are also major inconsistencies in transcript or in repetitions of similar text within the story, especially in the verse. Tolkien's "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings". The "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings" is a guideline on the nomenclature in "The Lord of the Rings" compiled by  J. R. R. Tolkien in 1966 to 1967, intended for the benefit of translators, especially for translations into Germanic languages. The first translations to profit from the guideline were those into Danish (Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen) and German (Margaret Carroux), both appearing 1972. Frustrated by his experience with the Dutch and Swedish translations, Tolkien asked that With a view to the planned Danish translation, Tolkien decided to take action in order to avoid similar disappointments in the future. On 2 January 1967, he wrote to Otto B. Lindhardt, of the Danish publisher Gyldendals Bibliotek: Photocopies of this "commentary" were sent to  translators of "The Lord of the Rings" by Allen & Unwin from 1967. After Tolkien's death, it was published as "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings", edited by Christopher Tolkien in "A Tolkien Compass" (1975). Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2005) have newly transcribed and slightly edited Tolkien's typescript, and re-published it under the title of "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in their book "". Tolkien uses the abbreviations "CS" for "Common Speech, in original text represented by English", and "LT" for the target language of the translation. His approach is the  prescription that if in doubt, a proper name should not be altered but left as it appears in the English original: The names in English form, such as "Dead Marshes", should in Tolkien's view be translated straightforwardly, while the names in Elvish should be left unchanged. The difficult cases are those names where An example is "Rivendell", the translation of Sindarin "Imladris" "Glen of the Cleft", or "Westernesse", the translation of "Númenor". The list gives suggestions for "old, obsolescent, or dialectal words in the Scandinavian and German languages". The Danish (Ludvigsen) and German (Carroux) translations were the only ones  profiting from Tolkien's "commentary" to be published before Tolkien's death in 1973. Since then, new translations into numerous languages have continued to appear. List of translations. The number of languages into which Tolkien's works has been translated is subject to some debate. HarperCollins explicitly lists 38 (or 39) languages for which translations of ""The Hobbit" and/or "The Lord of the Rings"" exist: For some of these languages, there is a translation of "The Hobbit", but not of "The Lord of the Rings". For some languages, there is more than one translation of "The Lord of the Rings . These notably include Russian, besides Swedish, Norwegian, German, Polish, Ukrainian, Slovenian, and Korean. In addition to languages mentioned above, there are published translations of the Hobbit into Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Esperanto, Faroese, Georgian, Hawaiian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, and Persian. Comparatively few translations appeared during Tolkien's lifetime: when Tolkien died on 2 September 1973, the Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Danish, German and French translations had been published completely, and the Japanese and Finnish ones in part. The Russian translations are a special case because many unpublished and unauthorized translations circulated in the 1970s and 1980s Soviet Union, which were 	Translations of The Lord of the Rings
3490695	gradually published from the 1990s. Translations of The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, written originally in English, has since been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of other languages. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation during his lifetime, and made comments on early translations that reflect both the translation process and his work. To aid translators, and because he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators such as Åke Ohlmarks, Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of