Karviná
Karviná (; , , ) is a city in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 50,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Olza River in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Karviná is known as an industrial city with tradition in coal mining. The historic centre in Karviná-Fryštát is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. Administrative parts. Karviná is made up of nine city parts and villages: History. The first written mention of Karviná is from 1268. It was located on a trade route, which helped its development. It gained various privileges , but the prosperity ended with the Thirty Years' War. The discovery of hard coal deposits in Karviná in the second half of the 18th century brought a major turnaround in the economic development of Karviná and the entire region. The less significant village of Karviná near the important town of Fryštát gained importance for the whole Austria-Hungary. Following World War I, it was contested by Poland and Czechoslovakia, and after the split of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920 it became a part of Czechoslovakia as the main mining centre in the country. In 1923, it gained city rights. In October  1938 was annexed by Poland, together with the entire region known as Zaolzie, and during World War II it was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Germans operated a Gestapo prison in the city, and several forced labour camps, including a "Polenlager" solely for Poles, a camp solely for Jews, and a subcamp of the Nazi prison in Cieszyn. After the war it again became a part of Czechoslovakia. In 1948 Karviná, Fryštát, and the surrounding villages of Darkov, Ráj, and Staré Město were merged into one city named Karviná. The coat of arms of Fryštát was chosen as the coat  of arms of Karviná and Fryštát became the historical centre of this industrial city. The period after World War II is characterised by the economic orientation on heavy industry. In 2003, Karviná became a statutory city. Demographics. According to the 1980 census, at its peak, Karviná had 78,546 inhabitants, but the population dropped under 51,000. According to the 2011 census, 5.7% of the population are Poles and 5.4% of the population are Slovaks. The Polish population has been historically declining. In the past the town had a significant German community. There is also a growing Romani community. Economy. Karviná is  one of the most important coal mining centres in the country. Together with neighbouring cities it forms the industrial Ostrava-Karviná Coal Basin. Due to low profitability, however, mining is curtailed and in 2021, two mines were closed. Coal mining as the main economic activity in the city will be gradually replaced by revitalization of the landscape after mining. Education. Karviná is the centre of education of the region with its wide range of specialised secondary schools and, especially, the School of Business Administration of the Silesian University in Opava. Sport. Karviná, as a multi-ethnic city of Cieszyn Silesia , was a home to many football clubs established by particular ethnic groups after World War I. At that time many football clubs within the Polish, German, Czech, and Jewish communities were founded. The best known and most successful Polish club was PKS Polonia Karwina, founded in 1919. After World War II, the German and Jewish clubs were not reestablished. The Czech and Polish clubs existed until the 1950s, when as a part of a communist unification of sport in Czechoslovakia, the Czech clubs were joined to ZSJ OKD Mír Karviná and the Polish Polonia Karwina was incorporated into that club . Today, the only football club in the city is MFK Karviná, playing in the first division. Karviná is also home to a successful handball club, HCB Karviná, which became twice Czechoslovak champions and eleven times Czech champions. Other sport clubs in the city include two ice hockey teams SK Karviná (playing in the lower division) and HC Baník Karviná (playing in the 2nd Czech league), and the athletics club, with tennis, gymnastics, and ice skating being also very popular and established sports within the region. Sights. The last remnant of the original village of Karviná is the baroque Church of  Saint Peter of Alcántara in Doly. After the area was undermined during the coal mining, it fell by and inclined 6.8° south of the vertical axis. Today the historic centre is located in Fryštát part of Karviná. The main sight is the Fryštát Castle. The original structure was rebuilt and reconstructed several times, after it was finally rebuilt in the Empire style in 1800. In the same time, the English castle park was founded. Nowadays it is owned by the city and since 1997 it has been open to the public. The Sokolovských hrdinů Bridge in Darkov is a  reinforced concrete road bridge from 1922–1925, protected as a cultural monument. Twin towns – sister cities. Karviná is twinned with: