Cristina Lafont
Cristina Lafont is Harold H. and Virginia Anderson Professor of Philosophy at Northwestern University. Biography. Lafont graduated 'cum laude' with a Licenciatura in philosophy from the Universidad de Valencia in 1987. From there, she moved to Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt (Main), where she obtained her PhD in philosophy (Dr. phil.) 'summa cum laude' in 1992 under the supervision of Jürgen Habermas. At the same university, she was awarded the Habilitation in the year 2000. Cristina Lafont has held numerous positions as a distinguished lecturer or visiting professor in the English-speaking, Spanish-speaking and German-speaking academic  world. Thus, she was Visiting professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Mexico (Mexico), Universidad Carlos III Madrid (Spain), Universidad de Oviedo (Spain), Lehrbeauftragte at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt. In 2008, she held a Secularity and Value Lecture at the London School of Economics, in 2009 the García Máynez Lectures at the Universidad Autónoma de Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, D.F.), in 2011 she held the Spinoza chair at the University of Amsterdam, and in 2012–13, she was a Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study Work. Her current research focuses on normative questions in political philosophy concerning democracy  and citizen participation, global governance, human rights, religion and politics. She works in a framework of deliberative democratic theory, where she defends a participatory construal of the democratic ideal against proposals to insulate political decision making from the influence of the citizenry. This conception requires the citizens to respect the priority of public reason over religious or otherwise comprehensive views in their political deliberations in the public sphere. At the level of global governance, she argues against the current state-centric understanding of human rights obligations because of the protection gaps it leaves open. Instead, she advocates a more ambitious  construal of the responsibility to protect (R2P) human rights, which she interprets as a provisional duty of the international community as a whole until appropriate institutions are in place to close these gaps. The most elaborate and detailed account of her participatory conception of deliberative democracy is presented in her 2020 book "Democracy Without Shortcuts. A participatory conception of deliberative democracy." In this book, she develops her position in critique of deep pluralist, recent elite or democratic epistocratic, and lottocratic approaches in democratic theory by demonstrating how each of them requires "blind deference" of those subject to decision-making to  a group of decision-makers. The concept of "blind deference" is one of the key innovations of the book and refers to a kind of obedience that is not driven by reasons to accept or make decisions one's own and thus a form of subjection to others [cf. pp. 127–134]. Lafont argues that any theory requiring civic "blind deference" must therefore fall short of construing democracy as political "self-government of the people". The book also proposes a new genuinely deliberative conception of the potential contribution of institutionalized mini-publics to improved democratic legitimation by helping to effectively produce  a well-informed considered public opinion on complex political matters [ch. 5]. Lafont works in critical theory elaborates on the themes in the philosophy of Jürgen Habermas. Cristina Lafont's earlier philosophical work in the philosophy of language of Heidegger's hermeneutics issues in her identification of a specific form of "linguistic turn" (centered on the "world-disclosing" function of conceptual structures in language) in post-Kantian German philosophy between Hamann and Habermas. The upshot is that the systematic idealistic and constructivist tendency of this tradition is owed to a specific set of assumptions in its linguistic philosophy. In this  work, she applies select tools from the theory of meaning developed in analytic philosophy of language to foundational issues from German Continental philosophy. This approach enables fruitful and precise comparisons between Robert Brandom's inferentialist framework and hermeneutics or Habermas' theory of communicative action.