Govindgiri
Govindgiri, also known as Govind Guru, (1858–1931) was a social and religious reformer in the early 1900s in the adivasi-dominated border areas of present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat states in India. He is seen as having popularized the Bhagat movement, which was first started in the 18th century. Early life. Govindgiri was born in a Banjara family in the village of Bansiya (Hindi: बाँसिया) in Dungarpur State (now in Rajasthan). He gave himself a primary education with the help of a "pujari" in his village. He is reported to have been a "hali" (a "'hali"' has been described  as a worker "not employed at their own convenience but maintained as permanent estate servants, and not regarded to be in a position to resign services"). His wife and child reportedly died in the famine of 1900, after which he moved into the neighbouring Sunth State. There, Govindgiri married his brother's widow and, soon after, became the disciple of a Hindu monk ("gosain") Rajgiri; in honor of Rajgiri, Vinda changed his name into Govindgiri. Around 1909 he returned to Dungarpur State with his wife and children, to the village of Vedsa. Activism. Social and religious positions. Govindgiri engaged himself  in "improving the moral character, habits, and religious practices" of the adivasis. He organized the "sampa sabha" (Hindi: सम्प सभा) with the intent of serving the adivasi people. Govindgiri preached monotheism, observance of temperance, forsaking crimes, following agriculture, giving up beliefs in superstition, etc. He called upon adivasis to adopt the more of the upper castes and "to behave like "sahukars"" (moneylenders). Drawing on the ritual practices of the Shaivite sect Dashanami Panth, Govindgiri encouraged his followers to tend a "dhuni" (fire pit) and hoist a "nishan" (flag) outside their houses. On the matter of women's rights, Govindgiri critiqued  upper-caste treatment of women and argued that adivasi practices were much better for women. He declared Rajputs and Brahmins inferior in this respect because they degraded women, citing the Rajput custom of female infanticide and the Rajput and Brahmin prohibition against widow remarriage. Political positions. Govindgiri's teachings were originally aimed at social and religious reform but he gradually "developed a strong critique of hierarchy and exploitation" of the adivasis by ruling classes. He advised the adivasis that their destitution was caused by princely rulers and "jagirdars". Govindgiri preached that Bhils were the rightful owners of the land and  they also the right to rule over it. He envisioned the establishment of a Bhil "Raj" (Bhil state) in the hills of Sunth and Banswara states, restoring a Bhil kingdom that existed eight hundred years back. Support and opposition. Within a short time, Govindgiri garnered a large following among the adivasis in the states of Sunth, Banswara, Dungarpur and the British districts of Panch Mahals. He faced active opposition from the rulers of the states in which he preached. Reasons cited for the opposition include decreased revenues from liquor sales (because of Govindgiri forbidding liquor to his disciples) and the  subversion of the ruler's authority because of Govindgiri's growing influence. First arrest and release. Govindgiri's activities after 1907 received opposition from state officials and liquor contractors, and the Dungarpur State arrested him in late-1912 or early-1913. The state accused him of deceiving his followers, confiscated his savings and pressured him to stop his movement by imprisoning his wife and child (or children). However, he was released in April 1913 without being tried and ordered to leave Dungarpur State. Events at Mangadh. Govindgiiri was imprisoned by the ruler of Dungarpur but, apprehending a commotion among the adivasi people , released in April 1913 and exiled from Dungarpur state. Between then and October 1913, Govindgiri moved from one village to another under harassment by local rulers. After an attempt by the ruler of Idar State to capture Govindgiri while he was in the Idar territory, Govindgiri and his adherents formed a defensive position at Mangadh, a hillock on the borders of the former states of Banswara and Sunth State. On October 31, 1913, Govindgiri adherents captured a couple of police personnel of the Sunth State who were sent up the hill for reconnaissance. On November 1, 1913, the adherents attempted  an unsuccessful attack on the Parbatgadh fort in Sunth State and looted the village of Brahm in Banswara state. Apprehending danger, local rulers sought British assistance, and the Mangadh was besieged by a combined force consisting of Imperial Service Troops and the British Indian Army, including the Mewar Bhil Corps and soldiers from the states of Banswara, Dungarpur, Sunth and Baria. On November 17, 1913, the force attacked Mangarh, an action in which "several Bhils died" and Govindgiri and his lieutenant Dhirji Punja were captured. Aftermath. Those arrested at Mangadh were tried on 2 February 1914 before a special tribunal  consisting of one Major Gough and one Major Allison, I.C.S. Govindgiri was sentenced to be hanged, Punja Pargi (a lieutenant of Govindgiri) sentenced to life imprisonment, and the rest to three years of imprisonment. On appeal, Govindgiri's sentence was reduced to life imprisonment, Pargi's sentence was confirmed, and the sentences of the rest of the accused were reduced to six months of imprisonment. Punja Dhirji was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to the Andaman Cellular Jail where he died after some years. Later life. Govindgiri did not serve the entire terms of life imprisonment, but was released  from prison in Hyderabad in 1919 on condition he would not participate in political activities. He was also prohibited from entering several princely states. Until his death on 30 October 1931, he lived in Kamboi near Limbdi in present-day Panchmahal district of Gujarat. Recognition. Govind Guru Samadhi Mandir, a memorial shrine at Kamboj, is visited by his followers. Govind Guru Smriti Van, a botanical garden named after him, was opened by the Government of Gujarat on 31 July 2012. His grandson Man Singh was felicitated by the Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi in presence of more than 80,000  tribals. Shri Govind Guru University in Godhra, established in 2015, is named after him.