Battle of May Island
The Battle of May Island is the name given to the series of accidents that occurred during Operation E.C.1 in 1918. Named after the Isle of May, a nearby island in the Firth of Forth, the "battle" consisted of a disastrous series of accidents amongst Royal Navy vessels on their way from Rosyth, Scotland, to fleet exercises in the North Sea. On the misty night of 31 January1 February 1918, five collisions occurred between eight ships. Two K-class submarines were lost and three other submarines and a light cruiser were damaged. 105 British sailors in  total died in the accidents. Naming. The use of "Battle" for the events is an example of black humour. Although it took place during the First World War, no enemy forces were present and the losses were entirely accidental. Operation E.C.1. On the afternoon of 31 January 1918, around forty naval vessels left Rosyth on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, bound for Scapa Flow in Orkney where exercises involving the entire Grand Fleet would take place the following day. The vessels included the 5th Battle Squadron of three battleships with their destroyer escorts, the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron of four battlecruisers  and their destroyers, two cruisers and two flotillas of K-class submarines each led by a surface warship. The K-class submarines, specially designed to operate with a battle fleet, were large boats for their time, at long. The submarines were powered by steam turbines to allow them to travel at 24 knots on the surface to keep up with their fleet. The two flotillas were the 12th Submarine Flotilla, consisting of , , and , led by Captain Charles Little in the light cruiser HMS "Fearless", and the 13th Submarine Flotilla, consisting of , , , and , led by Commander Ernest William Leir in the  destroyer HMS "Ithuriel". Vice Admiral Beatty had moved the 12th and 13th flotillas of K-class submarines in December 1917 from Scapa Flow to Rosyth in order to ensure that they were in a better strategic location from which to undertake operations. Timeline. At 18:30 hours the vessels weighed anchor, and the entire fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas in the battlecruiser HMS "Courageous" steamed in a single line nearly long. At the head of the line was the "Courageous", followed by "Ithuriel" leading the rest of the 13th Submarine Flotilla. Several miles behind them  was the battlecruiser squadron containing HMAS "Australia", HMS "New Zealand", "Indomitable" and "Inflexible" with their destroyers. After these came the 12th Submarine Flotilla and bringing up the rear were three battleships, which were accompanied by a number of screening destroyers. The initial speed was 16 knots, but Evan-Thomas had ordered his forces to increase speed to 22 knots when they passed May Island, which lay just at the entrance to the Forth estuary. All vessels were ordered to sail astern of each other, apart. To avoid attracting German U-boats, particularly as one was suspected to be in the  area, after dark each vessel showed only a dim blue stern light accompanied by black-out shields that restricted the lights to one compass point either side of the boats' centre line, and they also were all instructed to maintain radio silence. The night was clear and the seas relatively calm, but the moon had not yet come up. As each group passed the Isle of May at the mouth of the firth, they altered course and increased speed to 20 knots. At approximately 19:00 hours, "Courageous" passed May Island and increased speed, just as a low-lying bank of  mist settled over the sea. As the 13th Submarine Flotilla passed the island, a pair of lights (possibly minesweeping naval trawlers) were seen approaching the line of submarines. The flotilla altered course sharply to port to avoid them, but the helm of the third-in-line "K14" jammed for six minutes and she veered out of line. Both "K14" and the boat behind her, "K12" turned on their navigation lights. Eventually "K14"'s helm was freed and she tried to return to her position in the line. The next submarine in line, "K22", had lost sight of the rest of  the flotilla in the mist and veered off the line, with the result that she hit "K14" at 19:17 hours, severing the bow and breaching the forward mess deck, where two men were killed. Both stricken submarines stopped and carefully pulled themselves apart whilst the rest of the flotilla, unaware of what had happened, continued out to sea. "K22" radioed in code to the cruiser leading the flotilla to say that she could reach port but that "K14" was crippled and sinking. About fifteen minutes later, the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron passed the island and the two submarines. The captain of  K22 ordered the firing of a red Very light, which ensured three of the four battlecruisers were able to avoid both submarines. However, the battlecruiser "Inflexible" bringing up the rear struck "K22" a glancing blow at 19:43 hours before continuing on her way. The impact bent the first of the bow of "K22" at right angles and wrecked the ballast and fuel tanks, and she settled by the bow until only the conning tower showed. Meanwhile, Leir, captain of "Ithuriel", had received and decoded the message about the first collision between the two submarines and turned back to help them . Leir sent an encoded message to the flag officer on "Australia" at 20:40 hours, warning them of what was happening. "Submarines K-12 and K-22 have been in collision and are holed forward. I am proceeding to their assistance with 13th Submarine Flotilla. Position 18 miles east magnetic from May Island". This could have made a difference and prevented the loss of at least some of those in the water, except that the primitive technology of the time meant that transmission was delayed until 21:20. The submarines behind "Ithuriel" turned to follow her, and the flotilla headed back towards the 2nd  Battlecruiser Squadron, which then passed through the flotilla. It was only through emergency turns by both groups of vessels that further accidents were narrowly avoided. As the 13th Flotilla reached the Isle of May, they encountered the outbound 12th Submarine Flotilla. "Fearless", the leader of the 12th Flotilla, was moving at full speed, and rammed the "K17", damaging "Fearless"' bow, and sinking the "K17" in eight minutes, killing her 48-man crew. Upon hearing the sirens from "Fearless" which signalled that she had stopped, "K4" also came to a stop, but the trailing boats did not. "K3" narrowly missed "K4  and then stopped three cables further on, but K6", despite going full astern, could not avoid a collision, ramming the broadside of K4 and nearly cutting the latter in half. The seriously damaged "K4" sank with all of her crew; while going down, she was hit by "K7". At this point the 5th Battle Squadron of three battleships and their destroyers passed through the area, unaware of what had happened, with some of the destroyers cutting down the survivors of "K17" struggling in the water. Only nine of the 56 men originally on board the submarine survived, and one of  these died of his injuries shortly afterwards. Within 75 minutes, two submarines had sunk, three had been badly damaged, and 105 men had been killed. "K14 "was taken in tow by "HMS Venetia" and reached port. Aftermath. A total of 104 lives were lost during the "Battle of May Island"; 55 from K4, 47 from K17, and two from K14. The subsequent hastily-convened Court of Inquiry began on 5 February 1918 and sat for five days. The Court of Inquiry released its final report on 19 February 1918, in which it placed the blame for the incident on Leir  and four officers on the K boats. They recommended that Leir be court martialled. The case of negligence against Leir for the loss of K-17 was "not proved". Both the investigation and court martial were kept quiet, with much of the information not released until 1994, by which time all of the participants had died, to avoid embarrassment to the Navy. A memorial cairn was erected 84 years later, on 31 January 2002, at Anstruther harbour opposite the Isle of May. The Submariners' Association holds an annual commemorative service to honour the loss of life. Wrecks. In 2011, surveyors conducting  a detailed preparatory survey of the sea floor for the Neart Na Gaoithe offshore wind farm published sonar images of the wrecks of the two submarines, K-4 and K-17 sunk during the accident. The site of the two sunken submarines, 100 metres apart and about 50 metres down, has long been known, but the wrecks have now been officially surveyed by divers from the specialist marine consultants EMU.