Minister-president
A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where they preside over the council of ministers. It is an alternative term for prime minister, premier, chief minister, or first minister and very similar to the title of president of the council of ministers. Terminology. In English-speaking countries, similar institutions may be called premiers or first ministers (typically at the subnational level) or prime ministers (typically at the national level). The plural is sometimes formed by adding  an "s" to "minister" and sometimes by adding an "s" to "president". The term is used, for instance, as a translation (calque) of the German word "Ministerpräsident". Austria. From 1867 to 1918, the first minister of the government was known as "Ministerpräsident" (minister-president), before that "Staatskanzler" (state chancellor). Today the head of the Austrian Federal Government is called the "Bundeskanzler" (federal chancellor), while the head of a state government is called the "Landeshauptmann" (literally "state captain"), not "Ministerpräsident". In the city-state of Vienna the head of the state government is called the "Bürgermeister und Landeshauptmann" (Mayor and state  captain). See: List of ministers-president of Austria. Belgium. The term minister-president (Dutch: "minister-president", French: "ministre-président", German: "Ministerpräsident") is also used in Belgium to describe the head of government of a Belgian region or linguistic community, but not the head of the Belgian federal government who is referred to as the prime minister (Dutch: "eerste minister", French: "premier ministre", German: "Premierminister"). According to the Belgian constitution, the federal prime minister is appointed by the king, and approved by the federal parliament with a vote of confidence (in practice the king usually appoints the leader of the winning  party as ""formateur"" to form a government). The federal ministers later swear an oath of allegiance to the king. The ministers-president of the regions and linguistic communities are not appointed by the king, but are directly appointed by their respective parliament. Ministers of the regions and linguistic communities are not required to swear allegiance to the king but simply take an oath in their respective parliament. See: Germany. A Minister President ("Ministerpräsident") is the head of government in 13 of the 16 States of Germany. Exceptions are the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, where the head of  government is called, respectively, the Governing Mayor ("Regierender Bürgermeister"), First Mayor ("Erster Bürgermeister") and Mayor and President of the Senate ("Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senates"). On the federal level, the head of the federal government (with an effectively identical function as leader of the cabinet) is called the Chancellor or Federal Chancellor ("Kanzler" or "Bundeskanzler"). Hungary. The title of Hungary's head of government in Hungarian is "miniszterelnök" which literally translated means "minister-president". However, because "prime minister" or "premier" is the more usual title in a parliamentary system for a head of government in English-speaking nations, "miniszterelnök" is  almost always translated as "prime minister." Latvia. The Minister president is the head of government. "Minister-President" in the Constitution of Latvia of February 15, 1922, arose when the German term "Ministerpräsident" (minister-president) was translated; the term "ministru prezidents" (in Latvian) was coined by the member of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, Latvian writer Kārlis Skalbe. Netherlands. In the Netherlands the prime minister is officially referred to as "minister-president", although the informal term "premier" is also frequently used. His responsibilities are defined in the constitution of 1848 as the "voorzitter van de ministerraad" (chair of the council of  ministers). The title of minister-president has been in use since 1945 and officially added to the constitution in 1983. Norway. In Norway, Vidkun Quisling, head of the collaborationist government from 1942 to 1945 during the German occupation in World War II, held the title of Minister-President (in Norwegian, "ministerpresident"). Russian Republic. During the short lived Russian Republic, the role of a Minister-President was established. Alexander Kerensky was chosen to lead the provisional government.