Rubus ursinus
Rubus ursinus is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry. The name is from "rubus" for "bramble" and "ursinus" for "bear." Distribution. The plant is native to western North America, found in British Columbia (Canada); California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington (Western U.S.); and Baja California state (Mexico). Description. "Rubus ursinus" is a wide, mounding shrub or vine, growing to high, and more than wide. The prickly branches can take root if they touch soil, thus enabling the plant  to spread vegetatively and form larger clonal colonies. Leaves usually have 3 leaflets but sometimes 5 or only 1, and are deciduous. The plant is dioeocious, with male and female plants on separate plants, also unusual for the genus. As with other "Rubus", the canes are typically vegetative the first year, and reproductive in the second. Flowers are white with narrower petals than most related species, and have a fragrance. The sweet, very aromatic, edible fruits are dark purple, dark red, or black and up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inches) in length. Subspecies and varieties. Current or recent subspecies and  varieties include: Uses. Diverse wildlife eat the berries, including songbirds, deer, bear, and other large and small mammals. It is of notable pollinator and nesting material value for native bee and bumble bee species. This blackberry species is a larval food source for the western tiger swallowtail butterfly ("Papilio rutulus"), the mourning cloak butterfly ("Nymphalis antiopa"), the gray hairstreak butterfly ("Strymon melinus"), and the spring azure butterfly ("Celastrina ladon"). Native Americans, such as the Kumeyaay, Maidu, Pomo and Salish peoples, used "Rubus ursinus" as a fresh and dried fruit source and as a traditional medicinal plant. The Concow tribe calls  this plant wân-kö-mil′-ē in the Konkow language. Cultivation. "Rubus ursinus" is cultivated for its fruit, and also ornamental plant qualities. It is planted in home, native plant, and wildlife gardens, and in natural landscaping projects. It can be espaliered or trained on fences and trellising. When mature/established, the plant is effective in stabilizing creek banks and edges of bioswales. To set large fruit, the plant needs consistent amounts of moisture. Otherwise it is moderately drought tolerant when established. Seed size seems to be related to fruit "cell" size, and the smallest (1 cm) fully formed berries are  most highly prized. These are sometimes called "little wild blackberries." A cultivar of this species named the 'Aughinbaugh' blackberry was a parent of the loganberry. "Rubus ursinus" is also a second generation parent of the boysenberry and the marionberry, or 'Marion' blackberry. 'Wild Treasure' has the fruit size and flavor of the wild species, but without prickles, and the berries are machine harvestable. It was released by the USDA-ARS in 2010, and is a hybrid between a selection of "Rubus ursinus" and 'Waldo' (another cultivar that is a second generation descendant of the marionberry that has no prickles). Rubus