Choux pastry
Choux pastry, or (), is a delicate pastry dough used in many pastries. Basic ingredients usually only include butter, water, flour and eggs (auxiliary ingredients and flavorings are also added). Instead of a raising agent, choux pastry employs its high moisture content to create steam, as the water in the dough evaporates when baked, puffing the pastry. The pastry is used in many European cuisines, including French cuisine and Spanish cuisine, and is the basis of many notable desserts, including profiteroles, éclairs and churros. History. According to some cookbooks, a chef by the name of Pantarelli or Pantanelli, Catherine  de' Medici's head chef, invented the dough in 1540, seven years after he left Florence with Medici and her court. He used the dough to make a gâteau and named it . Over time, the recipe of the dough evolved, and the name changed to , which was used to make , named after Pantanelli's successor Popelini, small cakes supposedly made to resemble the shape of a woman's breasts. Popelins were common aristocratic desserts in the 16th century, and were flavored with cheese or citrus (for example lemon peel, orange blossom water, etc.). They were prepared from dough that had  been dried over a fire to evaporate its water, called (literally meaning 'hot pastry'). From this, the name pâte à choux was derived (contrasting to the common misconception that the name derives itself from the rounded forms of the choux pastry resembling cabbage, as choux literally means 'cabbage' in French). Then, royal chefs Jean Avice, a , and , who worked in the court of Marie Antoinette, made modifications to the recipe in the 18th century, resulting in the recipe most commonly used now for profiteroles. Essential ingredients and manner of rising. The ingredients for choux pastry are butter, water, flour and  eggs. Like Yorkshire pudding or David Eyre's pancake, instead of a raising agent, it employs high moisture content to create steam during cooking to puff the pastry. The high moisture content is achieved by boiling the water and butter, then adding the flour. The mixture is cooked a few minutes longer, then cooled before adding enough eggs to achieve the desired consistency. The boiling step causes the starch in the flour to gel, allowing the incorporation of more water. Foods made with choux pastry. This pastry is used to make choux (small puffs), as the name implies, but also  profiteroles, , éclairs, , French crullers, , St. Honoré cake, Parisian gnocchi, dumplings, chouquettes (unfilled choux pastry paired with pearl sugar) and gougères. Choux pastry is usually baked, but for beignets, it is fried. In Spain and Latin America, churros are made of fried choux pastry, sugared and dipped in a thick hot chocolate for breakfast. In Italian cuisine, choux pastry is the base for zeppole di San Giuseppe which are cream-filled pastries eaten on March 19th for the feast of Saint Joseph. In Austrian cuisine, one variation of , a sweet apricot dumpling cooked in simmering water, uses choux pastry; in that  case it does not puff, but remains relatively dense. Choux pastries are sometimes filled with cream after baking to make cream puffs or éclairs. A is covered in a "crackly" sugar topping — and often filled with pastry cream, much like an éclair. Chouquette. A (), a diminutive of , is a small, round, hollow choux pastry covered with pearl sugar. Unlike éclairs which are also made with choux pastry, chouquettes are bite-sized and hollow on the inside. Chouquettes originate from Paris, and can be enjoyed at anytime of the day whether it be for breakfast, or as an afternoon snack. Choux