FBXL2
F-box/LRR-repeat protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "FBXL2" gene. This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable  motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbls class and, in addition to an F-box, contains 12 tandem leucine-rich repeats. FBXL2 is a highly conserved F-box protein that directly binds substrates and, thus, determines the specificity of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. FBXL2 contains a typical CaaX motif that is post-translationally modified by geranyl-geranylation for targeting to cellular membranes. The importance of the ubiquitin ligase activity of FBXL2 was originally shown in an unbiased screen for cellular host factors necessary for Hepatitis C virus replication. Geranyl-geranylation of FBXL2 is essential also  for its pro-survival function in mediating poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of IP3R3 (a calcium channel at the endoplasmic reticulum) and p85β (the regulatory subunit of PI3-Kinases). PI3Ks are heterodimeric lipid kinases composed of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. FBXL2 interacts with the pool of p85β that is free of p110 subunits to promote p85β, but not p85α, degradation. The degradation of p85β "via" FBXL2 maintains the balance between p85β monomers and p110-p85 heterodimers for efficient activation of PI3K in response to mitogens. In response to IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) production, calcium  (Ca) flux between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria is carried out by IP3 receptors (IP3Rs). This event is critical for cellular bioenergetics. The duration and the extent of Ca release from IP3Rs determine whether cells survive or die: basal levels of Ca release and uptake by the mitochondria is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. However, excessive and/or persistent Ca flux results in mitochondrial Ca overload and apoptosis. FBXL2 targets IP3R3 for degradation to avoid an excessive and prolonged flux of Ca and to attenuate apoptosis in response to stress. This process requires presence of FBXL2 at membranes "via  geranylgeranylation, and is sensitive to GGTi-2418 (a CaaX peptidomimetic geranylgeranylation inhibitor that reached clinical trials). The degradation of IP3R3 is antagonized by the tumor suppressor PTEN, which competes with FBXL2 for binding to IP3R3, thereby preventing IP3R3 degradation and promoting cell death. FBXL2 is geranylgeranylated by GGTase3, a fourth and novel member of the human family of prenyltransferases, identified by the Pagano laboratory.