Zivildienst in Austria
The Zivildienst (German, translated verbatim to "Civilian Service", but "compulsory paid community service" is more contextually equivalent) is the most common mandatory alternative service for conscientious objectors of the national military service in the Austrian Armed Forces. Officially called "Zivildienstleistender" (ZDL) or "Zivildiener" it is common to call them "Zivi". Since 1975, drafted men may refuse the military service on conscientious reasons and serve in the compulsory alternative community service instead. This generally involves work in social services like hospitals, youth organisations, nursing homes, rescue services, emergency medical services, and care of the disabled. The service usually  lasts nine months. About more than 40% of the drafted male citizens in Austria choose this option by declaring a conflict of conscience. There is no conscription for women, therefore women are not obliged to serve as a "Zivi", which is just a substitute for the still existing mandatory military service. History. The compulsory community service was introduced under the Kreisky II cabinet in 1975 due to pressure by pacifist groups. The military was pleased by the development, because it led to fewer disruptions of military service due to pacifists refusing weapons. Once an Austrian has completed compulsory community service , he is exempt from military service for life, and can therefore never be called for military duty. Though compulsory community service is firmly anchored in the constitution together with military service, it is supposed to be reserved for exceptional cases. Originally, conscientious objectors had to explain their doubts in front of a commission, which would determine whether or not they would be sent to the "Zivildienst". The compulsory community service lasted eight months, the same length as military service. The law was amended in 1991 so that objectors only need to declare their objection, rather than facing a commission. As  a result, the number of objectors rose, so the length of the civilian service was increased in stages: first to 10 months in 1992; then 11 months; then 12 months in 1997 (including two weeks of holidays). Between 1 April 2002 and 30 September 2005, the "Zivildienstverwaltungs GmbH", organized as an affiliated limited liability company of the Austrian Red Cross, was responsible for distributing compulsory service personnel on behalf of the then responsible Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior. This ended after the Austrian Constitutional Court demanded this activity as part of government and its integration into the interior ministry . Since October 2005, the "Agency for the Alternative Civil Service" (in German: Zivildienstagentur), which is responsible to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism since 2020, handles all issues regarding the compulsory community service. In 2004, the term of military service was reduced to six months, as recommended by a reform commission. Accordingly, the length of compulsory community service was adapted to nine months in 2006. Compulsory community service personnel, however, have the option to add another three months to their service for better pay through a private contract. Organisations taking advantage of "Zivildienst" personnel. The most conscientious objector  draftees have to work for the Austrian Red Cross. Beyond that, a higher number of compulsory community service personnel has to work in the care of the elderly and in hospitals. Further organisations are, for example, Emergency medical services, kindergartens, fire brigades, in communities as crossing guards and other social organisations which care for the disabled or refugees. Some small numbers have to work in agriculture. Types of Alternative Civilian Service. Regular Alternative Civilian Service. By 2014, more than 16,600 conscientious objectors enlisted on "Regular Alternative Civilian Service" (German: "Ordentlicher Zivildienst"), the number of men enlisted for the mandatory alterative  community service personnel has steadily increased. Since 2015 the number is decreasing. In 2019 the percentage of eligible men opting for Zivildienst increased again, but the actual number decreased, due to a year with a low birth rate. Therefore, the Austrian government will widen eligibility to the so-called "partial eligibility" (German: "Teiltauglichkeit"). Starting from January 2021 every men without physical or intellectual disability will be eligible for Zivildienst (and military service) to have the maximum number of men available for all mandatory services. Number of enrolments for mandatory alternative community service. In 1975 344 young men only registered for  the newly created alternative civilian service, since then the number of man applying for "Zivildienst" has risen and remains at a level of around 40-45% of all fit men. Regional differences of enrolments for mandatory alternative community service. There are severe regional differences, while in Vorarlberg (52.8%) and Vienna (53.5%) more than half of the drafted men registered for the mandatory alternative community service (as of 2014), in Carinthia only slightly more than a quarter (26.3%) of eligible male citizens become conscientious objectors. By 2018 already 66% of the male citizens of Vienna opted to become a "Zivi". Special  Alternative Civilian Service. In times of crisis or during the state of emergency, the government can draft conscientious objectors under the age of 50 again, who already fulfilled their regular obligatory civil alternative service for "Special Alternative Civilian Service" (German: "Außerordentlicher Zivildienst"). In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first time in history of Austrian "Zivildienst" 3,500 men started with "Außerordentlicher Zivildienst", 2,000 men volunteered and 1,500 men have been drafted to special alternative service for the duration of three months after fulfilling their period of service to assist in the Austrian medical service. Due to a lack  of necessity, the "Special Alternative Civilian Service" has been stopped at the end of July 2020 . Despite the much stronger progression of the pandemic in 2021, no further "Außerordentlicher Zivildiener" has been drafted in 2021. Voluntary services as an alternative to the regular "Zivildienst". Austrian Service Abroad. Since 1992, Austrian conscripts have the opportunity to work abroad. Andreas Maislinger took the idea from the German Action Reconciliation Service for Peace and founded the Austrian Service Abroad (in German: Auslandsdienst). This service is not part of the regular alternative civilian service, but a substitute to the regular "Zivildienst" which exempts its  participants from the compulsory community service. These positions are very popular, so participants often have to wait for years in order to receive one. The Austrian Service Abroad lasts twelve months and can be served in three different services: Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service. The German name is "Gedenkdienst" (for Memorial Service). The organization takes care of victims of Nazism. Austrian Social Service. The Austrian Social Service supports the social and economic development of a country. It can be done at various deployment locations that are operated by a multitude of partner organisations. Austrian Peace Service. The Austrian Peace Service service  can be provided in five accepted partner organizations, which are in China, Israel, Japan or the Netherlands. Goal is to spend a year in those countries and understand the enormous complexity of the conflicts and to make a little contribution to the lasting assurance of peace. Voluntary ecological year. Since 2013 it is possible to volunteer for the program of the voluntary ecological year (in German: "Freiwilliges Umweltjahr" / FUJ) for a minimum period of 10 months instead of the "Zivildienst". The FUJ is an educational and orientation year for teenagers and young adults. Voluntary social year. Since 2016 it is  possible to volunteer for a minimum of 10 months for the program of the voluntary social year (in German: "Freiwilliges Sozialjahr" / FSJ) as an alternative to the regular "Zivildienst". The reasons to join this program is, that you have some benefits, but it takes a few months longer than the Zivildienst. Compensation for Food. There has been years-long controversy in Austria as to the compensation for food of compulsory community service personnel. In 2001, an amendment to the law gave users of alternative civil service draftees a duty to ensure the proper nutrition of "Zivildienst" personnel, but did not  define what "proper nutrition" entails. As a result, many users of compulsory community service personnel chose to pay only €6.00 EUR per day in compensation for food, resulting in many protests and complaints. In the opinion of compulsory community service personnel, €6.00 EUR per day is insufficient to guarantee proper nutrition. As a result, the issue was taken to the courts in October 2005. The judgement agreed that €6.00 EUR per day is insufficient, and determined that an appropriate amount would be between €11.26 EUR and €13.60 EUR per day. This is the same amount  to which military personnel are entitled. Weapon ban. Compulsory community service draftees are banned from owning or carrying weapons for fifteen years after completing their compulsory service, which could impact negatively on their future employability. Those who served the "Zivildienst" were also forbidden from later joining the police service in Austria. However, the law was amended in 2010 to introduce certain circumstances under which the weapon ban could be lifted to pursue a career with the police forces. This involves former alternative civilian service personnel making a declaration that their conscientious doubts are over.