Gustavo Bueno
Gustavo Bueno Martínez (1 September 1924 – 7 August 2016) was a Spanish philosopher. Bueno is the founder of an original philosophical system still in development by the foundation which takes his name: «Fundación Gustavo Bueno» and his pupils. His system would eventually be dubbed by himself as "philosophical materialism", a sort of materialism which rejects physical reductivism and excludes any possibility of spiritual life without reference to organic life. Bueno's ontology and theory of knowledge are not based on mechanic materialism or dualistic historical materialism, but on the reality of current sciences and on a rich interpretation  of the main systems defended by the different traditions available in the history of philosophy. The founder of academic (scholar) philosophy, Plato, defended in "Sophist" the principle of Symploké that Bueno uses to support both determinism and pluralism: "nothing is isolated from everything else, but not everything is connected to everything else; otherwise, nothing could be known." Thus, Bueno opposes both monism and skepticism. Some of Bueno's works have been translated into English, German, and Chinese. Pupil of the national-syndicalist Santiago Montero Díaz, Bueno's ideological path reached a blend of right-wing and left-wing totalitarianism during  the years of the late francoism. Philosophical materialism. Philosophical materialism is a systematic doctrine about the structure of reality, characterized by its opposition to monistic materialism (typical of dialectical materialism) and to idealism or monistic spiritualism theology. However philosophical materialism is a pluralism of rationalism, that postulates the uniqueness of the world as a development of a general ontological matter that does not reduce to the empirical world. Philosophical materialism denies, against monistic continuity, and in agreement with the principle of the symploké that, "everything has an influence in everything" and denies, against pluralistic atomism that, "nothing has an influence  in anything". With respect to traditional materialism, philosophical materialism has a common characteristic, the denial of spiritualism, and the denial of spiritual essence. But unlike other materialism, philosophical materialism does not reduce materialism to the denial of supernatural things. Philosophical materialism admits the reality of incorporeal things: for example the real relation (not mental) of the distance that exists between two bottles of water that are above a table is as real as two corporeal bottles. This distance is incorporeal material and is not spiritual. With this criterion the concept of matter is redefined for philosophy and shows a more  precise word than matter, the stroma. This system has several aspects to be described: These were the predominant subjects of the writings of Bueno until the 1990s. However, at the start of the new millennium, he started to deal with ethical subjects and social and political subjects. However, he was criticized that he did not display the same "same rigor." For example, it is said of his criticisms of pacifism that it is more of an attempt to make, "deceitful analysis" of "rhetorical attitude" and they often arrive, "to the insult and unjust disqualification from biased analysis", without ever showing  changes of position in his arguments.