James Greeno
James G. Greeno (May 1, 1935 – September 8, 2020) was an American experimental psychologist and learning scientist whose research focused on learning and problem solving with conceptual understanding, using scientific concepts and methods of association theory, computational cognitive modeling, and discourse analysis. Education. Greeno earned a PhD. in psychology from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, in 1961. While a student at the University of Minnesota, Greeno also studied philosophy with Herbert Feigl, May Brodbeck, Wilfred Sellars, Alan Donagan and D. B. Terrell. During that time he developed a strong interest in philosophy, which he retained throughout his life . Career. In 1961 Greeno was hired by the psychology department at Indiana University. There he worked with Frank Restle, William Kaye Estes, and Cletus Burke. In 1968 he moved to the Department of Psychology at the University of Michigan joining Arthur Melton, Robert Bjork, David Krantz, Edwin Martin, and Robert Pachella in the Human Performance Center. Estes, Restle, and Melton were all important mentors and good friends throughout their lifetimes. During those years, Greeno’s interest in learning shifted from mathematical analyses and modeling of performance to analyses of information structures of cognition. In 1973 he was awarded a Guggenheim  Fellowship. In 1976 he joined scholars at the Learning Research and Development Center and the Department of Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, working especially with Lauren Resnick and Robert Glaser. There he was also a member of the Center for Philosophy of Science, with Adolph Grunbaum and Wesley Salmon. In 1984 Greeno moved to the University of California, Berkeley, to become the chair of a new enterprise in building a strong area of the study of mathematics and science learning, with Alan Schoenfeld and Andrea diSessa, in the Program of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology. From 1987 to  2003 he was the Margaret Jacks Professor of Education at Stanford University, where he was also Director of the Symbolic Systems Program from 1989-1992. In 1987, Greeno, John Seely Brown, and David Kearns co-founded the Institute for Research on Learning. Greeno retired from Stanford in 2003 and became Margaret Jacks Professor of Education, Emeritus. From 2003 to 2012 he was Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Pittsburgh. During this time, he has also been a Center Affiliate of the Learning Research and Development Center, and a Resident Fellow of the Center for Philosophy of Science. Greeno  has suggested a typology of problems: 1- Problems of inducing structure: Several instances are given and the problem solver must discover the rule or pattern involved. 2- Problems of transformation: An initial state is given and the problem solver must find a sequence of operation that will produce the goal state. 3- Problems of arrangement: All of the elements are given and the problem solver must arrange them in such a way that the problem is solved. Personal life. He married Noreen H. Greeno on 15 June 1957. They had two children.