Otocinclus
Otocinclus is a genus of catfish in the family Loricariidae native to South America, commonly known as "dwarf suckers" or "otos". This genus, like other loricariids, is characterized by rows of armour plating covering the body, as well as the underslung suckermouth. They are generally small in size; "O. tapirape" is the smallest of the species (2.4 cm), while "O. flexilis" is the biggest (5.5 cm). These species have adaptations that allow them to breathe air. A duct forms at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach and expands into an enlarged, ring-like diverticulum, characteristic of this  genus, which allows air-breathing. "Otocinclus" are popular aquarium fish, and they are often purchased as algae eaters. It is difficult to breed them in captivity, and only wild caught "Otocinclus" are available to hobbyists. This genus is widely distributed east of the Andes of South America, throughout the lowlands from northern Venezuela to northern Argentina, but are generally absent from the Amazon and the Orinoco lowlands. Etymology. The "Otocinclus" name is derived from the Greek "oto", meaning ear and the Latin "cinclus", meaning a latticework, an allusion to the holes in the head in the region of the ear . Taxonomy. "Otocinclus" is the most basal genus of the tribe Hypoptopomatini of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. However, phylogenetic relationships are currently under study and this genus may eventually be relocated. Its monophyly is supported by seven derived features. "O. batmani", "O. bororo", "O cocama", "O. huaorani", "O. mariae" and "O. mura" form a monophyletic group within this genus. A monophyletic group is also formed by "O. flexilis", "O. mimulus" and "O. xakriaba", which all share mimicry as a synapomorphy. Species. There are currently 19 recognized species in this genus: "Macrotocinclus affinus" was considered to be a member of "Otocinclus" until it  was moved to its own monotypic genus, "Macrotocinclus". The name "Otocinclus affinus" is still used in the aquarium trade, however it actually refers to members of "O. vittatus", "O. vestitus" and "O. macrospilus." Ecology. Species of this genus are diurnal and generally are found in small streams or along the margins of larger rivers, clinging to substrates using their suckermouth. The fish of this genus primarily feed on algae or aufwuchs on roots, stones, macrophytes and broad-leaved grasses. They inhabit well-oxygenated, moderate- to slow-flowing environments, often near river banks. They are found near the surface of the  water, but are often associated with vegetation or other structures. They lay adhesive eggs and do not guard them; this is in contrast to many other loricariids where the male builds a nest and guards the eggs. These fish live in shoals or schools. "Otocinclus" are able to breathe air. Prior to surfacing, they will release air through their gills and mouth. Upon returning to the bottom, the fish do not need to pump their buccal cavities, indicating they are absorbing oxygen from the swallowed air. "O. flexilis", "O. mimulus" and "O. xakriaba" are considered to be Batesian mimics of  certain "Corydoras" species ("C. diphyes", "C. garbei", "C. nattereri" and "C. paleatus", respectively). These "Corydoras" species have bony plates of armor and strong spines as defenses, making them less palatable; by mimicking these species in size and coloration, "Otocinclus" spp. avoid predation.