Tuckermannopsis
Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Taxonomy. The genus was circumscribed in 1933 by Hungarian lichenologist Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik, with "T. ciliaris" assigned as the type, and at that time, only species. The type species is a cetrarioid lichen, meaning it is erect, foliose, and with apothecia and pycnidia (sexual and asexual reproductive structures, respectively) that are largely restricted to the margins of the lobes. Starting in the 1980s, the genus became a wastebasket taxon containing cetrarioid species of uncertain taxonomic affinities. In 2001, Ingvar Kärnefelt and Arne Thell attempted to delimit "Tuckermannopsis" based  on a combination of morphology and molecular phylogeny, although the DNA of only four species was used in the analysis. They accepted seven species in the genus, with distribution centres in western North America and Japan. In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the family Parmeliaceae, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the time window of 29.45–32.55 million years ago represent genera. They proposed to synonymize "Tuckermannopsis" (and several other cetrelioid genera) with "Nephromopsis", so that all the genera within the Parmeliaceae are about  the same age. Although some of their proposed taxonomic changes were accepted, the synonymization of the cetrelioid genera with "Nephromopsis" was not accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal phylogenetic technique for use in fungal systematics. Description. Characteristic of genus "Tuckermannopsis" include a thallus that is either foliose (leafy) or somewhat fruticose (shrubby) with an upper surface that is brown or greenish in colour; cyclindircal asci with a small tholus (a thickened apical region) and broad axial body; ascospores that are more or less spherical, measuring 4–8 μm in diameter; the absence of the secondary metabolite usnic acid  in the cortex, and the presence of various compounds in the medulla. Species. The lichen once called "Tuckermannopsis inermis" has been transferred to genus "Melanohalea", as "Masonhalea inermis". "T. coralligera" and "T. fendleri" have been moved to genus "Tuckermanella", created in 2003 to contain cetrarioid lichens previously placed in the "Cetraria fendleri" species group.