British United Air Ferries
British United Air Ferries (BUAF) was a wholly private, British independent car and passenger ferry airline based in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. It specialised in cross-Channel ferry flights carrying cars and their owners between its numerous bases in Southern England, the Channel Islands and Continental Europe. All-passenger and all-cargo flights were operated as well. Following several identity and ownership changes, it went out of business in 2001. In its final years, as British World Airlines, its head office was at Viscount House, London Southend Airport. History. BUAF came into being on  1 January 1963 as a result of the merger of Channel Air Bridge and Silver City Airways. The newly formed airline was a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Holdings, which in turn was a subsidiary of British & Commonwealth (B&C). This ownership structure made BUAF a sister airline of British United Airways (BUA), at the time Britain's biggest independent airline and the country's leading independent scheduled operator. BUAF operated scheduled and non-scheduled vehicle ferry, passenger and freight services. This included scheduled routes from Southend, Lydd Ferryfield and Hurn to ten points in the Channel Islands and Continental Europe . Aviation Traders Carvairs operated what the airline called "deeper penetration" routes to Basle, Geneva and Strasbourg. Bristol Superfreighters plied the routes to Jersey, Guernsey, Cherbourg, Le Touquet, Calais, Ostend and Rotterdam. The airline's scheduled services between the UK, Le Touquet and Ostend formed part of rail-air operations linking the respective capital cities at each end. These were operated in conjunction with Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français (SNCF) and Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Belges/Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (SNCB/NMBS), the respective national railway companies of France and Belgium. (Amongst these, was a six -times daily Southend—Ostend vehicle ferry service operated in conjunction with erstwhile Belgian flag carrier Sabena. This service, which had been launched by Air Charter in partnership with Sabena in 1957 with three dedicated Superfreighters in full Sabena livery and which BUAF had inherited from Channel Air Bridge, continued until 1964.) Coach-air services were provided in conjunction with local coach operators between the UK, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland via Calais, Ostend, Rotterdam and Basle. In addition, all-passenger configured Bristol Freighters/Superfreighters were used for inclusive tour work on behalf of BUA (Services) Ltd. Sister airline BUA  (C.I.) assumed the former Silver City routes linking the North of England with the Channel Isles and the Continent. BUAF subsequently added routes linking Southampton with Rotterdam, Ostend, Calais, Deauville, Le Touquet, Jersey, Guernsey, Dinard and Cherbourg to its scheduled route network, while discontinuing its "deeper penetration" routes to Basle, Geneva and Strasbourg as these generated insufficient traffic to sustain a viable operation. Some of the new Southampton routes were part of rail-air operations in conjunction with the French and Belgian national railway companies as well. British Air Ferries (BAF). As a consequence of B&C's reorganisation of the  BUA group of companies during 1967/8, BUAF changed its name to British Air Ferries (BAF) in September 1967. In October 1971, BAF's ownership passed from Air Holdings to the Keegan family. In 1972, BAF became a wholly owned subsidiary of Transmeridian Air Cargo (TMAC), a Stansted-based all-cargo airline controlled by the Keegan family. In 1975, BAF began replacing its remaining Carvairs with Handley Page Dart Herald turboprops on its cross-Channel routes linking Southend with Le Touquet, Ostend and Rotterdam. This resulted in these services being converted into ordinary passenger schedules and the Carvairs being transferred to  cargo flying. On 1 January 1977, BAF operated its last car ferry service. Later the same year, on 31 October, BAF Herald G-BDFE operating the airline's inaugural scheduled passenger flight from Southend to Düsseldorf under the command of Captain Caroline Frost and First Officer Lesley Hardy became Britain's first airliner flown by an all-female crew. On 1 January 1979, BAF transferred its entire scheduled operation including associated aircraft and staff to British Island Airways (BIA). Following British Airways's decision to withdraw from its loss-making regional routes and to retire its Vickers Viscount turboprop fleet , BAF acquired the entire 18-strong fleet along with the spares inventory during the early 1980s. This acquisition made it the world's largest Viscount operator at the time. As a result of the changes the airline underwent in the late 1970s and early 1980s, BAF mainly concentrated on leasing, charter and oil industry support work. In 1983, the Keegans put some of their businesses into receivership and in March of that year, sold the British Air Ferries name along with the airline's commercial flying operations to the Jadepoint investment group for £2m. Growing financial difficulties at  Jadepoint resulted in BAF being placed in administration in January 1988. A new holding company, called Mostjet, was formed within a year to enable the airline to emerge from administration in May 1989, the only British airline to do so at the time. British World Airlines (BWA). In April 1993, BAF was renamed British World Airlines (BWA), ICAO code BWL. Following delivery of BWA's first ATR 72 on 1 April 1996, the airline converted its three remaining passenger-configured Viscounts to freighters. On 18 April the same year, BWA Viscount G-APEY operated the type's last passenger flight , marking the 43rd anniversary of the Viscount's entry into full commercial air service with British European Airways (BEA). BWA ceased trading on 14 December 2001, as a result of the tough business climate during the post-9/11 downturn. Fleet. BUAF/BAF/BWA operated the following aircraft types: Hovercraft. In BUAF's days, all aircraft were given individual names. Fleet in 1963. In April 1963, the BUAF fleet comprised 28 aircraft. BUAF employed 519 people at this time. Fleet in 1967. In September 1967, the BUAF fleet comprised 23 aircraft. BUAF employed 633 people at this time. Fleet in 1972. In  May 1972, the BAF fleet comprised 8 aircraft. BAF employed 300 people at this time. Fleet in 1978. In April 1978, the BAF fleet comprised 18 aircraft. BAF employed 450 people at this time. Fleet in 1984. In March 1984, the BAF fleet comprised 10 aircraft. BAF employed 165 people at this time. Fleet in 1990. In March 1990, the BAF fleet comprised 22 aircraft. BAF employed 450 people at this time. Fleet in 1994. In March 1994, the BWA fleet comprised 18 aircraft. The BWA group employed 400 people at this time. Fleet in 1998. In March 1998, the  BWA fleet comprised 9 aircraft. BWA employed 222 people at this time. Fleet in 2001. In December 2001, the BWA fleet comprised 15 aircraft. Accidents and incidents. During the early part of its existence, when the airline traded as British United Air Ferries, it suffered one non-fatal incident. On 24 September 1963, a Bristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32 (registration: G-AMWA) was damaged beyond repair in a takeoff accident at Guernsey Airport. Operating a scheduled passenger flight to Bournemouth, the Bristol 170 was preparing for takeoff from Guernsey Airport's runway 28. The first officer, who was flying the  aircraft used full power to counteract the effects of a crosswind. Due to a problem with the port engine the First officer decided to abort takeoff as speed approached 80 knots. As the aircraft was going to overshoot the end of the runway he steered it to the left to avoid hitting obstacles. The aircraft became airborne for a short distance, crashing through the airport boundary fence, crossing a public road and coming to a halt a quarter of a mile from the runway end. Although the aircraft was a complete write-off, there were no fatalities among the four  occupants (three crew and one passenger). The accident investigators established the probable cause of the accident as the inability of the pilot in command to bring the aircraft to a stop within the remaining runway length, following his decision to abandon the takeoff due to a malfunction of the port engine, . The company suffered two non-fatal incidents during the British Air Ferries era. Vickers Viscount 806 G-APIM "Viscount Stephen Piercey", was hit on 11 January 1988 by a Fairflight Shorts 330 (registration: G-BHWT), which had suffered a nosegear brake and steering failure while preparing to take off  from Southend Airport to Fairflight's Biggin Hill base. The collision destroyed the left-hand side of the Viscount's nose. Although the aircraft was deemed damaged beyond economical repair, it was subsequently restored and put on display at the Brooklands Museum. The final two recorded incidents occurred during the British World period. One of these involved fatalities. On 25 February 1994, a BWA Vickers Viscount 813 (registration: G-OHOT) operating an all-cargo flight from Edinburgh to Coventry encountered severe icing conditions en route. This caused the no. 2 engine to fail and its propeller to autofeather while the  aircraft had begun its descent from flight level (FL) 150. During that time, the no. 3 engine started losing power as well. In response air traffic control immediately cleared the flightdeck crew to descend to FL070 and thereafter, FL050. The crew attempted to restart the no. 2 and 3 engines but when this proved futile, they elected to divert to Birmingham. The crew did manage to restart the no. 2 engine but this was followed by failure of no. 4. Five minutes short of Birmingham, the aircraft lost all electrical power and as a result radio navigation and intercom. The  aircraft struck trees on southwest of Uttoxeter, causing it to break up and kill one of the two pilots. The official accident investigation report of the UK's Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) identified the several factors as the likely cause: Film and TV appearances. BUAF aircraft appeared in the following feature films and TV series: